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on October 27, 2010 - 12:01 AM
When Shelly Kaur arrived in Buffalo from the Indian state of Punjab in 1989, she wasn't keen on the local cuisine.
"In the beginning, when we came here, we really weren't too much into American food," said Kaur of East Amherst, the News' October Cook of the Month. "We didn't like burgers and all that stuff."
"Now I love it, but at that time ...," she said with a shrug.
Today, cooking for her husband and two teenagers, Kaur makes Indian specialties -- one-pot meals like chicken biryani and vegetable dishes like okra masala -- about half of the week. The rest of the meals are more American, with an emphasis on Italian dishes like pastas, chicken marsala and lasagna.
In recent years, more American cooks have learned that Italian food means more than variations on tomato sauce and pasta. Indian food still has a way to go before it escapes its own stereotypes.
"People are afraid to try Indian food because they consider it hot, they think it'll be very spicy," said Kaur, who operates a Subway restaurant with her husband Sukhbir Singh. "But it doesn't have to be spicy. You can make it however you like."
The heat in Indian food is usually from hot chile powder or whole chiles, which can be left out without compromising any flavor, she said.
Indian food rookies might also consider throwing out that jar of curry powder. Indian cooks generally flavor their food with a combination of spices that they have prepared specifically to flavor each dish.
"Basically, curry is a mixed blend of all the spices, like cloves, green cardamom, black cardamom, cumin seeds and others," said Kaur. "You toast them in a dry pan and then grind them. You can make it into a powder or just crush it, so you can see a little more what's in the blend."
Kaur uses a mortar and pestle to crush spices coarsely. A repurposed coffee grinder makes an excellent spice pulverizer for finer blends.
Cooks new to the spice cardamom might be surprised to learn that she doesn't separate the cardamom pod's husk from the sticky seeds inside. "I think there is more flavor in the peel as well, not just the seed."
The combination of fresh, toasted spices deliver maximum character and can be adjusted to each family's tastes.
As it happens, her son, Williamsville East junior Karan Singh, isn't crazy about some Indian dishes, while her daughter, senior Venus Kaur, likes more of them. "Chicken biryani is their favorite," said Kaur. "They don't like eggplant or okra." Since Karan doesn't like cloves, Kaur said, she leaves them out of dishes he's going to eat.
Like many home cooks, Kaur learned at her mother's side. In additional to the traditional recipes for curries, breads, vegetables and desserts, Kaur learned to try new combinations of ingredients and spices.
"Growing up, I loved to eat, so I was always trying to mix ingredients around, and trying to make something different, seeing which one was better," she said.
Her favorite vegetables include okra, which she cooks into okra masala with blend of sliced onions and spices. Kaur starts many Indian dishes with a "masala," or mixture, of sliced onions, minced fresh ginger and minced fresh garlic, sauteed in vegetable or olive oil until it starts to brown. "That's the basic things you need to make any Indian dish, pretty much," she said.
She does have a jar of store-bought garlic-ginger paste, available at Indian groceries, in her refrigerator. It's for when she's in a hurry, or when she is cooking a dish with a smooth sauce, like her chicken curry. "It blends well in there," said Kaur. "Otherwise I think the fresh has more flavor."
>Shelly Kaur's Chicken Biryani
1 1/2 to 2 pounds chicken breast or thigh, cut into 1-inch pieces
1 1/2 cups basmati rice
2 1/2 cups water
1/4 cup olive oil
3 to 4 cloves
3 to 4 pods green cardamom
1/2 teaspoon cumin seeds
1/4 teaspoon ground cinnamon
2 bay leaves
1 1/2 teaspoons salt, or to taste
1/2 teaspoon black pepper, or to taste
1/2 teaspoon hot chile powder (optional)
1 teaspoon turmeric powder
1/2 teaspoon garam masala
1 tablespoon fresh ginger, chopped
2 to 3 cloves garlic, chopped
1/4 cup tomato puree and 1 fresh tomato, chopped; or 1 cup chopped canned tomatoes with juice
1 onion, sliced
1/2 cup plain yogurt
1/4 cup fresh mint leaves
1/4 cup chopped cilantro leaves
4 eggs, hardboiled, peeled and quartered
Toast cloves, cardamom and cumin seeds in a hot, dry skillet until you hear crackling and smell their fragrance, about 1 minute. Crush (mortar and pestle) or grind (coffee grinder) spices.
Heat olive oil over high heat, in a large pot with lid, until hot. Add toasted spice mix, cinnamon and bay leaves and stir until fragrant, about 1 minute. Add onion, garlic and ginger.
Saute until onion starts to brown, about 5 minutes.
Add tomato (chopped fresh and puree, or canned), salt, pepper, turmeric, chile (if using) and yogurt. Stir until combined, then add chicken, garam masala, half the mint and half the cilantro. Stir to combine.
