text:
|Unincorporated area
|Administrative centre
and largest settlement
|Official languages
|Norwegian Bokmål
|Ethnic groups
|Sovereign state
|Kingdom of Norway
|Kjerstin Askholt (2015–)
|61,022 km2
23,561 sq mi
|2012[1] estimate
|Norwegian krone (NOK)
|Time zone
|Summer (DST)
|Calling code
|Internet TLD
|.no a
|.sj allocated but not used.[2]
Svalbard (Norwegian pronunciation: [ˈsʋɑ(ː)lbɑːɾ][citation needed]; formerly known by its Dutch name Spitsbergen) is a Norwegian archipelago in the Arctic Ocean. Situated north of mainland Europe, it is about midway between continental Norway and the North Pole. The islands of the group range from 74° to 81° north latitude, and from 10° to 35° east longitude. The largest island is Spitsbergen, followed by Nordaustlandet and Edgeøya.
Administratively, the archipelago is not part of any Norwegian county, but forms an unincorporated area administered by a governor appointed by the Norwegian government. Since 2002, Svalbard's main settlement, Longyearbyen, has had an elected local government, somewhat similar to mainland municipalities. Other settlements include the Russian mining community of Barentsburg, the research station of Ny-Ålesund, and the mining outpost of Sveagruva. Svalbard is the northernmost settlement in the world with a permanent civilian population. Other settlements are farther north, but are populated only by rotating groups of researchers.
The islands were first taken into use as a whaling base in the 17th and 18th centuries, after which they were abandoned. Coal mining started at the beginning of the 20th century, and several permanent communities were established. The Svalbard Treaty of 1920 recognizes Norwegian sovereignty, and the 1925 Svalbard Act made Svalbard a full part of the Kingdom of Norway. They also established Svalbard as a free economic zone and a demilitarized zone. The Norwegian Store Norske and the Russian Arktikugol remain the only mining companies in place. Research and tourism have become important supplementary industries, with the University Centre in Svalbard (UNIS) and the Svalbard Global Seed Vault playing critical roles. No roads connect the settlements; instead snowmobiles, aircraft and boats serve inter-community transport. Svalbard Airport, Longyear serves as the main gateway.
The archipelago features an Arctic climate, although with significantly higher temperatures than other areas at the same latitude. The flora take advantage of the long period of midnight sun to compensate for the polar night. Svalbard is a breeding ground for many seabirds, and also features polar bears, reindeer, the Arctic fox, and certain marine mammals. Seven national parks and twenty-three nature reserves cover two-thirds of the archipelago, protecting the largely untouched, yet fragile, natural environment. Approximately 60% of the archipelago is covered with glaciers, and the islands feature many mountains and fjords.
Svalbard and Jan Mayen are collectively assigned the ISO 3166-1 alpha-2 country code "SJ". Both areas are administered by Norway, though they are separated by a distance of over 500 nautical miles (approximately 600 miles or 950 kilometres) and have very different administrative structures.
The Svalbard Treaty of 1920[3] defines Svalbard as all islands, islets and skerries from 74° to 81° north latitude, and from 10° to 35° east longitude.[4][5] The land area is 61,022 km2 (23,561 sq mi), and dominated by the island of Spitsbergen, which constitutes more than half the archipelago, followed by Nordaustlandet and Edgeøya.[1] All settlements are located on Spitsbergen, except the meteorological outposts on Bjørnøya and Hopen.[3] The Norwegian state took possession of all unclaimed land, or 95.2% of the archipelago, at the time the Svalbard Treaty entered into force; Store Norske owns 4%, Arktikugol owns 0.4%, while other private owners hold 0.4%.[6]
Since Svalbard is located north of the Arctic Circle it experiences midnight sun in summer and polar night in winter. At 74° north, the midnight sun lasts 99 days and polar night 84 days, while the respective figures at 81° are 141 and 128 days.[7] In Longyearbyen, midnight sun lasts from 20 April until 23 August, and polar night lasts from 26 October to 15 February.[4] In winter, the combination of full moon and reflective snow can give additional light.[7]
Glacial ice covers 36,502 km2 (14,094 sq mi) or 60% of Svalbard; 30% is barren rock while 10% is vegetated.[8] The largest glacier is Austfonna (8,412 km2 or 3,248 sq mi) on Nordaustlandet, followed by Olav V Land and Vestfonna. During summer, it is possible to ski from Sørkapp in the south to the north of Spitsbergen, with only a short distance not being covered by snow or glacier. Kvitøya is 99.3% covered by glacier.[9]
The landforms of Svalbard were created through repeated ice ages, when glaciers cut the former plateau into fjords, valleys and mountains.[10] The tallest peak is Newtontoppen (1,717 m or 5,633 ft), followed by Perriertoppen (1,712 m or 5,617 ft), Ceresfjellet (1,675 m or 5,495 ft), Chadwickryggen (1,640 m or 5,380 ft) and Galileotoppen (1,637 m or 5,371 ft). The longest fjord is Wijdefjorden (108 km or 67 mi), followed by Isfjorden (107 km or 66 mi), Van Mijenfjorden (83 km or 52 mi), Woodfjorden (64 km or 40 mi) and Wahlenbergfjorden (46 km or 29 mi).[11] Svalbard is part of the High Arctic Large Igneous Province,[12] and experienced Norway's strongest earthquake on 6 March 2009, which hit 6.5 on the Richter scale.[13]
Scandinavians may have discovered Svalbard as early as the 12th century. There are traditional Norse accounts of a land known as Svalbarð—literally "cold shores"—although this may have referred to Jan Mayen, or a part of eastern Greenland.[14][15] It was then thought both Svalbard and Greenland were connected to Continental Europe.[16] The archipelago may in that period have been used for fishing and hunting.[17] The Dutchman Willem Barentsz made the first indisputable discovery of the archipelago in 1596, when he sighted its coast while searching for the Northern Sea Route.[18]
The name Spitsbergen originated with Barentsz, who described the "pointed mountains" he saw on the west coast of the main island, although his 1599 map of the Arctic labels the island as Het Niewe Land ("The New Land"). Barentsz did not recognize that he had discovered an archipelago, and consequently the name Spitsbergen long remained in use both for the main island and for the archipelago as a whole.[19]
The first known landing on the island dates to 1604, when an English ship landed at Bjørnøya and started hunting walrus; annual expeditions soon followed, and Spitsbergen became a base for hunting the bowhead whale from 1611.[20][21] Because of the lawless nature of the area, English, Danish, Dutch, and French companies and authorities tried to use force to keep out other countries' fleets.[22][23]
Smeerenburg was one of the first settlements, established by the Dutch in 1619.[24] Smaller bases were also built by the English, Danish and French. At first the outposts were merely summer camps, but from the early 1630s, a few individuals started to overwinter. Whaling at Spitsbergen lasted until the 1820s, when the Dutch, British and Danish whalers moved elsewhere in the Arctic.[25] By the late 17th century, Russian hunters arrived; they overwintered to a greater extent and hunted land mammals such as the polar bear and fox.[26] After British raids into the Barents Sea in 1809, Russian activity on Svalbard diminished, and ceased by the 1820s.[27] Norwegian hunting—mostly for walrus—started in the 1790s. The first Norwegian citizens to reach Spitsbergen proper were a number of Coast Sámi people from the Hammerfest region, who were hired as part of a Russian crew for an expedition in 1795.[28] Norwegian whaling was abandoned about the same time as the Russians left,[29] but whaling continued around Spitsbergen until the 1830s, and around Bjørnøya until the 1860s.[30]
20th century[edit]
By the 1890s, Svalbard had become a destination for Arctic tourism, coal deposits had been found and the islands were being used as a base for Arctic exploration.[31] The first mining was along Isfjorden by Norwegians in 1899; by 1904, British interests had established themselves in Adventfjorden and started the first all-year operations.[32] Production in Longyearbyen, by American interests, started in 1908;[33] and Store Norske established itself in 1916, as did other Norwegian interests during the war, in part by buying American interests.[34]
Discussions to establish the sovereignty of the archipelago commenced in the 1910s,[35] but were interrupted by World War I.[36] On 9 February 1920, following the Paris Peace Conference, the Svalbard Treaty was signed, granting full sovereignty to Norway. However, all signatory countries were granted non-discriminatory rights to fishing, hunting and mineral resources.[37] The treaty took effect on 14 August 1925, at the same time as the Svalbard Act regulated the archipelago and the first governor, Johannes Gerckens Bassøe, took office.[38] The archipelago has traditionally been known as Spitsbergen, and the main island as West Spitsbergen. From the 1920s, Norway renamed the archipelago Svalbard, and the main island became Spitsbergen.[39] Kvitøya, Kong Karls Land, Hopen and Bjørnøya were not regarded as part of the Spitsbergen archipelago.[40] Russians have traditionally called the archipelago Grumant (Грумант).[41] The Soviet Union retained the name Spitsbergen (Шпицберген) to support undocumented claims that Russians were the first to discover the island.[42][43] In 1928, Italian explorer Umberto Nobile and the crew of the airship Italia crashed on the icepack off the coast of Foyn Island. The subsequent rescue attempts were covered extensively in the press and Svalbard received short-lived fame as a result.
Second World War[edit]
