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Various scholars attribute different characteristics to fascism, but the following elements are usually seen as its integral parts: nationalism (including national socialism, national syndicalism, economic nationalism, along with collectivism, mysticism and populism based on the nationalist values); corporatism (including class collaboration, economic planning, mixed economy, and third way); totalitarianism (including dictatorship, holism, major social interventionism, and statism); and militarism. Fascism opposes communism, conservatism, liberalism, and international socialism.
Some authors reject broad usage of the term or exclude certain parties and regimes. Following the defeat of the Axis powers in World War II, there have been few self-proclaimed fascist groups and individuals. In contemporary political discourse, the term fascist is often used by adherents of some ideologies as a pejorative description of their opponents.
The popular presentation of Fascism in the publications of the Anglosphere have been radically different in the period during and after World War II than in the period 1919—1939, when Mussolini and the Italian Fascists were widely acclaimed. As fascism was associated with the Axis powers who fought and lost the war, and the Anglosphere were mostly among the victorious Allied powers, it was difficult for many years to provide a neutral view of the topic. English-speaking (and other) historians, political scientists, and other scholars have engaged in long and furious debates concerning the exact nature of fascism. However since the 1990s scholars have begun to gather a rough consensus on the system's core tenets. Noted proponents include Stanley Payne, Hamish MacDonald, Roger Griffin, Nicholas Farrell and Robert O. Paxton.
While various attempts to define Fascism have been made, the problem scholars often run into is that each form of fascism is different from any other, leaving many definitions as too wide or too narrow. Below are two examples of attempts to define Fascism, in a concise, to the point form;
The original founders of Fascism in Italy were made up of people who were previously socialists, syndicalists, military men and anarchists but had become angered at the international left's opposition to patriotism and decided to form a new movement; Benito Mussolini, Michele Bianchi and Dino Grandi were all previously socialists. The biggest difference between the movements, is that fascism rejects the idea of class war in favor of class collaboration, while also rejecting socialist internationalism in favor of statist nationalism. Over time however, the Italian Fascists' more leftist social policies and some leftist economic policies were conceded by pressure of elites (of economic, cultural, and political background) and replaced them by more right-leaning policies, such as abandoning the Fascist Manifesto's initial promise of granting the right to vote for women, abandoning early promises to nationalize all property, and abandoning earlier overt militancy against political, cultural, and economic elites, such as the monarchy, aristocracy, clergy, businessmen, and landowners, and adopted a strategy of cooperation with them.
Fascism sees the struggle of nation and race as fundamental in society, in opposition to communism's perception of class struggle and in opposition to capitalism's focus on the value of productivity, materialism, and individualism. The nation is seen in fascism as a single organic entity which bounds people together by their ancestry and is seen as a natural unifying force of people. Fascists promote the unification and expansion of influence, power, and/or territory of and for their nation.
In the case of Italy, Fascism arose in the 1920s as a mixture of national syndicalist notions with an anti-materialist theory of the state. Many Italian Fascists were former international socialists who abandoned international socialism due to its perceived unpatriotic nature for being unwilling to support Italy's war against Austria-Hungary in World War I as international socialists condemned the conflict as being a "bourgeois war". While others with nationalist sympathies saw the war as necessary to reunite Italian territories in Austria to Italy to end what they perceived as national oppression of Italians in Austria-Hungary. Mussolini and other ex-socialists formed the Fascist movement in 1919 with a left-wing platform combined with nationalism in the Fascist Manifesto of 1919. Over time the Italian Fascists would drift rightward on social and economic policies, such as abandoning previous hostility to the monarchy, the Roman Catholic Church, and businesses in order to attract more support for the Fascist regime while retaining its nationalist agenda. Upon being ousted in 1943 and a new Fascist regime being created in the German puppet state of the Italian Social Republic, Mussolini briefly returned to earlier left-wing promises to attempt to regain support for the Fascist movement, such as advocating major nationalization of property and promoting the Fascist movement as a left-wing movement.
Fascists accused parliamentary democracy of producing division and decline, and wished to renew the nation from decadence. Fascists dismissed the Marxist concept of "class struggle" and oppose international socialists' promotion of internationalism instead of nationalism, by advocating "class collaboration" devoted to unifying the nation.
Other than nationalization of certain industries, private property was allowed, but property rights and private initiative were contingent upon service to the state. For example, "an owner of agricultural land may be compelled to raise wheat instead of sheep and employ more labor than he would find profitable." According to historian Tibor Ivan Berend, dirigisme was an inherent aspect of fascist economies. The Labour Charter of 1927, promulgated by the Grand Council of Fascism, stated in article 7:
Fascists thought that private property should be regulated to ensure that "benefit to the community precedes benefit to the individual. They also introduced price controls and other types of economic planning measures.
Fascism also operated from a Social Darwinist view of human relations. Their aim was to promote "superior" individuals and weed out the weak. In terms of economic practice, this meant promoting the interests of successful businessmen while destroying trade unions and other organizations of the working class. Historian Gaetano Salvemini argued in 1936 that fascism makes taxpayers responsible to private enterprise, because "the State pays for the blunders of private enterprise... Profit is private and individual. Loss is public and social.
Fascists were most vocal in their opposition to finance capitalism, interest charging, and profiteering. Some fascists, particularly Nazis, considered finance capitalism a "parasitic" "Jewish conspiracy". Nevertheless, fascists also opposed Marxism and independent trade unions.
According to sociologist Stanislav Andreski, fascist economics "foreshadowed most of the fundamental features of the economic system of Western European countries today: the radical extension of government control over the economy without a wholesale expropriation of the capitalists but with a good dose of nationalisation, price control, incomes policy, managed currency, massive state investment, attempts at overall planning (less effectual than the Fascist because of the weakness of authority)." Politics professor Stephen Haseler credits fascism with providing a model of economic planning for social democracy.
In Nazi economic planning, in place of ordinary profit incentive to guide the economy, investment was guided through regulation to accord to the needs of the State. The profit incentive for business owners was retained, though greatly modified through various profit-fixing schemes: "Fixing of profits, not their suppression, was the official policy of the Nazi party." However the function of profit in automatically guiding allocation of investment and unconsciously directing the course of the economy was replaced with economic planning by Nazi government agencies.
Hitler was personally opposed to the idea of social welfare because, in his view, it encouraged the preservation of the degenerate and feeble. However, once in power the Nazis created welfare programs to deal with the large numbers of unemployment. Nevertheless, unlike social welfare programs in other countries, Nazi social welfare programs were residual, as they excluded certain people from the system whom they felt were incapable of helping themselves and would only pose a threat to the future health of the German people.
Nazi eugenics placed the improvement of the race through eugenics at the center of their concerns and targeted those humans they identified as "life unworthy of life" (German Lebensunwertes Leben), including but not limited to mentally and physically disabled, homosexuals, feeble-minded, insane, and the weak. Adolf Hitler personally decriminalized abortion in case of fetuses having racial or hereditary defects, while the abortion of healthy "pure" German, "Aryan" unborn remained strictly forbidden. In fact, for non-Aryans abortion was not only allowed but often compelled. Like their forbears, the Neo-nazi position on abortion is not about preservation of life but propagation of the race; the Aryan Nation security chief stated: "I'm just against abortion for the pure white race. For blacks and other mongrelized races, abortion is a good idea." The Nazis based their eugenics program on the United States' programs of forced sterilization. Their eugenics program stemmed also from the "progressive biomedical model" of Weimar Germany.
The Italian Fascist government during the "Battle for Births" gave financial incentives to women who raised large families as well as policies designed to reduce the number of women employed to allow women to give birth to larger numbers of children.
Nazi propaganda sometimes promoted pre- and extramarital sexual relations, unwed motherhood, and divorce and at other times opposed such behaviour. The growth of Nazi power, however, was accompanied by a breakdown of traditional sexual morals with regard to extramarital sex and licentiousness.
The Italian Fascist government declared homosexuality illegal in Italy in 1931.
The Nazis opposition to homosexuality was based on the Nazis view that homosexuality was degenerate, effeminate, and perverted and undermined the masculinity which they promoted and because they did not produce children for the master race. Nevertheless the Nazis considered homosexuality curable through therapy. They explained it though modern scientism and the study of sexology which said that homosexuality could be felt by "normal" people and not just an abnormal minority. Critics have claimed that the Nazis' claim of scientific reasons for their promotion of racism, and hostility to homosexuals is pseudoscience, in that scientific findings were selectively picked that promoted their pre-existing views, while scientific findings opposing those views were rejected and not taken into account.
The Romanian Iron Guard opposed homosexuality as undermining society.
According to a biographer of Mussolini, "Initially, fascism was fiercely anti-Catholic" - the Church being a competitor for dominion of the people's hearts. Mussolini, originally a socialist internationalist and atheist, published anti-Catholic writings and planned for the confiscation of Church property, but eventually moved to accommodation. Hitler was born a Roman Catholic but renounced his faith at the age of twelve and largely used religious references to attract religious support to the Nazi political agenda. Mussolini largely endorsed the Roman Catholic Church for political legitimacy, as during the Lateran Treaty talks, Fascist officials engaged in bitter arguments with Vatican officials and put pressure on them to accept the terms that the regime deemed acceptable. Nazis arrested and killed thousands of Catholic clergy (18% of the priests in Poland were killed), eventually consigning thousands of them to concentration camps (2600 died in Dachau alone). Although Jews were obviously the greatest and primary target, Hitler also sent Roman Catholics to concentration camps along with the Jews and killed 3 million Catholic Poles along with three million Jewish Poles. The Nazi party had decidedly pagan elements. Although both Hitler and Mussolini were anticlerical, some believe they both understood that it would be rash to begin their Kulturkampfs prematurely, such a clash, possibly inevitable in the future, being put off while they dealt with other enemies.
Relations were close in the likes of the Belgian Rexists (which was eventually denounced by the Church). In addition, many Fascists were anti-clerical in both private and public life. In Mexico the fascist Red Shirts not only renounced religion but were vehemently atheist, killing priests, and on one occasion gunned down Catholics as they left Mass.
Others have argued that there has been a strong connection between some versions of fascism and religion, particularly the Catholic Church. Religion did play a real part in the Ustasha in Croatia which had strong religious (Catholic) overtones and clerics in positions of power. Spain's Falangists emphasized the struggle against the atheism of the left. The nationalist authoritarian movement in the Slovak Republic (the People's Party) was established by a catholic priest (Father Hlinka) and presided over by another (Father Tiso). The fascist movement in Romania known as the Iron Guard or the Legion of Archangel Michael invariably preceded its meetings with a church service and "their demonstrations were usually led by priests carrying icons and religious flags." Similar to Ayatollah Khomeini's Shi'a Islamist movement in Iran, it promoted a cult of "suffering, sacrifice and martyrdom. In Latin America the most important Fascist movement was Plinio Salgado's Brazilian "Integralism." Built on a network of lay religious associations, its vision was of an "integral state," that `comes from Christ, is inspired in Christ, acts for Christ, and goes toward Christ.` Salgado, however, criticised the "dangerous pagan tendencies of Hitlerism" and maintained that his movement differed from European fascism in that it respected the "rights of the human person". According to Payne, such "would be" religious fascist only gain hold where traditional belief is weakened or absent, as fascism seeks to create new nonrationalist myth structures for those who no longer hold a traditional view. Hence, the rise of modern secularism in Europe and Latin America and the incursion and large scale adoption of western secular culture in the mideast leave a void where this modern secular ideology, sometimes under a religious veneer, can take hold.
One theory is that religion and fascism could never have a lasting connection because both are a "holistic wetanshauungen" claiming the whole of the person. Along these lines, Yale political scientist, Juan Linz and others have noted that secularization had created a void which could be filled by a total ideology, making totalitarianism possible, and Roger Griffin has characterized fascism as a type of anti-religious political religion. Such political religions vie with existing religions, and try, if possible, to replace or eradicate them. Hitler and the Nazi regime attempted to found their own version of Christianity called Positive Christianity which made major changes in its interpretation of the Bible which said that Jesus Christ was the son of God, but was not a Jew and claimed that Christ despised Jews, and that the Jews were the ones solely responsible for Christ's death.
Movements identified by scholars as fascist hold a variety of views, and what qualifies as fascism is often a hotly contested subject. The original movement which self-identified as Fascist was that of Benito Mussolini and his National Fascist Party. Intellectuals such as Giovanni Gentile produced The Doctrine of Fascism and founded the ideology. The majority of strains which emerged after the original fascism, but are sometimes placed under the wider usage of the term, self-identified their parties with different names. Major examples include; Falangism, Integralism, Iron Guard and Nazism as well as various other designations.
Fascism was born during a period of social and political unrest following the First World War. The war had seen Italy, born from the Italian unification less than a century earlier begin to appreciate a sense of nationalism, rather than the historic regionalism. Despite the Kingdom of Italy being a fully fledged Allied Power during the war against the Central Powers, Italy was given what nationalists considered an unfair deal at the Treaty of Versailles; which they saw as the other allies "blocking" Italy from progressing to a major power. A significant example of this was when the other allies told Italy to hand over the city of Fiume at the Paris Peace Conference, this saw war veteran Gabriele d'Annunzio declaring the independent state Italian Regency of Carnaro. He positioned himself as Duce of the nation and declared a constitution, the Charter of Carnaro which was highly influential to early Fascism, though he himself never became a fascist.
An important factor in fascism gaining support in its earliest stages was the fact that it opposed discrimination based on social class and was strongly opposed to all forms of class war. Fascism instead supported nationalist sentiments such as a strong unity, regardless of class, in the hopes of raising Italy up to the levels of its great Roman past. This side of fascism endeared itself to the aristocracy and the bourgeois, as it promised to protect their existence; after the Russian Revolution, they had greatly feared the prospect of a bloody class war coming to Italy by the hand of the communists and the socialists. Mussolini did not ignore the plight of the working class, however, and he gained their support with stances such as those in The Manifesto of the Fascist Struggle, published in June 1919. In the manifesto he demanded, amongst other things, creation of a minimum wage, showing the same confidence in labor unions (which prove to be technically and morally worthy) as was given to industry executives or public servants, voting rights for women, and the systemisation of public transport such as railways.
Mussolini and the fascists managed to be simultaneously revolutionary and traditionalist; because this was vastly different to anything else in the political climate of the time, it is sometimes described as "The Third Way". The Fascisti, led by one of Mussolini's close confidants, Dino Grandi, formed armed squads of war veterans called Blackshirts (or squadristi) with the goal of restoring order to the streets of Italy with a strong hand. The blackshirts clashed with communists, socialists and anarchists at parades and demonstrations; all of these factions were also involved in clashes against each other. The government rarely interfered with the blackshirts' actions, due in part to a looming threat and widespread fear of a communist revolution. The Fascisti grew so rapidly that within two years, it transformed itself into the National Fascist Party at a congress in Rome. Also in 1921, Mussolini was elected to the Chamber of Deputies for the first time and was later appointed as Prime Minister by the King in 1922. He then went on to install a dictatorship after the 10 June 1924 assassination of Giacomo Matteotti, who had finished writing The Fascist Exposed: A Year of Fascist Domination, by Amerigo Dumini and others agents of the Ceka secret police created by Mussolini.
Influenced by the concepts of the Roman Empire, with Mussolini viewing himself as a modern day Roman Emperor, Italy set out to build the Italian Empire whose colonialism would reach further into Africa in an attempt to compete with British and French colonial empires. Mussolini dreamt of making Italy a nation that was "great, respected and feared" throughout Europe, and indeed the world. An early example was his bombardment of Corfu in 1923. Soon after he succeeded in setting up a puppet regime in Albania and ruthlessly consolidated Italian power in Libya, which had been a colony (loosely) since 1912. It was his dream to make the Mediterranean mare nostrum ("our sea" in Latin), and he established a large naval base on the Greek island of Leros to enforce a strategic hold on the eastern Mediterranean.
Falangism is a form of fascism founded by José Antonio Primo de Rivera in 1933, emerging during a complex political time during the Second Spanish Republic. Primo de Rivera was the son of Miguel Primo de Rivera who was appointed Prime Minister of the Kingdom of Spain by Bourbon monarch Alfonso XIII of Spain; José's father would serve as military dictator from 1923—1930. In the Spanish general election, 1931 the winners were socialists and radical republican parties; this saw Alfonso XIII "suspending the exercise of royal power" and going into exile in Rome. Spain had turned from a kingdom into a far-left republic overnight. A liberal Republican Constitution was instated, giving the right of autonomy to regions, stripping the nobility of juristic status and stripping from the Catholic Church its schools.
It was in this environment that José Antonio Primo de Rivera looked at Mussolini's Italy and found inspiration. Primo de Rivera founded the Falange Española party; the name is a reference to the formidable Ancient Greek military formation phalanx. Just a year after foundation Falange Española merged with the Juntas de Ofensiva Nacional-Sindicalista party of Ramiro Ledesma and Onésimo Redondo. The party and Primo de Rivera revealed the Falange Manifesto in November 1934; it promoted nationalism, unity, glorification of the Spanish Empire and dedication to the national syndicalism economic policy, inspired by integralism in which there is class collaboration. The manifesto supported agrarianism, looking to improve the standard of living for the peasants of the rural areas. It supported anti-capitalism, anti-Marxism, repudiating the latter's divisive class war philosophy, and was directly opposed to the ruling Republican regime. The Falange participated in the Spanish general election, 1936 with low results compared to the far-left Popular Front, but soon after increased in membership rapidly, with a membership of 40,000.
"We reject the capitalist system, which disregards the needs of the people, dehumanizes private property, and transforms the workers into shapeless masses that are prone to misery and despair. Our spiritual and national awareness likewise repudiates Marxism. We shall channel the drive of the working classes, that are nowadays led astray by Marxism, by demanding their direct participation in the formidable task of the national State."|20px|20px|José Antonio Primo de Rivera, Falange Manifesto. 1934.
Primo de Rivera was captured by Republicans on 6 July 1936 and held in captivity at Alicante. The Spanish Civil War broke out on 17 July 1936 between the Republicans and the Nationalists, with the Falangistas fighting for Nationalist cause. Despite his incarceration Primo de Rivera was a strong symbol of the cause, referred to as El Ausente, meaning "the Absent One"; he was summarily executed on 20 November after a trial by socialists. After this, Francisco Franco, who was not as ideological as his predecessor, became leader of the Falangists and continued the nationalist fight, with aid from Italy and Germany against the republicans who were supported by the Soviet Union. A merger between the Falange and the Carlist traditionalists who support a different line of the monarchy to that of exiled Alfonso XIII took place in 1937, creating the FET y de las JONS, essentially a move away from fascism. This is somewhat controversial in Falangist circles because some elements argue that it was a move away from "authentic Falangism". Regardless nationalists won the Civil War, inserting the Spanish State in 1939 and under a single-party system Franco ruled. Franco managed to balance several different interests of elements in his party, in an effort to keep them united, especially in regards to the question of monarchy. The Francoist state was strongly nationalist, anti-communist and anti-separatist throughout with his Movimiento Nacional; he supported traditional values such as Christianity, in contrast to the anti-clerical violence of the republicans. Whether or not Francoist Spain itself constituted a genuine form of fascism is debates, for example scholar Stanley Payne, has asserted: "scarcely any of the serious historians and analysts of Franco consider the generalissimo to be a core fascist".
The ideas of Falangism were also exported, mainly to parts of the Hispanosphere, especially in South America. In some countries these movements were obscure, in others they had some impact. The Bolivian Socialist Falange under Óscar Únzaga provided significant competition to the ruling government during the 1950s until the 1970s. Falangism was significant in Lebanon through the Kataeb Party and its founder Pierre Gemayel. The Lebanese Falange fought for the countries independence which was won in 1943; they became significant during the complex and multifaceted Lebanese Civil War which was largely fought between Christians and Muslims.
Nazism, short for National Socialism, is the political ideology of the National Socialist German Workers' Party that ruled Germany from 1933 until 1945. The term national socialist is also a descriptive term used to refer to the Austrian National Socialism of a similar ideology, as well as several puppet states under Nazi control, including; the Arrow Cross of Hungary, the Ustaše of Croatia (also heavily influenced by Italian Fascism), and Rexism of Belgium. The Nazis came to prominence in Germany's Weimar Republic through democratic elections in 1932; their leader Adolf Hitler was appointed Chancellor of Germany the following year, subsequently putting into place the Enabling Act, which effectively gave him the power of a dictator. Hitler's book detailing the national socialist ideology Mein Kampf, was authored during the mid-1920s. The NSDAP announced a national rebirth, in the form of the Third Reich nicknamed the Thousand Years Empire, promoted as a successor to the Holy Roman Empire and the German Empire.
Although the modern consensus sees Nazism as a type of generic fascism, some scholars, such as Gilbert Allardyce, Zeev Sternhell and A.F.K. Organski, argue that Nazism is not fascism either because the differences are too great, or because they believe fascism cannot be generic. A synthesis of these two opinions, states that German Nazism was a form of racially-oriented fascism, while Italian fascism was state-oriented. Nazism differed from Italian fascism in that it had a stronger emphasis on race, especially exhibited as antisemitism, in terms of social and economic policies. Though both ideologies denied the significance of the individual, Italian fascism saw the individual as subservient to the state, whereas Nazism saw the individual, as well as the state, as ultimately subservient to the race. Mussolini's Fascism held that cultural factors existed to serve the state, and that it was not necessarily in the state's interest to interfere in cultural aspects of society. The only purpose of government in Mussolini's fascism was to uphold the state as supreme above all else, a concept which can be described as statolatry. Where fascism talked of state, Nazism spoke of the Volk and of the Volksgemeinschaft Below is a presentation of opposing scholary view on the topic, Griffin is a leading exponent of the "generic fascism" theory, while Sternhell views national socialism as separate to fascism;
Brazilian Integralism is a form of fascism originating in Brazil with Plínio Salgado, he was the movement's figurehead and philosophical leader. The movement was founded in 1932 and was known in its native tongue as Ação Integralista Brasileira; rather than a reaction against the far-left which was not strong in Brazil at the time, the Integralists were initially founded to combat national disunity and the percieved weakness of the liberal state, hoping for national rebirth via a fascist form. Many of the ideas were similar to Italian fascism; it was militarised and favoured the creation of a strong centralised state with a corporatist, government directed economic policy. The party's nationalist element was influenced by the thought of Alberto Torres and was inclusionist, looking to create a strong national unity. While many of the members were Catholics, the group supported freedom of religion so as not to isolate Protestants in Brazil. As an ethnically diverse country due to its colonial history, the Integralists held a non-divisionist and anti-racist stance with the phrase, union of all races and all people; the members were mostly of European background such as Italian and Portuguese but there were also some people of Amerindian and African background. As Brazil was already territorially endowed, the Integralists had no need for an expansionist outlook.
The Iron Guard was an ultra-nationalist, antisemitic movement and political party in Romania from 1927 to 1941. It was briefly in power from September 14, 1940 until January 21, 1941. The Iron Guard was founded by Corneliu Zelea Codreanu on 24 July 1927 as the "Legion of the Archangel Michael" (Legiunea Arhanghelul Mihail), and it was led by him until his death in 1938. Adherents to the movement continued to be widely referred to as "legionnaires" (sometimes "legionaries"; Romanian: legionarii) and the organization as the "Legion" or the "Legionary Movement" (Mişcarea Legionară), despite various changes of the (intermittently banned) organization's name.
The Iron Guard presented itself as an alternative to corrupt, clientelist political parties, using marches, religious processions and patriotic hymns and anthems, along with volunteer work and charitable campaigns in rural areas. It was strongly anti-Semitic, promoting the idea that "Rabbinical aggression against the Christian world" in "unexpected 'protean forms': Freemasonry, Freudianism, homosexuality, atheism, Marxism, Bolshevism, the civil war in Spain, and social democracy" were undermining society..
The Iron Guard "willingly inserted strong elements of Orthodox Christianity into its political doctrine to the point of becoming one of the rare modern European political movements with a religious ideological structure. The Guard differed from other fascist movements in that it had its mass base among the peasantry and students. However, it shared the fascist penchant for violence, up to and including political assassinations.
Para-fascism is a term sometimes used to describe authoritarian regimes which appear like fascism on the surface but some scholars claim differ substantially from true fascism when a more than superficial examination is done. Roger Griffin uses the term whereas Stanley Payne uses the term Radical Right. The consensus among scholars rejects these many anti-liberal, anti-communist inter-war movements which lacked fascism's revolutionary goal to create a new national character as fascist. Para-fascists typically eschewed radical change and viewed genuine fascists as a threat. Parafascist states were often unwillingly the home of genuine fascist movements which they eventually suppressed or co-opted.
Besides Parafascism there are also other (not nescessary inter-war) regimes and movements that have had simliaries to fascism.
"Austrofascism" is a controversial category encompassing various para-fascist and semi-fascist movements in Austria in the 1930s. Especially referring to the Fatherland Front which became Austria's sole legal political party in 1934. The Fatherland Front's ideology was partly based on a fusion of Italian fascism, as expounded by Gentile, and Austria's Political Catholicism. It had an ideology of the "community of the people" (Volksgemeinschaft) that was different from that of the Nazis. They were similar in that both served to attack the idea of a class struggle by accusing leftism of destroying individuality, and thus help usher in a totalitarian state. Engelbert Dollfuß claimed he wanted to "over-Hitler" (überhitlern) Nazism.
Unlike the ethnic nationalism promoted by Italian Fascists and Nazis, the Fatherland Front focused entirely on cultural nationalism such as Austrian identity and distinctness from Germany, such as extolling Austria's ties to the Roman Catholic Church. According to this philosophy, Austrians were "better Germans" (by this time, the majority of the German population was Protestant). The monarchy was elevated to the ideal of a powerful and far-reaching state, a status which Austria lost after the Treaty of Saint-Germain. The notion of the Fatherland Front being fascist was claimed due to the regime's support and similar ideology of Fascist Italy.
Another authoritarian government, installed in Brazil by President Getúlio Dornelles Vargas, lasted from 1937 to 1945. It was modelled on the Portuguese Estado Novo regime and even took its name.
The rule of Mobutu Sese Seko and the ideology of Mobutism within the Popular Movement of the Revolution (Mouvement Populaire de la Revolution, MPR) political party in the former Zaire has been accused by opponents and critics as being fascist such as former Prime Minister of the Democratic Republic of Congo, Patrice Lumumba who was deposed by Mobutu, said "...Mobutu is an imperialist, a fascist..." Rosa Coutino who called Mobutu a "black fascist" , United States left-wing black nationalist Huey P. Newton who referred to Mobutu as "Fascist Mobutu of Zaire" and historian Robert Carr who considers Mobutu a "fascist dictator" Mobutism had a totalitaran and revolutionary nationalist nature, radically altering Zairian society, promoting Zairian culture while purging culture of white colonial and western influences such as intiating censorship on western culture , banning Christian names while promoting the use of local names and local language. Mobutism like fascism promoted a single-party state with Mobutu as the country's dictator and the MPR and Mobutist ideology was officially enshrined in the constitution of Zaire; developed a personality cult around Mobutu as the "Father of the Nation" and promoted the indoctrination of society to support the MPR such as creating by youth organizations in the MPR; was militarist; officially opposed both capitalism and communism;supported economic planning and nationalized certain corporations along with attempting to garner support from workers for his regime by solidifying all trade unions into a single trade union loyal to the regime called the National Union of Zairian Workers while banning independent trade unions. Others have claimed that Mobutu's rule of Zaire was largely just a kleptocracy, serving to allow him to amass enormous wealth.