Cook until chicken is mostly cooked, 8-10 minutes for chicken breast, 10-12 minutes for thigh.
Add rice and stir to distribute. Pour in water and stir again. Bring to boil, then lower heat to medium and cover pot.
Cook, stirring every 2-3 minutes, until rice is done, 12-15 minutes.
Spoon chicken and rice onto platter. Arrange egg quarters over top, and sprinkle with remaining mint and cilantro. Serve.
>Shelly Kaur
Dish: Chicken biryani
Residence: East Amherst
Mouths to feed: 4, with husband and two teenagers
Go-to-instant meal: Pasta, vegetables and tomato sauce
Guilty pleasure: Tiramisu


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Human Resources Functional Review
This Report outlines the broad challenges of municipal administrations in Montenegro regarding their human resource management. Aside from listing current issues, the review also analyses substantial strengths on which a reform can be built.
- Documenting the legislative framework of human resource management in municipal administrations.
- Providing the assessment of key implementation issues to be addressed in the future.
- Giving recommendations to municipalities for improving human resource management.
Download this Document
- Functional review of the HR function and management capacities in Montenegrin municipal administrations

subset: commoncrawl


text:
Cole set for operation (From Congleton Guardian)
Cole set for operation
3:10pm Friday 23rd May 2014 in © Press Association 2014
England prop Dan Cole is to undergo a neck operation next week and will miss the autumn's QBE Internationals, Press Association Sport understands.
Cole has been out since March after it was decided he needed rest to heal a bulging disc that was trapping a nerve.
It was hoped the spell on the sidelines would correct the problem, but the British and Irish Lions tighthead has now been told he requires an operation entailing six months of rehabilitation.


text:
Cheek Augmentation Q&A
Thin + Cheek Augmentation
Fat Injections, Cheek Implants, Injections, Best for Thin Face?
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Give specific answer to this problem with out surgery or any other medical preservatives READ MORE
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Hi, 19yo male and I am very self conscious about my appearance. My hair is incredibly thin so I look balding half the time (in fact I think I even may... READ MORE
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text:
|Publication number
|Publication type
|Application number
|Publication date
|Jan 11, 1994
|Filing date
|Jun 15, 1992
|Priority date
|Dec 7, 1990
|Fee status
|Also published as
|Publication number
|Kenneth J. Balkus, Jr.
|Original Assignee
|Board Of Reagents, The University Of Texas System
|Export Citation
|BiBTeX, EndNote, RefMan
|Patent Citations (5), Non-Patent Citations (10), Referenced by (21), Classifications (14), Legal Events (5)
|External Links: USPTO, USPTO Assignment, Espacenet
This is a continuation-in-part of U.S. Ser. No. 07/624,106, Dec. 7, 1990, U.S. Pat. No. 5,122,363 issued on Jun. 16, 1992.
The invention relates to contrast or imaging agents useful in vivo for studies and diagnosis of the gastrointestinal tract. The agents are molecular sieve materials enclosing a paramagnetic ion such as trivalent gadolinium. The loaded molecular sieves are particularly suitable for oral administration and function well as magnetic resonance imaging contrast or image brightening agents in the upper gastrointestinal tract.
The availability of sophisticated methods such as MRI and CT has contributed to the increased use of imaging technology in therapy and diagnostic studies. Gastrointestinal tract imaging is a particular area of interest because currently used imaging agents generally provide poor imaging, resulting in visualization of little more than gross blockages or anatomical abnormalities.
Barium sulfate and paramagnetic iron oxide are agents traditionally used for gastrointestinal studies. The latter material has become popular because of the paramagnetic properties of Fe2 O3 which is suited for MRI studies, but it has many disadvantages. These include black bowel, side effects of diarrhea and, from an important analytical standpoint, the presence of artifacts arising from clumping. When paramagnetic iron concentrates, it may become ferromagnetic, drastically altering its imaging properties. Even when images are obtained, the signal is black, making it difficult to distinguish imaged from nonimaged areas.
The development of imaging contrast agents, particularly for gastrointestinal tract studies has been slow. Historically, the most popular agent has been superparamagnetic iron oxide for magnetic imaging, due to its nonbiodegradability. Although good contrast effects have been achieved in some MR studies in the small bowel, increasing occurrence of blurring and "metal" artifacts in the distal part of the bowel has been recorded (Lonnemark et al., 1989). In other studies with superparamagnetic iron oxide, good resolution of the head and tail of the pancreas, anterior margins of the kidneys and para-aortic region has been shown in human patients. However, there are undesirable side effects such as episodes of diarrhea in some patients (Hahn et al., 1990).