In 1941, Operation Gauntlet, all Norwegian and Soviet settlements on Svalbard were evacuated,[44] and a German presence was established with a meteorological outpost,[45] although a small Norwegian garrison was kept on Spitsbergen. The German Operation Zitronella took this garrison by force in 1943, and at the same time destroying the settlements at Longyearbyen and Barentsburg.[46] In September 1944, together with the supply ship Carl J. Busch, the submarine U-307 transported the men of Operation Haudegen to Svalbard. Operation Haudegen (i.e., swashbuckler) was the name of a German operation during the Second World War to establish meteorological stations on Svalbard. The station was active from 9 September 1944 to 4 September 1945. It lost radio contact in May 1945, and the soldiers were capable of asking for support only in August 1945. On 4 September 1945, the soldiers were picked up by a Norwegian seal hunting vessel and surrendered to its captain. This group of men were the last German troops to surrender after the Second World War. After the war, the Soviet Union proposed common Norwegian and Soviet administration and military defence of Svalbard. This was rejected in 1947 by Norway, which two years later joined NATO. The Soviet Union retained high civilian activity on Svalbard, in part to ensure that the archipelago was not used by NATO.[47]
After the war, Norway re-established operations at Longyearbyen and Ny-Ålesund,[48] while the Soviet Union established mining in Barentsburg, Pyramiden and Grumant.[49] The mine at Ny-Ålesund had several fatal accidents, killing 71 people while it was in operation from 1945 to 1954 and from 1960 to 1963. The Kings Bay Affair, caused by the 1962 accident killing 21 workers, forced Gerhardsen's Third Cabinet to resign.[50][51] From 1964, Ny-Ålesund became a research outpost, and a facility for the European Space Research Organisation.[52] Petroleum test drilling was started in 1963 and continued until 1984, but no commercially viable fields were found.[53] From 1960, regular charter flights were made from the mainland to a field at Hotellneset;[54] in 1975, Svalbard Airport, Longyear opened, allowing year-round services.[55]
During the Cold War, the Soviet Union retained about two-thirds of the population on the islands (with a third being Norwegians) with the archipelago's population slightly under 4,000.[49] Russian activity has diminished considerably since then, falling from 2,500 to 450 people from 1990 to 2010.[56][57] Grumant was closed after it was depleted in 1962.[49] Pyramiden was closed in 1998.[58] Coal exports from Barentsburg ceased in 2006 because of a fire,[59] but resumed in 2010.[60] The Russian community has also experienced two air accidents, Vnukovo Airlines Flight 2801, which killed 141 people,[61] and the Heerodden helicopter accident.[62]
Longyearbyen remained purely a company town until 1989 when utilities, culture and education was separated into Svalbard Samfunnsdrift.[63] In 1993 it was sold to the national government and the University Centre was established.[64] Through the 1990s, tourism increased and the town developed an economy independent of Store Norske and the mining.[65] Longyearbyen was incorporated on 1 January 2002, receiving a community council.[63]
In 2012, Svalbard had an estimated population of 2,642, of whom 439 were Russians and Ukrainian, 10 were Polish and 322 were other non-Norwegians living in Norwegian settlements.[1] The largest non-Norwegian groups in Longyearbyen in 2005 were from Thailand, Sweden, Denmark, Russia, Iran and Germany.[57]
Longyearbyen is the largest settlement on the archipelago, the seat of the governor and the only town to be incorporated. The town features a hospital, primary and secondary school, university, sports center with a swimming pool, library, culture center, cinema,[59] bus transport, hotels, a bank,[66] and several museums.[67] The newspaper Svalbardposten is published weekly.[68] Only a small fraction of the mining activity remains at Longyearbyen; instead, workers commute to Sveagruva (or Svea) where Store Norske operates a mine. Sveagruva is a dormitory town, with workers commuting from Longyearbyen weekly.[59]
Ny-Ålesund is a permanent settlement based entirely around research. Formerly a mining town, it is still a company town operated by the Norwegian state-owned Kings Bay. While there is some tourism there, Norwegian authorities limit access to the outpost to minimize impact on the scientific work.[59] Ny-Ålesund has a winter population of 35 and a summer population of 180.[69] The Norwegian Meteorological Institute has outposts at Bjørnøya and Hopen, with respectively ten and four people stationed. Both outposts can also house temporary research staff.[59] Poland operates the Polish Polar Station at Hornsund, with ten permanent residents.[59]
Barentsburg is the only permanently inhabited Russian settlement after Pyramiden was abandoned in 1998. It is a company town: all facilities are owned by Arktikugol, which operates a coal mine. In addition to the mining facilities, Arktikugol has opened a hotel and souvenir shop, catering for tourists taking day trips or hikes from Longyearbyen.[59] The village features facilities such as a school, library, sports center, community center, swimming pool, farm and greenhouse. Pyramiden features similar facilities; both are built in typical post-World War II Soviet architectural and planning style and contain the world's two most northerly Lenin statues and other socialist realism artwork.[70] As of 2013[update], a handful of workers are stationed in the largely abandoned Pyramiden to maintain the infrastructure and run the hotel, which has been re-opened for tourists.
Most of the population is affiliated with the Church of Norway. Catholics on the archipelago are pastorally served by the Roman Catholic Diocese of Oslo.
The Svalbard Treaty of 1920 established full Norwegian sovereignty over the archipelago. The islands are, unlike the Norwegian Antarctic Territory, a part of the Kingdom of Norway and not a dependency. The treaty came into effect in 1925, following the Svalbard Act. All forty signatory countries of the treaty have the right to conduct commercial activities on the archipelago without discrimination, although all activity is subject to Norwegian legislation. The treaty limits Norway's right to collect taxes to that of financing services on Svalbard. Therefore, Svalbard has a lower income tax than mainland Norway, and there is no value added tax. There is a separate budget for Svalbard to ensure compliance. Svalbard is a demilitarized zone, as the treaty prohibits the establishment of military installations. Norwegian military activity is limited to fishery surveillance by the Norwegian Coast Guard as the treaty requires Norway to protect the natural environment.[5][71]
The Svalbard Act established the institution of the Governor of Svalbard (Norwegian: Sysselmannen), who holds the responsibility as both county governor and chief of police, as well as holding other authority granted from the executive branch. Duties include environmental policy, family law, law enforcement, search and rescue, tourism management, information services, contact with foreign settlements, and judge in some areas of maritime inquiries and judicial examinations—albeit never in the same cases as acting as police.[72][73] Since 2015, Kjerstin Askholt has been governor; she is assisted by a staff of 26 professionals. The institution is subordinate to the Ministry of Justice and the Police, but reports to other ministries in matters within their portfolio.[74]
Since 2002, Longyearbyen Community Council has had many of the same responsibilities of a municipality, including utilities, education, cultural facilities, fire department, roads and ports.[65] No care or nursing services are available, nor is welfare payment available. Norwegian residents retain pension and medical rights through their mainland municipalities.[75] The hospital is part of University Hospital of North Norway, while the airport is operated by state-owned Avinor. Ny-Ålesund and Barentsburg remain company towns with all infrastructure owned by Kings Bay and Arktikugol, respectively.[65] Other public offices with presence on Svalbard are the Norwegian Directorate of Mining, the Norwegian Polar Institute, the Norwegian Tax Administration and the Church of Norway.[76] Svalbard is subordinate to Nord-Troms District Court and Hålogaland Court of Appeal, both located in Tromsø.[77]
Although Norway is part of the European Economic Area (EEA) and the Schengen Agreement, Svalbard is not part of the Schengen Area or the EEA.[78] Non-EU and non-Nordic Svalbard residents do not need Schengen visas, but are prohibited from reaching Svalbard from mainland Norway without such. In theory it would be possible to do a visa-free airport transit at Oslo Airport, but this is not allowed by Norway. People without a source of income can be rejected by the governor.[79] No person is required visa or residence permit for Svalbard. Everybody can live and work in Svalbard indefinitely regardless of citizenship. Svalbard Treaty grants treaty nationals equal right of abode as Norwegian nationals. So far, non-treaty nationals were admitted visa-free as well. "Regulations concerning rejection and expulsion from Svalbard" in force. [80][81] Russia retains a consulate in Barentsburg.[82]
In September 2010 a treaty was made between Russia and Norway fixing the boundary between the Svalbard archipelago and the Novaya Zemlya archipelago. Increased interest in petroleum exploration in the Arctic raised interest in a resolution of the dispute. The agreement takes into account the relative positions of the archipelagos, rather than being based simply on northward extension of the continental border of Norway and Russia.[83]
The three main industries on Svalbard are coal mining, tourism, and research. In 2007, there were 484 people working in the mining sector, 211 people working in the tourism sector and 111 people working in the education sector. The same year, the mining gave a revenue of NOK 2.008 billion (227,791,078 USD), tourism NOK 317 million (35,967,202 USD) and research NOK 142 million (16,098,404 USD)[65][84] In 2006, the average income for economically active people was NOK 494,700—23% higher than on the mainland.[85] Almost all housing is owned by the various employers and institutions and rented to their employees; there are only a few privately owned houses, most of which are recreational cabins. Because of this, it is nearly impossible to live on Svalbard without working for an established institution.[79]
