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Call for videos – deadline extended to May 7th!
Migration plays a central role in the life cycle of many fish species. For feeding, reproducing, or simply completing their life cycle, fish sometimes need to move long distances, within freshwater environments or between marine and freshwater systems. Well-known fish such as eels, salmons, and sturgeons in waters of North America and Europe are only a few examples out of thousands of migratory species, found everywhere from tropical rivers to intermittent streams of Australia. For example, the longest freshwater fish migration is made by the giant Amazonian catfish Brachyplatystoma rousseauxii commonly called the Dorado, which travels up to 2,500 miles from nursery habitats in the Amazon River estuary near the Atlantic Ocean to spawning sites in the Andean headwaters of Bolivia and Colombia. Once it has spawned, it goes back to the estuary.
Human activity is severely threatening migratory fish species worldwide, mainly through the construction of man-made obstacles like dams, weirs, and sluices. Although dam construction slowed somewhat after the development frenzy in the second half of the twentieth century, a new boom is projected in coming decades and will affect some of the most diverse and untouched rivers of the world like the Amazon, the Mekong, and the Congo river. On the Mekong river alone, more than ten dams are under construction or planned on the mainstem, and up to 70% of Mekong fish are thought to be migratory, putting at risk food and revenue for millions of people in the region.
World Fish Migration Day is a global event which is designed to bring awareness to these kinds of stories, and improve the public understanding of the importance of connected rivers. As part of this global celebration, the Olden Lab is partnering with Society for Conservation Biology Freshwater Working Group, and the World Fish Migration Foundation to create a 24-hour streaming video event which celebrates free flowing and connected rivers around the world. We are requesting submissions of short video diaries from people around the world about what their river means to them and their community – these videos will be compiled and streamed on May 21st.
If you have a story to share, we'd like to hear from you! All formats are accepted, and we can provide simple instructions to create a short narrated video about a river in your area. For more information about this event and instructions to create and upload a video, check out the PDF about the event or email Lauren Kuehne at email@example.com with questions or trouble with uploading.]]>
Conversely, conservatism also implies that spread of invasive species is limited by the environmental conditions of their native ranges, laying robust foundations to predict the extent of potential invasions. In support of this view, Lavergne et al. (2013) showed that declines of European bird species over the last decades were related to their past rates of climatic and habitat niche evolution, suggesting that the degree of niche conservatism may be pivotal for forecasting invasion risk and biodiversity changes.
With intense scrutiny, however, niche conservatism is also the subject of considerable debates. This is probably not surprising given that niche conservatism relies on the concept of ecological niche – a major but fairly abstract and complex theoretical concept in ecology and evolution. The original definition of ecological niche by Hutchinson focuses on two different dimensions of species niches, namely the condition and resource axes allowing species persistence. These correspond to the Grinnellian and Eltonian niches of Soberón (2009). The Grinellian niche focuses on the abiotic conditions which are favorable to the survival and reproduction of individuals, whereas the Eltonian (or biotic) niche focuses on a species' position in an ecological network and encompasses both biotic interactions and resource availability. While most literature has focused on the Grinellian niche (often
from a climatic perspective) it is important to remember that the niche is multi-dimensional. Depending on the variables and methodology used to measure species' niches, the conclusions about niche conservatism can greatly vary. And as the study of Lavergne et al. (2013) above suggests, conservatism of different aspects of species niches and related traits may be needed to fully understand ability of species to cope with global change. Given that the consequences of altered biotic interactions are expected to be superimposed on abiotic changes, the Eltonian niche may be especially useful in forecasting the overall response of species to new environments.
Using both facets of the Hutchinsonian niche, we are currently investigating links between past rates of niche evolution and contemporary patterns of niche conservatism for freshwater fish invaders. Contemporary biological invasions provide valuable replicated experiments to assess the degree of niche conservatism across a broad range of environments and taxonomies. This research aims to advance knowledge of the extent to which niche evolution contributes to invasion success as well as the vulnerability of species under global environmental change.
- Lise Comte]]>
The Australian lungfish, (Neoceratodus forsteri), is one of only five extant lungfish species in the world. It is a member of the oldest living vertebrate genera on the planet, with fossil records dating back 380 million years. At one time distributions extended to the center of the Australian continent, but at present only the Australian lungfish remains in a small number of rivers of southeast Queensland. Australian lungfish is a sacred (totemic) fish of the Gubbi Gubbi Aboriginal people who have revered and protected it for thousands of years.
Despite being federally-listed, the long-term persistence of the Australian lungfish is in severe jeopardy. Rivers supporting lungfish have been modified and degraded by numerous anthropogenic impacts, threatening the persistence of remaining populations; as a result, lungfish has been listed as 'vulnerable' under Australian Commonwealth Legislation. Conservation efforts to ensure the global persistence of the globally-unique and nationally-threatened lungfish species is hampered by lack of information on their foraging ecology over space and time. Traditional (lethal) methods of dietary analysis are inappropriate for threatened species and offer only a brief snapshot of feeding habits.
With support from The National Geographic Society, The Mohamed bin Zayed Species Conservation Fund, and the American Philosophical Society, we are applying innovative nonlethal techniques to assess long-term changes in lungfish trophic ecology. Lungfish can live up to 80 years; working with partners in Australia we are combining novel radiocarbon aging techniques with stable isotope analysis in different regions of fish scales. This will allow us to assess changes in lungfish resource use over long time periods and in response to anthropogenic pressures (flow alteration and land use) in the last two rivers supporting native populations of Australian lungfish.
Collectively, this project will inform resource and movement requirements for Australian lungfish, allowing the impacts of catchment disturbance and threatening processes to be quantified and managed.
Project Goal Statement: To support the conservation and persistence of Australian lungfish through innovative stable isotope techniques, allowing analysis of changes in resource use over long time periods and in response to land use and flow alterations.
Project timeline: September 2013 – September 2016
Project partners and links:
Mohamed bin Zayed Species Conservation Fund, 2014 Annual Report Profile
American Philosophical Society
National Geographic Society
The Chehalis River Basin also encompasses a majority of the distribution of Olympic mudminnow (Novumbra hubbsi), Washington State's only endemic fish species; Olympic mudminnow also have the dubious distinction of having the smallest range of any mudminnow species in the world. Listed as 'Sensitive' by Washington State Department of Fish and Wildlife in 1999, there is nonetheless a very sparse understanding of population sizes and environmental drivers of habitat suitability and occupancy for this species. Without this information, it is difficult to design effective management plans for long term sustainability and conservation.
With funding from the Washington State Department of Ecology, in 2013 we initiated a field-based project to measure the ecological impacts of non-native parrotfeather on fish habitats in the Chehalis River. Over two years we comprehensively sampled 22 sites on the Chehalis River, measuring plant, invertebrate and fish communities as well as water quality in response to invasion by parrotfeather. These sites were also selected based on suitability for occupancy by Olympic mudminnow, which we chose as a focal fish species.
Products from this project include a review article focused on the ecology and conservation of the five species of mudminnow worldwide and a research article describing the environmental drivers of occupancy and detection of Olympic mudminnow on the Chehalis River (article in press). A third article (in preparation) will focus on the ecological impacts of non-native parrotfeather on fish habitats across multiple community levels.
We are continuing our research in the basin with sampling in 2015 and 2016; this sampling will focus on describing the extent and distribution of non-native parrotfeather in riverine and adjacent habitats of the Chehalis River. The distribution and spread of parrotfeather is being investigated in multiple years in relation to local and landscape scale drivers of presence and persistence. We are also working with project partners to test the efficacy of management and control options in context of these environmental drivers.
As a whole, our work in the Chehalis River is intended to advance the science-based management and conservation of Olympic mudminnow, while also furthering our understanding of the impacts of non-native aquatic plants on sensitive fish habitats.
Project Goal Statement: To evaluate the ecological impacts of non-native aquatic plants on fish habitat in the Chehalis River, as well as establish the current distribution and projected spread of parrotfeather in the Chehalis River Basin. The goals related to Olympic mudminnow are to identify new riverine populations along the Chehalis River, investigate the environmental drivers of occupancy and detection, and guide development of standardized sampling and monitoring protocols for this highly endemic species.
Project timeline: June 2013 – June 2017
Project partners and related links:
Washington State Department of Ecology
Washington State Department of Fish and Wildlife
Washington State Department of Natural Resources
Thurston County Noxious Weed Department
Review article in Fisheries "Ecology and conservation of mudminnow worldwide" and related blog post
Research article in Transactions of the American Fisheries Society "Environmental drivers of occupancy and detection of Olympic mudminnow"
Poster presented at the Meeting the Challenge conference on impacts of non-native parrotfeather
Funded by the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, the Olden Lab is leading a comprehensive review project of assessment methods and strategies for freshwater ecosystems. Although assessment methods have been reviewed periodically in the past for specific habitats, our review process will examine methods and assessment trends across all freshwater ecosystem types (lakes, wetlands, streams, and riparia) across a large geographic extent (North America). We are accomplishing this through a systematic review of peer-reviewed and grey literature, as well as examination of emerging approaches being developed by projects funded by the national network of Landscape Conservation Cooperatives (LCCs).
We are also taking advantage of the LCC network to access much needed expert, interdisciplinary knowledge related to how assessment results are used and translated. Assessment of ecological integrity is only half of the battle; the real challenge is designing assessments which support and facilitate conservation and management actions. To gather practical experience and opinions, we implemented a national survey of conservation and management professionals; this survey is nearly complete and will be contrasted with the results of the literature review.
Overall, the comprehensive and systematic review process will allow us to identify and recommend methods and frameworks which are well suited to individual ecosystem types, and particular management contexts and questions. A second objective is to identify data and knowledge gaps which will advance and facilitate particularly promising methods.