Magnetic imaging is particularly useful for the study and diagnosis of tumors or inflammatory abdominal diseases. Paramagnetic species represented by gadolinium seem to be potentially agents for these studies, the metal itself cannot be used in humans because of its toxic properties. Nevertheless, diethylenetriamine penta-acetic acid (DTPA) complexes of trivalent gadolinium have less toxicity than the uncomplexed salt and have been tested in human patients. Opacification of the gastrointestinal tract has been reported, but less than 60% of the magnetic resonance scans showed improved delineation of abdominal pathologies. Furthermore, nearly 40% of the patients reported diarrhea and meteorism (Claussen et al., 1989).
Encapsulation of solid paramagnetic complexes in sulfonated ion-exchange resins for use in abdominal imaging has been suggested. It has been speculated that such encapsulation in acid-stable materials would prevent significant demetallation which otherwise occurs in the stomach when image contrasting agents are orally administered for gastrointestinal tract imaging (Braybrook and Hall, 1989).
Superparamagnetic iron oxide has been coated onto a polymer carrier matrix and evaluated as an oral contrast medium for MRI. Generally good images were obtained in the region of the small bowel, except the duodenum, but the useful concentration range appeared to be fairly narrow since some concentrations caused an artifact in the stomach after ingestion of the agent (Lonnemark et al., 1989).
There is clearly a need for orally effective, well-tolerated agents that can be used in humans for imaging studies. In particular, an MRI imaging agent applicable to gastrointestinal tract studies would be useful for visualizing the anatomy of the intestinal tract and particularly to differentiate normal and pathological states, such as tumors. An effective, orally deliverable paramagnetic imaging contrast agent devoid of the common side effects currently encountered with the presently used GI imaging agents would represent a significant improvement over the iron and gadolinium complexes described. These compounds have several problems, including toxicity and lack of good image quality. Even with reports of improved compositions such as carrier complexes and matrices, some areas of the intestine are inadequately visualized with these materials and side effects still exist. For example, although trivalent gadolinium is an excellent paramagnetic MRI contrast species, its toxicity limits use in humans to its DTPA complex, which itself may exhibit toxicity.
The present invention addresses one or more of the foregoing or other problems associated with use of presently available agents of choice in imaging studies, particularly in gastrointestinal imaging. Nontoxic zeolite molecular sieves and clays that preferentially contain paramagnetic metal ions within a lattice-like structure have been shown to have little toxicity and to exhibit excellent imaging properties. Furthermore, many of the problems associated with the use of superparamagnetic iron oxide are eliminated, including metal imaging and patient side effects such as diarrhea.
In one aspect of the invention, a zeolite-enclosed paramagnetic metal ion is utilized for contrast imaging in animals or humans. Effective, sharp imaging is possible because the paramagnetic ion remains relatively tightly held within the zeolite matrix, being preferentially bound compared with cations such as sodium.
In a like manner, clay-enclosed paramagnetic metal ions are useful for contrast imaging. Particularly suitable clays include the general class of smectite clays, of which Hectorite and montmorillonite clays are examples. The smectite clays are characterized as having a dioctahedral or trioctahedral layer structure with isomorphous substitution leading to a negative charge layer with layer spacings of 10-15 Å, dependent on the nature of the exchangeable cation. Montmorillonite is a smectite, predominantly octahedrally charged usually with some tetrahedral substitution. Octahedral ferric iron is typically present. Another smectite is Hectorite, the trioctahedral equivalent of montmorillonite to the extent that the charge layer derives from octahedral substitution. Hectorites typically contain lithium and fluorine (Wilson, 1987).
Preparations of paramagnetic metal ions enclosed in a molecular sieve or smectite clay are orally administrable and, because little leakage of potentially harmful metal ions occurs, nontoxic. Preferred paramagnetic species include trivalent gadolinium and divalent manganese with trivalent gadolinium enclosed in a faujasite group zeolite such as CaA or NaX to form CaGdA or NaGdX representing a most preferred embodiment of the zeolite forms.
Generally, the invention is an imaging method which involves administering a paramagnetic ion enclosed in zeolite or a smectite clay. Most often the method will be used in humans but of course it could be used in animals, for example, in veterinary practice for diagnosis of gastrointestinal abnormalities. The amount of clay enclosed paramagnetic ion is enough to be effective as a contrast or imaging brightening agent. A particularly useful feature of this invention is the brightness of the areas imaged with the enclosed paramagnetic ions. This is far preferable to images obtained with superparamagnetic iron oxide which develop as dark or deep gray areas. Brightly imaged areas are preferred over dark contrast for visualizing the anatomy of the area and for detecting pathologies because delineation is increased.
