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I instantly thought of mom fucking as soon as I spotted this friendly looking milf. Seeing her in a crowd with all her clothes on, I have to admit I'd still be thinking naughty thoughts.
I think it's because she this air about her that's carefree and open minded. You know this amateur mom would be fucking in a New York minute when given the chance. As long as it's not hurting anyone, she's game for trying all kinds of sexual adventures. This is one hot mature fucked honey I'd love to get to know in so many ways – both with her clothes on and without!

subset: commoncrawl


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L.A. talks Super Bowl that hasn't happened
Be wary of the pathological liar, at least on Hollywood Boulevard.
That is what seemed to be the resounding theme following Jimmy Kimmel's "Lie Witness News: Did you watch the Super Bowl?"
"Jimmy Kimmel Live" interviewed a number of random people, all of whom talked about the exciting conclusion to Super Bowl XLVII. For anyone who does not know, the Baltimore Ravens - San Francisco 49ers championship matchup is set for Feb. 3. So either these particular individuals possessed the power of time travel, or they are really sad storytellers.
In any case, the hilarity behind this story also reveals the human tendency to tell a tall tale before admitting to any perceivable ignorance, especially when it comes to an event as prominent as Super Bowl Sunday.


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[I]f Season Two is any indication of what's to come, then I believe we, the viewers, are in good hands. »»
The other 2011 summer restricted comedy hit that isn't mentioned as much as The Hangover Part II and Bridesmaids is getting a sequel. »»
Kevin Spacey's next film gets trailer »»
The sky is falling, but look at the impressive cast. »»
With the release of Horrible Bosses, here are six more that are just as bad. »»
Raunchy comedy almost overcomes weak story »»
A simple premise combined with smart writing makes for a comedy that is nearly executed to perfection. »»
Jason Bateman led comedy gets second trailer »»
Colin Farrell with a combover »»
The duo to create a series that is based on an early '90s British miniseries. »»
A worthy Best Picture winner that deserves a better transfer, but is still, without a doubt, a classic. »»
Never underestimate the power of stupid people in large groups...sometimes it will lead to something that blows your mind. »»
Thoughts on cheating on a sport, riffing on Kevin Spacey in American Beauty and one half on the debate of whether or not you can watch a film more then once. And slightly more! »»
The power the New Earth Army has would be dangerous in my hands. Stupidity would no longer exist...that's all I'm sayin'! »»
Staring at mediocrity is more like it »»
After the huge success of Toy Story, how could Disney/Pixar up the ante (pun intended) and avoid the sophomore slump? By releasing an epic tale of miniature proportions called A Bug's Life. »»
Sam Rockwell gives an unlikely acting clinic »»
There's no time like the holidays to spend some quality time with those you truly care about. Friends and family are the most important people in our lives no matter how much they may get on our nerves; so when it comes time for the winter holidays, it's time to forgive and forget. There is always that one sibling though who has a knack for never letting you forget that you didn't quite live up to the same standards that they have in life. Mom and dad see they've accomplished more then you. Your friends wonder how they got so much further in life then you did. Everyone else in the family constantly asks "why can't you be more like so and so?" Well, I am going to imagine that the pressure must be one hundred times greater and more annoying when your brother is Santa Claus. »»
It's not much of a stretch to think that if Titanic had not premiered in 1997 and simply destroyed all box office and award competition in its path, that it's very possible that Curtis Hanson's elegant and exciting L.A. Confidential could have ended up being awarded the Oscar for Best Picture that year. Much like a similar comparison between Martin Scorsese's Goodfellas and Best Picture Winner Dances with Wolves, it's Hanson's smart and gritty crime film rather than James Cameron's period blockbuster that seems to have aged with the most grace. With its cunning adaptation of James Ellroy's mammoth novel being condensed and altered into a story with its own beating heart, Confidential ends up the best Noir film since Chinatown and ranks amongst the best Crime films of the 1990s. »»
Another election year and I once again find myself simultaneously glued to the television while veraciously reading newspapers and online news sites. Trying my hardest to keep up with everything pertaining to the hot button political issues our country will be forced to face over the next four years and beyond. While that's all well and good, Recount really send the message home that it's not the voting process that's tricky, it's the actual counting of ballots where things start to become, how shall we say, complicated. »»


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FHA home loans can simply be defined as loans that are insured by the Federal Housing Administration (FHA). Originally formed to spread homeownership throughout communities and provide affordable housing opportunities, the FHA not only offers mortgages at more reasonable demands than conventional loans do, but has insured more 34 million properties since its formation in 1934.
Lenient FHA loan standards make this type of financing very popular among today's buyers. These standards include:
1. Very low down payments – typically 3.5% of the purchase price or as low as .5% through independent lender/state programs. Conventional loans generally require a minimum 5% down payment.
2. Low mortgage rates – lower rates are due to the notion that FHA doesn't assess risk-based pricing for credit scores below 740, FHA loan rates are often a quarter to a half of a percentage point lower than average conventional rates.
3. Easier qualifications – FHA loans have looser guidelines than mortgages backed by Fannie Mae and Freddie Mac, which open up opportunities for buyers who do not qualify for conventional or VA financing. Some lenders allow FICO scores as low as 580, while others may require a minimum 620 credit score.
Despite having these "easy standards," FHA has certain requirements that all properties must meet in order to obtain financing. The U.S. Department of Housing and Urban Development (HUD) requires FHA-financed homes to meet minimum property standards to ensure safety, security and soundness of the property.
Minimum FHA Property Standards
1. Complete property – The desired home must exist as an entire, marketable piece of real estate. FHA loans are not available to finance a single room or to replace a kitchen. Sufficient space for living, sleeping and specific areas for cooking and dining must be available, as well as sanitary facilities such as bathrooms (not limited to) with functioning showers/tubs.
2. Public access – Properties being financed through an FHA loan must have public access to the property. Houses that do not make this requirement must have an appropriate easement added that provides public access.
3. Free of any internal hazards – The property itself must be safe to live in. Any excessive pollution, radioactive materials, mudflows or other hazards must be dealt with before FHA financing can take place.
All utilities such as, but not limited to water, gas, electric and sewer services must be independent for the property, with no linkage to another property. Multiple (more than 1) unit buildings have to maintain a separate shut-off switch for each unit.
4. Proper drainage system – All water drains must deposit water away from the property perimeter walls to avoid damage and flooding. Furthermore, all drinking water and showering water must be safe for human contact. The water heaters have to provide somewhat of a warm temperature, and all sewage disposal should meet basic sanitation inspection.
5. Required safe construction expectations – Although FHA is more lenient than other mortgage insurers, any property that is going to be funded must meet minimum construction guidelines to ensure the soundness and safety of the property. These include the repair of any defective work on the house, poor quality work, leakage, decay caused by termites or any other condition that impairs its safety, sanitation or structural soundness.
6. Stable roof tops – All roofs of homes backed by the FHA must have sound roofs that show zero evidence of missing tiles, shingles, or clear signs of leaking issues.
The minimum property standards above apply to most areas of the U.S. and were established to protect both the homeowner and the FHA against unnecessary losses.


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Jason February 4, 2013
Was that a hair at 1:48, lmao!
Randy January 31, 2013
Great Video. I really liked the hand job portion and was hoping Hayden would finish him off with her hands and mouth. She made him come so quickly. Very Sexy
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That is so flippin awesome...yeah I wouldn't pay too much attention to whoever that was saying whatever they were saying. It takes years to appreciate and a few just aren't there yet apparently. I have so much love for all KoRn fans, we are kindred :) Glad u had a great time, n oh yeah I'm glad I don't have a twitter account cuz...yeah ditto LOL
Excellent review! 75 shows wow!
Yeah, I can relate to the Twitter thing. Often when I get on there is is solely towards JD. I cannot get my fingers to type anything out, because anything I have to say he has already read/heard. Nothing different-I bet he does have stalkers though, how could he not?
Wishing you the best in your sobriety, it is not easy.
I dream of the day I see KoRn again! :)
Tubular!!,, Glad Tha Show Was Up 2 Specs Despite Any Brats That Were In Attendance...And I So Agree About Tha Stalkerish Feel That I Knw A Lot Of Famous Ppl Get From Their Fans On Twitter....I Don't Wanna Be That Stalker Twitter Guy Tweeting My Idol 1000 Times A Day Talking About, "JD PLEASE RESPOND..PLEASE!!" Lol,, Not 2 Clown Anybody That Does That...I'd Jus Rather Talk 2 Him On His Tour Bus (Even If It's Jus Once Or Twice A Year) .................But I Digress Lol, So Stoked 4U That U Had An Awesome 75th Show...75 MORE! Lol ;-D


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Measure of America
- E-mail: firstname.lastname@example.com
- Phone: (718) 208-8966
Sarah Burd-Sharps has twenty-five years of experience in human development research, programming, advocacy, and management. Sarah began her career at the United Nations in 1988 working on issues of food security, gender equality, and economic empowerment in Africa and China. She later led UNIFEM's work in Beijing on the 1995 UN Women's Conference and supported the nascent NGO movement in China. Most recently, Sarah was Deputy Director of the UN Development Programme's (UNDP) Human Development Report Office where she contributed to global human development reports on human rights, globalization, and environmental issues and led UNDP's work on national human development reports on every continent.
Having seen a need to address the dearth of noneconomic measures of progress in wealthy nations, Sarah left the United Nations in 2007 with a grant from the Conrad N. Hilton Foundation to produce a report on well-being for the United States. As co-director of Measure of America, Sarah has co-authored human development reports for the United States at the national, state, and local levels and has contributed to in-depth research on such topics as health care reform, child well-being, youth disconnection, and the measurement of social impact.
CO-AUTHORED PUBLICATIONS: The Measure of America Series: Mapping Risks and Resilience 2010-2011 (New York University Press), American Human Development Report 2008-2009 (Columbia University Press). The Portrait Series: A Portrait of Marin (2012), California (2011), Mississippi (2009), and Louisiana (2009).
Programs and Projects
- Measure of America
- (Program Director)
- Book(s)
- A Portrait of California 2014–2015, eds. Sarah Burd-Sharps and Kristen Lewis (12/10/2014), http://www.measureofamerica.org/california2014-15/.
- A Portrait of Sonoma County, Sarah Burd-Sharps and Kristen Lewis (5/20/2014).
- Report
- Sarah Burd-Sharps and Rebecca Rasch, Impact of the US Housing Crisis on the Racial Wealth Gap Across Generations (June 2015).