Project Goal Statement: To identify status and trends in assessment of North American freshwaters, recommend best practices for evaluating aquatic ecological integrity at different landscape scales, and identify data and knowledge gaps which would support future assessments and conservation of freshwater ecosystems.
Project timeline: August 2014 – January 2016
Project partners and related links:
Landscape Conservation Cooperatives (LCCs)
United States Fish and Wildlife Service
Project webpage (and interim documents) on Griffin Groups
In general when we think about climate change, most people think about cold water species, but warm water species could be also be affected. The Amazon River Basin is an enormous area expected to be affected by climate change; approximately 7 million km2 of dense river network with the largest number of freshwater fish species anywhere in the world. The Amazon is home to more than 2,000 freshwater fish, including highly unique, economically, and culturally important species.
According to the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) scenarios the Amazon will be warmer and drier in the future; this in turn is likely to lead to changes in flow regimes. Some species in the Amazon may be highly adapted to and dependent on current flow regimes, and modifications as a result of climate change may have direct consequences for breeding, migration and persistence of fish species. Currently the Brazilian Amazon has 71 threatened freshwater fish species due to the impacts of dams, pollution, mining and urbanization. There is little or no knowledge as to how sensitive these species are to climate change impacts, or how climate change may interact with other stressors to affect fish in the Amazon.
Despite the diversity of freshwater fish found in the Amazon, it is an area with very large knowledge and research gaps. To understand the potential impacts of climate change on freshwater fish in the Amazon, we created a survey to gather information from fisheries experts working in the Amazon. Our objective is to evaluate the sensitivity and vulnerability of the 71 threatened freshwater species in the Brazilian Amazon to future climate change impacts. The research is still in progress, but preliminary results suggest that the majority of threatened species will be highly sensitive to climate change impacts.
There are currently very few published research studies about the impacts of climate change on freshwater fish species in tropical areas. The results from this survey will help environmental agencies who are responsible for management and conservation of threatened fish species in Brazil.
- Renata Frederico, Visiting Researcher]]>
In addition to participating in a unique learning experience, volunteering in a lab and making connections with other scientists is invaluable preparation for a career after college. This is especially true for those thinking about graduate school, as the skills practiced in the lab can directly correlate to the type of scientific research done in masters programs.
As an undergraduate, it can seem intimidating to work alongside lab members who are experts at what they do, but I've found that labs are extremely encouraging places and getting involved in volunteering is a fairly simple process. Once you've found a lab that seems like a good fit, email the lab director explaining your background so that they can help you become involved in projects relevant to your interests. Don't get discouraged if you don't hear back right away (labs are busy places). Keep trying and be persistent until you find something that's right for you, you'll be glad you did.
- Maddie Hicks, senior (College of the Environment) and Olden Lab volunteer]]>
It turns out that this strategy may be as beneficial for fish communities as it is for people.
For many decades ecologists have studied how increasing the diversity of a biological community, the number of species it contains (i.e., its stocks), can increase the stability of its production, the amount of biomass/food produced (i.e., its returns). For example, grasslands with more species have more consistent (and higher volume) yields across harvest years, just as high population diversity stabilizes sockeye salmon abundances to Alaskan ecosystems and fishermen.
But does increasing diversity always have a positive impact on stability?
In the rivers of the desert Southwest, the most common gains in fish community diversity are due to nonnative species like smallmouth bass, brown trout, and bullhead catfish. Many of these nonnative fishes evolved in temperate rivers with moderate summer temperatures and relatively mellow flows, making them well-suited to the reservoir systems that modify the Southwest but potentially poorly adapted to the extreme environment of a free-flowing desert river. Moreover, many nonnative fishes interact strongly with native species, competing with them for food and feeding on juveniles. Thus, rather than enhancing stability, diversifying fish communities with nonnative species might be akin to adding highly volatile stocks to your financial portfolio.
Current research in the Olden lab will augment our field's growing understanding of how nonnative species modify the traditional relationship between diversity and stability. With the help of many state, federal, and tribal agencies and academic institutions we've gathered long term data (i.e., 10-30 years) on fish community trends from 25 southwestern rivers like the San Juan, Virgin, Gila, and San Pedro. With collaborators at Arizona State University we are using a suite of traditional statistics, trait-based approaches, and multivariate modeling techniques to parse apart the effects of diversity, nonnative species, and hydrologic variation on the stability of fish communities. This work is in review now, so check back for updates!
- Keith Fritschie]]>
If ever a group of fishes were in need of a PR makeover, it's mudminnows. Everything about the name – from undesirable mud to inconsequential minnow says "nothing to see here". But these unassuming species are veritable Clark Kents of the fish world: small size and mild appearance disguise super-fish able to withstand dangerously low oxygen levels and defend spawning territories equivalent (if they were human) to two football fields. These are a few of the biodiversity secrets brought to light in a recent lab paper that reviews the distributions, biology, life-history, and conservation status of the five species of mudminnow distributed around the Northern hemisphere.
As a group, mudminnows are remarkable in their ability to thrive in harsh conditions. Eastern mudminnow (Umbra pygmea), native to the East Coast of the United States, not only tolerates but actually thrives in low pH levels that are lethal to most other fish. Blackfish (an Alaskan mudminnow species, Dallia pectoralis) are so cold tolerant that they were reputed by Native Alaskans to withstand freezing. Four of the five mudminnow species have adapted to breathe supplemental air through their swim bladder or esophagus, and Central mudminnow (Umbra limi) have been shown to "sip" air bubbles underwater when oxygen is low.
The innovative adaptations of mudminnow are likely due to their favored habitat of shallow and densely vegetated swamps, ponds, and bogs. These areas can be harsh: subject to warming in summer, ice in winter, and extreme variations in oxygen availability and pH levels. These specialized freshwater habitats are also often small and vulnerable to human activities like draining of wetlands, water regulation, and pollution.
The review article came to be when we started a project studying Olympic Mudminnow (Novumbra hubbsi), which is highly endemic and found only in Washington State – by far the smallest range of any species. We found that much of the information about their ecology was piecemeal and anecdotal, with only nine peer-reviewed studies (several devoted to phylogeny). In this way, Olympic mudminnow share the plight of many noncommercial freshwater species, where research interest is difficult to come by and research funding even harder. This can make conservation status very difficult to assess.
Turning to other mudminnow species for answers, we found the same story: much of the literature was decades old and few of the articles longer than 2-3 pages. Answers to simple questions like "How old does an Alaska Blackfish get?" or "How many eggs do European Mudminnow produce?" were often best guesses, based on the results of small studies conducted in a local pond or stream. So a major focus of the review was to bring together results from numerous smaller studies to answer basic questions of ecology and life-history as well as identify information that was lacking for different species.
By synthesizing information across species we were able to illustrate why two species (European mudminnow and Olympic mudminnow) warrant conservation concern, and outlined the major threats to populations. Because mudminnow are not very mobile, a primary threat is water regulation which reduces or alters mudminnow habitat. Interactions with non-native species and pollution are also indicated as having negative impacts on populations, but could bear more investigation. By identifying research gaps for each species, we were also able to make focused recommendations for future research.
As I put together this review, I came to appreciate not only the diversity of mudminnow, but also what they represent in a world where freshwater environments (lakes, rivers, and wetlands) are disappearing and changing at an alarming rate. This small tribe of five species scattered around the Northern Hemisphere offers a fascinating snapshot into life-history diversity as well as unique adaptations to extreme and harsh environments. Mudminnow are an important reminder that we really have no idea what other super-fishes may be lurking in hidden pockets of the world, and suggest we should scratch the surface a little more before these areas become even more altered, threatened and endangered.
- Lauren Kuehne
*The cover photo of Olympic mudminnow (Novumbra hubbsi) was taken by Roger Tabor, USFWS]]>
Understanding important flow-ecology relationships can help tailor environmental flows to maximize ecosystem benefits, and a big focus in the Olden lab has been to explore relationships between historical flow regimes and freshwater fishes (for examples, see earlier lab research on the importance of native and non-native origins and life history strategies in relation to river flows). These studies are part of a rich literature dedicated to understanding relationships between aquatic species and variation in river flow. Typically, these relationships are derived from a statistical model with a set of hydrologic metrics used as predictor variables; these might include metrics such as mean daily flow, or CV of daily flow to predict species abundances (such as those used in this 2011 study on fish responses to temporal variation in flow).
With literally hundreds of different flow metrics that could be used in flow-ecology models, however, it is a genuine challenge to select a subset from a bewildering array of possible choices. Another challenge is defining environmental flow recommendations based on different studies which may have used very different flow metrics. Beyond these practical challenges is the fundamental issue that flow metrics summarize the hydrograph, or some aspect of it, rather than depicting the flow itself, so there is limited information about the mechanistic link between the response variable and the actual flow. For example, fish in the river don't experience the mean daily flow, they experience the actual flow. It is also possible for two very different hydrographs to produce similar values of a flow metric.
These challenges motivated us to investigate new methods to identify key flow-ecology relationships. The field of functional data analysis (FDA), which is a growing area of statistical research, provides an interesting way forward for river ecologists and managers alike wrestling with questions of flow ecology. A key tool in FDA is the functional linear model, where the predictor variable in the model is itself a mathematical function rather than scalar variables. In a new research paper, we use functional linear models to capture the entire hydrograph as a predictor variable to identify relationships between single observations of fish abundances and river flow over the course of a year. This solves the problems of selecting a subset of flow metrics and quantifies a direct link between fish in the stream and the river flow they experienced.
This is an exciting development in flow ecology research, providing an avenue to define a range of possible hydrographs with little or no ambiguity and predict the responses of the fish fauna to each.
- Ben Stewart-Koster
Photo credit: Freshwa]]>


