text:
Blues Alley
1073 Wisconsin Avenue NW
Washington, DC
Wed, July 30, 2014
8:00 pm
Warren Wolf
Todd Marcus
clarinet, bass
Marianne Matheny-Katz
Eric Wheeler
Craig Alston
sax, tenor
Alex Norris
Russell Kirk
Baltimore vocalist Marianne Matheny-Katz will perform tunes from her latest CD, Somewhere in Paradise. The album features fresh and engaging arrangements of familiar standards from the Great American Songbook. Jazz critic John Murph calls Matheny-Katz "a captivating singer [who] possesses a quintessential jazz voice, which she enlivens with lissome, conversational phrasing."
Tunes include an ingenious update of George and Ira Gershwin's "Our Love Is Here to Stay," with references to Facebook and iPhone. Kerns & Fields' "The Way You Look Tonight" also gets a make-over with an intricate arrangement by acclaimed bass clarinetist Todd Marcus. ...
read more
Liz Fixsen added this event on May 23, 2014


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subset: commoncrawl


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They had to do it the hard way, falling behind to Keisuke Honda's penalty before Shinji Kagawa made it two.
A goal before half time from Daniele de Rossi, an own goal early in the second period and a Mario Balotelli penalty put them ahead. Shinji Okazaki equalised for Japan but Sebastien Giovinco won it late on for the Azzurri.


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Book Search
Social Origins of Educational Systems
Series: Classical Texts in Critical Realism (Routledge Critical Realism)
Published May 19th 2014 by Routledge
Engaging with the World
Agency, Institutions, Historical Formations
Series: Ontological Explorations (Routledge Critical Realism)
This title reflects the general theme of the 2010 IACR annual conference that was held in Padova, Italy, the aim of which was to provide a fresh view on some cultural and structural changes involving Western societies after the world economic crisis of 2008, from the point of view of...
Published May 19th 2014 by Routledge
Conversations About Reflexivity
Series: Ontological Explorations (Routledge Critical Realism)
" Reflexivity" is defined as the regular exercise of the mental ability, shared by all normal people, to consider themselves in relation to their (social) contexts and vice versa. In addition to this sociological interest, it allows us to hold idle or trivial internal conversations. Focussing fully...
Published November 11th 2013 by Routledge
Critical Realism and God
Series: Critical Realism: Interventions (Routledge Critical Realism)
Atheism as a belief does not have to present intellectual credentials within academia. Yet to hold beliefs means giving reasons for doing so, ones which may be found wanting. Instead, atheism is the automatic default setting within the academic world. Conversely, religious belief confronts a...
Published April 22nd 2004 by Routledge
Rational Choice Theory
Resisting Colonisation
Series: Ontological Explorations (Routledge Critical Realism)
Rational Choice Theory is flourishing in sociology and is increasingly influential in other disciplines. Contributors to this volume are convinced that it provides an inadequate conceptualization of all aspects of decision making: of the individuals who make the decisions, of the process by which...
Published December 14th 2000 by Routledge


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In each Tractor Supply store, you'll find a staff of experts, better known as your friends and neighbors. They're proud of where they live and even more proud to bring you the products, services and seasoned advice you need out here.
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Feed | Brand : DuMOR® | Animal Type : Poultry | Life Stage : Pre-Adult | Product Type : Crumbles | Package Size : 50 lb. More
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Click here for CFL Equivalent Or LED Equivalent
The Philips 27082-7 60 watt frosted A19 light bulb is frosted for a soft white light with reduced glare. This great everyday use bulb is offered in a low-priced 4-pack for a limited time.
** Pursuant to California law, these incandescent lamps CANNOT be used or offered in the state of California


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A package structure and method of packaging for a MEMS device is described. A transparent substrate having an interferometric modulator array formed thereon is shown. A single or dual-layered backplate is joined to the transparent substrate with a seal. The interferometric modulator array may be exposed to the surrounding environment through an opening in either the backplate or the seal.
1. A microelectromechanical systems (MEMS) based device, comprising:
a transparent substrate having a MEMS device formed thereon;
a first backplate sealed to said transparent substrate, the first backplate comprising at least one orifice; and
a second backplate joined to said first backplate, and comprising at least one desiccant area, wherein said at least one desiccant area is exposed to said MEMS device through said at least one orifice.
2. The device of
3. The device of
4. The device of
5. The device of
6. The device of
a processor that is in electrical communication with said microelectromechanical systems device, said processor being configured to process image data; and
a memory device in electrical communication with said processor.
7. The device of
8. The device of
9. The device of
10. The device of
11. The device of
12. A microelectromechanical systems (MEMS) based device, comprising:
means for supporting a MEMS device, having the MEMS device formed thereon;
first means for sealing comprising at least one orifice; and
second means for sealing joined to said first sealing means, and comprising at least one desiccant area, wherein said at least one desiccant area is exposed to said MEMS device through said at, least one orifice.
13. The device of
14. The device of
15. The device of
16. The device of
17. The device of
18. The device of
19. The device of
20. The device of
a processor that is in electrical communication with said microelectromechanical systems device, said processor being configured to process image data; and
a memory device in electrical communication with said processor.
21. The device of
22. The device of
23. The device of
24. The device of
25. The device of
This application claims priority to U.S. Provisional Application No. 60/791,730, titled "MEMS Devices and Processes for Packaging Such Devices," filed Apr. 13, 2006, which is hereby incorporated by reference, in its entirety.
1. Field of the Invention
The field of the invention relates to microelectromechanical systems (MEMS). More specifically, the invention relates to MEMS devices having an electrical contact, electrode interconnect structures. One particular application can be found in capacitive MEMS devices. Finally, due to the (semi)-transparent nature of the electrode material in visible light, the invention also relates to optical MEMS devices, in general, and interferometric light modulators in particular.
2. Description of the Related Technology
Microelectromechanical systems (MEMS) include micro mechanical elements, actuators, and electronics. Micromechanical elements may be created using deposition, etching, and or other micromachining processes that etch away parts of substrates and/or deposited material layers or that add layers to form electrical and electromechanical devices. One type of MEMS device is called an interferometric modulator. As used herein, the term interferometric modulator or interferometric light modulator refers to a device that selectively absorbs and/or reflects light using the principles of optical interference. In certain embodiments, an interferometric modulator may comprise a pair of conductive plates, one or both of which may be transparent and/or reflective in whole or part and capable of relative motion upon application of an appropriate electrical signal. In a particular embodiment, one plate may comprise a stationary layer deposited on a substrate and the other plate may comprise a metallic membrane separated from the stationary layer by an air gap. As described herein in more detail, the position of one plate in relation to another can change the optical interference of light incident on the interferometric modulator. Such devices have a wide range of applications, and it would be beneficial in the art to utilize and/or modify the characteristics of these types of devices so that their features can be exploited in improving existing products and creating new products that have not yet been developed.
One embodiment is a method of manufacturing a microelectromechanical systems (MEMS) based display device. This method includes providing a transparent substrate comprising at least one MEMS device formed thereon; providing a first backplate comprising at least one orifice; providing a second backplate comprising at least one desiccant area; and forming a MEMS package wherein the transparent substrate is joined to the first backplate, and the first backplate is joined to the second backplate. Another embodiment is a display device made by this method.
Another embodiment is a microelectromechanical systems based device that includes: a transparent substrate having a microelectromechanical system (MEMS) device formed thereon; a first backplate comprising at least one orifice; and a second backplate joined to the first backplate, and comprising at least one desiccant area, wherein the at least one desiccant area is exposed to the MEMS device through the at least one orifice.
Still another embodiment is a method of manufacturing a MEMS display device. This method includes providing a package formed by a transparent substrate having a microelectromechanical system device formed thereon and a backplate sealed to the transparent substrate with a sealant, wherein an orifice is provided in the package; injecting a desiccant into the package through the orifice; and sealing the orifice. Another embodiment is a display device made by this method.
Yet another embodiment is a method of manufacturing a microelectromechanical systems (MEMS) based display device. This method includes providing a package formed by a transparent substrate having a microelectromechanical system device formed thereon and a backplate sealed to the transparent substrate with a sealant, wherein an orifice is provided in the backplate; and sealing the orifice with a plug, wherein the plug comprises a desiccant.
The following detailed description is directed to certain specific embodiments of the invention. However, the invention can be embodied in a multitude of different ways. In this description, reference is made to the drawings wherein like parts are designated with like numerals throughout. As will be apparent from the following description, the embodiments may be implemented in any device that is configured to display an image, whether in motion (e.g., video) or stationary (e.g., still image), and whether textual or pictorial. More particularly, it is contemplated that the embodiments may be implemented in or associated with a variety of electronic devices such as, but not limited to, mobile telephones, wireless devices, personal data assistants (PDAs), hand-held or portable computers, GPS receivers/navigators, cameras, MP3 players, camcorders, game consoles, wrist watches, clocks, calculators, television monitors, flat panel displays, computer monitors, auto displays (e.g., odometer display, etc.), cockpit controls and/or displays, display of camera views (e.g., display of a rear view camera in a vehicle), electronic photographs, electronic billboards or signs, projectors, architectural structures, packaging, and aesthetic structures (e.g., display of images on a piece of jewelry). MEMS devices of similar structure to those described herein can also be used in non-display applications such as in electronic switching devices.
Embodiments of the invention relate to the packaging of MEMS devices, such as interferometric modulators by low cost, high-throughput processes. In one embodiment, the MEMS devices are packaged in a process that closely mimics the manufacture of liquid crystal displays (LCDs). Large-scale manufacturing of LCDs has been undertaken by many companies throughout the world. Thus, adapting the packaging of MEMS devices to a process that closely parallels the LCD process allows these MEMS devices to be packaged in an efficient an high-throughput manner.
