text:
Education 2.0 Vs Education 3.0
Posted by Plamen Miltenoff on March 16, 2014
Posted by Plamen Miltenoff on March 16, 2014
This entry was posted on March 16, 2014 at 9:13 pm and is filed under digital naitives, educational technology, instructional technology, learning, online learning, teaching, technology, technology literacy. Tagged: Education 2.0, Education 3.0, Web 2.0, Web 3.0. You can follow any responses to this entry through the RSS 2.0 feed. You can leave a response, or trackback from your own site.
Interesting graphic, but what's the source, the citation? "Education 3.0″ has been evolving for several years now; I first came across it back in 2007 in a First Monday, "The genesis and emergence of Education 3.0 in higher education and its potential for Africa."
—–Original Message—–
From: Ewing, M Keith
Sent: Monday, March 17, 2014 10:32 AM
To: Miltenoff, Plamen
Subject: RE: [InforMedia Services (IMS)] Comment: "Education 2.0 Vs Education 3.0″
The table was originally posted (without the color) by John Moravec on his Education Futures blog back in 2008. The citation link is http://www.educationfutures.com/2008/02/15/moving-beyond-education-20/
Unfortunately, the table is posted without elaboration beyond the comments of users and Moravec's responses. The absence of a contextual narrative and explanation of the table–at least the author's perspective in making his "predictions" is disconcerting. Anyone's prediction of the future is shaky, and without some explanation, little better than using tarot cards. A typical response to the comments is "Education 3.0 needs to move away from focusing on information, which can be construed as "objects" by some definitions. Education 3.0 moves more toward the contextual development of information into personal knowledge –which has both tacit and explicit components, making it an intangible that cannot be objectified. Attending to knowledge as abstract intangibles is the key challenging for both the development of the Semantic Web and Education 3.0. So, yes, the two concepts are closely related and the development of both will be closely intertwined." (response posted on 15 Feb 2008)
At various points in this "contextual development of information into personal knowledge" it seems to me that there needs to be some fundamental information building blocks presented in order to create a foundation as the contextual environment develops in parallel with an individual's cognitive development and awareness. Often the semantic links and contextual web is intensely personal and dependent upon the individual's prior knowledge, environmental context, and creativity. It is the latter which often prompts change and opportunity for growth.
Another graphic, that presents similar ideas, came out last year–see http://www.knowledgeworks.org/glimpse-future-learning-infographic.
One aspect of these ideas that I find both provocative and troubling is the "radical personalization [of knowledge? Of learning? Both?] will become the norm." This will not occur without some costs–either in the development of resources/tools that personalize to the user or in social alienation or tribalization based on "like-mindedness." In such an environment, it will be difficult for "society" to agree upon "standards" — as we see happening with divergent considerations (or complete avoidance) of evolution, science, history, literature, and even literacy. At the same time, I fear that a limited few will determine "societal" "standards" — which by another point of view becomes "propaganda" or "brainwashing."


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Host system data files are written directly to a large erase block flash memory system with a unique identification of each file and offsets of data within the file but without the use of any intermediate logical addresses or a virtual address space for the memory. Directory information of where the files are stored in the memory is maintained within the memory system by its controller, rather than by the host. Each data file is uniquely identified in a file directory, which points to entries in a file index table (FIT) of data groups that make up the file and their physical storage locations in the memory.
1. A memory system of non-volatile memory storage cells grouped into blocks of memory cells that are erased together prior to reprogramming with data, wherein:
data of files with unique file identifiers received from outside the memory system are stored in the memory blocks by their file identifiers,
records of the physical block locations of data are maintained for the individual files,
a classification of the individual files is maintained as either (1) likely to be modified in the near future or (2) not likely to be modified in the near future, and
a directory of links to the records of the files are maintained by their unique file identifiers, the links being indirect for records of files classified as (1) and direct for records of files classified as (2).
2. The memory system of
3. The memory system of
4. The memory system of
5. The memory system of
6. The memory system of
The benefit is claimed of the following U.S. provisional patent applications of Alan W. Sinclair and Barry Wright: application No. 60/705,388, filed Aug. 3, 2005, and application No. 60/746,742, filed May 8, 2006.
This application is also related to U.S. patent application Ser. Nos. 11/060,174, publication no. 2006/0184718 A1, 11/060,248, publication no. 2006/0184719 A1 and 11/060,249, publication no. 2006/0184720 A1, all filed on Feb. 16, 2005, naming as inventors either Alan W. Sinclair alone or with Peter J. Smith.
This application is further related to the following U.S. patent applications of Alan W. Sinclair and Barry Wright: non-provisional application Ser. Nos. 11/382,224, publication no. 2007/0033328 A1, 11/382,232, filed May 8, 2006, publication no. 2007/0030734 A1, filed May 8, 2006, provisional application No. 60/746,740, filed May 8, 2006, non-provisional application entitled "NonVolatile Memory With Block Management," application Ser. No. 11/459,260 and publication no. 2007/0033331 A1, non-provisional application entitled "Methods of Managing Blocks in NonVolatile Memory," application Ser. No. 11/459,268 and publication no. 2007/0033332 A1, and a non-provisional application entitled "Indexing of File Data in Reprogrammable Non-Volatile Memories That Directly Store Data Files," application Ser. No. 11/459,255 and publication no. 2007/0033375 A1, all three filed Jul. 21, 2006.
This application relates to the operation of re-programmable non-volatile memory systems such as semiconductor flash memory, and, more specifically, to the management of the interface between a host device and the memory.
There are two primary techniques by which data communicated through external interfaces of host systems, memory systems and other electronic systems are addressed. In one of them, addresses of data files generated or received by the system are mapped into distinct ranges of a continuous logical address space established for the system. The extent of the address space is typically sufficient to cover the full range of addresses that the system is capable of handling. In one example, magnetic disk storage drives communicate with computers or other host systems through such a logical address space. This address space has an extent sufficient to address the entire data storage capacity of the disk drive. In the second of the two techniques, data files generated or received by an electronic system are uniquely identified and their data logically addressed by offsets within the file. A form of this addressing method is used between computers or other host systems and a removable memory card known as a "Smart Card." Smart Cards are typically used by consumers for identification, banking, point-of-sale purchases, ATM access and the like.
In an early generation of commercial flash memory systems, a rectangular array of memory cells were divided into a large number of groups of cells that each stored the amount of data of a standard disk drive sector, namely 512 bytes. An additional amount of data, such as 16 bytes, are also usually included in each group to store an error correction code (ECC) and possibly other overhead data relating to the user data and/or to the memory cell group in which the associated user data are stored. The memory cells in each such group are the minimum number of memory cells that are erasable together. That is, the erase unit is effectively the number of memory cells that store one data sector and any overhead data that is included. Examples of this type of memory system are described in U.S. Pat. Nos. 5,602,987 and 6,426,893. It is a characteristic of flash memory that the memory cells are erased prior to re-programming them with data.
Flash memory systems are most commonly provided in the form of a memory card or flash drive that is removably connected with a variety of hosts such as a personal computer, a camera or the like, but may also be embedded within such host systems. When writing data to the memory, the host typically assigns unique logical addresses to sectors, clusters or other units of data within a continuous virtual address space of the memory system. Like a disk operating system (DOS), the host writes data to, and reads data from, addresses within the logical address space of the memory system. A controller within the memory system translates logical addresses received from the host into physical addresses within the memory array, where the data are actually stored, and then keeps track of these address translations. The data storage capacity of the memory system is at least as large as the amount of data that is addressable over the entire logical address space defined for the memory system.
In later generations of flash memory systems, the size of the erase unit was increased to a block of enough memory cells to store multiple sectors of data. Even though host systems with which the memory systems are connected may program and read data in small minimum units such as sectors, a large number of sectors are stored in a single erase unit of the flash memory. It is common for some sectors of data within a block to become obsolete as the host updates or replaces logical sectors of data. Since the entire block must be erased before any data stored in the block can be overwritten, new or updated data are typically stored in another block that has been erased and has remaining capacity for the data. This process leaves the original block with obsolete data that take valuable space within the memory. But that block cannot be erased if there are any valid data remaining in it.
