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Ordinances Targeting the Homeless
Anti-Homeless Municipal Ordinances
Municipal Ordinances Targeting the Homeless
Demonstration in Downtown Portland
City Ordinances regulating access to public space, regulating the range of people who may enjoy such access and determining how they shall enjoy said space have a long history in the United States of America. The enforcement of said ordinances is often not uniform. In fact, many have deemed enforcement of ordiannces such as those against panhandling as discriminatory, in practice, and in some cases said enforcement represents substantial intrusion upon the First Amendment right to free speech of the citizenry. Ordinances against panhandling or aggressive solicitation, loitering, disorderly conduct, camping and congregating in public are some of the more common types of ordinance which disproportionately impact the homeless in the United States.
Ades, Paul. "The Unconstitutionality of Antihomeless Laws: Ordinances Prohibiting Sleeping in Outdoor Public Areas as a Violation of the Right to Travel." California Law Review 77.3 (1989): 595.
On June 4, 1987, in response to repeated complaints from neighborhood businesses and residents, forty Los Angeles police officers swept through the city's skid row areas to remove homeless individuals from the streets.2 Hundreds of homeless people were forced to abandon their makeshift shelters because they were violating a previously unenforced ordinance prohibiting sleeping on a street, sidewalk, or other public way. The police tossed personal possessions into the street and threatened to arrest those homeless people who refused to move or accept housing vouchers. Many cities have ordinances that similarly prohibit sleeping in certain public areas.5 Indeed, many municipalities, including Dallas, Texas6 and St. Petersburg, Florida, have recently adopted or begun vigorously enforcing broadly written ordinances that prohibit outdoor sleeping in all public areas. For instance, in Santa Barbara, California, police officers enforcing a city ordinance prohibiting public sleeping9wrote over 1,000 citations during 1985 and the first half of 1986.
Beckett, Katherine and Steve Herbert, "Dealing with disorder.", Theoretical Criminology 2008; 12; 5
Over the past two decades, municipal governments across the United States have adopted novel social control techniques including off-limits orders, parks exclusion laws, and other applications of trespass law. These new tools are used to exclude the socially marginal from contested public spaces. These new social control techniques fuse criminal and civil legal authority and are touted as 'alternatives' to arrest and incarceration. Ironically, these new techniques nonetheless increase the number of behaviors and people defined as criminal and subject to formal social control. This article describes these legal innovations and considers their origins and theoretical implications. We argue that recognition of law's constitutive effects helps to explain the origins and nature of the urban social control innovations described here.
Bella, Christine L., and David L. Lopez. "Quality of Life--At What Price? Constitutional Challenges to Laws Adversely Impacting the Homeless." Journal of Civil Rights and Economic Development 10.1 (2012): 6.
Communities nationwide are rethinking their approach to combating crime. Citizens overwhelmed by crime have demanded that the federal government assist them in their struggle to reclaim city streets and neighborhoods.2 In response to the public's outcry, Congress reacted with legislation including the federal crime bill and gun control laws. Citizens hope federal legislation will benefit their neighborhoods by providing safer streets, parks, schools, and a greater police presence. These federal endeavors bolster community efforts to combat crime by providing funding for, and emphasizing the enforcement of, laws on the local level. The public's call for ways to halt the ever-increasing cycle of social disorder has spurred a recent resurgence in "quality-of-life" laws.v Politicians and lawmakers center their campaigns around promises of law enforcement programs intended to attack quality of- life violations. These efforts have ranged from the enforcement of noncontroversial ordinances regulating such conduct as littering and excessive noisemaking, to regulations that essentially "criminalize" the often involuntary state of homelessness.
Berenson, Jacqueline A., and Paul S. Appelbaum. "A geospatial analysis of the impact of sex offender residency restrictions in two new york counties." Law and human behavior 35.3 (2011): 235-246.
The efficacy of sex offender residence restriction laws in enhancing public safety is controversial and further complicated by evidence that adverse collateral effects may negate or even outweigh whatever benefits they achieve. Based on the theory of ''distance decay'' that postulates that offenders are more likely to recidivate closer to home, the statutes seek to distance offenders from potential child victims. However, to the extent that such statutes preclude residence in large portions of covered jurisdictions, it has been argued that they contribute to social instability, relegation of offenders to rural or undesirable locations, and even homelessness. A small number of studies have demonstrated the impact of restrictions on residential availability and compliance with the laws, but methodologic issues make it difficult to compare findings
Casper-Futterman, Evan. "The Operation was Successful but the Patient Died: The Politics of Crisis and Homelessness in Post-Katrina New Orleans." (2011) University of New Orleans Theses and Dissertations. Paper 1368.
I arrived in New Orleans on June 21st, 2007. I spent my first two nights in a gutted house in the Lower 9th ward in which flying cockroaches outnumbered volunteers by a factor of around 5:1. I was then provided the respite of a vacant FEMA trailer. After one night of inhaling the noxious fumes, I was luckily transferred to a series of closets and cabinets for the six months of my term as a volunteer. I mention this because it helps explain why on July 4th, 2007 I made the (otherwise inexplicable) decision to sleep outdoors on a concrete gazebo with several people I had known for less than two weeks: the alternatives were not much more inviting. The night that I spent in the Duncan Plaza gazebo began a transformative period for me. Through my involvement with Homeless Pride and the Duncan Plaza encampment over the next six months, I met people who continue to be among my closest friends and colleagues in New Orleans: Endesha Juakali, Luisa Dantas, Micheal Boedigheimer, and Lydia Pelot-Hobbs.
Charles, Jamie Michael, ""America's Lost Cause": The Unconstitutionalisty of Criminalizing our Country's Homeless Population." Public Interest Law Journal 18: 315.
Everything that is done has to be done somewhere. This truism holds special meaning for the homeless, who lack private property on which to conduct certain necessities of life such as sleeping, and instead must engage in these activities on public lands. Unfortunately, recent trends in criminalizing homelessness have left these individuals with no place to conduct their daily activities without fear of persecution and abuse. Many of the new ordinances result in the forced migration of the homeless, and are proliferating with virus-like speed as cities attempt to divert those displaced by other towns from their communities. As a result, many homeless individuals are left with no option but to risk imprisonment while carrying out the daily activities necessary for their survival. Anti-homeless ordinances take many different forms. Some ban sleeping or camping on public lands, while others restrict the ability of the homeless to solicit donations or occupy sidewalks in urban centers. Certain cities have even criminalized attempts by charitable organizations to house and clothe the homeless. In addition to imposing civil fines for transgressions, these ordinances commonly permit criminal penalties such as incarceration for up to six months. Opponents have repeatedly challenged the constitutionality of these measures in courts across the United States. However, despite occasional opinions favoring the minority, the prevailing mood on the part of the judiciary appears to be one of indifference to the homeless' plight; judges choose not to find anti-homeless ordinances unconstitutional when such a finding would be well within their discretion.
Collins, Damian, and Nicholas Blomley. "Private needs and public space: Politics, poverty and anti-panhandling by-laws in Canadian cities." New perspectives on the public–private divide (2003): 40-67.
Panhandling – the act of begging for money and other things of value – closely resembles an economic or "market" activity of the sort that has occupied the heart of the private realm within much liberal thought. It shares many of the characteristics of commercial advertising, requests for charitable donations, and street theatre.1 Yet, in the context of Canadian cities, this act has increasingly become subject to prohibitive public regulation in the form of by-laws restricting when, where, and how it can occur. This essay asks why such regulation is occurring. The widespread adoption of anti-panhandling by-laws can be interpreted as part of the purification of public space in North America – a trend that has entailed the removal of the poor and homeless from public view. In the United States, municipal regulations outlawing camping, sleeping, begging, sitting, and "loitering" in public space have proliferated. In Canada, citylawmakers and the representatives of local capital have focused on circumscribing panhandling and the behaviour of "squeegee kids."
Delmonico, Darryl C., "Aggressive Panhandling Legislation and the Constitution: Evisceration of Fundamental Rights-—Or Valid Restrictions Upon Offensive Conduct?." Hastings Constitutional Law Quarterly, Vol 23:557, Winter, 1996
Dylan, Bob. "We Can Do Better: Anti-Homeless Ordinances as Violations of State Substantive Due Process Law." Vanderbilt Law Review, 59.4: 1413.
In September of 2004, a group of local business owners and professionals in Nashville, Tennessee, together with the Nashville Downtown Partnership, a local downtown improvement organization, submitted a plan to the Metro Council that proposed making it illegal to panhandle in the busiest areas of the city. Advocates of the proposed legislation argued that panhandlers "harass tourists and customers and make the city less appealing." Opponents viewed the proposal as nothing more than an attempt to force the homeless out of the city. The Nashville plan is patterned after the measures that several major American cities—including Philadelphia, Denver, and Seattle—have adopted in an attempt to deal with the epidemic of homelessness that has swept the nation in recent years.
Hafetz, L. "Homeless Legal Advocacy: New Challenges and Directions for the Future." Fordham Urban Law Journal 30.3 (2003): 1215.
This Article examines the role of lawyers for homeless people. It argues that while even the most zealous legal advocacy cannot alone solve homelessness, it remains an important tool because of the assistance it provides to individuals, its impact on broader legal rules, and its potential role in shaping public perception and debate. The Article also maintains that legal advocacy works best when combined with a holistic approach that addresses homeless clients' non-legal needs, such as housing placement, case management, medical and psychiatric care, job training, and substance abuse counseling. It further argues that, to the extent possible, lawyers for homeless people should focus their efforts and resources around those areas that research and experience have identified as the leading causes of homelessness and the most open to solutions.
Herz, Rick, and Tamar Hagler. No Homeless People Allowed: A Report on Anti-homeless Laws, Litigation and Alternatives in 49 United States Cities. DIANE Publishing, 1994.
Jain, Priyanka. "Limited Right to City: The Changing Meaning of Public Space." (2012).
The central question of this thesis, as the title indicates, is to question the changing meaning of public space. But, it also about measuring the constitutive role of regulations embedded in the property of public space in the functioning of marginal groups. I believe that the former is connected to the latter. The people whose rights are adversely affected by regulations around public property are marginal groups (homeless, day laborers, etc.). The changes in urban planning practices that expand the opportunities and functioning of marginal groups can thus be one of the major forces in reducing the systematic deprivation of these groups. Through the case of Homeless "Agency" and Day labor "Agency," I will examine the evidence that exemplifies cooperative approach of organization in public space rather than coercive.
Leckerman, Jason, "City of Brotherly Love?: Using the Fourteenth Amendment to Strike Down an Anti-Homeless Ordinance in Philadelphia., Journal of Constitutional Law, Feb., 2001
As the nation continues to experience unprecedented economic growth, the unemployment rate sits at the lowest level in thirty years, and the stock market remains at a record level, 750,000 people are homeless each night. At any given time, at least 230,000 people use shelters and soup kitchens. Low-wage income earners are increasingly "being priced out of the housing market as rents rise." For every one hundred households at or below thirty percent of the average household's median income, there were only thirty-sLx units both affordable and available for rent. In the City of Brotherly Love, Philadelphia, this scenario is no different. While the city's economy" and reputation'2 continue to improve, the impoverished of the city remain in dire straits. Approximately 351,000 Philadelphians, a number larger than the total population of Pittsburgh, live under the federal poverty level." On any single night in October 1999, more than 350 people slept on the city's streets between midnight and 4 a.m., and "[t]hat doesn't include all areas of the city or abandoned buildings." This situation has created tension between businesses and the homeless in the could not meet twenty-six percent of requests for emergency shelter in 199S.