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Texas' primary elections are today. Don't forget to vote.
We know, voter turnout will be depressingly low.
Fireworks have been built around a basic formula since they first appeared in China as early as the Seventh Century.
GALVESTON — A Houston activist has started a petition urging county leaders to remove a statue honoring Confederate soldiers from in front of the Galveston County Courthouse.
TEXAS CITY - Texas City freshman Drake Jackson will be competing on the same field as Major League Baseball's best as a national finalist in the Pitch, Hit and Run competition.
LA MARQUE - Chris Hartnett didn't expect to receive his first head coaching opportunity in the immediate future, so it came as a surprise to him when the door opened for him to become the lead man for the La Marque baseball program.
Some critics of the recent Supreme Court decision extending full rights of citizenship to same-sex couples have argued there was something un-American in the decision, that it somehow ran counter to the fundamental concepts upon which the country was founded. The opposite is true. The decision was quintessentially American.
Texas City is blessed with most of the usual service clubs all benefiting from our very generous residents and petrochemical industry partners in community service.
CRYSTAL BEACH — Every tide brings a new adventure for the hundreds of people who roam the shoreline near Crystal Beach every day in search of treasure.
Margaret Jo Curtis and Anthony Wayne Cann, both of Galveston, were united in marriage at 6 p.m. on June 27, 2015 at St. Joseph's Church in Galveston. Music was provided by The Houston Strings during the ceremony and during cocktail hour at the reception.
DAYTONA BEACH, Fla. (AP) — Austin Dillon once stood in victory lane at Daytona International Speedway celebrating a Dale Earnhardt win with his grandfather and wondering if he would ever make it back to commemorate his own achievement.
BEIJING (AP) — More than two dozen companies in China are postponing initial public offerings and security companies are pledging more than $19 billion for a fund to stabilize the country's free-falling stock market.
Posted: Tuesday, March 4, 2014 12:00 am
Don't forget to vote By HEBER TAYLOR galvnews.com
Texas' primary elections are today. Don't forget to vote.
We know, voter turnout will be depressingly low.
Posted in Editorials on Tuesday, March 4, 2014 12:00 am.
8522 Teichman Road, Galveston, Texas 77554
7800 Emmett F. Lowry Expy., Texas City, Texas 77591
Main: 409-683-5200 | News: 409-683-5239
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John John Florence
Slater's elimination leaves door wide open for contenders
With a break in contest action, the world's best don't rest on their laurels...
A short day sees John John and Gabriel Medina advance over Simpo and Travis...
John John, Kelly, the Gudangs, Kolohe and ripping Europeans in the south of France
Chris Coté takes a hilarious look back at the Quiksilver Pro France
Slater beats Dane Reynolds in an all-American final at La Graviere
Kelly, Dane, Parko and John John remain after an epic day of competition
Day 1 of the Quiksilver Pro France kicks off in throaty La Graviere barrels
Tony Hawk surprises John with a box stuffed with $50,000 cash
Kelly takes home his fiftieth career WCT victory. Full report here.
A bombing south swell as seen in Puerto Escondido, Trestles, and The Wedge
For full Exposure Meter rankings go to business.transworld.net


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National Cathedral donations could reach $2 million
December 8, 2011 - 06:47 am
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WASHINGTON (AP/ABC7) — The Washington National Cathedral says two longtime supporters have each offered to match donations made to the earthquake-damaged edifice.
According to The Washington Post, cathedral officials say the supporters will match all new gifts or pledges to the cathedral up to $500,000 through the end of the year. That means there is a potential for $2 million in donations.
The cathedral was damaged by a 5.8-magnitude earthquake in August that caused stonework to fall off its towers and cracks to form in parts of the building.
In mid-November, the cathedral held its first services since the Aug. 23 earthquake.
Would you like to contribute to this story? Join the discussion.


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Happy Holidays from Hospital Hospitality HouseBy
We have a great deal to be thankful for this Holiday Season, and we don't have many requests this year. Sure, we could always use a little more laundry detergent and some more volunteers to share time with our guests. And it would be great if we could manage some nights with a higher vacancy rate at Hospital Hospitality House of Richmond, but this is what we do and we're glad to do it.
2012 has been, though, a banner year. We haven't totaled the numbers, but it seems that we have had a ton of people coming by to cook a meal, call bingo, or engage our guests in song. We've had amazing donations of supplies and funds to help us in our mission, and in one case, an entire truckload of paper goods from Georgia Pacific. We had great turnouts for our Fancy Hat Party, for our Gilbane Restaurant Walk, and our Savor Dinner. We met wonderful friends, old and new, and raised funds that will get us into 2013 with a little less pain.
Maybe that's what we need for Christmas this year: A promise of continued success for next year? That spirit of giving that so many have shown this past year.
We are one of the largest Hospitality Houses in America. We're one of the oldest. We are also the largest in the country that survives solely upon your generosity. And the folks who come to us in their time of need are the true recipients of this generosity.
It's relatively easy to put someone up for the night. Change the sheets and give them a key. It's harder to supply them with food, toiletries, and the few items that they may have missed in their trip to the hospital. It's harder still to provide them with a sense of security and fellowship when they're under the strain of medical crisis.
And this is where so many of you become so vitally important.
We need for all of you to continue to help us in the coming year. Our wish list comes close to being full with your donations of goods, but it never goes away. A donation like a truckload clears a hurdle, but it eventually runs out. An event helps us to raise funds, but we have to pay the bills in January just like all of you. A group cooking dinner makes for a great evening, but we still try to plan something for tomorrow.
All of that being said, we're getting ready for Santa. There are cookies to bake, presents to wrap, and we're trying to warm up for some Carols. We're going to do our best to make this a wonderful holiday for our guests. You are all in our hearts and thoughts as you join with family and friends. We hope that we're in yours.
Happy Holidays from Hospital Hospitality House of Richmond.


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Lagos — There was a mild drama at the Lagos High Court yesterday when Justice Olubunmi Oyewole and a legal practitioner, Barr Modupe Alakija exchanged hot words over a pending case.
Trouble started when Alakija, who was appearing in the case for the first time accused the judge of having an interest in the case.
"After quoting several relevant authorities, including Supreme Court rulings to justify the fact that it is the duty of the court to serve parties in the case with notices of application, your lordship is still insisting that it is the duty of the counsel to do so. Your position so far has demonstrated to me that you have interest in this case," Alakija said.
That verbal attack was greeted with laughter from Justice Oyewole, who wasted no time in replying the lawyer.
"This is the first time you will be showing up since the case started. It is also the first time I am meeting you. But, I'm very disappointed with the way you have conducted yourself so far. You have no right whatsoever to point your finger at a judge. You said you have spent 41 years in the bar, but I'm sorry to say those years have been a waste," Justice Oyewole said.
But Barr. Alakija wouldn't take the statement lying low either as he replied Oyewole by saying, there is nothing wrong in pointing a finger at the judge. He argued that he as a counsel and as a Nigerian, has a right to register his disaffection if he observes that something is wrong.
"When the bench stinks, we should not shy away from saying it. The court should learn how to tie its rotten ends. To say that my 41 years in the bar has been a waste, I will not take that from you," he said.
At that point, Justice Oyewole threatened to remand Barr. Alakija if he uttered another word.
"Mr Alakija, I thought you will be civil enough in this case considering the presence of junior members of the Bar. But, I can assure you that if you utter another word, I will order that you should be remanded," Justice Oyewole said.
After a brief silence, Alakija rose up again and said, " My judge, I cannot shut up, neither can I be cowed or intimidated. For as long as my words are under the ambit of the law, I don't think you can stop me from talking."
Justice Oyewole refused to respond to the last statement, and went ahead to adjourn the case till May 21, 2012.
Many of the lawyers, who witnessed the scene were too shocked to comment when Daily Trust sought their views on the development.