Therefore, in order to better utilize the memory's storage capacity, it is common to consolidate or collect valid partial block amounts of data by copying them into an erased block so that the block(s) from which these data are copied may then be erased and their entire storage capacity reused. It is also desirable to copy the data in order to group data sectors within a block in the order of their logical addresses since this increases the speed of reading the data and transferring the read data to the host. If such data copying occurs too frequently, the operating performance of the memory system can be degraded. This particularly affects operation of memory systems where the storage capacity of the memory is little more than the amount of data addressable by the host through the logical address space of the system, a typical case. In this case, data consolidation or collection may be required before a host programming command can be executed. The programming time is then increased as a result.
The sizes of the blocks have been increasing in successive generations of memory systems in order to increase the number of bits of data that may be stored in a given semiconductor area. Blocks storing 256 data sectors and more are becoming common. Additionally, two, four or more blocks of different arrays or sub-arrays are often logically linked together into metablocks in order to increase the degree of parallelism in data programming and reading. Along with such large capacity operating units come challenges in operating them efficiently.
A common host interface for such memory systems is a logical address interface similar to that commonly used with disk drives. Files generated by a host to which the memory is connected are assigned unique addresses within the logical address space of the interface. The memory system then commonly maps data between the logical address space and the physical blocks or metablocks of the memory. The memory system keeps track of how the logical address space is mapped into the physical memory but the host is unaware of this. The host keeps track of the addresses of its data files within the logical address space but the memory system operates without knowledge of this mapping.
Many techniques have been developed that overcome to various degrees certain of the problems encountered in efficiently operating such large erase block flash memory systems. The present invention, on the other hand, is based upon a fundamental change, namely by changing the data transfer interface between the memory and the host system. Rather than communicating data between them by the use of logical addresses within a virtual address space, a data file is identified by a filename assigned by the host and is accessed by offset address within the file. The memory system then knows the host file to which each sector or other unit of data belongs. The file unit being discussed herein is a set of data that is ordered, such as by having sequential offset addresses, and which is created and uniquely identified by an application program operating in a host computing system.
This is not employed by most current commercial memory systems since hosts now identify data to the memory system within all files by a common set of logical addresses without identifying the files. By identifying host data by file objects instead of using logical addresses, the memory system controller can store the data in a manner that reduces the need for such frequent data consolidation and garbage collection. The frequency of data copy operations and the amount of data copied are thus significantly reduced, thereby increasing the data programming and reading performance of the memory system. Further, the memory system controller maintains directory and index table information of the memory blocks into which host files are stored. It is then unnecessary for the host to maintain the file allocation table (FAT) that is currently necessary for managing a logical address interface.
Rather, data of a file are identified by data groups and the location of the file's data groups within the memory are kept in a file index table (FIT). As described more fully in the patent applications cross-referenced above, particularly Ser. No. 11/060,248, a data group contains data having both contiguous logical offset addresses and contiguous physical memory addresses. As also described in the patent applications cross-referenced above, an index of valid data groups for each file is maintained in the FIT by their offset addresses, which are accessed for a given file through a file directory by use of its unique file identifier. Access of the FIT entries for a file then gives the physical locations of the data groups of the file.
A host with which the memory system may be connected typically operates with a preset maximum number of files opened at one time, such as five such files. In the event that a new file needs to be opened when the maximum number of files are already opened, a currently opened file is first closed by the host. Data groups of an open file are subject to frequent changes as the file is modified by having additional data written to it, some of its data updated or deleted, and the like. Updating the FIT list of data groups for a file typically requires reading a page containing the entries for the file, modifying those entries and then rewriting the modified page into a different location of the memory, typically an erased page within the same memory block if one exists. The file directory therefore needs to be able to point to the current page containing FIT entries for a file as that page changes.
It is preferable to be able to update the list of data groups of an active file without the need to rewrite anything in the file directory. A technique of indirectly addressing the data groups of open files allows the file directory to remain pointing to the same location in memory when accessing the FIT entries for a file. The file directory preferably addresses logical pointers, contained in the last page of FIT entries that has been written, that contain addresses of pages containing updated FIT entries for the files. Although the logical pointers change as FIT entries for a file are updated, the address in the file directory for the file need not change.
However, such indirect addressing is not efficient when a large number of files are stored in the memory system, such as occurs when many small files are being stored, since the directory and FIT pages can contain entries for only so many files at one time, depending of course on their data storage capacity. As a result, for files that are closed by the host, and therefore not currently active, the index entries are preferably directly addressed by the file directory. The logical address pointers characteristic of indirect addressing are not used.
A combination of indirect addressing of FIT entries for files likely to be modified in the near future, such as open files, and direct addressing for closed files is therefore a preferred mode of operation. That is, for an open file to which data are actively being written or updated, the file directory indirectly defines the locations in the FIT of a set of index entries identified by a unique identifier of the file, in a manner that the set of index entries for an active file may be modified without the need to modify the file directory. This may be accomplished, in a specific example, by the file directory addressing a given location in memory that refers it to the actual physical location of the index entries for the file. This reference changes as the index entries are updated and moved but without having to update the file directory. At the same time, for a closed file, the file directory directly defines the locations in the FIT of a set of index entries identified by the unique file identifier. The relocation of index entries for a closed file is much less likely than for an open file.
Further, for use in direct addressing, the index entries in a FIT page are preferably limited to data groups of files whose pointers to the FIT are contained in the same page of the file directory. Only one page of the file directory therefore needs to be updated when one or more FIT entries for a file listed on that directory page are updated. Otherwise, it will often be necessary to update multiple file directory pages when one or more FIT entries of a file are updated.
Other aspects, advantages, features and details of the present invention are included in a description of exemplary examples thereof that follows, which description should be taken in conjunction with the accompanying drawings.
All patents, patent applications, articles, other publications, documents and things referenced herein are hereby incorporated herein by this reference in their entirety for all purposes. To the extent of any inconsistency or conflict in the definition or use of terms between any of the incorporated publications, documents or things and the present application, those of the present application shall prevail.
A common flash memory system and a typical operation with host devices are described with respect to
Host systems that use such memory cards and flash drives are many and varied. They include personal computers (PCs), laptop and other portable computers, cellular telephones, personal digital assistants (PDAs), digital still cameras, digital movie cameras and portable audio players. The host typically includes a built-in receptacle for one or more types of memory cards or flash drives but some require adapters into which a memory card is plugged. The memory system usually contains its own memory controller and drivers but there are also some memory only systems that are instead controlled by software executed by the host to which the memory is connected. In some memory systems containing the controller, especially those embedded within a host, the memory, controller and drivers are often formed on a single integrated circuit chip.
The host system 1 of
The memory system 2 of
Referring to
A typical controller chip 11 has its own internal bus 23 that interfaces with the system bus 13 through interface circuits 25. The primary functions normally connected to the bus are a processor 27 (such as a microprocessor or micro-controller), a read-only-memory (ROM) 29 containing code to initialize ("boot") the system, read-only-memory (RAM) 31 used primarily to buffer data being transferred between the memory and a host, and circuits 33 that calculate and check an error correction code (ECC) for data passing through the controller between the memory and the host. The controller bus 23 interfaces with a host system through circuits 35, which, in the case of the system of
The memory chip 15, as well as any other connected with the system bus 13, typically contains an array of memory cells organized into multiple sub-arrays or planes, two such planes 41 and 43 being illustrated for simplicity but more, such as four or eight such planes, may instead be used. Alternatively, the memory cell array of the chip 15 may not be divided into planes. When so divided however, each plane has its own column control circuits 45 and 47 that are operable largely independently of each other. The circuits 45 and 47 receive addresses of their respective memory cell array from the address portion 19 of the system bus 13, and decode them to address a specific one or more of respective bit lines 49 and 51. The word lines 53 are addressed through row control circuits 55 in response to addresses received on the address bus 19. Source voltage control circuits 57 and 59 are also connected with the respective planes, as are p-well voltage control circuits 61 and 63. If the memory chip 15 has a single array of memory cells, and if two or more such chips exist in the system, the array of each chip may be operated similarly to a plane or sub-array within the multi-plane chip described above.