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Vegan Bake Sale HELP!
Over a year ago
I've started an animal rights group at my school and the first thing we're doing is a vegan bake sale to raise awareness of our group and to raise money for PETA UK!
I'm not much of a baker so does anyone have any vegan cake/sweet recipes that are cheap and easy to make and that will produce a lot of food?
Thanks in advance!
Please log in to reply.
Over a year ago
This page has a ton of delicious vegan recipes (:: I adore them.
https://www.facebook.com/thesweetlifeonline?fref=tsYou must be logged in to reply to this topic.
Over a year ago
Hey @bethgems! That's great! 🙂
Check out this page for lots of recipes you might be able to use: http://www.peta2.com/recipes/sweets/You must be logged in to reply to this topic.

subset: commoncrawl


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Reviewed By Chris S (WEST CHESTER, OH) Reviewed for a 2010 Jeep Wrangler —6/9/2016 8:37 PM
Great product and price...very durable and fit great in my Wrangler!
Reviewed By Mark I (Hilliard, OH) Reviewed for a 2015 Jeep Wrangler —11/14/2015 3:39 AM
The material the liners are made of is flexible and rubberized rather than the cheap plastic look and feel of other liners. The pattern and design is also appealing and a good match for the Jeep Wrangler interior. THey are a perfect match for a Jeep and very well made.


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Recent Posts
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Category Archives: Writing
Trade in Fminor
I so enjoy spending time with L.D. We made play-dough this afternoon, and then we sat at the table and drew maps of some made-up world (his nation and my nation are allies, of course). I haven't made a map … Continue reading
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Tis the Season: AWs September Blog Chain
It's time again for the AW Blog Chain, and this month's theme is seasons. And just in time, I might add! I was going to share my poem, "Sniffle, Sniffle, Runny Nose," but thought better of it.😉 Here, instead, is…something…very … Continue reading
Posted in Writing Tagged autumn, AW Blog Chain 21 Comments
Slow & Sudden Change: Character Building
I have been daydreaming, I confess. I love this time of the year. I love that it's warm enough to enjoy the outdoors and cool enough to not loathe it. I love how the color of the lake changes subtly … Continue reading
Posted in Writing Tagged autumn, change, character building 7 Comments
Long Lost
What are your long lost passions? A long lost friend (who shall remain nameless) asked me recently what my song lyrics are looking like lately. It shocked and embarrassed me. It shocked me because…nobody really asks me that anymore. Well, … Continue reading
Posted in Insomnia, Music, Writing 3 Comments
AW's Colorful Blog Chain
It's been a couple of months since I participated in the AW Blog Chain (I've been busy!), but when I saw this topic, I couldn't resist! The challenge is: If you had to pick one color, and one color only, … Continue reading
Posted in Writing 18 Comments
What I Would Say
What could be more fun than finding old papers with poems and letters you had forgotten about? It helps me to remember the places I've been, the faces I've forgotten, the things I've struggled with, the victories. Anyway, this is … Continue reading
Posted in SemStuff, Writing 6 Comments
Raise Your Hand
Raise your hand if you think I can finish the first draft of my novel tonight? Go ahead…let's see how many votes we get. I bet we get a big whopping ZERO. Meanwhile, I'm off to write some more.
Posted in Writing Leave a comment


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King Drive gets a burst of new food
Restaurants on N. King Drive have been sparse, or tended to be chains rather than independently owned restaurants - until lately.
Over the past months, I've encountered not one but three restaurants that offer something fresh for Milwaukee diners: wholesome, filling soups and sandwiches at one, spice-rich Somali dishes at another and updated Southern fare in a polished setting at a third. »Read Full Article
Frank Caliendo a hit with the home crowd, even with the misses
Never underestimate the loyalty of a Milwaukee crowd when it comes to supporting one of its own.
That was the key takeaway at the Riverside Theater Saturday night before comedian Frank Caliendo even stepped on stage. »Read Full Article(8)
Pinch-hitting pianist, Milwaukee Symphony in sync on Brahms
Great concert artists do not travel with understudies.
Fortunately for the Milwaukee Symphony Orchestra, when pianist Radu Lupu had to withdraw from this weekend's performances of Brahms' Concerto for Piano No. 1, pianist Inon Barnatan had the weekend off before performing the same piece in Aachen, Germany. »Read Full Article
Soulstice Theatre can't find spark in Woody Allen's 'God'
In Woody Allen's movie "Love and Death," Boris (Allen) asks that quintessential Allen question: "What if there is no God?" Ten years later, in "The Purple Rose of Cairo," Mia Farrow's Cecilia answers, in words that would give any actor pause: A world without God, she tells Tom (Jeff Daniels), "would be like a movie with no point, and no happy ending."
Hence, it's no surprise that the dilemma opening "God" — a one-act Allen play written in the same year as "Love and Death" that's now being staged by Soulstice Theatre — involves a playwright named Hepatitis (Tim Kietzman) and an actor named Diabetes (Joe Dolan), struggling to come up with an ending for a play. »Read Full Article