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The Global FlyFisher - The Largest and Best Place to go for Online Fly Fishing and Fly Tying
"Dueholm" Old traditional Danish Seatruot wetfly. Flytier: Ken Bonde
Submitted by: Henning Eskol
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|EXIF picture information
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|Camera model
|Canon PowerShot A80
|Exposure time
|1/8 s
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- About
- Adopt & Help
- Donate
- Events & Fun
- Rabbit Care
- Services
- Shop
Hi! My name is Aria. I came to SaveABunny after Zooh Corner rescue near San Gabriel asked for emergency rescue
assistance. My time had run out at the shelter and I needed someone to take me in and care about me. SaveABunny came through and I was safe!
As you can see from my photos I am quite a pretty girl. I'm cocoa brown and just a stunning spayed girl. I'm also a smart bunny. All you bunny savvy people know what that means...
I like things to go my way. I am particular about my housing and discriminating about which people I like and allow to snuggle me. I'm actually a real softie at heart, but I may make you work a bit for my love. It's worth it. I'm a truly lovely and loving girl. Just give it a little time to truly get to know me. I'm worth it and will become your very best and loyal friend.
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Monday Night Poker @ The White Hart - Beginners Welcome!
Posted: September 15, 2012|
- Date:
- Monday, September 17, 2012
- Repeats:
- Every Week until Monday, September 09, 2013
- Location:
- Details:
- Friendly Monday night poker at the White Hart Wimborne.
Beginners and more experienced players play for small stakes (£7) with the chance to win cash prizes, regular attendance gives you the chance to participate in regional and national competitions.
Registration is from 7.30pm, shuffle up and deal at 8pm.
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press release
Over 2,600 detainees have been treated for scabies in an eradication campaign run by the Malian prison authorities, with the support of the ICRC, in the prisons of Sikasso, Kati and Bamako.
"During our most recent prison visits, we realized that scabies was a real problem," said Ishukwe N'sindi, ICRC doctor. "Some inmates were covered in a rash from head to toe and complaining of skin irritation."
Overcrowding makes prisons a prime breeding ground for certain diseases, especially skin infections, giving reason to focus scabies eradication efforts in these facilities more than elsewhere.
"More and more inmates were complaining of skin problems," said Ali Diakité, director of Sikasso prison, in southern Mali. "So the authorities decided that we should treat everyone, including the prison staff. Buildings, clothing and the inmates' bedding were also disinfected. The health-care centre in Sikasso and the ICRC were a great help in this task."
The ICRC works in close cooperation with the detaining authorities and the National Health Directorate to improve detainees' access to health care. Measures include ensuring that inmates undergo a medical examination when they first arrive, improving inmates' access to health-care providers and stocking prison infirmaries with the necessary medicines.
Visiting people deprived of their liberty
In 2013, the ICRC visited more than 3,500 people held in police stations and in the detention centres of Bamako, Kati, Koulikoro, Sikasso, Sévaré, Timbuktu and Gao. These visits were taking place even before conflict broke out in the north, but were formalized with the signing of an agreement with the Malian government in April 2013. The agreement grants the ICRC permission to visit all places of detention and all detainees.
"When we visit a prison, our aim is to ensure that the conditions of detention for all inmates meet internationally recognized standards," said Christoph Luedi, head of the ICRC delegation in Mali. "Whatever the reason for their incarceration, they have the right to be treated with humanity. Their physical and mental well-being must be upheld and their basic needs met."
During these visits, ICRC delegates meet with the prison authorities and then with the inmates, one by one and in private, to assess their treatment and conditions of detention. They see all detainees, but especially monitor those arrested in connection with the conflict.
Restoring family links
The ICRC offers inmates the possibility of contacting their loved ones by telephone or through short Red Cross messages, containing family news only.
"In this vast country, people are sometimes imprisoned far from home," said Mamadou Cellou Bah, the ICRC delegate in charge of this programme. "Contacting their families can help them to break their isolation and bring them closer to their loved ones, from whom some have been separated for a long time."
In 2013, volunteers from the Mali Red Cross facilitated the exchange of 130 Red Cross messages and 170 telephone calls were made between inmates and their families.
Dialogue with the detaining authorities
In line with its usual practice, the ICRC submits a confidential report to the detaining authority containing its findings and recommendations.
Regular and constructive exchanges with the National Directorate of Penitentiary Administration and Supervised Education enable the coordination of efforts to improve conditions of detention.
The ICRC also supports the authorities in improving prison infrastructure, such as building latrines, kitchens and water-storage facilities, and in distributing hygiene products to detainees.


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Decoding the structure of boneApril 17, 2013 8:40 am | by David L. Chandler, MIT News Office | News | Comments
The bones that support our bodies are made of remarkably complex arrangements of materials—so much so that decoding the precise structure responsible for their great strength and resilience has eluded scientists' best efforts for decades. But now, a team of researchers has finally unraveled the structure of bone with almost atom-by-atom precision.
Bad decisions arise from faulty information, not faulty brain circuitsApril 16, 2013 8:11 am | News | Comments
Making choices involves the evaluation of an accumulation of facts. If a wrong choice is made, Princeton University researchers have recently found, the problem may lie in the facts, or information, rather than the brain's decision-making process. The researchers report that erroneous decisions tend to arise from errors, or "noise," in the information coming into the brain.
Softening steel problem expands computer model applicationsApril 16, 2013 8:11 am | News | Comments
Sandia National Laboratories researchers Lisa Deibler and Arthur Brown had a ready-made problem for their computer modeling work when they partnered with the National Nuclear Security Administration's Kansas City Plant to improve stainless steel tubing that was too hard to meet nuclear weapon requirements.
Plant protein shape puzzle solved by molecular 3D modelApril 15, 2013 4:33 pm | News | Comments
Researchers from North Carolina State University believe they have solved a puzzle that has vexed science since plants first appeared on Earth. In a paper published online in Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, the researchers provide the first 3D model of an enzyme that links a simple sugar, glucose, into long-chain cellulose, the basic building block within plant cell walls that gives plants structure.
Widely used index may have overestimated droughtApril 8, 2013 6:26 pm | News | Comments
For decades, scientists have used sophisticated instruments and computer models to predict the nature of droughts. The majority of these models have steadily predicted an increasingly frequent and severe global drought cycle. But a recent study from a team of researchers in the United State and Australia suggests that one of these widely used tools—the Palmer Drought Severity Index (PDSI)—may be incorrect.
Thin, low Arctic clouds an important key to Greenland Ice Sheet meltApril 5, 2013 6:06 pm | News | Comments
According to a new study by scientists funded by the National Science Foundation (NSF) and at the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA), clouds over the central Greenland Ice Sheet last July were "just right" for driving surface temperatures there above the melting point. The 2012 melt illustrates the often-overlooked role that clouds play in climate change. Current models don't do enough, says researchers, to account for their effects.
Team achieves petaflop-level earthquake simulationsApril 3, 2013 9:29 am | News | Comments
A team of researchers at the San Diego Supercomputer Center (SDSC) and the University of California, San Diego, has developed a highly scalable computer code that promises to dramatically cut both research times and energy costs in simulating seismic hazards throughout California and elsewhere. The accelerated makes heavier use of graphic processing units (GPUs) than CPUs.
Blue Waters open for researchApril 2, 2013 1:09 pm | News | Comments
One of the most powerful supercomputers in the world, was recently declared available for use at the National Center for Supercomputing Applications at the University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign (UIUC). Capable at peak performance of nearly 12 quadrillion floating point operations per second, Blue Waters has, more importantly, demonstrated sustained system performance of more than one petaflop on a range of commonly-used science and engineering applications.
Models will enable safer deepwater oil productionApril 1, 2013 11:08 am | News | Comments
Rice University researchers are developing a comprehensive model that will predict how brine, oil, and gas drawn from ultradeep wells react to everything encountered on the way up to the surface and to suggest strategies to maintain the flow.
New models predict drastically greener Arctic in coming decadesMarch 31, 2013 6:48 pm | News | Comments
Researchers from several universities, AT&T Labs, and the American Museum of Natural History have built new models that show a widespread redistribution of Arctic vegetation. They say their findings predict a massive "greening" in the Arctic, as much as 50% in over the next few decades. This transition will help accelerate climate warming, they add.
Simulations uncover obstacle to harnessing laser-driven fusionMarch 27, 2013 7:50 am | News | Comments
A once-promising approach for using next-generation, ultra-intense lasers to help deliver commercially viable fusion energy has been brought into serious question by new experimental results and first-of-a-kind simulations of laser-plasma interaction. So-called fast ignition, this process involves a long-discussed possibility of using a hollow cone to help focus laser energy on the pellet core to induce fusion. Unfortunately, these cones appear to fail in that mission.
Meeting the computing challenges of next-generation climate modelsMarch 27, 2013 7:47 am | News | Comments
Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory recently hosted an international workshop that brought together top climatologists, computer scientists, and engineers from Japan and the United States to exchange ideas for the next generation of climate models as well as the hyper-performance computing environments that will be needed to process the data from those models. It was the 15th in a series of such workshops that have been taking place around the world since 1999.
New model accurately predicts 3D sand flowMarch 26, 2013 7:52 am | by Jennifer Chu, MIT News Office | News | Comments
Researchers at Massachusetts Institute of Technology have devised a model of granular flow in three dimensions. The team found the model accurately predicts the results of granular flow experiments, including a flow configuration that has long puzzled scientists. The model may also be useful for improving the flow of drug powders, tablets, and capsules in pharmaceutical manufacturing.
Sequoia supercomputer sets simulation recordMarch 19, 2013 4:09 pm | News | Comments
Researchers at Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory have recently performed a record number of simulations using all 1,572,864 cores of Sequoia, the largest supercomputer in the world. The simulations are the largest particle-in-cell (PIC) code simulations by number of cores ever performed. PIC simulations are used extensively in plasma physics to model the motion of the charged particles
How proteins read meta DNA codeMarch 19, 2013 10:40 am | News | Comments
Three-quarters of the DNA in evolved organisms is wrapped around proteins, forming the basic unit of DNA packaging called nucleosomes, like a thread around a spool. The problem lies in understanding how DNA can then be read by such proteins. Nowphysicists have created a model showing how proteins move along DNA, in a paper just published in EPJ E
Drug-resistant MRSA bacteria here to stayMarch 18, 2013 9:07 am | by Catherine Zandonella, Office of the Dean for Research | News | Comments
The drug-resistant bacteria known as MRSA, once confined to hospitals but now widespread in communities, will likely continue to exist in both settings as separate strains, according to a new study. Researchers at Princeton University used mathematical models to explore what will happen to community and hospital MRSA strains, which differ genetically.
Study reveals how animal swarms respond to overcrowdingMarch 18, 2013 9:02 am | News | Comments
Swarming is the spontaneous organized motion of a large number of individuals. It is observed at all scales, from bacterial colonies to animal herds. Physicists in Ireland have uncovered new collective properties of swarm dynamics that could ultimately guide efforts to control swarms of animals, robots, or human crowds.
Plasmonics: Model makes light work of nanocircuitsMarch 13, 2013 5:36 pm | News | Comments
As computer manufacturers cram ever more processing power onto tiny chips, the connections between electronic components that measure just a few billionths of a meter across allow electrons to leak. One promising solution is to replace those electrons with photons of light. Researchers in Singapore have now developed a numerical model to simulate the performance of circuits that rely on light
The science of cloudsMarch 13, 2013 1:14 pm | News | Comments
Clouds can both cool the planet, by acting as a shield against the sun, and warm the planet, by trapping heat. But why do clouds behave the way they do? And how will a warming planet affect the cloud cover? Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory scientist David Romps has made it his mission to answer these questions.
Mechdyne licenses CAVE2 from University of Illinois at ChicagoMarch 12, 2013 9:27 am | News | Comments
Mechdyne Corporation has recently announced that it has licensed the CAVE2 hybrid reality environment developed by the Electronic Visualization Laboratory at University of Illinois at Chicago. The licensing agreement was signed in January of 2013, and continues the strong working relationship that began in 1994 when Mechdyne licensed the EVL-designed original CAVE technology.
Ground-level ozone falling faster than model predictedMarch 11, 2013 1:32 pm | News | Comments
According to a recent study from Rice University and the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, there is good news and better news about ground-level ozone in American cities. While dangerous ozone levels have fallen in places that clamp down on emissions from vehicles and industry, the report suggests that a model widely used to predict the impact of remediation efforts has been too conservative.
Volcanic aerosols, not pollutants, tamped down recent Earth warmingMarch 1, 2013 2:38 pm | News | Comments
A research team led by the University of Colorado Boulder had been looking for clues about why Earth did not warm as much as scientists expected between 2000 and 2010. They now think the culprits are hiding in plain sight—dozens of volcanoes spewing sulfur dioxide. The study results essentially exonerate Asia, including India and China, two countries that are estimated to have increased their industrial sulfur dioxide emissions by about 60% from 2000 to 2010 through coal burning.
An atlas of the human heart is drawn using statisticsFebruary 26, 2013 10:17 am | News | Comments
Researchers at Pompeu Fabra University (Spain) have created a high resolution atlas of the heart with 3D images taken from 138 people. The study demonstrates that an average image of an organ along with its variations can be obtained for the purposes of comparing individual cases and differentiating healthy forms from pathologies.
Supercomputers journey to limits of spacetimeFebruary 21, 2013 1:19 pm | News | Comments
Researchers have used the 3D simulation capabilities of the supercomputers at the Texas Advanced Computing Center to predict the formation of accretion disks and relativistic jets that warp and bend more than previously thought, shaped both by the extreme gravity of the black hole and by powerful magnetic forces generated by its spin. Their highly detailed models of the black hole environment contribute new knowledge to the field.
Chemistry trick kills climate controversyFebruary 12, 2013 7:48 am | News | Comments
Volcanoes are well known for cooling the climate. But just how much and when has been a bone of contention among historians, glaciologists, and archeologists. Now a team of atmosphere chemists, from the Tokyo Institute of Technology and the University of Copenhagen, has come up with a way to say for sure which historic episodes of global cooling were caused by volcanic eruptions.