Data are transferred into and out of the planes 41 and 43 through respective data input/output circuits 65 and 67 that are connected with the data portion 17 of the system bus 13. The circuits 65 and 67 provide for both programming data into the memory cells and for reading data from the memory cells of their respective planes, through lines 69 and 71 connected to the planes through respective column control circuits 45 and 47.
Although the controller 11 controls the operation of the memory chip 15 to program data, read data, erase and attend to various housekeeping matters, each memory chip also contains some controlling circuitry that executes commands from the controller 11 to perform such functions. Interface circuits 73 are connected to the control and status portion 21 of the system bus 13. Commands from the controller are provided to a state machine 75 that then provides specific control of other circuits in order to execute these commands. Control lines 77-81 connect the state machine 75 with these other circuits as shown in
A NAND architecture of the memory cell arrays 41 and 43 is currently preferred, although other architectures, such as NOR, can also be used instead. Examples of NAND flash memories and their operation, as part of a memory system may be had by reference to U.S. Pat. Nos. 5,570,315, 5,774,397, 6,046,935, 6,373,746, 6,456,528, 6,522,580, 6,771,536 and 6,781,877 and U.S. patent application publication no. 2003/0147278.
An example NAND array is illustrated by the circuit diagram of
Word lines 115-118 of
A second block 125 is similar, its strings of memory cells being connected to the same global bit lines as the strings in the first block 123 but having a different set of word and control gate lines. The word and control gate lines are driven to their proper operating voltages by the row control circuits 55. If there is more than one plane or sub-array in the system, such as planes 1 and 2 of
As described in several of the NAND patents and published application referenced above, the memory system may be operated to store more than two detectable levels of charge in each charge storage element or region, thereby to store more than one bit of data in each. The charge storage elements of the memory cells are most commonly conductive floating gates but may alternatively be non-conductive dielectric charge trapping material, as described in U.S. patent application publication no. 2003/0109093.
The individual blocks are in turn divided for operational purposes into pages of memory cells, as illustrated in
Although it is preferable to program and read the maximum amount of data in parallel across all four planes, for high system performance, the memory system can also be operated to form metapages of any or all of one, two or three pages in separate blocks in different planes. This allows the programming and reading operations to adaptively match the amount of data that may be conveniently handled in parallel and reduces the occasions when part of a metapage remains unprogrammed with data.
A metapage formed of physical pages of multiple planes, as illustrated in
With reference to
The amount of data in each logical page is typically an integer number of one or more sectors of data, each sector containing 512 bytes of data, by convention.
As the parallelism of memories increases, data storage capacity of the metablock increases and the size of the data page and metapage also increase as a result. The data page may then contain more than two sectors of data. With two sectors in a data page, and two data pages per metapage, there are four sectors in a metapage. Each metapage thus stores 2048 bytes of data. This is a high degree of parallelism, and can be increased even further as the number of memory cells in the rows are increased. For this reason, the width of flash memories is being extended in order to increase the amount of data in a page and a metapage.
The physically small re-programmable non-volatile memory cards and flash drives identified above are commercially available with data storage capacity of 512 megabytes (MB), 1 gigabyte (GB), 2 GB and 4 GB, and may go higher.
A common logical interface between the host and the memory system is illustrated in
Three Files 1, 2 and 3 are shown in the example of
When a File 2 is later created by the host, the host similarly assigns two different ranges of contiguous addresses within the logical address space 161, as shown in
The host keeps track of the memory logical address space by maintaining a file allocation table (FAT), where the logical addresses assigned by the host to the various host files by the conversion 160 are maintained. The FAT table is frequently updated by the host as new files are stored, other files deleted, files modified and the like. The FAT table is typically stored in a host memory, with a copy also stored in the non-volatile memory that is updated from time to time. The copy is typically accessed in the non-volatile memory through the logical address space just like any other data file. When a host file is deleted, the host then deallocates the logical addresses previously allocated to the deleted file by updating the FAT table to show that they are now available for use with other data files.
The host is not concerned about the physical locations where the memory system controller chooses to store the files. The typical host only knows its logical address space and the logical addresses that it has allocated to its various files. The memory system, on the other hand, through a typical host/card interface, only knows the portions of the logical address space to which data have been written but does not know the logical addresses allocated to specific host files, or even the number of host files. The memory system controller converts the logical addresses provided by the host for the storage or retrieval of data into unique physical addresses within the flash memory cell array where host data are stored. A block 163 represents a working table of these logical-to-physical address conversions, which is maintained by the memory system controller.
The memory system controller is programmed to store data files within the blocks and metablocks of a memory array 165 in a manner to maintain the performance of the system at a high level. Four planes or sub-arrays are used in this illustration. Data are preferably programmed and read with the maximum degree of parallelism that the system allows, across an entire metablock formed of a block from each of the planes. At least one metablock 167 is usually allocated as a reserved block for storing operating firmware and data used by the memory controller. Another metablock 169, or multiple metablocks, may be allocated for storage of host operating software, the host FAT table and the like. Most of the physical storage space remains for the storage of data files. The memory controller does not know, however, how the data received has been allocated by the host among its various file objects. All the memory controller typically knows from interacting with the host is that data written by the host to specific logical addresses are stored in corresponding physical addresses as maintained by the controller's logical-to-physical address table 163.
In a typical memory system, a few extra blocks of storage capacity are provided than are necessary to store the amount of data within the address space 161. One or more of these extra blocks may be provided as redundant blocks for substitution for other blocks that may become defective during the lifetime of the memory. The logical grouping of blocks contained within individual metablocks may usually be changed for various reasons, including the substitution of a redundant block for a defective block originally assigned to the metablock. One or more additional blocks, such as metablock 171, are typically maintained in an erased block pool. When the host writes data to the memory system, the controller converts the logical addresses assigned by the host to physical addresses within a metablock in the erased block pool. Other metablocks not being used to store data within the logical address space 161 are then erased and designated as erased pool blocks for use during a subsequent data write operation. In a preferred form, the logical address space is divided into logical groups that each contain an amount of data equal to the storage capacity of a physical memory metablock, thus allowing a one-to-one mapping of the logical groups into the metablocks.
Data stored at specific host logical addresses are frequently overwritten by new data as the original stored data become obsolete. The memory system controller, in response, writes the new data in an erased block and then changes the logical-to-physical address table for those logical addresses to identify the new physical block to which the data at those logical addresses are stored. The blocks containing the original data at those logical addresses are then erased and made available for the storage of new data. Such erasure often must take place before a current data write operation may be completed if there is not enough storage capacity in the pre-erased blocks from the erase block pool at the start of writing. This can adversely impact the system data programming speed. The memory controller typically learns that data at a given logical address has been rendered obsolete by the host only when the host writes new data to their same logical address. Many blocks of the memory can therefore be storing such invalid data for a time.
The sizes of blocks and metablocks are increasing in order to efficiently use the area of the integrated circuit memory chip. This results in a large proportion of individual data writes storing an amount of data that is less than the storage capacity of a metablock, and in many cases even less than that of a block. Since the memory system controller normally directs new data to an erased pool metablock, this can result in portions of metablocks going unfilled. If the new data are updates of some data stored in another metablock, remaining valid metapages of data from that other metablock having logical addresses contiguous with those of the new data metapages are also desirably copied in logical address order into the new metablock. The old metablock may retain other valid data metapages. This results over time in data of certain metapages of an individual metablock being rendered obsolete and invalid, and replaced by new data with the same logical address being written to a different metablock.
In order to maintain enough physical memory space to store data over the entire logical address space 161, such data are periodically compacted or consolidated (garbage collection). It is also desirable to maintain sectors of data within the metablocks in the same order as their logical addresses as much as practical, since this makes reading data in contiguous logical addresses more efficient. So data compaction and garbage collection are typically performed with this additional goal. Some aspects of managing a memory when receiving partial block data updates and the use of metablocks are described in U.S. Pat. No. 6,763,424.
