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Maria Full of Grace
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(Drama) Maria Alvarez (Catalina Sandino), a bright, spirited 17-year old, lives with three generations of her family in a cramped house in rural Colombia. Desperate to leave her job stripping thorns from flowers in a rose plantation, Maria accepts a lucrative offer to transport packets of heroin-which she must swallow-to the United States. The ruthless world of international drug trafficking proves to be more than Maria bargained for as she becomes ultimately entangled with both drug cartels and immigration officials. The dramatic thriller builds toward a conclusion so powerful and revealing it could only be based on a thousand true stories.]]>
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Maria is 17 and works in Colombia picking the thorns off of roses before they are shipped overseas. Although she is clearly a bright girl, Maria discovers that she is pregnant. To make things worse her boyfriend is a loser, her boss at work is a jerk, and her family needs her to provide money. So after Maria quits her job she is introduced to a man in Bogotá who will give her $5,000 for flying to New York City with 62 of those pellets in her stomach as a "mule" for a drug lord. For Maria that amount is a virtual fortune and seems worth the risk that one of those pellets could break in her stomach and kill her. So she practices swallow grapes so that she will be able to do what needs to be done to get her money.
There will be several mules on this particular flight, a practice known as "shotgunning" that Marston learned about and which inspired his original script. The idea is that if you put several mules on the same plane and plan on U.S. Customs catching one of them, which would make it easier for the rest of the drugs to get through.Read more ›
Remember the name Catalina Sandino Moreno. The heartfelt and harrowing performance she gives here has won her a heap of awards and I am sure there are many more to come. First-time director Joshua Marston, who also wrote the taut screenplay, shows Maria being taught how to swallow drugs wrapped in packets -- she sips soup to make them go down without gagging. If the drugs in her belly should seep out during Maria's turbulent jet flight to New York, she could be poisoned or arrested or both. Marston builds incredible tension. But it's the human drama etched on Moreno's young, weary face that gives Maria its potent punch.
This Winner of the Audience Award at Sundance is a terrific film; shocking, engrossing, and entertaining. But what makes Maria Full of Grace an extraordinary experience is its ability to be ordinary. We see everyday life here, plausible motives, convincing decisions, and characters who live at ground level. The movie's suspense is heightened by being generated entirely at the speed of life, and showing us what probably would happen, and not some implausible fairy-tale.
So the first thing that Marston must do is establish Maria's character in such a way that we can believe she would do something like this. She is, on the one hand, an ordinary 17-year-old Columbian girl who works stripping the thorns from the stems of roses in a factory. She lives at home with her mother, sister and her sister's baby. She has a boyfriend. She has to work to help support the family. On the other hand she is a headstrong person, a pretty girl with a head on her shoulders.
But Maria is not exactly desperate. She is a bit of a gambler, somewhat foolish, no doubt, but she is also a strong person with great personal integrity. Marston allows us to see in the beginning of the film that she will take chances that others won't. She climbs up onto the roof of a building, a climb her boyfriend is afraid to make. We see her tell her boss (more or less) to take this job and shove it when he won't let her go to the bathroom. And we realize shortly thereafter why she needs to go to the bathroom more often than usual. We watch her tell her boyfriend about her predicament, and she does it in such a way that we can tell that she is searching for how he really feels.Read more ›
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Subtitles but I knew that already, great movie, quick shipping from a great sellerPublished 6 months ago by Megan T.
VERY SLOW MOVIE. Interesting, but very slow. Not really recommended for an entire family to watch, but more for personal enrichment on issues in Colombia and South America in terms... Read morePublished 8 months ago by Baron Marsh
Serious, somewhat dark story that allows the reader a view into the way drugs are smuggled into US. And the human cost.Published 8 months ago by Mother Time


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June 15, 2012 | Leave a Comment
BUIES CREEK - Campbell University's master of science in public health degree was awarded accreditation this week from the Southern Association of Colleges and Schools Commission on Colleges.
The inaugural class will arrive in August.
The two-year program anticipates filling more than 20 seats in the first class. The degree will focus on rural health care disparities and address the shortage of public health professionals. Students will work with faculty members to complete the Harnett County Public Health Assessment over the next year and partner with health departments, community clinics and other local organizations to conduct research and execute campaigns.
Public health students will participate in the College of Pharmacy & Health Sciences' interprofessional education pilot program this fall with pharmacy and physician assistant students. Incorporating this field into a team-based training model will place a greater emphasis on expanding a health care workforce with expertise in public and rural health.
The SACSCOC is the regional body for the accreditation of degree-granting higher education institutions in the south. It serves as the common denominator of shared values and practices for degree-granting institutions in 11 southeastern states.
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The pair will compete in the CSI4* along with other stars like new world number three Gerco Schröder, Marcus Ehning, Luciana Diniz and Denis Lynch with the finals in Gothenburg just over a month away.
Also on the agenda at the three-day event in Westphalia is a CDI3* dressage competition, with a similarly stellar cast set to compete.
Hosts Germany, who boast the cream of world dressage riders, will be represented by Helen Langehanenberg on Damon Hill, as well as Kristina Sprehe, Dorothée Schneider and Isabelle Werth.
Also on the start list will be eventing champion Ingrid Klimke, who will prepare for her season with a dressage outing.
The competition in Dortmund runs from March 7 to 10 and the finals in Sweden from April 24 to 28.
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by Allen Ginsberg
Section I, Lines 51-55 Summary
Get out the microscope, because we're going through this poem line-by-line.
Line 51
who scribbled all night rocking and rolling over lofty incantations which in the yellow morning were stanzas of gibberish,
- In a frenzy of inspiration, they wrote poems all night long, only to discover the poems were terrible in the morning.
Line 52
who cooked rotten animals lung heart feet tail borsht & tortillas dreaming of the pure vegetable kingdom,
- They were idealistic vegetarians who ate rotten animals. To be honest, it sounds like they were eating the equivalent of road kill. They had lofty intentions about the animals, but they were so hungry that they ate anything that came their way.
Line 53
who plunged themselves under meat trucks looking for an egg,
- Why would you find an egg under a meat truck? Anyway, these guys were really, really hungry.
Line 54
who threw their watches off the roof to cast their ballot for Eternity outside of Time, & alarm clocks fell on their heads every day for the next decade,
- They threw their watches off of a rooftop in a naïve attempt to escape time, and fate rewards them by sending a cascade of alarm clocks onto their heads. This line has a sense of dark humor in it.
Line 55
who cut their wrists three times successively unsuccessfully, gave up and were forced to open antique stores where they thought they were growing old and cried,
- They tried to kill themselves by cutting their wrists three times but didn't succeed.
- The speaker gives us the impression that it wasn't unhappiness that led them to attempt suicide; it was the desire not to grow old.
- Needing money, they had to open antique stores, which only made them feel even older and sadder.