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SSC JE Syllabus 2015
We are providing the complete details about SSC JE Syllabus 2015 for all the candidates who are preparing for Staff Selection Commission Junior Engineer Examination.
Examinees must download the PDF file of Civil / Electrical / Mechanical Engineering syllabus or paper pattern. Candidates are advised to read and understand carefully the SSC JE Syllabus 2015 and paper pattern of examination then prepare according to it for future success.
Syllabus for Paper I:
General Intelligence & Reasoning:
- Analogies
- Similarities
- Space Visualization
- Problem solving
- Analysis
- Judgment
- Decision making
- Visual memory
- Discrimination
- Observation
- Relationship concepts
- Arithmetical reasoning
- Verbal and figure classification
- Arithmetical number series
General Awareness:
- Current Events
- Sports, History
- Culture, Geography
- Economics
- General Polity
- Indian Constitution
- Scientific Research etc.
Syllabus of General Engineering (For Both Paper I & Paper II):
Civil Engineering
- Building Materials
- Estimating, Costing and Valuation
- Surveying
- Soil Mechanics
- Hydraulics
- Irrigation Engineering
- Transportation Engineering
- Environmental Engineering
Structural Engineering
- Theory of structures
- Concrete Technology
- RCC Design
- Steel Design
Electrical Engineering
- Basic concepts
- Circuit law
- Magnetic Circuit
- AC Fundamentals
- Measurement and measuring instruments
- Electrical Machines
- Fractional Kilowatt Motors and Single Phase Induction Motors :
- Synchronous Machines
- Generation, Transmission and Distribution
- Estimation and costing
- Utilization of Electrical Energy
- Basic Electronics
Mechanical Engineering
- Theory of Machines and Machine Design
- Engineering Mechanics and Strength of Materials
- Thermal Engineering
1) Properties of Pure Substances
2) 1st and 2nd Law of Thermodynamics
3) Air standard Cycles for IC engines
4) IC Engine Performance
5) IC Engine Combustion
6) IC Engine Cooling & Lubrication
7) Rankine cycle of steam
8) Boilers; Classification Specification; Fittings & Accessories
9) Air Compressors & their cycles
10) Refrigeration cycles
11) Principle of a Refrigeration Plant
12) Nozzles & Steam Turbines
- Fluid Mechanics & Machinery
1) Properties & Classification of Fluid
2) Fluid Statics
3) Measurement of Fluid Pressure
4) Fluid Kinematics
5) Dynamics of ideal fluids
6) Measurement of Flow rate Basic Principles
7) Hydraulic Turbines
8) Centrifugal Pumps
- Production Engineering
1) Classification of Steels
SSC (Part 1, Part 2) Registration Online
SSC Junior Engineer Exam Pattern:
Staff Selection Commission (SSC) Junior Engineer Exam will have the following Examination Pattern.
The examination will be conducted in two stages:
- Written Test (500 marks)
- Interview (100 marks)
Pattern of Written Exam:
|Paper-I (Objective)
|General Intelligence & Reasoning
|General Awareness
|Part –A
General Engineering (Civil & Structural)
General Engineering (Electrical)OR
General Engineering (Mechanical)
|Total Marks for Paper-I
|Paper-II (Descriptive)
|Part –A
General Engineering (Civil & Structural)
General Engineering (Electrical)OR
General Engineering (Mechanical)
1. Written Test:
Written test will consists of two papers as Paper -I and Paper-II. Paper-I will consist of Objective Type Multiple Choice questions only and Paper-II will be Conventional Type questions. There will be negative marking of 0.25 marks for each wrong answer in Paper-I.
2. Personality Test (Interview):
Interview will be conducted for 100 marks. Only those candidates, who secure at least the minimum qualifying marks in the written examination, will be eligible to appear in the Interview.
Staff selection commission is a government organization to recruit various staff in the various Departments of the Government of India and in its Subordinate Offices. The complete process is depends upon the marks obtained in written exam and interview, so candidates need to be aware with the syllabus before the exam for better preparation.
You may also like to check this Section
|SSC Books
|SSC Salary Structure
|SSC General Awareness
|SSC Interview Questions and Answers
|How To Crack SSC Exam
|SSC Challan Form
|SSC Online Mock Test Paper
|SSC Result
Note: For more detail check the official link
Candidates for getting more details about the Staff Selection Commission (SSC) Junior Engineer Exam must visit our web portal recruitmentinbox.in. We will update you with more recent information regularly.