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Have you volunteered lately? Click here to become a New Caney ISD volunteer and make a difference in a child's life.
6:30 PM - 8:30 PM NCISD Board of Trustees Meeting
August 24, 2016 - Over the summer, the New Caney High School Restaurant Management Team attended the 2016 Texas Restaurant Association Expo and was honored for their achievements.
August 22, 2016 - It's the first week of school for students in New Caney ISD. With students heading back to school, drivers may notice an increase in traffic around the district.
August 22, 2016 - The Texas Association of School Administrators announced today that Sarah Macha of Infinity Early College High School is one of six educators from across Texas that have been chosen as finalists in the 2017 Texas Teacher of the Year program.
August 15, 2016 - Superintendent Kenn Franklin welcomes everyone to the 2016-2017 school year.
Online registration for new and returning students opens August 1. Please click headline for registration instructions and links.
August 8, 2016 - Apply for your car rider pass before the first day of school.
August 12, 2016 - Infinity Early College High School teacher Sarah Macha was named the Region 6 Secondary Teacher of the Year Aug. 5.
August 8, 2016 - New Caney Independent School District announced its policy today for providing free and reduced-price meals for children served under the attached current income eligibility guidelines.
July 25, 2016 - For the benefit of parents who do not have insurance or have limited health insurance, the school district is making available a Voluntary Student/Athletic Accident Insurance Plan.
July 25, 2016 - Jordan Butler, Allison Cain, Nick Flanery, Arianna Grupe, and Coty Tippit, of the New Caney FFA Chapter, were awarded the Lone Star FFA Degree at the 88th annual Texas FFA Convention in Dallas, Texas.
July 19, 2016 - Congratulations to Jasmine Cruse, Amber Mills, and Colleene Magtuloy, who represented the Porter High School FCCLA at the national FCCLA competition in San Diego.
July 12, 2016 - Victoria Rivera, Porter High School student, was awarded an Excellence Certificate for her life support skills demonstrated at the 2016 International HOSA competition in Nashville, Tennessee.
July 12, 2016 - Trustee Creg Mixon of New Caney ISD met with school board members from across the state to recommend a legislative program to the Texas Association of School Boards (TASB) Board of Directors.
July, 2016 - Craig Maddux, Porter High School teacher, and his aerospace engineering class prepare for the reality of tomorrow by being yes minded and setting high goals.
June 30, 2016 - In June, some NCISD Child Nutrition team members participated in the Texas Association of School Nutrition Conference in Austin.
June 29, 2016 - Konner Raymond, of New Caney High School, was awarded a Skill Point Certificate in Firefighting.
June 27, 2016 - While New Caney Independent School District celebrates the arrival of new facilities, renovations and upgrades, the district is saying goodbye to one campus whose halls were traversed by many generations of students and staff.
June 23, 2016 - By the beginning of the 2016-2017 school year, New Caney Independent School District expects to have installed Wi-Fi on 20 of the district's school buses.
June 21, 2016 - Several New Caney Independent School District programs saw improvement and growth in the 2015-2016 school year.
June 21, 2016 - New Caney ISD hosted the District 5 FFA Leadership Camp, which included student leaders from 14 schools.
NCISD Approves Elementary School Boundary Changes For 2015-2016
The New Caney ISD Board of Trustees approved a change in boundaries for elementary schools in order to plan for the opening of Tavola Elementary and to alleviate overcrowding at other campuses.
The action was taken Dec. 15 at the regularly scheduled board meeting. Jim Grant, Executive Director of Operations, made a presentation to the board explaining where the new boundaries would be and what areas would be impacted by the change.
A total of 373 students will be affected by the boundary changes: 126 students from New Caney Elementary will move to Tavola Elementary; 146 students from Oakley Elementary will move to New Caney Elementary and 101 students from Crippen Elementary will move to Sorters Mill Elementary.
The district sent letters Nov. 21 to all parents whose children were affected by the boundary changes. The letters invited them to a public meeting held Dec. 8 at New Caney Middle School. Following the public meeting, the NCISD Board of Trustees unanimously approved the boundary changes Dec. 15.
On January 1, 2016, legislation enacted by the 84th Texas Legislature permitting the open carry of properly holstered handguns by licensed individuals becomes effective. This legislation does not affect the possession of prohibited weapons, including, but not limited to, handguns by license holders, as set forth in federal and state law regarding school district property. In addition to the general prohibition of firearms on school district property by the Federal Gun-Free Schools Act, state law prohibits the possession of prohibited weapons "on the physical premises of a school or educational institution, any grounds or building in which an activity sponsored by a school or educational institution is being conducted, or a passenger transportation vehicle of a school or educational institution." Tex. Penal Code § 46.03(a)(1). Even individuals licensed to carry a handgun are subject to this prohibition. Additionally, license holders could be subject to separate criminal offenses for criminal trespass when proper notification is posted, and/or for carrying a handgun, concealed or openly carried in a holster, on a premises where a high school sporting event or interscholastic event is taking place. Tex. Penal Code §§ 30.06, 30.07, 46.035(f). Thank you for your anticipated compliance. The District will continue to enforce these prohibitions in order to promote the safety and security of all NCISD students and staff.


text: is there a way to change all of the products layouts at once. my site has about 500 products and for some reason some products have the side bar on the left and some have the side bar on the right. i would like them all to be the same with out haveing to go through all of the products one by one and changing it manually. Thanks


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- Report: #82081
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Recently viewed hotels
Hotel - Mercure Bristol Brigstow Hotel access map
MERCURE BRISTOL BRIGSTOW :From junction 19 of the M4, take M32 to Bristol City Centre. At the end of the motoway, keep left onto Temple Way, follow signage to Temple Meads Railway Station, through underpass & at 1st roundabout take 3rd exit onto Victoria St and follow until you reach the river. Go over the bridge, take left onto Baldwin St, first left into Queen Charlotte Street, the NCP Car Park that we recommend is on your left. For the hotel, take next left into Crow Lane then left again into Welsh Back, hotel is on left.
Accessible by public transport
Railway Station
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Hotel addressWelsh Back 5-7
How to reach the hotelGPS :N 51° 27' 11.22'' W 2° 35' 33.90''
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text:
Cleverly Willing To Give Bellew Homefield Advantage
Nathan Cleverly says he will go to Liverpool to take on Tony Bellew.
The pair could meet this autumn in a massive domestic grudge match.
WBO light-heavyweight champion Cleverly is looking for an opponent to make the first defence of his title against.
And Commonwealth and British champion Bellew fits the bill.
Cleverly has revealed that he would have no problem traveling to his rival's home city to make the fight happen.
"I'm a professional and will fight wherever makes most sense in terms of getting people through the door," he told local paper The Campaign Series.
"I'd love it to be in Wales and as the champion, I get more of a say in that really.
"But the Motorpoint Arena is probably too small, the Millennium Stadium too big at this stage maybe and the Cardiff City Stadium, which would be awesome, doesn't have a roof.
"So if it ends up being at an arena, why not Liverpool?
"It's just a ring at the end of the day and if I have to smash up Bellew in his hometown, that's the way it is. I've got a job to do and wherever the fight is, I will do it."
bellew needs to avin 5/6 fights a year 4 next 3 years den face class fighter cleverly will k,o him in 4 roundsComment by PrinceNaz88 on 07-21-2011
Bellew will get exposed very shortly. He is a domestic fighter and nothing more.. I hope Clev destroys him.Comment by Pooley on 07-21-2011
[QUOTE=Gooch999;10875267]As long as sky don't slap 15 cwid onit its a great fight to look forward to. the build up will be immense![/QUOTE] The only good thing about it is seeing Bellew get knocked out, which could happen in any…Comment by Gooch999 on 07-21-2011
As long as sky don't slap 15 cwid onit its a great fight to look forward to. the build up will be immense!Post a Comment - View More User Comments (4)