Since the resettlement of Svalbard in the early 20th century, coal mining has been the dominant commercial activity. Store Norske Spitsbergen Kulkompani, a subsidiary of the Norwegian Ministry of Trade and Industry, operates Svea Nord in Sveagruva and Mine 7 in Longyearbyen. The former produced 3.4 million tonnes in 2008, while the latter uses 35% of its output to Longyearbyen Power Station. Since 2007, there has not been any significant mining by the Russian state-owned Arktikugol in Barentsburg. There have previously been performed test drilling for petroleum on land, but these did not give satisfactory results for permanent operation. The Norwegian authorities do not allow offshore petroleum activities for environmental reasons, and the land formerly test-drilled on has been protected as natural reserves or national parks.[65] In 2011, a 20-year plan to develop offshore oil and gas resources around Svalbard was announced.[86]
Svalbard has historically been a base for both whaling and fishing. Norway claimed a 200-nautical-mile (370 km; 230 mi) exclusive economic zone (EEZ) around Svalbard in 1977,[6] with 31,688 square kilometres (12,235 sq mi) of internal waters and 770,565 square kilometres (297,517 sq mi) of EEZ.[87] Norway retains a restrictive fisheries policy in the zone,[6] and the claims are disputed by Russia.[3] Tourism is focused on the environment and is centered on Longyearbyen. Activities include hiking, kayaking, walks through glacier caves and snowmobile and dog-sled safari. Cruise ships generate a significant portion of the traffic, including both stops by offshore vessels and expeditionary cruises starting and ending in Svalbard. Traffic is strongly concentrated between March and August; overnights have quintupled from 1991 to 2008, when there were 93,000 guest-nights.[65]
Research on Svalbard centers on Longyearbyen and Ny-Ålesund, the most accessible areas in the high Arctic. The treaty grants permission for any nation to conduct research on Svalbard, resulting in the Polish Polar Station and the Chinese Arctic Yellow River Station, plus Russian facilities in Barentsburg.[88] The University Centre in Svalbard in Longyearbyen offers undergraduate, graduate and postgraduate courses to 350 students in various arctic sciences, particularly biology, geology and geophysics. Courses are provided to supplement studies at the mainland universities; there are no tuition fees and courses are held in English, with Norwegian and international students equally represented.[64]
The Svalbard Global Seed Vault is a seedbank to store seeds from as many of the world's crop varieties and their botanical wild relatives as possible. A cooperation between the government of Norway and the Global Crop Diversity Trust, the vault is cut into rock near Longyearbyen, keeping it at a natural −6 °C (21 °F) and refrigerating the seeds to −18 °C (0 °F).[89][90]
The Svalbard Undersea Cable System is a 1,440 km (890 mi) fibre optic line from Svalbard to Harstad, needed for communicating with polar orbiting satellites through Svalbard Satellite Station and installations in Ny-Ålesund.[91][92]
One source of income for the area is visiting cruise ships. The Norwegian government has become concerned in recent years about large numbers of cruise ship passengers suddenly landing at small settlements such as Ny-Ålesund, which is conveniently close to the barren-yet-picturesque Magdalena Fjord. With the increasing size of the larger ships, up to 2000 people can potentially appear in a community that normally numbers less than 40. The government has recently passed legislation, effective from January 2014, severely restricting the size of cruise ships that may visit.
Within Longyearbyen, Barentsburg, and Ny-Ålesund, there are road systems, but they do not connect with each other. Off-road motorized transport is prohibited on bare ground, but snowmobiles are used extensively during winter—both for commercial and recreational activities. Transport from Longyearbyen to Barentsburg (45 km or 28 mi) and Pyramiden (100 km or 62 mi) is possible by snowmobile by winter, or by ship all year round. All settlements have ports and Longyearbyen has a bus system.[93]
Svalbard Airport, Longyear, located 3 kilometres (2 mi) from Longyearbyen, is the only airport offering air transport off the archipelago. Scandinavian Airlines has daily scheduled services to Tromsø and Oslo. Low-cost carrier Norwegian Air Shuttle also has a service between Oslo and Svalbard, operating three or four times a week; there are also irregular charter services to Russia.[94] Finnair announced commencement of service from Helsinki, operating three times a week starting June 1, 2016 and lasting until August 27, 2016, but Norwegian authorities did not allow this route as it was not in bilateral agreement on air traffic between Finland and Norway.[95][96][97] Lufttransport provides regular corporate charter services from Longyearbyen to Ny-Ålesund Airport and Svea Airport for Kings Bay and Store Norske; these flights are in general not available to the public.[98] There are heliports in Barentsburg and Pyramiden, and helicopters are frequently used by the governor and to a lesser extent the mining company Arktikugol.[99]
The climate of Svalbard is dominated by its high latitude, with the average summer temperature at 4 to 6 °C (39 to 43 °F) and January averages at −16 to −12 °C (3 to 10 °F).[100] The West Spitsbergen Current, the northernmost branch of the North Atlantic Current system, moderates Svalbard's temperatures, particularly during winter. Winter temperatures in Svalbard are up to −20 °C (−36 °F) higher than similar latitudes in Russia and Canada. The warm Atlantic water keeps the surrounding waters open and navigable most of the year. The interior fjord areas and valleys, sheltered by the mountains, have larger temperature differences than the coast, giving about 2 °C (4 °F) warmer summer temperatures and 3 °C (5 °F) colder winter temperatures. On the south of Spitsbergen, the temperature is slightly higher than further north and west. During winter, the temperature difference between south and north is typically 5 °C (9 °F), and about 3 °C (5 °F) in summer. Bear Island has average temperatures even higher than the rest of the archipelago.[101]
Svalbard is where cold polar air from the north and mild, wet sea air from the south meet, creating low pressure, changeable weather and strong winds, particularly in winter; in January, a strong breeze is registered 17% of the time at Isfjord Radio, but only 1% of the time in July. In summer, particularly away from land,[clarification needed] fog is common, with visibility under 1 kilometre (0.6 mi) registered 20% of the time in July and 1% of the time in January, at Hopen and Bjørnøya.[102] Precipitation is frequent, but falls in small quantities, typically less than 400 millimetres (16 in) per year in western Spitsbergen. More rain falls on the uninhabited east side, where there can be more than 1,000 millimetres (39 in).[102]
In addition to humans, three primarily terrestrial mammalian species inhabit the archipelago: the Arctic fox, the Svalbard reindeer, and accidentally introduced southern voles, which are found only in Grumant.[103] Attempts to introduce the Arctic hare and the muskox have both failed.[104] There are fifteen to twenty types of marine mammals, including whales, dolphins, seals, walruses, and polar bears.[103]
Polar bears are the iconic symbol of Svalbard, and one of the main tourist attractions.[105] While protected, anyone outside of settlements is recommended to carry a firearm to kill polar bears in self-defence, as a last resort, should they attack, and is required to have appropriate means of frightening and chasing off polar bears;[106] [107]a British schoolboy was killed by a polar bear in 2011.[108] Svalbard and Franz Joseph Land share a common population of 3,000 polar bears, with Kong Karls Land being the most important breeding ground.
The Svalbard reindeer (R. tarandus platyrhynchus) is a distinct sub-species; although it was previously almost extinct, it can be legally hunted (as can Arctic fox).[103] There are limited numbers of domesticated animals in the Russian settlements.[109]
About thirty species of bird are found on Svalbard, most of which are migratory. The Barents Sea is among the areas in the world with most seabirds, with about 20 million individuals during late summer. The most common are little auk, northern fulmar, thick-billed murre and black-legged kittiwake. Sixteen species are on the IUCN Red List. Particularly Bjørnøya, Storfjorden, Nordvest-Spitsbergen and Hopen are important breeding ground for seabirds. The Arctic tern has the furthest migration, all the way to Antarctica.[103] Only two songbirds migrate to Svalbard to breed: the snow bunting and the wheatear. Rock ptarmigan is the only bird to overwinter.[110] Remains of Predator X from the Jurassic period have been found; it is the largest dinosaur-era marine reptile ever found—a pliosaur estimated to have been almost 15 m (49 ft) long.[111]
Svalbard has permafrost and tundra, with both low, middle and high Arctic vegetation. 165 species of plants have been found on the archipelago.[103] Only those areas which defrost in the summer have vegetations, which accounts for about 10% of the archipelago.[112] Vegetation is most abundant in Nordenskiöld Land, around Isfjorden and where affected by guano.[113] While there is little precipitation, giving the archipelago a steppe climate, plants still have good access to water because the cold climate reduces evaporation.[102][103] The growing season is very short, and may last only a few weeks.[114]