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In this paper we present the IVS (Iterative Variable Strength) method, an altitude-dependent, self-adapting Tikhonov regularization scheme for atmospheric profile retrievals. The method is based on a similar scheme we proposed in 2009. The new method does not need any specifically tuned minimization routine, hence it is more robust and faster. We test the self-consistency of the method using simulated observations of the Michelson Interferometer for Passive Atmospheric Sounding (MIPAS). We then compare the new method with both our previous scheme and the scalar method currently implemented in the MIPAS on-line processor, using both synthetic and real atmospheric limb measurements. The IVS method shows very good performances.
1. Introduction
On March 1st, 2002 the European Space Agency (ESA) launched the ENVISAT satellite on a polar orbit. The satellite payload includes the Michelson Interferometer for Passive Atmospheric Sounding (MIPAS, [1]). MIPAS sounds the mid-infrared atmospheric limb-emission spectrum. This region contains the signatures of many atmospheric constituents. ESA set up a retrieval algorithm [2, 3] to determine pressure at tangent points and geolocated profiles of temperature and of Volume Mixing Ratios (VMR) of some atmospheric constituents, among which H2O, O3, HNO3, CH4, N2O and NO2.
The full resolution MIPAS measurements acquired until March 2004 were extensively validated by several research groups (see Atmos. Chem. Phys. 2006 special issue on MIPAS). Oscillations beyond the error bars were observed in several MIPAS profiles, particularly in CH4 and N2O VMR [4]. The optimized spectral resolution adopted by MIPAS since January 2005 (see for instance [5]) is characterized by a finer vertical sampling step of 1.5 km in the upper troposphere - lower stratosphere region. The field of view of the instrument is approximately 3 km in the vertical, so the atmosphere turns out to be oversampled. The retrieval grid of the ESA processor coincides with the tangent points of the limb measurements. Therefore the oversampling of the optimized resolution measurements amplifies the unphysical oscillations already present in the full resolution measurements.
The EC (error consistency) [6] Tikhonov regularization scheme has been implemented in the ESA retrieval algorithm to damp the profile oscillations. The choice of the scalar, altitude-independent Tikhonov parameter, which determines the trade-off between the smoothing of the oscillations and the preservation of small-scale features, is rather conservative. This choice guarantees that small-scale profile features in the altitude domain are preserved. However, the performances of this method (as for any scalar regularization scheme) are degraded when the profile changes by several orders of magnitude in the retrieval altitude range. For this reason the regularization of water vapor profiles has been turned off in the operational ESA retrievals.
In [7] we proposed the VS (variable strength) regularization scheme, a self-adapting and altitude-dependent approach that detects whether the actual observations contain information about small-scale profile features, and determines the strength of the regularization accordingly. While representing an optimal solution, this method has two drawbacks. First, the method relies on an external minimization routine that needs to be carefully tuned to obtain optimal performances. Second, the computational requirements of the method, and specifically of the optimization routine, lead to an increase of the retrieval time of about 20%.
In this paper we propose the IVS (iterative variable strength) method, an alternative to the VS scheme. The IVS, while based on the same rationale of the VS, does not use any minimization routine. As a consequence the method is more robust, and the implementation is easier. The additional computational effort required amounts only to about 1.5% of the total retrieval time. This feature makes the IVS method suitable also for implementation in the near real-time processor of MIPAS data.
In Sections 2 and 3 we outline the theoretical background of the developed regularization scheme. In Section 4 we highlight the aspects specific to our implementation of the proposed method. In Sections 5 and 6 we present some tests illustrating the self-consistency of the method when synthetic measurements are used. In Section 7 we show results from real measurements. Finally in Section 8 we draw the conclusions.
For the readers' convenience, we report here a list of acronyms used in the text to specify various techniques. This list supplements the definitions given in the text.
- LS - The Least Squares solution, see equation (2).
- OE - The Optimal Estimation solution, see equation (3).
- LM - The Levenberg-Marquardt solution, see equation (3) and subsequent explanations.
- EC - The solution regularized with the Error Consistency method, see [6].
- IVS - The solution regularized with the Iterative Variable Strength method, the new approach introduced in this paper, see Section 3.
2. Theory
Tikhonov regularization is often used to improve the conditioning of atmospheric profile inversion. Smoother profiles are obtained by penalizing the oscillating solutions in the inversion formula. Let y = f(x) be the forward problem, where y is the m–dimensional vector of the observations with error covariance matrix Sy, f is the forward model, function of the n–dimensional atmospheric state vector x, whose components represent the unknown profile at altitudes z = zj, j = 1,...,n. The Tikhonov solution is the state vector xt minimizing the following cost function:
The first term of the right side of Eq. (1) is referred as χ2 and represents the cost function minimized in the least–squares (LS) approach. The vector xs is an a-priori estimate of the solution, L is a h×n matrix operator, usually approximating a linear combination of the i – th order vertical derivatives (i = 0,1,2). The h×h matrix Λ is diagonal, positive semi-definite and drives the strength of the regularization. Note that normally h ≤ n. Assuming that , we may think of Λjj as the regularization strength at z = z̃j, j = 1,...,h. The altitudes z̃j are determined by the choice of L, and may not necessarily coincide with the retrieval grid zj, j = 1,...,n. Thus we may speak of a vertical profile of Λ.
The standard scalar Tikhonov regularization is obtained when Λ = λI. There are many different methods to determine λ, a good review may be found in [8]. The variable regularization of atmospheric profiles has been proposed in [9], where combinations of 0th, 1st, and 2nd order Tikhonov constraints were considered. The method was applied to nadir retrievals from the Tropospheric Emission Spectrometer (TES) in [10]. In [11], Λ = λSh and Sh is a diagonal matrix containing the reciprocal of the a-priori estimation of the profile. The VS method was introduced and tested on MIPAS measurements in [7], where a comprehensive comparison of scalar and altitude-dependent regularization schemes may also be found.
In this paper we test an altitude-dependent regularization method determining a profile of Λ as the result of an iterative process. We choose to apply the regularization a-posteriori to obtain a better convergence rate, as reported in [12] and [7]. In other words, we first find the minimum of the χ2 via a Gauss-Newton iterative method:
The Gauss-Newton scheme of Eq. (2) may fail if for some p ≤ k the matrix is singular or too much ill–conditioned to be inverted with satisfactory accuracy. In this case, the optimal estimation (OE) and/or Levenberg–Marquardt (LM) modifications (see e.g. [13]) can be used. For example, if OE is used, Eq. (2) becomes:Eq. (3), by setting xa = xp and or . We recall here that for any square matrix M, diag(M) is a matrix having the same elements as M on the main diagonal and 0 elsewhere. With the OE/LM modifications the matrix to be inverted is . Since we want to use Tikhonov regularization, the only purpose of is to permit the inversion of with reasonably small numerical errors. Therefore this term should be chosen positive definite, diagonal or diagonally dominant and kept as small as possible.
Let k be the iteration count at convergence, thus xOE ≡ xk+1, the unregularized solution. Let AOE be the averaging kernel of xOE and SOE its measurement error covariance matrix. The ESA retrieval algorithm uses the LM solution, and AOE and SOE can be calculated with alternative algorithms of different sophistication as explained in [12] and [14]. The theory explained hereafter does not depend on the method used to determine AOE and SOE.
We can compute the regularized solution xΛ as the Gauss-Newton iterate for the minimization of:Eq. (3) and plug it in Eq. (5) we obtain: Eq. (6) can be simplified as: 13]. We used |AΛ|ii in order to penalize the negative lobes of the averaging kernel. Note that rows of the averaging kernel not peaking at the diagonal element are penalized by Eq. (10), which in this case provides an overestimate of the FWHH. When AΛ = I, Eq. (10) provides the vertical step Δzi = (zi−1 − zi+1)/2 of the retrieval grid.
3. Altitude-dependent regularization
In the VS method [7] the Λ-profile is determined as the minimizer of the following target function:
The same objectives of the VS method can be pursued with an iterative approach, avoiding the expensive minimization of ψVS. In the IVS approach we define a Λ-profile λ(z) on a vertical grid so fine that we can consider it a continuous function. We start with a large λ(0)(z) = λmax constant profile and decrease it iteratively until the following requirements are fulfilled:Eq. (9) with Λjj = λ(l)(z̃j), j = 1,...,h. Condition (12) ensures that, on average, the regularized profile lies within a fraction we of the error bars of the unregularized profile. It pursues the same objective of the second term of ψVS(Λ), as shown by Eq. (13) of [7]. Condition (13) is equivalent to the third term of ψVS(Λ).
Fix a threshold λmin. Let J ⊂ {1,...,n} the set of indices of the altitudes zj for which λ(l)(zj) > λmin and:Eq. (9). For any standard choice of L, LTΛL is at most a pentadiagonal matrix, i.e. a matrix having non-zero elements (i, j) only for |i – j| ≤ 2. Moreover the matrix is diagonally dominant, therefore the influence of Λjj is mostly localized in the altitude range zj ∈ [zj – 3Δzj, zj + 3Δzj]. Note that λ(l+1)(z) < λ(l)(z) if and only if z ∈ (zj – δj, zj + δj) for some j ∈ J.
4. Implementation details