Leipold, Andrew D., Targeted Loitering Laws, Journal of Constitutional Law Vol 3:1, Feb. 2001
One of the enduring tensions in law enforcement is between the need to keep public areas clear of annoying, unnerving, and potentially dangerous people and the right to gather, converse, and idle. Attempts to resolve this tension have often taken the form of "street sweeping" statutes-loitering and vagrancy laws that prohibit certain behavior that falls short of traditional criminal conduct. Although these statutes were and are common, attempts to enforce them occasionally founder, as courts are prone to find the most extreme of these laws unconstitutionally vague.' Recently the City of Chicago thought it had struck a proper balance between being specific about the prohibited behavior while still giving the police enough discretion to handle the problem. In 1992 it passed an ordinance prohibiting "criminal street gang members" from "loitering" (defined as "remain[ing] in any one place for no apparent purpose") in public with each other or with non-gang members. If a police officer observed gang members loitering, she had the authority to order the group to disperse and the individuals to remove themselves from the area." Failure to follow the officer's command was an arrestable offense, for which the offender could be fined, imprisoned for up to six months, and required to perform community service.3 In an effort to further narrow the ordinance's reach, the police department developed guidelines to limit officers' enforcement discretion. Under the guidelines, only police officerswho specialized in gang activity could order the dispersal, and criteria were developed to help define what was meant by a "criminal street gang." The ordinance also was to be enforced only in certain areas, where the presence of gangs had a demonstrated effect on the quality of the neighborhood.
Leoussis, Fay. "New Constitutional Right to Beg--Is Begging Really Protected Speech, The." . Louis U. Pub. L. Rev. 14 (1994): 529.
The First Amendment, ratified in 1791, proscribes the government from "abridging the freedom of speech" of its citizens.1 The interpretation of that simple phrase spans thousands of pages. The United States Supreme Court, the ultimate arbiter of the meaning of the clause hi its myriad applications, has created various categories of speech and has assessed the constitutionality of government regulations of speech in the context of the category within which a particular type of speech falls. The closer the speech is to the core of the First Amendment's purpose, that is, to empower citizens to speak freely on political and social issues, then the greater is the degree of judicial scrutiny that must be applied to the regulation.
Liu, Tsz Kiu. "San Francisco's Sit/Lie Ordinance: Perceptions, Realities, and Desires." (2012).
San Franciscans in the 2010 election voted for Proposition L, the Sit/Lie Ordinance, which prohibits sitting or lying on sidewalks citywide from 7am to 11pm. This thesis will study the consequences of the new law. Considered having one of the largest homeless populations in the country, San Francisco recently adopted the law which is widely seen as anti-homeless. The author is interested in how the homeless and various community-based organizations that have long advocated for the rights of the homeless respond to the measure. This is an important issue, not only in San Francisco but many other cities in the U.S., as it defines who the "public" is in public space. This study aims to use empirical research to answer the question of how the right to the city is contested in the use of public space by the homeless. This paper hypothesizes that the homeless and their advocates continue to resist the ordinance and try different ways to reclaim their use of public space since public space is a dynamic – rather than fixed – venue open for struggles.
Martinez, Arianna. The politics of Latino belonging: law, scale, & identity in municipal anti-immigrant ordinances in the United States. Diss. Rutgers The State University of New Jersey, 2011.
Since 2006 approximately 60 municipalities across the United States have either proposed and/or enacted a city ordinance known as the Illegal Immigration Relief Act (IIRA). This policy trend is the focus of my dissertation. The IIRA penalizes employers and landlords who hire or rent to unauthorized-immigrants. Ordinance proponents admit the objective is to drive-out "illegal aliens." Ultimately, the Illegal Immigration Relief Act mainly targets Caribbean, Central American, South American and Mexican immigrant communities, criminalizing their survival, by annihilating access to the public and private spaces necessary to survive. The IIRA is one powerful local policy mechanism used to territorialize space, segregate communities, and create boundaries of belonging.
Meares, Tracey L., and Dan M. Kahan. "The Coming Crisis of Criminal Procedure.", 86 Georgetown Law Journal 1153 (1998).
Constitutional doctrines have life cycles. They are born of practical need, flourish in an atmosphere of general utility, and decline as changing conditions drain them of their vitality. When the contradiction between a doctrine and social necessity finally becomes too intense to be endured, the doctrine expires-sometimes peacefully, sometimes convulsively-and is superseded by another doctrine that is fated to enjoy the same career.
Our purpose in this article is to anticipate the imminent death of certain prominent doctrines of criminal procedure. These doctrines-in particular, the constitutional standards used to evaluate discretionary community policing- have outlived their utility. It's now time to construct a new criminal procedure, one uniquely fitted to the conditions that currently characterize American social and political life and that are likely to characterize it into the foreseeable future.
Mitchell, Don. "The Annihilation of Space by Law: The Roots and Implications of Anti-homeless Laws in the United States."
"Globalization" is a powerful ideology. The popular media are enthralled with the idea. Space, it seems from reading the papers and watching the news, has simply ceased to exist. [. . .] Yet as a number of geographers have shown [. . .] globalization is in fact not predicated on the "annihilation of space by time," no matter how evocative that metaphor may be, but rather on the constant production and reproduction of certain kinds of spaces. For capital to be free, it must also be fixed in place. [. . .] Not just at the global scale, but in all the locations that capital does business, perpetual attempts to stave of crisis by speeding up the circulation of capital lead to a constant reconfiguration of productive relations (and productive spaces). Together these trends –toward rapid turnover, and toward the concomitant appearance of globalization – create a great deal of instability for those whose investments lie in fixed capital, especially the fixed capital of the built environment. While capital could never exist without some degree of fixity – in machines and buildings, in roads and parks – the very unevenness of capital mobility lends to places an increasing degree of uncertainty.
Prather, Sarah McKenzie. "The Criminalization of homelessness.", University of Las Vegas, Nevada (UNLV), Spring, 2010.
The current study is an analysis of the problem of homelessness in Americansociety today. It focuses on the demographic characteristics of the homeless in addition to some of the contributing factors that explain homelessness. Of particular concern is how the criminal justice system responds to homelessness, including the criminalization and stigmatization of homeless individuals and the implications of such a response. The data used in this study come from a recent survey conducted in a jail setting in a northwest city. The present study compares those who have been homeless at one time or another and those who have never been homeless. More specifically, this study explores the relationship between homelessness, incarceration, prior criminal history, employment and other important factors that may increase the likelihood receiving a jail sentence and the severity of that sentence.
Sade'Anderson, Daphney Chery. "Homelessness and Car Parks.", Rutgers University, 2001
Our goal is to find out how we can implement a parking lot for homeless people here in Central New Jersey where they can feel safe and secure while in their cars sleeping at night. We realized that cars are the only thing some people have left besides their pride and maybe their employment. However, with their employment, they cannot possibly afford housing on their own without some assistance. Some of these homeless people probably only get paid minimum wage, and they cannot live comfortably on that salary. They usually have a gym membership where they can drive in the morning or at night to bathe and shower. The car parks are our solution to this homelessness situation and we did the best we can to lend a helping hand to those in need.
Scott, Michael S. "The Problem of Panhandling." POP Center Guide, 2012
The guide begins by describing the panhandling problem and reviewing factors that contribute to it. It then identifies a series of questions that might help you in analyzing your local problem. Finally, it reviews responses to the problem, and what is known about those responses from evaluative research and police practice. Generally, there are two types of panhandling: passive and aggressive. Passive panhandling is soliciting without threat or menace, often without any words exchanged at all—just a cup or a hand held out. Aggressive panhandling is soliciting coercively, with actual or implied threats, or menacing actions. If a panhandler uses physical force or extremely aggressive actions, the panhandling may constitute robbery. Isolated incidents of passive panhandling are usually a low police priority.1 In many jurisdictions, panhandling is not even illegal. Even where it is illegal, police usually tolerate passive panhandling, for both legal and practical reasons.2 Courts in some jurisdictions have ruled that passive panhandling is constitutionally protected activity. Police can reasonably conclude that, absent citizen complaints, their time is better spent addressing more serious problems. Whether panhandling and other forms of street disorder cause or contribute to more serious crime—the broken windows thesis—is hotly debated, but the debate is as yet unsettled.3 Panhandling becomes a higher police priority when it becomes aggressive or so pervasive that its cumulative effect, even when done passively, is to make passersby apprehensive.4 Panhandling is of greater concern to merchants who worry that their customers will be discouraged from patronizing their business. Merchants are most likely to call police when panhandling disrupts their commerce
Staeheli, Lynn A. "Political geography: democracy and the disorderly public." Progress in Human Geography 34.1 (2010): 67-78.
This progress report reviews recent research on the role that disorder plays in fostering democracy. Disorder can be a powerful tool in fostering democracy because it highlights the confl icts,the agonism, that are inherent democratic politics. More than a form of government or a set of outcomes, democracy can be conceptualized as a process through which agonism is expressed and action is taken. Yet agonism disrupts what seem to be settled relationships and practices, as new people, voices, and ideas enter the public sphere. Research in political geography has examined material and virtual spaces for public address in which groups struggle to expand, and in some cases reorder, democratic publics.
Stoner, Madeleine R. The civil rights of homeless people: Law, social policy, and social work practice. Aldine, 1995.
Will, Amber. "Beating Down the Lowly: The Criminalization of the Homeless and Alternative Solutions.", Valparaiso University, ValpoScholar, 4-1-2012
In the current economy, the issue of homelessness is increasingly pervading the normal constructs of society. Thousands of men, women, and children struggle to find a place to sleep and enough food to satisfy their hungry stomachs. While many people suffer under these conditions, local governments continue to create new anti-homeless legislation to further eject them out of society. Bans prevent the homeless from urinating, sleeping, camping, and panhandling in public through fines and prison sentences. The laws specifically target the homeless, discriminating against them for actions which are necessary for daily survival. The legal system only further hurts this already destitute population rather than alleviating the problem. Thus, this paper looks at the numerous reports and case studies that evaluate the current criminalizing efforts in order to offer alternative solutions to this social injustice. The accumulating effect of constant segregation and punishment results in a constant cycle of homelessness and the dehumanization of certain citizens. By reevaluating the current trend of criminalization, local governments can actually assist the homeless and provide life changing services rather than contribute to the discrimination. Handcuffing the homeless only exacerbates the social problem plaguing America.