There are seven national parks in Svalbard: Forlandet, Indre Wijdefjorden, Nordenskiöld Land, Nordre Isfjorden Land, Nordvest-Spitsbergen, Sassen-Bünsow Land and Sør-Spitsbergen.[115] The archipelago has fifteen bird sanctuaries, one geotopic protected area and six nature reserves—with Nordaust-Svalbard and Søraust-Svalbard both being larger than any of the national parks. Most of the nature reserves and three of the national parks were protected in 1973, with nearly all the remaining protected occurring in the 2000s.[116] All human traces dating from before 1946 are automatically protected.[106] The protected areas make up 65% of the archipelago.[85] Svalbard is on Norway's tentative list for nomination as a UNESCO World Heritage Site.[117]
The total Solar eclipse of March 20, 2015 included only Svalbard and the Faroe Islands in the band of totality. Many scientists and tourists attended.
News about Svalbard in English and Norwegian is published weekly at svalbardposten.no, while "alternative" news in English is at icepeople.net.
Svalbard makes a prominent appearance in Northern Lights by Philip Pullman and the corresponding movie. In the novel it is used as a prison for important and powerful people. It is inhabited by Panserbjørne, mighty polar bears that wear armor forged from Sky-Iron. One of the primary characters, Lord Asriel, was imprisoned and manages to flee from Svalbard during the novel.
The fictional town of Fortitude, as portrayed in the 2015 TV series Fortitude (from UK's Sky Atlantic), is situated in Svalbard.
In 2014 the Swedish singer Tove Styrke filmed a music video in Pyramiden for her single Borderline.[118]
See also[edit]
- Agriculture in Svalbard
- Cape Amsterdam
- List of islands of Norway
- Outline of Svalbard
- Svalbard in fiction
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- ^ Torkildsen (1984): 39
- ^ Torkildsen (1984): 40
- ^ Torkildsen (1984): 44
- ^ Carlheim-Gyllensköld (1900), p. 155
- ^ Torkildsen (1984): 47
- ^ Torkildsen (1984): 50
- ^ Arlov (1996): 239
- ^ Arlov (1996): 249
- ^ Arlov (1996): 261
- ^ Arlov (1996): 273
- ^ Arlov (1996): 288
- ^ Arlov (1996): 294
- ^ Arlov (1996): 305–306
- ^ Arlov (1996): 319
- ^ Umbriet (2005): XI–XII
- ^ "Place names of Svalbard". Norwegian Polar Institute. Archived from the original on 6 June 2011. Retrieved 24 March 2010.
- ^ Arlov (1996): 51
- ^ Fløgstad (2007): 18
- ^ Arlov (1996): 50
- ^ Arlov (1996): 397
- ^ Arlov (1996): 400
- ^ Arlov (1996): 402–403
- ^ Arlov (1996): 407–408
- ^ Torkildsen (1984): 206
- ^ a b c Torkildsen (1984): 202
- ^ "Kings Bay". Caplex (in Norwegian). Retrieved 24 March 2010.
- ^ "Kings Bay-saken". Caplex (in Norwegian). Retrieved 24 March 2010.
- ^ Arlov (1996): 412
- ^ Torkildsen (1984): 261
- ^ Tjomsland and Wilsberg (1995): 163
- ^ Tjomsland and Wilsberg (1995):162–164
- ^ "Persons in settlements 1 January. 1990-2005". Statistics Norway. Retrieved 24 March 2010.
- ^ a b "Non-Norwegian population in Longyearbyen, by nationality. Per 1 January. 2004 and 2005. Number of persons". Statistics Norway. Retrieved 24 March 2010.
- ^ Fløgstad (2007): 127
- ^ a b c d e f g "10 Longyearbyen og øvrige lokalsamfunn". St.meld. nr. 22 (2008-2009): Svalbard. Norwegian Ministry of Justice and the Police. 17 April 2009. Retrieved 24 March 2010.
- ^ Staalesen, Atle (2010-11-08). "Russians restarted coal mining at Svalbard". Barents Observer. Archived from the original on 20 November 2010. Retrieved 2010-01-26.
- ^ "29 Aug 1996". Aviation Safety Network. Retrieved 24 March 2010.
- ^ Eisenträger, Stian & Per Øyvind Fange (30 March 2008). "- Kraftig vindkast trolig årsaken". Verdens Gang. Retrieved 24 March 2010.
- ^ a b Arlov and Holm (2001): 49
- ^ a b "Arctic science for global challenges". University Centre in Svalbard. Retrieved 24 March 2010.
- ^ a b c d e f "9 Næringsvirksomhet". St.meld. nr. 22 (2008-2009): Svalbard. Norwegian Ministry of Justice and the Police. 17 April 2009. Retrieved 24 March 2010.
- ^ "Shops/services". Svalbard Reiseliv. Archived from the original on 12 April 2010. Retrieved 24 March 2010.[dead link]
- ^ "Attractions". Svalbard Reiseliv. Archived from the original on 25 January 2010. Retrieved 24 March 2010.[dead link]
- ^ Umbreit (2005): 179
- ^ "Ny-Ålesund". Kings Bay. Archived from the original on 10 March 2009. Retrieved 24 March 2010.
- ^ Umbreit (2005): 194–203
- ^ "Svalbard Treaty". Governor of Svalbard. Archived from the original on 23 July 2011. Retrieved 24 March 2010.
- ^ "5 The administration of Svalbard". Report No. 9 to the Storting (1999-2000): Svalbard. Norwegian Ministry of Justice and the Police. 29 October 1999. Retrieved 24 March 2010.
- ^ "Lov om Svalbard" (in Norwegian). Lovdata. 19 June 2009. Retrieved 24 March 2010.
- ^ "Organisation". Governor of Svalbard. Archived from the original on 23 July 2011. Retrieved 24 March 2010.
- ^ "From the cradle, but not to the grave" (PDF). Statistics Norway. Retrieved 24 March 2010.
- ^ "6 Administrasjon". St.meld. nr. 22 (2008-2009): Svalbard. Norwegian Ministry of Justice and the Police. 17 April 2009. Retrieved 24 March 2010.
- ^ "Nord-Troms tingrett". Norwegian National Courts Administration. Retrieved 24 March 2010.
- ^ "Lov om gjennomføring i norsk rett av hoveddelen i avtale om Det europeiske økonomiske samarbeidsområde (EØS) m.v. (EØS-loven)." (in Norwegian). Lovdata. 10 August 2007. Archived from the original on 10 December 2000. Retrieved 24 March 2010.
- ^ a b "Entry and residence". Governor of Svalbard. Retrieved 24 August 2015.
- ^ http://www.sysselmannen.no/en/Visitors/Entry-and-residence/
- ^ http://www.aljazeera.com/archive/2006/07/200841012024779644.html
- ^ "Diplomatic and consular missions of Russia". Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Russia. Retrieved 24 March 2010.
- ^ "Russia and Norway Agree on Boundary" article by Andrew E. Kramer in The New York Times 15 September 2010. Retrieved 16 September 2010
- ^ "Currency Converter - MSN Money". www.msn.com. Retrieved 2016-01-19.
- ^ a b "Focus on Svalbard". Statistics Norway. Archived from the original on 13 November 2011. Retrieved 24 March 2010.
- ^ Gibbs, Walter; Koranyi, Balazs (18 November 2011). "Norway mobilises for oil push into Arctic". Reuters. Retrieved 20 November 2011.
- ^ "Oversikt over geografiske forhold". Statistics Norway. 2009. Retrieved 24 March 2010.
- ^ "8 Research and higher education". Report No. 9 to the Storting (1999-2000): Svalbard. Norwegian Ministry of Justice and the Police. 29 October 1999. Retrieved 24 March 2010.
- ^ "Norway Reveals Design of Doomsday' Seed Vault". Nature. 445. 15 February 2007. doi:10.1038/445693a.
- ^ "Life in the cold store". BBC News. 26 February 2008. Retrieved 24 March 2010.
- ^ Gjesteland, Eirik (2004). "Technical solution and implementation of the Svalbard fibre cable" (PDF). Telektronic (3). Archived from the original (PDF) on 10 April 2008. Retrieved 24 March 2010.
- ^ Skår, Rolf (2004). "Why and how Svalbard got the fibre" (PDF). Telektronic (3). Archived from the original (PDF) on 10 April 2008. Retrieved 24 March 2010.
- ^ Umbriet (1997): 63–67
- ^ "Direkteruter" (in Norwegian). Avinor. Retrieved 9 September 2009.
- ^ "Finnair opens twelve new scheduled routes and increases frequencies for summer 2016". Finnair. Retrieved 2 December 2015.
- ^ http://thebarentsobserver.com/industry/2016/03/finnair-denied-route-longyearbyen
- ^ http://icepeople.net/2016/03/30/finnair-grounded-norway-refuses-to-allow-direct-flights-between-helsinki-and-svalbard-citing-1978-agreement/
- ^ "Charterflygning" (in Norwegian). Lufttransport. Retrieved 9 September 2009.
- ^ "11 Sjø og luft – transport, sikkerhet, redning og beredskap". St.meld. nr. 22 (2008-2009): Svalbard. Norwegian Ministry of Justice and the Police. 17 April 2009. Retrieved 24 March 2010.
- ^ "Temperaturnormaler for Spitsbergen i perioden 1961 - 1990" (in Norwegian). Norwegian Meteorological Institute. Retrieved 24 March 2010.[dead link]
- ^ Torkilsen (1984): 98–99
- ^ a b c Torkilsen (1984): 101
- ^ a b c d e f "Protected Areas in Svalbard" (in Norwegian). Norwegian Directorate for Nature Management. Archived from the original on 27 September 2011. Retrieved 24 March 2010.
- ^ Umbreit (2005): 33
- ^ Torkildsen (1984): 174
- ^ a b Umbriet (2005): 132
- ^ "Firearms in Svalbard". Retrieved 2016-06-30.
- ^ "Polar bear kills British boy in Arctic". BBC News. 5 August 2011.
- ^ Torkildsen (1984): 165
- ^ Torkilsen (1984): 162
- ^ "Enormous Jurassic Sea Predator, Pliosaur, Discovered In Norway". Science Daily. 29 February 2008. Retrieved 24 March 2010.
- ^ Torkilsen (1984): 144
- ^ Umbreit (2005): 29–30
- ^ Umbreit (2005): 32
- ^ "Norges nasjonalparker" (in Norwegian). Norwegian Directorate for Nature Management. Retrieved 24 March 2010.
- ^ "Verneområder i Svalbard sortert på kommuner" (in Norwegian). Norwegian Directorate for Nature Management. Retrieved 24 March 2010.
- ^ "Svalbard". UNESCO. Retrieved 24 March 2010.
- Sources
- Arlov, Thor B. (1996). Svalbards historie (in Norwegian). Oslo: Aschehoug. ISBN 82-03-22171-8.
- Arlov, Thor B. and Arne O. Holm (2001). Fra company town til folkestyre (in Norwegian). Longyearbyen: Svalbard Samfunnsdrift. ISBN 82-996168-0-8.
- Fløgstad, Kjartan (2007). Pyramiden: portrett av ein forlaten utopi (in Norwegian). Oslo: Spartacus. ISBN 978-82-430-0398-9.
- Stange, Rolf (2011). Spitsbergen: Cold Beauty (in English, German, Dutch, and Norwegian). Rolf Stange. ISBN 978-3-937903-10-1. Photo book.
- Stange, Rolf (2012). Spitsbergen – Svalbard: A complete guide around the arctic archipelago. Rolf Stange. ISBN 978-3-937903-14-9.
- Tjomsland, Audun & Wilsberg, Kjell (1995). Braathens SAFE 50 år: Mot alle odds. Oslo. ISBN 82-990400-1-9.
- Torkildsen, Torbjørn; et al. (1984). Svalbard: vårt nordligste Norge (in Norwegian). Oslo: Forlaget Det Beste. ISBN 82-7010-167-2.
- Umbreit, Andreas (2005). Guide to Spitsbergen. Bucks: Bradt. ISBN 1-84162-092-0.
- Carlheim-Gyllensköld, V. (1900). På åttionda breddgraden. En bok om den svensk-ryska gradmätningen på Spetsbergen; den förberedande expeitionen sommaren 1898, dess färd rundt spetsbergens kuster, äfventyr i båtar och på isen; ryssars och skandinavers forna färder; m.m., m.m. Stockholm: Albert Bonniers förlag.
External links[edit]
Find more about
at Wikipedia's sister projects
|Media from Commons
|Texts from Wikisource
|Travel guide from Wikivoyage
- Sysselmannen.no—website of the Governor of Svalbard
- Svalbard Tourism—website of the official tourist board