text:
Photos: Froch, Kessler Go Face To Face at UK Presser
LONDON -- Mikkel Kessler's super-middleweight rematch against Carl Froch will take place in London in May. In their 2010 fight, Kessler (46-2, 35KOs) won a unanimous points decision in his native Denmark. The new title bout was announced Friday and it will take place at London's O2 Arena on May 25. The 33-year-old Kessler is the WBA champion and has won 46 of his 48 fights - 35 by knockout. Froch (30-2, 22 KO) holds the IBF belt, which the British fighter took off Lucien Bute in May 2011.
[QUOTE=boxingmanic;12993494]The headline should be: Ward's leftovers, who are YOU picking?[/QUOTE] Wasn't Ward going to fight Hopkins and Martinez's leftovers before he got injured (again) ? This is the best fight that can be made at 168 right now.Comment by boxingmanic on 02-04-2013
The headline should be: Ward's leftovers, who are YOU picking?Comment by Weltschmerz on 02-04-2013
these mother****ers are just gonna go to war. this is the ****ing ****Comment by Weltschmerz on 02-04-2013
All out war again. This is what boxing is about.Comment by -DSG- on 02-04-2013
It will be the same as the first fight mikkel wins again!Post a Comment - View More User Comments (14)


text:
Our History
For over 40 years the Ponchatoula Strawberry Festival has been attracting both young and old to its annual celebration of our legendary delicacy – the plump, juicy, sweet, Ponchatoula Strawberry. The Ponchatoula Strawberry Festival has provided a venue as the largest fund-raiser for non-profit and charitable organizations since the early 70s. The festival prides itself as being one of the only festivals in which non-profit organizations are the only vendors on the official festival grounds.
The Ponchatoula Strawberry Festival Board was organized in 1971 and started planning for the first festival to be held in April of 1972. The first festival was co-sponsored by the Ponchatoula Jaycees and the Ponchatoula Chamber of Commerce from which both organizations provided three members to serve on the festival board. The intent of this committee was to host a festival that not only provided an opportunity for local charitable organizations to raise money for their clubs, but it was also a way to honor all of the hard working local strawberry farmers and promote their industry. The committee and many other interested volunteers worked diligently for months planning the first festival.
The location of the festival comprised of the first block of North 6th Street and only had 11 booths. This two-day event started off with a baseball game between Southeastern Louisiana University and Wisconsin State. Later that day the first annual parade made its way through Ponchatoula with 65 units from all over the state. Estimated attendance for the weekend of the first Strawberry Festival was 15,000.
From the Strawberry Festival's humble beginning; it has "blossomed" into a Louisiana celebration second only to Mardi Gras in its magnitude. We are the second largest free festival in the state. This festival has grown from a local block fair to a regional must-do, must-see, event. Our festival is so popular that organizers estimate approximately 300,000 visitors attended the 2010 festival and with comparable numbers in 2011.Visitors pump about $33 million into the local economy yet it still delivers an intimate, small-town experience.
Today, the annual festival is organized by the Ponchatoula Strawberry Festival Board, Inc. The board is comprised of a chairperson, chairperson-elect, treasurer, secretary, parliamentarian, public relations chair, and other essential positions. Decisions of the festival board are the responsibility of the 14 voting board members who represent the following organizations: Ponchatoula Chamber of Commerce, Ponchatoula Jaycees, Ponchatoula Rotary Club, Ponchatoula Kiwanis, Knights of Columbus, Ponchatoula Dixie Youth and the American Legion. The Ponchatoula Strawberry Festival board is a proud member of the Louisiana Association of Fairs and Festivals.
Ponchatoula is the "Strawberry Capital of the World". Their delicious strawberries are available from February to May and sometimes later. In 2001 the Louisiana Legislature selected the strawberry as the state fruit. The Annual Ponchatoula Strawberry Festival is always held the second weekend of April every year.
The event, which begins Friday night and runs through Sunday, offers many attractions that include bands, midway rides, strawberry eating contests, sack races, egg tosses, dozens of food booths, Strawberry Royalty, a parade and many more treats. Guests can tickle their taste buds with a variety of strawberry treats ranging from strawberry shortcake, strawberry pies, chocolate-covered strawberries, fried strawberries, strawberry beignets and even strawberry snowballs and ice cream.
Although the whole town joins in on the celebration, the actual official Strawberry Festival grounds, and the heart of the excitement can be found in Memorial Park located exactly two blocks north of main street in town. All booths on the official Festival grounds are owned and operated only by non-profit clubs, schools, churches and community service organizations. No food item sold within the parameters of Memorial Park grounds is priced over $10. These organizations depend heavily on the income generated from this annual festival to fund their service programs throughout the year.
Strawberry farmers can be found Festival weekend all throughout the town of Ponchatoula selling flats of their sweet and delicious locally grown berries. Peak harvest time for Ponchatoula strawberries is late March through early April, giving reason why the Festival is always held the second full weekend in April.
Welcome Everyone!
I am David Atkins, Chairman of the 45th annual Ponchatoula Strawberry Festival. On behalf of myself, my wife Christie, and our children Colleen, Blair, and Bradley, We would like to welcome you to the festival. I have been on the Strawberry Festival Board for seven years. I hope you will enjoy your stay in our beautiful town this weekend and enjoy some of our great strawberries from around the local area. If there is anything I can do to make your stay better, please find myself or one of our great hard working board members and let us know how we can be of any assistance.
As always, I hope you have a "Berry" Good Time!!!
~David Atkins
2016 Chairman
Website Designed & Maintained by PSF, Inc. Ponchatoula Strawberry Festival® is a registered trademark of PSF, Inc. All Rights Reserved.


text:
« don't know what we'd do without this swing |
| last day~first coat »
Posted at 12:10 AM | Permalink
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Swings are the BEST!
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latest from Cebu Business
BANKING on the bullish growth forecast for Cebu's tourism industry, homegrown property developer Worldwide Central Properties Inc. announced yesterday its partnership with Singapore-based The Ascott Limited Inc.Read more
I AM currently in Bohol attending the fourth annual conference of Geeks on a Beach. This conference is all about startups and venture capitalism. It normally attracts 400 to 500 attendees, of which over 10 percent fly in from overseas.Read more
SUN Life of Canada (Philippines), Inc. launched the Sun Life PH mobile app, the first mobile app in the industry with account management capability.Read more
THE multi-billion dollar wedding industry in the Philippines is expected to take off at an accelerated rate in the near term, as the income of young Filipino professionals is on the rise, said an official of a US-based cinematic wedding film compaRead more
ASIDE from its resort facilities, Plantation Bay Resort and Spa will be adding another attraction for its guests--retail.Read more
REITERATING its support for micro, small and medium enterprises (MSMEs), the Department of Trade and Industy (DTI) 7 will complete the rollout of Negosyo Centers in the region within President Rodrigo Duterte's 100 days in office, an official saidRead more
DO you want to work abroad at the expense of the government?
The Duterte Companero Cayetano Tabang Volunteers (DCCTV) is accepting applicants among overseas Filipino workers.Read more
THE Aircargo Fowarders of the Philippines Inc. (AFPI)-Cebu Chapter sees growth in air freight businesses with the addition of international direct flights servicing Cebu.Read more