We implemented the IVS regularization method in the Optimized Retrieval Model (ORM, see [2, 3]), the scientific prototype of the retrieval algorithm used by ESA for near real–time inversion of MIPAS data. In this code the LM modification is applied to the Gauss-Newton minimization with , and the EC and VS regularization methods are also implemented. The regularization method is selectable via a switch. In the IVS implementation we used h = n – 2, with the operator L defined so that:Eq. (18) corresponds to , j = 1,...,h, i.e. to the second derivative operator L2. In the case of a constant Δzj we have z̃j−1 = zj, j = 2,..., n − 1.
We chose the thresholds λmin = 10−2, and λmax = 10. A notable exception is the regularization of H2O profiles where we set λmax = 103, and implemented a damping scheme which rapidly reduces λ(0)(z) from λmax to λmin below the tropopause. The aim of this modification is to avoid introducing a systematic bias in the H2O profile in this altitude range. Any regularization in this region, even if within the error bars, would introduce a bias around or below the knee of the profile. This effect is due either to the large second derivative values necessary to model the profile knee around the tropopause (when L = L2) or to the large values of the profile and its first derivative below the tropopause (when L = L0 or L = L1).
Unlike the IVS case, the VS computation load depends heavily on the number of grid points used to represent the Λ-profile. For this reason, the Λ-profile of the VS method was defined in our tests on a coarse grid of 9 points and then interpolated to the grid z̃j, j = 1,..., n. Finally we set (we, wr) = (1, 5) for all retrieval targets, according to the results obtained when testing the VS method on real observations [7]. The same values were used for both VS and IVS, since the parameters have the same physical meaning in both methods. Finally note that the EC method is implemented in the ORM with L = L1.
5. Self-consistency test with synthetic observations from a single limb scan
In this section we test the self–consistency of the IVS method and its capability to preserve sharp profile features measured by the instrument. We repeated the test O3 retrieval based on synthetic observations already used to assess the VS method [7]. To avoid the forward model error, these observations were generated by the forward model included in the ORM, using the reference atmosphere model of [15]. The O3 profile was modified with a sharp bump in the 18–24 km altitude range, reflecting the double–peak sometimes observed in the real O3 profiles in pre ozone hole conditions (see [16]).
Instrument configuration, including field of view, vertical scan pattern and spectral line–shape, was adjusted to the MIPAS optimized resolution scenario [17]. Spectral measurement noise was added to synthetic observations. For altitudes ≤ 40 km the noise was chosen consistent with MIPAS specifications; for altitudes > 40 km the noise was amplified by a factor 20 in order to obtain amplified oscillations in the unregularized retrieved profile. The initial guess profile was obtained by multiplying the climatological profile by a factor of 1.3 and with no bump modification. In this test the LM term was kept as small as possible (α = 10−3) in order to limit its regularization effect. Because of the artificially amplified errors, the LM term is however necessary to guarantee the convergence of the minimization sequence.
Figure 1 illustrates the results of the test. Panel (a) shows the reference profile (solid gray), the initial guess profile (dashed black), and the LM solution (solid blue). The same panel shows also the solutions regularized with the VS (solid green), EC (solid orange) and IVS (solid purple) methods. Panel (b) shows the LM retrieval errors calculated as the square roots of the diagonal elements of the covariance matrix SOE (dashed blue). The same panel shows also the differences between the LM (solid blue), VS (solid green), EC (solid orange), IVS (solid purple) solutions and the reference profile, i.e. the actual errors.
Fig. 1
From Fig. 1 we see that all the considered regularization methods are able to preserve the sharp bump feature of the reference profile in the 18–24 km altitude range. Above 40 km however, the artificial oscillations induced by the large noise are better smoothed out by the VS and IVS methods. In fact, while all the presented methods are self-adaptive (i.e. they adjust the regularization strength on the basis of the error bars of the unregularized profile), the altitude-dependence of the VS and IVS methods permits to achieve a stronger regularization localized in the altitude range where the error bars of the unregularized profile are particularly large (above 40 km). From panel (b) we see that on average the VS and IVS profiles are consistent with the LM profile within a fraction we = 1 of the LM error bars as required by the algorithms. Note that the relatively large errors obtained in this test retrieval are mainly due to the artificial amplification of the measurement noise that we applied above 40 km. Therefore the results of this test, while useful to assess the consistency of the IVS method, should not be considered as representative of the real MIPAS performance.
6. Results of retrievals from a simulated full MIPAS orbit
In this section we show the results of the IVS method applied to a full orbit of synthetic MIPAS measurements. Since inspection of a large number of profiles is unpractical, we introduce a few scalar quantifiers to characterize the performance of the retrieval.
The consistency of the final simulated spectra with the synthetic measurements is measured by . This is the arithmetic mean (on the orbit) of the normalized chi-square (see [18]) related to individual profile retrievals.
We introduce an oscillation quantifier Ω2 to evaluate the profile smoothness. For any profile xi = x(zi), i = 1,..., n we define
Any regularization scheme with strength Λ aims at a reduction of Ω̄2, at the expenses of an increase of . To measure the efficiency of a regularization scheme, we introduce the quantifier
Finally we consider the number of degrees of freedom (DoF) of the retrieval, calculated as the trace of the averaging kernel matrix [13]. This quantifier represents the overall reduction of the vertical resolution as a consequence of the applied constraints. We divide this number by the number n of points of the retrieved profile, since this latter can vary from scan to scan due to cloud contamination. We then take the arithmetic mean on the orbit. Note that measures the fraction of the vertical resolution lost (with respect to the LS solution) because of external constraints. Therefore is also an estimator of the overall strength of the combined effect of the LM technique and the a-posteriori regularization.
Since in this test the true atmosphere is known, we can also characterize the error of the retrieved profiles with the mean ( ) and the standard deviation (σ) of the difference between the retrieved and the true profile at each retrieval grid point along the orbit.
In this section we still use synthetic MIPAS measurements generated assuming the climatological atmosphere of [15]. We however apply an interpolation within the tabulated latitude bands to avoid latitude intervals with constant atmosphere and large jumps at the edges. In this test retrieval errors due to interfering species and pressure and temperature error propagation in VMR are avoided by assuming the true atmospheric state except for the retrieval target. For the retrieval target the initial guess is set equal to the true profile multiplied by 1.3. We used the same convergence criteria as the ESA Level 2 Processor version 6.0. These consist in checking the inter-iteration variation of the state-vector and of χ2. The thresholds were adjusted to keep the convergence error smaller than 10% of the error due to the measurement noise. A more comprehensive description of the convergence criteria may be found in the technical note [19].
We compare the IVS method with the LM, EC and VS methods. As mentioned in Sect. 1, the EC regularization is not used in the H2O retrievals, hence the related results are missing.
In Table 1 we report and σ for each target parameter and retrieval method. For reference, we also report the standard deviation of the LS profiles. Since the pure LS method does not always converge, we calculate the σ of the LS profiles (σLS) as the average of over the altitudes zj and the scans of the orbit.
To check the altitude behavior of the errors, we also broke down the differences between retrieved and true profiles into altitude bins centered around nominal MIPAS tangent altitudes. For each bin we calculated the mean and the standard deviation of the sample. The plot of Fig. 2 shows the altitude behavior of the standard deviations for H2O retrieval. The σ of the LS method (σLS) is calculated by binning . Figure 3 shows the retrieved H2O profiles for a sample scan.
Fig. 2
Fig. 3
In Table 2 we report, for each target species and retrieval method, the values of , Ω̄2, E and , except for the reference (REF) profile, for which only the Ω̄2 is defined. The last row of the table contains the efficiency E averaged over the retrieval targets.
From Table 1 we can see that, for all retrieved profiles is smaller than the related σ, thus indicating that the bias of the retrieved profiles is not significant. We also note that in general the tested regularization methods achieve a reduction of the σ with respect to the LM technique. The estimated σ contains the contributions of both the smoothing error and the retrieval noise [13]. Hence the smoothing error possibly introduced by the regularization is generally more than compensated by the achieved reduction of the noise error.
The standard deviation of the retrieved profiles is much smaller than σLS except for the H2O case, where σLM is already greater than σLS. In the H2O case the differences between retrieved and reference profiles, while mostly constant if normalized to the profile value, become very large below the tropopause. As a consequence the global σLM remains quite large, because its value is driven by the squares of the differences. The same effect does not apply to σLS, which is simply the arithmetic average of the . This can be seen from Fig. 2 where, conversely, each binned σLM is smaller than the related σLS. The effect of the damping of λ(0)(z) in the water retrieval can also be seen in Fig. 2, where σLM ∼ σIVS below approximately 12 km.