Data compaction typically involves reading all valid data metapages from a metablock and writing them to a new metablock, ignoring metapages with invalid data in the process. The metapages with valid data are also preferably arranged with a physical address order that matches the logical address order of the data stored in them. The number of metapages occupied in the new metablock will be less than those occupied in the old metablock since the metapages containing invalid data are not copied to the new metablock. The old block is then erased and made available to store new data. The additional metapages of capacity gained by the consolidation can then be used to store other data.
During garbage collection, metapages of valid data with contiguous or near contiguous logical addresses are gathered from two or more metablocks and re-written into another metablock, usually one in the erased block pool. When all valid data metapages are copied from the original two or more metablocks, they may be erased for future use. Data consolidation and garbage collection take time and can affect the performance of the memory system, particularly if data consolidation or garbage collection needs to take place before a command from the host can be executed. Such operations are normally scheduled by the memory system controller to take place in the background as much as possible but the need to perform these operations can cause the controller to have to give the host a busy status signal until such an operation is completed. An example of where execution of a host command can be delayed is where there are not enough pre-erased metablocks in the erased block pool to store all the data that the host wants to write into the memory and data consolidation or garbage collection is needed first to clear one or more metablocks of valid data, which can then be erased. Attention has therefore been directed to managing control of the memory in order to minimize such disruptions. Many such techniques are described in the following U.S. patent applications: Ser. No. 10/749,831, filed Dec. 30, 2003, entitled "Management of Non-Volatile Memory Systems Having Large Erase Blocks," now publication no. 2005/0144358 A1; Ser. No. 10/750,155, filed Dec. 30, 2003, entitled "Non-Volatile Memory and Method with Block Management System,"; Ser. No. 10/917,888, filed Aug. 13, 2004, entitled "Non-Volatile Memory and Method with Memory Planes Alignment," now publication no. 2005/0141313 A1; Ser. No. 10/917,867, filed Aug. 13, 2004, now publication no. 2005/0141312 A1; Ser. No. 10/917,889, filed Aug. 13, 2004, entitled "Non-Volatile Memory and Method with Phased Program Failure Handling," now publication no. 2005/0166087 A1; Ser. No. 10/917,725, filed Aug. 13, 2004, entitled "Non-Volatile Memory and Method with Control Data Management," now publication no. 2005/0144365 A1; Ser. No. 11/192,220, filed Jul. 27, 2005, entitled "Non-Volatile Memory and Method with Multi-Stream Update Tracking"; Ser. No. 11/192,386, filed Jul. 27, 2005, entitled "Non-Volatile Memory and Method with Improved Indexing for Scratch Pad and Update Blocks"; and Ser. No. 11/191,686, filed Jul. 27, 2005, entitled "Non-Volatile Memory and Method with Multi-Stream Updating".
One challenge to efficiently control operation of memory arrays with very large erase blocks is to match and align the number of data sectors being stored during a given write operation with the capacity and boundaries of blocks of memory. One approach is to configure a metablock used to store new data from the host with less than a maximum number of blocks, as necessary to store a quantity of data less than an amount that fills an entire metablock. The use of adaptive metablocks is described in U.S. patent application Ser. No. 10/749,189, filed Dec. 30, 2003, entitled "Adaptive Metablocks," now publication no. 2005/0144357 A1. The fitting of boundaries between blocks of data and physical boundaries between metablocks is described in patent application Ser. No. 10/841,118, filed May 7, 2004, now publication no. 2005/0144363 A1, and Ser. No. 11/016,271, filed Dec. 16, 2004, now publication no. 2005/0144367 A1, entitled "Data Run Programming."
The memory controller may also use data from the FAT table, which is stored by the host in the non-volatile memory, to more efficiently operate the memory system. One such use is to learn when data has been identified by the host to be obsolete by deallocating their logical addresses. Knowing this allows the memory controller to schedule erasure of the blocks containing such invalid data before it would normally learn of it by the host writing new data to those logical addresses. This is described in U.S. patent application Ser. No. 10/897,049, filed Jul. 21, 2004, entitled "Method and Apparatus for Maintaining Data on Non-Volatile Memory Systems," now publication no. 2006/0020744 A1. Other techniques include monitoring host patterns of writing new data to the memory in order to deduce whether a given write operation is a single file, or, if multiple files, where the boundaries between the files lie. U.S. patent application Ser. No. 11/022,369, filed Dec. 23, 2004, entitled "FAT Analysis for Optimized Sequential Cluster Management," now publication no. 2006/0020745 A1, describes the use of techniques of this type.
To operate the memory system efficiently, it is desirable for the controller to know as much about the logical addresses assigned by the host to data of its individual files as it can. Data files can then be stored by the controller within a single metablock or group of metablocks, rather than being scattered among a larger number of metablocks when file boundaries are not known. The result is that the number and complexity of data consolidation and garbage collection operations are reduced. The performance of the memory system improves as a result. But it is difficult for the memory controller to know much about the host data file structure when the host/memory interface includes the logical address space 161 (
Referring to
A different type of interface between a host and memory system for the storage of mass amounts of data eliminates use of the logical address space. The host instead logically addresses each file by a unique fileID (or other unique reference) and offset addresses of units of data (such as bytes) within the file. This file address is given directly to the memory system controller, which then keeps its own table of where the data of each host file are physically stored. This new interface can be implemented with the same memory system as described above with respect to
This file-based interface is illustrated in
The file-based interface is also illustrated by
A file-to-block mapping function 605 organizes storage of data in flash memory according to the files by which the data is identified. For each file, the number of flash blocks containing data for the file together with data for other files is restricted. This minimizes the volume of unrelated file data that must be relocated to reclaim obsolete data space that is created when a file is deleted or modified, resulting in improved performance and memory endurance. The physical block of memory cells of the memory 603 is the basic unit of data management.
A data buffering and programming function 607 controls the temporary storage in a buffer memory of file data from either the file interface or a location in flash memory, its transfer to flash memory and its programming in either the active block for the file or a temporary swap block. The start of each file data group is preferably aligned directly with the start of a metapage in flash memory. Logical metapage structures are defined within the offset address space for each data group.
A function 609 of
The file data indexing 613 indexes the individual files stored in the memory 603 by a unique file identifier and offset addresses of data within the file. The data for each file are stored as a set of data groups having contiguous logical offset addresses. A file directory identifies the locations in a file index table (FIT) of sets of data group entries for the individual files. The identity of blocks that are erased, either partially programmed with file data or that contain file data together with obsolete data are maintained by the block records function 615.
The primary purpose of the garbage collection and data consolidation functions described above are to reclaim unused memory space for use to store additional data. In garbage collection, valid data of a source block are copied from blocks also containing obsolete data into one or more destination blocks that have at least some erased space. This gathers valid data into a fewer number of blocks, thus freeing up capacity occupied by obsolete data once the original source block(s) are erased. In data consolidation, valid data of one partially filled block, which thus also contains erased but unused space, are combined with valid data of another partially filled block. Partially filled blocks result most commonly from writing a new file that is closed with its last erased block only partially filled. Once data are consolidated, the source blocks containing the data just copied, which are then duplicate data, are then erased and made available for the storage of new data.
Both of the garbage collection and data consolidation operations are handled herein together as block reclamation. A function 617 reclaims blocks by controlling the copying of valid file data from a physical block having unprogrammed metapages, or containing obsolete data, to other blocks. This allows the original block to be erased to reclaim the unused space it contained and make this space available for the storage of new file data. A function 619 adaptively controls the occurrence and duration of block reclaim operations, according to the amount of reclaimable capacity and number of erased blocks. Block reclaim is performed at an optimum rate relative to the rate of writing new file data in a manner that maintains good overall performance of the memory system.