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An architecture, system and method for operating on encrypted and/or hidden information (e.g., code and/or data). The invention enables creators, owners and/or distributors of proprietary code to keep such code inaccessible to users and user-controlled software programs. A memory architecture includes first and second protected memory spaces, respectively storing operating system instructions and a decrypted version of the encrypted information. The first protected memory space may further store a table linking the locations of the encrypted and/or hidden, decrypted information with a decryption and/or authorization key. The system includes the memory architecture and a processor for executing instructions, and the method loads, stores and operates on the encrypted and/or hidden information according to the memory architecture functionality and/or constraints.
1. A memory architecture, comprising:
an unprotected memory space configured to store encrypted information,
said encrypted information corresponding to a plain text version thereof,
said unprotected memory space is located outside a microprocessor;
a message digest corresponding to said encrypted information;
a first protected memory space configured to store at least a subset of operating system instructions, said first protected memory space is located outside said microprocessor; and
a second protected memory space configured to store said plain text version of said encrypted information, said second protected memory space is located outside said microprocessor;
wherein said operating system instructions in said first protected memory space operate on said plain text version of said encrypted information in said second protected memory space;
wherein a random access memory comprises said unprotected memory space, said first protected memory space, and said second protected memory space.
2. The memory architecture of
3. The memory architecture of
4. The memory architecture of
5. The memory architecture of
6. The memory architecture of
fetching or pre-fetching at least part of said executable code and data;
interpreting at least part of said executable code and data;
translating at least part of said executable code and data; and
determining whether information in said unprotected memory space comprises encrypted information.
7. The memory architecture of
8. The memory architecture of
9. The memory architecture of
10. The memory architecture of
11. The memory architecture of
12. A system for operating on encrypted information, comprising:
a microprocessor; and
a memory architecture of comprising:
an unprotected memory space configured to store encrypted information, said encrypted information corresponding to a plain text version thereof, said unprotected memory space is located outside said microprocessor;
a message digest corresponding to said encrypted information;
a first protected memory space configured to store at least a subset of operating system instructions, said first protected memory space is located outside said microprocessor; and
a second protected memory space configured to store said plain text version of said encrypted information, said second protected memory space is located outside said microprocessor, wherein said operating system instructions in said first protected memory space operate on said plain text version of said encrypted information in said second protected memory space;
wherein said microprocessor is configured to execute said operating system instructions;
wherein a hard drive comprises said unprotected memory space, said first protected memory space, and said second protected memory space.
13. The system of
14. The system of
15. The system of
16. The system of
17. A method of operating on encrypted information, comprising:
transferring said encrypted information to a first protected memory address inaccessible to a user-accessible software program, but accessible to an operating system instruction set, said first protected memory address is located outside a microprocessor;
if said encrypted information comprises encrypted information, decrypting said encrypted information to form a decrypted version of said encrypted information, said decrypting comprises a message digest; and
storing said first protected memory address in a second protected memory address inaccessible to a user-accessible software program, but accessible to an operating system instruction set, wherein said second protected memory address is linked to an original location of said encrypted information, said second protected memory address is located outside said microprocessor;
wherein a detachable electronically erasable and programmable memory comprises said first protected memory address and said second protected memory address.
18. The method of
19. The method of
20. The method of
21. The method of
22. The method of
The present invention generally relates to the field of memory architectures, hardware and software, and methods for operating on, manipulating and/or processing encrypted and/or hidden information (e.g., software code and/or data). More specifically, embodiments of the present invention pertain to a processor memory architecture and method for interpreting, translating, performing operations on and/or executing hidden and/or encrypted code and/or data.
Embodiments of the present invention relate to a processor memory architecture, system and method for operating on encrypted and/or hidden information. (In general, the phrases "operating on" and/or "performing [an] operation[s] on" refer to standard and/or conventional methods of operating on, manipulating, executing and/or processing code or data, and the term "encrypted" refers to standard and/or conventional techniques and/or software programs for encrypting, ciphering, transmuting, translating, converting and/or scrambling information from a plain text or conventionally recognizable graphics or other common form into a form designed, adapted or configured to prevent, deter, hinder or inhibit interception, deciphering, reading; comprehension and/or understanding by unauthorized parties.) In one embodiment of the present invention, the architecture enables storing encrypted information (e.g., software code and/or data) in unprotected (e.g., user-accessible) memory, while operating on an unencrypted form of this information only in protected (e.g., user-inaccessible) memory. In a further exemplary embodiment, the present invention provides a scheme for efficiently hiding proprietary information in a system, architecture and/or process that converts information from a non-proprietary format or ISA into a proprietary format or ISA.
The present invention advantageously allows manufacturers of peripheral devices, electronic systems, etc. (e.g., original equipment manufacturers, or OEMs), to extend their shipping systems with encrypted code (e.g., x86-compatible instructions), and/or extend their systems with hidden proprietary intellectual property (e.g., binary code, data, etc.). Some OEMs, for example, have x86-compatible software that has value as a trade secret. In some cases, the OEMs embed their algorithm(s) in a custom chip (e.g., an ASIC, a ROM, flash memory, etc.). It is therefore desirable to keep proprietary code hidden from unprotected (e.g., x86) memory space.
Another advantage of the invention includes providing an ability to perform operations on hidden proprietary information, so that it is not visible to other non-proprietary (e.g., x86-compatible) processes in plain text form during normal system operations, and so that it does not appear in plain text form in unprotected or accessible (e.g., x86) memory/memory space or on disk. These and other advantages of the present invention will become readily apparent from the detailed description of preferred embodiments below.
Reference will now be made in detail to the preferred embodiments of the invention, examples of which are illustrated in the accompanying drawings. While the invention will be described in conjunction with the preferred embodiments, it will be understood that they are not intended to limit the invention to these embodiments. On the contrary, the invention is intended to cover alternatives, modifications and equivalents, which may be included within the spirit and scope of the invention as defined by the appended claims. Furthermore, in the following detailed description of the present invention, numerous specific details are set forth in order to provide a thorough understanding of the present invention. However, it will be readily apparent to one skilled in the art that the present invention may be practiced without these specific details. In other instances, well-known methods, procedures, components, and circuits have not been described in detail so as not to unnecessarily obscure aspects of the present invention.
Some portions of the detailed descriptions which follow are presented in terms of procedures, logic blocks, processing, and other symbolic representations of operations on data bits within a computer, processor, controller and/or memory. These descriptions and representations are the means generally used by those skilled in data processing arts to effectively convey the substance of their work to others skilled in the art. A procedure, logic block, process, etc., is herein, and is generally, conceived to be a self-consistent sequence of steps or instructions leading to a desired result. The steps include physical manipulations of physical quantities. Usually, though not necessarily, these quantities take the form of electrical, magnetic, optical, or quantum signals capable of being stored, transferred, combined, compared, and otherwise manipulated in a computer system. It has proven convenient at times, principally for reasons of common usage, to refer to these signals as bits, values, elements, symbols, characters, terms, numbers, or the like.
It should be borne in mind, however, that all of these and similar terms are associated with the appropriate physical quantities and are merely convenient labels applied to these quantities. Unless specifically stated otherwise as apparent from the following discussions, it is appreciated that throughout the present application, discussions utilizing terms such as "processing," "operating," "computing," "calculating," "determining," "displaying" or the like, refer to the action and processes of a computer system, or similar processing device (e.g., an electrical, optical, or quantum computing device), that manipulates and transforms data represented as physical (e.g., electronic) quantities. The terms refer to actions and processes of the processing devices that manipulate or transform physical quantities within a computer system's component (e.g., registers, memories, other such information storage, transmission or display devices, etc.) into other data similarly represented as physical quantities within other components.
The present invention concerns an architecture, method and system for manipulating, hiding, executing and/or operating on hidden and/or encrypted information (e.g., code and/or data). In one aspect of the invention, the architecture comprises an unprotected memory space configured to store encrypted information, a first protected memory space configured to store at least part of a set of operating system instructions, and a second protected memory space configured to store a plain text (decrypted) version of the encrypted information, wherein the operating system instructions in the first protected memory space operate on the decrypted information in the second protected memory space.
In another aspect of the invention, the system comprises a processor and the above memory architecture, where the processor is configured to execute the operating system instructions.
In a further aspect of the invention, the method comprises the steps of (a) transferring encrypted and/or hidden information to a first protected memory address inaccessible to a user-accessible software program, but accessible to an operating system instruction set; (b) decrypting the encrypted information to form a decrypted version thereof; and (c) storing the first protected memory address in a second protected memory address inaccessible to a user-accessible software program, but accessible to an operating system instruction set, where the second protected memory address is linked to an original location of the encrypted and/or hidden information.
The invention further relates to hardware and/or software implementations of the present architecture, method and system. The invention, in its various aspects, will be explained in greater detail below with regard to preferred embodiments.
Still referring to
In certain preferred embodiments, the processor 11 executes software that translates and/or interprets instructions and/or code (hereinafter, "code") from a first conventional and/or non-proprietary instruction set architecture ("ISA") or format (e.g., x86 or CISC, RISC, SPARC, etc.) into a second, optionally proprietary, ISA or format (e.g., a Very Long Instruction Word format employed in certain CRUSOE� processors, commercially available from Transmeta Corporation, Santa Clara, Calif.). One conventional tool for such instruction interpretation and translation is CODE MORPHING™ software, or CMS™, tool and/or architecture (also available from Transmeta Corporation, Santa Clara, Calif. on certain of its CRUSOE� processors). Consequently, a further aspect of the invention relates to a software tool configured to manage memory resources in system/architecture 10, preferably one having an ability to programmably allocate and/or partition memory resources to various different functions (e.g., unprotected/accessible memory, protected memory in which information is hidden to user-accessible programs and/or object code, private memory as described herein, etc.) within memory space 100 in system/architecture 10, such as that in the CMS tool. Thus, the size of each of the various memories within memory space 100 may be programmable and may be changed according to changes in design or performance criteria. The present invention provides particular advantage in systems and/or architectures employing instruction and/or code interpretation and/or translation and/or memory management.
In general, encrypted and or proprietary information may be stored in any part of memory 100. Preferably, however, proprietary information is stored in unencrypted form only in protected memory 104. Also, preferably, encrypted information in unprotected memory 102 is unencrypted, then stored in protected memory 104 prior to execution and/or operation on it by processor 11.
In some cases, it is more desirable to hide proprietary data than to hide the code that operates on such data. The present invention advantageously provides a mechanism for hiding proprietary data in protected memory (e.g., memory the addresses of which are protected [preferably by hardware] from user and/or software access), so that it is not visible either (a) in plain text or recognizable form from unprotected memory, or (b) to non-proprietary, conventional and/or untranslated software-controlled processes. The proprietary data may be stored in a protected buffer (e.g., register bank having an address requiring authorization or authentication before access thereto is allowed), and it may be accessed through instructions to load the proprietary information from (or store it to) a form of protected memory, identified herein as "private" memory. (In the present application, "memory" also refers to addressable memory space, regardless of the physical form such memory space takes.) In general, only authorized processes may execute instructions to load or store information (preferably encrypted and/or proprietary) in or from private memory. In one embodiment, an unauthorized process (e.g., instruction execution) will perform a "no operation," or NOP, instruction in place of any unauthorized load or store operation that attempts to access private memory.
Referring back to
In one embodiment, the invention further includes new "load x" and "store x" instructions that proved authorized access to encrypted and/or proprietary information. These "load x" and "store x" instructions read from and write to a plaintext copy of proprietary (or otherwise decrypted) information stored in a protected memory buffer. "Load x" and "store x" instructions can execute only in an authorized process; unauthorized execution will perform a "no operation," or NOP, instruction in place of an unauthorized "load x" or "store x" operation that attempts to access protected memory where the plaintext copy is stored (preferably, in private memory 200).
Referring to both
As shown in
At the time of manufacture, an OEM generally encrypts the table 300 and stores it in a ROM (e.g., ROM 12 in
After booting the system, an unprotected program (e.g., including a driver in unprotected memory 102) loads the encrypted data file 202 (or page[s] thereof) into protected memory 106 using an MSR interface (i.e., standard "Model Specific Registers," which may be used to extend an x86 architecture as is known in the art). Alternatively, instructions may be added to the operating system for performing this function, or one or more virtual devices may be added to the north bridge of system/architecture 10 (not shown) to perform this function.
Operating system software (e.g., for interpreting and/or translating information in unprotected memory, such as the CMS tool from Transmeta Corp.) checks the encrypted data to determine whether the message digest matches a message digest in the configuration table(s). If so, decryption software (which may be stored in unprotected or protected memory) decrypts the data using the decryption key stored in protected memory or on ROM by the OEM, and stores the plain text version in a buffer 206 allocated in private memory 200. Alternatively, the configuration table and/or trusted page list can be encrypted, stored on disk and brought into protected memory 104 after boot in the same manner described above for protected proprietary data. Authorized "load x" (e.g., LDX) and/or "store x" (e.g., STX) instructions (e.g., instruction 204 stored within file 202) access the buffer 206. Unauthorized LDX/STX instructions (i.e., an LDX/STX instruction in a file for which no key is present in a configuration table and/or trusted page list) perform NOPs instead of LDX/STX instructions.