Zeolite- and clay-enclosed paramagnetic ions are particularly useful for imaging studies in human beings and have many advantages over superparamagnetic iron oxide. Superparamagnetic iron tends to clump in the gastrointestinal tract causing a conversion from paramagnetic to ferromagnetic properties. Additionally, superparamagnetic iron oxide administered in the quantities necessary for satisfactory imaging causes unpleasant side effects in human beings, including diarrhea and meteorism. Such effects have not been observed with zeolite-enclosed trivalent gadolinium. The invention also overcomes the problems associated with toxicity of some of the paramagnetic metals considered most useful for MRI studies, for example trivalent gadolinium. Toxicity of trivalent gadolinium has been reduced by combining it with dimethyltetraaminopentaacetic acid (DTPA) to form a complex that exhibits less toxicity than the gadolinium salt. However, some studies with gadolinium DTPA indicate problems similar to those encountered with super paramagnetic iron oxide, such as side effects of diarrhea and meteorism. In addition, the toxicity of the complex has not been fully determined. On the other hand, toxicity has not been observed with the use of zeolite-enclosed gadolinium. This may be due to relatively tight binding of the metal ion within the zeolite molecular sieve.
Although the invention has been illustrated with trivalent gadolinium and divalent manganese, other ion species that ion exchange with a zeolite may be used. Examples include tetravalent vanadium, trivalent vanadium, divalent copper, divalent nickel, trivalent chromium, divalent cobalt, divalent iron, trivalent iron and trivalent cobalt. Any of a number of salts of these species may be used to exchange a resident counterion in the zeolite, including chlorides, acetates, nitrates and the like. These examples are not intended to be limiting; for example, other species capable of ion exchanging include members of the lanthanide series of elements and the rare earth elements.
There are numerous zeolites capable of entrapping paramagnetic ions and are therefore suitable for the practice of the invention. For example, the synthetic zeolites type A, type X, type Y or ZSM-5 type zeolite are particularly useful (Breck, 1984; Rankel and Valyocsik, 1983). Type X and type Y zeolites are faujasite (FAU) group zeolites, while type A zeolites are Linde type A zeolites (LTA). Many types of molecular sieves are available, differing in chemical composition, cavity diameter or natural occurrence, such as the mordenite class of zeolites. Shapes of these substances are to some extent derived from the linkages of secondary building units forming the typical three-dimensional framework of the molecules. The shapes may then have an effect on ion exchange ability, selectivity in restricting the passage of molecules based on size, and absorption properties.
Many molecular sieves that would not be considered zeolites also may be used to enclose metal ions useful for imaging. Zeolites are a particular class of molecular sieves having an aluminosilicate framework structure. Zeolite building blocks are Si+4 and Al+4 tetrahedra linked through common oxygen atoms extending in an infinite 3-dimensional network. When isomorphic atoms are substituted for aluminum or silicon (e.g., gallium, germanium or phosphorus), synthetic molecular sieves are created. Framework atoms may also be substituted with paramagnetic ions such as Mn2+ or Gd3+. Molecular sieves, especially those that possess ion exchange properties, may be used analogously to zeolites.
Ion exchange properties of the zeolite are especially important in preferential binding of certain ions, particularly metal ions of the transition metal series. The amount of metal ion actually enclosed within the zeolite will depend on the characteristics of the particular zeolite type used, as well as the presence of other positively charged ions. Thus, for example, if calcium zeolite type A is mixed with a gadolinium salt and allowed to equilibrate over a period of time, the final exchange product will contain both positively charged gadolinium and calcium ions. However, these zeolites will preferentially exchange with the transition metal ions giving rise to greater concentrations of the transition metal ions than the ions from group 1 or group 2 elements when both types of ions are present. At any rate, the preferential binding of paramagnetic ions such as Gd+3 and Mn+2 is sufficient to give excellent MRI imaging properties when the zeolite-entrapped paramagnetic ion is used for imaging studies.
In another embodiment of the invention, complexed paramagnetic ions are enclosed within a zeolite or clay matrix. Intrazeolite or clay complexes may be prepared by at least two different methods, either by synthesizing the matrix around a complex or by diffusing a ligand into the matrix where it then complexes with the metal ion. Typical complexing agents include 8-hydroxyquinoline, dipiconili; acid and phthalic acid, but numerous other ligands may also be employed such as phenanthroline, bipyridine, anthranilic acid, piconilic acid, salicylic acid, salicylamide, ethylenediaminediacetic acid or bis(salicylaldehyde)ethylenediamine and may depend on the particular paramagnetic ion chosen for complexation. One consideration in the selection of a ligand is the number of occupied sites on the metal ion. While 4-6 bonds will generally more tightly bind a metal ion, it may in some circumstances be desirable to employ fewer bonds, 2 for example, so that bulk water is more available to the metal. Increased access to bulk water, as a general principle, enhances imaging intensities. Improved imaging may then be achieved with lower amounts of paramagnetic material.