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You missed it This great deal for Ideal Weight Loss Center of Colorado is over. But don't despair, we've got more great deals every day.
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To begin, you'll meet with a program specialist for a body composition analysis and an introduction to the four-week program, which will be tailored to your individual needs. You'll also receive a week's worth of food and supplements, and you'll find guidance and motivation in the form of weekly one-on-one meetings with a specialist that will continue until you meet your goals. You'll also gain access to a workshop with a weight-loss doctor who specializes in the treatment of high blood pressure, diabetes, high cholesterol, and hypothyroidism. With an emphasis on healthy eating, the program could help to stifle cravings, facilitate weight loss, and enhance energy.
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text:
Issue No.04 - July/August (2006 vol.21)
pp: 74-85
Silvia Coradeschi , Orebro University
Hiroshi Ishiguro , Osaka University
Minoru Asada , JST Erato Asada Synergistic Intelligence Project and Osaka University
Stuart C. Shapiro , State University of New York at Buffalo
Michael Thielscher , Dresden University of Technology
Cynthia Breazeal , MIT Media Lab
Maja J. Mataric , University of Southern California
Hiroshi Ishida , Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology
DOI Bookmark: http://doi.ieeecomputersociety.org/10.1109/MIS.2006.72
Future robots will work in hospitals, elderly care centers, schools, and homes. Similarity with humans can facilitate interaction with a variety of users who don't have robotics expertise, so it make sense to take inspiration from humans when developing robots. However, humanlike appearance can also be deceiving, convincing users that robots can understand and do much more than they actually can. Developing a humanlike appearance must go hand in hand with increasing robots' cognitive, social, and perceptive capabilities. This installment of Trends & Controversies explores different aspects of human-inspired robots.
robotics, cognitive simulation, natural language processing
Silvia Coradeschi, Hiroshi Ishiguro, Minoru Asada, Stuart C. Shapiro, Michael Thielscher, Cynthia Breazeal, Maja J. Mataric, Hiroshi Ishida, "Human-Inspired Robots", IEEE Intelligent Systems, vol.21, no. 4, pp. 74-85, July/August 2006, doi:10.1109/MIS.2006.72


text:
- Report: #494834
Report - Rebuttal - Arbitrate
Complaint Review: Sky TV - Mark Bunting
Sky TV - Mark Buntingwww.skytv.net dallas, Texas United States of America
Sky TV - Mark Bunting Sky In Flight Television - TechCapital Media Mark Bunting has no ethics dallas, Texas
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Check with Video Post and Transfer(Dallas), Sigma Marble(Dallas), Reel Chicago, Onstream Media, or almost any former employee of Sky TV/Seeitwork/ or neighbor of his to get a reference before doing business with him. Just look at his website skytv.net where he claims to be the largest producer of inflight programming with distribution on 11 airlines with Northwest, TWA, America West not even flying any longer and a list of shows that have not aired in years-- the guy is living in the past. If you are considering advertising with him you should make sure that you get a sworn affadavit regarding size of audience that is personally signed by him and not his fake director of marketing. Whoever wrote this original report is spot on regarding how Bunting operates and hope that you are not the next victim.
This report was posted on Ripoff Report on 09/14/2009 04:56 PM and is a permanent record located here: http://www.ripoffreport.com/r/Sky-TV-Mark-Bunting/dallas-Texas-/Sky-TV-Mark-Bunting-Sky-In-Flight-Television-TechCapital-Media-Mark-Bunting-has-no-eth-494834. The posting time indicated is Arizona local time. Arizona does not observe daylight savings so the post time may be Mountain or Pacific depending on the time of year.
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Tales of the Tempest
Namco's much-loved Tales series heads to the DS!
This first DS Tales game promises to take the series into new territory, with everything from the storyline to the hardware. According to Namco, the wireless connectivity featured on the Nintendo DS will be incorporated to let multiple users go on various quests, and the battle system -- which will offer yet another variation on the linear motion battle system -- will purportedly incorporate the touch screen as well, but it's the story that really matters to series fans.
Tales of the Tempest's story starts off on a continent where humans have taken on a policy of segregating between normal humans and "Licanths," who look similar to human beings but possess the ability to change into powerful beasts. Caius, the main character, lives peacefully in a village, not knowing that his foster father is a Licanth. He eventually discovers this, and after his foster father's murder at the hands of humans, he sets off on an adventure with his childhood friend Rubia to look for his real father.
The screenshots available so far only show the top DS screen. Everything from the character polygons to the world map is rendered in 3D, with a semblance to the cartoon-esque designs of Dragon Quest VIII and Rogue Galaxy. The character design will once again be handled by Mutsumi Inomata, whose previous contributions to the Tales series, as well as some character designs for Tekken 5, were well received by fans. Unfortunately we have yet to get a glimpse of the battle system or bottom screen of the game.
It's an exciting time for Tales fans, what with games in the series coming to practically any console you can think of, so hopefully as we see more of Tales of the Tempest, it will distinguish itself even more from its older brothers than we've seen so far. Though the game hasn't been announced for the U.S. at this time, given Namco's track record regarding RPG ports to the states, we're optimistic at the prospect.
See all Tales of the Tempest Previews >
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- Game:
- Tales of the Tempest
- Platforms:
- Nintendo DS
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- Publisher:
- Namco Bandai
- Developer:
- Namco Bandai
- ESRB Rating:
- Rating Pending
- Release Date:
- 04/13/2007
- Also Known As:
1UP Editor Score: NA
Average Community Score: NA
More Tales RPGs Games
Tales of Symphonia : Dawn of the New World
( Wii )
Release Date: November 11, 2008
Tales of Vesperia
Release Date: August 26, 2008
Tales of the Tempest
( NintendoDS )
Release Date: April 13, 2007
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Don't Overreact – Jalen Rose predicts that Kevin Durant will leave OKC for Houston.
Would this be great for Houston fans? Yes, Houston fans, it would be great. Could it happen? Let's talk about that. Kevin Durant becomes a free-agent in 2016. Houston only has two players that are virtually a lock to be on the team: James Harden and Dwight Howard (player option), taking up $40,026,675 in cap space. Assuming the cap stays in the neighborhood of $58 million as it is this year, that leaves about $18 million to throw at Durant before hitting the cap. Frankly, I'm not enough of a cap guru to know the various ways the Rockets could finagle to sign players to fill out the rest of the roster, but it's safe to say that building a supporting cast would require creativity.


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Watch stocks you care about
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It's a 100% FREE Motley Fool service...
On Tuesday, online retailer Overstock.com (NASDAQ: OSTK ) announced that Chairman, Chief Executive Officer, and founder Patrick Byrne is taking a personal leave of absence from the company "for medical reasons." Byrne will technically remain chairman of the board, but Overstock President Jonathan Johnson will take over the duties of CEO in Byrne's absence, serving as acting CEO.
In a statement on the temporary departure, Overstock clarified that Byrne's leave of absence is "associated" with cardiac issues possibly related to his previous affliction with cancer. For his part, Johnson expressed confidence in the company's ability to "execute" in the CEO's absence and said he looked forward "to the time when Patrick returns to the helm."
Investors appeared to take the news in stride, sending Overstock shares down only 0.4% in Tuesday trading.


text:
2016 WeddingWire Couple's Choice Awards!January 11th, 2016
We're ecstatic to share that we've been selected as a part of the 2016 WeddingWire Couples' Choice Awards in Virginia! We feel so honored by this award and we have no one to thank but our wonderful couples. We promise to continue to exceed your expectations! Many congratulations to our fellow wedding professionals who were also included!
See you soon,
Paula & Martin Ramirez
Martin and Paula Ramirez are the proprietors of Historic Mankin Mansion Wedding Resort. They enjoy opening their hearts & home to host countless happy couples on their most special day. They have lovingly created a private wedding estate like no other and are honored to share their dream with so many beautiful couples!