In the simplest implementation, pages of programs containing authorized "load x" and/or "store x" instructions are authorized using a one-way hash (e.g., SHA-1 hashing). However, any unique identifier (within statistical significance) for the page, or even the entire program, may be used to authorize the page and/or program. Although the term "page" is used extensively herein to refer to a unit of memory of known size and configuration (e.g., depth and width), any similar term or configuration of memory may be applied to the present invention (e.g., block, number of bytes, packet, etc.). Code from one (or more, but preferably just one page) of such program pages is compiled, hashed and linked so that it loads at a fixed or known address in private memory 200. In one example, the page size is 4 kb, and the SHA-1 hash is about 160 bits long. However, within design criteria and/or constraints (e.g., the size and allocations of ROM memory), the invention is implementable with any memory unit or page size (but preferably ≧1 kb and ≦1 Mb) and any hash length that is sufficiently long to render it infeasible for another page to hash to the same value (and that is, e.g., ≧16 bits and ≦100 bytes long).
Alternatively, one may hash the first X bytes of an encrypted page (where X is a number of from 1 to 2q, preferably from 2m to 2n, where q is an integer of from 5 to 10, m is an integer of from 2 to 4, and n is an integer of from 4 to 8) and determine whether that partial hash matches the corresponding portion of any of the keys in table 300 (in which case table 300 should also include a field for storing partial page hashes). If so, the hash for the entire encrypted page may be taken, and key matching performed as described above. This technique may reduce the overhead associated with full hashing of entire pages of encrypted information. Also, the hash for the entire proprietary program may be taken and stored to authorize the entire program, but one may trade off higher key granularity (preferable where only a certain subset of pages of the program are used extensively) for fewer hashing and decrypting operations. Furthermore, one may take a hash for one or more pages of proprietary information within a proprietary program may function as a key for the entire program, but this is less preferred due to the potential for uncertainty among various versions of the same program.
Preferably, the pages containing LDX/STX operations are read-only, are not modified at load time, and are stored in unprotected memory at a fixed or known address. However, it is certainly within the scope of the invention to encompass applications including self-modifying code, updated code and/or code that may be moved or transferred from a first address to a second (or further) address according to application criteria.
In this embodiment, the pages to be authorized have their SHA-1 hash recorded at manufacturing. The SHA-1 hashes are saved on disk and encrypted using the key. At boot, the SHA-1 hashes are passed to decrypting, interpreting and/or translating software, decrypted, and stored in protected memory (preferably in ROM 12). The operating system (e.g., interpreter/translator) software verifies that any instance of LDX/STX is on a page the SHA-1 hash of which appears in the authorized page list in protected memory.
To hide proprietary code, the present invention is adapted to support direct execution of encrypted code from unprotected memory space. Code pages to be stored in unprotected memory space 102 will be encrypted using an appropriate key at the time of manufacturing. As described above, in one embodiment, encrypted pages will be identified by a list of their SHA-1 hashes (see
During execution, when processor 11 fetches an encrypted page (or system 10 "enters" the page) from unprotected memory 102, its SHA-1 hash will be looked up in table 300. If the hash 302 is found, but the decrypted information pointer 304 (i.e., the address/location in protected and/or private memory where the decrypted information can be found) is vacant, the page is decrypted, its plain text version is stored in protected and/or private memory, and the SHA-1 entry is marked present and associated with the plain text page at its address in protected memory. Execution (e.g., interpretation, translation and/or other operations) continues on the plain text copy stored in protected and/or private memory. (In a preferred embodiment, decrypted information is stored in private memory 200, then the operating system interprets and translates the decrypted information into a proprietary format or ISA and stores the interpreted and translated information in translation cache 108, before the information is further operated on.) Consequently, two sets of interpreting software may be necessary (one for interpreting code in unprotected memory, the other for interpreting code in protected memory).
As is known in the art and as described above, one may do partial or full hashing. For example, one may hash the first X bytes of code and/or data in an encrypted page in unprotected memory 102 (where X is as described above; in one embodiment, X is 16). If the partial hash matches a partial-hash entry in table 300, the remainder of the encrypted page can be fully hashed, and if the full hash matches a full-hash entry in table 300, the encrypted page can be loaded into protected memory, decrypted, and operated on. Partial hashing may require an appropriate set of software tools for implementation; e.g., in addition to the above, a tool that prohibits instructions that cross page boundaries (e.g., to avoid mixing encrypted and plain text code or data), etc.
Alternatively, one may simply store the hash of the encrypted page in a known location or encrypt a portion of a page (e.g., substantially all of the page except for its [unencrypted] hash), rather than take the hash of each page of encrypted information each time it is accessed. For example, the SHA-1 hash for a 4 Kbytes page is 20 bytes long. If the first 20 bytes of the page is its SHA-1 hash, and the remaining (4K−20) bytes are encrypted, then the hashing operation can be avoided when the page is accessed. One may simply try to match the first 20 bytes of a 4K page with entries in the table. If no match is found, the page does not contain encrypted code or data. If a match is found, to avoid potential errors such as false positives, one should still hash the remaining (4K−20) bytes and verify that the hash matches the first 20 bytes in the page. This alternative embodiment may also require appropriate software rules, such as a rule prohibiting instructions across page boundaries.
Advantageously, however, operating system software (and preferably, translation and/or interpretation code) rules further include, when operating on encrypted and/or hidden code, (i) disabling instruction breakpoints and (ii) disabling execution of single steps. These rules render single stepping through encrypted information impossible, thereby further inhibiting software (and certain types of hardware) accesses to the encrypted information.
In addition, one may employ a page locating mechanism conceptually similar to the hashing scheme described above. When an encrypted page authorized to perform LDX/STX instructions is accessed (e.g., in the TLB miss path or other point in the system memory hierarchy when a page access is performed) for the first time after boot up, rather than hashing the encrypted page, the encrypted page is simply decrypted and stored in private memory 200. The address of the decrypted (plain text) page in private memory 200 is stored in the "Pointer" column of table 300, and is linked to the address of the encrypted page in unprotected memory 102 stored in the "SHA-1" column of table 300, so that the operating system of system/architecture 10 can locate and operate on the plain text code and/or data in protected memory. (In such an embodiment, the "SHA-1" column would be appropriately relabeled "Encrypted Information Address," "Disk Address," etc.) Thereafter, in further accesses of the authorized encrypted page, the operating system looks up the address(es) in table 300, then operates directly on the decrypted/hidden information stored in protected memory identified in table 300. This embodiment retains the essence of the other embodiments described above, in which a unique identifier links, or is otherwise associated with, both encrypted information in unprotected memory and a location or address in protected memory for the corresponding decrypted and/or hidden information.
The present invention also enables combining hidden code and data, so that hidden data can only be accessed from encrypted pages.
Constraints on the present scheme include a maximum size of encrypted pages that must fit in protected memory 106. A typical upper-bound on this size is 16 MB, but of course, this size can be adjusted or even programmed, according to design. Furthermore, encrypted pages should be read-only and should not be modified during load operations. Furthermore, encrypted code and data should always load at the same linear address. In addition, encrypted pages of code preferably should not contain data, since there may be inefficiencies in existing software tools to redirect a load operation from an encrypted page to the plain text copy stored in protected memory.
Including and/or incorporating the encrypted proprietary information, the encrypted or unencrypted configuration table/trusted page list, and decryption key in system/architecture 10 generally comprise steps 415 and 420 of
In step 425, system/architecture 10 determines whether it is to operate on the encrypted information stored in unprotected memory 102. If not, the operating system in system/architecture 10 in step 435 determines whether loading and/or storing instructions are being executed. If such instructions are not being executed (and/or are not in an instruction queue for execution), the architecture/system 10 and operating system continue normal processing in step 440, as encrypted information is not being operated on.
However, if load x and/or store x instructions are being executed (and/or are in a queue to be executed), the operating system then calculates the page hash for the encrypted page associated with the loading and/or storing instructions being executed. In step 450, that hash is compared with the hashes in a corresponding configuration table that stores authorized hashes for that encrypted information. If the calculated hash matches an authorized hash, in step 460, the load x/store x instruction is allowed to execute and to access the plaintext version of the encrypted data stored (in one embodiment) in protected buffer 206, and the system/architecture 10 and operating system continue normal processing in step 440. If the calculated hash does not match any authorized hash, the operating system executes a "no operation" instruction, effectively aborting the load/store instructions.
Referring back to step 425 in
Decryption could happen as early as when encrypted information pages are first loaded into unprotected memory (e.g., by keeping a shadow plain text copy in protected and/or private memory), or as late as when bytes are fetched by an appropriate operating system tool (such as an interpreter or [pre]fetcher; this may be considered to be an "on demand" scheme). In one implementation, decryption is performed on demand when pages are first accessed by an operating system tool, instruction and/or operation (and in a preferred embodiment, the tool is an interpreter), and a cache of the corresponding plain text pages is kept in protected memory.
Although specific steps are disclosed in process 400 of
The once-XORed, encrypted proprietary information 506 a, 506 b and/or 506 c ("506 x") may then be stored in unprotected memory 102 (preferably on disk 510), and there may be as many pages of encrypted proprietary information stored in unprotected memory 102 as may fit therein. A configuration table (similar to that shown in
A once-XORed, encrypted page 506 x is decrypted by a subsequent XOR operation with the corresponding random bit page 504 x to obtain decrypted proprietary information 508 x (which is identical to the original proprietary information 502 x). To avoid any need to store a plain text version of the encrypted page, the second XOR operation may be done on demand by XORing the encrypted bytes with the associated bytes located at the same offset within the page of random bits 504 x corresponding to the current encrypted page 506 x. This decryption operation occurs before (preferably as soon as possible before) execution of decrypted proprietary information 508 x in private memory 200 and/or protected memory 104. Thus, pages of random bits 504 x serve as a decryption tool, much like the hash or decryption key described above.
Thus, the present invention provides a convenient, simple and efficient architecture, method and system for operating on hidden and/or encrypted information. If and/or when combined with an effective technique for preventing and/or inhibiting physical access to decrypted and/or hidden code (e.g., by removing a ROM, cache memory, or microprocessor IC from its board, removing the cap/top packaging materials, delayering the device, and using known reverse engineering techniques to determine the states of various memory bits/circuits thereon), one may completely prevent or effectively inhibit access to hidden code and/or plain text versions of encrypted code and/or data (which, as described herein, is kept hidden from software access by the present method, system and memory architecture).
The foregoing descriptions of specific embodiments of the present invention have been presented for purposes of illustration and description. They are not intended to be exhaustive or to limit the invention to the precise forms disclosed, and obviously many modifications and variations are possible in light of the above teaching. The embodiments were chosen and described in order to best explain the principles of the invention and its practical application, to thereby enable others skilled in the art to best utilize the invention and various embodiments with various modifications as are suited to the particular use contemplated. It is intended that the scope of the invention be defined by the Claims appended hereto and their equivalents.
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After identifying several defense lawyers whom you would want to consult regarding your case, contact them to plan appointments. Verify if they provide an initial consultation free of charge, or if they charge for that kind of meeting. Seek to speak directly with the lawyer before you schedule the actual appointment. Inquire about the general experience of the Minneapolis criminal defense lawyer with criminal defense plus any other specific experience they have had with cases similar to yours.
Have faith in your instincts and if you feel uncomfortable with whoever you consult, go for another one. You are not under any obligation for you to engage them simply because you have consulted that lawyer. If a lawyer promises you that the case is simple or is promising you that you can't get jailed, talk to some other lawyers prior to signing that retainer agreement. Some crafty lawyers may misrepresent the situation's complexity or gravity in order so as to entice you to pay n initial retainer, then later start blaming the prosecutor or the judge when the previously promised rosy situation becomes a nightmare. Carefully read the whole fee agreement with your Minneapolis criminal defense lawyer prior to signing it and ensure that you obtain your own copy.
To get a private or appointed Defense Counsel
Persons who get charged with misdemeanors may be entitled for court appointed counsel or to get assistance via the office of the public defender. If a defendant has petitioned to get a court-appointed defense lawyer, the judge typically will assess the resources of the defendant to determine whether the defendant qualifies for a court appointed Minneapolis criminal defense lawyer. If the appointment is authorized, even though the defendant might be made to repay specific attorney fees in case of conviction or guilty plea, ordinarily there will not be any fees charged following a dismissal or acquittal.
However, if you are able to engage a good criminal defense lawyer then you ought not to hesitate to go ahead, but if limited by your means, also don't hesitate in requesting for a court appointed one. Additionally, should not have any misgivings that you may receive representation of an inferior quality simply because your defense lawyer was court appointed.
Changing your Minneapolis law firms Lawyer
It is essential to keep in mind that your legal right to effectual legal assistance of advice relates almost solely to the ability of the appointed counsel. It is practically impossible for you to persuade the appellate court that the ineptitude of your own chosen counsel constitutes a blunder that requires reversal. In case you feel uncomfortable with the competency of your Minneapolis criminal defense lawyer, appointed or retained, discuss with another lawyer so as to get your position reviewed.
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The chemical libraries in larger pharmaceutical companies are a critical part of the discovery process. These chemicals are stored in environmentally controlled conditions in small or large containers, often labeled with codes that pass back into a database. Each chemical in the storage bank must be monitored for shelf life, quantity, purity and other parameters, and its banked location. In some companies, the compounds can also include biological compounds, such as purified proteins or nucleic acids. The management of these chemical libraries, including renewal of outdated chemicals, databases containing the information, robotics often involved in fetching chemicals, and quality control of the storage environment is called Compound Management or Compound Control. Compound Management is often a career for one or more individuals who manage a chemical library at a research site.
In short, Compound Management requires inventory control of small molecules and biologics needed for assays and experiments, especially in high-throughput screening. It utilizes knowledge of chemistry, robotics, biology, and database management. The manager must also be acutely aware of safety standards in the handling and storing of radioactive, volatile, flammable and unstable compounds. Often, in large pharmaceutical companies, the number of chemical and biological compounds contained in compound libraries can number in the millions, making compound management and compound control important contributors to drug discovery.