A second consideration in the selection of a ligand is binding affinity. A larger number of ligands, e.g., 4-6, may be desirable to provide tighter binding to preclude loss of potentially toxic free metal ions. Multidentate ligands generally form more stable complexes and are preferred. The ligands may be neutral or carry a charge where the complex would preferably have available a positive charge. Additionally, the ligand may have a paramagnetic functional group such as a nitroxide. The ligand radical combined with the metal ion may further enhance imaging intensities.
Yet another embodiment of the invention is a paramagnetic metal ion enclosed in a molecular sieve both as a free metal ion, for example ion-exchanged into the molecular sieve, and as a complexed metal ion. Such a composition has the advantage of the relatively high loading of a paramagnetic ion exchanged zeolite, combined with the advantages of having a paramagnetic ion held in the larger cavities of the zeolite, being therefore more accessible to bulk water and enhancing image intensity. Complexation, especially chelation, localizes the active species in larger pores with better access to water, yet reduces loss of the ion from the zeolite matrix. This may become a consideration if, for example, the zeolite were to partially digest after administration for diagnostic purposes.
Zeolite or clay-enclosed paramagnetic ions are particularly useful for MRI studies of the gastrointestinal tract, especially since pharmaceutically acceptable preparations of these materials can be administered enterically, for example, by nasogastric tube to either an animal or a human being. Oral administration is preferred for most applications involving studies or treatment of humans.
Detection of a molecular sieve or clay enclosed paramagnetic ion after administration is most preferably performed by magnetic resonance imaging, although conventional radiographic imaging and computerized tomography (CT) may also be employed in a manner similar to techniques used with BaSO4 and gastrographin imaging. High Z (atomic weight) metals like gadolinium may also be detected by monochromatic x-ray sources, for example, K-edge imaging. Additionally, certain of the described matrix-enclosed metal complexes may be detected by fluorescence.
In a most preferred method of practice, the invention is used for gastrointestinal tract imaging. A pharmaceutically acceptable formulation including matrix enclosed trivalent gadolinium is administered, preferably orally, to a human or animal and detected by magnetic resonance imaging. The trivalent gadolinium may be enclosed within calcium type A zeolite, sodium type X zeolite, other suitable molecular sieve or clay such as Hectorite or mortmorillonite. In preferred practice, zeolite or clay enclosed trivalent gadolinium is prepared in a pharmaceutical carrier prior to administration.
The zeolite or clay enclosed metal ion compounds of this invention may be combined with pharmaceutically acceptable formulating agents, dispersing agents and fillers. Powders, granules, capsules, coated tablets, syrupy preparations and aqueous suspensions may be utilized for oral preparations. Formulating agents employed may be either solid or liquid, including but not limited to such solids as calcium phosphate, calcium carbonate, dextrose, sucrose, dextrin, sucrose ester, starch, sorbitol, mannitol, crystalline cellulose, talc, kaolin, synthetic aluminum silicate, carboxymethyl cellulose, methylcellulose, cellulose acetate phthalate, alginates, polyvinyl pyrrolidone, polyvinyl alcohol, gum arabic, tragacanth gum, gelatin, bentonite, agar powder, shellac, Tween 80, carrageenans and psyllium. Modified clay materials having residual charges or modifying groups might also be used which may be adsorbed to various carrier matrices. Examples of liquids suitable as suspending fluids include water, isotonic salt solution, ethanol, propylene glycol, polyethylene glycol, glycerol, Hartman's solution and Ringer's solution. A preferred liquid for suspension is EZpaque supernatant which is readily obtained from EZpaque after removing BaSO4, either by centrifugation or filtration.
Administration is most preferably oral because of better patient acceptance in that form but administration may also be intravascular, enteric, vaginal, anal or by direct introduction into the gastrointestinal tract at any point such as by introduction through tubes accessing the alimentary canal. Flavor enhancers may be added to oral preparations, including taste masking substances such as sweeteners and citrus flavors. Other additives, including color, preservatives, bulk or antifoam agents may also be included in the formulation. Examples of non-oral use include retrograde pelvic studies and investigations to define vaginal contents. Intravascular administration is also expected to be effective. Particulates such as colloidal iron oxide have been injected into the bloodstream without ill effect, indicating that stable molecular sieve particulates would likewise cause no problems as carriers.
The invention may also be used in conjunction with magnetic resonance imaging of body surfaces. For example, artificial limbs must be custom fitted to leg, arm, hand or foot amputees. Present methods are time-consuming and rendered difficult because photographs show only skin surface while x-ray indicates only dense material such as bone. MRI could show both bone and skin and therefore facilitate design of a prosthetic device which must be customized to the remaining member of the body. Zeolite or clay-enclosed trivalent gadolinium would be ideal for this purpose. The material would be powdered sufficiently to be conveniently applied to a skin surface, preferably as an aerosol which could be either a dry powder or a suspension in a suitable fluid, for example water or alcohol. The skin is preferably first treated with an agent that promotes adherence of the powder to the surface, for example, tincture of benzoin. Other applications envisioned are imaging of the foot, useful in customizing footwear for abnormal or injured feet. Surface imaging could also be used in connection with inanimate surfaces, for example some metal surfaces. In some cases, especially where high resolution is desired, uniform application would be important so that surface roughness reflected the surface examined rather than an artifact of uneven application.