In the functional diagram of
The translation layer 621 includes protocol adaptors 631, 633 and 635 that function to convert the protocols of respective interface protocols 625, 627 and 629 into a common protocol for the file interface 601. Commands, data formats and the like are converted between different protocols by the translation layer. The LBA protocol adaptor 635 additionally divides the logical address space of the memory system into static files. These files are then handled by the file interface 601 in the same manner as distinct files communicated through the interfaces 625 and 627. Details of the function of the LBA protocol adaptor 635 may be had by reference to U.S. patent application Ser. No. 11/196,869, filed Aug. 3, 2005, naming S. A. Gorobets as inventor. More information of the translation and interface layers 621 and 623 is given in U.S. patent application Ser. No. 11/316,577, filed Dec. 21, 2005, naming Alan Sinclair as inventor.
When a new data file is programmed into the memory, the data are written into an erased block of memory cells beginning with the first physical location in the block and proceeding through the locations of the block sequentially in order. The data are programmed in the order received from the host, regardless of the order of the offsets of that data within the file. Programming continues until all data of the file have been written into the memory. If the amount of data in the file exceeds the capacity of a single memory block, then, when the first block is full, programming continues in a second erased block. The second memory block is programmed in the same manner as the first, in order from the first location until either all the data of the file are stored or the second block is full. A third or additional blocks may be programmed with any remaining data of the file. Multiple blocks or metablocks storing data of a single file need not be physically or logically contiguous. For ease of explanation, unless otherwise specified, it is intended that the term "block" as used herein refer to either the block unit of erase or a multiple block "metablock," depending upon whether metablocks are being used in a specific system.
The diagram of
Referring to
A preferred way for the memory system to manage and keep track of the stored data is with the use of variable sized data groups. That is, data of a file are stored as a plurality of groups of data that may be chained together in a defined order to form the complete file. Preferably, however, the order of the data groups within the file is maintained by the memory system controller through use of the file index table (FIT). As a stream of data from the host are being written, a new data group is begun whenever there is a discontinuity either in the logical offset addresses of the file data or in the physical space in which the data are being stored. An example of such a physical discontinuity is when data of a file fills one block and begins to be written into another block. This is illustrated in
The amount of data being transferred through the host-memory interface may be expressed in terms of a number of bytes of data, a number of sectors of data, or with some other granularity. A host most often defines data of its files with byte granularity but then groups bytes into sectors of 512 bytes each, or into clusters of multiple sectors each, when communicating with a large capacity memory system through a current logical address interface. This is usually done to simplify operation of the memory system. Although the file-based host-memory interface being described herein may use some other unit of data, the original host file byte granularity is generally preferred. That is, data offsets, lengths, and the like, are preferably expressed in terms of byte(s), the smallest reasonable unit of data, rather than by sector(s), cluster(s) or the like. This allows more efficient use of the capacity of the flash memory storage with the techniques described herein.
The new file written into the memory in the manner illustrated in
So long as the host maintains the file of
An example of the insertion of a block of data 191 into the previously written file of
As an alternative to the insertion of data into an existing file that is illustrated in
To further illustrate the use of variable length data groups, a sequence of several write operations involving the same file is shown by
The file of
A second update to the open file is shown in
The offsets of the data of each file are preferably maintained continuous in the correct logical order after the file's creation or modification according to the preceding description. Therefore, as part of an operation to insert data into a file, for example, offsets of the inserted data provided by the host are continuous from the offset immediately preceding the insert and data already in the file after the insert are incremented by an amount of the inserted data. Updating an existing file most commonly results in data within a given address range of an existing file being replaced by a like amount of updated data, so the offsets of other data of the file usually need not be replaced.
It will be noted that all of the data allocation and indexing functions described above with respect to
An advantage of directly writing file data from the host into the flash memory in the manner just described is that the granularity or resolution of the data so stored may be maintained the same as that of the host. If a host application writes file data with a one-byte granularity, for example, that data may be also be written into the flash memory with a one-byte granularity. The amount and location of data within an individual data group is then measured in a number of bytes. That is, the same offset unit of data that is separately addressable within the host application file is also separately addressable within that file when stored in the flash memory. Any boundaries between data groups of the same file within a block are then specified in the index table to the nearest byte or other host offset unit. Similarly, boundaries between data groups of different files within a block are defined in the unit of the host offset.
The term "sector" is used herein with large block memories to denote the unit of stored data with which an ECC is associated. The sector is therefore the minimum unit of data transfer to and from flash memory when such an error correcting code is generated by the controller of the memory system and stored with the data. A "page" is used to denote a unit of memory cells within a block and is the minimum unit of programming. The term "metapage" is used to denote a page with the full parallelism of a metablock. The metapage is the maximum unit of programming.
It will be noted from
It may also be noted that in addition to the file data updates of
The file of
Garbage collection on a file basis also normally results in the formation of new and different data groups within the file being consolidated. In the case of
It will be noted that moving from the data distribution of
Therefore, reclaiming the blocks holding data of the file when in the state of
The sequence index entries shown in
First Specific File Indexing Embodiment
Referring to
Summarizing what has previously been described, data for a file are stored as a set of data groups, each spanning a run of contiguous addresses in both file offset address space and physical address space. Data groups within the set for a file need not have any specific physical address relationship with each other. A data group is a set of file data with contiguous offset addresses for a file, programmed at contiguous physical addresses in a single memory block. A file will normally be programmed as a number of data groups. A data group may have any length between one byte and one block. A file index table (FIT) 205 provides a record of the locations of the valid data groups for a file to be identified, in offset address order. A set of FIT entries for a file is known as a FIT record, and is specified by an entry in the directory 203.
The FIT 205 has two components, an active file index block 207 and one or more inactive file index table blocks 209. The FIT records for active files within the direct data file device are located in the active file index block 207. As described below, this is indirectly addressed by the directory 203, which allows modifications to be made to FIT records for active files without having to update entries in the directory 203 for those files. For inactive files, the FIT records are directly addressed by the file directory 203 in the inactive file index blocks 209. In either case, the FIT records designate the location of data groups 211 that make up the files individually designated by an unique FileID 201. Each data group may be programmed with a header, containing the fileId of the file of which it is part, for cross reference purposes. The FIT record of a file may be modified, as indicated at 213 of
A somewhat expanded view of
Whether FIT records of a particular file are stored in the active file index block 207 or one of the inactive file index blocks 209 depends upon whether the file is highly likely to be modified in the near future or not. If so, it is considered to be an active file whose FIT records are kept in the block 207, and, if not, an inactive file whose FIT records are kept in one of the blocks 209. When the memory system is operating with a host system that sends it "open file" and "close file" commands, then the memory may consider all open files to be active and all closed files to be inactive. A host using these commands typically maintains a number of open files that do not exceed a predetermined number, such as five. Data written by the host to its open files therefore have its FIT records stored in the block 207, while FIT records for closed files are stored in one of the blocks 209.
Some hosts, however, do not send open and close file commands to the memory system. In this case, the memory system determines whether a file is highly likely to be modified in the near future by monitoring the host's writing of data to the file. If a new data group written by the host ends somewhere intermediate of the beginning and end of a storage block, then it may be considered most likely that the host has ended writing data to that file, at least for a time. However, if a new data group ends coincident with an end of a storage block, then it may be considered more likely that the host has more data to write to the file. In this case, the memory system most likely defined the data group to end coincident with an end of the storage block, so is not an indication that the host has completed writing data for the file.
The file directory 203 in a direct data file interface system contains one entry for each fileId supported by the system. The directory is organized as a set of contiguous entries corresponding to the sequential fileId values supported by the device. The entry for a specified fileId can be directly accessed as a specific entry number within a specific logical page, as shown in
A directory entry specifies the location of the FIT record containing the indexing information for the data for a file, together with the number of FIT entries that make up the FIT record. This is shown in
The directory comprises P logical pages, and each page comprises E directory entries. The directory therefore has capacity for P*E files. The directory is stored in one or more blocks dedicated to the purpose. If D directory blocks exist, each contains P/D logical pages and has capacity for P/D*E files. The directory blocks are designated DIR0 to DIR(D-1), in accordance with the ranges of logical pages they contain. The number of directory blocks is determined by the maximum number of files that have concurrently existed in the device. A directory block is added if the existing blocks do not contain an entry for a filed that is to be assigned. However, the directory may be compacted if the number of files to be supported decreases.