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Synth City: 10 Classic Guitar Synth Songs
Synth City: 10 Classic Guitar Synth Songs
Here are 10 classic tracks that demonstrate the many voices of guitar synths.
01. "Ashes to Ashes," David Bowie, Scary Monsters (and Super Creeps), 1980
It's Hammer time. Guitarist Chuck Hammer is an accomplished player and Emmy-nominated digital film composer who has recorded with Lou Reed, David Bowie and Guitarchitecture, to name just a few.
But Hammer might be best known for his textural guitar synth work on "Ashes to Ashes" from Bowie's Scary Monsters (and Super Creeps) album. Hammer used a Roland GR-500 with an Eventide Harmonizer to get the synthetic string sound that can be heard in the video below. He actually used four multi-tracked guitar synths, each one playing opposing chord inversions. Be sure to check out the rest of album, which features a healthy dose of Hammer.
Rolling Stone put Hammer in the category of "musical pioneers" along with guys like Robert Fripp and Allan Holdsworth.
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Stephen Quinn
July 29, 2014 at 8:07am
Synths work well on Maiden's 'Somewhere in Time' album, and add a new dimension to the bands sound. Although not to everyone's liking, many songs can benefit form having synth if used carefully and effectively.
July 24, 2014 at 5:06pm
Here's a real funny story. An interviewer with a guitar mag asked the guitarist for Ministry about guitar synths. He said "Oh those things are for pussies, but of course we use them all the time" Lmao. Too each their own. I personally could live without them, they are fun to play with and if it inspires you to play. I say what the heck.
September 04, 2013 at 7:39am
Listen to this song. All the guitars, trumpets and synths recorded on my Roland GR-55.
July 10, 2013 at 8:04am
My own opinion but to be honest guitar synth just doesn't work for most of these songs. Hate the sound of it. But, of the songs listed here, the two songs it really works on is the Police and Iron Maiden.
May 31, 2012 at 2:51pm
To me, the best part of "Racing in A" isn't the synth stuff, it's Steve Hackett's incredible nylon-string work at the end (starting at about 3:52)
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subset: commoncrawl