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I have the WPG2 plugin installed and working but I have a client that would like commenter's to be able to insert images from the Gallery2 albums in to their comments. Is there a pluggin out there that already does this?
If there is a pluggin that doesn't use Gallery2 I still might be able to use it for this client.

subset: commoncrawl


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- Overview
- Transcript
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- Adjusting the color settings in Photoshop
- Placing and blending Smart Objects in a scene
- Transforming and warping vector objects
- Correcting for lens distortion
- Mitigating halos and enhancing contrast with Shadows/Highlights
- Adding and editing points on a curve
- Editing multiple images in Camera Raw
- Creating a pro-quality sepia tone or quadtone
- Colorizing with blend modes and opacity
- Reducing and smoothing over noise
- Creating depth-of-field effects with blur
- Selecting with Color Range and Quick Mask
- Perfecting a mask with Refine Edge
- Drawing paths with the Pen tool
- Converting path outlines to vector masks
Skill Level Advanced
In this movie, I will show you how to use the options in the Detail panel here inside Camera Raw to correct a trio of photographs; one low noise, one high noise, and one over the top. Notice this vertical bar over here on the left -hand side of the window. If I double-click on it, I will bring back my filmstrip which shows that I have several images open. If you need more room inside Camera Raw, you can double- click on that vertical bar to hide the filmstrip. I will go ahead and bring it back and I'll switch forward to this image; Roman theater.dng.
It has a low ISO, just 100. And it was shot during the day, so as a result, it's not going to have much noise. What noise there is, is going to be most apparent in the low detail portions of the photograph such as this region of clouds. So, I am going to go ahead and zoom in to 200%. And what I like to do is crank the Amount value up to its absolute maximum, so the noise is as obvious as possible. Next, I am going to take the Luminance value up to 25, and otherwise, I am going to leave the values set to their defaults. So, Luminance Detail: 50, Luminance Contrast: not going to make much of a difference here, Color: 25, and Color Detail: 50.
Now, at this point, you may say, well, there's still a lot of noise visible inside that image. That's because the Detail value is set to 25 by default. I'm going to tell you I always take that value down to 0 because it truly does do a better job of sharpening noise than any of the detail inside of photograph. Now, I'll take the Amount value down to something more reasonable such as 75, and then I will press the Alt key or the Option key on the Mac, and drag that masking slider triangle all the way up to 50. So, once again those white edges will get sharpened. The black regions will not receive any sharpening at all. But they will receive noise reduction. So noise reduction is applied throughout the image.
Now, I am going to scroll up to the top of these columns here. And you'll notice that we have some color fringing along the edges. That's chromatic aberration and it's going to get exaggerated as you raise that Amount value. So, to get rid of it, skip over to Lens Corrections, and then turn on the Remove Chromatic Aberration checkbox and that fringing will disappear. Next, I will advance to Ventura harbor.dng. This is that night shot that started out so very, very dark back in chapter 27. So, as a result, even though it has a low ISO, whenever you expand the shadow information inside of an image, you're going to draw out noise.
So I am going to zoom in on this boat down here in the bottom of the image, and then zoom in on it, so I'm seeing it at 100%. And you should be able to make out, there's just a ton of noise at work inside this image. So, I will switch back over to Detail, and I will go ahead and crank the Luminance value up to its absolute maximum of 100, and then I'll go ahead and zoom in on the image, and you can see, if you look closely here, that we've got some pockmarks of noise. And just to make sure we can see that noise as well as possible, I'll crank the Amount value up to 150. And sure enough, we have these smooth areas that are occasionally populated by regions of noise.
To get rid of those pockmarks, all we need to do is take the Luminance Detail value down to 0, and now, I can demonstrate how well Luminance Contrast can work under these circumstances. So if you take Luminance Detail down, then Luminance Contrast produces a more obvious effect. Check out this shadow right here that's being cast by this blue line. It's barely visible in the image right now. But if I take the Luminance Contrast value all the way up to its maximum, then the shadow becomes more clear, and that's a good thing because that shadow information is not noise, it's real detail. Now, I will take the Luminance Detail value up to a point at which we see more detail inside the image without seeing those patches of noise, and for me, that happens at about 25.
All right. There is a lot of Color Noise inside this image, so I am going to take the Color value up to 75, and finally, I will take the Color Detail value down to 25. Now, you don't have to work with these quarter values, I am just doing so to make it easy to follow along. Now, of course I don't want this Detail value to set to 25 because notice I end up getting these patches of noise around the real details in the photograph. But if I take the value down to 0, then those areas of noise totally disappear. Now, I will press the Alt key or the Option key on the Mac, and drag the Masking slider triangle all the way up to 50 here.
Those white edges will receive the sharpening, the black areas will not. I will go ahead and release my mouse button in order to apply the effect, and then finally, I'll take the Sharpening value down to something more reasonable such as 50. All right. Now I will zoom out to take in the image and you can see that it's just so much smoother than it was before. If I press the P key to turn off the preview, this is the original version of the image, and the noise is even more garish out here in this empty orange region of water. And then, if I press the P key to re-invoke the preview, you see that, that noise almost entirely disappears.
All right. Let's check out a worst-case scenario such as this JPEG image. The noise in this image is most apparent up here in the sky. So, I will go ahead and marquee it, and set my zoom level to 200%. And you can see that we have some very choppy detail indeed along with a massive amount of posterization. Even though this is a colorful region of the image, this is Luminance Noise because, after all, the color is fairly homogeneous. It's all blue. So, I am going to take that Luminance value up to its maximum setting of 100, and crank the Luminance Detail value down to 0.
And we end up smoothing out those choppy So if I press the P key, this is the original sky, and if I press P again, this is the smoother sky. So, we still have posterization, we still have stair-stepping, all that stuff, but it's a lot smoother than it was before. All right. I am going to zoom out a couple of clicks here, and now you can see the unfortunate part of what I've done here is I have made the image look kind of plastic, especially if we check out Colleen's face here. She is definitely over-smooth; so this is the before version and this is the after version.
Now we do need some amount of smoothing in this region but not that much. So I will go ahead and take the Luminance value down to 75, and then I will increase the Luminance Detail value to 50; don't need to worry about Luminance Contrast for this image. And that brings back a lot of detail. Now let's check out the Color Noise which is most obvious here inside Colleen's jacket, and it could be made more obvious still if I take that Amount value up. So I will go ahead and take it up to 150% for now, take the Detail value down to 0. And you can see that in addition to the real sort of purplish blue of the coat, we have all kinds of violet and green and blue noise showing up. There's also this little red spot there.
In an effort to defeat it, I am going to crank that Color value all the way up to 100%, and I'll take Color Detail down to 0. And you can see that all of that noise goes away, even most of that red dot which I would later turn around and fix using the Spot Removal tool. But there is a downside to my extremely high values here. I will go ahead and zoom in on the top of this red scarf. If I press the P key, this is the original version of the scarf right there, so it was previously much more vivid. I will go ahead, and press the P key to turn the Preview back on. We also have a little bit of bleeding right here at the top of the scarf where it's eeking into the coat. We're not going to get rid of that entirely, but we can tone it down a little bit by reducing the Color value to 50, and then taking the Color Detail value up to 100. And that helped solve that problem. It brings back a little bit of saturation in the scarf while leaving the coat nice and smooth.
All right. Finally, I am going to go ahead and zoom out here to take in more of the image at a time, and I will adjust my Sharpening settings by pressing the Alt key, or the Option key on the Mac, and dragging the masking triangle up to 65 I figured for this image. The white edges will get sharpened, the black areas will not, and then I will take the Amount value down to something more reasonable such as 70%. What I'm doing here, it's very important to know, is I'm sharpening in order to account for the softening that's been applied by the Noise Reduction values. And that's how you go about correcting the noise and detail in a few real-world photographs here in Camera Raw.