One interferometric modulator display embodiment comprising an interferometric MEMS display element is illustrated in
The depicted portion of the pixel array in
The optical stacks 16 a and 16 b (collectively referred to as optical stack 16), as referenced herein, typically comprise of several fused layers, which can include an electrode layer, such as indium tin oxide (ITO), a partially reflective layer, such as chromium, and a transparent dielectric. The optical stack 16 is thus electrically conductive, partially transparent and partially reflective, and may be fabricated, for example, by depositing one or more of the above layers onto a transparent substrate 20. The partially reflective layer can be formed from a variety of materials that are partially reflective such as various metals, semiconductors, and dielectrics. The partially reflective layer can be formed of one or more layers of materials, and each of the layers can be formed of a single material or a combination of materials.
In some embodiments, the layers of the optical stack are patterned into parallel strips, and may form row electrodes in a display device as described further below. The movable reflective layers 14 a, 14 b may be formed as a series of parallel strips of a deposited metal layer or layers (orthogonal to the row electrodes of 16 a, 16 b) deposited on top of posts 18 and an intervening sacrificial material deposited between the posts 18. When the sacrificial material is etched away, the movable reflective layers 14 a, 14 b are separated from the optical stacks 16 a, 16 b by a defined gap 19. A highly conductive and reflective material such as aluminum may be used for the reflective layers 14, and these strips may form column electrodes in a display device.
With no applied voltage, the cavity 19 remains between the movable reflective layer 14 a and optical stack 16 a, with the movable reflective layer 14 a in a mechanically relaxed state, as illustrated by the pixel 12 a in
In one embodiment, the processor 21 is also configured to communicate with an array driver 22. In one embodiment, the array driver 22 includes a row driver circuit 24 and a column driver circuit 26 that provide signals to a display array or panel 30. The cross section of the array illustrated in
In typical applications, a display frame may be created by asserting the set of column electrodes in accordance with the desired set of actuated pixels in the first row. A row pulse is then applied to the row 1 electrode, actuating the pixels corresponding to the asserted column lines. The asserted set of column electrodes is then changed to correspond to the desired set of actuated pixels in the second row. A pulse is then applied to the row 2 electrode, actuating the appropriate pixels in row 2 in accordance with the asserted column electrodes. The row 1 pixels are unaffected by the row 2 pulse, and remain in the state they were set to during the row 1 pulse. This may be repeated for the entire series of rows in a sequential fashion to produce the frame. Generally, the frames are refreshed and/or updated with new display data by continually repeating this process at some desired number of frames per second. A wide variety of protocols for driving row and column electrodes of pixel arrays to produce display frames are also well known and may be used in conjunction with the present invention.
In the
The display device 40 includes a housing 41, a display 30, an antenna 43, a speaker 44, an input device 48, and a microphone 46. The housing 41 is generally formed from any of a variety of manufacturing processes as are well known to those of skill in the art, including injection molding, and vacuum forming. In addition, the housing 41 may be made from any of a variety of materials, including but not limited to plastic, metal, glass, rubber, and ceramic, or a combination thereof. In one embodiment the housing 41 includes removable portions (not shown) that may be interchanged with other removable portions of different color, or containing different logos, pictures, or symbols.
The display 30 of exemplary display device 40 may be any of a variety of displays, including a bi-stable display, as described herein. In other embodiments, the display 30 includes a flat-panel display, such as plasma, EL, OLED, STN LCD, or TFT LCD as described above, or a non-flat-panel display, such as a CRT or other tube device, as is well known to those of skill in the art. However, for purposes of describing the present embodiment, the display 30 includes an interferometric modulator display, as described herein.
The components of one embodiment of exemplary display device 40 are schematically illustrated in
The network interface 27 includes the antenna 43 and the transceiver 47 so that the exemplary display device 40 can communicate with one or more devices over a network. In one embodiment the network interface 27 may also have some processing capabilities to relieve requirements of the processor 21. The antenna 43 is any antenna known to those of skill in the art for transmitting and receiving signals. In one embodiment, the antenna transmits and receives RF signals according to the IEEE 802.11 standard, including IEEE 802.11(a), (b), or (g). In another embodiment, the antenna transmits and receives RF signals according to the BLUETOOTH standard. In the case of a cellular telephone, the antenna is designed to receive CDMA, GSM, AMPS or other known signals that are used to communicate within a wireless cell phone network. The transceiver 47 pre-processes the signals received from the antenna 43 so that they may be received by and further manipulated by the processor 21. The transceiver 47 also processes signals received from the processor 21 so that they may be transmitted from the exemplary display device 40 via the antenna 43.
In an alternative embodiment, the transceiver 47 can be replaced by a receiver. In yet another alternative embodiment, network interface 27 can be replaced by an image source, which can store or generate image data to be sent to the processor 21. For example, the image source can be a digital video disc (DVD) or a hard-disc drive that contains image data, or a software module that generates image data.
Processor 21 generally controls the overall operation of the exemplary display device 40. The processor 21 receives data, such as compressed image data from the network interface 27 or an image source, and processes the data into raw image data or into a format that is readily processed into raw image data. The processor 21 then sends the processed data to the driver controller 29 or to frame buffer 28 for storage. Raw data typically refers to the information that identifies the image characteristics at each location within an image. For example, such image characteristics can include color, saturation, and gray-scale level.
In one embodiment, the processor 21 includes a microcontroller, CPU, or logic unit to control operation of the exemplary display device 40. Conditioning hardware 52 generally includes amplifiers and filters for transmitting signals to the speaker 45, and for receiving signals from the microphone 46. Conditioning hardware 52 may be discrete components within the exemplary display device 40, or may be incorporated within the processor 21 or other components.
The driver controller 29 takes the raw image data generated by the processor 21 either directly from the processor 21 or from the frame buffer 28 and reformats the raw image data appropriately for high speed transmission to the array driver 22. Specifically, the driver controller 29 reformats the raw image data into a data flow having a raster-like format, such that it has a time order suitable for scanning across the display array 30. Then the driver controller 29 sends the formatted information to the array driver 22. Although a driver controller 29, such as a LCD controller, is often associated with the system processor 21 as a stand-alone Integrated Circuit (IC), such controllers may be implemented in many ways. They may be embedded in the processor 21 as hardware, embedded in the processor 21 as software, or fully integrated in hardware with the array driver 22.
Typically, the array driver 22 receives the formatted information from the driver controller 29 and reformats the data into a parallel set of waveforms that are applied many times per second to the hundreds and sometimes thousands of leads coming from the display's x-y matrix of pixels.
In one embodiment, the driver controller 29, array driver 22, and display array 30 are appropriate for any of the types of displays described herein. For example, in one embodiment, driver controller 29 is a conventional display controller or a bi-stable display controller (e.g., an interferometric modulator controller). In another embodiment, array driver 22 is a conventional driver or a bi-stable display driver (e.g., an interferometric modulator display). In one embodiment, a driver controller 29 is integrated with the array driver 22. Such an embodiment is common in highly integrated systems such as cellular phones, watches, and other small area displays. In yet another embodiment, display array 30 is a typical display array or a bi-stable display array (e.g., a display including an array of interferometric modulators).
The input device 48 allows a user to control the operation of the exemplary display device 40. In one embodiment, input device 48 includes a keypad, such as a QWERTY keyboard or a telephone keypad, a button, a switch, a touch-sensitive screen, a pressure- or heat-sensitive membrane. In one embodiment, the microphone 46 is an input device for the exemplary display device 40. When the microphone 46 is used to input data to the device, voice commands may be provided by a user for controlling operations of the exemplary display device 40.
Power supply 50 can include a variety of energy storage devices as are well known in the art. For example, in one embodiment, power supply 50 is a rechargeable battery, such as a nickel-cadmium battery or a lithium ion battery. In another embodiment, power supply 50 is a renewable energy source, a capacitor, or a solar cell, including a plastic solar cell, and solar-cell paint. In another embodiment, power supply 50 is configured to receive power from a wall outlet.
In some implementations control programmability resides, as described above, in a driver controller which can be located in several places in the electronic display system. In some cases control programmability resides in the array driver 22. Those of skill in the art will recognize that the above-described optimization may be implemented in any number of hardware and/or software components and in various configurations.
The details of the structure of interferometric modulators that operate in accordance with the principles set forth above may vary widely. For example,
In embodiments such as those shown in
Packaging techniques for interferometric modulators will be described in more detail below. Interferometric modulators typically include moving parts, such as the movable mirrors 14 a, 14 b that must have a protected space in which to move. A schematic of a basic package structure 700 for an interferometric modulator is illustrated in
A method of packaging an interferometric modulator according to the embodiment shown in
As discussed above, the interferometric modulator array 730 is configured to reflect light through the transparent substrate and includes moving parts, such as the movable mirrors 14 a, 14 b of
The transparent substrate 710 may be any transparent substance capable of having thin film, MEMS devices built upon it. Such transparent substances include, but are not limited to, glass, plastic, and transparent polymers. Images are viewed through the transparent substrate 710, which serves as an imaging surface.