An example physical structure that may be utilized for directory blocks that allows logical pages to be updated is illustrated by
An illustration of a directory entry 225 is given in
1) FIT logical block # (227): This field identifies the FIT logical block number in which the FIT record for the target fileID is located. The corresponding physical block address is defined by one of the FIT block pointers in the directory block, an example physical pointer 229 being illustrated in
2) FIT logical page # (231): This field identifies the logical page number in the active file index block 207 or an inactive FIT block 209 (
3) FIT page entry # (233): This field identifies the sequential entry number within the page, at which the FIT record for the target fileID starts.
4) # FIT entries (235): When the leading bit within this field is zero, the field specifies the number of FIT entries within the FIT record for the target fileID. When the leading bit within this field is one, the number of FIT entries for the target fileID exceeds the maximum number of FIT entries permitted in a FIT record. In this case, the field specifies a continuation fileID to be used for the file. In the directory entry for the continuation fileID, this field specifies the total number of FIT entries within the FIT records for both the target and continuation fileIDs.
The FIT block pointers of
1) FIT block address (237): This field specifies the physical block address currently allocated to the FIT logical block # of field 227 of the directory entry 225.
2) # valid FIT records (239): This field specifies the number of valid files that exist in a FIT logical block.
3) # obsolete FIT entries (241): This field specifies the number of obsolete FIT entries that exist in a FIT logical block.
Directory logical page pointers 243 (
The directory may be updated in units of a logical page. Any number of the entries within a logical page may be updated in a single programming operation. A page may be read, one or more entries may be updated, and the page may be re-programmed in the next available erased page in the directory block. The directory page pointers and FIT block pointers are reprogrammed at the same time, to specify current values for all fields.
When the last page in the directory block has been programmed, the block is compacted and rewritten in an erased block, which becomes the new directory block. Compaction is performed by copying all valid pages, as defined by the directory page pointers, to the erased block, before erasure of the obsolete directory block.
The file index table (FIT) to which the file directory points includes a string of FIT entries, where each FIT entry identifies the file offset address and the physical location in flash memory of a data group. The FIT preferably contains entries for all valid data groups for files stored in the device. Obsolete data groups need not be indexed by the FIT. A set of FIT entries for data groups in a file is maintained as consecutive entries, in file offset address order. The set of entries is known as a FIT record. The FIT is maintained in a set of FIT blocks together with an index block for active files. The number of FIT blocks will vary, depending on the number of data groups in the device. New FIT blocks will be created and FIT blocks eliminated during operation of the device.
An example of a logical structure of a FIT is given in
Each FIT record of a file preferably includes a FIT header 249 (
1) FileID: The fileID identifies the entry for the file in the directory.
2) Program Block: The current physical location of the program block for a file is recorded in the FIT header whenever an updated version of the FIT record is written in the FIT. This is used to locate the program block for a file, when the file is re-opened by the host. It may also be used to validate the correspondence between a FIT record and the program block for the file, which has been selected for program block consolidation.
3) Program Pointer: The current value of the program pointer within the program block for a file is recorded in the FIT header whenever an updated version of the FIT record is written in the FIT. This is used to define the location for programming data within the program block for a file, when the file is re-opened by the host, or when the program block has been selected for program block consolidation.
A FIT record of a file typically has a number of additional entries that specify the physical location of the data groups making up the file. One FIT entry 251 is illustrated in
1) Offset Address: The offset address is the offset in bytes within the file relating to the first byte of the data group.
2) Length: This defines the length in bytes of file data within the data group. The length of the complete data group is longer than this value by the length of the data group header.
3) Pointer: This is a pointer to the location in a flash block of the start of the data group. The pointer has the following two sub-fields: (1) block address, defining the physical block containing the data group, and (2) byte address, defining the byte offset within the block of the start of the data group. This address contains the data group header.
4) EOF Flag: The EOF flag is a single bit that identifies the data group that is at the end of the data file.
The FIT logical page # 231 (
A set of FIT page pointers 255 (
When the last page in the active file index block has been programmed, the block is compacted and rewritten in an erased block, which becomes the new active file index block. Compaction is performed by copying all valid pages, as defined by the FIT page pointers, to the erased block, before erasure of the obsolete active file program block.
When an active file becomes inactive by being closed or otherwise, its FIT record is copied into an inactive FIT program block described below, and the data of the FIT record in the active FIT block become obsolete.
Inactive FIT blocks provide storage of FIT records for all data files stored in the memory system, other than for currently active files. A single FIT program block provides the means for programming FIT records in FIT blocks. Referring to
As shown in
It is preferably required that all FIT records within a page in the inactive FIT program block of
When a file becomes active by being opened or otherwise, and a FIT record for it is created in the active file index block, or a file is deleted, any FIT record that may exist for it in the inactive FIT program block becomes obsolete.
An inactive FIT block 209 b (
When either an existing inactive data file or a new data file is opened or otherwise made active, shown in
The closing of a data file is indicated at 265 of
The number of obsolete FIT entries in a FIT block is defined in the FIT block pointers field in the last programmed directory page. A directory page should be programmed to update entries for FIT records that have been moved, and update parameters in the FIT block pointers and directory page pointers fields. An active file index block page should be programmed, to insert a nul entry in the FIT page pointers for the logical FIT record that has been moved out of the block.
A garbage collection operation 267 (
The FIT block with the highest number of obsolete FIT entries is preferably designated as the FIT garbage collection block, and FIT garbage collection operations should then be performed on this block until all valid FIT records have been moved. Another FIT block is then designated as the FIT garbage collection block. A page of the FIT garbage collection block is selected to be moved to the FIT program block, and the page is then filled with other FIT records from the FIT garbage collection block that relate to the same directory page, if available. If space remains in the page to be programmed, it may be further filled with FIT records from other FIT blocks. Selection of other FIT records to be moved with the selected page should be made on the basis of the entries in the relevant directory page.
A directory page is preferably programmed to update entries for FIT records that have been moved, and update parameters in the FIT block pointers and directory page pointers fields. FIT garbage collection operations are desirably scheduled to occur periodically, at the same time as data garbage collection operations. One page program operation for FIT garbage collection is performed for every N page program operations for data garbage collection.
Garbage collection 267 of a data file or data block will now be described. A data garbage collection operation can result in a need to update a FIT record for a file that is closed or otherwise inactive. This is achieved by moving the FIT record from a FIT block to the FIT program block, with the required update incorporated. The page being programmed in the FIT program block is preferrably filled with other FIT records relating to the same directory page.
Second Specific File Indexing Embodiment
Data are written to a direct data file memory system in file objects identified by a fileId and the file is addressed by a logical offset address within the file object. Data are stored as a set of data groups, each with contiguous logical offset addresses and contiguous physical locations. File indexing correlates fileID and logical offset address with the locations of data groups.
A directory directly defines the locations in a file index table (FIT) of index entries for file objects. Direct indexing is normally used but an indirect indexing scheme is also used to allow indexing entries for some files to be frequently modified without consequent need to modify the file directory. The file indexing also supports storage of file attribute information separately from file data.
A file within a DFS device is a data object that has a single logical identity. A file is identified by a numerical fileID, and data within a file is identified by an offset address.
A fileID value is assigned by the DFS device in response to a command from a host to create a file object. File indexing is performed by a DFS system to track the physical location of data within each file object and of attributes for each file object.
The hierarchy of file indexing is shown in
The directory contains one entry for each file object that exists in the device. The entries are stored in non-overlapping ranges of fileID values, with each range allocated to a separate page. Entries within a range are ordered according to fileID value. The directory entry for a target fileId can be found by reading a single page and performing a binary search within the page.
The file index table (FIT) is directly addressed by entries in the directory, in order to minimize the space it occupies. It comprises a collection of records, each describing a file object, organized in pages. A page of records in the FIT is updated by a read/modify/write operation that moves the page to an un-programmed location in the same or another FIT block. Records in a page in the FIT all relate to entries in the same page in the directory, and a FIT page may therefore be updated with consequent need for modification of only a single directory page.