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Will this product work with an older 20GB iPod?
It's a non-color, 20GB iPod I bought in 2006 or 2007, and I need a new USB cable to connect it to my computer. Just making sure this cable is compatible with it before I buy -- thanks!
- Asked by Grace M from Carbondale
Apple 30-pin to USB Cable
Product No Longer Available
1 Answer from the Community
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You can use the with a older iPod, no problems :)
- Answered by Jordan M from Robina


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Walvis Bayk — PRIME Minister Theo-Ben Gurirab opened a N$38,2 million hake factory at Merlus Seafood Processors at Walvis Bay on Monday.
Merlus Managing Director Chris Pedersen said the factory is the first in the country to supply 'value-adding' sea frozen products directly into the retail market.
This means the fish are caught at sea, processed on a factory ship as far as possible and then frozen.
The frozen fish is then further processed in a factory on land from where it goes directly to the shops.
Many companies process wet or fresh fish on land before it is frozen and sold, while others process and freeze fish at sea from where it is sold directly to markets.
According to Pedersen the land-based processing side of the business used to be conducted in Spain and Portugal.
"We have moved all of it to Namibia," he told The Namibian.
The new factory has employed 69 people who were picked from more than 4 500 applications.
Another 20 to 40 jobs will be created when two new processing lines are installed in April.
Another 200 employees work on the company's three vessels and in management.
The company plans to employ 150 people in the factory by 2007 when its turnover is forecast to be N$200 million.
The company predicts turnover will be N$80 million next year, up from N$8 million for the two months of production for this year.
The factory started production on October 13 and the first products were exported on November 5.
Mascato, an international marketing company with a branch at Walvis Bay, is a shareholder in Merlus and is responsible for marketing the company's products.
Mascato is the second biggest hake retail supplier in Spain and holds 14 per cent of the market share.
It supplies to the largest supermarket chain in Spain.
The Prime Minister called on the fishing industry to develop new ways of adding value to Namibia's marine products.
He also encouraged the industry to improve the export of products to landlocked countries within the SADC region.
He said while the Ministry of Fisheries and Marine Resources set quotas at conservative levels to promote sustainability of resources and enhance the recovery of depleted stocks, a matter of great concern was the high number of labour disputes in the industry.
"This creates instability and unfortunate reversals".
The high level of unemployment, estimated to be 30 per cent, was an endemic weakness in the economy, he said.
"It is a dangerous time bomb".
The matter is further complicated by a mismatch between required skills and available jobs, he added.
"We need to maintain a conducive environment for workers to ply their trade, for investors to be attracted and for companies to make profits in the fishing industry".
He said it was important that labour disputes be settled and workers trained for specific skills.