From Table 2 we see that a good reduction of the Ω̄2 is achieved at the expenses of a marginal increase of the . Because of their altitude-dependent strength, the VS and IVS methods have a better efficiency in reducing the oscillations of the profiles. Despite the theoretical suboptimality, the IVS achieves comparable performances with respect to the VS method. The only marginal increase of the efficiency in the water vapor case is motivated by the fact that here, the Ω̄2 quantifier is dominated by the contributions of the steep part of the profile below the tropopause, where the profile is only marginally regularized because of the damping we applied to λ(0)(z). Nevertheless the profile oscillations in the stratosphere are well smoothed out by the VS and IVS methods as illustrated in Fig. 3, even if this effect is not properly factored by Ω̄2.
7. Retrieval from real MIPAS data
In order to verify that the good performance of the IVS method persists also when real MIPAS measurements are processed, in this section we report the results of a test based on real observations. We selected 12 orbits of MIPAS measurements from the year 2007. The measurements cover the four seasons to ensure that the test includes sufficient atmospheric variability. Table 3 shows the results of the test, with the same format of Table 2. In this case the reported quantities are averages on all the scans (1128 in total) of the considered orbits. Note that the H2O retrieval in the EC case has been carried out with the LM method. The difference in the H2O results with respect to the full LM case is mainly due to the method used to retrieve the temperature.
We may compare the results of the full orbit retrieval from synthetic (Table 2) and real (Table 3) measurements. The numbers reported in Table 3 show clearly that, globally, the performance of the regularization is preserved also when real measurements are processed. We note that the Ω̄2 of the LM retrieved profiles is generally smaller in the synthetic case. This is due to the combination of two causes. First, synthetic measurements do not include systematic model errors which are present in the real observations. Second, the reference model atmosphere of the synthetic test retrieval is probably smoother than the actual atmosphere sounded by MIPAS in the selected orbits. The only exception is H2O. In this case the presence of clouds in the sample of real measurements makes the average bottom altitude of the profiles higher than in case of orbit 15451, used to model the synthetic measurements. As already mentioned, in the case of H2O the Ω̄2 quantifier is dominated by the contributions of the profile below the tropopause, hence the smaller value obtained with real measurements.
8. Conclusions
In this paper we present a new approach to the variable strength (VS) Tikhonov regularization that we already proposed in a earlier paper [7]. The new approach avoids the two drawbacks of the VS method: the dependence on an external specifically tuned minimization routine and the increase of computing time by about 20%.
The new method we propose, the iterative variable strength (IVS), has the same rationale of the VS method. The aim is to apply the strongest possible regularization that, within pre-defined margins, preserves the compatibility of the regularized profile with the observations (only a small increase of chi-square is permitted) and does not destroy the profile vertical resolution. Instead of minimizing a target function, the IVS method starts with a large (strong) Tikhonov constraint at all altitudes, then decreases it locally and iteratively, until the user requirements on chi-square and vertical resolution are met.
We prove the self-consistency of the proposed algorithm on the basis of synthetic limb-scanning observations. In particular we show that the IVS method is able to preserve sharp profile features, such as ozone double peaks, that might be unexpected and therefore not modeled in the initial guess of the retrieval. Based on the analysis of a statistically significant set of synthetic observations we also quantify the bias and the smoothing error introduced by the regularization. It turns out that the bias is one order of magnitude smaller than the noise error. Furthermore, in total, the smoothing and the noise error components of the regularized profile never exceed the noise error of the unregularized solution.
We measure the performance of the regularization on the basis of its capability to damp the profile oscillations with a marginal chi-square increase. Based on both synthetic and real MI-PAS measurements we evaluate the performance of the proposed IVS method in comparison to the original VS algorithm and to the error consistency (EC) method currently implemented in the on-line ESA Level 2 processor for MIPAS. In all the tested cases the IVS method, while sub-optimal with respect to the VS, achieves similar good performance. Compared to scalar regularizations, the altitude-dependence of the VS and the IVS methods permits to better smooth-out profile oscillations when these are associated with large retrieval errors localized in specific altitude ranges. The self-adaptability of the VS and IVS methods permits to obtain a sufficiently strong regularization and, at the same time, the risk of over-smoothing sharp profile features is avoided when related information is present in the analyzed observations.
Compared to the VS, the IVS method does not rely on external minimization routines, therefore the method is more robust, its implementation is easier and the required computational effort is much smaller. For the tests presented in this paper the additional computing time required by the IVS method amounts to only 1.5% of the total retrieval time. The proposed method can be implemented in any Gauss-Newton-type algorithm for the retrieval of vertical distribution profiles. Currently the IVS algorithm is coded in a standard FORTRAN routine both in a stand-alone version and in a version integrated within the ORM code. The routine can be easily interfaced with any existing inversion software. The authors will freely supply the IVS routine to scientists who would like to test the algorithm in their inversion codes, for no-profit purposes.
We thank the IFAC-CNR institute in Firenze for making available computing and technical facilities through associate contract to M.R., in the frame of the research activity TA.P06.002. This study was supported by the ESA-ESRIN contract 21719/08/I-OL.
References and links
1. H. Fischer, M. Birk, C. Blom, B. Carli, M. Carlotti, T. von Clarmann, L. Delbouille, A. Dudhia, D. Ehhalt, M. Endemann, J. M. Flaud, R. Gessner, A. Kleinert, R. Koopman, J. Langen, M. López-Puertas, P. Mosner, H. Nett, H. Oelhaf, G. Perron, J. Remedios, M. Ridolfi, G. Stiller, and R. Zander, "Mipas: an instrument for atmospheric and climate research," Atmos. Chem. Phys. 8, 2151–2188 (2008). [CrossRef]
2. M. Ridolfi, B. Carli, M. Carlotti, T. von Clarmann, B. M. Dinelli, A. Dudhia, J.-M. Flaud, M. Höpfner, P. E. Morris, P. Raspollini, G. Stiller, and R. J. Wells, "Optimized forward model and retrieval scheme for mipas near-real-time data processing," Appl. Opt. 39, 1323–1340 (2000). [CrossRef]
3. P. Raspollini, C. Belotti, A. Burgess, B. Carli, M. Carlotti, S. Ceccherini, B. M. Dinelli, A. Dudhia, J.-M. Flaud, B. Funke, M. Höpfner, M. López-Puertas, V. Payne, C. Piccolo, J. J. Remedios, M. Ridolfi, and R. Spang, "Mipas level 2 operational analysis," Atmos. Chem. Phys. 6, 5605–5630 (2006). [CrossRef]
4. S. Payan, C. Camy-Peyret, H. Oelhaf, G. Wetzel, G. Maucher, C. Keim, M. Pirre, N. Huret, A. Engel, M. C. Volk, H. Kuellmann, J. Kuttippurath, U. Cortesi, G. Bianchini, F. Mencaraglia, P. Raspollini, G. Redaelli, C. Vigouroux, M. De Mazière, S. Mikuteit, T. Blumenstock, V. Velazco, J. Notholt, E. Mahieu, P. Duchatelet, D. Smale, S. Wood, N. Jones, C. Piccolo, V. Payne, A. Bracher, N. Glatthor, G. Stiller, K. Grunow, P. Jeseck, Y. Te, and A. Butz, "Validation of version-4.61 methane and nitrous oxide observed by mipas," Atmos. Chem. Phys. 9, 413–442 (2009). [CrossRef]
5. P. Raspollini, B. Carli, S. Ceccherini, and M. Ridolfi, "The new measurement scenario of mipas," in "ASSFTS 14 Workshop, Firenze," (2009).
6. S. Ceccherini, "Analytical determination of the regularization parameter in the retrieval of atmospheric vertical profiles," Opt. Lett. 30, 2554–2556 (2005). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
7. M. Ridolfi and L. Sgheri, "A self-adapting and altitude-dependent regularization method for atmospheric profile retrievals," Atmos. Chem. Phys. 9, 1883–1897 (2009). [CrossRef]
8. A. Doicu, T. Trautmann, and F. Schreier, Numerical regularization for atmospheric inverse problems (Springer, 2010). [CrossRef]
9. S. S. Kulawik, G. Osterman, D. B. A. Jones, and K. W. Bowman, "Calculation of altitude-dependent tikhonov constraints for tes nadir retrievals," IEEE Trans. Geosci. Remote Sens. 44, 1334–1342 (2006). [CrossRef]
10. K. W. Bowman, C. Rodgers, S. S. Kulawik, J. Worden, E. Sarkissian, G. Osterman, T. Steck, M. Lou, A. Eldering, M. Shephard, H. Worden, M. Lampel, S. Clough, P. Brown, C. Rinsland, M. Gunson, and R. Beer, "Tropospheric emission spectrometer: Retrieval method and error analysis," IEEE Trans. Geosci. Remote Sens. 44, 1297–1307 (2006). [CrossRef]
11. J. Steinwagner and G. Schwarz, "Shape-dependent regularization for the retrieval of atmospheric state parameter profiles," Appl. Opt. 45, 1000–1009 (2006). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
12. S. Ceccherini, C. Belotti, B. Carli, P. Raspollini, and M. Ridolfi, "Technical note: Regularization performances with the error consistency method in the case of retrieved atmospheric profiles," Atmos. Chem. Phys. 7, 1435–1440 (2007). [CrossRef]
13. C. D. Rodgers, Inverse Methods for Atmospheric Sounding: Theory and Practice (Atmospheric, Oceanic and Planetary Physics, World Scientific, 2000). [CrossRef]
14. S. Ceccherini and M. Ridolfi, "Technical note: Variance-covariance matrix and averaging kernels for the levenberg-marquardt solution of the retrieval of atmospheric vertical profiles," Atmos. Chem. Phys. 10, 3131–3139 (2010). [CrossRef]
15. J. J. Remedios, R. J. Leigh, A. M. Waterfall, D. P. Moore, H. Sembhi, I. Parkes, J. Greenhough, M. P. Chipperfield, and D. Hauglustaine, "Mipas reference atmospheres and comparisons to v4.61/v4.62 mipas level 2 geophysical data sets," Atmos. Chem. Phys. Discuss. 7, 9973–10017 (2007). [CrossRef]
16. A. V. Nemuc and R. L. Dezafra, "Ground based measurements of stratospheric ozone in antarctica," Rom. Rep. Phys. 57, 445–452 (2005).
17. A. Dudhia, "Mipas-related section of the web site of the Oxford university, department of physics," http://www.atm.ox.ac.uk/group/mipas/ (2008).
18. P. R. Bevington and D. K. Robinson, Data Reduction and Error Analysis for the Physical Sciences, 3rd ed. (McGraw–Hill, 2003).
19. M. Ridolfi and L. Sgheri, "Improvement of the orm convergence criteria: test of performance and implementation details," http://www.fci.unibo.it/~ridolfi/hak/tnconvcrit.pdf (2011).