In accordance with an embodiment, an interferometric modulator array 730 may be formed on a transparent substrate 710. It will be understood that the fixed mirrors 16 a, 16 b (of
To form the interferometric modulator array 730, the transparent substrate 710, in one embodiment, is covered with indium tin oxide (ITO). The ITO may be deposited by standard deposition techniques, including chemical vapor deposition (CVD) and sputtering, for example, to a thickness of about 500 Å. A relatively thin layer of chrome may be deposited over the ITO. The ITO/chrome bilayer is then etched and patterned into columns to form the column electrodes 16 a, 16 b. A layer of silicon dioxide (SiO2) may be formed over the ITO/chrome columns to create partially reflective fixed mirrors 16 a, 16 b. A sacrificial layer of, for example, silicon (Si) is deposited (and later released) over the structure to create a resonant optical cavity between the fixed mirrors 16 a, 16 b and the movable mirrors 14 a, 14 b. In other embodiments, this sacrificial layer may be formed of molybdenum (Mo), tungsten (W), or titanium (Ti).
Another mirror layer, formed of aluminum, may be deposited over the sacrificial layer of silicon to form the movable mirrors 14 a, 14 b of the interferometric modulator array 730. This mirror layer is deposited and patterned into rows orthogonal to the column electrodes 16 a, 16 b to create the row/column array described above. In other embodiments, this mirror layer may comprise reflective metals, such as, for example, silver (Ag) or gold (Au). Alternatively, this mirror layer may be a stack of metals configured to give the proper optical and mechanical properties.
The sacrificial layer is removed, for example, using a gas etching process, after the movable mirrors 14 a, 14 b are formed to create the optical cavity between the fixed mirrors 16 a, 16 b and the movable mirrors 14 a, 14 b. In an embodiment, this sacrificial layer is removed after the backplate is joined to the transparent substrate through an opening in either the backplate or perimeter seal, as will be described in more detail below. Standard etching techniques may be used to remove the sacrificial layer of silicon. The particular release etching will depend on the material to be released. For example, xenon difluoride (XeF2) may be used to remove the silicon sacrificial layer. In another embodiment, the sacrificial layer of silicon between the mirrors 16 a, 16 b, 14 a, 14 b is removed before the backplate 720 is joined to the transparent substrate 710. The skilled artisan will appreciate that each layer of the interferometric modulator array 730 may be deposited and patterned using standard deposition techniques and standard photolithographic techniques.
The skilled artisan will understand that the backplate 720 serves a mechanical function, protecting the interferometric modulator array 730 from contaminants in the environment. The backplate 720 along with the transparent substrate 710 and a seal 740 (which is described in more detail below) prevent mechanical interference, moisture, and contaminant gases from reaching and potentially damaging the interferometric modulator array 730 within the package 700. The backplate 720 may therefore be formed of any suitable material, whether transparent or opaque, conductive or insulating. Suitable materials for the backplate 720 include, but are not limited to, glass (e.g., float, 1737, soda lime), plastic, ceramics, polymers, laminates, and metals and metal foils (e.g., stainless steel (SS302, SS410), Kovar, plated Kovar).
A sealing means or a seal 740 is typically provided to join the transparent substrate 710 and the backplate 720 to form the package structure 700. The seal 740 may be a semi-hermetic seal, such as a conventional epoxy-based adhesive. In other embodiments, the seal 740 may be Polyisobutylene (PIB), o-rings, polyurethane, thin film metal weld, liquid spin-on glass, solders, polymers, or plastics, among other types of seals. In still other embodiment, the seal 740 may be a hermetic seal.
In some embodiments, once the backplate 720 and transparent substrate 710 are joined, the seal 740 may be cured and hardened. The skilled artisan will appreciate that the seal 740, which may be hardened, between the backplate 720 and the transparent substrate 710 is different from seals that may be applied after division of the package structure 700 into individual arrays.
It may be desirable to manufacture several arrays of interferometric modulators on a single transparent substrate, apply the backplate, and then divide the structure into individual arrays. Once the seal 740 is hardened, the structure may be mechanically or laser scribed or otherwise prepared for division. Depending on the seal 740, as well as other factors, it may be advantageous, after the division, to apply an endseal to the individual package structures or arrays.
A side-view illustration of an embodiment of a package structure 800 having an endseal opening is shown in
The use of openings or holes 850 in the packaging process allows packaging to take place in ambient conditions, where the atmospheric conditions are not controlled for the benefit of the manufacturing process. Generally ambient conditions may be the laboratory conditions in a substantially particle-free clean room typically having a temperature around 70� F. and relative humidity in the range of about 40 to about 60%, or about 50%. The openings or holes 850 allow pressure within the package 800 to escape so that the pressure does not cause the transparent substrate 810 and the backplate 820 to come apart during the joining or sealing process because pressure does not build up within the package 800. Allowing the pressure within the package to escape via the openings 850 provides for constant pressure within the package 850, which also allows a more uniform seal width even if the seal is not dispensed with a uniform thickness.
The opening or hole 850 may also be configured to allow material to enter and exit the package 800. In particular, the opening or hole 850 may be configured to allow for application of a solvent to the interferometric modulator array 830 for removal of a spacer or sacrificial layer, which will be described in more detail below. The skilled artisan will understand that an endseal may not be necessary, as will be described in more detail below.
Generally, it is desirable to minimize the permeation of water vapor into the package structure 800 and thus control the environment inside the package structure 800. The package structure 800 may be hermetically sealed to ensure the environment within the package structure 800 remains constant regardless of the surrounding environment. An example of a hermetic sealing process is disclosed in U.S. Pat. No. 6,589,625, the entirety of which is hereby incorporated by reference.
In one embodiment having a hermetic seal, the seal 840 is a hermetic barrier that acts as an environmental barrier preventing all air and water vapor from flowing through the seal 840 and entering the package structure 800. Suitable materials for a hermetic seal include, but are not limited to, welds, solders, adhesives mixed with molecular sieves, such as a zeolite. The adhesive component alone cannot act as a suitable environmental barrier because it will eventually allow moisture and other contaminants to permeate into the package structure 800. A semi-hermetic seal 840 of one of the aforementioned materials is desirable for space-critical environments because the seal 840 can be very thin and inexpensive, relative to other sealing techniques, such as welding and soldering. The semi-hermetic seal 840 may be applied through simple in-line manufacturing processes, whereas the techniques of welding and soldering for hermetic seals require very high temperature processes that can damage the package structure 800, are relatively expensive, and tend to occupy much more space because a welded or soldered seal is thicker. It will be understood that a semi-hermetic seal may include an adhesive that is not mixed with any molecular sieves or desiccants.
In one embodiment, the zeolites may include aluminosilicate-structured minerals, such as sodium aluminosilicate. In another embodiment, the zeolites may include microporous silicate-structured minerals. It will be appreciated that active components, other than zeolites, that can act as absorbing filters on the molecular level can also be used. In one embodiment, the adhesives may be a low outgassing adhesive. In other embodiments, the adhesives may be adhesives with varied outgassing. A desiccant used in the seal may be a calcium dioxide, strontium oxide (SRO), silica gels, montmorillonite clay (such as a magnesium aluminum silicate), molecular sieves (zeolites), or calcium sulfates.
The skilled artisan will understand that the amount of material for the seal 840 will depend on the estimated amount of moisture or contaminant gases that will need to be removed from within the package structure 800 during the lifetime of the package structure 800. The amount of material for the seal 840 also depends not only on the amount of moisture or contaminant gases inside the package structure 800 when the package is formed, but also the permeation rate of the seal 800 and the outgassing potential of the package components.
Zeolites may absorb water molecules at relatively high temperatures. Zeolites can trap moisture and contaminant gases in their pores. The skilled artisan will understand that zeolites having deferent pore sizes can be selected for the seal 840 material to absorb different contaminants. In an embodiment, zeolites are selected to absorb contaminant molecules, such as aromatic branched-chain hydrocarbons that have critical diameters of up to ten angstroms. In another embodiment, zeolites having pore sizes between two and three angstroms may be selected to abort contaminant molecules having diameters of less than two angstroms, such as hydrogen and moisture molecules. In still another embodiment, zeolites having pore sizes of about fifty angstroms (50 Å) can be used to absorb nitrogen and carbon dioxide molecules. The skilled artisan will appreciate that the hermetic seal 840 may be comprised of a mixture of zeolites having various pore sizes.
The seal 840 is typically applied to the transparent substrate 810 along the perimeter, around the interferometric modulator array 830. The skilled artisan will understand that, in an embodiment in which the package structure 800 contains more than one interferometric modulator array 830, the seal 840 is typically applied to the transparent substrate 810 around the perimeter of the of interferometric modulator array 830. In certain embodiments, the seal 840 may be formed to a thickness in a range of about 1 to about 20 microns, or in a range of about 12 to about 18 microns, or about 15 microns. The skilled artisan will appreciate that the thickness of the seal 840 will depend on various factors, including the estimated lifetime of the device, the material of the seal 840, the amount of contaminants and moisture that are estimated to permeate into the package structure 800 during the lifetime, the humidity of the ambient environment, and whether a desiccant is included within the package structure 800 and the flatness of the backplate 820 and the transparent substrate 810. The backplate 820 is then positioned over the transparent substrate 810, and the transparent substrate 810 and the backplate 820 are sealed together by the seal 840 to form the package structure 800.
In some embodiments, an outer bead (not shown) of adhesive is applied around the perimeter of the seal 840. The outer bead may include a low permeation rate adhesive, which can provide additional environmental protection to the package structure 800. The outer bead of adhesive may be useful in an environment having a great deal of contaminants where the seal 840 alone cannot serve as an effective hermetic seal without being loaded with an impractical amount of the active component. For example, if the seal 840 includes a high portion of zeolites (e.g., more than 60 percent zeolites by weight), the seal 840 can become microscopically porous as well as highly viscous and thus difficult to apply. Such a seal 840 having a high portion of zeolites may not provide a robust mechanical support to the package structure 800. The outer bead may also provide additional mechanical support.