Zeolites having appropriate crystal dimensions may also be used as intravascular MRI contrast agents. While oral preparations may be preferred by patients, direct injection into the bloodstream may provide advantages such as speed or visualization of constricted areas.
The zeolite or clay enclosed ionic species of this invention will typically be formulated as suspensions or dispersions, preferably in EZ dispersant (available from E-ZM Company) or used as the supernatant from pharmacy-purchased suspensions of BaSO4 under the trade name of EZpaque) at a low weight to volume ratio. For oral administration this is preferably approximately 1%. Higher concentrations of the zeolite composition may be prepared as suspensions; however, for MR imaging purposes, image intensity decreases markedly above weight ratios of 1%. The 1% suspensions in EZpaque supernatant appear to be stable indefinitely.
A marked advantage of calcium gadolinium enclosed in type A zeolite is the relatively low concentration that may be employed in a dispersing medium. For example, a one percent concentration of calcium gadolinium type A zeolite administered orally is effective in producing excellent images for MRI studies, although higher weight percent concentrations may be utilized in accordance with the form of the preparation. In contrast, when barium sulfate is used in the same dispersing medium, concentrations of up to 40-50% by weight are required and precipitation is often a problem.
A most preferred paramagnetic ion useful for GI studies of this sort is trivalent gadolinium, however, other metal ions as listed above can be used. Excellent results have also been obtained using zeolite enclosed divalent manganese.
A unique advantage of clay enclosed gadolinium (III) over zeolite-enclosed gadolinium is the enhanced T1 relaxation time promoted by the clay matrix. Because of this effect on the enclosed paramagnetic ion, less material may be employed to provide good MRI imaging. Thus Hectorite and mortmorillonite clays, for example, provide inexpensive matrices for paramagnetic ions and paramagnetic ion complexes and additionally require less metal or metal complex, thereby decreasing the cost as well as increasing efficiency.
It will be appreciated by those of skill in the art that there will always be present within the zeolite or clay not only the paramagnetic ion, complexed or free, which is used for the imaging, but also a second ion with which the paramagnetic ion was exchanged. The type of second ion will depend on the clay or zeolite compound used in the preparation. For example, calcium zeolite, calcium type A zeolite, sodium zeolite or other salts formed from first and second group elements may be used. Alternatively, the parent zeolite could be exchanged with protons, alkali or alkaline earth metal ions, transition or rare earth metal ions prior or subsequent to entrapment of a paramagnetic ion. It should be further understood that a molecular sieve enclosing a paramagnetic ion may contain other ligands such as hydroxyl ion, chloride ion or water depending on the method of preparation. Any or all of these species may affect the properties of the enclosed ions. The presence of any one or a number of these may alter or attenuate the pharmacological effects of the zeolite enclosed paramagnetic ion.
FIG. 1 is an MRI scan of the gastrointestinal tract of a rabbit taken after two administrations by NG tube of a 1% suspension of CaGdA at 12 hr and 4 hr before MRI scanning.
Panel 1A illustrates the effect of the presence of CaGdA in the stomach.
Panel 1B indicates delineation of the jejunum region of the intestine in the presence of CaGdA.
FIG. 2 is an MRI scan of the gastrointestinal tract of a dog taken after administration by NG tube of a 1% suspension of CaGdA.
Panels A and B are scans taken 1 hr after administration.
Panels C and D are scans taken 3 hr after administration.
The present invention relates particularly to pharmaceutical compositions that include zeolite-enclosed paramagnetic ions and the utility of these species as contrast and image brightening agents. Suitable paramagnetic ions may be enclosed in a wide range of zeolites, either as a "free" ion within the zeolite cage or complexed with an appropriate complexing agent. By free ion is meant a charged species lacking ligands, but not necessarily precluding charge-charge interactions with other species. Such interactions may be in the form of counterion interactions within the cages of the enclosing zeolite, or, as compounds forming the zeolite framework, for example replacement of the metal portion of the aluminate.
Methods of preparation of zeolite enclosed metal ions are well-known in the art, and are generally based on the ion exchange properties of zeolites. Thus a paramagnetic ion such as gadolinium may be exchanged into many types of zeolites, including most of the faujasite group of zeolites, or even molecular sieves with ion-exchange properties. Additionally, aluminosilicate materials such as clays are suitable for enclosing paramagnetic ions and have the added advantage of altering the nuclear spin relaxation properties of liquid, generally water, in contact with the clay. Such clays themselves show some use as magnetic imaging contrast agents, although the imaging is dark rather than bright (Bryant et al., 1990). The inventors have found, surprisingly, that in combination with paramagnetic complexes such as gadolinium ion, the clay matrix enhances the image brightening properties of the paramagnetic metal.
