text:
Brown and Gilman argued that the choice of form is governed by either relationships of 'power' and/or 'solidarity', depending on the culture of the speakers, showing that 'power' had been the dominant predictor of form in Europe until the twentieth century. Thus, it was quite normal for a powerful person to use a T-form but expect a V-form in return. However in the twentieth century the dynamic shifted in favour of solidarity, so that people would use T-forms with those they knew, and V-forms in service encounters, with reciprocity usage being the norm in both cases.
Modern English has no T-V distinction. It can often be confusing for an English speaker learning a language with a T-V distinction to assimilate the rules surrounding when to call someone with the formal or the informal pronoun. Students are often advised to err on the side of caution by using the formal pronouns. However, this risks sounding snobbish or ridiculous.
Though English has no syntactic T-V distinction, there are semantic analogies, such as whether to address someone by first name or last name (or using sir and ma'am). However the boundaries between formal and informal language differ from language to language, and most languages use formal speech more frequently, and/or in different circumstances than English. In some circumstances, it is not unusual to call other people by first name and the respectful form, or last name and familiar form. For example, German teachers use the former construct with upper-secondary students, while Italian teachers typically use the latter. This can lead to constructions denoting an intermediate level of formality in T-V-distinct languages that sound awkward to English-speakers. For example, the catchphrase of "Be careful, Michael" from Knight Rider was usually dubbed "Seien Sie vorsichtig, Michael" in German, implying both formality (use of Sie) and familiarity (use of first name).
The use of these forms calls for compensating translation of dialogue into English. For example, a character in a French film or novel saying "Tutoie-moi!" ("Use [the informal pronoun] tu when addressing me!") might be translated "Do not be so formal!"
In many languages, the formal singular pronoun derives from a plural form. Many Romance languages have familiar forms derived from the Latin singular tu and formal forms derived from Latin plural vos, sometimes via a circuitous route. Sometimes, singular V-form derives from a third person pronoun. Some languages have separate T and V forms for both singular and plural; others have the same form; others have a T-V distinction only in the singular.
Different languages distinguish pronoun uses in different ways. Even within languages, there are differences between groups (older people and people of higher status tending both to use and to expect more formal language) and between various aspects of one language. For example, in Dutch, u is slowly falling into disuse in the plural, and thus one could sometimes address a group as jullie when one would address each member individually as u. In Latin American Spanish, the opposite change has occurred – having lost vosotros, Latin Americans address all groups as ustedes, even if the group is composed of friends whom they would call tú or vos (mostly in Argentina and Uruguay). In Standard Peninsular Spanish, however, vosotros is still regularly employed in familiar conversation. In some cases, V-forms are likely to be capitalized when written.
Following is a table of singular and plural versions of the second person plural and singular in many languages. Many of these do not demonstrate T-V distinction in the above sense of the "you" plural being used for "you" singular informal.
|second-person singular informal
|second-person singular formal
|second-person plural informal
|second-person plural formal
|jy /jou
| u
U (to God)
| አንተ (antä) (m)
አንቺ (anči) (f)
| እስዎ (ɨsswo) or
እርስዎ (ɨrswo)
|እናንተ (ɨnnantä)
| እስዎ (ɨsswo) or
እርስዎ (ɨrswo)
|أنت (anta, when addressing a man), أنتِ (anti, when addressing a woman)
|anta / anti; in some spoken varieties of Arabic, such as Egyptian, terms such as ḥaḍretak (your grace) or siyadtak (your lordship) are used
|antum (when addressing men), antunna (when addressing women)
|antum / antunna; in some spoken varieties of Arabic, such as Egyptian, terms such as ḥaḍretkum or siyadetkum are used
|դու (du) Eastern dialect, դուն (tun) Western dialect
|դուք (duk) Eastern (tuk) Western
|դուք (duk) Eastern (tuk) Western
|դուք (duk) Eastern (tuk) Western
|hi (very close or dialectal), zu
|zu, berori (very respectful)
| তুই tui (very informal)
তুমি tumi
|আপনি apni
| তোরা tora (very informal)
তোমরা tomra
|আপনারা apnara
|ти (ti)
|Вие (Vie)
|вие (vie)
|вие (vie)
| tu
vós (only to elders)
|Chinese (Mandarin)
|你 nǐ
|您 nín
|你们 (你們) nǐmen
|no official form; often 大家 dàjiā but see below
| jij /je (more in the Netherlands) or
gij/ge (more in Flanders)
|u (Capitalised when addressing God, or in very formal writing: U. Alternatively: Gij(to God))
|jullie (from jij /jou + lui (people) = "you people")
| you
thou (archaic and in certain dialects in northern England)
| you
y'all (Southern US English)
you guys (North American colloquial)
you lot (UK colloquial)
ye (archaic and in Ireland as a slang term)
yous/youse (various dialects)
| you
ye (archaic)
|ci (experimental use only), normally vi
|ka /ikaw
|tu /toi /te
|Frisian (West)
|jo (Jo when addressing God)
|Gaelic (Scottish)
|tu, tí
|შენ shen
|თქვენ tkven
|თქვენ tkven
|თქვენ tkven
|Sie (and third person plural of the verb)
|Sie (and third person plural of the verb)
|εσύ (esy)
|εσείς (eseis)
|εσείς (eseis)
|εσείς (eseis)
|maga (formal) or Ön (official)
|maguk (formal) or Önök (official)
| तू tū (very informal)
तुम tum
|आप āp
|तुम लोग tum log
|आप लोग āp log
|þér (obsolete, mostly informal used)
|þér (obsolete, mostly informal used)
|tu (te)
|tu (te)
|Lei (archaic Ella, old voi)
|voi (rarely used Loro)
|kowe, awakmu
|panjenengan, sampeyan
|kowe kabeh
|panjenengan sedanten
|сен (sen)
|сіз (siz)
|сендер (sender)
|сіздер (sizder)
| — (directly addressing a person);
dangsin (addressing anonymous readers)
|— (yeoreobun)
|Kurdish (North), Kurmanji
|تو (tu)
|هون (hûn), هنگۆ (hingo), تو (tu)
|هون (hûn), هنگۆ (hingo)
|هون (hûn), هنگۆ (hingo)
|Kurdish (South), Sorani
|تۆ (to)
|ێوه (êwe), تۆ (to)
|ێوه (êwe)
|ێوه (êwe)
|сен (sen)
|сиз (siz)
|силер (siler)
|сиздер (sizder)
|Ladino, see Spanish
|vü; or lüü (male) or lée (female)
|viòltar; or vü; or lur
|kamu (standard), engkau (regional Malay; common spoken short form is kau -- when pronounced as "ko", is even more informal.), hang (northern dialect, but understood and accepted across Peninsula Malaysia), awak (is rude in all contexts except in very close relationships, e.g. friends [but not acquaintances])
|anda (polite/friendly formal; found in formal documents and in all formal contexts, e.g. advertisements. "Anda" is almost never encountered in spoken Malay; instead, most Malaysians would address a respected person by his title or name), kamu (impolite/unfriendly formal; also found in formal documents and in all formal contexts, where the intention is to convey a forceful tone in writing - often seen in lawsuits and summonses).
|kau orang (when pronounced as "ko'rang" [equivalent to "you all" in parts of the U.S.] is slang and more informal), kau semua, hangpa (northern dialect), kalian (archaic)
|anda, kalian (archaic)
|ти (ti)
|Вие (Vie)
|вие (vie)
|вие (vie)
|तँ, तिमी (tã, timi)
|तपाईं (tapāī̃)
|तिमी(-हरू) (timi[-harū])
|तपाईं(-हरू) (tapāī̃[-harū])
|Norwegian (bokmål)
|Norwegian (nynorsk)
|tu/ tume
|تو to
|شما shomâ
|شما shomâ
|شما shomâ
| pani (to a woman)
pan (to a man)
(verbs following any of the above addresses are in the 3rd person singular form)
In the early period of the communist rule, a practice of using the second-person plural form wy as a formal way of referring to a single person was introduced (a calque from Russian) but it did not catch on.
| państwo (general)
panie (to women)
panowie (to men)
(verbs following any of the above addresses are in the 3rd person plural form, although in many cases for państwo (general) the 2nd person plural form is also possible).
|Portuguese (Portugal)
| tu
vós (regional use)
| o senhor/a senhora (more formal)
você (less formal)
vós (archaic and literary)
| vocês
vós (archaic, literary, or regional)
|os senhores/as senhoras
|Portuguese (Brazil)
| você
(sometimes tu)
| o senhor/a senhora
vós (archaic and literary)
| vocês
vós (archaic and literary)
|os senhores/as senhoras
| dumneata (less formal or, in certain contexts, an insult) /
dumneavoastră (formal)
|dumneavoastră / domniile voastre (archaic)
|ты (ty)
|вы (vy) / Вы (Vy) (addressing officials in letters etc)
|вы (vy)
|вы (vy)
|ти (ti)
|Ви (Vi)
|ви (vi)
|ви (vi)
| vi
Vi (protocolar)
|vidva (dual), vidve or vedve (dual - when addressing two women); vi (plural), ve (plural - when addressing only women)
|vi (dual and plural)
|Sorbian (Lower)
|wej (dual), wy (plural)
|Spanish (Peninsular, Equatorial Guinea, Morocco)
|usted (formerly or literary vos, usía and vuecencia/vuecelencia among others)
| vosotros (masc.)
vosotras (fem.) (Note, vosotro/as is usually used only in Spain, and occasionally not even there.)
|Spanish of the Americas and some parts of Andalusia (altered system: i.e.: ustedes estáis) and Canary Islands where previous system is replacing this one
|tú or vos
|ustedes (literary vosotros, vosotras, in poetry, anthems...)
|du or Du
|ni or Ni
|ni or Ni
|ikáw ka (postpositive only)
|ту (tu)
|Шумо (Shumo)
|шумо (shumo)
|шумо (shumo) or шумоён (shumoyon)(the latter is used in Spoken Tajik only)
|siz, sizler
|ти (ty)
|ви (vy) / Ви (Vy) (addressing officials in letters etc)
|ви (vy)
|ви (vy)
| تو tū (very informal)
تم tum
|آپ āp
|تم لوگ tum log
|آپ لوگ āp log
|سەن sän
|سىز siz or سىلى sili
|سىلەر silär
|ti or chdi
|chi or chwi
|chi or chwi
|chi or chwi
|דו (du)
|איר (ir)
| איר (ir)
עץ (ets) (regional)
|איר (ir)
Modern Standard Arabic does not have a T-V distinction, using أنت (anta, male) and أنتِ (anti, female) for both formal and informal situations in the singular, antuma (for male and female) in the dual, and antum or antunna in the plural. However, many spoken varieties of Arabic do make the distinction. Notably, Egyptian Arabic uses حضرتك (ḥaḍretak/ḥaḍretik, meaning "your grace") and variants as the formal pronoun, with anta as the informal pronoun. In general, ḥaḍretak is reserved for elder relatives, authorities, bosses, and senior business partners.