As shown in
To remove a sacrificial layer of molybdenum (Mo), silicon (Si), tungsten (W), or titanium (Ti), xenon difluoride (XeF2) may be introduced into the interior of the package structure 800 through an opening or openings 850 in the backplate 820. Such openings 850 in the backplate 820 may be created by etching an opening in the backplate 820. The xenon difluoride (XeF2) reacts with the sacrificial layer to remove it. A sacrificial layer formed of spin-on glass or oxide may be gas etched or vapor phase etched to remove the sacrificial layer after the backplate 820 has been joined to the transparent substrate 810. The skilled artisan will appreciate that the removal process will depend on the material of the sacrificial layer.
After the sacrificial layer is removed, the opening(s) 850 in the backplate 820 may be sealed. In an embodiment, a thermally or UV cured polymer is used to seal these openings. The opening(s) may also be sealed with metal or glass caps, metal foil, adhesive, welds, or solder. The skilled artisan will appreciate that other materials may be used as well and that materials having high viscosity are advantageous.
As shown in
It will be understood that there may be more than one opening 850 in the backplate, as shown in
It is appreciated that there are other uses for metal caps. For example, metal caps may be used with a backplate formed of a printed circuit board (PCB) backplate that may include electronic interfaces for use with radio-frequency (RF) signals. A PCB backplate may serve not only as protection for circuitry that is integrated into the backplate but may also enhance RF circuit needs. For example, metal caps may be included for RF enhancement or protection. Antenna properties may also be incorporated into the PCB backplate or the interferometric modulator, including, but not limited to, the use of a metal backplate or a metal cap as an antenna for a cellular phone.
In another embodiment, following removal of the sacrificial layer and prior to scaling the opening(s) 850, a desiccant can be applied inside the package structure 800 in a vapor form through, for example, the opening(s) 850. In certain embodiments, a portion of a desiccant 860 could be included or applied to the interior surface of the backplate 820, as shown in
As noted above, a desiccant may be used to control moisture resident within the package structure 800. However, if the seal 840 is fully hermetic, a desiccant may not be necessary to prevent moisture from traveling from the atmosphere into the interior of the package structure 800.
The elimination of the need for a desiccant also allows the package structure 800 to be thinner, which is desirable. However, in certain embodiments, such as those having a semi-hermetic seal, a desiccant may be advantageous. Typically, in packages containing desiccants, the lifetime expectation of the device may depend on the lifetime of the desiccant. When the desiccant is fully consumed, the interferometric modulator display may fail as sufficient moisture enters the package structure to cause damage to the interferometric modulator. The theoretical maximum lifetime of the device is determined by the water vapor flux into the package as well as the amount and type of desiccant.
It is understood that in an embodiment of the package structure having a hermetic seal, the lifetime of the device is not dependent on the desiccant capacity, or the geometry of the seal. In such a package structure, the interferometric modulator will not fail due to a consumed desiccant.
As mentioned above, a desiccant may be used to reduce moisture resident within the package structure 800. Desiccants may be used for packages that have either hermetic or semi-hermetic seals. In a package having a semi-hermetic seal, a desiccant may be used to control moisture moving into the package from the environment. The skilled artisan will appreciate that a desiccant may not be necessary for a hermetically sealed package, but may be desirable to control moisture within the package structure 800. For packages having hermetic seals, desiccants may be provided within the package to absorb any moisture that moves into the package during the manufacturing process.
Generally, any substance that can trap moisture while not interfering with the optical properties of the interferometric modulator array 830 may be used as the desiccant. Suitable desiccant materials include, but are not limited to, zeolites, molecular sieves, surface adsorbents, bulk adsorbents, and chemical reactants. The skilled artisan will appreciate that the desiccant material should be selected based on a variety of factors, including the estimated amount to contaminant gases in the environment as well as the absorption rate and amount of the desiccant material.
The desiccant may be in different forms, shapes, and sizes. In addition to being in solid form, the desiccant may alternatively be in powder form. These powders may be inserted directly into the package or they may be mixed with an adhesive for application. In an alternative embodiment, the desiccant may be formed into different shapes, such as cylinders or sheets, before being applied inside the package.
In another embodiment, the desiccant may be applied after the transparent substrate 810 and the backplate 820 are joined. According to this embodiment, as shown in
Those skilled in the art will also appreciate that, in certain embodiments, a self-aligning monolayer, or anti-stiction coating, is applied within the package 800 to allow the moving parts (e.g., elements 14 a, 14 b) of the interferometric modulator array 830 to move easily. The self-aligning monolayer can be applied to the interior of the package structure 800 through the opening(s) 850. The monolayer may comprise a material configured to reduce the surface friction on the moving parts and/or repel water vapor from the moving parts. Exemplary materials for the self-aligning monolayer include, but are not limited to, fluoro silane, chloro-fluoro silane, methoxy silane, trichlorosilane, perfluorodecanoic carboxylic acid, octadecyltrichlorosilane (OTS), dichlorodimethylsilane, or hydrophobic or non-stick materials, such as PTFE, teflon, silicone, polystyrene, polyurethane (both standard and ultraviolet curable), a block copolymer containing a hydrophobic component (for example poly-methyl-methacrylate), or polysilazane (especially with polisiloxane). In some embodiments, an exemplary materials for a self-aligning monolayer include, but are not limited to, inorganic materials such as one or more of the following: graphite, diamond-like carbon (DLC), silicon carbide (SiC), a hydrogenated diamond coating, or fluorinated DLC. The presence of water vapor between the moving parts may increase the force needed to separate the moving parts, and is disadvantageous. Thus, reduction of the surface friction and/or the ability of water vapor to collect on the moving parts accordingly reduces the force necessary to separate the moving parts. However, it should be understood that typical ambient humidity levels do not provide sufficient water vapor to adversely affect the functioning of the interferometric modulator array 830 within the package 800.
Generally, interferometric modulators have a higher tolerance (e.g., up to about 10%) for humidity requirements that organic light emitting diodes (OLED) displays. It is possible that water vapor permeates into the package 800 even if it is semi-hermetically or hermetically sealed. In certain embodiments in which a desiccant is placed in the interior of the package 800, a certain amount of moisture permeation may be tolerated, depending on the capacity of the desiccant. However, if there exists moisture or water vapor in an amount higher than the tolerance level, or if there is more water permeation into the package 800 than desired, the interferometric modulator array 830 is likely to have a shortened lifetime or may fail to operate properly. Also, in certain embodiments, moisture, which has been created and/or permeated during assembly, may not have been properly removed before completing the fabrication of the package. Furthermore, the relative humidity level in the interior of the package, particularly without a desiccant, should be maintained less than the tolerance level so that the interferometric modulator array 830 operates properly for the duration of its expected lifetime.
As shown in
In an alternative embodiment, one inlet and a plurality of outlets are defined in the seal. In an embodiment, at least one of the inlet 960 and outlet 980 is formed with the use of a scriber. In this embodiment, the shape of the inlet 960 and outlet 980 is substantially circular. In another embodiment, the inlet 960 and outlet 980 may have shapes other than circular. The skilled artisan will appreciate that the inlet 960 and/or outlet 980 may alternatively be formed by drilling or with the use of any other appropriate tool or process.
In certain embodiments, the inlet 960 and the outlet 980 have substantially the same size. In other embodiments, the inlet 960 and outlet 980 may be of different sizes. For example, the size of the inlet 960 can be greater than that of the outlet hole 980. Alternatively, the sizes of the inlet 960 and outlet 980 may be determined by the criteria of how effectively or easily they may be sealed after the water vapor is removed, as will be described in more detail below. In other words, so long as sealing can be effectively performed, the inlet 960 and outlet 980 can be of any size. The diameter of at least one of the inlet 960 and the outlet 980 may be in the range of about 10 microns to about 2 mm, or in the range of about 500 microns to about 1.5 mm, or about 1 mm.
The inlet 960 and outlet 980 may be defined in the seal 940 simultaneously. Alternatively, one of the inlet 960 and the outlet 980 is defined first and thereafter the other is defined in the seal 940. For example, the inlet 960 may be formed first, and the outlet 980 may be formed after gas has been introduced through the inlet 960 and into the package 900. In this embodiment, the gas pressure in the interior of the package 900 can be increased so as to enhance the water vapor removal process.
In an embodiment, the gas introduced into the package 900 is a dry inert gas, such as molecular nitrogen, N2. In another embodiment, the gas is argon. It will be understood that the gas can be any type of gas that is effective in removing water vapor in the interior of the package 900 by, for example, pressure, drying, driving off (blowing), or vacuuming (sucking). The gas may be, for example, air, heated air, a heated gas, or a dry gas.
The gas may be continuously fed through the inlet 960 and into the interior of the package 900 until all of the water vapor is substantially removed. In an embodiment, whether the water vapor has been substantially removed can be determined by monitoring the humidity at the outlet port 980 to measure the humidity of the gas exiting the outlet 980.
In yet another embodiment, at least a portion of the water vapor can be removed from the interior of the package 900 through an opening in the package 900 with the use of, for example, a vacuum pump. The supplied gas can also remove other unwanted material (e.g., dust, other unwanted particles or liquid material) in addition to the water vapor. In this embodiment, the package 900 may be placed in a chamber (or vacuum chamber), and the gas may be fed into the package 900 by evacuating the chamber and then refilling it with a dry gas, such as nitrogen or argon. In this embodiment, at least a partial vacuum is created around the package 900 to draw out the water vapor from the interior of the package 900. It will be understood that, in this embodiment, only one opening in the package 900 is necessary. Thus, it is not necessary to have both an inlet 960 and an outlet 980 is this embodiment.