In addition to zeolite-enclosed "free" metal ions, it has been discovered that useful imaging compositions may be obtained from zeolite-enclosed metal ion chelate complexes. Examples are provided showing that metal ion chelates may be formed in situ, that is, after the ion is enclosed within the zeolite, or, metal ion complexes may be enclosed by synthesizing the zeolite around a metal ion chelate.
Sodium type A and type X zeolites readily form around gadolinium(III) complexes of 8-hydroxyquinoline, dipiconilic acid and phthalic acid. Other suitable ligands may include salicylamide, salicylic acid, anthranilic acid, bipyridine, terpyridine, phenanthroline, ethylenediamine, bis(salicylaldehyde)ethylenediamine, ethylenediamine diacetic acid or the like. Chelated paramagnetic species, as a general rule, are larger than the free ion and therefore must be located in the larger spaces within the zeolite structure. Consequently, the paramagnetic ion is more accessible to water than ions located in smaller spaces. At comparable loadings of paramagnetic ion, intensities are higher for chelated ions compared with free ion counterparts within the zeolite.
Complexation of the paramagnetic metal apparently causes localization within the larger pores of molecular sieves so that magnetic resonance intensities are increased, indicating increased access of the paramagnetic metal to water; however, this does not preclude use of both chelated and ion exchanged metal ions. The intrazeolite paramagnetic complexes, as disclosed herein, may be prepared by at least two different methods, either by synthesizing the zeolite around a complex or by diffusing the ligand into the zeolite to form a complex. Chelation is also expected to function as a second line of defense against any toxicity, as in instances where a zeolite might be partially digested.
Not all molecular sieves exhibit ion exchange properties, but several species do have this property, including aluminosilicates, silicoaluminum phosphates and metalloaluminum phosphates. Complexed paramagnetic ions as herein disclosed are expected to be useful in successfully encapsulating a paramagnetic species, and thus expanding the range of zeolite-type compounds able to enclose metal ions with little or no loss of the paramagnetic material.
In certain applications, such as blood pool agents, stability and stability may not be major concerns. In such instances, chelates with a minimal number of ligands may be desirable in order to provide a maximal number of sites for water coordination. In general, the more accessible the paramagnetic ion is to bulk water, the more intense a signal measured. Where stability is important, multidentate ligands with a larger number of binding sites may be desired to assure retention of a toxic metal ion.
The following examples illustrate preferred embodiments of the practice of the invention. It should be understood that these examples are intended to be illustrative of the invention and in no way limiting.
Calcium zeolite (calcium A), 10 g, was mixed with 2 g of GdCl3 �6H2 O in approximately 100 ml deionized water and stirred at 30� C. for 18 hr. The resulting zeolite suspension was suction filtered and washed extensively with deionized water until negative for chloride ion by silver nitrate test. The resulting CaGdA gave a negative test for free Gd+3 using the colorimetric indicator, xylenol orange. The zeolite was dried in a vacuum oven overnight at 50� C. The resulting sample contained 3.24% trivalent gadolinium by weight. Analogous procedures using NaA, NaX or NaY yielded the percent weight compositions shown in Table 1. MnCl2 used in place of GdCl3 formed MnNaX when exchanged into NaX.
TABLE 1______________________________________Compound Weight percent metal______________________________________GdNaA 6.18GdCaA 3.24GdNaX 6.19GdNaY 3.11MnNaX 5.59______________________________________
The various zeolites shown in Table 1 were suspended in ES dispersant at the indicated weight percent. Image intensity data were recorded as shown in Table 2.
TABLE 2______________________________________Compound Intensity Std. Deviation % sol'n*______________________________________GdNaY 1061.43 29.76 1 382.19 12.42 0.1 259.49 8.45 0.01 228.97 8.55 0.001 187.65 7.67 0.0001GdNaX 454.08 19.91 1 1273.13 36.84 0.1 349.54 13.93 0.01 219.17 10.84 0.001 64.49 10.77 0.0001GdNaA 365.06 12.51 1 1522.71 29.67 0.1 391.05 8.90 0.01 237.03 9.37 0.001 193.79 8.39 0.0001GdCaA 408.25 47.06 1 772.24 27.09 0.1 280.11 10.38 0.01 230.06 7.69 0.001 200.32 8.56 0.0001MnNaX 34.57 6.50 1 1312.48 29.02 0.1 453.10 16.17 0.01 257.36 6.90 0.001 185.37 8.66 0.0001______________________________________ Mean value *All sample zeolites suspended in EZpaque supernatant at the indicated wt %.