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Millions of people will be traveling this holiday weekend despite higher gas prices this year compared to years past.
AAA estimates more than 31 million people will travel 50 miles or more on the roads this Memorial Day weekend. Gas prices are more than 30 percent higher this year than during last year's Memorial Day weekend, but most people aren't letting the prices put the brakes on traveling.
"Oh no, why should I? It's only money," said Jerry O'Dowd.
"We just have to pay it; we're forced to pay it, you know," said Mike Stone.
AAA says some drivers are cutting their trips shorter or going a shorter difference to help save because the higher prices at the pump.


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Here's the post in question:
I installed the plugin especially for this stubborn post! Facebook will get images for all of my other posts, whether they have specified post images or not. Even after installing the plugin, Facebook still won't grab ANY images for this post, much less the specified post image.
Does Facebook "cache" sites and refuse to grab images thereafter?


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Hotels in Burzaco
Browse 131 attractions, meet 4 travelers, 1 tour guides and discover 305 photos
Travelers are voting Running lover / wine / tango, Pampa and good food in Magdalena. and Olives gracious host as the best of 504 hotels in Burzaco. There are 269 hotels in Pilar a city just 84 km from Burzaco and 41 hotels in Lujan which is 86 km distant. The most popular of these are Running lover / wine / tango in Pilar and Family gladly welcome tourists in Lujan. You can find 749 hotels in Buenos Aires NCR and 1364 hotels in the country of Argentina. Our members favorite in Buenos Aires NCR is See enthusiasts movies and Family offers a magical place is the top pick in Argentina. Want more? Check out our map of hotels in Burzaco.
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Curious Coincidences at George Mason University: Ed Wegman, Milton Johns and Ken Cuccinelli
John Mashey | October 30, 2011
By John Mashey • Sunday, October 30, 2011 - 21:40
Nearly two years ago, Canadian blogger Deep Climate found the first few pages of plagiarism in the Wegman Report. Since then, he and others have found many more, whose chronology is graphed in Plagiarism chains involving Edward Wegman and/or students, 10/07/11, going back to 1996.
After 17+ months beyond the first of many formal complaints, and despite exhortation from a Nature editorial in May 2011 to move faster, George Mason University (GMU) is still reviewing the situation.
Dan Vergano of USA Today reported on 05/16/11 that
"Neither Dr. Wegman nor Dr. Said has ever engaged in plagiarism," says their attorney, Milton Johns, by e-mail. In a March 16 e-mail to the journal, Wegman blamed a student who "had basically copied and pasted" from others' work into the 2006 congressional report, and said the text was lifted without acknowledgment and used in the journal study. "We would never knowingly publish plagiarized material" wrote Wegman, a former CSDA journal editor."
But who is Milton Johns, to be so confident of his firm statement?


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Perfect for trekking through the snow — or for fleeing from paparazzi, as the case may be — Koolaburra's warm, plush footwear lives up to its tag line: "sheepskin redefined." Based in sunny Santa Barbara, California (not the most obvious locale for an uggs designer, we admit!), Koolaburra sources its fine women's boots and shoes from artisans based in Spain, China, Portugal, and Australia. Leather fringe, crystal-studded peace signs, woven leather accents, and many more eye-catching embellishments distinguish Koolaburra shoes from other classic sheepskin boots. For those who enjoy Santa Barbara-like climates year-round, Koolaburra makes suede-and-snakeskin booties, sleek midcalf boots, and couture sneakers featuring dyed leather, Velcro straps, and punk-rock metal studs. The brand has proven so popular with the rich and famous that its website boasts a "shop by celebrity" feature where you can see A-listers Jessica Alba, Kate Hudson, Selena Gomez and others sporting their Koolaburras around Hollywood.
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All libraries will be closed for Labor Day on Monday, September 5th. Normal library hours will resume on Tuesday, September 6th.
If you aren't familiar with Medicare or the other available resources, or if you just want to brush up on what you already know, SHINE from the Florida Department of Elder Affairs can help. The presentation provides information and resources on how to make informed choices when it comes to Medicare eligibility, supplemental insurance, advantage plans, prescription drug coverage and savings programs. All SHINE programs are free and unbiased; counseling is always confidential.Read more
Based on the acclaimed 2013 young-adult sci-fi novel by Rick Yancey, The 5th Wave follows a 16-year-old survivor of a catastrophic alien invasion. Cassie is a high-school student leading a normal life when extraterrestrials invade Earth and kill millions of humans. Now, she must rescue her kidnapped brother while figuring out whom she can trust. Columbia Pictures Industries Inc.®
Wednesday, September 14, 2:00 PM - 4:00 PM
Decorate pine cones to look like "mum" flowers using paint and your creative talents. All materials provided. Registration required.
Central Ridge
Tuesday, September 13, 10:30 AM - 12:00 PM
The Friends of the Library are non-profit organizations dedicated to enhancing public library service for the citizens of Citrus County.
Friends are people who love books, love to read, and want to help others enjoy the pleasure of reading. Friends donate time and resources to the libraries and Friends' organizations. Friends believe that they can make the difference between a good Library System and a great Library System. Friends of the Library work to make libraries and their community better.
Become part of a fun group that makes a real difference. You can download an application form, fill it out, and bring it into your local library today.
Floral City Tuesday, October 11, 6:00 PM - 7:00 PM
Tuesday, September 13, 6:00 PM - 7:00 PM
Tuesday, October 11, 6:00 PM - 7:00 PM
Bring your Android device and learn how to download and install apps or applications form the Play Store. (NOTE: Classes for Kindle and iPad are taught separately). Registration is required.
Lakes Region
Monday, September 12, 5:30 PM - 6:00 PM
Join us at the library for some artistic fun. Use your creative side to make glittered glass jars.
Lakes Region
Monday, September 12, 3:30 PM - 5:00 PM (Click here for Schedules)
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From our Community Partners Blog
If you aren't familiar with Medicare or the other available resources, or if you just want to brush up on what you already know, SHINE... Read more
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Seven events will offer visitors an opportunity to participate in guided evening walks The Friends of the Crystal River Preserve State Parks, Inc., in partnership with... Read more
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Citrus County Parks & Recreation's P.L.A.Y. ProgramThe P.L.A.Y. program (Preparing Little Athletes Youth) is a comprehensive motor skills development program that will prepare you and... Read more
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Staff Assisted Services Schedule and Locations CareerSource will roll out its Mobile Resource Unit (MOBY1) to the Homosassa Public Library to help residents of Citrus County find... Read more
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Please join BJ Jarvis, from the UF IFAS Extension on for her program, "Culinary Herbs - Growing and Cooking." Discover the many flavorful herbs well-suited... Read more
The Citrus County Library System will promote the pursuit of knowledge and deliver quality education to the community, embracing the power of information, imagination, and ideas.