Bengali has three levels of formality in its pronouns; the most neutral forms of address among closer members of a family are তুমি tumi and তোমরা tomra (plural). These two pronouns are also typically used when speaking to children, or to younger members of the extended family. তুমি tumi is also used when addressing God. When speaking with adults outside the family, or with senior members of the extended family, the pronouns আপনি apni and আপনারা apnara (plural) are used. This is also true in advertisements and public announcements. A third set of pronouns, তুই tui and তোরা tora (plural), is reserved for use between very close friends, and by extension, between relatives who share a bond not unlike a close friendship. It is also used when addressing people presumed to be of "inferior" social status; this latter use is occasionally used when speaking to housemaids, rickshaw-pullers, and other service workers, although this use is considered offensive.
The situations in which these different pronouns can be used vary considerably depending on many social factors. In some families, children may address their parents with আপনি apni and আপনারা apnara, although this is becoming increasingly rare. Some adults alternate between all three pronoun levels when speaking to children, normally choosing তুমি tumi and তোমরা tomra, but also often choosing তুই tui and তোরা tora to indicate closeness, or আপনি apni or আপনারা apnara in a joking manner. Additionally, Bengalis vary in which pronoun they use when addressing servants in the home; some may use আপনি apni and আপনারা apnara to indicate respect for an adult outside the family, while others may use তুমি tumi and তোমরা tomra to indicate either inclusion into the family or to indicate somewhat less honorable status. Others may even use তুই tui and তোরা tora to indicate inferior status.
Catalan vós follows the same concordance rules as the French vous (verbs in second person plural, adjectives in singular), and vostè follows the same concordance rules as the Spanish usted (verbs in 3rd person). Vostè originated from vostra mercè as a calque from Spanish, and replaced the original Catalan form vós.
In some dialects of Catalan, vós is no longer used. Other dialects have a three-way distinction tu/vós/vosté, where vós is used as a respectful form for elders and respected friends, and vostè for foreigners and people whom one does not know well. Vostè is more distant than vós.
Historically, Mandarin has upheld its T-V distinction rigorously in speech as well as in writing. This is particularly evident in Beijing, whose dialect formed the basis for Standard Mandarin. Written Chinese, which generally strives for a more formal, or even semi-archaic tone, consistently makes the T-V distinction, sometimes even going so far as to employ archaic forms no longer used in speech (such as 閣下 (阁下), géxià, literally, from below the pagoda, used in extremely formal situations in Imperial China). Although rarely, 前辈 (qianbei) is still sometimes used in very formal settings, and when there is a very large chronological age gap between the speaker and the listener.
Unlike many European languages, the T-V distinction in Mandarin is predicated much more on the chronological age of the speakers rather than on their social positions per se. Unless there is a very large gap in the social status or social standing, e.g. you are addressing your boss, or a servant (or a waiter at a restaurant) is addressing you, people of the same age generally refer to each other in or as 你 (nǐ), even if they are strangers. Older people, including one's parents, are properly addressed in or as 您 (nín). 您 is also used as a way to indicate (formal) affections, because the character for 您 is composed of 你 (nǐ) with an added 心 (xĩn) below, which means heart -- denoting that the 2nd person and plural persons are addressed with a (formal) affection. Because of this, it is relatively rare to have a situation where each of two people addresses each other in or as 您, unless it is the intention of the parties concerned to indicate their (formal) affection. As such, 您 may also be used with one's close family members, and it does not carry any implication of distance, or a lack of intimacy, as the vous of modern French does.
In many of the southern Chinese languages (for example Wu), there is no T-V distinction made at all. Formality in these languages is indicated by use of different kinship terms only, much like other Asian languages (such as Japanese, Korean, Vietnamese). Because of this, some southern Chinese, whose mother tongue is not Mandarin, when speaking Mandarin find it irrelevant, unnecessary, and sometimes difficult to make the distinction. However, as almost all Chinese mother-tongue-speakers (including overseas Chinese) understand the rudimentary rules with regard to the agglutination-cum-contextual rules in Chinese languages, this is merely a minor set-back at the beginning of the Mandarin-learning stage – the addition of a 心 (xĩn) to 你 in 您 speaks for itself. Nevertheless, many southern Chinese often see 您 as a form of expressing (formal) affections only, and do not make the subtle distinction that 您 may be used in various formal communications. This simple linguistic faux pas has earned many southern migrants in Beijing and other northern cities a reputation for being rude and uncouth.
Although the plural forms of personal pronouns in Mandarin are typically formed by adding the suffix -們 (-men) (们 = simplified character) to their singular counterparts, the construction of 您們 is quite rare in Standard Mandarin, indirect constructions such as 大家 (dàjiā, everyone) or 諸位 (zhũ wèi, written language) resp. 各位 (gèwèi, polite/formal) being preferred when addressing a crowd. The use of 您們 remains extant in the Beijing dialect, however, which retains a number of distinctions lost in Standard Mandarin. Examples of its use include situations where a small number of older people with whom one is relatively familiar is directly addressed, making 大家 (dàjiā) awkward.
|One person
|One person
|More people
(both formal
and informal)
|ty děláš
|vy děláte
|vy děláte
|you do
|dělal jsi
|dělal jste
|dělali jste
|you did
|jsi hodný
|jste hodný
|jste hodní
|you are kind
|byl jsi přijat
|byl jste přijat
|byli jste přijati
|you were accepted
Greetings are also connected with T-V distinction. Formal dobrý den (good day) and na shledanou (good-bye) are used with formal vy, while ahoj, nazdar, čau (meaning both hello, hi, and bye) are informal and used with ty.
In Denmark, the use of the formal forms of address has diminished significantly over the last twenty years. De is still used in the written language, in official letters and the like, but the spoken form will be du. De must be written with a capital "D". For example, a letter from the Inspector of Taxes inviting you a meeting to go through last year's tax return will use De, but during the meeting itself, everyone will say du. Waiters might very occasionally use De, but this is unexpectedly formal.
In general, say du to one person, and I to more than one. Write du if you know the name of the person to whom you are writing and De if you do not.
The word de with the small "d" is the third-person plural pronoun - equivalent to "they."
Dutch has three principal forms of second-person pronouns, namely u, gij and jij. In the case of gij/jij, ge/je are its unstressed variants. In Dutch, the T-V distinction is difficult as it relies mainly on (personal) status.
U is the formal pronoun used in all Dutch speaking regions, however gij/jij are region specific. Jij is preferred in writing in both the Netherlands and Belgium, but when speech is concerned, Dutch-speakers in Belgium tend to use gij. The southern part of the Netherlands (mainly Brabant) also uses gij, but not when addressing people from outside Brabant, as the majority of the Netherlands uses jij. To address God in Dutch, both gij and U in both the Netherlands and Belgium are used, never jij.
The pronoun je can also be used impersonally, corresponding to the English generic you.
In Dutch the formal personal pronoun is used for people with a higher or equal status, unless the addressed makes it clear (s)he wants to be spoken to with the informal pronoun. Unlike for example in German, there is no defined line (in the case of German, roughly when someone passes the age of 16) in which everyone, apart from family, is addressed with the formal pronoun. A Dutchman might be called jij by his own cousin, but u by his own children, although many people use jij to address their parents (the younger generation also uses jij to their grandparents more and more)
In the closely related Afrikaans language, the same distinction between "jy" and "u" exists as in Standard Dutch, but "u" now sounds archaic and is dying out. Instead of using "u", Afrikaans-speakers will often use a person's title or another term denoting that person's status relative to the speaker: "Oom, kom jy saam?" ("Uncle, are you coming along?") would be informal usage while "Oom, kom oom saam?" ("Uncle, is uncle coming along?") would be more formal. The generic you is expressed in Afrikaans by the term "'n mens" ("a person").
The use of the term "thou", however, survives in some liturgical language when addressing God, most notably in the Lord's Prayer, and is also found in liturgical dialogue (for example, "V. The Lord be with you R. And with thy spirit."). This is not an indication of familiarity, but retention of the original distinction between singular "thou/thee/thy" and plural "ye/you/your", reflecting the corresponding singular and plural Greek forms in the original texts.
In Latter-Day Saint prayer tradition, the terms "thee" and "thou" are always and exclusively used to address Deity, as a mark of respect.
Originally "ye" and "thou" were nominative pronouns, while "you" and "thee" were accusative forms, but by the 15th century, "you" had begun being used as a subject pronoun, and only "thee" survived into Quaker "Plain Speech".
The constructed language Esperanto is not a T-V-distinguishing language. Vi is the generic second person for both singular and plural, just like you in English. An informal second person singular pronoun, ci, does exist, but it is almost never used in practice. It is mainly intended to make the informal/formal distinction when translating (literature for example) from languages that do have the T-V-distinction.
Some have imagined ci as an archaic term that was used before and then fell out of common usage; however, this is not true. It has only appeared sometimes in experimental language. In standard Esperanto, vi has always been used since the beginning. For example, ci appears in neither the Fundamenta Gramatiko nor in the Unua Libro.
Source: http://bertilow.com/pmeg/gramatiko/pronomoj/dua.html
Estonian is a language with T-V distinction, second person plural (teie) is used instead of second person singular (sina) as a means of expressing politeness or formal speech. Sina is the familiar form of address used with family, friends, and minors. The distinction is still much more widely used and more rigid than in closely related Finnish language.
Similar to the French language vouvoyer, the verb teietama is used, and teie is used when addressing a (new) customer or a patient, or when talking to a person in his/her function. In hierarchical organizations, like large businesses or armies, sina is used between members of a same rank/level while teie is used between members of different ranks. Sina (the verb sinatama is also used) is used with relatives, friends, when addressing children and with close colleagues. Borderline situations, such as distant relatives, young adults, customers in a rental shops or new colleagues, sometimes still present difficulties.
Today, the use of the informal singular form of address is widespread in all social circles, even among strangers and in business situations. A counter-trend has been reported in recent years, whereby some people are choosing to use the formal plural more often, but in practice it is very unusual to use this form unless addressing people considerably one's senior or in situations where strict adherence to form is expected, such as in the military. As the use of formal plural conveys formal recognition of addressee's status and of polite distance, the formal plural may also be used jeeringly or to protest addressee's snobbery. A native speaker may also switch to formal plural when speaking in anger, as an attempt to remain civil.