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NetSafe routinely takes reports of email accounts being compromised after people find their Hotmail, Outlook.com, Yahoo! or Gmail email account has been hacked or hijacked.
In many cases, the account has then been used to send spam, scam or phishing emails to random addresses or to their own contacts list stored in the web-based system.
Those gaining unauthorised access often ask business contacts, friends or family to send money urgently via Western Union or another money transfer service to help the account owner get home from a holiday in the UK or other destination.
Sometimes email account owners can still get access with their own password; other times they need to go through a lengthy recovery process to take back ownership of their email account.
How to recover your webmail account
Most major email providers have online forms that you need to fill out to recover your account, these can be accessed at the links below:
- Gmail Account Recovery Form
- Outlook.com/Hotmail/WindowsLive Account Hijack
- Outlook.com Help Centre
- Yahoo! Account Hijacked
You should remember that providers of free email services have millions of customers and may not provide any support outside of the online recovery forms.
If you rely on always having access to your emails then read on for our security tips for email accounts below.
Prevention is better than cure
Most email or social media accounts are hacked due to one of these common vulnerabilities:
- You did not secure your account with a strong, unique password and a 'dictionary' or 'brute force' attack allowed the hackers quick access;
- Your computer or another device you used to access your emails was infected with malware or a virus or;
- You fell victim to a 'phishing' email, logging in to a fake website that sent your account login details to cybercriminals.
How to prevent your email account from being hacked
If you rely on your email being always accessible, NetSafe advises that you take the following steps to secure your account. And be very cautious about the volume of documents and data you keep stored in your email account, especially if you use a free webmail service that may be very hard to regain access to:
- Use two factor authentication
2 factor or 2FA sounds complex but boosts your security by requiring something you know and something you have. A good way of understanding 'two factor' is your EFTPOS card – you have the plastic card and must know the correct PIN to use it to pay for things.Two factor for email security normally involves linking your email account with a mobile phone number that will receive numeric codes via text message when you try to login or use a new device. You can see what companies support 2FA online.
- Set an alternative or 'recovery' email address
And make sure this email account is secured with a different strong password to avoid 'daisy chaining' or a hacker trying to get access to all your online accounts.
- Only login over a secured connection
Pick an email provider that uses an https:// web address when logging in. Look for a padlock icon in your browser or consider using a browser plugin or extension such as HTTPS Everywhere.
- Don't publish the information you use for your secret or account reminder questions
Any information that you use to authenticate your account recovery or login should not be published online on your Facebook profile or other sites.
- Contact NetSafe if you'd like further help on 0508 NETSAFE or email@example.com.
- If your account has been hacked and used to send spam or scam messages to contacts you can report a computer systems attack to NetSafe online.
- Follow the NetBasics and keep your computer secure
Watch our short online videos about basic computer security. They explain how to keep your PC protected against viruses, how to pick a strong password for every different website you use and how to avoid phishing emails.


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- Report: #1138127
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Complaint Review: Compare the Dalek
Compare the DalekInternet USA
Compare the Dalek aka Dr Who Media No Goods, No Money Internet
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I placed a 12 mth subscription order for dr who magazine from an online retailer, compare the dalek in the amt of 143.21 as a gift on Jan 4,2014. I followed up on both jan 6, 7, and 19 (as of 1/19/14 the subscription had not been sent yet). on 3/8/14 was told that my first issue (which was 2 issues after the one they said they were originally sending) would be sent soon as they switched suppliers and 2 wait another 2 wks before it gets here. on 3/27/14 I asked for a refund for the first time as I still had not rec'd the magazines. on 3/28/14 they said it was returned to sender and asked for my correct address which they already had. at no time did they initiate any contact w/me, I have been the one who has to check in. over the next 2 dys I asked for my money back 5 times which they continue to delay. a wk ago they said the 'refund' guy only came in on Fridays and would do it today 4/4/14. today, 4/4/14, he is out sick by chance and they hope he is back next fri 4/11/14 and my refund is on the top off the list. they then offered to send me a free item from their stock which I kindly rejected-why wait for another item that is not coming. yes, I have my rec't and yes, I have all the emails and no, I haven't any goods to show for my patience.
4/11/14 today dr who media aka compare the dalek informed me that 'alex', their only refund person was out sick again today and has been very sick for the past 2 wks and that my refund is top priority when he returns. since he only comes in on Fridays, I will have to wait yet another wk to see whether he comes in or not. sounds too suspicious to me and I still have no refund. how frustrating and time consuming.
This report was posted on Ripoff Report on 04/11/2014 01:55 PM and is a permanent record located here: http://www.ripoffreport.com/r/Compare-the-Dalek/internet/Compare-the-Dalek-aka-Dr-Who-Media-No-Goods-No-Money-Internet-1138127. The posting time indicated is Arizona local time. Arizona does not observe daylight savings so the post time may be Mountain or Pacific depending on the time of year.
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Pop Music artist Devyn Kelly was on BVTM Friday morning ahead of a performance Saturday at SXSW.
Devyn gave BVTM a sneak peak performance of her upcoming single "Summertime". She talked about her performance this weekend at the Lucky Lounge in Austin for the Coast 2 Coast music showcase.
Event details:
Lucky Lounge
209a W. 5th St.
Austin, TX 78701
Saturday March 15, 2014
Show starts at 8pm.
Tickets can be purchased here:


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My main interest is about Kabbalah which I seriously study since 6 years, and World Religions ( I like to study them, compare them and learn their ... towards me and my neighbours and through this correction process, that Kabbalah calls "Tikkun" and some religions "Karma", finally sense the Beauty
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I am studying kabbalah , I'd consider myself a kabbalist, even though I dislike labels. ... Kabbalah, Bisexual, Transsexual, Transgender, transman, open-minded, brunette, architecture, manly, funny, comedian, enlightenment, silly, goof ball,
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Clemson 16-7, Wake Forest 6-4
WINSTON-SALEM, N.C. - The No. 14 Clemson Tigers totaled 14 hits en route to a victory over Wake Forest at Wake Forest Baseball Park in the second game of a doubleheader Saturday. The Tigers (12-6, 5-1 ACC) swept the doubleheader and won the series 2-1 over the Demon Deacons (13-8, 3-3 ACC).
Clemson built a 5-0 lead, highlighted by Tyler Krieger's two-run homer, his first career long ball, in the top of the sixth inning. The Demon Deacons rallied with four runs in the bottom of the sixth inning before Clemson widened its lead with two runs in the seventh.
Starter Jake Long (2-0) earned the win in 5.1 innings pitched. He gave up three hits, four runs (three earned), and three walks with four strikeouts, while Matt Campbell recorded his third save of the season. Wake Forest starter Connor Kaden (1-2) suffered the loss.
Clemson jumped out to a 9-1 lead in the fifth inning and held on for a victory over Wake Forest in the first game.
Every Tiger starter had at least one hit by the fifth inning, as Clemson totaled 18 hits in all. Jay Baum led the way by going 3-for-4 with three RBIs. Steve Wilkerson and Tyler Slaton, who went 3-for-6 with his first career long ball and four RBIs, both added home runs as part of Clemson's six-run ninth inning.
Starter Matthew Crownover (4-1) earned the win by tossing 5.0 innings with four strikeouts, while Drew Moyer recorded his first career save. Demon Deacon starter John McLeod (2-1) suffered the loss.