A separate temporary file index table (TFIT) block is used to store FIT records that are likely to be modified in the near future. Records for file objects are stored in logical pages in the TFIT and are indirectly addressed by directory entries. A record in the TFIT can be modified without the need to update the directory.
File attribute records (ATR) are stored for file objects identified by fileId. The contents of attribute records are defined by a host system, and are not interpreted by the memory system. Generally, the host may be allowed to store in ATRs whatever attributes of the file objects that are deemed to be important or useful in the operation of the host with the memory system. The indexing scheme for file attributes is the same as is used for the file index table.
A set of exemplary file indexing structures used in a direct data file memory system are shown in
Each DIR block contains a fixed number of logical pages, each of which may be updated by re-writing it to the next available physical page. A page containing valid DIR entries is allocated a logical page number. The number of logical pages in a DIR block is specified as being 25% of the number of physical pages in a block.
After the last page of a DIR block has been written, the block is compacted by writing all valid pages to an erased block and erasing the original DIR block.
A DIR page contains a set of DIR entries, in order of their fileID values. Valid DIR entries occupy a contiguous set of entry locations in a DIR page, but need not fill the complete page. There are no obsolete entries within the set, and the fileID values need not be contiguous. The range of the fileID values in a DIR page does not overlap the range of fileID values in any other DIR page.
When an entry for a new file needs to be inserted, the DIR page with a fileID range that encompasses the fileID value for the new block is identified from the information in the DIR index. A new entry is inserted at the appropriate location in the fileID range, and the DIR page is re-written. When an entry must be removed, the DIR page is compacted without the entry and is re-written.
When an addition is to be made to a DIR page that has become full, a free logical page is allocated as a new DIR page and the fileID range of the DIR page that has become full is divided into two approximately equal non-overlapping ranges, which are written in the two available DIR pages.
When the aggregate number of valid entries in two DIR pages with adjacent fileID ranges drops below 70% of the number of entry locations in a DIR page, the ranges of the two DIR pages are consolidated and written in one of the two DIR pages. The other unused page then becomes a free logical page.
A DIR entry of the DIR block of
1) FileID
2) Pointer to FIT record. A pointer defines the FIT page logical identifier and byte offset of the FIT record. The FIT page logical identifier identifies one of up to 16 separate FIT pages that may be referenced by entries in the same DIR page, in a specific example. It is converted to a physical block address and page number by the FIT index field within the DIR page containing the entry. The byte offset identifies the location of the FIT record within the identified FIT page. The pointer may alternatively point to the TFIT. A reserved bit within the pointer is set to signify that the FIT record resides in the TFIT and that the pointer defines a logical page in the TFIT.
3) Pointer to file attributes record. A pointer defines the ATR page logical identifier and byte offset of the ATR record. The ATR page logical identifier identifies one of up to 16 separate ATR pages that may be referenced by entries in the DIR page, in a specific example. It is converted to a physical block address and page number by the FIT index field within the DIR page containing the entry. The byte offset identifies the location of the ATR record within the identified ATR page.
A separate valid FIT index field exists in each valid DIR page. It is used to convert logical identifiers for FIT pages to physical block addresses and page numbers at which the FIT pages are located. It contains one entry for each logical identifier that is used within any entry in the page to point to a FIT record.
A valid DIR index field exists only in the most recently written DIR page. Information in the field in all previously written DIR pages is obsolete. Its purpose is to support the ordering of DIR entries and the mapping of logical pages to physical pages.
The DIR index contains an entry for each possible logical page, ordered according to logical page number. Each entry has three fields.
1. Allocation status flag for the logical page.
2. FileID relating to first entry in the page. This allows the range of fileID values in each DIR page to be established and cached.
3. Pointer to the physical page within the DIR to which the logical page is mapped.
The FIT of
FIT records in the FIT are directly addressed by DIR entries, and a DIR page must be modified when a FIT page is modified.
The FIT is contained in one or more dedicated FIT blocks. Only one FIT block contains unprogrammed pages into which FIT records may be written. All FIT record information is programmed at the next un-programmed page location in this block, which is identified by a FIT write pointer. When the last page in the block has been programmed, the FIT write pointer is moved to the first page of an erased block. FIT blocks may contain obsolete pages resulting from FIT pages having been rewritten, and obsolete FIT records within a valid FIT page that result from DIR entries having been removed. Obsolete capacity may be reclaimed from FIT blocks.
A FIT page contains a set of FIT records that are referenced by DIR entries within the same DIR page, in the same order as the entries in the DIR page. A DIR page may reference multiple FIT pages. Modification of a FIT page may therefore be made with consequent need for modification of only a single DIR page. A FIT page may be modified by reading the page, then updating or adding one or more FIT records. Any obsolete FIT records are removed by compacting the page, and the page is then programmed at a location identified by the FIT write pointer.
A FIT page header stores a reference to the DIR page with which a FIT page is associated, and the length of FIT record information within the FIT page. The FIT page header may also store a record of the number of obsolete pages existing in each of the FIT blocks at the time the FIT page was written. This information will typically only be valid in the most recently written FIT page header.
A FIT record of the FIT block of
1) FileID.
2) File state. As described in above-referenced U.S. patent application Ser. No. 11/382,224, this is a number from 0-9, each state designating a unique pre-defined combination of types of physical blocks that are allowed to contain data of the file. Typically, when the state of a file changes, updating the FIT record is otherwise necessary because one or more data groups of that file have changed.
3) Address of active block for file.
4) Number of data groups in file.
5) One field for each data group in file, comprising:
The TFIT block of
The TFIT is contained in a single dedicated TFIT block containing a fixed number of logical pages, each of which may be updated by re-writing it to the next available physical page. A page containing a valid TFIT entry is allocated a logical page number. The number of logical pages in a TFIT block is specified as being 25% of the number of physical pages in a block.
After the last page of a TFIT block has been written, the block is compacted by writing all valid pages to an erased block and erasing the original TFIT block. A FIT record does not exist concurrently in both the FIT and the TFIT.
A TFIT page contains only one FIT record. The FIT record in the TFIT may be identical to that described above for the FIT block. A valid TFIT index field exists only in the most recently written TFIT page. Information in the field in all previously written TFIT pages is obsolete. Its purpose is to map logical pages to physical pages. The TFIT index contains an entry for each possible logical page, ordered according to logical page number. Each entry has two fields:
1. Allocation status flag for the logical page.
2. Pointer to the physical page within the TFIT to which the logical page is mapped.
The ATTR block of
The ATR is contained in one or more dedicated ATTR blocks. Only one ATR block may contain unprogrammed pages into which ATR records may be written. ATTR blocks may contain obsolete pages resulting from ATR pages having been rewritten, and obsolete ATR records within a valid ATR page that result from files having been deleted.
A page of the ATTR block contains a set of ATR records that are referenced by DIR entries within the same DIR page, in the same order as the entries in the DIR page. A DIR page may reference multiple ATR pages. Modification of an ATR page may therefore be made with consequent need for modification of only a single DIR page.
An ATR page header stores a reference to the DIR page with which an ATR page is associated, and the length of ATR record information within the ATR page. The ATR page header may also store a record of the number of obsolete pages existing in each of the ATTR blocks at the time the ATR page was written. This information will typically only be valid in the most recently written ATR page header. An ATR record contains the following fields:
1) FileID.
2) Length of ATR record.
3) Content of ATR record. The contents of attributes records are defined by a host system, and are not interpreted by the DFS system.
As discussed above, a data group is a set of file data with contiguous logical offset addresses within a file, programmed at contiguous physical addresses in a single block. A file is frequently programmed as multiple data groups. A data group may have any length between one byte and one block. Each data group is preferably programmed with a header, containing the fileID for the file of which it is part.
FIT records are contained in one or more FIT blocks and are directly addressed by DIR entries. Only one FIT block will contain erased pages that are available for programming new or updated FIT records. In all other FIT blocks, all pages have been programmed, but the block may contain fully obsolete or partially obsolete pages.
Reclaim of this capacity occupied by obsolete FIT records is performed by designating one FIT block as the next block to be reclaimed, and progressively copying pages from this reclaim block to the page currently designated by the FIT write pointer, before erasing the block being reclaimed.