The number is expressed in pronouns (sinä or sä for singular, or te for plural), verb inflections, and possessive suffixes. For example, imperatives are expressed in the plural, e.g. menkää "go(pl.)!". Likewise, the -nne "your" suffix is used instead of the singular -s(i) suffix. There is number agreement in Finnish, thus you say sinä olet "you(sg.) are", but te olette "you(pl.) are". However, this does not extend to words describing the addressee, which are in the singular. For example, oletteko te lääkäri? "are(pl.) you(pl.) doctor(sg.)?" A common error, nowadays often made even by native speakers unused to the formal plural, is using the plural form of the main verb in the perfect and pluperfect tenses. The main verb should be in the singular when addressing one person in the formal plural: Oletteko kuullut? instead of *Oletteko kuulleet? "Have you heard?"
Sometimes the third person is used as a polite form of address, after the Swedish model: Mitä rouvalle saisi olla? "What would madam like to have?" The passive voice may be used to circumvent the choice of the correct form of address; the passive voice is also the equivalent of the English patronizing we as in Kuinkas tänään voidaan? "How are we feeling today?"
Finnish language includes the verbs for calling one with informal singular or formal plural: sinutella, teititellä, respectively.
The closest modern language to English, the formal singular nominative jo (pronounced yo) is very close to the English you and the Middle and Early Modern English ye. In some parts of eastern Germany, the plural familiar nominative is jöch instead of euch; the former is much closer to its English counterpart.
In most French-speaking regions (Canada is an exception; see below), a rigid tu-vous distinction is upheld. Tu is the second person singular, while vous in addition to being the second plural is also used to convey formality. Vous is expected when encountering any completely unknown adult under normal circumstances. "Abnormal" circumstances (where tu could be used) include emotional situations like surprising a thief, or addressing informally other road-users while driving (including swearing at them). New acquaintances who are conscious of having something socially significant in common (e.g., student status, or the same "rank" in some hierarchy) may use tu more or less immediately as a sign of solidarity. In some cases, there may be an explicitly defined practice in a particular company, political party, etc. In general, however, the switch from vous to tu is "negotiated" on a case-by-case basis; it can happen nearly unconsciously, or it can become extremely complicated. Rigidly sticking to vous can become equally awkward in a long-standing relationship. Children (including teenagers) generally use tu to speak with another child, whether known or not.
Tu can be very offensive, in the mouth of a person who speaks with a stranger and wants to show disrespect. Vous may be used to distance onself from a person one does not want to interract with. Two people who use tu in their private interactions may consciously switch back to vous in public, for example in a formal or professional environment, or in an artificially constructed situation (e.g., co-hosts of a television show), or simply to conceal the nature of their relationship from others. In some families, the traditional habit is followed: vous is used to address older family members; more rarely, children are taught to use vous to address their parents, and vous is sometimes even used between spouses.
When praying, tu is nowadays often used in addressing the deity, as this is a mark of a personal relationship with God and particularly Christ as one's savior. The opposite is true, however, in Louisiana where vous is always used to convey a sense of respect and reverence when praying. (In fact, vous was used in catholic praying until the Second Vatican Council). When praying the Hail Mary prayer to the Blessed Virgin, Louisiana French speakers also use the more formal vous.
The T-V distinction exists only in the singular in French. Vous is the second person plural pronoun in all situations.
For a number of Francophones in Canada, vous sounds stilted or snobbish, and archaic. Tu is by no means restricted to intimates or social inferiors. There is however an important minority of people, often those who call for a use of standard French in Quebec, who prefer to be addressed as vous. At Radio-Canada (the public broadcaster, often considered as establishing the normative objectives of standard French in Canada), the use of vous is widespread even among colleagues.
Finally, in familiar language, it is usual to use a "generic tu" (cf. English generic you) instead of "on", which is used solely as a first-person plural.
In German, the respectful form is the same as the third person plural (sie), rather than the second person plural (which in German is ihr). The second person sense is always capitalized (Sie) in writing, as well as its accusative and dative forms, to avoid any ambiguity. Danish and, through Danish, Norwegian, along with (in a sense) Italian, have adopted this German third person plural model. Verbs used with this form of address are also identical to third person plural forms. In requests and demands, it is considered good manners to combine Sie not only with bitte (please) but also with the subjunctive mood, for example: Würden Sie bitte das Fenster schließen? (Would you (Sie) mind closing the window please?) instead of Schließen Sie bitte das Fenster! (Please close the window).
The corresponding informal German address is du. The verbs duzen and siezen mean respectively "to call du" and "to call Sie" and the phrases per du or auf du und du mean, "to be on du terms". In general terms, Sie is used with persons who would be addressed in English with Mr. or Ms., while du is used as soon as one progresses to first-name terms. In Internet chats and forums, however, Germans rarely use Sie, although there are exceptions. Sometimes, switching back to Sie is used as a method of distancing oneself from the addressee. The connotation is slightly ironic courtesy.
When speaking to more than one person in formal situations, Sie is used in standard German, although ihr can often be heard instead, especially in the South of Germany.
In northern Germany, there is an intermediate address combining Sie with the first name ("Hamburger Sie"), whereas in the Berlin region, sometimes Du is combined with the surname ("Berliner Du"). The former usage also occurs when addressing teenagers, household staff, or guests of TV or radio programs, while the latter style is usually considered inferior and mainly occurs in working class environments. It may be associated with professional contexts, when colleagues have known one another for a long time, but, e. g. due to differences of status, do not want to switch to the usual Du style.
Generally it can be said that everyone up to the age of sixteen can be addressed as du without problems, with a tendency to start addressing children with Sie at the age of fourteen in East Germany, while West Germans tend towards delaying this until the teens are 18. In most circumstances, adults should at first always be called Sie. However there are many exceptions; for instance, university students nowadays always address each other with du (except for some fraternities who deliberately adopt a so-called 'Siez-Comment'), as do members of the parties on the political left. Children and teenagers are expected to address all adults who are not family members as Sie. Street and similar social workers will usually, sports clubs trainers will sometimes tell children and teens to address them with du. In shops, bars, and other establishments, if they target a younger audience, it is becoming increasingly common for customers and staff to address each other as du, to the degree that it is sometimes considered awkward if a waitress and a customer who are both in their twenties call each other Sie.
Usage varies in the German-speaking world when addressing a group containing both du and Sie persons from the speaker's point of view. Some speakers use the informal plural ihr, others prefer the formal Sie and many, concerned that both pronouns might cause offence, prefer to use circumlocutions which avoid either pronoun.
In Germany, an old custom (called Bruderschaft trinken, drinking brotherhood) involves two friends formally sharing a bottle of wine or drinking a glass of beer together to celebrate their agreement (initially proposed by the elder or socially higher-standing of the two, or by the lady to the gentleman) to call one another du rather than Sie. This custom has also been adopted among the Swiss-French of the Jura, and in Poland (called by its German name, bruderszaft), though the custom in Poland is now slowly disappearing. It was formerly found also in Sweden.
It is also a custom to propose the use of du rather than Sie by stating one's first name (as in: Ich heiße...). One accepts the proposal by introducing one's own first name. Should a person later forget that they have adopted du, it is polite to remind them by saying, Wir waren doch per Du (We moved on to 'du' terms).
Ihr, capitalized, was formerly used in addressing social superiors, unless more informal relations had been established. This form is still found today in some dialects as a respectful way of addressing elders.
Er (male) or Sie (female), capitalized, was similarly used in the second person to address a social inferior, as a master addressing a servant, but is now obsolete, except in the Northeast, where it sometimes replaces Sie as formal address.
Both Ihr and Er/Sie go by a similar grammar rule pertaining to the verb used with these addresses as modern Sie. The dated capitalized address Ihr demands the same verb form as the modern second person plural pronoun ihr, and dated Er/Sie demands the same verb form as the modern third person singular er and sie.
In Greek, sy (σύ) was originally the singular, and hymeis (υμείς) the plural, with no distinction for honorific or familiar. Paul addressed King Agrippa II as sy (Acts 26:2). Later, hymeis and hēmeis (ημείς) ("we") became too close in pronunciation, and a new plural eseis (εσείς) was invented. The e (ε) of esy (εσύ) is a euphonic prefix. In Modern Greek, εσείς (esis, second person plural) with second person plural verb conjugation is used as the formal counterpart of εσύ (esi, second person singular) when talking to strangers and elders. Although in everyday life it is somehow common to speak to strangers of your age or younger than you using the singular pronoun. In addition, the informal second person singular is used even with older people you are acquainted with. Since the formal εσείς (esis) starts getting less common outside schools and workplaces, many people often do not know which form to use (because using a formal version might sound too snobbish even to an elder and using the informal version might sound inappropriate to some strangers) and thus prefer to substitute verbs with nouns (avoiding the dilemma) until enough information on the counterpart's intentions is gathered in order to use either the formal or the informal second person pronoun and verb conjugation.
The modern social custom when using the Greek language in Greece is to ask the other person "may we speak in the singular?" in which the other person is expected to answer "yes" and afterwards the discussion continues using the informal εσύ (esy, literally thou but in modernity you); it is unthinkable for the other person to answer "no" or show preference for plural forms, and for this reason one should not make this question to a person of high status, such as a professional. Therefore, asking this question can itself be considered a form of disrespect in some social situations. Likewise, not asking this question and simply using εσύ without prior explicit or implicit agreement would also be considered disrespectful in various other social contingencies. In other cases, even using the formal εσείς (without a question) could also be considered offensive. A similar social custom exists with the words κύριε (mister) and κυρία (miss/madame) which can show both respect and a form of "virtual respect" which essentially communicates a weak disapproval or "call for return to civility", often depending on the voice intonation and the social situation.
The formal form of address when speaking to a person of higher authority is the third person singular using the person's title without the use of the pronoun. Thus, a rabbi could be asked: "כבוד הרב ירצה לאכול?" (would the honorable rabbi like to eat?) or a judge told: "כבוד השופט דן בבקשתי" (his honor the judge is considering my request).
Other persons of authority are normally addressed by their title only, rather than by name. In school, teachers are normally addressed as "המורה" (the teacher), for instance, "המורה, אפשר לצאת?" (the teacher, may I go out?"). Officers and commanders in the army are addressed as "המפקד" (hamfaked, "the commander") by commandeers.
In non-Hebrew-speaking Jewish culture, the second-person form of address is similarly avoided in cases of higher authority (e.g., a student in a yeshiva would be far more likely to say in a classroom discussion "yesterday the rabbi told us..." than "yesterday you told us..."). However, this usage is limited to more conservative (i.e. Orthodox) circles.