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Peroneal muscular atrophy (Charcot-Marie-Tooth disease) in nine children often demonstrated characteristic, if not diagnostic, clinical features. A positive family history was highly suggestive. Biopsy specimens from two patients were of no value. Electromyelographic studies were not characteristic, but motor nerve conduction velocity studies done on five patients were significant. Recent literature was correlated with the clinical pathological and electrodiagnostic studies done on these patients.
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C.S.A. Iron Works LbNA # 38947
|Lighthouse Luvin Mom
|Placed Date
|Apr 13 2008
|Mound Prairie, TX
|Found By
|Last Found
|Jul 8 2011
|Hike Distance
C.S.A. Iron Works
Between the towns of Mound Prairie and the long gone town of Plentitude was the site of an iron works that produced rifles and bayonets for the Confederacy. Prior to the Civil War the site was used to manufacture cotton gins and grist mills.
A state historical marker was once in place on SH 155 telling the history of the general location, but it is now gone. We thought we might add a letterbox to replace the marker.
This letterbox is located in Mound Prairie Cemetery.
To the cemetery: From 155 about 6.4 miles North of Palestine. Take Anderson County Road 4440 (There is a sign for Mound Prairie Cemetery on 155.) The cemetery is on the right. Proceed through the 1st gate and walk to the entrance gate on your left. Proceed through the 2nd gate and look immediately to your left. Do you see that large Crepe Myrtle? It is the one by the gravestone for Duke. The box is in the middle of the tree. As always, be careful for snakes, spiders, poison ivy and the like. Please re-hide as well as or better than you found the box.
Side note: OK Civil War historical buffs. Did you catch my mistake on the rifle?


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- freely available
- re-usable
Self-associated, "Distillable" Ionic Media
AbstractLiquid or low melting association products of carbon dioxide and a secondary amine, both neutral molecules that may be gaseous, are recognised as "distillable" ionic media.
Share & Cite This Article
Kreher, U.P.; Rosamilia, A.E.; Raston, C.L.; Scott, J.L.; Strauss, C.R. Self-associated, "Distillable" Ionic Media. Molecules 2004, 9, 387-393.View more citation formats
Kreher UP, Rosamilia AE, Raston CL, Scott JL, Strauss CR. Self-associated, "Distillable" Ionic Media. Molecules. 2004; 9(6):387-393.Chicago/Turabian Style
Kreher, Ulf P.; Rosamilia, Anthony E.; Raston, Colin L.; Scott, Janet L.; Strauss, Christopher R. 2004. "Self-associated, "Distillable" Ionic Media." Molecules 9, no. 6: 387-393.
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The power went out around here at exactly five minutes past blog o'clock yesterday, so I missed you all, but hey – I'm here now! For this edition of what's new
Wednesday Thursday, I thought I'd take a look at some of the broader goings-on around here. We're swiftly approaching miss Annabelle's (one and a) half birthday, so I have been spending a lot of time looking at what works, what doesn't, and what I've learned that I need to remember for next time. Perhaps my successes and missteps could be helpful to you, too?
I sort of went over breastfeeding last week, so feel free to refer to that post if you're curious and missed it. If you want the Reader's Digest version, it's going well, but I'm sort of done with nursing to sleep. If there's one breastfeeding related thing I'll do differently next time, it's finding loving ways to soothe my baby to sleep that don't involve nursing.
Speaking of sleep…
Oh, goodness. Every time I think I have the beast that is infant/toddler sleep conquered, I am proven wrong. Very, very wrong. It's hard. I have absolutely no idea how to do it "right." Some advice leads me to believe that I should be putting Annabelle to bed at 6pm on the dot every evening, and other advice encourages me to wait for her cues and just go with it. No matter which option I choose, we have a frustrating (for me) dance of nursing, peeing, squirming, naming body parts, switching sides, and peeing again that lasts an absolute minimum of 40 minutes, but has gone on for as long as four (yes, 4) hours. Side note: It felt like a very cruel joke when I emerged from the four hour dance and could not for the life of me get my bottle of wine open.
I will say this: cosleeping works for us. When I go to sleep with Annabelle, it's a breeze and we both awake rested. The trouble is, I need less sleep than she does, and there's a good, long list of things I can only really accomplish when she's sleeping. So, it only makes sense that I should help her get settled in for her first stretch of sleep and get me some mama time before she wakes to nurse and I take her into my bed for the night.
I have been trying different things and finally broke down and purchased some sleep books. The No Cry Sleep Solution has been mentioned to me many times, but Anna mentioned it at just the right time, and the toddler and preschooler version is now on its way to me, or more likely in my box. I also purchased a more mainstream book, which I may read a few more pages of before I toss it in the garbage. I think that may be a big enough topic for a post of its own, but feel free to add your sleep advice if you have it! We already have a consistent evening routine and fairly consistent waking and napping times, a bath at night, time outside each day, and all of that.
One thing that is going quite well is EC, or Elimination Communication. We are very rarely using diapers or waterproof trainers now, but opting for training underwear or bloomers instead, even for outings. I have tried to stick with a diaper at night, just to save the mattress in case there should be a miss, but Annabelle protests most of the time. She has been showing for preference for sleep au naturale, which is fine with me. She now lets me know that she needs to go by excitedly saying, "poot!" I think that came from poop, but you never do know. She names everything these days. (Other new words include beer and bra. I'm sure everyone who overhears our chats in public thinks I'm a fantastic mother).
I used to leave a little potty nearby at all times, so that Annabelle could go to it on her own when needed. She never did take advantage, however, so I stopped the practice. Today, there was one sitting out in the living room and while I was making coffee, Annabelle walked over to it and sat down. She sits on them frequently, but never uses them for their intended purpose without taking me with her, so I didn't think anything of it and continued what I was doing. She then picked the potty up and brought it into the kitchen. This is another thing she does regularly, so again I thought nothing of it. Then I heard a splash. She had gone pee on her own – for the first time – but she had also poured it all over herself and the floor. Poor kid! I suppose I'll be leaving a potty out all the time now, and watching a bit more closely when Annabelle sits on it.
I am definitely continually pleased with our decision to practice EC, and plan to do the same again if we add to our family. Of course our next will be a completely different child, so we may find that we do things in a slightly different way, but I can't see myself going back to diapering!
|I don't have any recent babywearing photos, but here's
Annabelle with the babywearing goddess' cat :)
Babywearing, I should tell you, has changed. I'm surprised, and even a bit sad, to report that I have fallen out of love with my Beco. It just plain stopped fitting comfortably, no matter how I adjusted it. I asked a babywearing goddess friend of mine for help, as I was sure I just needed to adjust something differently – my favorite carrier ever couldn't possibly fail me! Sadly, she confirmed what I feared – it just doesn't work with my frame. She was kind of enough to let me borrow one of her Mei Tai carriers and I love it, so I have arranged to purchase a BabyHawk this weekend and I'm pretty excited about it. That will be my go-to for longer outings and hikes during which Annabelle may have long periods of wanting to snuggle up instead of walk. For short outings, I keep a pouch sling on hand so I can help her get comfortable quickly and easily while I do things like check out at the store, but for the most part, she prefers to be free and unfettered, so I'm not using any sort of carrier all that much these days.
If we have another baby, I think I will invest in a nice wrap for the early days. I was so intimidated by wrapping and tying before Annabelle was born, so I stuck with things that had more structure. I wish I had taken the plunge, however. My babywearing goddess friend has shown me a few different ways of tying wraps and they just seem like the most wonderful way of securely cuddling up to a wee one while keeping your hands free.
Overall, life with Annabelle is pretty fantastic. Yes, I'm exhausted some days and frustrated others, but this kid brings so much joy to my life that those feelings never stick around for long. When we go out, she chirps a friendly hello at every single person who walks past, and when she sees a dear friend she flails her arms and literally shakes with giggly excitement. Her curiosity forces me to notice things I never would if she weren't around, and I'm regularly blown away and honored when I can learn new things about her. As her mother, it's my duty to think she's the bees knees, but seriously guys: she's the bees knees.
What would you do differently with future children if given the chance? What are the best parenting choices you've made? What awesome things are your children doing?
If you haven't already, pop over to my facebook page and say hello. I'm giving away some tasty Guam-my treats to celebrate my first 100 blogger followers and 300 facebook "likers."