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In Pursuit of Willie Young
As the elder statesman of NC State's defensive front, Willie Young knows a thing or two about chasing down opponents.
However, Young, who will turn 24 in September, was being pursed by professional scouts in the offseason. Young decided to forego entering the NFL draft in the spring and return for a final year with the Wolfpack as a team co-captain.
Young has bolstered an impressive resume in his time at State. Young has played 1,667 snaps and ranks 11th in school history with 31.5 career tackles for loss. His 6.5 sacks last season led the team as did his 12.5 tackles for loss and 26 quarterback pressures.
Young's impact was vast in the win over North Carolina where he tallied five tackles, two sacks and intercepted a pass.
His performance in 2008 earned him a spot on the 2009 preseason All-ACC second-team.
Here's what Willie Young likes to do when he's not cruising opposing backfields.
What's on my TV: Mike Iaconelli
What's in my IPOD: Trick Daddy
Favorite Flick: Major Payne
What I'm Reading: 3 Little Pigs
Magazine Subscription(s): Boats
Web Bookmarks: Boat Sites
Worst Habit: Fishing
On the walls of my room: My son
I would love to trade places for a day with: Avery (brother) & Tom O'Brien
First Job: Hustling with my dad ( selling fish, laying water sprinkler systems, and cutting grass)
Favorite Meal: Fish and Grits
Talent I'd Most Like to Have: Fly Jets
Favorite Athlete to Watch in Another Sport: Usain Bolt
Least Favorite Physical Attribute About Myself: Dribbling a Basketball
Most Important Thing My Mother taught me: Never to hate anyone, but it's okay to dislike their ways.
My Favorite Part of playing for the Wolfpack: The fans
First Thing I'd buy if I had $1 million: A boat
Dream Date: Crystal Freeman (Sunshine)
My greatest love: Family
My hero: Dad
My motto: "Size doesn't matter"
Favorite Video Game System and Game:PS3/ Madden or Nintendo 64/ Mario Cart
What other sport or position I would play if not for my current one: Gymnast
My pre-game ritual/superstition: Pastor Troy, talk to my immediate family and cross my heart