In both versions of Hindustani, there are three levels of honorifics:
The use of the second-person conjugation with the pronoun te (plural ti) is the most informal mode. As in many other European languages, it is used within families, among children, lovers, close friends, (nowadays often) among coworkers, and in some communities, suggesting an idea of brotherhood. Adults unilaterally address children this way, and it is the form used in addressing God, animals, and objects or ideas. Sociologically, the use of this form is widening. Whereas traditionally the switch to te is often a symbolic milestone between people, sometimes sealed by drinking a glass of wine together ("pertu"), today people under the age of about thirty will often mutually adopt te automatically in informal situations. A notable example is the Internet: strangers meeting online use the informal forms of address virtually exclusively, regardless of age or status differences; even Prime Minister Ferenc Gyurcsány encouraged people in his blog to use te mutually when asking him. (A slang term for someone using formal speech in, for example, a chat room is an "Inönrnet", which is "te", informal "you", replaced with "Ön", formal "you", in the word "Internet".) IKEA (or rather, its Hungarian team) was noted and practically unique in its choice of this way of addressing people in Hungary in its brochures; reactions were mixed.
Nevertheless, formal forms of address are alive and well in Hungarian:
|Example: "you" in the nominative
"Will you be leaving tomorrow?"
|Example: "you" in the accusative
"I saw you yesterday on the television."
|(Te) holnap utazol el?
|Láttalak tegnap a tévében.
|holnap utazik el?
|tegnap a tévében.
|(A) Tanár úr*
|(a) Tanár urat*
|Holnap tetszik elutazni?
|Láttam tegnap (a) Mari nénit** a tévében.
OR Láttam magát tegnap a tévében.
In modern Icelandic the formal second person pronoun (þér or Þér for both singular and plural) is archaic. Today, it is used only on rare occasions when one intends to be extremely formal or when one wants to treat another person with contempt, or create/maintain distance between the parties. The formal pronoun is sometimes used in translations from a language that adheres to them, in formalized official correspondence and court proceedings. Some phrases such as excuse me (afsakið mig) and good appetite (gjöri þér svo vel) are still commonly used with the formal second person pronoun and traditional sayings such as seek and you shall find (leitið og þér munið finna).
In all cases, an -n is added to the original pronoun to indicate a direct object that precedes its own verb: Me amoras tu (I love you) becomes Tun me amoras if the direct object takes the first place, for example for emphatic purposes.
In Italian the formal second person singular pronoun is lei, which means "she", with the third person singular of the verb. The lei is sometimes capitalized as a sign of respect, particularly in administrative or business correspondence; if the pronoun is capitalized, so are all its forms, including the enclitics: "...vorrei incontrarLa per parlarGliene" "...I should like to meet you to talk to you about this".
It is also possible to use Ella as a very polite alternative, but this is very rarely used and is perceived as archaic or snobbish, since in Italian egli ("he"), essi ("they") and especially ella ("she") have fallen out of common use, being replaced by lui ("him"), loro ("them") and lei ("her").
For the background to the use of "her" as a polite pronoun, see the section "History" below.
Lei is nowadays generally concorded with the gender of the addressee; it might actually not be present in sentences as Italian is not subject-compulsory, and is then understood by the verb being conjugated in the third person.
The polite plural form Loro ("them"), followed by a verb in the third plural person, is rarely used nowadays; voi is normally used both in informal and formal contexts when addressing more than one person. The main situation where Loro might still be heard is in restaurants, because many waiters still use this form to address customers.
Voi ("you", plural) might be used by some speakers instead of lei, especially in Southern Italy, but it sounds old-fashioned. When it is addressed respectfully to one person, the pronoun voi is used with singular adjectives and participles, concorded with the gender of the addressee, although the verbs are still in the second person plural form.
Lei is normally used in formal settings, or with strangers, and it is used reciprocally between adults: the usage may not be reciprocal when young people address older strangers or otherwise respected people.
Students are addressed with tu by their teachers until the end of high school, and with lei in universities. Students might say tu to their teachers in elementary school, but switch to lei in middle and high school. Currently, people tend to address strangers of their own age using the informal tu until about thirty years of age. Tu is also the pronoun of first choice to address strangers on the Internet.
In prayers, tu is nowadays used; in the past, voi was a possible alternative.
There's a wide range of possible forms on instruction booklets: tu, lei and voi (the last intended as a plural pronoun) are all acceptable; instructions may also be given in an impersonal way using verbs in the infinitive form, thus avoiding the problem of choosing a personal pronoun. In advertisements, companies usually address their customers using tu: lei sounds too distant, tu suggests a closer relationship between the company and its customers.
In administrative correspondence and on very formal invitations, la S.V. may be written instead of the pronoun lei: "La S.V. è invitata...". The abbreviation stands for la Signoria Vostra "Your Lordship/Ladyship", which is the historical basis for the use of the third person feminine pronoun (see also below).
During the Renaissance the use of lei as a polite pronoun began, with some subsequent influence from Spanish; the origin of lei is due to expressions as "Your Lordship/Eminence/Majesty/Holiness/...", where all of these nouns were feminine in gender (Vostra Signoria/Eminenza/Maestà/Santità/...) and referred to in the third person singular.
For a few centuries (possibly from the 16th century to the beginning of the 20th century) there was a three-pronoun system in use, with tu/voi/lei employed with a growing degree of formality; this was very well exemplified in Manzoni's novel The Betrothed (written in 1840-42 and set in 1628-30), where the characters talk using all three pronouns: the usage was often not reciprocal, with several combinations based on age and social status.
In 1938, under Fascist rule, the use of lei was banned on nationalistic grounds, since the use of voi was thought of as "more Italian"; the ban lasted only for a few years, until the end of World War II, and left little trace. However, in some parts of Italy, particularly in Southern Italy, voi had always been preferred as the polite form and continued to be used regionally, while lei definitely prevailed as the standard V-form.
In Japanese, as in Vietnamese, kinship terms, titles, or names are commonly used instead of first-, second- or third-person pronouns. As in Korean, there are several levels of politeness regarding to social hierarchy, and polite language encompasses not only pronouns, but verb endings and vocabulary as well. (See the articles Japanese pronouns and Honorific speech in Japanese for more information.)
Much like Japanese, the Korean language has complex gradations. It uses honorifics and no less than seven speech levels, each with a singular/plural distinction, making for fourteen basic verb stems. Nevertheless, most levels have all but disappeared from everyday language, so one can simplify this into the basic distinction between plain and polite conjugations of verbs and adjectives. In general, the plain form is used when speaking to family, close friends, and social inferiors, and the polite form otherwise. When two Korean-speaking strangers meet where none is the obvious social superior, both use the polite form; when it is determined that one or both can switch to the plain form, one often asks for permission for this switch. The phrase used to describe this is mareul nota (literally "to release language"). In Korean, the polite form is called jondaenmal and the plain form is called yesanmal or banmal. In contrast to the neutral term yesanmal, banmal (literally "half speech") often has a rather negative connotation, referring for instance to the plain form that one may deliberately use to provoke someone who should be addressed in the polite form.
There is a similar phenomenon called nopimmal, which is honorific speech triggered not by the addressee but by the content of an expression. It is used independently of the speech levels. For example, in -hasimnida "do(es) …", the speaker uses the infix -si- to honour the subject of the sentence and the ending -mnida to express courtesy or politeness (or simply his distance) towards the addressee. As the subject of the sentence and the addressee do not have to be the same person both forms can be mixed. The speaker can honour a higher person he is talking about with the infix -si- while talking to a friend who is addressed in the informal banmal.
Historically, aside from familiar tu and respectful jūs or Jūs, also used to express plural, there was a special form tamsta, mostly referred to in third person singular (although referring in second person singular is also not uncommon). This form was used to communicate with a stranger who has not earned particular respect (a beggar, for example). Through the Soviet occupation period, however, this form was mostly replaced by standard neutral form drauge ('comrade' in vocative form), and by now tamsta is used sparsely.
As there are many additions to the vocabulary of the Malay language, Standard Malay today is a result of many years of various refinements (the Malay language was never, and is still not, taught in a strictly prescriptive manner).
In Norwegian, the polite form "De" is rarely heard in spoken language. Norwegians almost exclusively use du in their daily life. De is still used in formal situations or when talking to elderly people. De can also be found in written works, business letters, theatrical plays and translations where an impression of formality must be retained. A popular saying is that "De" is reserved for the king.
However, it should be mentioned that Norwegians also generally refer to one another by first name only unless the person is better known by their full or last name only, putting this weakening of the courteous pronoun into a general pattern of declining use of polite speech (for town dwellers), or of a return to traditions of the near past (for country-dwellers). For example, a student might address his professor John Doe, not as "Mr./Dr. Doe", but as "John", but would refer to the president of the US as "Bush", not "George". However, Norwegian politicians and celebrities are sometimes referred to by their first names, especially in newspaper headlines. Nicknames are not very common.
As the distinction between Bokmål and Nynorsk exists only for written Norwegian (Nynorsk writers speaking more or less their respective dialects), the T-V rules are the same for both forms.
In European Portuguese (as well as in Africa and Asia), tu (singular "you") is commonly used as the informal addressing pronoun, while "você" is used in formal or semi-formal situations; vocês (plural) is used for both formal and informal speech. The forms o senhor and a senhora (plurals os senhores and as senhoras) are used for the most formal situations (roughly equivalent to "sir" and "madam").
However, there is considerable regional variation in the use of these terms, and more specific forms of address are sometimes employed.
Historically, você derives from vossa mercê ("your mercy" or "your grace") via the intermediate forms vossemecê and vosmecê; compare with the derivation of Spanish usted from vuestra merced. For that reason, você and vocês require verbs conjugated in the third person, rather than the second person.
The second person plural pronoun vós ("thou"), from Latin vos, has fallen into disuse in all but a few regional dialects of Northern Portugal, where it expresses an intermediate degree of formality between tu and você(s). Its use is kept as an archaism in literature (historical setting), prayer (when addressing a deity) or exaggerated (mocking) ceremonial.
Romanian dumneavoastră when used for the second-person singular formal takes plural verbs but singular adjectives, similar to French vous. It is used roughly in the same manner as in Continental French and shows no signs of disappearing. It is also used as a more formal voi. It originates from domnia voastră - your lordship. As it happens with all subjective pronouns dumneavoastră is many times omitted from sentences, its use being implied by verbs in the second person plural form.