In one embodiment, water vapor may be removed during the fabrication process for the package 900. In this embodiment, a "release" or removal process can be used in which the sacrificial layer in the interferometric modulator array 930 is etched away first, as described above. Then, water vapor (and/or any unwanted or unnecessary material) in the interior of the package 900 can be removed with the use of a carrier gas (e.g., nitrogen or argon) introduced into the package through the inlet 960 formed in the seal 940. In an embodiment, the removal process is performed by a MEMS etching system, such as, for example, X3 Series Xetch, which is available from XACIX, USA, and MEMS ETCHER, which is available from Penta Vacuum, Singapore.
Generally, the packaging process, including an endseal process, may be accomplished in a vacuum, pressure between a vacuum up to and including ambient pressure, or pressure higher than ambient pressure. The packaging process may also be accomplished in an environment of varied and controlled high or low pressure during the sealing process. There may be advantages to packaging the interferometric modulators in a completely dry environment, but it is not necessary.
As discussed above, an opening in the backplate or perimeter seal during the sealing process maintains equivalent pressure within the package structure and outside the package structure. The packaging environment may be of an inert gas at ambient conditions. Packaging at ambient conditions allows for a lower cost process because it provides more potential for versatility in equipment choice and because the device may be transported through ambient conditions without affecting the operation of the device.
Packaging MEMS Devices in an LCD-type Process
In a typical LCD manufacturing process, a front glass plate and a rear glass plate are sandwiched together to create an LCD display. Normally, the front glass plate and the rear glass plate are produced in different production lines. In an LCD assembly machine, the two glass plates are aligned, combined and fixed together, normally using thermally curable epoxy. Then the glass panels are pressed together and heated in order to cure the seals and create a stable panel structure. The glass panels are then scribed and broken to the final display dimensions. A single set of front and rear glass plates can be used to produce several individual display panels by scribing and breaking the plates once they are sealed together. An opening in the seal is provided so the two plates can be brought in close proximity without a resultant build-up of internal air pressure within the interior of the plate sandwich. In addition, the opening provides a way to introduce the liquid crystal material between the glass plates. The edges are ground and the singularized displays are filled with liquid crystal liquid and the opening in the seal is then closed using UV curable polymer.
In one embodiment of the invention, this type or another similar type of process can be advantageously adapted to the packaging of other types of display products, such as interferometric modulator displays. For example, a first glass plate having a set of interferometric modulator arrays can be provided. A thermally curable or UV curable polymer material can be screen printed around the outer circumference of each array. A second glass plate can then be pressed against the first glass plate and heated to cure the seal between each array. The arrays can then be scribed and broken apart into individual display components.
Some embodiments include a variety of methods for overcoming the problems associated with air pressure building up between the glass plates as they are sandwiched together. For example, the thermally curable or UV curable polymer can be printed in around each array, however a small gap can be left to provide an air passage between the interior of the array and the external environment. After the glass plates have been sealed together, the gap can thereafter be sealed to protect the interior of the array from the external environment using, for example, a UV curable polymer, similar to LCD packaging. As discussed above, water vapor in the air can cause mirrors within the modulator array to stick and not function properly. Thus, sealing the small gap left in the polymer will prevent ambient water vapor from entering the interior of the modulator array.
In one embodiment, a desiccant is introduced between the glass plates, in a method similar to introduction of the liquid crystal solution between glass panels in an LCD display. If a gap is left open from the external environment to the interior of each modulator array, a low-viscosity liquid polymer with incorporated desiccant can be introduced between the glass panels and allowed to flow inside of each modular array. The low viscosity liquid polymer with desiccant can comprise any of the desiccants described above, including calcium oxide, strontium oxide (SrO), silica gels, montmorillonite clay (e.g. a magnesium aluminum silicate), molecular sieves (zeolites), calcium sulfates, or a combination thereof. In one embodiment, the low-viscosity liquid desiccant comprises a UV curable epoxy filled with desiccant material.
In some embodiments, a series of orifices can be provided in either glass plate so that the air pressure does not build up inside the devices as the glass plates are brought together to form the package. For example, the first glass plate may provide the interferometric modulator arrays and the thermally curable or UV curable polymer circumscribing each array. The second glass plate may include a series of small orifices configured to be positioned opposite each array as the two glass plates are sandwiched together. Once the plates are sandwiched together to form a package, the orifices in the second glass plate can be sealed by a method, such as is described above. After the thermally curable or UV-curable polymer has hardened, the arrays can be separated, for example, by scribing and braking apart to provide individual modulator arrays.
One embodiment of a process 1800 for manufacturing a MEMS device is shown in
An iMoD array plate 1840, having a series of interferometric modulator arrays 1842A-D is then aligned and sealed to the first backplate 1810. It should be noted that the resin 1830A-D is configured so that when the first backplate 1810 is sealed to the iMoD array plate 1840, the resin provides an airtight seal around the outer periphery of each modulator array 1842A-D. In one embodiment, the resin is a UV-curable sealant. In another embodiment, the resin is thermal glue that is cured by baking the glass plates. For example, the thermal glue may be an acrylic epoxy type which is baked in an oven at, for example, approximately 160� C. to be cured.
Because the first backplate comprises a series of orifices 1820A-D, there would be no air pressure built up when the two plates are brought together. Any air pressure that would normally be built up between the plates would escape through the orifices 1820A-D into the ambient environment.
Once the first backplate 1810 has been sealed to the iMoD array plate 1840, a second backplate 1850 is sealed to the first Backplate 1810. The second backplate 1850 may be, for example, approximately 0.4 mm thick. Thus, the combination of the first and the second backplates creates a dual-backplate structure of, for example, approximately 0.7 mm in thickness. As indicated, the second backplate 1850 contains desiccant areas 1852A-D which are configured to align with the orifices 1820A-D in the first backplate. When the second backplate 1850 is sealed to the sandwich created by the first backplate 1820 and the iMoD array plate 1840, the desiccant areas 1852A-D are adjacent the interferometric modulators 1842A-D. The position of these components with respect to one another will be described in more detail with reference to cross-sectional
After the second backplate 1850 is sealed to the first backplate 1810, the final three-layered display panel is scribed and broken into individual display cells for further processing.
It should be realized that the iMoD array plate 1840 may contain either released or unreleased interferometric modulators. If the interferometric modulators are not released, then a release gas may be used to release the iMoDs 1842A-D after they iMoD array plate 1840 has been sealed to the first backplate 1810. Because the first backplate 1810 includes orifices 1820A-D, the release gas can contact the individual arrays 1842A-D even after the sandwich between the plates 1810 and 1840 has been created. This provides an advantage in that the thermal processing required to seal the plates 1810 and 1840 together may be harmful to unreleased components. Accordingly, using this process, the interferometric modulators may remain unreleased until after the thermal bonding step has been completed.
In addition, the size and pattern of the desiccant illustrated in
In one alternative embodiment, the first backplate 1810 and the second backplate 1850 are sealed together prior to contacting the iMoD array plate 1840. In this embodiment, a small opening is left in the resin layer 1820A-D in order to prevent air pressure from building up when the two backplate layers are sealed to the array plate 1840. Once the backplate layers are sealed to the array plate 1840, the openings in the resin layer 1820A-D can be sealed with additional resin or adhesive.
Referring now to
An iMoD array plate 2025 having a set of interferometric modulator arrays 2030A-D is then aligned and adhered to the backplate 2010 to form a package by curing the resin 2020A-D in a manner similar to that described in the process of
A liquid desiccant can be, for example, a very low viscosity UV epoxy mixed with calcium oxide powder (CaO). This liquid desiccant can then be flowed into each array package through the small opening 2022A in the resin 2020A-D. In one embodiment, the sandwich formed by the plates 2010 and 2025 is scribed and broken into individual array panels 2050 prior to addition of the liquid desiccant. As the interior of each modulator array fills with liquid desiccant, the grooves 2012A-D will also fill with desiccant to provide a fairly thick circumference of desiccant just on the interior edge of the resin layer. The small opening in the resin layer can then be sealed to prevent the desiccant from flowing back out of the array package. Also, a UV epoxy filled with desiccant can be UV cured to lock-in the desiccant in place. This also would prevent the ambient environment from entering the interior of the array package.
As shown in cross-sectional view 20B, the modulator array plate 2025 includes a series of interferometric modulators 2030A-D which are disposed opposite the backplate 2010. The backplate 2010 has a series of grooves 2012A-D which are carved into the backplate 2010. A resin layer 2020A-D separates each modulator array from the other arrays.
In a related embodiment shown in
In another embodiment shown in
As can be seen more clearly in a cross-sectional
While the above detailed description has shown, described, and pointed out novel features of the invention as applied to various embodiments, it will be understood that various omissions, substitutions, and changes in the form and details of the device or process illustrated may be made by those skilled in the art without departing from the spirit of the invention. As will be recognized, the present invention may be embodied within a form that does not provide all of the features and benefits set forth herein, as some features may be used or practiced separately from others.
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Two Charged With Wire Fraud Conspiracy In Mortgage Fraud Scheme
PITTSBURGH, Pa. - A resident of Irwin, Pa., and a former resident of Pittsburgh have been indicted by a federal grand jury in Pittsburgh on a charge of wire fraud conspiracy, United States Attorney David J. Hickton announced today.