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Piaggio Beverly 350 - THIS Sounds Exciting!
View Single Post
Beastly Adventurer
Joined: Jul 2009
Oddometer: 3,785
Interesting that you report the 300/350 to be less comfortable. The floor boards on the 300/350 seem about to be the same length, as does the seat/bar ratio, as on the 250. Unlike a lot of 250 sized scooters I find I can move my legs all over on the BV250, forward once in a while, or in the middle a fair amount, but frequently tucked a little behind, like a motorcycle. I rode 230 miles in a single day last weekend on a bunch of very hilly and mountainous roads. I was never uncomfortable, although I do admit I sometimes missed the motorcycle knees grasping the seat/tank position. On big rides that might be more comfortable, but more likely it feels more secure and planted, and as you fatigue that will probably feel better. Good thing I had removed the windshield some time ago - what a torture buffet device.
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General Philippe Mangou, the chief of defense staff under the previous government, has been appointed as Cote d'Ivoire's ambassador to Gabon, says a front-page story in Fraternite Matin. According to the paper, Mangou's nomination was confirmed yesterday during the Council of Ministers meeting presided over by President Ouattara.
This daily press review is compiled by the Information Section of the Public Affairs Office of the American Embassy in Abidjan, Cote d'Ivoire. The opinions expressed in these reviews in no way reflect the views of the United States Government and are presented for informational purposes only. The accuracy of reports contained in this summary has not been confirmed by the Embassy.


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|calendar>> March 3. 2014 Juche 103
Rodong Sinmun Slams Japanese Chief Executive's Reckless Remarks
|Pyongyang, March 3 (KCNA) -- Shortly ago, the Japanese chief executive again talked about the "necessity" for establishing a missile shield and exercising the "right to collective self-defense".
Rodong Sinmun Monday observes in a commentary in this regard:
This revealed once again the real intention to neutralize the military capabilities of neighboring countries, drastically increase the offensive power and the scope of activities of the "Self-Defense Forces" and ignite a war of aggression.
Irony is that Japan tries to establish a missile shield and exercise the "right to collective self-defense" under the pretext of "threat" from the DPRK.
This is a trick to hype the story about "threat" from the DPRK in public to attach "validity" to its reckless moves and win public support at home and abroad.
The U.S. is going to establish the missile shield together with Japan and other countries as part of it moves to establish a global missile shield and form a military alliance like NATO in the Asia-Pacific region.
Such strategies of the U.S. are in full line with the wild ambition of Japan for reinvasion.
No matter how loudly Japan talks about the "necessity" for establishing a missile shield and exercising the "right to collective self-defense" while taking issue with the DPRK, can it never hide its criminal intention to contain its neighboring big powers with the backing of the U.S. and, moreover, realize its reinvasion of Asia and its old dream of "Greater East Asia Co-Prosperity Sphere".
The Japanese politicians had better act with discretion, knowing that they cannot deceive the world with any trick.
Copyright (C) KOREA NEWS SERVICE(KNS) All Rights Reserved.


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Pros & Cons of Computers
Posted In: Consumer Goods.
Computers have become a part of people's everyday lives. Once upon a time, only the very rich had access to computers, because the technology involved was so expensive. However, technology has moved on so much and is in such high demand that prices have fallen enabling more people to use computers. Computers are used in the workplace and in schools, while people also use them in their spare time. You can do so much on a computer that it is very easy to spend too much time on them, since you can play games, do your shopping and communicate with others.
Spending too much time on your computer
Unfortunately, this can mean that other areas of your life suffer. If you spend all your free time chatting with your online friends you may not have as much time for your real-life friends. Even if it is your real-life friends you end up talking with, you can find yourself avoiding social situations because it is much easier to interact online than it is to make the effort to meet up in person. Thus, your relationships could suffer, especially if you become addicted to the Internet or playing computer games, so that you end up doing nothing else other than sitting in front of your computer screen.
Pros of using computers
There is a positive side to using computers, though, as you can find out what is going on in the world quickly by accessing various news and social networking sites. You can find music, film and other forms of media online with very little hassle and usually very little cost, if any at all. You can do your shopping online, so that you can save yourself some money and so you don't have to leave your home. You can play games and find lots of ways to entertain yourself and become a better informed citizen when using a computer.
Plagiarism and copyright issues
However, people may have slightly too much reliance on computers. Indeed, there are plenty of examples of plagiarism, where students have copied and pasted some information they have found online and tried to pass it off as their own work. This isn't particularly good, since students are getting degrees based on work they didn't do, while the original author loses out by not being credited for his or her research. There is also a debate about intellectual property and whether users of the Internet should have to pay for the music and films that many of them download for free.
Moderation and right attitude is key
Overall, though, computers seem to have made a positive contribution to society, enabling individuals to communicate with others rapidly and to perform tasks much more efficiently than if they were to do them manually. The Internet, in particular, has changed the way that people view the world and how they live their lives.
More on computers: Cloud computing.
Additional reading


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Category: Air & Climate ×
Subcategory: Air Consulting ×
Industry: Agriculture ×
Location: Europe ×
Location: Slovakia ×
CEMS Experts - a division of GK Associates, Inc.
based in Simi Valley, CALIFORNIA (USA)
CEMS Experts offers a wide range of custom solutions for CEMS (Continuous Emissions Monitoring Systems), environmental consulting, CEM rentals, sales and service. We are committed to providing our customers with courteous, professional service at cost-effective prices.
Weather Analytics
based in Bethesda, MARYLAND (USA)
All building modeling and simulation systems require local weather history and climate data to complete their analysis. The better the climate data, the more complete the history, and the more local to the site of interest – the more accurate the results. Whether you are an architect, engineer, construction manager or utilities manager, Weather Analytics is able to help ...
PPM Technology
based in Caernarfon, UNITED KINGDOM
PPM Technology is a leading manufacturer of portable and fixed gas detection and IAQ monitoring instruments. PPM's current range of products includes the Formaldemeter htV and htV-M. They are able to accurately detect and measure very low or extremely high concentrations of Formaldehyde, as well as monitoring temperature and humidity. We also offer a range of ...
Maxxam Analytics
based in Mississauga, ONTARIO (CANADA)
Maxxam Analytics has been committed to contributing to our customers' success through the application of our knowledge and expertise for over 40 years. Today, Maxxam is the market leader in analytical services and solutions to the energy, environmental, food and DNA industries. In 2012, our 2400 employees combined efficiency and customer service with rigorous science and ...
General Monitors
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General Monitors is dedicated to benefiting society through leading-edge combustible gas, toxic gas, and flame detection monitoring products of the highest quality that protect life and property. With over 50 sales representatives around the globe, we provide exceptional service and after-sales support. Combining advanced sensing technology with superior service, General ...
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Ecometrica is passionate about clear, correct, and meaningful environmental management that helps businesses meet their sustainability challenges, reduce costs, and increase overall performance. We help our clients measure their environmental impacts, from carbon, energy, paper, waste and water management all the way through to full supply chain accounting. We have global ...
Calvin Consulting Group Ltd.
based in Calgary, ALBERTA (CANADA)
Calvin Consulting Group Ltd. is one of the largest air quality and regulatory compliance specialty companies in Canada. The company is comprised of atmospheric scientists, dispersion meteorologists and emission specialists dedicated to providing our clients with exceptional service in the area of air quality assessment, emissions management, dispersion modelling, ...
Cambridge Environmental Research Consultants (CERC)
based in Cambridge, UNITED KINGDOM
Cambridge Environmental Research Consultants (CERC) is the leading provider of environmental modelling software and services, including the ADMS range of software for industrial and urban air quality management. Our software development team continues development of ADMS, GASTAR, FLOWSTAR and EMIT and provides custom made products. Our consulting team can help in ...
PureAire Monitoring Systems, Inc
based in Lake Zurich, ILLINOIS (USA)
PureAire offers an unbeatable combination of innovation and experience in solving safety and environmental needs of our customers. As a manufacturer, we are capable of handling any size project including OEMs.PureAire's proprietary sensor cell technology and leading edge electronics are designed to interface with the latest distributive control systems.Beginning in 1996, ...
Edinburgh Instruments Ltd
based in Livingston, UNITED KINGDOM
Edinburgh Sensors are proud to be global providers of high quality Gas Sensor solutions. Our diverse range of gas sensors use the latest technology to enable reliable, accurate and continuous gas detection. Established for over 20 years, Edinburgh Sensors use proven technology to deliver OEM Gas Sensors and Gas Monitors / Indoor Air Quality Monitors that are smart, ...