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Belfast City Council halts demolition of historic properties
Council officials have halted demolition of two historic properties in a Belfast conservation zone.
Home › Sunday Life › News
Council officials have halted demolition of two historic properties in a Belfast conservation zone.
The bun is back for drugs mule Michaella McCollum as she settles into life after returning to her home town.
The distraught family of murdered prison officer David Black has broken its silence about a controversial court decision to allow a dissident republican charged in connection with the killing to enjoy a luxury hotel spa break.
Reading out loud, getting a bus ticket and meeting new people were just some of the things Jamie Wilson dreaded as a child.
This CCTV image is the last picture of former UDA chief John Boreland – taken just 30 minutes before he was murdered in a horrific shotgun attack by members of the terror gang.
The promoter of iconic nightclub Lush! has told how he formed an unlikely alliance with the Ulster Orchestra.
Love Island finalist Adam Maxted kept it clean on national TV to pursue his wrestling dream.
Police were foiling two out of every three IRA terror operations by the end of the Troubles, a leading academic has revealed.
Hockey playing brothers Mark and Paul Gleghorne are Rio rivals as they prepare to play for opposing teams at the Olympics.
When I heard everybody was wandering about capturing monsters on their mobile phones I decided it merited a Sunday Life investigation – or at least a couple of hours skive from the office.
A Hank the dog lookalike from Co Down has been spared the death sentence despite being categorised as a pit bull — one day after the Belfast dog was seized.
A same-sex couple from Northern Ireland have become doting mums.
These are the photos that will strike fear into the hearts of every parent – they show a convicted paedophile mixing with children at Northern Ireland's best known amusement arcade.
A convicted paedophile was allowed to mix with children at Northern Ireland's best known amusement arcade.
At 192 years old the grand dame of Dublin hotels is looking better than ever.
A Northern Ireland model whose sexy nude shoot on Cave Hill made headlines has been left suffering from "non epileptic seizures" following a motorway crash, a court has been told.
I will never forget the first time I visited the Somme battlefield, in northern France. it was 1991 and I was covering the 75th anniversary for UTV.
Former Miss Great Britain Gemma Garrett has slammed beauty queen Zara Holland's actions on Love Island.
The stunning model bride of Northern Ireland football hero Kyle Lafferty has revealed she made her new husband wait two months for a first date.
A major investigation is under way into claims that PSNI recruits have been cheating in exams.
A man accused of kidnapping and threatening a drug dealer over an alleged £3,000 worth of missing pills and cannabis has been refused a bail variation to holiday in Tenerife.
A Belfast postal operator who ran a near two-year-long theft scheme at a Royal Mail sorting office has been jailed for six months.
A self-confessed UDA boss was described as "outstanding" by a DUP politician in a letter to senior civil servants.
Sunday Life recognised the ordinary people who have done extraordinary things at the Sunday Life Spirit of Northern Ireland Awards with Specsavers this weekend.
A galaxy of stars turned out to honour our unsung heroes for the 2016 Sunday Life Spirit of Northern Ireland Awards with Specsavers on Friday night.
One Direction star Niall Horan can't wait to return to Northern Ireland this summer.
On Sunday 22nd March 2016 Sunday Life brings readers Secrets, Sex and Murder - the sensational book about double killers Colin Howell and Hazel Stewart.
One Direction star Niall Horan is set to run the rule over golfing talent at a tournament in County Antrim this summer.
This is the pervert who was shopped by his estranged wife for stealing from her to pay for porn and dating sites.
Clodagh Dunlop has done the unthinkable — by jumping out of a plane on the first anniversary of the stroke that nearly killed her.
This is the sexy aspiring pop star from Bangor who has confessed to stealing more than £1,200 of goods from a local Marks and Spencer store.
This is the shamed former housing chief convicted of carrying out a lewd act in front of shocked young woman at a luxury Northern Ireland hotel.
DUP councillor Tommy Jeffers told of his joy after becoming a dad again aged 73.
The scoreline is now looking slightly one-sided, so this week Wood v Food went back to its roots by taking on a mammoth version of our national dish — the Ulster fry.
These are the sickening Facebook posts Caolim Baker shared before attacking the young mother of his two children.
Little Izaak Harson has been given a chance to try out some groundbreaking technology that could change his life.
A dissident republican murdered in a bloody gangland feud in Dublin had his own mother stash piles of cocaine for him in her Strabane home.
Food handed me my second humiliation last week to go 2-1 ahead, but this punch drunk fighter was determined not to go down in the fourth.
Sunday Life and Hilton Northern Ireland have teamed up with the DM Thomas Foundation for Young People to give away £10,000 to children's charities across the province.
Notorious 'trick or treat' killer Torrens Knight has spoken frankly about his life of crime, drug abuse and sectarian murder.
World champion Carl Frampton has joined the search for Northern Ireland's unsung heroes.
Riding high on the buzz from last week's victory, Wood v Food decided to head west in a bid to go one up in the series.
A stunning self-proclaimed 'MILF' is fighting charges that she attacked her former Ulster rugby star husband and his flashy car.
One of Northern Ireland's top architects has admitted assaulting a woman and damaging one of her paintings.
Two women who provided false alibis to the killers of Cody the dog have escaped jail.
Following last week's humiliation at the hands of a mountain of meat, I decided to shun size and opt for spice in bid to level the scoreboard.
A luxury five-bedroom property that was home to successive Chief Constables has been put up for sale by the Policing Board.
It's an eating challenge that would make Desperate Dan think twice.
Danielle McGriskin is one of those rare individuals who even when going through a living nightmare of her own still managed to find the time and energy to help others.
He is only 12-years-old and has made such a huge impact that he needs no introduction as everyone will have heard of little Jay Beatty.
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Organization Update: August 24
Jared Wyllys fills in to update Cubs fans on the happenings in the organization from yesterday's games.Full Story »
3AM Wake Up Call
It's 3am Eastern time and I'm awake. I'm getting ready to head to the airport to join Capn Obvious, Sherm, Raker, Caps and Al Berg at game 2 and 3 of the series, but I'm not looking forward to the flight. I didn't get to sleep till after 11pm and then our smoke detector in the hall upstairs decided it was a good time to warn that the battery was low. It's still doing a single chirp as I type this every 30 seconds. All that said, I did not see the game last night, but I found a good little summary on ESPN I wouldn't mind commenting on.Full Story »
August 22 – This Day in Cubs History
Each day we look at the significant happenings, transactions as birthdays in the history of the Chicago Cubs.Full Story »
August 21 – This Day in Cubs History
A look back at August 21st in Cubs history.Full Story »
Get Used to Disappointment
Sherm checks in after a win by the Cubs behind a spot starter and pees in everyone's Cheerios.Full Story »


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In The Department
Afro-Caribbean Politics and Culture in Bluefields, Nicaragua this Summer!
Congratulations to students recently admitted to the AADS study abroad program in Bluefields, Nicaragua! As part of the Afro-Caribbean Politics and Culture in Central America program, students will spend the Summer II semester of 2016 studying the politics of race, gender, culture, and political mobilization among Afro-Caribbean communities on Central America's Caribbean Coast. By experiencing the unique culture of Bluefields, Nicaragua, U.S. students will learn about a related but distinct strand of the Black experience in the Americas, which is relatively unknown outside the region. This is a perfect course for students interested in Afro-Latin America, race, gender, class, sexuality, identity, and culture. Specifically, the program seeks to recruit intellectually ambitious students interested in activist scholarship and research.
2016 AADS Doctoral Portfolio Candidates
Congratulations to the 2016 AADS Doctoral Portfolio Candidates!
On April 14, 2016, African and African Diaspora Studies (AADS) doctoral portfolio candidates Ava Purkiss, Dotun Ayobade, Andrea Roberts, and Maya J. Berry presented on sections of their dissertations for the AADS Doctoral Portfolio Presentations. These presentations marked the successful completion of their requirements for the doctoral portfolio in AADS, under the supervision of AADS Portfolio Administrator Dr. Omi Osun Joni L. Jones. Each candidate presented on the following:
Ava Purkiss, Department of History
"The Best Antidote for Fat":
Beauty, Exercise, and Fit Black Womanhood in the Age of Physical Culture, 1900-1930s
Dissertation Supervisors:
Dr. Daina Berry and Dr. Tiffany Gill
Dotun Ayobade, Department of Theatre & Dance
"We Were on Top of the World!":
Afrobeat Queens and the Poetics of Space
Dissertation Supervisor:
Dr. Omi Osun Joni L. Jones
Andrea Roberts, School of Architecture and Community & Regional Planning Program
The Freedom Colony Repertoire:
The Role of Memory in Rural, African American Planning Practice
Dissertation Supervisor:
Dr. Michael Holleran
Maya J. Berry, Department of Anthropology
Afro-Cuban Movement(s): Performing Autonomy in "updating" Havana
Dissertation Supervisor:
Dr. Edmund T. Gordon
Congratulations to them!
The objectives of the AADS Doctoral Portfolio program are to engage doctoral students in an advanced approach to interdisciplinary studies and to provide tools for mapping the intellectual, political, and creative breadth of African and African Diaspora Studies. Students in the program participate in rigorous dialogue about African and African Diaspora Studies; expand the University's resources through the development of interdisciplinary methodologies; become familiar with the diverse faculty specialties within African and African Diaspora Studies; foster UT-Austin's national and international reputation as a recognized leader in African and African Diaspora Studies; and are instructed in the application of theoretical and conceptual tools of analysis and research on African-descended peoples. The portfolio program is administered by Dr. Omi Osun Joni L. Jones, AADS Portfolio Administrator; Yvette Vasquez, Student Program Coordinator; and the AADS Portfolio Steering Committee. For more information, please visit the program website here.
Devonya Batiste (2nd Lt., Rhetoric and Writing, 2016), Madisun Merrick Stelly (3rd Lt., African and African Diaspora Studies, 2017), Michaela Taylor (Far Rt., African and African Diaspora Studies, 2016), and Fallon Christian (not pictured, Theatre and Dance, 2016)
Students have been selected as Urban Research Fellows in AADS's Domestic Study Program in San Francisco! In this photo, they have been joined by 2014 Urban Research Fellows alum Minerva Zapata (Far Lt., Radio/Television/Film, 2016) They are spending the Spring of 2016 studying gentrification in San Francisco and taking courses at San Francisco State University. By working with activist organizations, attending arts events and community protests, and touring all parts of the city, they are studying how and why gentrification occurs, and developing strategies for addressing it. For details on next year's program, contact Dr. Omi Osun Joni L. Jones, firstname.lastname@example.com.