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August 30, 2016
Come to the Historic Burke County Courthouse to hear about all the great finds from this summer's Berry Site Field School.
Car enthusiast? Consider joining us on October 15, 2016 for Touring Joara.
To download the Touring Joara flyer, click here: TOURING JOARA FLYER COLOR
Interested in joining the tour? Registration limited to the first 100 cars, so don't wait!
For the 2016 registration form, click here: touring-joara-2016-registration-form
Registrations can be paid online through the PayPal link on this page (Visit our "Join EJF" tab, then click the "Donate" button to submit payment- please include your name and "TJ Registration" in the memo line) OR they can mailed to the EJF office (PO Box 296 Morganton, NC 28680).
Completed registration forms can also be scanned and sent via email to: firstname.lastname@example.com
For more details, see registration form.
Many thanks to our partners, the Table Rock Sports Car Club, for hosting this event!
The Burning of Fort San Juan
"It is a story of great scholarship, archaeology at its
best, hot dirty physical work and luck."
– Producer, Tom Earnhardt, Exploring North Carolina Series, UNC-TV, in "The First, Lost Colony"

subset: commoncrawl


text:
Kimbo Slice Ready For Action on Mundine-Geale Card
Global icon fighter Kimbo Slice, who's promoted by Gary Shaw Productions, is less than a week away from his highly anticipated 4-round bout against QLD Heavyweight champion Shane Tilyard. The bout takes place at the Sydney Entertainment Centre, on Wednesday, January 30, as the co-feature on the undercard of Mundine vs. Geale II.
Earlier today Kimbo recently spent time with the Cronulla-Sutherland Sharks, one of Australia's professional Rugby league teams. He watched the team train and afterwards posed with the players while answering questions from the media.
"I enjoyed watching the Sharks practice today." said Kimbo Slice. "The whole team along with their coaches greeted me with open arms. They all seemed real excited about watching me fight live in their native land. The all smiled when I said I'm here to do what I do and that's knock somebody out."
It was evident that Kimbo Slice's popularity has reached a worldwide status as tons of Australian fans that were present mobbed the global sensation, once they got a glimpse of him.
"The fans out here in Australia are really cool. It's a good feeling to know that I have fans half way around the world and I really encourage them all to come see the fight live or watch it on Pay Per View." stated Kimbo Slice
"There is no doubt about it...I'm going to put on a great show for all my fans. Shane Tilyard is a tough guy, but he's never been in the ring with a brawler like me. I'm on another level."
Gary Shaw believes Kimbo Slice's mass appeal to connect with fans is unique and he expects those watching on PPV will get their money's worth.
"Every time Kimbo Slice is about to fight the whole world waits in anticipation to see what he's going to do against his opponent," said Shaw. "One thing you can always count on is Kimbo going for the knockout. He throws with bad intentions
Gary Shaw Productions, in association with Grange Old School Boxing and Black Venom Promotions, will show Mundine vs. Geale II on PPV. MAIN EVENT will broadcast the entire card live and exclusive from 7:30pm AEDT. Book now through www.mainevent.com.au. Tickets are still available through www.ticketmaster.com.au.
Fast asleep on the floor, arms and legs akimbo. It's coming for sure, but maybe not against the QLD heavyweight king, whatever that's supposed to be.Comment by ColWallace on 01-26-2013
Hey I live in Sydney and I can tell you straight up no one here gives a good god damn about this global icon. More concerned at the likelihood of him stinking out the card. His presence is a real…Comment by Bodyshot3 on 01-26-2013
Well Said Doktor....Comment by DoktorSleepless on 01-26-2013
[QUOTE=BostonGuy;12956724]BoxingScene does this frequently. They run a press release written by a promoter or publicist that usually exaggerates or even boldly lies about their respective fighter(s). I remember a couple years back there was one about James Toney and it…Comment by Bodyshot3 on 01-26-2013
Press Release bull**** hyping a total non-entity. Can we now get back to the boxing and and discuss Geale v Mundine?Post a Comment - View More User Comments (26)


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We believe that everyone can get involved with Shakespeare. Thousands of people across the country have taken part in our participatory projects, which often take place in public to give people the chance to take part actively or watch and listen. Everyone gets to be involved in some way!
Take part in our monthly workshops based on Shakespeare's plays. Unconventional, unpredictable and fun, Shakespeare Night is open to everyone.
Find out how to get involved in an exciting 3-year photography project to mark the 400th anniversary of Shakespeare's death in 2016.
Explore the minds of Shakespeare's characters by reading and discussing their scenes while considering mental health issues in Shakespeare's time and ours.
Watch a trilogy of animated collages inspired by the creative responses to King Lear's phrase "Let me not be mad" that we received after a public callout.
Enter the spirit of autumn and winter by making a recording of Shakespeare's Sonnet 73 and sharing it with the digital world.
As part of our strong commitment to learning and outreach we visit inner-city community centres, rural village halls, non-professional theatre companies and other community-based venues to perform and workshop Shakespeare. Performances and workshops are tailored with accessibility and enjoyment in mind.
"I always learn so much from this brilliant theatre company"
Mrs Davis, Revive Healthy Living Centre, Chaddesden
Lear/Cordelia pilot production
LEICESTER Attenborough Arts Centre
Friday 14 October, 8pm*
Saturday 15 October, 2.30pm** and 7.30pm
£10 / £7
0116 252 2455
DERBY Derby Theatre Studio
Friday 18 November, 8pm*
Saturday 19 November, 2pm** and 8pm
£10 / £8
01332 59 39 39
* BSL-interpreted performance
** Dementia-friendly performance
Join our Friends for only £5 a month and receive free tickets and a regular newsletter!
Become a Supporter from just £10 a month and get free tickets and invitations to exclusive events!


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- Report: #305032
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Complaint Review: Palisades Collection
Palisades Collection210 Sylvan Ave Englewood, New Jersey U.S.A.
Palisades Collection For At&T Wireless charged with 3-accts delinquent on credit report Englewood New Jersey
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That is when your Ripoff Report showed me that the company is a fraud. I was getting prepared to mail a check or pay off the account on line. I am trying to clean up my credit. I looked at the credit report more carefully for the dates of bill and one has 11-01-2006 I had T-mobile during that period and the other 2 bills show simply 01-01-0001. what year is that???
the 3 amounts are $58.00, $113.00 and $86.00 a total of $257.00. I am so glad to discover the truth and Ripoff Report web site. now i want to help others find the truth.
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This report was posted on Ripoff Report on 01/31/2008 06:21 PM and is a permanent record located here: http://www.ripoffreport.com/r/Palisades-Collection/Englewood-New-Jersey-07632/Palisades-Collection-For-AtT-Wireless-charged-with-3-accts-delinquent-on-credit-report-En-305032. The posting time indicated is Arizona local time. Arizona does not observe daylight savings so the post time may be Mountain or Pacific depending on the time of year.
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Proposed state cutbacks means one Wiregrass county will take on added responsibility when it comes to animal abuse.
Coffee County Sheriff's officials have received notification from the Alabama Department of Agriculture saying they will no longer send personnel to investigate alleged animal abuse cases.
Chief Deputy, Ronnie Whitworth, says budgetary monies' are already tight and this is just another "unpaid" mandate the department will deal with.
The state Department of Agriculture's decision to curtail animal abuse investigations will affect law enforcement across the Wiregrass.


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It's time to make the Internet work for you.
Discover LeadBuilder™
With LeadBuilder™, you get a team of web experts working to generate qualified leads for your business.
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There is no question in my mind that inbound marketing with LeadBuilder is the smartest, most cost effective way to generate leads for my business.
The LeadBuilder™ Packages include some or all of the features below.


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Never miss another 'Will McNicol' show
See all dates for Peninsula Arts Contemporary Music Festival 2013 - Sensing Memory
Peninsula Arts Contemporary Music Festival 2013 - Sensing Memory: As the Leaves Fall, By the Water, Those Snowy Hills, Come Ever Closer: Will McNicol
Can we see how music affects the brain and use the findings to compose new work? Could an intelligent computer write emotional music? How do key, tone and melody combine to unlock feelings and memories? How do we express the loss of memory in music?
Drawing on both classical and electronic music, Sensing Memory combines innovative research into the neuroscience of listening and Artificial Intelligence with world class performances by leading musicians and ensembles.
The festival explores the theme of memory as a virtual sixth sense - through inward journeys of the human brain and the pursuit of lost memories of childhood, forgotten ancestors and global connections.
Visit www.peninsula-arts.co.uk for further information.
Will McNicol
Born in Scotland now living in the South of England, Will McNicol began his classical guitar training at the age of seven and currently holds two diplomas in classical guitar recital with Trinity College London.
He started composing and has since developed a unique style of his own, combining acoustic tapping and slapping techniques with the more conventional classical approach. He takes inspiration everywhere from the enchanting landscapes of Spain to the more local, but no less beautiful Plymouth Hoe.
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text:
Q&A: Constant Arguing, Regrettable Dumping
Renee Piane is a reputed dating expert and author of the successful relationship guide, Love Mechanics .
when it's bad, it's badDear Renee,
My girlfriend and I have had sort of a rocky relationship. It seems like there is no in-between; we either have great times together or get into serious arguments with each other. I am in love with this woman and would love to spend the rest of my life with her. It's just that in moments of anger, both of us say and do things we really don't mean. How do I go about fixing our relationship, especially if I feel like she is heading out the door?
Desperate For Advice
Dear Desperate,
Love is not the only thing needed to keep a relationship alive, especially for a lifetime. The good news is that you have the desire to save your relationship, which is half the battle in and of itself. Fixing the relationship has to come from both parties involved or it simply won't work.
If she feels the same and wants to salvage the relationship, then I suggest seeking some professional help. Taking a seminar on communication will likely help you understand why things are breaking down between you.
These arguments may be based on old fears and deep issues stored in both of your memories and can be resolved with love, time and commitment. This relationship has a chance if you are both willing to make a change within yourselves.
i regret leaving herDear Love Mechanic,
I've spent two years waiting for a miracle... now, I just want to know if I have a shot at creating one or if I should just move on. Two years ago, I broke up with a woman whom I adored. Why , you might ask? It's simple; I was extremely afraid of commitment and afraid to make a mistake with the wrong woman. The day we broke up, I told her she was still the only woman I've ever loved, but that I needed to head out on my own.
I regret letting her go...