The form dumneata (originating from domnia ta - thy lordship) is less distant than dumneavoastră and somewhat midway between tu and dumneavoastră. The verb is conjugated, as for tu, in the second person singular form. Older people towards younger people and peers favor Dumneata. Its use is gradually declining. An even more colloquial form of dumneata is mata.
Furthermore, there is an even more familiar term than "tu" used in some regions of Romania – matale. It is used only with immediate family members, and is spelled and pronounced the same in all cases, similar to "dumneavoastră." It is conjugated in the second-person singular, like "tu."
Historically, the rules have been in favor of more formal usage; as late as the 19th century, it was accepted in many circles (generally among the more educated) that vy is to be used between close friends, between husband and wife, and when addressing one's parents (but not one's children), all of which situations today would strongly call for using ty.
The choice between ty and vy is closely related, yet sometimes different, from the choice of the addressing format - that is, the selection from the first name, patronymics, last name, and the title to be used when addressing the person. Normally, ty is associated with the informal addressing by first name only (or, even more informally, by the patronymics only), whereas vy is associated with the more formal addressing format of using the first name together with patronymics (roughly analogous to "title followed by last name" in English) or the last name alone or with a title (the last name is almost never used together with either of the other two names to address someone, although such combinations are routinely used to introduce or mention someone).
The informal form of the second-person singular in Scottish Gaelic is thu (emphatic: thusa), used when addressing a person the speaker knows well, or when addressing a person younger or relatively the same age as the speaker. When addressing a superior, an elder, or a stranger, or in conducting business, the form sibh (emphatic: sibhse) is used. (Sibh is also the second person plural). This distinction carries over into prepositional pronouns: for instance, agad and agaibh (at you), riut and ruibh (with you), umad and umaibh (about you), etc.
In most dialects, close friends are referred to as tú, and venerable old women are usted, but there is a wide grey area in the middle. Even that is not universally true: in the Spanish dialects of some parts of Latin America (for example, in many parts of Colombia and Guatemala, as well as Chiapas, the southernmost state of Mexico), tú is almost never used, not even with close friends or relatives, which are usted. Similarly in the Rioplatense Spanish variant used in most of Argentina and Uruguay tú is generally replaced by vos (see voseo). The use of tú has its highest prevalence in Spain, as well as Mexico and Peru since these were the administrative centers of the Spanish Empire and so more readily kept up with changes in fashions in Spain (although Mexican and Peruvian Spanish are certainly not identical to the European dialects). Notably the Spanish-speakers in the United States tend to follow Mexican conventions because most are Mexican immigrants or descendants thereof.
The history behind tú-vos-usted is that for a time all three forms existed in Spain including during the colonization of the Americas. In most of Spain the vos form died out and is now largely regarded as an archaic expression and this attitude has been adopted in most of Mexico, Peru, and other countries. Some countries, like Argentina, have preserved the vos form instead regarding tú as being the archaic term.
In the plural, Spanish presents the T-form vosotros and the V-form ustedes, which uses verbs in the second and third person plural, respectively. However, only Northern Spain has retained this distinction, while in the Canaries and Latin America, ustedes is the only form used in all contexts. In Andalusia and Extremadura, ustedes is used as well, but combined with the verb forms corresponding to vosotros in standard European Spanish.
In Swedish, there has in the last two centuries been a marked difference between usage in Finland-Swedish and in Sweden.
In Finland-Swedish, the second person plural form Ni (noted as formal above) was indeed the traditional respectful address to a single person up to the 1970s or so.
In mainland Swedish, the polite Ni was known from earlier epochs, but had come to be considered somewhat careless, bullying or rude; instead, an intricate system had evolved in order to prudently step around pronouns almost altogether:
Parts of this system began to erode around the Second World War or so, but the essentials held up into the 1960s.
As the twentieth century progressed, this circumlocutive system of addressing, with its innumerable ambiguities and opportunities for unintentional offence, was increasingly felt as a nuisance. An early way out was to carry the circumlocutions one-degree further—finding impersonal ways of saying what was needful, avoiding both personal pronoun and title. (Får det lov att vara en kopp kaffe?, approximately 'Would a cup of coffee be allowed, please?'; Så det är till att resa?, approximately 'So, it is about travelling?'). However, that soon proved of little avail. For one thing, you still had to address the person you talked with directly from time to time in the conversation, otherwise you would really have sounded impolite—and over time, it became de rigueur to do so more and more often, until it was a system with both longish titles used instead of personal pronouns and impersonal circumlocutions; and for another, the impersonal constructions soon acquired their own gradations, to be observant upon—e.g., that in the second example above being perceived as more and more rustic, ending up rude.
Then in the 'sixties, things happened fast. First, authorities and influential circles tried rehabilitating the Ni in a so-called "ni reform"—but most people could not bring themselves to feel civil using that. Then, almost overnight and dubbed the "du reform", the system broke down and
These rules still apply, with marginal exceptions.
In a few circles of younger people, mostly in the larger cities, the use of the extinct Ni for polite address has gained ground again—notably among some shop assistants and waiters for addressing customers in shops and guests in restaurants.. It may also occur that a young person cannot bring him- or herself to address a venerable (and perhaps upper-class) old person du, and then takes recourse to the ni. In addition, Ni has become a fashionable address in some circles of younger businessmen. But whether this is a fashion, coquettery on some parts, a sign of uncertainty in a time of social change, or a beginning of something, is much too early to say. The vast majority of Swedes, including younger people in most or all situations, stick to the du as of this writing (2007).
In order to "alleviate the intrusion" in writing, e.g. in letters or in advertisement, the Du can be capitalized. That usage was most widespread in the early days of universal du address; it has become slightly more common again simultaneously with the partial Ni revival.
Finland-Swedish has undergone a similar development to mainland Swedish since the 1960s, but slower and slightly less. There, one may have to reckon with influence from the Finnish language, still slightly more conservative.
Swedish, also, has verbs for the addresses: dua 'to say du ', and nia 'to say ni '.
In contemporary Turkish, T-V distinction is strong. Friends and family members speak to one another using the second singular person "sen" as well as adults use "sen" to address minors. In formal situations (meeting people first time, business, customer-clerk, colleagues) second plural "siz" is used widely. In very formal situations, double plural second person "sizler" may be used to refer to a much-respected person. Rarely, third plural conjugation of the verb (but not the pronoun) may be used to emphasize utmost respect. In imperative, there are three forms: second singular person for informal, second plural person for formal and double plural second person for very formal situations: "gel" (second singular, informal), "gelin" (second plural, formal), "geliniz" (double second plural, very formal). The very formal forms are not frequently used.
In the extinct Ubykh language, the T-V distinction was most notable between a man and his mother-in-law, where the plural form sʸæghʷa supplanted the singular wæghʷa very frequently, possibly under the influence of Turkish. The distinction was upheld less frequently in other relationships, but did still occur.
The Uyghur language is notable for using four different forms, to distinguish both singular and plural in both formal and informal registers. The informal plural silär originated as a contraction of sizlär, which uses a regular plural ending. In Old Turkic, as still in modern Turkish, siz was the original second-person plural. However, in modern Uyghur siz has become restricted to the formal singular, requiring the plural suffix -lär for the plurals.
Siz as the formal singular pronoun is characteristic of Ürümchi dialect, which is the Uyghur literary standard. In Turfan they say sili and in Kashgar dialect, özlär. Sili is also used in other areas sometimes, while in literary Uyghur özlär as a singular pronoun is considered a "hyperdeferential" level of respect; the deferential plural form is härqaysiliri.
There is an informal second-person pronoun: mày. This term is always condescending and should only be used with someone who is both familiar with and subordinate to the speaker. Young people also utilize it frequently.
|T verb
|V verb
|T noun
|V noun
|(говоря/съм)на "ти" (govorya/sam)na "ti"
|(говоря/съм)на "Вие" (govorya/sam)na "Vie"
|на "ти" na "ti"(more like adverb)
|на "Вие" na "Vie"(more like adverb)
|tutejar/tractar de tú/vós
|tractar de vostè
|tutoyeren, jij/jouwen
|to thou
|ciumi, "ci"-diri
|*viumi, "vi"-diri
|Frisian (West)
|dare del tu
|dare del Lei
|mareul nota; banmalhada
| mówić per ty
tykać (humorous)
|mówić per pan/pani
|mówienie per ty
|mówienie per pan/pani
|a tutui
|a spune "dumneavoastră"
|plural de politeţe
|тыкать (tykat')
|выкать (vykat')
|тыканье (tykanie)
|выканье (vykanie)
| не персирати (ne persirati),
бити на ти (biti na ti)
| персирати (persirati),
бити на ви (biti na vi)
|неперсирање (nepersiranje)
|персирање (persiranje)
|tratar de usted
|senli benli olmak/konuşmak
|sizli bizli olmak/konuşmak
|senli benli olmak/konuşmak)
|sizli bizli olma/konuşmak
| тикати (tykaty),
казати "ти" (kazaty "ty")
| викати (vykaty),
казати "ви" (kazaty "vy")
| тикання (tykannia),
звертання на ти (zvertannia na ty)
| викання (vykannia),
звертання на ви (zvertannia na vy)
| דוצן (dutsn)
זײַן אױף דו (zayn af du)
| אירצן (irtsn)
זײַן אױף איר (zayn af ir)


text:
Harford County Sheriff's deputies and Maryland State Police report:
Tinesha S. Williams, 29, of the 700 block of West Bel Air Avenue, was arrested on two bench warrants Thursday in a case in which she was charged with second-degree assault, theft scheme less than $1,000 and two counts of theft less than $1,000.
David Lee Coleman, 54, of the 100 block of Farm Road, was charged Thursday with theft less than $1,000.
Harry Vernon Tibbs III, 22, of the 700 block of Gilbert Street, was arrested on a bench warrant Monday in a case in which he was charged with failing to stop at a steady red signal.
Keith Brent Kearchner, 61, of the 4900 block of Villa Point Drive, was charged Monday with second-degree assault.
Medications were stolen Friday in the 2400 block of Old Robin Hood Road.
A house was egged Monday in the first block of Poplar Grove Avenue.
A house was ransacked Monday in the 4900 block of Villapoint Drive.
A vehicle turfed a golf course and got stuck Monday in the 700 block of Gilbert Road.
Aberdeen police report:
Naquan T. Williams, 25, of the 1700 block of Fountain Rock Way, was charged Thursday with theft between $10,000 and $100,000, giving a false name to police, speeding, driving without the required license and authorization, failure to display license on demand, driving a rental vehicle in violation of the rental agreement and attempting to elude a police officer by fleeing on foot.