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HGTV is my new addiction
I, along with my girlfriend, are hooked on HGTV. Maybe it's the fact that I'm looking into buying an investment property or perhaps it's just my metrosexual self coming out. Whatever it is, I love seeing a room transform from ordinary to extraordinary. I have been putting what I've learned into action by updating my bedroom and home-office. Soon I'm going to tackle the living room. My house is a bit of a challenge as it is a 1940′s house with small square footage and an odd layout. So the living room and dining room are squished together into an area that is rarely used. As I take this challenge on, I'll make sure to post before and after pictures for all to see.
Anyway, back to HGTV. I particularly like the "flip that house" type of show. The idea of finding a beat-up fixer upper house and put enough hard work and love into it to make it stand out from the rest (or at least to make a significant aesthetic improvement) just turns me on. The designers featured on these shows are all incredibly creative. The ideas they come up with, while not revolutionary, simply work. All the solutions are meant to be simple. Less is more.
Watching these shows has motivated me to improve and organize myself in ways I wouldn't have thought of before. Matter of fact, I'm watching HGTV right at this moment and I'm getting even more ideas. Ideas which will make life easier and will generate money if that's your goal.
Head on over to HGTV.com and start getting some ideas!
Filed by Tony at July 28th, 2007 under Money, Other, Self-Improvement


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<< back to Faculty Profiles Page
Dr. Malini Krishnamurthi teaches in Information Systems and Decision Sciences at the Steven G. Mihaylo College of Business and Economics, California State University, Fullerton. She holds a B.A and an M.A in Economics from the University of Bombay , India. She earned her M.S and Ph.D in Information Systems from the Claremont Graduate University, Claremont. She is also one of the distinguished students of Peter. F. Drucker at the Drucker School of Management, Claremont. Her teaching and research interests are in the areas of Business Intelligence, Data Warehousing and Database Design. She has many papers in the area of Information Technology and business strategy, pricing and revenue management.
Dr. Krishnamurthi has book chapters and several articles in peer-reviewed journals and has presented her research in national and International conferences. She has served as a chair of ISDS Graduate Committee and the Instruction and Curriculum Committees several times. She has also served as a reviewer for several peer reviewed journals.


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Cynthia Carr Falardeau: That special weekend with mother led to lessons that will last a lifetime
After almost 15 years, it's still clear everyone can learn from family relationships
Sometimes we never realize the power of parting words. Fourteen years ago my mother arrived for a week. The last day of that visit, she departed, after a perfect day.
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Exchange Bank filed as an Articles of Incorporation in the State of California filed on Thursday, April 3, 1890. This corporation is approximately 125 years old according to documents filed with California Secretary of State.
Gerry's past corporate interests include the Collections Operations Manager of Exchange Bank .
Key roles for Gerry Savela
Exchange Bank
Collections Operations Manager


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The Forest Governance Facility was officially launched in Yaounde yesterday.
A new programme aimed at fully integrating the civil society in forestry management has gone operational. The Forest Governance Facility programme was launched in Yaounde yesterday by the British High Commissioner to Cameroon, David Sydney Maddicott during a ceremony which saw the participation of representatives of civil society groups, the private sector, researchers, mayors, parliamentarians and other members of the administration.
The new programme sets out to support and complement government's Forest and Environment Sector Programme by providing support to civil society, the private sector and elected administration in order to fully get them work together to enhance forest governance process in Cameroon. The programme, in effect, does not question the raison d'être of government's Forest Environment Sector Programme, but brings in an important component; that of empowering the population to determine their own priorities and decide on what programme of action to take. The Forest Governance Facility wants a lateral rather than vertical approach to solving problems related to forest management. It is by doing this that the programme will help improve governance and promote equity in forest management practice as well as build a strong and independent society. This will be done by establishing a neutral and independent facility that will build up and serve the public domain of the forest reform program me on a national level.
As stated by the British High Commissioner in his speech yesterday, over the next four years, the Department for International Development will contribute CFA 11 Billion to Cameroon's forest sector reforms. The United Kingdom government has already committed CFA 8 Billion to the Forest Environment Sector Programme through targeted sector budget support and a capacity building basket fund.
Ahead of the effective implementation of the programme which will begin with field meetings with the local populations, identification of priorities and capacity building on forest management, the National Coordinator, Verina Engram, has been expressing her wish that the programme should contribute significantly to enhance forest governance. This, she told Cameroon Tribune, will depend greatly on the anxiety of the actors and their ability to state clearly what they want. As far as the programme is concerned, the Coordinator said they want less poverty in Cameroon and improved governance. "How this would be possible depends on what the different stakeholders say is most important", she said.
Forest Governance Facility programme covers the national territory in all its forest diversity, dense tropical forest, Savanna and montane forest. The major activities will include creation of a public arena for actors, promoting research, publishing information for partners, and providing support to small groups. The programme is being implemented by the SNV, the Netherlands Development Organisation.


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Monday, 11 June 2012
George at ASDA: 'mix and match bold color with stand out prints'
YAY! We have a new follower (281) please follow to make the 300 mark even closer!
Please vote in my poll - What do you want to see more of on chic geek? In order to make Chic Geek a better blog I need YOUR advice!
Thanks for all the votes already placed in to the poll; stay tuned for more info!!
Please follow and tweet me? I am going to do #FF Follow Fridays now so please follow my twitter to be featured!
I have 3 weeks of exams starting today :( so comments will not be daily; sorry!
Have you seen George at ASDA's newest collection? Its fabulous!
The collection is very summery, bold and has plenty of statement pieces: 'mix and match bold color with stand out prints'
You can easily create a casual, dressed up or understated outfit all for a reasonable price.
I think that is one of the main reasons I support supermarket brands. Same trends, same style (or sometimes better) - but a better price. As they say 'fashion is temporary style is eternal'- why splash out on clothes that only 'stay in' for a season when your style lasts and develops forever? Pulling together what you think looks great and wearing it with confidence is what pushes you to success in the fashion industry. Trends are just guidance.
Anyway, for my international readers/followers or for those who have not yet seen the TV adverts for this brill collection here they are;
I think the advert is faultless. A hip song for a totally rad collection- it makes perfect sense!
Here are my favorites from the collection:
Agree or disagree?
(Source: here)
I have 3 weeks of exams starting today :( so comments will not be daily; sorry!
Geek xx
Not already following? Follow this link to BLOGLOVIN': http://www.bloglovin.com/en/blog/2307725/chicgeek
Please please please like my FACEBOOK page:
8 comments:
Those coloured shirts are rather lovely :)ReplyDelete
Penny Dreadful Vintage
Loving the prints and lengths of the tops! nice!ReplyDelete
Love the leopard print top!ReplyDelete
totally love the leopard gradient color vest!ReplyDelete
Syriously in Fashion
Syriously Facebook Page
I love the black top!ReplyDelete
lovely post!!ReplyDelete
hi i make a blog presentation :DReplyDelete
Bei mir läuft eine Blogvorstellung ♥ würde mich freuen wenn du mitmachst! :)
Love the advert... very very chic... Hope you do well in your exams... Take care...ReplyDelete
Thanks for all your lovely comments they make me smile :)
If you have any question email me; firstname.lastname@example.com
{Any hate or innapropriate language will be deleted}
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Share the recipes. Share the love.
Ice Cream Flag CakeTime: 15 min
- 2 ½ cups of Vanilla Cookies crushed
- ½ cup Finely Chopped Walnuts
- ½ cup Melted Butter (one stick)
- ¼ cup Sugar
- 1.5 qt. of Perry's Ice Cream - Vanilla
- 16 oz. Tub of Frozen Whip Topping Softened
- 2 pints of Strawberries Cut in Quarters
- 1 pint of Blueberries
- Crush vanilla wafers in blender till fine
- In medium bowl combine with sugar and nuts
- Melt butter and mix together with dry ingredients
- Press into bottom of 13x9 inch cake pan
- Soften Vanilla in large bowl and place over crust
- Set in freezer for 30 minutes
- Wash strawberries and blueberries and drain well
- Cut strawberries in quarters lengthwise
- Frost cake with Softened Whip Topping
- Form stars by evenly spacing blueberries in rows at top left corner
- Decorate remaining top with rows of strawberries to form flag stripes
- Place in freezer for at least one hour
- Let stand 10 minutes before serving & enjoy!
Leave a Reply
where can i purchase the deep pink cinnamon?
what ever happened to your key lime pie ice cream it was the best and I can never find it why
Which flavors of Perry's Ice Cream are kosher?
I just want to say THANK YOU!! I once again found my FAVORITE of Butter Almond, very hard to find in Geneva, Wegmans does not have, but my little local grocer does!! YEAH for you and me!! Keep up for another 90 years. Again, thank you!!
I'm a very picky person when it comes to flavor, texture, etc. I'm just as happy as a clam in the sand that you have such delicious ice cream, and that you have maintained your quality in your product. Thank you for the yummies!
I love maple walnut! It tastes perfect!
Was wondering where i can purchase the big 3 gallon containers of our ice cream, the small containers dont last very long in our home. If you can please let me know thank you.
I cannot find any of Perry's brand ice cream in my area of zip code 12550.I am will to travel or order online I am currently looking for CANNOLI ice cream….please help..Thank You Diane
who ever gets this email, why are you giving out recipes?
Where can we sen suggestions for flavors?
Is there a reason why orange pineapple is not sold in stores? So many of us would love to purchase more than a cone… orange blossom is not the same as orange pineapple. Thanks
where can I purchase spumoni
Wegman's was the only place that I could find Perry's Ice Cream and now they seem to be cutting back and not carrying it as much. Can I order through you online or can you help me find another source ?
Fireball Ice Cream is the best. I will travel a great distance to get it since none of the ice cream shops by my house have it! You should promote that one more 😉
Where can I buy the no fat, no sugar chocolate ice cream?
Glenville, NY 12302
Hi, our family LOVES Perry Ice Cream…it is hands down the absolute BEST we have ever had. Unfortunately, we don't live anywhere near where it is sold (we had some on vacation up in NW PA). Is there any way we can order it and have it shipped to us? Pretty Please?! We live in WV.
I'm looking for a Honeydew flavored ice cream you carried some years ago
I visit youngs town ny, and we are wondering if we can purchase your ice cream, the mint ting a ling, and the conolii, we live in the state of michigan. but we love your ice cream how can we get some for our houses