The one-count superseding indictment, returned on Oct. 25, named Jason Sheraw, 38, of Irwin, Pa., and Lewis Whoolery, 42, formerly of Pittsburgh, Pa., as defendants. Whoolery currently resides in Delray Beach, Fla.
According to the superseding indictment presented to the court, Whoolery operated a mortgage broker business called First Capital Home Equity that provided fraudulent information to lending institutions to secure loans collateralized by real estate. Whoolery and members of the conspiracy provided lenders with false information related to the borrowers' incomes and assets, and they also submitted fraudulent documents in support of those false representations.
In addition, as alleged in the superseding indictment, Whoolery used unlicensed appraisers, including Kenneth Cowden and Kimberly Baldwin, to prepare appraisals for the properties serving as collateral for the loans. Whoolery entered into agreements with licensed appraisers Jeannette Gray and Jason Sheraw in which, in exchange for money, Gray and Sheraw allowed Cowden and Baldwin to prepare and submit appraisals as if they had been prepared by Gray and Sheraw. Those appraisals often overstated the true values of the properties serving as collateral for the loans.
The law provides for a maximum total sentence of 20 years in prison, a fine of $250,000, or both. Under the Federal Sentencing Guidelines, the actual sentence imposed would be based upon the seriousness of the offense and the prior criminal history, if any, of the defendant.
Assistant United States Attorney Brendan T. Conway is prosecuting this case on behalf of the government.
The Mortgage Fraud Task Force conducted the investigation leading to the indictment in this case. The Mortgage Fraud Task Force is comprised of investigators from federal, state and local law enforcement agencies and others involved in the mortgage industry. Federal law enforcement agencies participating in the Mortgage Task Force include the Federal Bureau of Investigation; the Internal Revenue Service - Criminal Investigation; the United States Department of Housing and Urban Development, Office of Inspector General; the United States Postal Inspection Service; and the United States Secret Service. Other Mortgage Fraud Task Force members include the Allegheny County Sheriff's Office; the Pennsylvania Attorney General's Office, Bureau of Consumer Protection; the Pennsylvania Department of Banking; the Pennsylvania Department of State, Bureau of Enforcement and Investigation; and the United States Trustee's Office.
A superseding indictment is an accusation. A defendant is presumed innocent unless and until proven guilty.
Protect yourself from fraud, and report suspected cases of financial fraud to local law enforcement.


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A company dedicated to quality service of Engines and sales of top of the line products, with a winning record of last 30 years.
History of BSES
We begun our journey in 1969 with after sales service of all types of tractors, diesel engines, compressors and Hydraulic operated system under the name & style of M/s Bharat Tractors & Machineries. Our association with Kirloskar Oil Engines Ltd., was forged in 1991 as we were nominated as the authorized dealers for spare parts and services in the name & style of Bharat Spares & Engine Services which subsequently converted in to the company as M/s B.S.E.S. (INDIA) PVT LTD., in the year 1995.
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Irving Avenue North
Man Left Paralyzed After 2013 Shooting Dies
A man who was shot in 2013 has died due to complications from the gunshot wood. Larry Jones, 41, was shot on Nov. 4 in the 2000 block of Irving Avenue North. According to police, Jones was a passenger in a car when the shooting took place. Witnesses of the shooting said it may have been drug related.
Girl, 9, May Lose Eye After Mpls. Shooting
Two Minneapolis men are accused of shooting at a vehicle containing a woman and four small children, one of whom was seriously injured in the eye, according to Minneapolis Police.
Police: Shooting In N. Mpls Leaves 1 Dead
One man, who seemed to be in his mid-twenties, died Tuesday evening in north Minneapolis after being shot, police say.
Two Families Hurt As Pastor Goes To Prison For Murder
A Minneapolis minister is heading to prison for life, but his conviction was bittersweet for the family of the man he killed.


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December 5th, 2009 #1
[BASIC]: Materials; Brushes & Mediums...
Hello All!
This is going to be the last major materials post (until I think of more stuff!) before we get into painting.
I'm going to keep this short.
Experiment and use what works. No, I'm not being lazy...it's just that whether you use a filbert or a flat (at this point) isn't going to make an immense difference. Here are a few brush thing to keep in mind:
1. Have a decent range of sizes. For our work, you can get away with (at minimum) 3 to 5 brushes. I have no idea what brush sizes mean (can't remember, actually), but have at least a small/med/large set. Small is, say, a round, flat, or filbert about 1/4" wide. Med: flat or filbert 1/2 to 3/4". Large: flat or filbert 3/4 to 1".
2. You don't hafta spend a fortune on brushes. As a matter of fact, many of my brushes are just amateur-grade cheapies like $5/pack Loew Cornell assortments in the card pack. I am a big scumbler/scrubber/washer, so I'm *really* hard on my brushes. Cheap brushes keep you free to experiment. I keep a couple of nice sables around for glazing, or if I'm feeling expensive(!).
Hog's hair can be very useful and durable, and I have a bunch of those. They're also scratchy and pretty inflexible. Also, the very small ones just seem weird to me. Synthetics are just fine.
3. Save all of your old brushes. Even the fucked up, comma-shaped ones you left standing on their bristles and never cleaned. You never know when they can come in handy.
Often, you'll want to add something to your paint to make it flow-ier or faster drying. Or you want to glaze. Sometimes it's useful to use medium as a retouch-varnishy thing: afer a week or two of drying (on thinnish paint layers) a little medium applied to the surface (and allowed to get tacky for 20 min to an hour) is nice to paint into. It's sticky, and blending/feathering is aided by that slowness/tackiness of surface.
My short list:
1. Turp, obviously. Odorless Turpenoid is expensive, but it beats breathing Gum Turp vapors. But, yeah...I'm a total, full-experience, old school, 5-senses Painter, so I keep a couple of ounces of gum turp in a bottle so everything smells good without choking me. That's what cigs are for.
2. Liquin (Winsor & Newton): My favorite & go-to Medium. Good for everything, thinning, flowing, glazing, and faster-drying. Smells dynamite; great for huffing.
3. Sun-thickened Stand Oil. Basically gooey linseed oil. Can be used alone or with some turp added to loosen it up to taste.
4. Dorland's Wax Medium. Waxy, like it says. About the consistency of butter. Useful for impasto painting. In reasonable amounts, it extends the paint and makes it buttery-feeling and good for impasto. Slightly matte and it (naturally) dilutes the pigment depending on how much you add.
5. Salamander, other drying agents. I'd avoid these unless you're willing to experiment and find your own, rare, specialized uses. Yep--they dry paint super-fast, but they really degrade the paint integrity.
6. A note on "miracle" mediums. Anyone acting superior and self-consciously Old Skool and claiming to have the Secret Recipe that the Old Masters used has misplaced their priorities. If you dig Maroger medium, and it works for you...great. That's the reward. (I've seen more Maroger Snobs do more shite paintings. File with: "I grind my own paint" snobs. Results are impressive, not materials.)
And that wraps up materials for now.
Painting and Seeing next!
Last edited by rusko-berger; December 5th, 2009 at 03:43 PM._____________________________
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December 16th, 2009 #2
Hello Nick!
Thanks for your awesome guides. I have a question about Mediums, though it may sound silly.. Do you use a lot of mediums in your paintings? Do you recommend using them a lot or a little? Have you painted a painting without mixing any medium into your paint? Thanks!
December 20th, 2009 #3
Hello, faedri--
Not a silly question at all!
If you count turp as a medium then, no, I doubt I've ever done a painting without medium. If you count Liquin or (some version of Linseed Oil/Stand Oil/Dorland's Wax Medium), I think I'd still be at 100% since 1987.
Now, I should mention this: the RULE is to paint "fat-over-lean". This simply means that, technically, (if you're doing multiple, sorta-dry-in-between sessions) you're supposed to start out with little or no medium, progress to some medium, then (if you're going that route), end up with a very thin and medium-y glaze. (Though for all intents and purposes, this doesn't include a reasonably dried turp-washed underpainting--it's more about "real" mediums".)
The idea is that this will give you the most archivally, centuries-lasting painting. In general, I suppose that a fair amount of paintings progress this way. Do I care about this, really? No. If I thought about this, to the point of neurosis, I'd never get anything done. When I'm doing paintings that last anything more than a sitting or two, I'm constantly painting, wiping, adding, subtracting...and generally going where the painting tells me to go. If I adhered to the (proper) Painting Orthodoxy, I'd never get any paintings done. If you can adhere better (along with yer paint!), then great.
Zillions of Modern (post Neo-Classical "atelier") paintings--that you've seen in museums or reproduced--took no second look at the "correct" way. Maybe they'll last for a couple hundred years, and maybe not.
I work on the premise that you do what works to make your painting work. What's the other option?
p.s. For a funny look-up: Check out Kurt Vonnegut's novel, Bluebeard. In it the artist, Rabo Karabekian, uses some crazy kind of newfangled acrylics...and once he gets pretty famous his paintings all completely disintegrate. Rock & roll!