Ramon Martez Dalmida, 29, of the 200 block of Mayberry Drive, was charged Thursday with second-degree assault, resisting arrest, second-degree escape, narcotics possession with intent to distribute, drug paraphernalia possession and possession of a drug other than marijuana.
Geofrey Raheim Brown, 19, of the 800 block of Windstream Way in Edgewood, was charged Thursday with narcotics possession with intent to distribute, drug paraphernalia possession and possession of a drug other than marijuana.
Sherri Michele Herd, 45, of the 4500 block of Manorview Road in Baltimore, was charged Saturday with having an alcoholic beverage in a prohibited place.
John Ellsworth Laurie III, 46, of the 900 block of Beards Hill Road, was charged Sunday with second-degree assault.
Matthew D. Hubbard, 20, of the 300 block of Parke Street, was charged Monday with first- and fourth-degree burglary and theft between $1,000 and $10,000.
Chas E. George, 19, of the first block of Old Post Road, and a 14-year-old male from the 2400 block of Eastland Avenue inWashington, D.C., were charged Aug. 13 with trespassing.
Dwight L. Green, 51, of the 1200 block of West Jarrettsville Road in Forest Hill, was charged Thursday with public intoxication.
Deon Moorehead, 18, of the first block of Franklin Street, and Dwain M. Gordy, 23, of the 400 block of Meadowood Drive in Edgewood, were both arrested Saturday in the first block of Aberdeen Shopping Plaza and charged with theft.

subset: commoncrawl


text:
Betta Trading at 45 Princes Highway Littlehampton 5250 in the Adelaide Hills of South Australia was started in 1990. Princes Highway is the Main Road of Littlehampton. Betta Trading was named after the Siamese Fighting Fish; Betta splendens.
As an historical side note, Littlehampton in South Australia was named after Littlehampton in West Sussex in the UK.
We sell fish, including Goldfish, aquariums, plants and accessories as well as a wide variety of animal feeds including feeds for Dogs and Cats Horses, Poultry, Fish, sheep, cattle, goats, rabbits and birds. Our Dog and Cat foods include the super premium food Advance.
We have a small, but increasing, range of fact sheets on many types of fish, as well as some more general aspects of fish keeping these fact sheets are on this website and are listed in the Fish Facts Index.
The Littlehampton Vet is in the house next door to Betta Trading and the two separate businesses share the car parks at the back. There is also space to park at the front of both businesses.
Amazon.com Widgets


text:
#07-01 Technopark@ChaiChee
Singapore 469001
Container Tracker – portable, self-powered and compact high performance
Astrata's GLP55E, Container Tracker, is a portable, self-powered, compact high performance GPS tracking device with an integrated GPS receiver enabling real time tracking of containers, machinery, tanks or any other valuable item.
The GLP55E is made in generic color so as to maximize mounting options and keep installation as covert as practical. The item is small and is ideally suited for a variety of applications where valuable assets need monitoring or due to their isolated location or potentially vulnerable situation. The battery life is up to 3 years, depending on the reporting rate. The batteries are externally serviceable for extended use.
The device supports zoning and sends alerts in the event of an emergency to location servers, to a predefined email address, to any number via SMS. Alerts include, Time, Date, Speed, Heading and Location of a vehicle.
Astrata's innovative solutions have established themselves as the leading choice for Government and Commercial organizations throughout the world making the GLP55E suitable industrial as well as government and military applications.
About Astrata
Astrata Group, Inc. is a Singapore-based company focused on Advanced Location Based IT Services and Solutions (telematics) that combine GPS positioning, wireless communications (satellite or terrestrial) and geographic information technology.
Astrata has offices throughout the world including Asia, the US, Europe and the Middle East.
Latest News
- Astrata Acquires China based Yamei from TrimbleBy astrata on October 29, 2014
- Astrata Acquires Omnitracs Europe from QualcommBy astrata on January 13, 2014
- Astrata Expands Fleet Management Solutions for HolcimBy astrata on October 6, 2013
- Astrata wins Integrated Fleet Management System for Singapore Civil Defence ForceBy astrata on October 4, 2013
Contact Info
- Tel+65 6338 8133
- Fax+65 6338 5373
- email@example.com
- AddBlock 750A Chai Chee Road, #07-01 Technopark At Chai Chee, Singapore 469001


text:
Blue Velvet Cupcakes
Neener, neener, neener! My neighborhood has Blue Velvet Cupcakes! I'm so excited to tell you about Blue Velvet Cupcakes. I know Nashville has a lot of great places to buy cupcakes, and one in particular is a favorite of mine, but they aren't exactly close. You can imagine my glee when Blue Velvet Cupcakes came to my side of town. Yep, that's right. Antioch has an awesome cupcake place! When I saw the sign, I had to do a double-take. Antioch doesn't get a lot of love in Nashville because it may not seem as cool as other areas, but I dig it. And I dig it even more now that I can satisfy my sweet tooth with a short drive from my home.
So, how's it taste?
Every time I try a new cupcake place, I immediately compare it to my favorite. Most do not stack up and I end up disappointed. Not Blue Velvet Cupcakes. Their cupcakes are pretty amazing. I bought a sampler of six and took them to work for a "sampling party." We tried the (clockwise from top left) Italian Stallion, Chocolate Sundae, Strawberry Deluxe, Double Chocolate, German Chocolate, and Red Velvet. The Italian Stallion was my instant favorite. It's like Italian cream cake and it's fabulous. All the cupcakes were super moist and decadent. The German Chocolate was another standout in this group. It's gooey and complete heaven.
On another visit, we tried (clockwise from top left) Strawberry, Strawberry Lemonade, Royal Wedding, and Orange Dream. The Orange Dream was my favorite of the four. It's super citrusy, but won't give you a pucker. It's like a creamsicle in cupcake form almost.
My neighbor surprised me with more cupcakes and I got to try the namesake Blue Velvet and the Strawberry Milkshake. Once again, they did not disappoint. I liked them both, but I will say beware of the Blue Velvet. There's A LOT of blue food coloring in it and I'll spare you from further details.
Blue Velvet Cupcakes has tons of other flavors that I can't wait to try. Tiramisu, S'mores, MAPLE BACON, and Pineapple Express are just a few. They also have cobblers, cookies, and donuts. Some times they take their buttercream and smear it between two cookies THEN dip it in chocolate! This place is a wonderful addition to Antioch and for those of you not in the neighborhood, well worth a visit. Their hours are very convenient, too. Your sweet tooth will thank you!
Blue Velvet Cupcakes
795 Bell Road
Antioch, TN 37013
(615) 942-8516
Monday-Saturday 11am-8pm
Sunday Noon-6pm
12 Responses to "Blue Velvet Cupcakes"
I want that orange dream!!!
Also, you have Homestyle Bakery, seriously one of the best bakeries in the city. I would buy all my cakes there if it weren't such a haul. Though a friend of mine bought my 30th birthday cake there and brought it all the way to Memphis for me!
Yes, love them too! I wrote a post on them a few years ago. Their fudge pie is the best I've ever tasted.
Yum! Orange Dream and Strawberry Milkshake sound so much fun for cupcakes. I tried blue cupcakes – not a fan, esp. since they use lots of food coloring. I prefer natural colors for food.
Their cupcakes are super delicious, but totally agree on the blue cupcakes. Way too much blue for me.
OMG! I was driving down Bell Rd. a couple of weeks ago and guy was holding a sign that said cupcakes. I couldn't see the store so I made a u-turn & asked him where to go. I got a sampler too. The Italian Stallion was A-Mazing!! I also liked the strawberry milkshake.
I know, so funny! I thought "wait, cupcakes in Antioch?" So happy!
I got to try some of these as well and they are pretty dang awesome. The Italian Stallion was my favorite!
How crazy! I love the look! I totally want a tiramisu cupcake
That one is high on my list to try. They have so many flavors!
Glad you have a good bakery in Antioch. I'm leery of cupcake stores because they are usually too sweet. These look pretty good and I would love to know what the Blue Velvet is all about. Leah you made me laugh.
These are definitely sweet, but the icing isn't over-the-top like some. It's dangerous to have a cupcake shop so close to me!
I have been wanting to try them for a while. I also live in Antioch and was super excited when we got a cupcake place out here! I'm headed there now! I'll be back to report on it!


text:
South Eastern Domestic Appliance Service
History of South Eastern Domestic Appliance Services.
Certificates / Achievements / Map of Area Covered.
Terms and conditions of work.
From 1st April 2009 Gas Safe Register™ is the Health and Safety Executive's authorised scheme for the registration of gas engineers replacing the CORGI registration scheme in Great Britain.
South Eastern Domestic Appliance Services
is a family run business in South East Kent, covering ALL of the CT Postcode area, plus TN23 to TN27 and ME13.
We repair, maintain & install most makes of Gas & Electric Cookers and hobs only.
We do not sell spare parts or finished appliances.
Specialist repairs in Electrolux, Candy, Creda, Cannon, Hotpoint, Bosch, Neff, Flavel, Leisure, Rangemaster, Baumatic, Whirlpool, Tricity Bendix,
Parkinson Cowan, Zanussi, Stoves, Indesit, Ariston, Hygena, Diplomat, Hoover, Beko, Belling, New World & most other leading makes.
Most of all calls are completed on the first visit.
Most of all calls are completed on the first visit.
Normally we can get to your Cooker
within 24-48hours (sometimes sooner)
Normally we can get to your Cooker within 24-48hours (sometimes sooner)
not including weekends or holidays.
not including weekends or holidays.
Possibly the LARGEST range / stock of cooker spares in the area for the completion of my work.
Over 20.5 Gb of Various Manufacturers Spares data information on my system
That is over 30,000 different appliances !!!!
The number of parts currently held in stock is in excess of 2000 as at 15/6/2012.
Manufacturers trained engineer since 1971.
All manufacturers name and trade marks acknowledged.
|Office Thanet
|01843 - 821585.
|Mobile Phone Number
|07973 - 818496.
Phone Lines open from 8am - 8pm Mon-Fri
Sat 8am – 12 midday.
Answerphone service if unable to speak personally.
Write to me email@example.com
Replies to ALL mail.
{Please include your town or village and how you found my website in your e-mail}.