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How to get a job
Making yourself employable
Finding referees
- You need three referees, often one from outside the Department. Choose your referee carefully. Some write strong references for everyone, and some think they are writing strong references when they aren't. It might be worth having a stable of more referees than you need for any one application, so you can pick appropriate people for different purposes.
- It's often better to choose a referee who will write a more considered and detailed evaluation of your work rather than someone who will simply rave about your work in general.
- Make sure you have people reading your work at an early stage. Don't be shy about sending your work around. You must, however, be fair to the people you are asking to read your material. Cultivate a good relationship with them; ensure your fields overlap so that they get something out as well.
- Approaching the leading person in the field can be a way of acquiring them as a referee, but never go against your supervisor's advice.
- Regarding the stage at which you should send work to potential referees: this depends on the person; have one 'good chunk' that you can send off.
- Remember that even well established academics are not immune to flattery!
- Publish lots. This could be in the form of articles, but also actively seek publishing opportunities - book reviews are an excellent way to begin. Be careful, however, about publishing the same material more than once, or about publishing in conference proceedings. Consider publishing in e.g. a mainstream history or philosophy journal rather than an HPS journal (consult your supervisor on this).
- Regarding teaching experience: supervising alone is not enough. 'Grow yourself' in other ways: give lots of papers at seminars and external meetings.
- Get to know how other departments work, and make contacts at them: network!
- If you are applying to the US, go to US meetings.
Looking for a job
Where to look
- Apply widely – appreciate there's a 'lottery effect'.
- People can often miss jobs that would have been perfect for them.
- Job opportunities are often posted on hps-discussion, but don't assume that they are the only ones on offer.
- Check a variety of different sources for job listings.
- Oxford and Cambridge college JRFs are advertised in the Cambridge University Reporter [http://www.admin.cam.ac.uk/reporter/] and the Oxford University Gazette [http://www.ox.ac.uk/gazette/]. Each college has its own annual cycle for advertising JRFs. Cambridge colleges tend to advertise in late summer and early in Michaelmas. Some Oxford colleges (e.g. Merton) place their ads then too, while some (e.g. Wolfson) start their searches later on. It pays to keep looking.
- Details of, and application forms for, British Academy Postdoctoral Fellowships are available from the Academy's website [http://www.britac.ac.uk/] or from The British Academy, 10 Carlton House Terrace, London SW1Y 5AH, telephone 0207 969 5200. Deadline end of February.
- Other academic institutions offer opportunities for postdoctoral research too. Do shop around. For posts in the UK, register with jobs.ac.uk, and the jobs services run by Education Guardian [http://jobs.guardian.co.uk/jobs/education] and Times Higher Education [http://www.timeshighereducation.co.uk/jobs_home.asp].
- In the USA: HSS Newsletter, AHA Newsletter, Chronicle of Higher Education, Jobs for Philosophers (published by the APA).
Applying for a job
Referees and applications
- Read job descriptions carefully: what is required for this post? Tailor your application accordingly. Don't 'spin' but clearly display relevant information.
- Always inform referees what kind of job you are applying for. This allows them to tailor their letter.
- Always give referees plenty of time before the deadline.
- Include an addressed envelope (A4 often preferred; a stamp is not usually necessary). Pencil on the date of the deadline.
- You must be tough. Be prepared for rejections. You should put in for everything – while keeping your supervisor and referees on your side. Automate the process.
- Applications are read by a committee, so your referee needs the complete picture - your referee should be able to present you to the committee.
- Ask your students to provide feedback on your teaching ability directly to your referees so they are able to comment on this part of your suitability for the job.
See the Graduate Training Workshop notes on How to construct a CV.
Cover letters and other application material
- The cover letter should be one page maximum: one paragraph on research and one on teaching. Run it by your supervisor. Some jobs will require a tripartite detailing of research, teaching, and administrative experience.
- It's OK to have a template for your letters, but do customise them for jobs you are particularly keen on.
- In your application, always speak as if your thesis is complete, or will be complete by the time they will need you. You need a commitment regarding thesis submission. Say 'I have undertaken to have my thesis submitted by...' or 'I will have the thesis drafted in full by...'
- If you are applying for a job overseas, get to understand how their system works. This is especially important: you should be able to indicate courses you are capable of teaching and how you would teach them. If applying outside of the UK, briefly explain what supervisions are.
- You will feel uncertain when applying for jobs, but don't let this show in your application. Don't use words like 'can't' or 'failed'. Be confident and positive. For example, don't say 'I am unable to take up the position in September'; say 'I am able to take up the position in October'.
- If applying for a History job, say you're an 'x'-type historian, rather than 'not sure'. Emphasise the advantages of the interdisciplinary approach of HPS – don't try to justify it. This will make it seem problematic.
- Make the description of your research proposal comparable in length to a PhD summary. You need specificity in your research project. Don't be too specific, however...
- They may ask you what the 'big book' you would write would be. For a JRF application it is often acceptable to say that you will be spending your first year turning your PhD into a book. You may say you wish to continue with similar material in a broader context. Some shorter jobs may require one solid paper from the work you do for them.
- A weak JRF application will detail why a research area is fascinating; a strong candidate will provide an argument why a particular thesis or claim is fascinating, and will focus more on the research proposal, and less on narrating the subject matter of the PhD.
- Organise a practice 'dummy' interview with colleagues, and record it on tape or video – you'll be amazed what bad habits will be revealed! The Careers Service may be able to help with this.
- Remember these are often very different for JRF and lectureship, and for UK, continental and US applications.
- Be prepared to give a 5 minute presentation on you, your skills and interests.
- Think carefully about whether you want to use PowerPoint – this might be inappropriate for a small group, or lead to distracting technical problems. Consider instead providing a handout: this has the additional benefits of giving interviewers something to write on, and something to take away from the meeting.
- Be prepared for obvious questions.
- All answers should be a few sentences long, not a few minutes. Try to impress as a communicator when answering questions – your responses will also be used in part to gauge your teaching ability.
- Suppose that people have seen your work, but don't assume that they are experts. This is especially true for the interdisciplinary panel of Fellowship interviewers.
- Be polite in interviews: never make one interviewer feel bad in front of others, especially if they ask an uninformed question or similar. Always reply with respect. Don't be afraid to ask for clarification if you don't understand the question, or to summarise a long question before responding. Don't be thrown by rude interviewers.
- Don't ask about salary. This can wait until you get an offer.
- They may ask 'do you have any questions?' You should have previously prepared a list of things you would like them to know about you. If any haven't been covered in the interview, use this last question to bring them up.
- Note that for JRFs, often little is asked about past work – you should be prepared to speak about new areas into which you would like to take your research. Colleges don't want to hire you to do more of the same!
- Interviewers may ask you if you will take the job if offered. Say a confident 'yes' – but you do have the right to consider whether to accept, of course.
- If interviewers ask what you think the weaknesses of your work are, be as positive as possible. For example, you can say 'my work does x, y, and z definitively, but on a, b, it might need..' and so on. Present weaknesses as the flip-side of your strengths. For example: 'My work is empirically grounded, but some people might like it to be more theoretical'. In History: 'My work is not devoid of theory but is informed by theory, without reflecting on theory in the work'.
- Much of Philosophy interviews is performance; fencing with interviewees.
- Be prepared to think on your feet, and engage in challenging conversations.
- Many interviewers are looking for 'sparkiness' in candidates: an active engagement with the academic world; intellectual acuity and reactive ability; the potential to be an enterprising member of a departmental team.
- You might be asked about your ability to attract either students or money to a department: it's worth, therefore, familiarising yourself with the structure of grant-giving bodies, and having some idea of the type of students taught at the institution. Cultivating links with other departments could also provide useful points of comparison or connections for collaborative work in these respects.
- Importantly, relax: remember, they are asking themselves whether they are going to enjoy having you around.
- Don't be afraid to ask for feedback from the interview. Don't be disheartened if you don't receive any, but you may get some useful advice for future applications.
JRF and postdoc application procedures
Eleanor Robson
First round: application form, summary of proposed research, references
- Don't waste time applying for fellowships you are not eligible for.
- Don't apply to publish your PhD.
- Do discuss your applications with your supervisor.
- Do tailor your application and research proposal for the requirements of each institution.
- Do show that you can finish your proposed work in the given time.
- Do be honest about any extra funding you may require for travel, etc.
- Don't lie about anything! People have ways of checking up on you...
- Do practise filling in the forms with a photocopy: type, word-process, or make sure your handwriting is legible.
- Do proof-read your application thoroughly: try to make it comprehensible and interesting to an intelligent non-expert. Try it out on a friend.
- Do ask your referees for permission to use them.
- Don't ask your referees for too many references: try to spread the load over three or more people.
- Do meet the application deadlines, and ensure your referees do too.
Second round: two pieces of written work assessed by external expert
- Do submit finished chapters of your thesis, or articles published or in press.
- Don't submit unfinished work.
- Don't submit chapters of a larger work without a purpose-written introduction which explains the background, context, or whatever else is necessary.
- Do submit work which is relevant to the Fellowship you are applying for.
- Don't submit work which is longer than required; if you do, then suggest or mark suitable extracts.
Final round (except British Academy): interview
- Don't panic: think of this as half an hour to talk about your favourite subject to an intelligent, captive audience.
- Do be prepared to give a 3-5 minute summary of your work (but don't go on for too long!). Explain why your subject is interesting and important.
- Don't expect your interviewers to know your subject in the depth you do. Take time to explain, without patronising them.
- Do take along visual aids – photographs, diagrams, text extracts, etc. – to help sell your research proposal.
- Do remember that your interviewers will be assessing you as a potential colleague. Speak clearly and confidently, make eye-contact, and smile; but don't appear arrogant or over-confident.
Slices from the US philosophical Meat Market
Peter Lipton
These remarks do not aspire to completeness; and while they do aspire to correctness, they may be misleading in parts because of excessive reliance on evidence that is fragmentary or stale, or because of variations in practice. Corrections welcome.
- Most US philosophy jobs, say 300 a year, are advertised in the October and November issues of Jobs for Philosophers. This is available by post and online to members of the American Philosophical Association (APA): if you are going to go on the market you may want to join.
- If you are serious about a career in philosophy, you should apply for a lot of these jobs. Don't agonise over each application: just apply to all those whose listed Area of Specialisation (AOS) is in the neighbourhood of yours. (Unlike student applications, at least you don't have to pay to apply for these.)
- It is worth writing a substantive covering-letter with your application that lays out in say 500 words why you are really a terrific bet on the three fronts of research, teaching and administration. Don't be 'English' about this: blow your own horn. If there is a particular place you are especially keen to go to, and you are appropriately shameless, customise your letter to that place to say why exactly it in particular would be great for you and why you would be great for it.
- The hiring department will typically generate a long shortlist of 12-15 candidates in the first half of December. These people will be invited for an interview at the Eastern Division APA convention (a.k.a. 'The Meat Market'), which always takes place somewhere on the East Coast between Christmas and New Year. Early in the new year, the department will go down to a short shortlist of perhaps three. Each of these finalists will be invited for at least a full day on campus. The department will not pay for you to get to the APA convention, but they will pay for you to visit the campus.
- The Eastern Division APA meeting is a zoo, with perhaps 2000 philosophers wandering about, most of them acting as if they have never been in a Hilton hotel before and perhaps never in a lift. There are hundreds of talks you could go to, and acres of publishers' bookstalls, but all this is just a cover for the real business of the interviews.
- The interviews typically take place in the hotel bedrooms. These are invariably overfilled, since they weren't designed for departmental meetings. You may feel as though you are answering questions while standing in the shower.
- In the evening there is a 'smoker' (though smoking is no longer allowed) in the Big Hall of the hotel. The Big Schools have their own tables and you are expected to wander around and chat up the departments that are interviewing you. Some of the Big Schools then have heavy drinking sessions back in their hotel suites to see how well you handle scope ambiguities when you are really sloshed. This is unpleasant: if it puts you off, just don't participate. It's really only the interview that matters.
- When you make it to the final three, you will spend a day on campus, a different day from each of the other finalists. (So don't be surprised if the department tells you that you won't have a decision for a month: maybe you are the first of the three.) You will give at least one talk, maybe two (a research seminar and an undergraduate lecture); you will meet every member of the department individually and many of them collectively; you will meet at least one administrator; you will meet students. In my view all this is a good thing, since it is difficult to remain paralytically nervous for the whole day.
Getting a US history of science job
Jim Endersby
Many of the points Peter Lipton makes about applying for philosophy jobs in the US, also apply to history jobs, especially the importance of applying for lots of jobs and being as un-English and self-promoting as you can bear to be.
However, by contrast with philosophy jobs, History of Science hires are a little more informal. They can be advertised at almost anytime of year: the History of Science Society (HSS) website (www.hssonline.org) is the best place to look. Some preliminary interviews do take place at the HSS's annual meeting in November, but these are relatively rare. The HSS is much more important as a place to see and be seen: if you're interested in working in the US, try to attend this and other American conferences as regularly as possible. Present a paper whenever you have something of sufficient quality. Introduce yourself to people with similar interests to yours, but be sensible about choosing a good moment; don't interrupt one of your heroes while they are deep in conversation with their publisher. Also, try to have a specific question or comment with which to start the conversation ('I was fascinated by what you wrote recently in this journal and wondered if I could ask you to tell me a bit more about it'). Assume they are not interested in your work unless and until they ask you about it. Also, ask your supervisor to help you with introductions – in person if they are at the conference, but if they aren't but there's a significant person in your field who your supervisor knows, check that they are happy for you to approach Professor X and say, 'hello, I'm a student of your friend, Professor Y'. If you're anything like me, none of this will come easily, because it feels too pushy – but do it! Nothing helps your application to stand out from the pile of other CVs like a little first-hand knowledge.
I would strongly re-iterate Peter's point about a covering letter. A short, self-effacing letter is disastrous, but don't ramble on for five or six pages. Two or three pages of A4 should be enough, supported by a substantial CV. And don't forget to use your letter to draw the reader's attention to salient points in your CV ('as you will see from the accompanying CV, I have published extensively on...', etc).
Because the HSS is not a meat market like the APA, the short-lists for US jobs tend to be longer. The first step will usually be an invitation to send a writing sample, followed by a campus visit for as many as 6 candidates. These visits can be scheduled over several weeks, so – as with the philosophy jobs – the delay between interview and outcome can be long (and immensely frustrating).
The format of campus visits is similar to that for philosophy jobs and, as Peter says, there are benefits to the long, drawn-out format, not the least of which is that if you don't give the best possible answer to a question in a one-on-one interview, you will have several further opportunities to improve, so the interviews don't have the 'sudden death' feel of a typical British interview.
If you are rejected
- Do allow yourself to be upset, but not for more than a few days.
- Do approach one of your interviewers (via your supervisor if appropriate) to find out if and how you could have done better.
- Do thank your referees and inform them of the outcome.
- Do allow the institution a month or so to return your written work.
- Don't stop applying for other fellowships!
If you are accepted
- Do write a formal letter of acceptance to your institution.
- Do thank your referees and inform them of the outcome.