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4 Reviews
Your little adventurer never tires of being out on the water or exploring the woods, and luckily The North Face made the Kids' Horizon Hat to protect their little noggin from the unrelenting sun. This classic baseball-style hat is made from textured nylon ripstop that dries quickly after netting a wild fish, and the elastic sweatband easily absorbs their sweat so they stay cool after a long hike. An adjustable clip closure keeps the hat in place in case the wind picks up and the UPF-rated 50 sun protection shields them from harmful UV rays.
- Nylon ripstop
- Adjustable clip closure
- Elastic sweatband
- Item #TNF024T
Tech Specs
Tech Specs
- Reviews
What do you think about this product?
Have questions about this product?
- Familiarity: I've used it several times
My daughther loves the color ..
awesome quality
- Familiarity: I've used it several times
- Fit: Runs small
great fitting kids hat. lots of adjustment
great kids hat
- Familiarity: I've used it once or twice and have initial impressions
- Fit: Runs small
great quality and fit! would recommend. runs a bit small
Daughter loves it.
- Familiarity: I've used it several times
- Fit: True to size
Got this for my daughter to use when out in the sun. She loves it just because its pink but i like the overall quality on it. Seems like it will last til she outgrows it.


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In 1992, the landmark Earth Summit in Rio de Janeiro proposed a new form of environmental governance, building breakthrough environmental agreements on climate change and biodiversity.
This week the United Nations Commission on Sustainable Development (CSD) meets at UN Headquarters in New York, and EEA Executive Director Jacqueline McGlade will be there to help set the agenda for next year's 'Rio+20 summit', which aims to assess progress and look to the future with new themes of the green economy and environmental governance.
The Sustainable Development Commission aims to "inspire governments, economies and society to embrace sustainable development as the central principal." It was established in 1992 and is charged with implementing recommendations agreed at the 1992 Summit.
The EEA and its Topic Centre on Sustainable Consumption and Production co-hosted an expert seminar on sustainable consumption in a green economy with the Nordic Council of Ministers, which gathered a large number of policy makers and other stakeholders attending the CSD. EEA executive director, Jacqueline McGlade made a keynote speech on pathways to sustainable consumption and chaired a panel debate with high-level policy makers.
The seminar focused on the consumption perspective in a green economy, with a view at experiences from Europe and other regions of the world and panel discussions of how to promote sustainable consumption patterns and sustainable lifestyles globally that stimulate a greening of the economy.
'In order to reach the sustainable development goals and solve environmental problems, we must address environmental impact from both the production and consumption side, and further strengthen environmental considerations in economic and sectoral policy,' Prof. McGlade said at the event.
Prof. McGlade will also participate in a key side event, 'Sustainable Consumption and Production – the building blocks for a Greener Economy'.
The objective of the side-event is to look forward to the UN Conference on Sustainable Development (Rio+20) in June 2012 and discuss the linkages between sustainable consumption and production and policy instruments and practices for building a green economy within the framework of sustainable development and poverty eradication.
The EEA is also using new communication tools. Prof. McGlade will present the newly launched EEA Facebook page at the Marymount Middle and Upper Schools in New York, and will speak with students about the environment and sustainable development. The event will include interviews and discussions with the school's newspaper and environment club.]]>
Despite gaps and uncertainties in our understanding, we can see that our world is changing. After 10 000 years of relative stability, the average global temperature is increasing. Although the European Union's greenhouse gas emissions are declining, fossil fuels release more greenhouse gases into the atmosphere than our land and oceans can absorb. Some regions are more vulnerable to the potential impacts of climate change - and these are often the countries least prepared to adapt to new climatic conditions.
With more than seven billion of us living on the planet, humans clearly have a role in steering and accelerating this change. In fact, our current consumption and production levels may be damaging the environment to the point that we risk making our home uninhabitable to many species - including ourselves. Many people in developing countries aspire to have lifestyles similar to those in developed countries, which could put additional pressure on our natural systems.
We are losing global biodiversity at a rate never before seen in history. Extinction rates may be up to 1 000 times higher than the historical background rate. The destruction of habitats is one of the main reasons.
Although the total forest area has been increasing in Europe in recent decades, globally it is a different story. The United Nations Food and Agriculture Organization estimates that every year about 13 million hectares of the world's forests (roughly equivalent to the size of Greece) are cut down and converted to other land uses, such as cattle grazing, mining, farming or urban development. Forests are not the only ecosystems under threat. Many other natural habitats are at risk because of human activities.
When the primary day to day concern of billions is putting food on the table and sending their children to school in the hope of a better future, it may be almost impossible for many to avoid grasping short term solutions. Unless they can be offered other and better opportunities…
It is clear that our economic activities require natural resources. But what might be perceived as a dilemma — a choice between preserving the environment and developing the economy - is actually misleading. In the long term, economic and social development necessitates sustainable management of natural resources.
At the end of 2011, one in ten people was unemployed in the European Union. This figure was more than one out of five for young people. Unemployment puts severe strains on individuals, families and the society as a whole. Nearly one quarter of the EU population was at risk of poverty or social exclusion in 2010. The global poverty rates are even higher.
Our current economic models fail to account for many of the benefits a healthy environment provides us. Gross domestic product (GDP) - the economic indicator most commonly used to convey a country's level of development, standard of living and status relative to other countries - is based on the value of economic output. It does not include the social and human price we pay for the side effects of economic activity, such as air pollution. On the contrary, the health services provided to those suffering from respiratory diseases is included as a positive contribution to GDP.
The challenge is to find out how we can redesign our economic models such that we can generate growth and improve the quality of life across the world without damaging the environment, while also protecting the interests of future generations. The solution has been termed 'the green economy'.
Although it seems like a simple concept, translating the idea into reality is much more complicated. Clearly, it will require technological innovation. But it requires lots of other changes, too - to the way we organise businesses; the way that we design cities; the way we move people and goods around; the way we live, essentially.
If we were to put it in business terms, we need to ensure long term sustainability in all our domains of wealth creation: natural capital, human capital, social capital and manufactured capital, as well as financial capital. The concept of green economy could also be explained through these distinct but interlinked capitals.
In evaluating the costs and benefits of our decisions, we need to look at the impacts on all capital stocks. Investments in roads and factories may increase our manufactured capital but they can actually undermine our overall wealth if they imply destroying our forests (part of our natural capital) or damaging public health (part of human capital).
Changing the way we live, produce and consume actually opens a new world of opportunities. Signals 2012 will give you an overview of where we stand today, exactly 20 years after the 1992 Earth Summit in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil. It will look into how the economy and the environment are linked and why we need to 'green' our economy. It will also give you a glimpse of the large variety of opportunities available.
There is no single solution that will help us make a quick transition or one that fits all. Besides common overall goals to manage waste effectively, Greenland's waste management might need to address a completely different reality on the ground than Luxembourg's.
Timing plays a crucial role. Today, we need solutions that address the environmental problems at hand with today's technology, bearing in mind that our policies and business decisions will have to be continuously improved and adapted to keep up with our growing understanding of the environment and technological developments. But there are many solutions already out there. And many more are on the way.
Ultimately, it will be a question of choices - policy choices, business choices and consumer choices. But how do we choose the best option?
Do we have the information and the tools we need to develop appropriate policies? Are we addressing the issue at the 'right' level? Do we have the 'right' incentives or market signals to invest in renewable energies? Do we have the 'right' information or labels on the goods we are buying so we can opt for the greener alternative?
What we know and when we acquire this knowledge will be instrumental in helping different communities to make their 'right' choices. Ultimately, knowledge will empower us to come up with our solutions and create new opportunities by sharing them with others.
Professor Jacqueline McGlade (EEA's Executive Director)
As is increasingly understood, this cannot continue indefinitely: the environment has natural limits in terms of how much it can provide and absorb.
Consider the basic facts. If global GDP grows at 3 % annually then a century from now the world economy will be almost 20 times larger than today. Already, humans appropriate more than half the available freshwater and exploit most good quality soil resources. We are emitting ever more pollutants, greenhouse gases and waste. And we risk crossing critical environmental thresholds, leading to dramatic and irreversible damage to ecosystems.
When we reflect on the demands that we are already imposing on our ecosystems, it's apparent that green growth isn't just a preferable approach to economic development. On the contrary, in the long term it's the only way to sustain economic growth. 'Brown growth' that destroys our natural systems can't be justified by the apparent gains it offers. Ultimately, it will diminish our prosperity in every sense.
In contrast, the objectives of a green economy are to meet our needs — for food, transport, energy and so on — in a sustainable and equitable way.
Of course, understanding the concept of the green economy and its importance is only a first step. Key questions remain. What does a green economy look like? And how can we create a green economy in Europe?
The EEA's flagship report, The European Environment: State and Outlook 2010 (SOER 2010), published in November 2010, provides some answers.
As described there, we essentially face a twin challenge. First, we need to focus on the economy, finding ways to increase our prosperity without increasing resource use and environmental impacts. Put simply, we need to become more resource efficient.
By itself, however, resource efficiency won't guarantee steady or declining resource use. After all, we could become more efficient but still put excessive demands on the environment. For that reason, to achieve sustainability we also need to focus on ecosystem resilience — the status, trends and limits of natural systems.