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Snapping Turtle Rattles
See a close up and the bottom of the rattle
See our Gallery Iroquois Snapping Turtle Rattle on NaturalExotics.com
Please note that this website is a massive legacy site without a shopping cart. We are in the process of migrating to our e-commerce website at NaturalExotics.com
This is a new, authentic ceremonial rattles
used on the Six Nations reservation in Ontario. A limited number of
rattles are available each year. The rattles have not been used in
ceremonies. You get the exact one shown when ordering by gallery number
Our Gxx codes denote individual pieces. If you would like to order a specific rattle, please go to our Gallery to pick the exact one shown.
Genus and species: Chelydra serpentina. Wild.
Common snapping turtles are not endangered (although the alligator snapping turtles have recently been listed under CITES III).
No exports of turtle shells to the European Union due to their laws.
A USFWS export permit is required for all exports outside of the U.S.
Native Made in Canada
Related Products
MORE Native Rattles
Snapping Turtle Claws
Snapping Turtle Shells


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Noticia de Torto
The "Notícia de Torto" [Notice about (the damage, offense, injury) - Galician-Portuguese] is a minuta of a notarial document written in the first decades of the 13th century, and though it does not contain any date it has been dated as between 1211 and 1216, the first reigning years of King Afonso II of Portugal. Together with the King's will (written in July 1214) it is considered the oldest known non-literary document of the Portuguese Language. The title is a reference to its first line (De noticia de torto que fecerum a Laurencius Fernãdiz.. ). The text is about the persecutions, violence and robbery by the sons of Gonçalo Ramires against Lourenço Fernandes da Cunha, a noble of Braga, all of whom were heirs of Gonçalo Ramires. The document was probably written in Braga's region.
This document is preserved at the Portuguese Nacional Archives [1]
- ^ "Notícia de Torto" (in Portuguese). Arquivo Nacional Torre do Tombo, Portuguese National Archives Digital Collection. Retrieved 23 December 2012.
|This European history–related article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.


text:
JFK Website (0)
Digital Archives (1)
Title: 1963: V
This folder consists of correspondence between the office of President John F. Kennedy's secretary, Evelyn Lincoln, and individuals and organizations both known and unknown to the President. Materials are mainly expressions of and responses to public opinion. Of note is correspondence with Harold S. Vanderbilt, including a letter about the integra...
Search powered by Oracle Endeca ®.
JOHN F. KENNEDY PRESIDENTIAL LIBRARY AND MUSEUMColumbia Point, Boston MA 02125 (617) 514-1600


text:
European watchdog approves US Airways, AMR merger
AMSTERDAM (AP) – European authorities have cleared US Airways Group Inc.'s proposed merger with American Airlines' parent company, AMR Corp. _ on the condition that they give up one slot at London's Heathrow airport and take steps to foster competition on the London-Philadelphia route.
The merger and restructuring plan, which would create the world's biggest airline, must still be approved by a U.S. federal judge before AMR can emerge from bankruptcy, with a hearing expected Aug. 15.
Meanwhile, the U.S. Department of Justice is still reviewing the deal amid complaints that it could lead to reduced competition and higher fares in the U.S.
Joaquin Almunia, the top competition official at the European Commission, the EU's executive branch, said in a statement that the Philadelphia route would have been monopolized without concessions agreed to provisionally by the two airlines.
"On all other transatlantic routes affected by the merger the combined entity will continue to face competition from other strong competitors," including groups led by Delta, United, and Virgin, he said.
European approval for the deal has long been expected, but in the U.S. the situation may be more complicated, despite approval for the deal last week by US Airways shareholders.
In addition to the Justice Department, a number of states have asked for insight into the deal's details, presumably to ensure that hubs and routes touching their regional interests are being preserved.
The companies have said they expect to close the deal by the end of September.
(Copyright 2013 The Associated Press. All rights reserved. This material may not be published, broadcast, rewritten or redistributed.)
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text:
Ecology: Organisms and Their Environments
Ecology: Organisms and Their Environments Resources
Human Population Calculator
A nifty calculator to satisfy all your curiosities about the human population. You could even play a rousing game of Where's Waldo? while on the site. (You won't find him; although we did see his blue-stripe-shirted cousin.)
An Ecology-Related List
A list of pretty much every big ecology resource out there on the interwebs. It's ginormous.
The Ecological Society of America
Find out what ecologists do in their free time (hint: they visit this website).
The Earth on Edge
The Earth on Edge, from PBS. They have tons of info on the different ecosystems, plus an interactive quiz (since we know how much you love those).
Planet Earth
Documentary clips from Planet Earth. You have no idea how much we love this show. We've almost worn out our copy on DVD.


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Another Perspective:
Retold Bible Stories
Published by Michelle Isenhoff at Smashwords
Copyright 2011 Michelle Isenhoff
Cover image by James Emery
Smashwords License Statement
This ebook is licensed for your personal enjoyment only. This ebook may not be resold or given away to other people. If you would like to share the book with another person, please purchase an additional copy for each recipient. If you're reading this book and did not purchase it, or it was not purchased for your use only, then please return to Smashwords.com and purchase your own copy. Thank you for respecting the hard work of the author.
Table of Contents


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In Russia KPMG now has offices in Moscow, Saint-Petersburg, Ekaterinburg, Kazan, Krasnoyarsk, Nizhny Novgorod, Novosibirsk, Perm and Rostov-on-Don. We also have offices in 7 CIS countries. In Russia and the CIS KPMG now employs together over 4000 people.
The KPMG International Transparency Report 2015 allows clear articulation of the steps that we take to uphold our professional obligations and responsibilities and make sure our services are consistently of the very highest quality.
The survey addresses the reasons why a gap exists between the key value drivers and the company's results disclosed in business reporting.
The publication offers a detailed analysis on the complete version of the new standard, issued by IASB on 24 July 2014.
KPMG presents its fifth annual survey of the Russian insurance market.
Even though the current economic climate is creating uncertainty in relation to the potential economic growth of some countries, another 194 hotels with a total room stock of nearly 37,300 units are due to open in the region
KPMG experts surveyed the major Russian banks and concluded that even in today's tough conditions the customer focus actually generates additional value.
79 leading Russian and foreign companies from various industries took part in the survey.
Graduates of 2016 can go through the selection process at KPMG during the spring months and get a job offer before graduation!
KPMG has career opportunities both for graduates and students, and also for experienced professionals.
Stay connected with KPMG and with your former colleagues. To keep you informed on KPMG news we publilsh K-Community quarterly on-line digest. We are also happy to hold annual Alumni meetings and offer our Alumni a broad range of career opportunities.
The second Nizhny Novgorod International Business Summit took place on 11-12 September 2013. The main issues on the agenda included the business and investment climate, the investment potential of young people, a cluster-based approach to area development, education and HR for the new industrial economy, and developing infrastructure to host the 2018 FIFA World Cup.
According to Nizhny Novgorod Oblast Governor Valery Shantsev, the first Nizhny Novgorod International Business Summit, in 2012, proved a highly popular discussion platform. This year, there were even more networking opportunities for the participants to discuss topical issues concerning the economy in Russia's regions.
"Here, on the banks of Oka and Volga rivers, one of the most powerful economic agglomerations of the country and a new way of life of the Russian economy based on high-tech innovations and modernisation of traditional manufacturing industries are being actively formed. Therefore it is difficult to imagine a better platform for meetings of scientists, experts and businessmen, which combines economic theory with business practice," said Mr Shantsev.
Oleg Goshchansky, Chairman and Managing Partner, KPMG in Russia and the CIS, was an honoured guest at the summit and attended a number of round tables as well as moderating a plenary session organised by the Nizhny Novgorod Oblast Ministry for Investment Policy. The forum also discussed the results of a joint survey by KPMG and the Russian Union of Industrialists and Entrepreneurs on the regional investment climate in Russia through the eyes of foreign investors."The positive changes in the Russian investment climate are obvious, but they are not happening quickly enough.
Competition for investors today is very tough, both with other Russian regions and with other countries, who are also working hard to attracting foreign investment in their economy. In this regard, it should be said that in terms of the investment climate not only the strategy of cooperation with the investor but also how quickly that strategy is put into practice are important," said Mr Goshchansky in his speech.
Arkady Dvorkovich said that the Russian government was already implementing a number of measures aimed at improving the competitiveness and sustainability of the economy. In the words of the Deputy Prime Minister, the Nizhny Novgorod International Business Summit provides "strong evidence of the growing interest of foreign partners in strengthening direct business contacts and implementing joint, mutually beneficial projects".
KPMG is a global network of professional firms providing Audit, Tax and Advisory services. We operate in 155 countries with more than 162,000 people working in member firms around the world. The independent member firms of the KPMG network are affiliated with KPMG International Cooperative ("KPMG International"), a Swiss entity. Each KPMG firm is a legally distinct and separate entity and describes itself as such.
KPMG has been operating in Russia more than twenty years. For the last years KPMG in Russia and the CIS has been one of the fastest growing practices in KPMG worldwide.
In the CIS, KPMG now has offices in Moscow, St. Petersburg, Yekaterinburg, Kazan, Nizhny Novgorod, Novosibirsk, Rostov-on-Don, Krasnoyarsk, Perm, Almaty, Astana, Atyrau, Bishkek, Kiev, Lviv, Yerevan, Tbilisi and Baku, employing together over 4,000 people.
© 2016
JSC KPMG, a company incorporated under the Laws of the Russian Federation, a member firm of the KPMG network of independent member firms affiliated with KPMG International Cooperative ("KPMG International"), a Swiss entity. All rights reserved. The KPMG name, logo and "cutting through complexity" are registered trademarks or trademarks of KPMG International.
KPMG International Cooperative ("KPMG International") is a Swiss entity. Member firms of the KPMG network of independent firms are affiliated with KPMG International. KPMG International provides no client services. No member firm has any authority to obligate or bind KPMG International or any other member firm vis-a-vis third parties, nor does KPMG International have any such authority to obligate or bind any member firm.