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You're invited . . .
Saturday, October 25, 2008
East Central High School, St. Leon, IN
...Learn How To Recognize Spiritual Attack
...Protect Yourself & Your Family
...Lift Generational Curses
...Break Inner Vows & Soul Ties
...Pray for Healing of the Heart
...Be Set Free & Stay Free
...Put on the Full Armor of God.
For a brochure and registration form, please visit www.HealingThroughThePowerOfJesusChrist.org,
call (812) 623-8007
e-mail email@example.com.
For High School Age and Older.
Please register by October 20 to take advantage of meal plan.
Call Len at 317-846-2245 or 317-797-2460 for carpooling options.
NEAL LOZANO, international speaker with a Master's degree in religious education from Villanova Univ., more than 30 years of pastoral experience helping people find freedom in
Christ, and author of several books, including UNBOUND: A Practical Guide to Deliverance From Evil Spirits.
FR. GREG BRAMLAGE, priest of the Archdiocese of Indianapolis, pastor of three parishes and a school, 2006 recipient of the "St. Gianna Molla Award" for outstanding leadership in Pro-life Ministry, and leader of numerous pilgrimages throughout Europe and the Holy Land. Every third Wednesday at 6 pm, he leads a healing prayer service at St. Nicholas
Parish as part of an active healing and deliverance ministry.
DR. RICHARD MEYER, clinical psychologist, Catholic Christian counselor, and founder of the "Good Shepherd Institute" for professional psychological services and inner healing prayer from a faith perspective.
FR. DAN WILDER, priest for the Diocese of Peoria, IL, leader in the healing and renewal ministry and youth outreach, pastor, and former college chaplain.
Founder of Operation Rescue and the Society for Truth and Justice
Bring a copy of the completed "Generational Family Tree" form (which can be downloaded in ENGLISH OR SPANISH at www.HealingThroughThePowerOfJesusChrist.org) in a sealed envelope to
place before the altar. These will be burned by Father immediately after Mass. Please retain your original paperwork.
Hotel Information: A block of rooms has been reserved at a discounted rate at the Hampton Inn in Batesville, IN. Free breakfast is included. To book at this rate, call the hotel at 812-934-6262 and mention the Spiritual Warfare Conference. Hotels are also available in nearby Harrison, OH, for those coming from the I-74 East, which is approximately 10 minutes from the Conference, including Holiday Inn Express (888-465-4329) and Quality Inn (877-424-6423).
Confession: This sacrament is an important first step in the overall healing process. It is strongly recommended that you receive the Sacrament of Reconciliation at your local parish before attending the seminar, due to an uncertainty of priests being available that day.
Lunch & Dinner Meal Plan: This Plan is an additional $15 for a hot lunch & dinner. We strongly recommend that you purchase this plan since there are no nearby restaurants. Please register by Oct. 20. Your check must be in to us by this date to qualify for the $40 price and to receive the meal plan. Any registrations received after this date, including "Walk-ins," will pay $50 and will not have a meal plan.
No Refunds. In the event of your cancellation, you may find a replacement, otherwise, your registration payment will be considered a donation to St. Nicholas Conference.
Directions: East Central High School, 1 Trojan Lane, St. Leon, IN 47012. Conveniently located 15 miles east of Batesville off of I-74. Take Exit 164 St. Leon/Lawrenceburg off of I-74. Go north on IN-1. Turn left at first 4-way stop onto Highway 46. Continue west on 46 for a short distance until you cross the I-74 overpass. Take an immediate left on
Trojan Lane. East Central is on your left. Turn into the first parking lot.
Prayer requests: email@example.com
Fr. Nöel Mueller, O.S.B., of St. Meinrad Archabbey is
ecclesial liaison to the Archbishop of Indianapolis, and
Fr. David Newton, Pastor of St. John the Evangelist,
Hartford City; St. Mary, Dunkirk; and St. Margaret,
Montpelier is liaison to the Bishop of Lafayette-in-Indiana.
Labels: CCRCI, Dr. Richard Meyer, Fr. Dan Wilder, Fr. Greg Bramlage, Fr. Noel Mueller OSB, Neal Lozano, Portiuncula: the Little Portion, Pro-Life, Randall Terry