text:
Find a copy in the library
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|Film adaptations
Fiction films
Feature films
Animated films
Science fiction films
Detective and mystery films
Video recordings for the hearing impaired
|Material Type:
|Animation, Videorecording
|Document Type:
|Visual material
|All Authors / Contributors:
Richard Linklater; Palmer West; Keanu Reeves; Robert Downey, Jr.; Woody Harrelson; Rory Cochrane; Winona Ryder; Shane F Kelly; Graham Reynolds; Philip K Dick; Thousand Words (Firm); Section Eight Ltd.; 3 Arts Entertainment (Firm); Detour Filmproduction.; Warner Independent Pictures.; Warner Home Video (Firm); et al
|9781419802430 1419802437
|OCLC Number:
|Language Note:
|In English (Dolby Surround 5.1) with optional subtitles in English, French or Spanish ; closed-captioned.
|Based on the novel by Philip K. Dick.
Originally produced as a motion picture in 2006.
|Director of photography, Shane F. Kelly ; editor, Sandra Adair ; music, Graham Reynolds.
|Keanu Reeves, Robert Downey Jr., Woody Harrelson, Rory Cochrane, Winona Ryder, Sean Allen, Mitch Baker, Cliff Haby, Steven Chester Prince, Natasha Valdez.
|Target Audience:
|MPAA rating: R; for drug and sexual content, language and a brief violent image.
|1 videodisc (100 min.) : sd., col. ; 4 3/4 in.
|DVD; NTSC, region 1; widescreen presentation.
|Special features: commentary by Keanu Reeves, writer/director Richard Linklater, producer Tommy Pallotta, author Jonathan Lethem and Philip K. Dick's daughter, Isa Dick Hackett --
One Summer in Austin: the story of filming 'A scanner darkly' --
The 'Weight of the line: animation tales --
theatrical trailer.
|Other Titles:
|Scanner darkly (Motion picture)
|Warner Independent Pictures presents in association with Thousand Words ; a Section Eight, Detour Filmproduction, 3 Arts Entertainment production ; produced by Palmer West ... [et al.] ; written for the screen and directed by Richard Linklater.
Set in a future world where America has lost the war on drugs, an L.A. undercover agents change their faces along with their identities. One officer's liberal ingestion of the drug "Substance D" causes him to develop a split personality, a notorious drug dealer. Along with his superior officers, the police set up an elaborate scheme to catch his drug dealer alter-ego and tear down his operation. Filmed using an animation technique called interpolated rotoscope, with animation over filmed sequences.
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- Drug abuse.
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text:
The Church has recognized more than 150 Eucharistic Miracles that have been granted by Our Lord as testimony to the truth: ordinary bread and wine becomes the Body and Blood of Jesus at the words of Consecration during every valid Mass celebrated throughout history.
We chose 10 important miracles from an International Exhibition of 153 miracles for your information and consideration.
A video presentation of selected miracles is also being developed. Please check back again.