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After One Week, "I Won't Give Up" Approaches 250,000 In Sales, Tops Billboard's "Digital Songs" Chart, And Scores Major Love Across Twitter, Surpassing 2.5 Million YouTube Views; "I Won't Give Up" Precedes Grammy®-Winning Troubadour's Eagerly Awaited New Album, Due Everywhere On May 8th
"I Won't Give Up," the heartfelt new single from Atlantic recording artist Jason Mraz, is quickly proving the first undeniable pop smash of the New Year. One week from its release, the song debuted in the #1 slot on Billboard's "Digital Songs" chart, with sales surpassing 225,000. At iTunes alone, "I Won't Give Up" has topped the retailer's "Top Songs" and "Top Pop Songs" charts for the past week. Released one week ago with little fanfare, no radio play or major broadcast visibility, reaction to the song has been nothing short of phenomenal.
Debuted quietly on Mraz's site on January 3 via a lyric video, "I Won't Give Up" spread lightning-fast online, gathering love and praise from an array of famous names, including Ellen DeGeneres, Colbie Callait, Rob Thomas, Perez Hilton, and Lady Antebellum, all of whom have taken to their Twitter feeds to tweet about the track. The lyric video has since surpassed 2.5 million individual views at Mraz's official YouTube channel, www.youtube.com/watch?v=TdN5GyTl8K0.
The song is the first #1 debut on Billboard's "Digital Songs" chart since last August's "She Will" by Lil' Wayne featuring Drake. Outside of the U.S., "I Won't Give Up" has also topped digital retailer charts around the world.
"I Won't Give Up" heralds the GRAMMY® Award-winning tunesmith's eagerly awaited new album, slated for release on May 8th. The track will be delivered to multi-format radio outlets nationwide in late January, and Mraz will perform the song live on the February 16th installment of "Today."
Fans will get a chance to watch Mraz perform the song via live stream of a special acoustic performance from the BING Bar in Park City, Utah on January 20th at 1 PM Mountain time, sponsored by ASUS and Intel. The acoustic set will be streamed live through his Facebook page, www.facebook.com/jasonmraz. Jason's performance is the culmination of his six month journey with ASUS and Intel as part of their In Search of Incredible campaign. More information on the search, including a special global web series with Jason shot in the MojaveDesert, London, and Morocco, can be found at www.insearchofincredible.com.
One of the modern era's most gifted pop troubadours, Jason Mraz's extraordinary musical journey has taken him from coffee houses to stadiums all over the world, with two GRAMMY® Awards and six nominations already to his credit. His 2008 third album, "WE SING. WE DANCE. WE STEAL THINGS." was an indelible global blockbuster, earning gold, platinum and multi-platinum certifications in 21 countries around the world. The album's lead single, "I'm Yours" was ASCAP's 2010 "Song of the Year" and also holds the record for being the longest-running song in the history of the Billboard "Hot 100" chart. A prolific songwriter, Mraz has been feted with a number of honors, including the Songwriters Hall of Fame's esteemed "Hal David Starlight Award," presented to gifted songwriters who are making a significant impact in the music industry via their original songs.
Mraz spent much of 2011 road-testing the songs from his as-yet-untitled new album touring alongside his longtime friend, percussionist Noel "Toca" Rivera. The worldwide trek – which included performances in North America, Africa, Europe, Asia, and Australia – saw Mraz celebrating music's lasting power to inspire change and help others through global citizenship. Among the journey's many highlights were multiple sold out shows at such iconic venues as Australia's Sydney Opera House, New York City's Carnegie Hall, and Spreckels Theatre in Mraz's adopted hometown of San Diego.
Long known for his many philanthropic activities, Mraz recently announced the establishment of the Jason Mraz Foundation, devoted to supporting a number of charities for which he has been a dedicated and impassioned advocate. Mraz created the Foundation – http://jasonmraz.com/foundation/ – to sustain organizations aligned with his four pillars of service: human equality, environment preservation, arts and education, and recovery and assistance.
For more, please see www.jasonmraz.com and www.atlanticrecords.com.
Source: Atlantic Records


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Giving Through RelationshipsFrom Chapter 13 of our current Tricycle Retreat leader Ezra Bayda's new book, Beyond Happiness, The Zen Way to True Contentment, More »
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Ellen Frankel's "Syd Arthur"Like Herman Hesse before her, Ellen Frankel has joined the ranks of authors inspired to fictionalize Siddhartha Gautama's journey from prince to preceptor—only Frankel's Siddhartha, whose spiritual quest is chronicled in Frankel's new book Syd Arthur, is a middle-aged Jewish woman who owns a Range Rover. Although a self-described "long-time shopper, dieter, and organizer of domestic bliss," Syd Arthur is serious about practice. We might not all have Range Rovers, but we can all relate to Syd Arthur's shaky foothold in the often-hilarious pull between cultivating renunciation for samsara while actively participating in it. Or as Frankel addresses her readers on Syd Arthur's dedication page: "May your spiritual search bring answers to the age-old questions—'Where do you find your bliss?' 'How do you attain enlightenment?' and 'What's for dinner?'" More »
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At the Tricycle Book Club: The Heart of the Revolution with Noah LevineWe're reading Noah Levine's The Heart of the Revolution over at the Tricycle Book Club. Pick up a copy of the book and come over and join us! More »
Ethical Wisdom: An interview with Mark MatousekMark Matousek is a Tricycle contributing editor. His new book, Ethical Wisdom: What Makes Us Good, is now available in bookstores. More »
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The Platform Sutra of Hui-nengThis edition of The Platform Sutra is another translation and close reading by Bill Porter, b.k.a. Red Pine. Clark Strand turned me onto his Heart Sutra, which I wrote about here. The Platform Sutra does not purport to be spoken by the Buddha, but rather is spoken by a buddha, Hui-neng, known as the Sixth patriarch of Zen or Chan Buddhism (and also called Huineng and in Japanese, Yeno or Eno.) The basic narrative that begins it is very well known, and runs something like this: The 5th Patriarch Hung-jen (or Hongren in a slightly newer anglicization) is growing old and asks his disciples to compose poems to demonstrate their understanding. Shen-hsiu, his best student, writes The body is a bodhi treeThe mind is like a standing mirroralways try to keep it cleandon't let it gather dust. More »
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Angulimala and Tantric BuddhismThe British scholar of Buddhism Richard Gombrich has a seemingly endless supply of insightful readings of texts that we as Buddhists assume we know through and through. Take Angulimala (please). The standard story is one of the most famous in all of Buddhism. A fierce robber and murderer named Angulimala cuts off the fingers of unwary travelers in his forest. He wants to get 1,000 fingers and already has 999 sewn together in a monstrous necklace (hence his name: anga, finger + mala, garland/necklace). Along comes the Buddha. Angulimala chases him and though the Buddha simply walks at a slow and stately pace and Angulimala runs as fast as he can, the villain can't catch up. Amazed by this and by the Buddha's calm in the face of danger, Angulimala renounces his evil ways and becomes a devoted Buddhist. More »