Nick Rusko-Berger's Art Website: http://www.ruskoberger.com
Concept Art Sketchbook: http://www.conceptart.org/forums/sho...d.php?t=169039
traditional/analog art Gallery: http://www.conceptart.org/forums/album.php?albumid=772
digital art Gallery: http://www.conceptart.org/forums/album.php?albumid=773
Blog: http://ruskoberger.wordpress.com
music: http://www.myspace.com/millionvalve


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Srinivas Bangalore AT&T Labs-Research
4D177K One AT&T Way Bedminster NJ 07921 Phone: 973-615-0180
Email: email@example.com
Curriculum Vitae (CV)
Biographical SketchI am a Principal Member of Technical Staff, currently leading research group on Natural Language Processing in the Intelligent Services Research Laboratory at AT&T Labs-Research in Bedminster, New Jersey. I received my PhD in Computer Science from University of Pennsylvania in 1997. My dissertation on Supertagging was awarded the Morris and Dorothy Rubinoff award for outstanding dissertation "that has resulted in or could lead to innovative applications of computer technology". I have been at AT&T Labs-Research since 1997 and have worked on many areas of natural language processing including Spoken Language Translation, Multimodal Understanding, Language Generation and Question-Answering. I have co-edited a book on Supertagging with Prof. Aravind K Joshi, authored over 100 research publications and hold over 60 patents in these areas. I have been an adjunct associate professor at Columbia University and I am currently a visiting lecturer at Pricenton University. I have been awarded the AT&T Outstanding Mentor Award, in recognition of my support and dedication to AT&T Labs Mentoring Program and the AT&T Science & Technology Medal for technical leadership and innovative contributions in Spoken Language Technology and Services. I have served as an editorial board member of Computational Linguistics Journal and a program committee member for a number of ACL and IEEE Speech conferences.


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National FFA Week is celebrated Feb. 20-27WORTHINGTON — FFA Chapters from around the country will celebrate National FFA Week Feb. 20-27.
By: DAILY GLOBE, Worthington Daily Globe
WORTHINGTON — FFA Chapters from around the country will celebrate National FFA Week Feb. 20-27.
"Lead Out Loud" is the theme this year as members pledge to show off what makes them premier leaders in their schools and communities. More than half a million members around the nation will participate in National FFA Week activities at the local and state levels.
The focus of National FFA Week is to tell the community and the country about the great opportunities available through FFA. From its beginnings in 1928 as the Future Farmers of America, the National FFA Organization today reaches out to all 50 states, Puerto Rico and the Virgin Islands. FFA is committed to developing character and leadership skills, as well as preparing members for a lifetime of civic leadership and career success.
FFA members are the leaders of tomorrow and dedicated to community service activities. Whether it's working with elementary children or serving as a chapter officer, FFA members make a positive difference on those around them. They are successoriented students who are driven to achieve their goals. FFA builds leaders, and leaders impact the future.
FFA members have opportunities to attend national leadership conferences, start their own businesses, and apply for awards and scholarships. Through classroom instruction and hands-on learning, agricultural education and FFA are making a positive difference in the lives of students.
FFA members are our future engineers, scientists, teachers and producers. One of every five Americans is employed in the food, fiber and natural resources industries, and FFA members are preparing for one of those 300 careers in agriculture.
National FFA Week is sponsored by Tractor Supply Company and Carhartt as a special project of the National FFA Foundation. For more information about National FFA Week, visit www.ffa.org/ffaweek.
Tags: ffa, news, farm, agriculture, life


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Wait, Later This Will Be Nothing: Editions by Dieter Roth
February 17–June 24, 2013
Between 1961 and 1970 Roth created about fifty "literature sausages." To make each sausage Roth followed a traditional recipe, but with one crucial twist: where the recipe called for ground pork, veal, or beef, he substituted a ground-up book or magazine. Roth mixed the ground-up texts with fat, gelatin, water, and spices before stuffing them into sausage casings. The source materials include work by authors and periodicals that the artist either envied or despised; they run the gamut from lowbrow illustrated tabloids to well-regarded contemporary German novels to the works of Karl Marx and the influential nineteenth-century philosopher Georg Wilhelm Friedrich Hegel.
If you are interested in reproducing images from The Museum of Modern Art web site, please visit the Image Permissions page (www.moma.org/permissions). For additional information about using content from MoMA.org, please visit About this Site (www.moma.org/site).
© Copyright 2011 The Museum of Modern Art


text:
Bobbi Brown Gel Eyeliner
1054 reviews
81% would repurchase
Package Quality: 4.1
Price: $$$
Package Quality: 4.1
Price: $$$
INGREDIENTSBOBBI BROWN LONG-WEAR GEL EYELINER INGREDIENTS (2010): isododecane - cyclopentasiloxane - polyethylene - trimethylsiloxysilicate - disteardimonium hectorite - propylene carbonate - lecithin - phenyl trimethicone - hydrogenated polyisobutene - methicone - barium sulfate - bht - phenoxyethanol [ /- iron oxides (ci 77491, ci 77492, ci 77499) - mica - titanium dioxide (ci 77891) - blue 1 lake (ci 42090) - carmine (ci 75470) - chromium oxide greens (ci 77288) - manganese violet (ci 77742) - yellow 5 lake (ci 19140) - chromium hydroxide green (ci 77289) - bismuth oxychloride (ci 77163) - ultramarines (ci 77007) - ferric ferrocyanide (ci 77510)]
on 10/27/2013 9:24:00 PM
Age: 36-43
Skin: Normal, Fair, Not Sure
Hair: Blond, Other, Other
Eyes: Blue
I read the reviews on this site about the Bobbi Brown gel eyeliner and I knew I had to try it. I used to use Lancome Artliner pens with mixed success. I prefer liquid liner to pencil because it goes on better (I always have trouble with pencils "tugging" on my lids) and it lasts longer. However, I had a really hard time putting the Artliner on straight. Eventually I got so-so at applying it. Well, they all finally ran out and I needed to get some new eyeliner. I bought the gel liner in Sepia Ink and LOVED it the first time I put it on! I also purchased the Ultra Fine brush from BB and it works for me very well. The eyeliner goes on very easily and looks great without a lot of painstaking concentration like I needed with the Artliner. The best thing is that is lasts all day without fading, sliding around the eyelid, or flaking off. I immediately purchased the Cobalt Ink, Granite Ink and Violet Ink after trying and loving my first one, Sepia. I highly recommend this product and will buy it again. However, the amount of eyeliner in each pot will likely last for a REALLY LONG time, so I don't know when I'll need to replace it! This makes the $18 price tag more worth it, you are likely to not need to replace it for a year if not longer.
on 10/17/2013 4:20:00 AM
Age: 19-24
Skin: Acne-prone, Fair, Neutral
Hair: Red, Other, Other
Eyes: Blue
Honestly, I don't think this lives up to the hype. For the price, it just isn't worth it in my opinion. It's basically the same as the Maybelline gel eyeliner which is quite a bit cheaper. I was really excited to try this but it just was nothing special, really. I think I'll be returning this.
on 8/24/2013 10:30:00 PM
Age: 30-35
Skin: Combination, Fair-Medium, Not Sure
Hair: Black, Other, Other
Eyes: Black
The best eyeliner that doesn't smudge even in tropical weather. How and where to apply is also important depending on your eye shape. Out of all the eye lining product, this one is so far the best for me
on 8/24/2013 7:30:00 AM
Age: 36-43
Skin: Normal, Fair-Medium, Not Sure
Hair: Brunette, Wavy, Fine
Eyes: Brown
I have tried Black Ink several times and it always tranfers to under my eye on me. I have used other liners with no issues doing all things the same. I am a fan of BB, but not these. I much prefer to use her long wear cream e/s as liners. Beach Bronze is my favorite for this.
on 8/20/2013 7:44:00 AM
Age: 18 & Under
Skin: Combination, Olive, Not Sure
Hair: Black, Straight, Medium
Eyes: Brown
This eyeliner was so terrible for me. Had extremely high hopes because of the price tag which was 35AUD and am sorely disappointed. The liner always transfers onto under my eyes within the HOUR. Whatever I do, setting sticky concealer, putting translucent powder, putting black eyeshadow on it to set it and priming my lids have proved futile. The eyeliner also went hard after a few months even though I had always closed the lid tightly.
on 8/9/2013 12:36:00 AM
Age: 25-29
Skin: Acne-prone, Tan, Not Sure
Hair: Brown, Other, Other
Eyes: Brown
Bought this when I was in Singapore and man the price was just too much! But i gotta try this stuff! Compared to Mac fluid liner the BB's staying power is much better (with or without setting it with an eyeshadow) even if you have oily lids , even after a couple of hours the product is still intact it doesnt smudge around like crazy that youll end up having a racoon eye hahaha.
Will i buy again? maybe not I think this product will take forever before it runs out.
on 8/7/2013 11:45:00 AM
Age: 36-43
Skin: Sensitive, Fair, Cool
Hair: Black, Wavy, Medium
Eyes: Brown
Gorgeous. Fantastically easy to apply, lasts really really well and looks glamorous without looking harsh.
Bought this on a whim in Singapore (feeling jetlagged and highly unglamorous). I got it in Espresso Ink which is a nice non-black black. Though I have dark eyes and dark hair, I often find actual black is a bit jarring for daytime.
I bought the Bobbi Eyeliner brush, too, which I love.
I must say, am very, very impresssed. I imagine the little pot will last for ages, too.
The only minus I can think of is the palaver it is to open the pot, put the lid down, get out the brush, calmly paint a line.... etc. Maybe I should just slow down in the mornings and not blame my lateness on eyeliner!!!
on 8/4/2013 2:03:00 PM
Age: 25-29
Skin: Combination, Olive, Not Sure
Hair: Brunette, Other, Other
Eyes: Green
I'm only 27, but have really heavy eyelids due to genetics. Because of this combined with my oily skin I have a *really* hard time finding any eye makeup that will stay on for me. Even professional makeup artists who have done my makeup for events claim they know what will do the trick...only to have my makeup disappear 3 hours later.