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Knighton on call in Revs Open Cup loss
August 13, 2008
PORTLAND, Ore. – Portland Timbers goalkeeper Brad Knighton was on call for the New England Revolution's U.S. Open Cup loss Tuesday to D.C. United in Washington, D.C. Knighton, on loan this season from New England of MLS, will return to Portland Wednesday.
New England suffered a 3-1 loss to D.C. United at RFK Stadium in the semifinal round of the U.S. Open Cup on Tuesday. Knighton was recalled just for Tuesday's match and served as the backup to goalkeeper Joe Warren – a former member of the Minnesota Thunder.
With the win, D.C. United advances to the U.S. Open Cup final and will play host to the USL First Division's Charleston Battery, who defeated the Seattle Sounders in a penalty-kick shootout to earn their first U.S. Open Cup finals appearance, on Sept. 3 in Washington, D.C.
Knighton, 23, joined the Timbers on loan from the Revolution for the remainder of the season on July 2. In seven matches with the Timbers, Knighton has recorded 24 saves, a 1.29 goals-against average and one shutout. He was named to the USL First Division Team of the Week in Week 15.
The Timbers play host to the Montreal Impact on Saturday at PGE Park at 7 p.m. Saturday's contest is also Takayuki Suzuki Bobblehead Night presented by Toyota and will be broadcast live on FSN. The first 1,000 fans will receive a Suzuki bobblehead. Tickets start at $11 and are available through the PGE Park box office, area Ticketmaster outlets, online at www.ticketmaster.com or by phone at (503) 224-4400.


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I recently had to accept a difficult truth about myself; I'm a grown up. Not that I am one of those late thirty-something guys who actually think they are still 22. You know the ones – always talking about college and how great it was, best time of their life, king of the party, etc. They don't want to get on with life and eventually start looking a little sad. I'm not saying that life shouldn't be fun, and for the record I had some … [Read more...]
Wearing Cargo Pants For a Grown Up Look
3 Versatile Man Bags
It is with much pride and happiness that I feel I am finally able to announce that the debate on man bags (also known affectionately as a "murse") has concluded and their acceptability is no longer of contention. It is almost impossible to walk down the street in New York without seeing at least one man carrying some sort of version of the man bag, now a necessity for all of modern living's impedimenta. With the legitimacy of the man bag … [Read more...]
Guide to Clothes Sales Shopping
Along with champagne, Auld Lang Syne, countdowns and resolutions, there is one year-end tradition that is known and loved: the sales. Yes, try as they might to make people purchase throughout the year through multi million-pound marketing and try as they might to make fashion more affordable for everyone, the fact is that the populous loves cut price goods. It's a matter of self-satisfaction. It's rather like cheating the system in a … [Read more...]
Preppy Style v. Classic Style
Today I want to broach an interesting subject – at least interesting to me. Some while back I ran across the following question: what is the difference between preppy style and classic style? At first I thought, "Well, that's pretty easy…" Then I tried to talk it out and realized that actually the line is finer than at first glance. While classic style and preppy style both have the same general source – traditional New England … [Read more...]
The Joy of Mixing
One thing I cannot, quite literally, stomach is mixing my food. Munching on a spicy chicken wing after a chocolate sponge pudding makes the tummy turn. I can't abide boiling hot drinks on a summer's day, heavy reds with fish or any other contradictory companionship as far as foodstuffs is concerned. I like order with comestibles; steak with béarnaise sauce, fish and chips, bacon and eggs. However, my taste for order and being bound by … [Read more...]


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Posts filtered on Tag
Brady Aiken's trainer says Astros No. 1 pick is 'absolutely healthy'
ARLINGTON — He's not hurting so much that he can't throw, at least. Brady Aiken's personal trainer Paul Flores said Monday that Aiken, the first overall pick in the 2014 draft, remains healthy and continues to work out and throw as he waits to start his pro career. CBSSports.com reported Monday that Aiken, a high […] [Read More]
Porter gives Castro a break with DH duty in Sunday's loss
ANAHEIM, Calif. – Bo Porter had planned to start Jason Castro behind the plate Sunday, but he changed his mind Saturday after the Astros needed 74 pitches while giving up eight runs in the seventh inning. At one point during that disastrous seventh inning Saturday night Castro called a pitch-out with a 2-1 count on […] [Read More]
Cosart looking to stop the bleeding
ANAHEIM, Calif. – In his first start since his career-high four-game winning streak was snapped, Astros righthander Jarred Cosart will attempt to be the club's stopper again. Cosart snapped a pair of four-game Astros losing streaks during his personal winning streak, and on Monday night against the Rangers he'll attempt to snap the Astros' seven-game […] [Read More]
Scouting report: Astros at Texas Rangers
Three things to look at in the three-game series against the Rangers: 1. Astros All-Star second baseman Jose Altuve, who snapped a season-high 0-for-13 skid with a leadoff single in the sixth inning of Sunday's road loss to the Angels, is having a magical season at the plate. He is likely to obliterate the franchise […] [Read More]
Altuve makes AL All-Star team after historic first half; Keuchel listed on final 5 online ballot
ANAHEIM, Calif. – After earning his place at the Midsummer Classic through the players' ballot, Jose Altuve vowed to work hard this week to help Astros teammate Dallas Keuchel win the final spot on the American League All-Star team through the on-line ballot. Keuchel is one of five AL candidates for the 2014 All-Star Game […] [Read More]
Astros trade minor league reliever Sogard to Diamondbacks
ANAHEIM, Calif. – Astros minor league reliever Alex Sogard said he was told late Sunday afternoon that he had been traded to the Diamondbacks. A person familiar with the trade told the Chronicle that Diamondbacks minor league third baseman Cesar Carrasco was being sent to the Astros. Born in Phoenix, the 26-year-old Sogard now has […] [Read More]
Parents' presence sweetens Singleton's SoCal trip
ANAHEIM, Calif. – The drive from Cherri Clifford's home in Lakewood to Angel Stadium is a relatively short one by Southern California standards. Thirty minutes, tops. After many hours of prayer and some heart-breaking days, the drive was relatively smooth on Thursday as she headed to see her son, Jonathan Singleton of the Astros, play […] [Read More]
Trout's walkoff homer caps another Angels comeback win over Astros
Chris Carter, George Springer and Jon Singleton put on an amazing power display worthy of the Fourth of the July, crushing shots over the left, center and right field walls, respectively, Friday night at Angel Stadium. Astros rookie Enrique "Kiké" Hernandez also delivered multiple highlights with a career-high in hits and an array of defensive […] [Read More]
Porter willing to weigh in on All-Star roster if asked
ANAHEIM, Calif. – As baseball prepares to reveal the 2014 All-Star team Sunday evening, Astros manager Bo Porter was hopeful to have two All-Stars this season. Red Sox manager John Farrell, who will help pick the American League roster that isn't chosen by the fans and players, has not called Porter to ask for his […] [Read More]
As he approaches Watson's record, Altuve getting a history lesson
ANAHEIM, Calif. – As he approaches Bob Watson's franchise record for hits before the All-Star break, Astros second baseman Jose Altuve smiled sheepishly when asked if he knew much about Watson. "No, I don't," Altuve said of Watson, who played parts of 14 seasons for the Astros during a 19-year major-league career. "I don't remember […] [Read More]
Kiké Hernandez says his defense provides validation
ANAHEIM, Calif. – Although he went 2-for-2 in his major-league debut on Tuesday night and then hit a home run the next day, Astros rookie Enrique "Kiké" Hernandez didn't truly feel like he belonged in the big leagues until he made a diving catch in left field to rob Albert Pujols on Thursday night. The […] [Read More]
Springer moves to center for first time this season
ANAHEIM, Calif. – Rookie George Springer, who played center field often in the minors, made his first start for the Astros in center Friday night as fellow rookie Domingo Santana started in right field against the Angels. Springer had played right field since reaching the majors in May. Santana played left field in his first […] [Read More]
Angels rally to win opener of four-game series with Astros
ANAHEIM, Calif. – A few minutes after the final pitch Thursday night, Astros manager Bo Porter brought lefthander Brett Oberholtzer into the visiting manager's office at Angel Stadium for the type of meeting all players dread. Porter had plenty of praise for Oberholtzer after the 5-2 loss for the Angels, but the news was even […] [Read More]
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