A reclaim block is selected when a previous reclaim process on a FIT block has been completed and the block has been erased. The FIT block with the highest number of obsolete pages is selected as the reclaim block. This value is recorded for each FIT block in the FIT page header of the most recently written FIT page. The FIT block containing the FIT write pointer should not be selected for reclaim. The selected FIT block remains as the reclaim block until the reclaim process has been completed and that block has been erased.
The process of reclaiming FIT blocks containing obsolete pages entails copying a small number of pages containing valid FIT records from the block to the page designated by the FIT write pointer, in individual bursts at scheduled intervals. The number of pages in a burst should be the number of pages contained in a metapage. Programming the pages at the FIT write pointer should be performed as a single programming operation on a metapage.
A burst copy operation of pages in the reclaim block should be scheduled at intervals defined by progression of the FIT write pointer through the number of page positions contained in 4 metapages. The write pointer is pointed to the first page in a physical metapage when a burst copy operation is scheduled.
The same reclaim process may be applied separately to ATTR blocks.
In each of the two specific file indexing embodiments described above, pages of data from a host, FIT entries and directory entries are all stored in separate groups of one or more blocks. As a first variation to this arrangement, pages containing directory entries and pages containing FIT records may exist together in the same block. A plurality of logical pages in the block contain directory entries as shown in
Alternatively, a FIT page may also contain the set of logical page pointers, and a FIT page may be the last written page in the block.
In yet another variation to the arrangement described in the two specific file indexing embodiments, pages containing directory entries, pages containing FIT records, and pages containing data from a host may exist together in the same block. When data is written from a host, it is programmed in a plurality of contiguous physical pages in the block in the form of a data group. The location of this data group is identified by a field in the relevant FIT record in an updated FIT page, which is programmed in the physical page immediately following the end of the data group. A directory page is also programmed immediately after the FIT page, to update pointers to all FIT records in the updated FIT page, as described above.
A data group should not extend beyond the third last page in a block, to allow a FIT page and directory page to be programmed immediately after it.
Although the various aspects of the present invention have been described with respect to exemplary embodiments thereof, it will be understood that the present invention is entitled to protection within the full scope of the appended claims.
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Carly Rae recently released her new single "I Really Like You"
Get it here
Dallas Smith single "Wastin' Gas" is now gold in Canada!
Marianas Trench released their new video this week for "Here's to the Zeros"
Check it out here.
Post the graphic in this article on Twitter or Instagram with the hashtags #nightoutwithOBS and #yourcity (a city they have not yet visited on their current tour) to enter! Be sure to tag @onebadson too!
You and two friends will be picked up in a limo and brought to a restaurant for dinner (on us!)
3 tickets to the show
Meet and greet with the band
For a list of tour dates visit http://www.onebadson.com/tour/
Check out Theory of a Deadman's new single, "Angel" coming to a radio station near you!
Toronto, ON (January 26, 2015) – The momentum continues for Platinum selling country star Dallas Smith, who broke another record at radio this week becoming the first Canadian male artist in the Nielsen BDS era to spend multiple weeks at the top of the Country Airplay Chart. Holding steady at #1 for a second week, "Wastin' Gas" is Smith's second best-selling single to date behind the platinum hit "Tippin' Point". The video for "Wastin' Gas" is also the #1 video at CMT Canada this week.
Marianas Trench have released "Here's to the Zeros" just in time for Christmas! Grab the single here and check out the lyric video:
Marianas Trench have launched a "Here's to the Zeros" Christmas countdown! "Here's to the Zeros" will be available on Christmas day. Every day from now until Christmas the band will have a special surprise for their fans. Check out the Marianas Trench Facebook page for more details! (releases outside of Canada and the USA will happen December 29th).
This year we want YOU to sing us a carol! Choose from the songs here and then post your version to YouTube. Share it on Twitter with the tag #COVERACAROL604. The winner will be featured on 604 social media pages and will receive a special 604 Holiday bundle of swag!
Contest closes December 14th and voting runs from December 15-19th. Winner to be announced Dec 23rd.
Buy al the 604 Christmas albums on iTunes!
A 604 Christmas
The Second Noel
Theory of a Deadman's "Angel" is now on Much LOUD! Check it out!
Dallas Smith has been added to the Boots and Hearts 2015 line up along with Justin Moore and Little Big Town. Read the article here
Toronto, ON (November 26, 2014) – Platinum selling Canadian rock giants Theory of a Deadman announced today the release of their full catalogue, limited edition vinyl box set – available in-store and online via 604Records.com on December 2nd. The first band ever to sign with 604 Records (co-owned by Nickelback's Chad Kroeger and Jonathan Simkin), the box set showcases the band's rise to become one of Canada's most iconic rock groups – from 2002's eponymous debut to their most recent release, 2014's heavy hitting "Savages".
Theory of a Deadman played some hockey with 94.9 The Rock in Toronto at Maple Leaf Gardens this week!
Check out the pictures here!
Shots courtesy of David McDonald Photography
Theory of a Deadman have released a new video for their current single "Angel" off their album "Savages". Watch it here:
Theory of a Deadman's video "Savages (feat. Alice Cooper)" is now available on Vevo and iTunes. Check it out!
One Bad Son are back on the road again! For details and ticket info head to http://www.onebadson.com/tour/
Marianas Trench welcomes Spotify to Canada! Check out their welcome video here..


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U.S. Refiners May Profit From Petroplus Closures in Europe
- Details
- Published on Wednesday, 11 January 2012 10:57
U.S. refiners could see new opportunities as Europe's largest independent refiner and wholesaler of petroleum products shuts down three of its five refineries, analysts said.
Petroplus Holdings announced the three closings last Friday as banks starting freezing more than $2 billion worth of the financially troubled Swiss company's credit lines.
Source: Hydrocarbon Processing


text:
Why an Extra 5-10 Pounds Is Totally Normal Sometimes
Why You'll Want to Start Taking Selfies With Your Tampons
The Right Meds to Handle Your Headache
Can Exercise Affect Your Menstrual Cycle?
Yoga Poses For Dysmenorrhea (AKA Cramps!)
Should You Skip a Workout If You Have Bad Cramps?
Women's Health 101: How to Relieve Bad Cramps
One Disturbing Reason You're Avoiding Dad
Marketers Ready to Capitalize on Your Menstrual Cycle
PMDD: My Dirty Little Secret
Do Tell: How Do You Keep Track of Your Period?
Cervical Fluid: What It Says About Your Fertility


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Tonight, ABC News airs a hard-hitting expose into guns in America, including a fierce look at the infamous "gun show loophole" that supposedly allows for more lax weapons purchases at gun shows. On the eve of the anniversary of the Virginia Tech shootings, Omar Samaha, the brother of one of the victims is given $5,000 to buy as many guns as he legally can — and comes back with 10 in less than an hour.
From its premise to its execution, this broadcast is chock-a-block full of mistakes.
First up, there is absolutely no reason to link the Virginia Tech shooting with gun shows. The shooter (whose name should be lost to history to deny him the fame he sought) bought his guns from a dealer.
Next up, the infamous "gun show loophole" is as big a fiction as the "most of the guns used in Mexico's drug wars come from the United States" canard. It implies that there are exceptions to gun laws that cover transactions that take place at gun shows.
That is simply wrong.
The law says that gun dealers must run background checks on all would-be buyers. Gun dealers at shows have to — and do — run those checks on all would-be buyers.
The law says that non-dealers who sell a gun need not run a background check on whom they intend to sell their gun to. At a gun show, they still don't have to run those background checks.
When Omar Samaha took his $5,000 into that Richmond, Virginia gun show, he bought his ten guns from private sellers. He didn't make a single purchase from a licensed dealer.


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Yoga class
By Missy on May 7, 2013 in health care
I met my friend at the shopping center this afternoon. They were scouting for kids yoga mat and I am not aware that there is yoga for kids. Speaking of yoga, I need to enroll soon so I can have a little state of permanent peace. I like to exercise my physical, mental and spiritual. I hope this will help me a lot to deal everyday stresses of life.