This gel liner is perfect for that smokey eye since the creamy consistency is easy to smudge and it really does do a good job as far as staying in place goes.
Because of my skin/heavy eyelids it still doesn't stay in place for me all day, but I'm sure it would for anyone else. Some tips I've discovered though to increase the amount of time it does stay:
-use a primer. i use mac paint pots
-put powder shadow on the area where you want the liner to go...this has been the trick for me that works best. i guess it gives the gel more to adhere to
-if you're going to smudge it, let it sit for maybe 10-20 seconds so that it can begin to set first
And last, I will say that this stuff lasts for a REALLY long time and doesn't dry out at all. Would definitely recommend.
on 7/17/2013 1:17:00 AM
Age: 18 & Under
Skin: Dry, Fair-Medium, Not Sure
Hair: Brunette, Other, Other
Eyes: Brown
I got this in the color Espresso Ink while I was at Sephora getting my makeup done for prom and I was SO excited! I'd heard really good things about not only this eyeliner, but Bobbi Brown in general and I was really excited to try a "higher end" product (as opposed to my old Maybelline Gel Eyeliner).
It's amazing, definitely better than the Maybelline Gel Eyeliner! The dark brown color is perfect for a dark but more subtle look than say the black eyeliner. I use this eyeliner as both an eyeliner, AND to fill in my eyebrows. It's the perfect match and it stays for most of the day. Obviously if you're sweating bullets its bound to wear off a little, but I've been able to wear it all day on a day that I've gone hiking, swimming, biking, and to work with only minor (probably unnecessary tbh) touch-ups. I've found that the texture is really sleek and easy to apply, and definitely won't tug on your eyelids. I use an angled eyeliner brush to apply this and it isn't hard at all.
The price is o.k. -- like I definitely would buy it because its worth it, but it did take me a while to convince myself to buy this. The packaging is standard, similar to what the packaging is for most eyeliners but does not come with a little brush like the Maybelline one does. This wasn't really an issue for me though. Definitely something worth trying!
**I am also a contact wearer and this did not irritate my eyes in ANY way!**
on 7/8/2013 4:21:00 PM
Age: 44-55
Skin: Sensitive, Fair-Medium, Cool
Hair: Brown, Curly, Medium
Eyes: Black
This is the first ever eyeliner I used. I was always afraid to get it wrong, as eyeliner badly applied looks awful. I liked the idea of a gel, as it seemed more manageable than a liquid product.
Besides, there were many shades to choose from and I selected chocolate brown, as black looks too harsh. I was surprised by the ease of use. It is impossible to get it wrong as you can start with a light line and build on it, or leave it light. I love the chocolate shade and since I do not use it every day, it will last a long time.
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Political Studies
At the heart of this concentration lie questions about the nature and meaning of politics and power; the actions of, and relations among and between, individuals, groups, and institutions; systems, structures, societies, and the conflicts that beset and vitalize them. The concentration also raises questions about the origins and intersections of various systems of power and subjectivity. It explores the philosophies, theories, and enactments of law and governance, and makes central the struggles between ideals and human actions to attain them. The concentration seeks to politicize the very question of epistemology and method, and thus encourages a plurality of approaches to social and political inquiry and action.
In order to moderate into the political studies concentration, students will devise a multidisciplinary program of study that addresses their interests and proclivities with suggested courses and/or desired areas of coverage, and also furnishes multiple and global perspectives. Exposure to at least two subfields of political science from among political theory, law, American politics, and international comparative politics is necessary. In determining particular emphases of their BA program in the political studies concentration, students will opt for one of two streams: Law, Policy, Society; and Politics, Ethics, Aesthetics. General requirements, along with specific areas of inquiry and their suggested aggregations are discussed below. Since the range of courses applicable to the core and elective areas of inquiry is wide and varied, the faculty contact shall advise on which courses fulfill the requirements of the various areas of inquiry.
Concentration Requirements
At least seven courses for a minimum of 24 credits are required; at least three of these courses must be at the 300-level. No more than four courses may be in one discipline.
The core areas of inquiry correspond to the disciplinary sub-divisions of political science. Students are advised that core courses be taken from among our politics offerings.
The elective areas of inquiry pertaining to the two streams delineated below constellate questions that have broad interdisciplinary reach, allowing courses from various disciplines and divisions to count toward the concentration conceived as a whole. Students are required to take courses to satisfy the listed categories and areas of study. As long as students cover the required area(s), they must not limit themselves to the examples of course listed below, or those solely in the politics curriculum. This necessitates that students and faculty collaborate substantially in determining programs of study.
Students contemplating this concentration are expected to take one or two foundational courses in politics and other disciplines within the social sciences in the first two years.
The overall program of study must feature at least one course in history, history of the discipline, or art history (200-level or above).
The program must feature at least one course in research methods or methodology, understood broadly.
Core Areas of Inquiry
One core course each must be taken in two of the following areas:
American Law and Government (e.g., Politics 226 American Idol: Experiments in American Political Thought; Politics 207 Comparative Politics: Focus on the U.S.)
Comparative and International Politics (e.g., Politics 206 Seminar in Comparative Politics; Politics 326 Politics by Other Means II: Citizens, Soldiers, Revolutionaries)
Political Theory (e.g., Politics 100 Introduction to Politics; Politics 225 Modern Political Ideologies)
As noted above, students will opt for one of the two elective streams, Law, Policy, Society and Politics, Ethics, Aesthetics. They will take four courses to fulfill the requirements of their stream. Students may, in consultation with faculty contact(s), elect to integrate the streams.
Law, Policy, Society
Law, Policy, Society raises questions about how various systems of power and control succeed or fail, the mechanisms through which they are manifested, and the standards by which they should be evaluated. It seeks to understand the relationship between the modern state and its institutions; political philosophies and theories of law and justice; and the social and political meaning of these abstractions as they function in particular regimes and communities. It also explores how, in a global world, social movements, economic development, and changing cultural values affect the theory and practice of law and politics. The stream thus engages various empirical, experiential, historical, and conceptual viewpoints, addressing the manifestations of politics in public life, governmental regimes, legal structures, policy reform, and local and global issues of geo-politics and economics. Students take a course each in two of these areas of inquiry:
Institutions and Institutional Change (e.g., Psychology 306 Conflict and Conflict Resolution; Geography 326 Modern China from the Margins: Class, Gender, Ethnicity and the Nation State)
Legal Studies (e.g., Politics 318 Critical Legal Studies; Philosophy 227 Biomedical Ethics)
Policy and Strategy (e.g., Politics 325 Politics by Other Means I: Social Movements and Political Action; Geography 226 Globalization and Community Ecology)
Please consult faculty contact while discerning which courses would apply to these areas.
In addition, two electives are required, from any discipline or division, focusing on geographic areas or specific historical and political events cognate with the student's course of study.
Politics, Ethics, Aesthetics
Politics, Ethics, Aesthetics deals with the foundations of politics, the history of principles, concepts, and discourses, and the form and content of politics as a realm of human existence and judgment that relates to other realms of existence and judgment, such as ethics and aesthetics. In focusing on the conjunction of these realms as they create and sustain life-worlds, it spans issues of the production of knowledge, values, meaning, action, and human experience itself, thus centering practices and attitudes of ordinary life.Students take one course in each of these two areas of inquiry:
History of Ideas (e.g., Politics 328 The Democratic Imagination; Philosophy 231 Islamic Philosophy)
Perspectives on Political Culture, Experience, and Practice (e.g., Politics 215 Colonial Loves: Cultural Politics, Colonialism and After; Anthropology 317 Subjects and Objects: Experiences with Material Culture)
Please consult faculty contact while discerning which courses would fall within these areas. In addition, two electives are required, from outside of the social sciences, in the following areas: Literary studies; art history; environmental studies; theories and technologies of studio, performance, and media arts; and science and society studies.
Recent Senior Theses
"Labyrinths of the Object: The Strange Case of Nietzsche's Wagner"
"Lands on the Edge of Land: Imagining Jewish Peoplehood and Attachment to Israel"
"The Legacy and Ideology of American Copyright Law"
"Implications of the Case of the Republic of Korea for Civil-Military Relations Theory"
"La Lucha Sigue: The Movement for a People's Government in Oaxaca, Mexico"
"Enlightened Partitions: Political Liberalism and the Foreclosing of a United India"
"Woman's Body, Modern War: Forming the Feminine in the Age of Industry"
"The Town Hall and Democracy: Explorations of American Fantasies, Dreams, and Emotions of a Political Space"
"Health Care Reform in the Welfare State: A Case Study of Contemporary American Liberalism in the Patient"
"Protection and Affordable Care Act"
"Un-Nailin' Palin: The Making and Unmaking of a Woman in Politics"
Asma Abbas, Nancy Bonvillain, Brian Conolly, Barbara Resnik, Bernard Rodgers, Larry Wallach, Nancy Yanoshak
Faculty Contact: Asma Abbas


text: Info Search results 52 items matching your search terms. Filter the results. Item type Select All/None Collection Page Event File Folder Form Folder Image Link News Item Collection New items since Yesterday Last week Last month Ever Sort by relevance · date (newest first) · alphabetically Carmen Williams Basic reproductive biology of early mammalian embryogenesis, epigenetics, and how the environment impacts reproduction. Located in About Us / Curriculum Member Profiles Elizabeth Wilson Mechanisms of androgen receptor (AR) regulation of gene transcription and cell proliferation in the human male and female reproductive tracts Located in About Us / Curriculum Member Profiles « Previous 10 items 1 ... 3 4 5 [6]


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