As SOER 2010 points out, there is a third element that needs to be included in discussions on resource efficiency and ecosystem resilience: human well-being.
This aspect is crucial for a variety of reasons. For one thing, the benefits we derive from the environment or the harms that we suffer due to degradation are not always reflected in prices and economic decision-making and thus require separate consideration. Equally important, there is a need to ensure an equitable distribution of the benefits (and also the costs) of the transition to a green economy
In balancing environmental, economic and social elements, the green economy concept evidently has much in common with the notion of sustainable development — albeit with a focus primarily on the environmental and economic aspects.
As explained above, a 'green' economy is one in which policies and innovations enable society to generate more of value each year, while maintaining the natural systems that sustain us. Essentially, it's a pretty simple concept.
Unfortunately, translating the idea into reality is hugely more complicated. Clearly, it will require technological innovation. But it requires lots of other changes too — to the way we organise businesses; the way that we design cities; the way we move people and goods around; the way we live, essentially.
Effecting changes of this sort requires the engagement of all sectors, including policymakers, businesses and individual citizens. And that in turn implies the need for a mass of information to guide and inform decision-making.
The EEA was established to gather, interpret and communicate regarding the European environment in order to support informed decision-making. As such, the Agency has an important role to play in developing the knowledge base on the green economy.
This area of the EEA website will be developed through 2011, 2012 and beyond to highlight work by EEA and our partners at the national and international levels, explaining its relevance to the green economy debate.
However, the Irish government will soon introduce water pricing, which aims to achieve two objectives – cutting water consumption, so making new water transfer infrastructure less urgent, while also providing a new revenue stream. Low income groups could be compensated directly ('green checks' for instance), which will be more effective than providing free access to common goods. In addition, this may in fact be more equitable - rich people have more bathrooms, bigger gardens and larger cars to wash, so they benefit relatively more if not the resource is properly priced.
This example illustrates the potential for improving the environment using economic instruments, which is the topic of a conference hosted by the European Environment Agency (EEA), 15-16 September, 2011.
The conference will focus on using environmental fiscal reform to drive innovation in European companies, encouraging both production and consumption of environmentally friendly and energy efficient products. In addition, it will consider ways of positively communicating environmental fiscal reform. Conference speakers include Connie Hedegaard, European Commissioner for Climate Action, and Jacqueline McGlade, Executive Director of the EEA.
Economic instruments such as taxes, user-charges, deposit-refund systems and emissions trading are among the strongest tools available for integrating environmental concerns directly in the operation of a market economy. They may not always guarantee that very specific quality measures are met, but the mechanisms can help businesses, industry and consumers make more sustainable choices. Moreover, implementation can be much smoother than imposing detailed regulations.
Indeed, such policy innovation can drive technical innovation, urgently needed across Europe. Presently Europe imports far more materials and energy for its consumption than it exports, with an environmental and an economic cost. As these raw materials are becoming more expensive, it is doubly important to decouple this consumption from economic growth.
Europe also needs increasingly comprehensive systems for recycling of materials, products and waste to take advantage of the raw materials that have been brought to Europe.
In addition to more general discussion on environmental fiscal reform, the conference also includes a number of special sessions looking at the revision of the Energy Tax Directive. The conference is co-organised by Green Budget Europe and the Danish Ecological Council. Sponsors include the EEA, the European Environmental Bureau (EEB), Rockwool International and thinktank Concito.
The European Commission's recent Resource Efficiency Roadmap states that while "demand for food, feed and fibre may increase by 70 % by 2050, 60 % of the world's major ecosystems that help produce these resources have already been degraded or are used unsustainably." Such unchecked resource use will increase environmental destruction and inequality; and ultimately lead to the disappearance of the natural and mineral resources which support modern societies.
To address this problem, countries across Europe have been working on strategies and policies to become more resource-efficient. When responding to the survey, countries cited several reasons for attempting to become more resource efficient, including concerns about environmental degradation, economic reasons or shortages of a critical resource such as water.
"Transforming Europe into a sustainable economy will require concerted action at all policy levels," Janez Potočnik, European Commissioner for the Environment, said. "Member States have an essential role in getting resource efficiency measures across to businesses and citizens. This survey shows that we are not starting from scratch and illustrates how this transition can be done in so many ways to match different national contexts."
Some of the initiatives described by respondents include:
A total of 31 countries from across Europe responded to the survey. There is no single accepted definition of resource efficiency, so answers showed the huge variety of different approaches. However, this diverse approach may be appropriate, as every country has different resources, economic situations and needs.
The EU thematic strategy on the sustainable use of natural resources defines natural resources as "raw materials such as minerals, biomass and biological resources; environmental media such as air, water and soil; flow resources such as wind, geothermal, tidal and solar energy; and space (land area)."
For most countries, resource efficiency was seen as part of other strategies, including strategies related to sustainable development, environment, raw materials, climate change and economic reform. The sectors of energy and waste were the two most common areas for resource efficiency policies.
Nonetheless, the survey showed that Europe still has a long way to go if it is to make comprehensive plans for resource efficiency. According to the results, only a few countries have policies addressing the more fundamental issue of consumption, instead attempting to improve technical efficiency.
Changes to a water body – adding polluted or warmer water, or extracting substantial amounts – could affect the entire basin and all the living things, including the people, who depend on that water.
It is clear that our economy and society relies on water. It is also clear that the wellbeing of our natural systems and their functioning and ability to provide us with natural services also depends on their 'access' to the right amount of water resources. We need water and nature needs water.
Parts of Europe are already faced with water scarcity or seasonal droughts. Others experience flush floods. Depending on the region, climate change is also expected to have an impact on the quality and the quantity of Europe's freshwaters. How can we make sure that both nature and the society have access to the amount of water needed, not only today but also tomorrow?
A sustainable management of Europe's water resources demands a wider policy perspective, addressing all major users as well as water's interactions with other resources, including land and energy. In this respect, Europe's water management needs to be seen in the much broader context of building a low-carbon, green economy.
There are close links between water, energy and food. We need water to grow our food, energy to transport and treat water, water to generate energy, and energy to desalinate water in water-scarce areas. This nexus means that to achieve efficient use of water resources, we have to redesign our energy, transport and agricultural policies as well as our cities.
Agriculture accounts for around a third of total water use in Europe. In parts of southern Europe, this share can reach up to 80%. In recent years, improving irrigation, for example by switching from furrows to drip systems, has increased water efficiency but has not always reduced the total amount of water abstracted. For example, in parts of Spain efficiency gains led to a tripling of irrigated area.
There are many measures which could be taken to improve water efficiency in agriculture. For example, crops vary considerably in terms of water requirements and drought resistance. Selecting less water-intensive crops and changing the timing of cultivation could help reduce the need for irrigation.
In water-stressed areas, treated wastewater provides an alternative source of water for irrigated crops. In Gran Canaria, for example, 20 % of water used across all sectors comes from treated wastewater.
Reducing pesticide and fertilizer use would not only improve water quality but also reduce the amount of energy used to treat wastewater.
Photo (c) agrilifetoday | flickr.com
The link between water and energy is quite complex. Hydropower provided 16 % of electricity in Europe and 67 % of all renewable electricity in 2010. Although more than 85 % of hydropower energy is produced by large plants, EU countries plan on setting up a large number of smaller hydropower installations. These can obstruct upstream and downstream migration of fish, change the water flow and sediments, and risk affecting aquatic ecosystems.
Decisions on where and how to install hydropower plants need to be taken case by case at the regional level by assessing environmental impacts. Hydropower should also be assessed against other renewable energies, such as solar and wind.
Desalination is another factor linking energy and water. Some water-scarce regions might resort to desalination to meet their fresh water needs. Europe holds around 10% of the global desalination capacity, led by Spain by a large margin and with 20 new installations planned.
Desalination requires a lot of energy to a point that it could jeopardise the energy reductions planned under the EU's climate and energy package. Moreover, the salt concentration released at the end of the desalination process also has impacts on the environment.
The European Union's Water Framework Directive, complemented by other EU legislation including the Nitrates Directive and the Urban Waste Water Treatment Directive, provides a solid legal framework to improve the state of Europe's water bodies.
The European Union's longer-term resource-efficiency objectives are presented in a flagship initiative under the Europe 2020 strategy. More specifically, water related resource efficiency will be at the heart of the EU's policy recommendations to be presented in the context of the upcoming "Blueprint to safeguard Europe's water".
In addition to long-term goals, there are many opportunities for quick gains, first and foremost, through a better and full implementation of existing legislation, including the Water Framework Directive.
To contribute to good water governance, market and government mechanisms could help foster a pricing system that also reflects the environmental and possible social costs. A more 'appropriate' price would also drive innovation forward.
When supported by awareness campaigns, economic instruments (tariffs, taxes, subsidies, permit schemes and so on), measures against leakage and illegal abstraction, prices could send signals to users strong enough to change consumption levels and patterns.
There is much to gain from policies, efficiency measures and behavior change. To preserve this valuable resource, we have to adopt them all.]]>