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Thumbs up
U.S. Army convoys are given a thumbs up from a female soldier after crossing into Kuwait during the last convoy out of Iraq in this December 18, 2011 file photograph. U.S. Defense Secretary Leon Panetta has decided to lift the military's ban on women serving in combat, a move that could open thousands of front-line warfighting jobs to female service members, a senior U.S. defense official said.
Shannon Stapleton, Reuters
Copyright © 2016, Chicago Tribune


text:
The sprint superstar has signed a three-year contract with Omega Pharma - Quick Step after spending just one year at Sky where he was at times relegated to the role of domestique for Tour de France winner Bradley Wiggins.
The Isle of Man's former world champion told the Daily Telegraph: "The Sky company slogan says 'Believe in better' but in the end we didn't really buy into that. We could have been better this year.
"It wasn't a failure, and I was very proud to be part of a British yellow-jersey winning team with Brad, but it wasn't the ultimate either. We didn't achieve what I thought we were setting out to achieve at the start of the season.
"I always set the bar high. Chris Froome could have won two more stages, I should have won another two and Sky should have taken both jerseys. We could have done that without any risk or detriment to the yellow jersey.
"It's frustrating. My mentality is that I am not happy unless we have got absolute perfection and have won everything we could have won."
Cavendish said that the project he was sold on to move to Sky was not the one that eventually transpired to be.
The 27-year-old believed he could win five stages and defend his green jersey at the Tour de France if Bernhrad Eisel and Juan Antonio Flecha were added to the Sky team to help him out but in the end just Eisel was selected and Cavendish went on to win only three stages.
"It was (on the eve of the Tour) that I realised the promise I had signed to Sky on wasn't really a promise," he said.
"I was a back-up rider. At the end of the day we weren't going for the two jerseys at all."
Nevertheless Cavendish said he felt 'content' with the season and enjoyed wearing the rainbow jersey for 12 months – an honour bestowed upon him for winning the 2011 world championship.
"It was a tough year, but I did the rainbow jersey proud, which was the most important thing for me.
"It was a thrill pulling it on every day in training and a thrill racing as much as I could to honour the jersey. Personally I feel I should have achieved more but I'm content."
- Sports & Recreation


text:
Schulz plant coming together
If the weather cooperates, Tunica County's new plant, under construction now near Robinsonville, could be making pipe by spring.
With the foundation in place and steel framework going up on the site, progress on the project is evident.
Vice president of operations Joe Hirt for Schulz Extruded Products told Tunica Rotary members last week that the company plans to begin hiring soon for the plant.
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Legals for the Week of Aug. 12, 2016 _________________ IN...
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Date: April 2011
This promo vid was done by the Nets (unforgivable) to help sway the Most Improved Player award the Hump's way. It didn't work. Kevin Love won it and deservedly so. It is an absolute travesty this vid isn't on Youtube. CLICK THE LINK!
Kris Humphries' Biggest Fails
6. The Incredible Hump
Date: April 2011
Watch Now


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11 vehicles matched;
Now showing page 1 of 1. 25 results per page.
Listed by Vicari Auction (Auction)
Listed by Classic Cars of Sarasota
Amazing find all original 1966 Chevrolet Caprice 396. one lady owned in S California until 2009. California black plate all
Listed by Mecum Auctions (Auction)
This vehicle is being sold as Lot No. F162. - 327/375 HP engine - 700R4 transmission with overdrive - One family owned - No
Listed by Hollywood Motors
WOW 1966 Chevrolet Caprice Classic Wagon With Factory Big Block and Factory Air !!! Loaded with Every Avail Option
Listed by Private Seller
Barn-find Caprice Classic. All original and original miles. In great condition. Runs great, head turner! Non smoker, very clean,
Listed by Rockstar Motorcars
WoW! 350 ENGINE W/ OD TRANSMISSION MIST BLUE METALLIC PAINT. A REAL BEAUTY WITH FACTORY ICE COLD A/C THIS CAR
Listed by Streetside Classics - Charlotte
This 1966 Chevrolet Caprice coupe reigned supreme with big block power and a long list of luxury options. It's
Listed by Private Seller
396 auto factory air 3 owner body all metal new top new paint tires power steering, 400 auto.
Listed by Sobe Classics
1966 Chevrolet Caprice - Red Stock # KY173NB4042AM1966 Chevrolet Caprice - Red
Listed by ChevyImpalas.Com
1966 Chevy Caprice 4 door hardtop, car was stored for 10 years in building, NO title, so we are selling
Listed by Classic Auto Showplace
1966 Chevrolet Caprice: New Vinyl Roof, 396 CID 4V V8, Automatic Transmission, Power Steering, Power Brakes, New Tires and Springs,


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Hotels in Buckhurst Hill, United Kingdom
Search & Compare Buckhurst Hill Hotels
Trending now in Buckhurst Hill
- Most bookedHallmark Hotel London Chigwell Prince Regent
229 people looked at this hotel in the last hour
Most recent review
"I don't often get around to leaving reviews, but in this case I feel it's important to counter-act the bad ones I have read. The hotel is an old building and a tad tired and dated in places, but I personally see that as part of its character and charm. My room was clean and decorated to a high,..."
A Traveller, Jul 2016, GB
160 people looked at this hotel in the last hour
Most recent review
"Amazing staff, great breakfast, nice rooms. Hotel is a cab ride away from Victoria Tube Line. Staff went out of their way to help us out."
A Traveller, Aug 2016, US
43 people looked at this hotel in the last hour
Most recent review
"Enjoyed my stay. Reception staff very friendly and helpful and hotel was very quiet at night."
A Traveller, Apr 2016, GB
41 people looked at this hotel in the last hour
Most recent review
"Relatively low cost lodging with friendly staff and clean rooms with Wi-Fi. Bed a bit hard for me. Light breakfast available in room but low cost full breakfast nearby convenient to train station with 30 minutes to central London "
A Traveller, Aug 2016, US
35 people looked at this hotel in the last hour
Most recent review
"Nice and quiet. The kitchen serves food for only an hour each evening but it is nice simple home cooked food at a proper price. Breakfast was good and cooked to order. Good staff. Room was quite small and slightly shabby but perfectly OK and better than average in this price bracket."
A Traveller, Mar 2016, GB
24 people looked at this hotel in the last hour
Most recent review
"Great Hotel Very clean Lovely decorated room wonderful bathroom great roll top bath, but no walk in shower!!! really need walk in shower these days. But bedroom and bathroom finished to a very very high standard. Breakfast was brilliant and staff very accommodation, welcoming and pleasant."
G, Jul 2016, GB
- Travelodge London ChigwellNo Guest Reviews yet
8 people looked at this hotel in the last hour
- Premier Inn ChingfordNo Guest Reviews yet
8 people looked at this hotel in the last hour
7 people looked at this hotel in the last hour
Most recent review
"A great spot, good room, in an ideal location with a very price. It would have been useful if there had been a couple of chairs and a small table in the room. The noise from Chigwell Manor Road was unfortunate and secondary internal glazing might be helpful."
A Traveller, May 2016, GB
- Premier Inn Loughton BuckhurstNo Guest Reviews yet
7 people looked at this hotel in the last hour
Best hotels in Buckhurst Hill
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- Holiday Inn Express London Chingford
- Packfords Hotel
- The Greyhound Cottage
- Macy's Guesthouse
- Best Western Plus Epping Forest
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Skip to comments.I saw this movie last night on HULU
Posted on 10/12/2013 3:36:19 PM PDT by knarf
brief plot
In-car, auto road service taken over by obama logo ... 2011 movie
It would help if you posted the name of the movie.
It must have been a movie that left an impression, whatever it was.
Nowhere to Hide (2011)
Good flick! Thanks for the link!
It's on Netflix.
Nowhere To Hide
The movie makes no attempt to hide or otherwise distract from that fact
A commercial every 8 minuets. Kinda ruins it.
Really not worth watching.
Not all of us can afford satalite or cable noncom flix
alarm goes off, she grabs a trophy hahahaha
I never said it was THAT intelligent a flic ... but it's as interesting as that one about a lady that got on the wrong side and was disappeared electronically ... Network? ... I forget
daughter's IM'ing with studboy69, how wholesome.
The logo on phone thing is NOT 0s, close, more like AT&T
Funny after alarm goes off, how they ran out of house with a trophy as a weapon. decisions decisions..... guess it wouldn't look good running around outside with a pump, but that's what the pocket gun is for.....
Yea, I hear ya.
"fuel-injector valve cover" stops car?
roadlink pops hood???
daughter's IM handle 70's diva, like redheads hehehe
Really bad editing.
The rear of the "roadlink" unit is totally different when the Father/husband is driving the car than when the Mother/wife is.
The mid-90s are calling, are you in?
I saw a cat on the sidewalk last night. Should I post a thread about it? I'll even mention the cat's name in the first post!
Gave it 3 out of 5 stars.
Mother and daughter are kinda hot hehehe.
But I wonder, if Mom was an ex-cop, why'd she run out of the house with a trophy instead of a 9mm?
And the whole time she had groceries in the back seat of her car. I thought she brought them in?
It's reality.
(someday I may share my FBI story with y'all.)
I need to hear more about this cat.
Did you update your Facebook about it? Did you Tweet the story? What's going on with the cat?!?!
I'm sorry if my post seemed snotty. That was not my intention.
i recall it being pretty bad. The only way I remember it now is because Frank Costanza decided to get into the computers after watching "The Net". He said it was very provocative.
Obama phones meet On-Star.
It was an okay movie.
I didn't take it that way ... be nice to yourself ... it's Sunday .. go to church.
Bingo ...
If they GIVE 'em away, idiots will take 'em.
I asked the question on another thread and received no answer ... maybe you know ...
ANY cell phone I know of has a "duration time" ... a month to month, or annual contract or SOMEthing that is not perpetual
I've never heard ANYthing about the ophones .... are they eternal or is there a cost every month for so many minutes ... what ?
Disclaimer: Opinions posted on Free Republic are those of the individual posters and do not necessarily represent the opinion of Free Republic or its management. All materials posted herein are protected by copyright law and the exemption for fair use of copyrighted works.