text:
|Publication number
|Publication type
|Application number
|Publication date
|Sep 14, 1999
|Filing date
|Mar 25, 1996
|Priority date
|Mar 25, 1996
|Fee status
|Also published as
|Publication number
|Jakob Nielsen
|Original Assignee
|Sun Microsystems, Inc.
|Export Citation
|BiBTeX, EndNote, RefMan
|Patent Citations (10), Non-Patent Citations (4), Referenced by (33), Classifications (8), Legal Events (5)
|External Links: USPTO, USPTO Assignment, Espacenet
The present invention relates to security enhancement for distribution of electronic documents and more particularly to techniques for "fingerprinting" electronic documents to identify a particular authorized recipient.
With the development of the Internet and other electronic networks, it has become desirable to distribute text documents electronically. Electronic distribution of text documents is both faster and cheaper than distribution of paper copies. However, if controlled distribution is desired the low cost and instantaneousness of electronic distribution in combination with the ease of copying electronic documents give rise to a serious security problem. Once an electronic document is transmitted to one party, it may be easily copied and distributed to others without authorization by the owner of rights in the electronic document or often without even his or her knowledge. This type of illicit document distribution may deprive the owner of income or may lead to unauthorized disclosure of otherwise confidential information.
It is known to particularize paper documents to identify an authorized recipient by slight variation in the appearance of fonts. By close analysis of font appearance, one can determine the source of an unauthorized copy. This technique is however largely useless in the context of electronic document distribution where it is typical to transmit only text without font appearance information.
What is needed is a system for enhancing the security of electronic document distribution.
By virtue of the present invention, a system for enhancing security of electronic documents distribution is provided wherein electronic documents are fingerprinted with one or more modifications to the document text. The text modifications may be selected so that multiple copies of the same master document will all have the same meaning. By examining text modifications in an unauthorized copy, one can identify the authorized source. The ability to detect the source of a copy discourages unauthorized distribution. An electronic document distribution system according to the present invention may find particular application on the Internet.
In one embodiment, each authorized recipient is assigned a binary customer number. When a document is to be electronically transmitted to a particular customer, the document text is modified in accordance with the binary customer number without affecting the meaning.
Preparation of a master document for electronic distribution may begin with identification of places in the document for which two or more alternative strings would provide the same meaning. For example, there may be places in the document where a comma may either be inserted or left out without changing the meaning. The two alternative strings would then be "," and the null string. As many such instances would be identified as there are digits in the binary customer number used to identify authorized recipients. Tags in the master document identify each such instance and present the alternative strings.
If, for example, a host system receives a request for an electronic document copy from a remote user, it may respond by requesting user identification information. The user identification information is the basis for obtaining the binary customer number. In one embodiment, the binary customer number is combined with a document key for the document to obtain a copy key. The host system then scans for tags in the master document. For each tag, the host system selects an alternative for inclusion in the copy to be transmitted based on a corresponding digit in the copy key.
Identification of the source of an unauthorized copy involves finding, for each tag in the master document, the alternative selected in the copy. A copy key is constructed digit-by-digit in this way. The customer number of the original recipient is then recoverable by combining the copy key with the document key. The owner of the document may then contact the original recipient responsible for the unauthorized copy.
Another aspect of the present invention addresses the problem of minor revisions by intermediate copyists. A revision to a text string that was modified in accordance with the copy key will of course prevent perfect recovery of the copy key. One or more bits of the copy key may be corrupted. The effect of such revisions is analogous to noise in a communications system. However, applying an error correcting code to the copy key removes the effects of minor revisions.
A further understanding of the nature and advantages of the inventions herein may be realized by reference to the remaining portions of the specification and the attached drawings.
FIG. 1A depicts a block diagram of a host computer system suitable for implementing the present invention.
FIG. 1B depicts the interconnection of the host computer system to remote clients.
FIG. 2 depicts an excerpt from a master document prepared for electronic distribution in accordance with one embodiment of the present invention.
FIG. 3 depicts a flowchart describing steps of electronically copying a master document in accordance with one embodiment of the present invention.
FIG. 4 depicts a flowchart describing steps of ascertaining the source of a document copy in accordance with one embodiment of the present invention.
FIG. 1A depicts a block diagram of a host computer system 10 suitable for implementing the present invention. Host computer system 10 includes a bus 12 which interconnects major subsystems such as a central processor 14, a system memory 16 (typically RAM), an input/output (I/O) controller 18, an external device such as a display screen 24 via display adapter 26, serial ports 28 and 30, a keyboard 32, a storage interface 34, a floppy disk drive 36 operative to receive a floppy disk 38, and a CD-ROM player 40 operative to receive a CD-ROM 42. Storage interface 34 may connect to a fixed disk drive 44. Fixed disk drive 44 may be a part of host computer system 10 or may be separate and accessed through other interface systems. Many other devices can be connected such as a mouse 46 connected via serial port 28 and a network interface 48 connected via serial port 30. Network interface 48 may provide a direct connection to a remote server via a telephone link or to the Internet via a POP (point of presence). Many other devices or subsystems (not shown) may be connected in a similar manner.
Also, it is not necessary for all of the devices shown in FIG. 1A to be present to practice the present invention, as discussed below. The devices and subsystems may be interconnected in different ways from that shown in FIG. 1A. The operation of a computer system such as that shown in FIG. 1A is readily known in the art and is not discussed in detail in this application. Code to implement the present invention may be operably disposed or stored in computer-readable storage media such as system memory 16, fixed disk 44, or floppy disk 38.
FIG. 1B depicts the interconnection of host computer system 10 to client systems 50, 52, and 54. FIG. 1B depicts the Internet 56 interconnecting client systems 50, 52, and 54. Modem 48 or some other network interface provides the connection from host computer system 10 to the Internet 56. Protocols for exchanging data via the Internet are well known and need not be discussed herein. Although FIG. 1B depicts the use of the Internet for exchanging data, the present invention is not limited to the Internet.
The present invention relates to enhancing security of electronic document distribution. An electronic document to be distributed is resident on fixed disk 44 or some other storage device accessible via storage interface 34. In one scenario, host system 10 receives a request via network interface 56 for this electronic document from one of the client systems 50, 52, and 54. This request could be delivered, e.g., as part of an e-mail message or as part of an FTP document request. Also, the electronic document could be a web page and the request could arise in the course of web browsing. Host system 10 responds by copying the electronic document and sending it to the requesting client via network interface 56. In another scenario, one or more of the client systems may have a subscription to a periodically generated series of electronic documents. The electronic document is then copied and sent to the subscribing client system even without a request. The present invention is not restricted to distribution of electronic documents over a network. Electronic document distribution may be via magnetic or optical storage medium, for example.
However copies of an electronic document are distributed, a problem arises in that it is difficult to control further copying of the document by the recipients. The present invention provides that the text of individual copies may be modified slightly to identify the authorized recipient. The modifications may be made in such a way so as to preserve the meaning of the copies. Any illegitimate copy may then be analyzed to determine the originating authorized recipient.
In one embodiment, each authorized recipient is identified by a binary user identifier or customer number. For a system with 500,000 authorized recipients, twenty binary digits will suffice to define the customer number and incorporate a checksum digit. For each document, a random document key is generated with as many binary digits as used for the customer numbers. This document number is referred to as the document encoding key. Several documents may share the same key, so the method does not limit the number of documents. A database may be maintained with all the customer numbers and all the document encoding keys.
One way of preparing a document for copying in accordance with the invention is for a copy editor to examine the document for locations where a small segment may be changed without affecting the meaning. For example, one could use either "for example" or "e.g." and achieve the same meaning. Another example is a point where a comma may either be inserted or left out. In other instances, a colon or a semicolon would be equivalent. The copy editor identifies as many such locations as there are digits to be used in the customer number. (More may be needed if error correcting code is to be applied as explained below.)
FIG. 2 depicts an excerpt 200 from a master document prepared for electronic distribution in accordance with one embodiment of the present invention. There are three tags 202, 204, and 206 where there are two alternative strings that can be used to express the same meaning. The beginning of each tag is indicated by "<FP>." The end of each tag is indicated by "</FP>." In the preferred embodiment, each alternative string is a complete line. The delimiter between the alternatives is thus the end of the line within the tag. If a character or other string is to be used as the delimiter, it is specified as an attribute within the marker indicating the beginning of the tag, e.g., <FP DELIMITER=","> would be used to make the comma serve as the delimiter.
For tag 202, a line 208 includes "especially" where a line 210 includes "particularly." For tag 204, a line 212 includes "contain" where a line 214 includes "have." For tag 206 a line 216 includes "it's" where a line 218 includes "it is." For ease of reference, the quoted strings are underlined in FIG. 2. In one embodiment, the fingerprinting process involves selecting an alternative for each tag. The sequence of selected alternatives uniquely represents the identity of the authorized recipient of the copy.
FIG. 3 depicts a flowchart describing steps of electronically copying a master document in accordance with one embodiment of the present invention. At step 302, user identification information is provided. Depending on the context this step may occur in a number of ways. If a document is being requested over the Internet, host system 10 may prompt the user for an e-mail address or password. If the user has a subscription to the document, host system 10 will already have the user identification information. At step 304, host system 10 determines a customer number for the user based on the user identification information. A checksum may also be incorporated within the customer number. The user may either have a pre-assigned customer number that will be retrieved from a database or one is generated so as to be different from previously assigned customer numbers.
At step 306, host system 10 combines the customer number with the document key of the document to develop a copy key to be applied to the document. This combination may be a logical combination and preferably occurs as a logical exclusive-OR.
At step 308, host system 10 optionally applies an error correcting code such as a block code to the copy key, possibly expanding the length of the copy key. Any error correcting code may be used within the scope of the present invention. This step allows the security enhancement system of the present invention to function even with revisions to the document by intermediate copyists.
At step 310, host system 10 begins scanning through the master document looking for an <FP> tag. At step 312, when a tag is identified, one of the alternatives is selected based on a bit of the copy key. Preferably, for the first tag the first bit is used and so on. For example, referring again to FIG. 2, if the first bit of the copy key is 0, the word "especially" is selected at step 312. If the first bit is 1, the word "particularly" is selected. At step 314, host system 10 checks to see if the end of the master document has been reached. If not, it returns to step 310 to search for the next tag. If the end has been reached, then an alternative has been selected for each tag. The fingerprinted copy for the user does not include the <FP> tags but rather incorporates each alternative string selected at step 312. Host system 10 may then copy this document on a floppy disk, transmit it over a network via network interface 48, or distribute it to the user in some other way.
FIG. 4 depicts a flowchart describing steps of ascertaining the source of a document copy in accordance with one embodiment of the present invention. Assuming that a suspected illicit copy of an electronic document is seized, the copyright holder may determine the source from among the authorized recipients. Note that this is also possible if the illicit copy is a paper copy.
The analysis may make use of the master document copy that includes the <FP> tags. The discussion of the steps will assume use of host system 10, as a representative computer, but one or more of the steps may be performed manually. At step 402, scanning through the master document begins. Once a tag is found, the illicit copy is examined to determine which alternative is incorporated for that tag at step 404. At step 406, the appropriate bit in the copy key is set in accordance with the alternative identified at step 402. At step 408, host system 10 determines if the last tag has been reached in the master document. If not, processing returns to step 402. If the last tag has been reached, a complete copy key has been extracted from the suspected illicit copy. At step 410, if an error correcting code has been applied to the copy key, it is removed. At step 412, the extracted copy key is combined with the document key for the document to obtain the customer number. In the preferred embodiment, this step is a logical exclusive OR between the extracted copy key and the document key. If a checksum was originally included in the customer number, the validity of the customer number information may be checked at this point. At step 414, the customer number is checked against a database to identify which authorized recipient is the source of the illicit copy.
In the foregoing specification, the invention has been described with reference to specific exemplary embodiments thereof. It will, however, be evident that various modifications and changes may be made thereunto without departing from the broader spirit and scope of the invention as set forth in the appended claims.
For example, the customer number may be represented in a base other than base-2. Each tag in the master document would then include more than two alternatives. For base-3, each digit of the customer number would select from among three alternative strings.
Furthermore, the flowcharts described herein are illustrative of merely the broad logical flow of steps to achieve a method of the present invention and that steps may be added to, or taken away from the flowchart without departing from the scope of the invention. Further, the order of execution of steps in the flowcharts may be changed without departing from the scope of the invention. Additional considerations in implementing the method described by the flowchart may dictate changes in the selection and order of steps. For example, an error correcting code may be applied to and removed from the customer number rather than the document key. Also, an encryption scheme could be used to obtain the copy key instead of a simple exclusive-OR between the document key and the customer number.
In general, the flowcharts in this specification include one or more steps performed by software routines executing in a computer system. The routines may be implemented by any means as is known in the art. For example, any number of computer programming languages, such as Java, "IC", Pascal, FORTRAN, assembly language, etc., may be used. Further, various programming approaches such as procedural, object oriented or artificial intelligence techniques may be employed.
Many such changes or modifications will be readily apparent to one of ordinary skill in the art. The specification and drawings are, accordingly, to be regarded in an illustrative rather than a restrictive sense, the invention being limited only by the provided claims and their full scope of equivalents.
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|Mar 26, 1996
Owner name: SUN MICROSYSTEMS, INC., CALIFORNIA
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Owner name: ORACLE AMERICA, INC., CALIFORNIA
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text:
The Muskingum Valley Red Cross is helping out a New Lexington man who lost his home Friday afternoon.
Executive Director, Dan Hartman, says the organization is providing clothing and food to Matt Plaisted.
Hartman says the 3595 Palmer Road home is a major loss, but luckily, he says Plaisted wasn't injured because Plaisted wasn't home at the time of the fire.
Hartman says Plaisted is currently staying with family.
The Muskingum Valley Red Cross has help more than 10...