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I've just downloaded and activated Members so I can create a role so my coaches can access and edit pages that I've designated that they are the authors of.
if I go into Roles and under Capabilities check
edit_pages , will that allow them to access the pages that they are authors of while still restricting them from all the other pages?
If not, how can I do this? My WP version is 3.7.1.
Looks like a very useful plugin once I get familiar with it a little more.


text:
The Center For Protection Of Children's Rights Foundation: Girl
It never goes away.
Help stop child abuse before it begins.
Advertising Agency: Leo Burnett, Bangkok, Thailand
Chief Creative Officer: Sompat Trisadikun
Executive Creative Director: Keeratie Chaimoungkalo
Creative Director: Sanpathit Tavijaroen
Copywriter: Chanwit Nimcharoen
Art Directors: Sanpathit Tavijaroen, Wantaya Thitipaisal, Sompat Trisadikun
Photographer: Chub Nokkaew / Chubcheevit Studio
Account Managers: Purita Usnabhiraks, Nattanan Arriyavat
Agency Producer: Sarawut Lertkittipaporn
Published:August 2013


text:
Well I don't hate anybody, I do believe that modesty is very important in earning respect amongst your peers & therfore you would be taken more seriously. I create quality maps (Xbox 360) & put a lot of effort into them so in the end I really hope my maps speak for themselves. The devs are taking the community very serious so I'm not too worried about the end result & I'll continue to try & create quality maps in FC3.
Last edited by XX Jaycam XX; 05-02-2012 at 03:27 AM.
/FarCry | /FarCryGame | /FarCryGame | Google+
Need help with Far Cry 3? Contact Ubisoft support at the links below!
Everyone needs to realize that im not your enemy i just happen to be a very talented individual that CAN make EVEN a bad *** game like farcry 3 way better i know so heres an example,if i was ubisoft i would have started a business off the map editor(there are many ways) already and have gathered map editors from the last game with years of experience to tell of encountered probems in the previous editor and ways of improving it...seriously test my maps then realize i built them in a fraction of the time of most others and they are all high quality.THANKS FOR READING(=
D.G.A.F'n all day long!!
Hi im DECEPTION4, im a very DETERMINED GAMER on a mission to unite all farcry map makers IN GAME--- find me on FARCRY2/X-BOX hosting TDM[FONT WITH 20 HIGHLY DETAILED FAST PACED FUN MAPS there are now 18+map makers in my group who are all active farcry2 mappers
Im not a sensitive person so please leave feed-back i:
my lobbys fill quickly so dont hesitate to join--please be respectful teamkilling AND unnecessary voting will get you BANNED!!
---- ANY MAP MAKER ON X BOX 360 CAN JOIN OUR MAP MAKING GROUP------MAP-MAKERS-UNITED----- or MMU
#1 positivity & respect
#2host other members maps as often as possible
#3place a short message about MMU on your profile or bio
hit me up if u LIKE the idea and i will then down-load all your MAPS
the choice is yours
DONT HATE RELATE-----MUCH LOVE AND RESPECT---your farcry friend DECEPTION4
You just came in with all that 'Holier than thou' cr*p, and we weren't going to buy into it, that's all.
There's plenty of extremely talented people on this website, they're all just a little more modest about it.
This thread has gotten a little ridiculous anyway...
GT: mambonutz
Give me a minute and I'll change your mind...Give me a bullet and I'll change your life.
Map Videos:
I think maybe 14 people turned up and within a month a handful left, this went on for maybe 8 months but we got little to no feedback, we were hoping we would get someone saying this is a good idea can you expand on it.
Anyway i mzeeEVIL1 came up with an idea for Ubisoft to release a stand alone Editor on a disc that would possibly work with games like Far Cry / Ghost Recon and other games, companies could maybe buy into using it for their games, basically you could use it and create maps that would then work with other games - The game in question would have its own items and game modes and stuff - It was a long time ago (maybe 4 or 5 years) so I can't remember the full story.
Back then Genesis Device (gamermade now) were active with Far Cry and there were some really good ideas thrown around.
It all got wrapped up and came to nothing - unless any of the info was kept for reference later.
However some of the things in FC3 are things that have been discussed by people in the community, Ubisoft Massive have been listening, especially to our needs with the editor.
But September will come around really quick, so it would be doubtful that any big changes would be implemented into a game at this stage - If you have some good ideas it could be an idea to get them written down and send them as a package to the right people and also post the ideas around some of the various Far Cry fan sites for feedback - It can't do any harm and might make it into FC4 (who knows)
If the ideas are relating to the Editor itself or multi player then get in touch with Ubisoft Massive Sweden and pass over your info to them.
As for the comments on best in the world and stuff, maybe - I just think it's a very bold statement in a Far Cry community that has had its ups and downs over the years, I am more into people sharing and helping and giving / sharing feedback - but you are welcome to your opinions and I guess there is no harm in confidence, but always be aware of the underdog because there will be maps out there by people that maybe have very little to 0 downloads and some of these will be as good as anything else out there.
Also the developers are aware of glitches, getting under the map - item physics - pre patch / physics that only work for the host / elevators / water glitch and many other things related to the game.
Don't underestimate them because I think they have been doing their homework with what the community want - but any new ideas are better than no ideas.
PEACE - Keep On Mapping.
I think the guys comments who made that pic above are hilarious.
Kane and Lynch: Far Cry 3by ~JSLynch
I decided to mix together three of my favorite characters: Kane, Lynch and Vaas.I didn't put much effort into it, and i just wanted to see what would such character look like, and now that i see, i think he looks like an *******.


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Sweet Surprise
Imagine indulging yourself in the richest of chocolate, the sweetest of candy and the warmest of caramel. Sure, today's diets probably don't include even the smallest pinch of sugar in their recipes, but that shouldn't stop dieters from enjoying a delicious treat from time to time. Barbara Fairchild, Editor-in-Chief of Bon Appetit, invites everyone with a sweet tooth to a night full of dessert at Central Market. Fairchild will demonstrate how to whip up treats like chocolate cheesecake and pumpkin creme brulee. Bon Appetit Desserts: The Cookbook for All Things Sweet and Wonderful lasts from 5 to 7 p.m. at Central Market, 5750 East Lovers Lane. Admission is $65 and includes a copy of Fairfield's cookbook. For more information, visit cookingschoolsofamerica.com.
Sun., Nov. 7, 5-7 p.m., 2010
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