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State Rep. Randy Hunt has a sense of humor, but he's serious about raising funds for his re-election campaign. Supporters are invited to join him and Boston comics Ira Proctor and Mike Whitman Jan. 25 at 6:30 p.m. at the Cape Codder Resort & Spa in Hyannis.
All are invited to the open-pricing event, which includes a cash bar, hors d'oeuvres and "plenty of side-splitting humor."
Location, ST | website.com


text:
33 Foothills Road Mount Ousley NSW 2519
- Sold for
$595,000Need a home loan? Just crunching the numbers for you...
- 4
- 2
- 1
Jeff Scholtens
- 0412 423 223
- 0412 423 223
- View profile
Scholtens Property - Wollongong
Suite 5, 61 Market StreetWollongong, NSW 2500
33 Foothills Road Mount Ousley
Be set for a pleasant lifestyle living in this lovely home.
Be set for a pleasant lifestyle living in this lovely home. With a reserve at the back and one side, the main focus here is that there is something for everyone to enjoy. Be it the rumpus/ theatre room with projector and surround sound for the kids, the open plan upstairs living flowing onto a full length balcony, fully ducted air conditioning, or gazing down to the sparkling in ground pool complimented by a beautiful cabana. And total privacy with full security system.
This easy to live in family home features 3 bedrooms upstairs and a 4th bedroom plus study downstairs. In fact this is an ideal home for 2 family living, or teenage retreat, as there is another bathroom on the lower level.
A very generous garage, impeccable presentation by the long term owners,fully landscaped yard with privacy assured, a great location close to great schools, Wollongong University and transport make this a very desirable property.
The cabana at the pool side not only offers great entertaining in all weathers but can you imagine working from home here...? Relaxing as you work! The...
Property No. 112243915
Page Visits: 3,774
- General Features
- Property Type:House
- Bedrooms:4
- Bathrooms:2
- Building Size:212.00 m² (23 squares) approx
- Land Size:725 m² (approx)
- Indoor Features
- Toilets:2
- Outdoor Features
- Garage Spaces:1
- Balcony
- Deck
- Outdoor Entertaining Area
- Fully Fenced
- Swimming Pool - Inground
Thinking of living in mount ousley?
Explore the prices, people and lifestyle that's on offer.
Are you considering investing in mount ousley?
Explore growth, yield, demand and other historical insights.
The price of a property that falls in the middle of a total number of s sold over a period of time, based on listings over the preceding 12 months.
Data supplied by RP Data Pty Ltd trading as CoreLogic
This information has been obtained by RP Data Pty Ltd trading as CoreLogic and is subject to the following copyright:
RP Data Pty Ltd trading as CoreLogic Notice/Disclaimer
© 2016 Copyright RP Data Pty Ltd trading as CoreLogic (CoreLogic), Local, State, and Commonwealth Governments. All rights reserved. No reproduction, publication, adaption, modification, public communication, distribution or transmission of the copyrighted materials in this publication is permitted whether in whole or in part. The copyrighted materials in this publication are provided for personal or internal business purposes only unless otherwise agreed in writing.
The information provided in this publication is current as at the publication date only. CoreLogic does not warrant accuracy or completeness in the information it supplies and to the full extent allowed by law excludes any liability for any loss or damage arising from or in connection with the supply or use of the whole or any part of the information in this publication through any cause whatsoever and limits any liability it may have to the amount paid to CoreLogic for the supply of such information.
New South Wales Data
Contains property sales information provided under licence from the Land and Property Information ("LPI"). RP Data Pty Ltd trading as CoreLogic is authorised as a Property Sales Information provider by the LPI.


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Written on: 18/12/2010
We have used Autotrader for almost 10 years, spending approx £150000 yes that much! and there customer service is so bad they make it almost impossable to cancel you contract? we have kept an eye on our ads to see where our calls come from, and 90% now come from ebay at a fraction of the cost. now Autotrader are putting there prices up again in april oooo they are so brave.. we will never use them again.. Avoid Like The Plaque.
As rated by our community of reviewers
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Written by tom1234
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Written by hcl4k