Created 25th January 2000
© Malcolm Gunton
Last updated 28th August 2014


text:
Top Searches:
Horoscopes |
Salaries |
Washam |
July 22, 2013
Links: Australian Glass and the Pacific Northwest at Museum of Glass
Wsu Master Gardeners of Pierce County at Master Gardener of Pierce County
The Shape of Things by Neil Labute at Dukesbay Theater
All events for today »
Submit an event | All events
Drama, Comedy
After months of living a solitary existence, Lenny, 34, picks up his kids from school. Every year he spends a couple of weeks with his sons Sage, 9, and Frey, 7. Lenny hosts his kids within a midtown studio apartment in New York City. During these two weeks, he must figure out if he wants to act as their father or be their friend. Ultimately, their trip upstate results in complete lawlessness taking over their lives.
Rated No Rating .
Visit the official site
Cast: Ronald Bronstein, Jake Braff, Ted Barron, Sage Ranaldo, Frey Ranaldo
Produced by:
Directed by: Joshua Safdie, Ben Safdie
Written by: Joshua Safdie, Ben Safdie
Running time: 1hr 40min
Opens: May 14, 2010 NY


text:
Latex Allergy
What is a latex allergy? A latex allergy is your body's reaction to the protein in natural rubber latex. Latex gloves and other latex products contain this protein. You may have a reaction if you touch or breathe in the protein. The reaction may be mild to severe and can become life-threatening.
What products contain latex? Latex is used to make many rubber products found in homes, hospitals, schools, and the workplace. The following items may contain latex:
- Gloves, tape, bandages, or tourniquets
- Medical tubes, rubber injection ports, plunger tips, or medicine bottles with rubber tops
- Face masks, breathing tubes, or other respiratory equipment
- Bite blocks used during dental visits
- Certain clothing items that contain elastic, such as bras, shoes, belts, and suspenders
- Foam pillows, carpet backing, golf or tennis grips, and garden hoses
- Condoms, diaphragms, contraceptive sponges, and female sanitary pads
- Diapers, bottle nipples, and pacifiers
What increases my risk of a latex allergy?
Frequent exposure to latex: This includes healthcare workers, hairdressers, housekeepers, gardeners, and people who work with food or fabric.
Other allergies: This includes hay fever, asthma, food allergies, or skin conditions.
Certain health conditions: This includes developmental disorders, such as spina bifida. Children who have had surgery before their first birthday may have an increased risk of a latex allergy.
- Previous unexpected reactions: This includes other severe allergies or unexpected reactions during hospitalization or surgery.
What are the signs and symptoms of a latex allergy? Your signs and symptoms depend on the severity of your latex allergy. You may have symptoms only where latex has touched you. You may have more severe symptoms that include areas of your body not exposed to latex. These may occur within minutes after you have touched latex. They may also not appear for 24 to 48 hours. You may have any of the following:
- Itching or burning feeling of your skin
- Bumps, sores, blisters, or a skin rash
- Cracking, peeling, or flaking of your skin
- Tingling feeling in your mouth
- Facial swelling, especially around your eyes
- Dizziness or fast heart rate
- Chest or throat tightness, wheezing, or shortness of breath
How is an allergy to latex diagnosed? Your caregiver will ask you about other health conditions you have. He will ask about your signs and symptoms, and blood may be collected for tests. You may also need skin tests. Ask your caregiver for more information about the tests that you need.
How is a latex allergy treated?
Antihistamines: This medicine treats the symptoms of a mild latex allergy, such as a rash or hives. This medicine may also decrease symptoms such as a runny nose and watery eyes.
- Epinephrine: This is given as an injection to stop a severe allergic reaction and can save your life. You may need to carry this medicine with you if you have a severe allergy. Caregivers will show you how to give yourself a shot of epinephrine.
What are the risks of a latex allergy? A latex allergy may begin as a mild skin reaction and may become worse each time you are exposed. You may have a rash that spreads over your entire body. You may have swelling in your throat and lungs that makes it difficult to breathe. Repeated exposure to latex may lead to a severe allergy to latex and can be life-threatening.
What can I do to prevent exposure to latex?
Inform yourself about products that contain latex: This includes common items that may be used around your house, work, school, or other activities.
Inform all caregivers of your allergy: This includes dentists, nurses, doctors, and surgeons.
Keep a supply of nonlatex gloves: Use vinyl or synthetic gloves if you need to wear gloves. Keep a supply of these nonlatex gloves in your house and car.
- Medical alert identification: Wear medical alert jewelry or carry a card that says you have an allergy to latex. Ask your caregiver where to get these items.
Where can I find more information?
- American Academy of Allergy, Asthma, and Immunology
555 E. Wells St, Suite 1100
Milwaukee , WI 53202-3823
Phone: 1- 800 - 822-2762
Web Address: http://www.aaaai.org
When should I contact my caregiver? Contact your caregiver if:
- Your symptoms have not gone away within 2 weeks.
- You have new symptoms that you did not have before.
- You have questions or concerns about your condition or care.
When should I seek immediate care? Seek care immediately or call 911 if:
- You develop hives (red, itchy bumps with a burning feeling on the skin) that have spread all over the body.
- You feel lightheaded.
- You feel warm and flushed.
- You have nausea or vomiting.
- You have a tingling feeling in your mouth or tightness in your throat.
- You have a fast heartbeat.
- You have wheezing, shortness of breath, or trouble breathing.
CARE AGREEMENT:You have the right to help plan your care. Learn about your health condition and how it may be treated. Discuss treatment options with your caregivers to decide what care you want to receive. You always have the right to refuse treatment. The above information is an educational aid only. It is not intended as medical advice for individual conditions or treatments. Talk to your doctor, nurse or pharmacist before following any medical regimen to see if it is safe and effective for you.
© 2014 Truven Health Analytics Inc. Information is for End User's use only and may not be sold, redistributed or otherwise used for commercial purposes. All illustrations and images included in CareNotes® are the copyrighted property of A.D.A.M., Inc. or Truven Health Analytics.


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The culinary curiosities at Cúrate rank high, even in the competitive cooking climate of Asheville. Chef celebrity, Anthony Bourdain, dined there, and no one who visits Asheville can claim a full weekend without at least a walk through. Chef Katie Button remains true to the Spanish tapas design she learned while training under Ferran Adrià. The world famous Chef Adrià runs the Catalan restaurant el Bulli, which is considered the top restaurant in the world. Adrià's impression on Cúrate and Button is evident in each plate.
The authentic Spanish tapas restaurant/bar also sits atop the Asheville scene in atmosphere. Venture to one of the raised tables amidst artwork from local artists. Or make your way to the bar where you'll have front row as a line of chefs cook right out in the open. If you're feeling brave (and love attention), order a porrón, a drinking vessel-full of Spanish lager and a lemon fizzy-that looks like a mix between a watering can and a wine bottle. The drinker must pour inches from their mouth and pull the can further away to create a spout. Chefs and clientele alike will stop whatever they're doing to cheer on the porrón participants.
The food here is an adventure. Unfamiliar dishes come concrete when explained by the very informative and attentive staff. Be prepared to sample a good amount of plates if coming hungry. Each visit should start with aceitunas cúrate, or cured olives. Move on to the cured meat sampling, which features ham from the "famous black-footed Iberico pigs of Spain". From here, the choices are endless: white asparagus salad, NC littleneck clams with pine nuts and Iberico Ham, and even traditional meat Canelones with béchamel sauce.
The drink menu is as extensive as the food. Local beer, Spanish beer, mixed drinks infused with both the Spanish and southern U.S. fare (the cúrate manhattan is another must have), and a Mediterranean stylized wine list will sit perfectly with any plate.
Cúrate is all about taking risks with cuisine. If you walk through the door, jump in (with tastebuds first), open the mind, and be ready for a gastronomic journey.
Cúrate is located on 11 Biltmore Avenue in Downtown Asheville 828-239-2946
For more info and a glimpse at the menu: www.curatetapasbar.com


text:
Terminus EnhancementsJanuary 5th, 2001 by Crusader
Risto Varanka wrote in to point out a forumpostingfrom Vicarious Visions' Bret Dunham regarding new features for the space-sim Terminus:
Greeting all…i spoke with Dave…I "may" be able to work on a freemode mod. This would be a radical change from what every one is udsed too..if you have any ideas,,wants,,
please feel free to eamil them to me..most will not happen,,,but some will..
And this followup:
ok folks…putting the word out… While there may not be ny scripting tools released there may be an alternative..
I'm looking into rewriting free mode… whew.
Please email any suggestions you have to me as i'll need all the help i can get..
Risto also states:
There has also for some time existed a Perl tool, developed by aTerminus player, which can be used for limited manipulation of theTerminus server. This might make player-written mods possible.For details see the Forum or http://www.terminuspoint.com/.


text:
Read more: Click here to read the original, longer version of this story
THE vast ice sheets of the Antarctic may be more stable than we thought, because a key piece of physics has been overlooked.
Glaciologists have long worried that the West Antarctic ice sheet will collapse over the next few centuries, raising sea levels dramatically. At present the ice sheet is grounded on underwater islands, which insulate some of the ice from the melting effect of the seawater upon which the rest of the sheet floats. But the sheet has started to melt because of climate change, so more water is probably flowing across the surface of the islands underneath the ice, accelerating its destruction.
The ice sheet has a defence mechanism, however. As it melts, sea levels around it will fall, say Natalya Gomez and Jerry Mitrovica of Harvard University and colleagues: with the mass of ...
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text:
Any adult who has ever tried and failed to get a gadget to work can usually work out whether the problem is down to a dubious piece of kit or a personal lack of technical know-how. New research suggests that even infants can work out where the fault lies – they reason in the same way that adults do.
To test how 16-month-olds deal with faulty goods, Hyowon Gweon and Laura Schulz at Massachusetts Institute of Technology pulled out the toy box. The pair used a toy which had a button on the top that when pressed caused music to be played.
In an initial trial, two adults demonstrated to an infant how to play with the toy. The adults each pressed the button twice. For each of the adults, one of the presses was successful – the toy played the music – while another was not. The adults then gave the toy to the infant to play with – except that now, the button no longer caused a sound to play. According to Gweon and Schulz, when the child pressed the button and realised it did not work, he or she had to make a decision: does the problem lie with me, or the toy?
For any adult, common sense would imply that the toy is faulty – both adults had previously had trouble making it play the music. The infants were seemingly able to work this out too and, after a few unsuccessful attempts at starting the music by pressing the button, 12 out of 17 infants gave up and reached for another toy.
Little help?
But the infants also showed they were capable of shouldering the blame for an inactive toy. In a separate trial, one adult's button presses always worked, while the second adult's always failed. The children figured that, when the toy didn't work for them, they were probably doing something wrong, like the unsuccessful adult. As a result, 13 out of 19 children passed their toy to their parents for help.