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swackett is a whole new way to look at the weather.
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With Instructables you can share what you make with the world, and tap into an ever-growing community of creative experts.
you can easily reuse old or failed Polaroids by opening the back and inserting a new photo. also on my blog
you will need -Photo -Scissors -Polaroid -glue optional: You can edit your photo on such a way it actually looks like a Polaroid, PicMonkey has a Polaroid effect ...
open the back of the Polaroid by picking the upper edge loose.
Cut your picture in a square so it fits in your Polaroid.
insert your photo and close the edge again with some glue. tadaa your done!
DIY: Make a Scratch-Off Photo Valentineby hellobrit
The Index Card aka "Poor Man's" Polaroidby EngineerJakit
How to turn a photo into a Polaroid with Photoshop (Photojojo Contest !!)by fatrickuk
Forge a Polaroid (kinda)by Seppuko
Polaroid Land Camera Fujifilm and Battery Modby zzpza
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Stevenson: Haymon Will Handle Numbers For Kovalev
By Ryan Burton
Adonis Stevenson had a brilliant 2013 campaign, going 4-0 with 4 knockouts and captured the WBC light heavyweight title and the lineal light heavyweight title in the process. Earlier this week, the Haitian fighter sent shock waves throughout the industry when he announced that he had signed a contract with powerful boxing adviser Al Haymon, who is regarded by many as the most powerful man in the sport.
Stevenson said that one of the many reasons that he joined Haymon's deep stable of fighters is because he wants to make sure that he gets paid fairly for everything that he has accomplished over the past year. Stevenson won numerous awards for his 2013 campaign and wants to be compensated accordingly.
"I had Knockout of the Year and I was named Fighter of the Year so I just want to make sure I get paid what I am worth. That is why I signed with Al," explained Stevenson.
The 36-year-old Montreal resident had appeared to be on a collision course with fellow knockout artist Sergey Kovalev prior to signing with Haymon. The plan was for Stevenson to face Andrzej Fonfara in May, and then face Kovalev, who takes on Cedric Agnew in March, in the fall provided they both win their upcoming bouts.
Stevenson said that he has absolutely no problems with either fight but insists that now he will solely concentrate on training in the gym and leave the business aspects of his career to Haymon and his promoter Yvon Michel, President of Gym Promotions.
"Whatever my manager and promoter say is what I will do. My job is to keep training and knock my opponents out. The rest is up to Al Haymon and Yvon Michel," Stevenson stated.
A Stevenson-Kovalev showdown is one of the most highly anticipated fights that can be made. Stevenson reiterated that facing the Russian isn't an issue and also said that he believed the fight would do big numbers on Canadian pay-per-view.
"If the deal makes sense I will fight him. That is why I have Al Haymon. As long as it is a good deal and it makes sense I will fight him, no problem. That fight is a good fight. It would bring in a lot of money in Canada. The business side is Al Haymon's part to take care of. Focusing on training is my job and he takes care of the business situation," Stevenson told BoxingScene.com.
The majority of Haymon's stable fight on Showtime while Stevenson is one of rival network HBO's top stars. Haymon is closely aligned with Golden Boy Promotions and it is no secret that Stevenson has long coveted a fight against IBF light heavyweight champion Bernard Hopkins, who also is a stakeholder in Golden Boy Promotions. Stevenson was coy in responding to my question of whether a showdown against the 49-year-old future Hall of Famer was a possibility in the near future.
"Of course the opportunity is there but I am with HBO. I am an HBO fighter. So wherever my fight is or takes place, it is up to my manager to take care of that," Stevenson stated.
Hopkins will likely face WBA light heavyweight champion Beibut Shumenov in April so he would have to win that fight for a unification fight against Stevenson to be possible.
Stevenson has fought the majority of his career in his adopted hometown of Montreal. While he loves fighting in front of his hometown fans, he has said on numerous occasions that he would love to fight in the Fight Capital of the World or in the Big Apple and he feels that his new alliance with Haymon can make his dream possible.
"Al Haymon is my manager so that is an option. I can fight in Vegas or New York. I am probably going to fight at either or both places. Whatever Al Haymon says is where I am going to fight. It can be in New York or Vegas or even in Africa (laughing)," Stevenson quipped.
Send questions or comments to [email protected] . You can follow Ryan on Twitter @ringsidewriter
[QUOTE=zuz;14255855]I agree with that. Kovalev is irrelevant. Stevenson doesn't need him. Kovalev needs Stevenson.[/QUOTE] So irrelevant....Comment by uncommon on 02-21-2014
[QUOTE=Koba-Grozny;14256903]Hmm...Kovalev beat Boone twice, but the first was by a close SD. Kovas draw was against Grover Young and shoulda been a TKO2 (or at worst a NC) but Kovalev was the victim of some bad reffing / cheating by…Comment by Koba-Grozny on 02-21-2014
[QUOTE=uncommon;14256131]Kova carried Boone and it got him a draw; GGG carried Ouma and he had to work late to beat the fight out of him. At least dropping everyone real quick gets you a lot of attention.[/QUOTE] Hmm...Kovalev beat Boone…Comment by Koba-Grozny on 02-21-2014
[QUOTE=Nomadic;14256646]So does this mean the fight is going to happen or not now?[/QUOTE] Now it means we cross our fingers (and try and generate as much fan noise as we can that Stevenson - Kovalev is the only fight that…Comment by Nomadic on 02-21-2014
So does this mean the fight is going to happen or not now?Post a Comment - View More User Comments (37)


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So i have a partly working installation on an intranet. Whenever i go to view site after creating a new post or page i get a listing of the wordpress directory? How do i make it default to the correct files?
I am not sure what to do here.
All help appreciated.


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This listing is for one mug in the Floral Garden pattern by Otagiri. Along the edge of the handle they missed putting on some black paint as well as a very tiny spot on the top edge beside the gold. Both spots are smooth.
Approx: 4 inches high and 3 inches across the top
Marked: Tavistock Otagiri Floral Garden Japan
NO cracks, chips, flea bites, stains or repairs.
You don't have to be a member in order to make a purchase. No bidding required! Just make arrangements with the seller of the item you are interested in for mode of payment.
Be sure to see my other listings including Fenton, Pyrex, Corelle, Pfaltzgraff, Princess House, Barbie Kelly clothes, and more.
Thank you for looking!
Returns accepted but shipping / mailing is not refunded
Returns items must be in the same condition as sent to customer


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"Rhossili Bay and Worms Head" Rhossili by citytrip
Rhossili Travel Guide: 7 reviews and 49 photos
A nice beach, part owned by the National Trust. No kites allowed on National Trust end of the beach, lots of kites flying the other end of the beach though. Good waves for surfing although no life guards on beach but plenty of surfers around. There's a ship wreck on the beach but not much remains of it these days. It can be seen when the tide is out.
A short Cliff top walk from Rhossili. National Trust Shop near Car Park with Tide Times so you don't get cut off.
At low tide you can walk across the rocks to Worms Head from Rhossili Cliff Top. You only have around 3 hours though to get there and back before the tide cuts you off again. Crossing out of this time slot has proved fatal in the past, even to strong swimmers, the current is strong!
- Pros:Good Surfing Beach, good for paragliding and Kite flying. Nice food in Cafe on campsite.
- Cons:Long walk to the beach either across fields or down hundreds of steps. No lifeguards.
- In a nutshell:Nice beach, good surf, great views.
Comments (1)
Wow, I'd never really associated Wales with beautiful beaches - but this one is stunning! The area looks so unspoilt and non-commercialised too! Great photos, Emma! :-)
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text: I feel compelled to give some information for those looking to stay at this accommodation. My family of 4 and our friends family of 4 shared the 3 bedroom condo. The kitchen was large with lots of cupboard and counter space. The two king rooms were large and the third was good enough for 4 kids to bunk together on... 更多


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Karmelle is a British manufacturer of bespoke liquid filling, capping and labelling machines. The main industries we supply are for food & drink, pharmaceutical, cosmetic, chemical and lube oil applications, but thanks to the bespoke design and versatility the systems can be widely adjusted.
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Home | About us | Products | Key markets | Contact | Sitemap
Karmelle Liquid Filling
& Capping Solutions Limited
Unit 17 Queens Mill Industrial Estate
Queens Mill Lane
Huddersfield HD1 3RR
West Yorkshire
United Kingdom
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PPMA registered member since 2006.