text: HD Blush is rated 4.067001675041876 out of 5 by 597. Rated 4 out of 5 by ckdk2013 from Beautiful color but must work it in It is amazing blush and last all day long. I watched a lot of review videos and said the pump would always give out to much product. You just have to very slowly push down on the pump to get product. It takes a lot of blending to make you not look like a clown. I use the stipple blush from here to gradually build my color. It helps when you put some powder over it to set it in and take away some of the color. Date published: 2016-04-17 Rated 4 out of 5 by writergirl13748 from Great product; bad delivery I love this product, IF you can get it out of the container. This should be in a squeeze tube rather than the pump, as both pumps that I purchased appeared to clog or dry out, preventing me from getting 98% of the product. Frustrating, as I really like this product. Date published: 2016-02-23 Rated 4 out of 5 by Melissa27 from Very pigmented, I got the colour superstar and I think it's a great universal colour for all skin tones. The only thing I hate is the pump. A little goes a long way and the pump dispenses way too much product it's so wasteful. Date published: 2016-03-23 Rated 1 out of 5 by Ingaa from I got this in a mystery set, so I'm not too mad, but it (at least the diva color) is way too pigmented and a much brighter pink than anyone would actually wear, and is almost impossible to blend out. Date published: 2016-03-15 Rated 4 out of 5 by pixietrixie from highly pigmented This stuff is so highly pigmented that I wanted to give it 5 stars, but I just can't because of the amount that's wasted due to its packaging. Too bad there isn't a way to pump out less from the bottle. Honestly, I use about 10% of a single pump, if that.Currently, I have Diva and Encore, and plan to buy Headliner next. Normally those colors would be too intense for me, but I've found that topping the blush with the Highlights facial whip and blending really well lightens the HD blush and gives it a uniquely beautiful color and appearance.I thought the facial whip shimmer would be too much, but it's pretty much masked by the strong pigmentation of the blush. However, it does give it an overall pretty glow, which is more than I was hoping for, honestly.Here's how I apply it, just to make sure I don't overdo it: pump some onto the top of my hand, and swirl it with a brush I don't intend to use for my face (at least not until I clean the brush again). Then I take a blush brush (or a contour brush can be perfect too) ,and ever so lightly swirl it into the blush mixture. At this point, I pat the brush onto another part of my hand, in order to take off even more. After applying it to the apples of my cheeks and working my way back carefully, I use the facial whip.I'm super careful about brushing or stippling it onto my cheeks because it is waayyy too easy to overdo it both in applying too much color and applying too much blush on my face. Usually with powder blush, it's so easy to stay right on the cheekbones that even a child could do it, but with this blush it just tends to want to take up too much space on my face. That's a major no-no, because then you have to start all over with taking it off and reapplying primer, foundation, powder, etc.Some people might think this isn't even worth the hassle, but I love this blush once I got the hang of it.Oh yeah, it's really great for those in the entertainment industry too. If you are an actress, singer, dancer, etc. on stage, definitely give this a try. It's sweat proof (once it's set) and the pigmentation will be perfect for the lights and distance of the crowds. Date published: 2016-03-09 Rated 4 out of 5 by Axxe from Pigmented like no other These are one of the most pigmented blushes I have ever come across. It's insane how intense the color payoff is and that's a good thing. Most of the colors are a little too pink for my liking but for the summer I think these are beyond perfect. I also really like the purple one. BUT be very careful with these, a little goes a very very very long way. The only downside to this is the pump. I like the container but since you only need a little bit of product a tube would have been better. The pump just squirts out too much and it's wasteful. Date published: 2016-03-03 Rated 4 out of 5 by Anonymously yours from Use caution I have this in superstar. The color is great, but one full pump dispenses WAY too much product. A quarter pump or so distributed evenly on both cheeks is a great start. Date published: 2016-02-15 Rated 4 out of 5 by nichols96 from Highly pigmented I found this at my local dollar tree. The pigment is fantastic, you only need the tiniest amount for each cheek. Blends easily with fingers , brush or makeup sponge. Date published: 2016-02-05 Rated 1 out of 5 by Speedlady from Horrible Way too much pigment. No matter how thinly I put it on it looks fake and overwhelming. And now (after only about 5 uses) the pump has stopped working so it no longer comes out. A waste of money. If it were more expensive I'd return it,. As it is, I just threw it out. Date published: 2016-02-02 Rated 4 out of 5 by heatherb88 from Good Product I've actually purchased two different colors of this product. Diva and Headliner, Headliner is the lightest color and to be honest probably the best color to buy lol Diva is SUPER pigmented not a bad thing but unless you are very dark toned or dressing up for Halloween I would not recommend that color to you. The product itself is great quality, it does blend well as far as the headliner one, the packaging is perfect no issues there. I would just recommend elf try lighter shades because these are pretty dark especially for people who are light toned which I am medium and these are still pretty dark even in the lightest shade. I will also add these are crazy LONG LASTING AND HARD TO GET OFF!!! lol Why I say this is because when I swatched to do a video review on my blog I played you know what to get them off especially the diva one haha, I might not use the Diva as a blush but I've improvised and used it as a lipstick and it looks beautiful on your lips and it lasts so that's a suggestion to those who might have purchased it and aren't sure what to do if it was too bright. Date published: 2016-02-02 Rated 5 out of 5 by Fort Worth Carla from Bring Headliner back!!! I bought this on a whim after seeing it on you tube "Emily Noel" this is the most amazing blush! The pigmentation is ALL THERE!!! Takes a light touch and after it sets I am good for the entire day and through the evening. The other shades are just as wonderfully lasting but Headliner is my favorite. Bring it back please? Date published: 2016-02-02 Rated 5 out of 5 by Incubastankchic from Fantastic blush! I just recently thought I should start wearing blush and I got this about 2 weeks ago and cannot rave about it enough!! I purchased 'headliner' and it is the most perfect slightly flushed look. I did as advised and used the stipple brush (for the first time ever) and it worked like a charm! You only need a tiny bit for a lovely glow. I'm going to get another one soon! Wonderful product!! Date published: 2016-01-25 Rated 1 out of 5 by Luna77777 from Encore... AWFUL... RUN FROM THIS. This is such an ugly color and SO highly pigmented you end up looking like a CLOWN, it's TOO MUCH. I tried applying this on different people using different brushes including the small stipple brush from elf and it's just awful. It stained my brush pink and made everyone look terrible no matter how little you use. I would not even recommend this for a doll halloween costume, it's too hard to use and too pigmented, plus the color is just awful (on my and my subjects at least). I ended up throwing it out, plus it took me about 20 pumps before actually getting any product out. Date published: 2016-01-02 Rated 5 out of 5 by Jojo3462 from So creamy and blendable! Just the right consistancy! It pumps out easily, but is not runny/watery at all. I purchased the color "Superstar" and was very pleased with it. The color was not harsh at all, while still being effective and it blended right into my skin. It's very easy to work with and a little goes such a long way. And amazing for the price! Date published: 2015-12-19 Rated 5 out of 5 by courtneybelle from AMAZING I bought this during my search for a new blush. I am a huge fan of cream blushes and this one caught my eye. I was a bit disheartened at the size when I received but you do not need much at all to achieve a natural looking cheek color. A really really tiny dot will apply to your cheek bone with some to spare. This bottle will most likely last me for nearly a full year. It's highly pigmented and easy to blend but does;t disappear after blending. I will buy this product again and again. Date published: 2015-12-14 Rated 1 out of 5 by Mayme from Looked Awful and Stained Everything! I had heard a lot of good reviews for this product, so when I found it at a local store, I was excited. I love my Elf facial whip in pink lemonade, but it doesn't last all day. So, I thought I'd try this and see if it lasts longer.It was a terrible mistake!I did half a pump and saw it was really bright, so just to test the waters, I put the pad of my pinky in the already small amount and put one very tiny smaller-than-a-crumb-size dot on my cheek. When I moved this amount of blush along my cheekbone, it looked like I had just been horribly burned. I tried to use my beauty blender, and it stained the sponge. While trying to fix it, the blush got in my hair and won't come out! I had to cover my cheeks with two layers of concealer and a layer of my regular foundation just for it to look like a normal amount of blush. It wouldn't even wash off my hand! It spread, and as I went through my day, I washed my hands three times just to get rid of the bright pink stain.This is hands down the WORST product I've ever used. I've been complaining about it all day and threw out the bottle. Not even worth the cheap price. Date published: 2015-12-04 Rated 5 out of 5 by llll from :D SO PIGMENTED! You need a drop about the size of 1/4 of a pea, and it looks like drag makeup. Great product. Date published: 2015-12-03 Rated 1 out of 5 by Bookmaid from No product in bottle I had been looking forward to trying this blush and ordering all shades if I liked the product. Sadly, no product would come out of bottle no matter how many pumps, it is dried out or just poor design on pump. Date published: 2015-12-03 Rated 5 out of 5 by Aleece from Headliner I bought this at a Dollar Tree when I went to Kentucky for FFA National Convention and I LOVE IT. I got the shade headliner and it's gorgeous. They're so pigmented and creamy and the finish is so soft. I put on my foundation, concealer, this blush, and then I set it and continue with my powders. It's even gorgeous without foundation or when I want a more natural look, I will put on a face cream with my foundation and make it dewy and then put a tiny little dot on my hand and pick it up with my beauty blender and dab it on and don't set it. Absolutely gorgeous. Date published: 2015-12-01 Rated 1 out of 5 by Sami K from Dried up When I got the product it was all dried up and would not come out of the bottle. Could not get the top off to moisten it up either. Date published: 2015-11-26 Rated 1 out of 5 by Kai379 from Only got two uses I have had this product for two weeks and I can't even get any product out of the bottle anymore. I have used this blush maybe 4 times and the product has already dried up inside the bottle and the pump can't push it out anymore. I can see through the clear bottle that there is still product in the bottle, but it seems to be all dried out! Awful... Date published: 2015-11-23 Rated 2 out of 5 by allybaby13 from Not what I was expecting I bought this product in superstar hoping to buy a more peachy colored cream blush. Instead I received a very pink color with subtle hints of blue/purple. Maybe I just received a defect because it also felt drier that what I was expecting. The images and video made it look more of a liquid foundation consistency but the one I received is a little more viscous and resistant when I try to pump it out of the bottle and it was hard to blend and thin out. I most likely won't buy this again online, but maybe if I see closer to what I'm looking for in stores I'll reconsider. I hardly have a problem with elf products so this is a rare exception. Date published: 2015-11-20 Rated 1 out of 5 by Jazzy2434 from So hard It was honestly terrible!!! Like it wasn't soft and blend able it was seriously so hard and I have oily skin so the moment it got to my skin it couldn't blend it was just that small spot that was really pink honestly I wouldn't recommend it to anyone. Date published: 2015-11-12 Rated 3 out of 5 by KingK from I got this in the color showstopper. I have pretty dark skin so I didn't want anything too bright. It is crazy pigmented so I was impressed with that. I don't like it but I don't "love" it. I have high cheekbones...very high so I like a blush that shows but not to the extreme..this is extreme. Date published: 2015-10-30 Rated 5 out of 5 by Joelle from Life Saver I was skeptical at first, the bottle is as big as a foundation bottle and I did not know what to think but when I applied it was like magic. beautiful color, you need less then the tip of a pen to do beautiful rosy cheeks. It lasted me all day and recently went swimming and it stayed using the primer, foundation blush and the e.l.f. Makeup Mist & Set some of my eye makeup had faded but the lips and blush still stayed. My friends were impressed Date published: 2015-10-28 Rated 5 out of 5 by Kimlej from Awsome product! Awsome texture, nice tenu, good effect and make the skin seems so pure ! Date published: 2015-10-22 Rated 4 out of 5 by Jadedm from GORGOUS! LOVE the color and how well this blends into your skin. Stays all day and just a great touch. I have Diva which I was afraid would be a bit much. GO FOR IT! My only negative is how much of the product comes out when using it. There really is no way to limit the amount so kind of wasteful. Date published: 2015-10-21 Rated 3 out of 5 by thejollyllama from Super pigmented, a little goes way too far I got one of these at the dollar store in a dark berry color hoping it would be a nice dark color for fall. It takes like less than a quarter of a pump to do your whole face. I like to pump out a tiny bit onto my hand, and rub it out into a circle. Then I stipple it onto my cheeks and blend out with a fluffy blush brush. It's hard to work with.The biggest disappointment in the product is the color. I feel like this is probably only a problem for the darker colors, but they aren't the same shade applied as in the tube. The very dark berry color comes off more medium pink looking. Still a decent product for the price, but I'd much rather have gotten one of their powder blushes. Date published: 2015-10-05 Rated 5 out of 5 by KitKatJAM119 from Great Blush and lip stains! WHY E.L.F. COSMETICS HD BLUSHES?With 0.51 full ounces/15mL and it includes a plastic cap that snaps and is dispensed through a pump. It's quite portable to pack. At $3 each, I couldn't help but purchase all five shades.APPLICATIONI use the size of a pinhead for each cheek. I work the product on the back of my hand to warm it up and lightly dip E.L.F's small stippling brush and dap off any excess blush before stippling it on to my cheeks. Then I gently stipple in circular motions to soften up the edges. If the color is still too intense, I take another clean E.L.F small stippling brush to help diffuse the color.Remember, less is more when using these highly pigmented HD blushes. Applying the blush with your fingers is another option, but be sure to use light and quick strokes as the product settles quickly.STUDIO HD BLUSH:Headliner - This is a baby pink shade. For me, this is more of an everyday look. I didn't think it would show up on my medium tan skin tone, but it actually gave me a healthy glow.Superstar - This shade is more on the peachy side. I would recommended this shade for medium to tan skin tones. However, I do prefer more pink shades, but no doubt, Superstar is still a beautiful shade that I will use depending on the look I'm going for.Diva - Hot Pink shade that should be used sparingly. Must use with the utmost light hand. It is also gorgeous on medium to tan skin. I must say when I first opened the package, I didn't think I'd be reaching for this shade the most.Encore - A fuchsia shade also beautiful on medium to tan skin tone. I honestly thought I would reach for this shade the most, but I actually like mixing this with Showstopper to create a lovely violet lip color.Showstopper - This is the deepest color of the five with hints of fuchsia shimmer. Like Diva, this should be used with a light hand and blended out thoroughly.TIPThe beauty of cream products is the ability to mix them together to create a new shade. As I mentioned above, I mix Encore and Showstopper together for a soft deep berry lip color and whatever is leftover, I use as cheek color. I also like mixing a bit of Encore and Headliner together to make a deeper pink shade. Individually, these stand alone as both cheek and lip colors.OVERALLSeeing that I have all five shades, I probably won't run out anytime soon. If I ran out of any of them, I would definitely repurchase. These blushes do live up to its claim by staying put all day. I can't speak on the Vitamin E claim since most of the time my cheeks tend to lean more on the oily side. I wore one color everyday during the work week and all of them held up nicely in the warm summer months even for my combination/oily skin.For $3 (USD), you cannot go wrong with spending $15 on all five. The best part that I love about these blushes is being able to create and mix your own color...better yet create and mix your own matching lip and cheek color. E.L.F Cosmetics, you have done it again! Date published: 2015-10-03 Rated 2 out of 5 by KristinaRose22 from SO BRIGHT!!! I have the superstar color in this and you need like a tenth of a squirt if not less for both cheeks! It is super pink! I bought this to amp up my makeup for dates and such but the first time I used it, It got everywhere and my whole face was basically bright pink. Not a fan myself, but to each their own Date published: 2015-10-01 HD Blush Reviews - page 3 2016-08-24T07:00CST bvseo_cps, prod_bvrr, vn_cps_3.3.0 cp_2, bvpage2n co_hasreviews, tv_0, tr_597 loc_en_US, sid_4161, PRD, sort_mostRecent clientName_elfcosmetics


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Trade Shows for Petrochemical Products in Nigeria – Appointments from September 2016
Exhibition calender with current Trade Shows for Petrochemical Products from 27.09.2016. In Nigeria 20 fairs take place in 2 cities. Of the 20 fairs are 1 Trade Shows for Petrochemical Products. The mayority of the fairs in Nigeria are Trade Fairs for Building Materials, Building Construction Trade Shows and Food Fairs.Trade Shows for Petrochemical Products worldwide by country
Upstream & Downstream Oil & Gas Expo
Trade fair for the oil industry in Nigeria
professional visitors only
Abuja International Conference Center Abuja, Nigeria