"The children are showing surprising competence in using statistical information to solve problems," says Gweon. "Our study shows that young babies are rational learners that possess powerful learning mechanisms that allow them to make generalisations from a small amount of data."
Sara Cordes, who researches child cognition at Boston College in Massachusetts, says the findings add to a growing body of evidence that young children are more capable problem solvers than was previously thought.
"They suggest that infants think about causality in much the same way that we would expect adults to," Cordes says. "Infants are essentially little adults when it comes to problem solving."
Journal reference: Science, DOI: 10.1126/science.1204493
If you would like to reuse any content from New Scientist, either in print or online, please contact the syndication department first for permission. New Scientist does not own rights to photos, but there are a variety of licensing options available for use of articles and graphics we own the copyright to.


text:
Just now figuring out that joy and suffering are all tangled up together and to avoid one is to miss out on the other. Trying to grab hold of joy where ever it is found and hold on tight.
7 Quick Takes
1. A while ago I helped a neighbor clean up her house, and get cat diarrhea and vomit out of her rug, and fleas. Also climb over the mountains of dirty laundry to find the floor underneath. CPS was the motivation behind her needing to do it. She and the cat had been sick for some time and somehow a social worker became involved. Her kids couldn't come home until she got it clean. I got the feeling that she barely noticed the mess, or stench. I wondered how someone could possibly let things get like that, and then live with it for so long. I guess it's like the clutter that I ignore building up in the corners of my home. After a while it just seems like it belongs there. But I tell myself it doesn't matter as much, because mine doesn't stink. Well, after several days of having the Girl vomit in little splatters every time she coughs, I've taken to simply wiping it up, spraying it with pink solution, and waiting until this whole thing is over before doing a deep clean of the rug, upholstery, and occasionally even bedding. I guess anything can seem normal if you live with it long enough. Which helps me understand why extreme poverty can be so debilitating. People adapt to things, and sometimes those adaptations can be hard to undo once they are no longer necessary.
2. The hardest thing about a sick child is watching them suffer, and not being able to do anything about it. I watch as they literally stop breathing for a few seconds after a coughing fit because their diaphragm is in spasm. If I could be sick for them I would. But there's no way around suffering. The only way is to pass through it, and come out the other side. It's interesting that some of our most vivid memories of feeling love as children is in the comfort we received from our parents when we were sick. I could be building into them a memory of love and comfort in the midst of pain that may last them their entire lives, may shape who they are for eternity. That makes it a little easier to jump out of bed, again, 5 minutes after the last time I lay down.
3. Did you know delphiniums are poisonous? Do you know how many wedding cakes I've seen online decorated with blue delphiniums? I know this because the bride chose delphiniums as part of her arrangements. I was looking up the type of orchid to see if it was poisonous, and just happened to check the delphiniums as well. They can cause vomiting, and in some cases, if you ingest enough of them, death. Now all of those pretty cakes I saw are absolutely terrifying to me. I wonder how many caterers were blamed for the stomach upset that came from wedding guests eating them.
4. Another lesson from this weekend. I need to trust myself more. When I made the test cake, the icing worked out perfectly. The night I made the icing for real the GH was helping me to put it into bags to transport the next day. He kept making worried noises about how soft it felt. (He knows cake, he makes great cakes. It was he who made the ganache filling for the center. I wouldn't have even attempted it.) I was so insecure about it being too soft I bought some more icing sugar the next day and added it in. Only later did I learn that cream cheese icing slumps more and becomes less stable the more icing sugar you add. Which explains why the bottom layer started to go before I was finished. I would have done a much better job if I had only been more confident in what I knew.
5. It's fascinating to me to notice how much of my former life experiences make it easier for me to do the work I have to do now. Even though I had no idea what it was I would be doing at this stage of my life. Of course, I'm learning even more as I go along, but some parts seem custom designed to make my life easier as I figure out how to do things.
6. One of the perks of living in Southern California is fresh citrus, straight off of the tree. Especially the oranges and tangerines. So good. My kids like to make orange juice in the morning. And most days I manage to not freak out about the sticky residue all over the table after they are done. Of course, it helps that they bring me a glass of it as well. Nothing compares to fresh squeezed orange juice.
7. Number 7 was some thoughts on self discipline. It became so long once I started writing that I pulled it to make a separate post about next week. So I guess I have only 6 quick takes this week because I hear someone coughing in the next room...
This just in. It is surprisingly difficult to change the sheets on a top bunk, especially if you are trying to do it without waking the occupant of the bottom bunk. Also, there is no ladder. How on earth does he get in and out of that bed all the time? Come to our house, where even getting into bed can be an adventure. Sheesh!
7 Quick Takes is hosted by Conversion Diary.
image of oranges by Joe Shlabotnick
4 comments:
I would LOVE to live where oranges are available right outside my door! Hopefully, fresh juice will help make the sickness you are facing a little more bearable :)ReplyDelete
I completely understand what you mean about the clutter starting to seem normal. How well you put it when you wrote about poverty being so difficult to get away from - normal has comfort, no matter how impoverished.
Trust in your child's ability to climb! I have learned, since a bunk bed made its appearance in our house, that small children have nearly magical skills of agility and balance. As for changing the sheets (the bane of my existence) I'd recommend using sleeping bags if you have any until the illness passes. You might go nuts otherwise. Or fall off the bed and hurt yourself--seriously how do they get in and out?ReplyDelete


text:
blond in a sentence
Example sentences for blond
He has longish blond-gray hair, green eyes, and a light beard and mustache.
In color photographs of the body taken at the time, she lies on an examining table, her blond hair fanned out behind her.
When he runs one hand through his blond hair, frowning as though.
Chamomile brightens blond hair, while henna darkens and colors hair.
Some browning occurs, but generally speaking, this is a blond bread.
Electricity blackouts are not welcome when you're in the middle of brewing thousands of gallons of blond and brown ales.
All the boys were large and blond and had big teeth.
She is beautiful: slender as a doll, with fine blond hair and gray eyes.
Lynd has deep-set eyes and wavy blond hair graying at the temples.
Another quilt of cornfields appears and, beyond that, a blond meadow.
The photograph before me was taken a year or so ago, cut to fit my wallet, his strawberry blond hair pulled back in a ponytail.
Strawberry blond hair spills out from beneath her yellow baseball cap.
But their fur color varies a lot, so there are whitish ones, brownish ones and even blond ones.
Hey, blond hair and blue eyes are recessive as are red hair and green eyes.
Two thousand years ago such dogmatism, readily welcome, would have scouted the idea of blond races ever leading civilization.
Last seen in the company of a blond shiksa with an engagement ring.
Our blond waiter, courteous and dignified, was obviously gratified by our choice.
She's looking in the mirror, her long blond curls knotted and wet.
He has the same blond-white hair and stocky build and is wearing an expensive suit.
She wears her hair in a heavy blond shoulder-length fall.
Both were blond, their hair almost white, with invisible eyebrows and lashes.
Its eyebrows are blond, and wisps of pale hair escape its snugly superimposed blue and red bonnets.
Out of kindness and nostalgia he befriends a stupefied blond hippie.
Forty years old at the time, he was still trim and ruddy with a shock of blond hair.
As one blond celebrity heiress and embodiment of emptiness might say, nothing is hot.
Manicurists and hairdressers tended to her nails and blond hair.
She holds her cigarette aloft while repeatedly pushing back her bright blond hair.
She wore berry-pink lipstick outlined with a brick-colored lip liner, and her frosted blond hair in a simple chin-length bob.
He swaps out the bleached-blond hair and earrings for a rugged beard and eyebrow stud.
She's my body double: blond hair, hazel eyes and fair skin.
She is picture pretty already, with blond hair and fetching green eyes.
Famous quotes containing the word blond
Therefore bivouac we On this great, blond highway, unimpeded by Veiled scruples, worn conundrums. Morning i... more
Discontented women dream of being rescued by Prince Charming. Discontented men dream of finding a horny blondmore
and Olaf, too preponderatingly because unless statistics lie he was more brave than me: more blond than yo... more
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...But they do get stressed. Help ease Fido's fears with the ZenDog Calming Compression Shirt. The drug-free way to fend off separation anxiety, noise anxiety (including thunder), travel anxiety, and general nervousness.
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What is SSL and HTTPS? ↑ Back to Top
SSL (Secure Socket Layer) is a protocol used on the web for:
- Encrypting website data so that data sent from the browser to the server and vice versa is protected.
- Authenticating your website so visitors know you are who you say you are
Just as "http://" means "this is a website," seeing "https://" means "this is a website, and it's using SSL to encrypt data and authenticate the website.
Why would you want SSL? ↑ Back to Top
- You are accepting or transmitting sensitive data such as user details and billing information and need to keep it safe
- You want to secure logins and signups on your site
- You need to comply with privacy and security requirements
- You want users to trust your site
Setting up SSL with WooCommerce ↑ Back to Top
To use SSL on your website you will need to purchase an SSL certificate – there are many providers of certificates all ranging in price (your hosting provider may also sell certificates). The purchased certificate is set up on your server, usually by your host.
Once set up, you should be able to access your store via https://yoursite.com – your browser may show a 'lock' icon in the address bar to show it is secured.
The Force SSL setting ↑ Back to Top
The Force SSL setting in WooCommerce will ensure certain pages are only shown over HTTPS when enabled. These pages are:
- Checkout
- Checkout -> Pay
- My Account
Troubleshooting SSL issues ↑ Back to Top
Error pages over HTTPS
This could indicate a setup issue with your certificate. It is advisable to contact your hosting provider to look into the problem.
Redirect Loops
WooCommerce uses WordPress' is_ssl() function to redirect insecure pages. This can cause a redirect loop in the following instances:
- You have another SSL plugin installed, such as WordPress HTTPS, trying to un-force the secure URL. Remove the other plugin, or turn off the Force SSL setting.
- Your host does SSL by proxy making https undetectable. Seehere
Insecure content warnings
If you have insecure content warnings when viewing a secure page it means you will be linking directly to scripts, images, or stylesheets over http instead of https. Most of the time this is simply fixed by changing said links to https or by using relative URL's (e.g. /wp-content/file instead of http://yoursite/wp-content/file).
You can also use a plugin like WordPress HTTPS to force the URLS to be secure. WooCommerce does secure scripts which are enqueued correctly.
To identify the insecure links you can use a tool such as Firebug for firefox, or Chromes built in developer tools, and look at the error console – insecure resources will be listed.


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JP Morgan Asset Management's Gartside looks to the East for high yield
With pension funds seeking smarter ways to generate income to match liabilities, there is increased pressure on bond fund managers to generate yields without exposing their clients to intolerable risk.
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