13.5 g of aluminum isopropoxide was mixed with 4.8 g of sodium hydroxide and heated to 90� C. for 0.5 hr before adding 18 ml of water with continued stirring. A silicate solution was prepared by combining 6 g silica, 4.8 g of NaOH and 18 ml of water in a teflon beaker. After the mixture had cooled to room temperature, the silicate and aluminate solutions were combined, followed by the addition of 50 ml of water. 0.18 g of bis(8-hydroxyquinoline)chlorogadolinium(III) was stirred into the gel over a period of 3 hr. The mixture was then heated at 90� C. for 16 hrs in a sealed polypropylene bottle. After cooling to room temperature, the crystals were collected and washed with copious amounts of water. The zeolite crystals were then extracted with toluene for 24 hrs in a Soxhlet extractor to remove surface species. The crystals were suction filtered and dried at 100� C. The sample contained 0.5% gadolinium by weight.
Table 3 shows metal ion loading for the various zeolite-enclosed chelated trivalent gadolinium compositions, the imaging intensity and the weight percent solutions used for the measurements. The values are compared with water, air and the dispersant, EZpaque.
TABLE 3__________________________________________________________________________SUMMARY OF ZEOLITE PHANTOMS__________________________________________________________________________ % Gd 0.5 0.41 0.31 0.29 0.38 0.40 X-Gd-71 X-Gd-82 X-Gd-93 A-Gd-51 A-Gd-62 A-Gd-73 Mean Mean Mean Mean Mean Mean SD SD SD SD SD SD__________________________________________________________________________1% 416.1 629.9 470.7 257.3 229.5 293.8 24.8 36.4 37.2 25.9 13.1 11.00.1% 204.3 318.7 208.0 199.7 212.0 221.3 7.2 15.8 10.7 9.5 13.8 20.20.01% 171.8 176.5 163.3 169.5 164.5 172.1 6.5 7.9 5.6 6.3 7.0 6.10.001% 163.6 159.7 156.5 158.1 163.8 167.5 4.9 5.6 7.0 5.9 7.9 6.50.0001% 159.9 152.3 149.-- 150.1 157.6 162.0 6.2 5.9 6.8 7.5 6.7 8.1__________________________________________________________________________ Air Water EZ-PAQUE Mean Mean Mean SD SD SD__________________________________________________________________________ 4.26 131.8 165.4 1.5 5.4 6.1__________________________________________________________________________ 1 8-hydroxyquinoline 2 DPA 3 phthalic acid
NaX zeolite was ion exchanged with GdCl3 followed by exhaustive washing with water, overnight calcination at 350� C. and reaction with 8-hydroxyquinoline. 2.0 g of Gd3+ -exchanged NaX was slurried for 24 hrs in 100 ml of ethanol containing 1.0 g of 8-hydroxyquinoline. The zeolite was filtered, washed with ethanol and extracted with toluene to remove surface complexes. The sample contained 2.77% Gd by weight.
Table 4 shows the intensity of several different weight percents of gadolinium in type X zeolites after treatment of gadolinium (III) exchanged zeolite with 8-hydroxyquinoline.
TABLE 4______________________________________Compound Intensity1 Standard Deviation %2______________________________________8HQGdX3 954.98 36.4 1 1,380.36 50.0 0.1 431.68 17.1 0.01 239.29 10.0 0.001EZpaque 206.59 9.6Water 186.51 7.1Air 7.78 4.2______________________________________ 1 Mean value 2 Samples suspended in EZpaque at indicated wt % 3 Gd+3 enclosed in type X zeolite treated with 8hydroxyquinoline. Gd3+ is 3% by weight.
1 g of CaGdA was suspended in 99 ml dispersing medium prepared from E-Zpaque™ supernatant obtained by centrifugation of the BaSO4. Approximately 200-300 cc was introduced into the stomach of a rabbit using a pediatric nasogastric (NG) tube at 12 hr and 4 hr prior to MRI. MRI scans were obtained periodically using a conventional T1 weighed sequence. FIG. 1 is an MRI scan 4 hr after the last administration. CaGdA was detected in the stomach, as indicated by the bright region in Panel A. 12 hr after administration the majority of the CaGdA had passed into the intestine and, as shown in Panel B, was concentrated in the jejunum region.
Silicalite and gadolium containing silicalites were prepared by hydrothermal crystallization from reaction mixtures that included TPABr as a template. In this reaction, part of the crystal framework is replaced by gadolinium in the form of a gadolinate. The metal is therefore firmly established as part of the basic structure, not as an ion-exchanged cation entrapped within the silicate matrix.
Similar procedures are expected to apply to the synthesis of framework modified zeolites and clays such as hectorite and montmorillonite.
Starting materials for synthesis of the crystalline material included SiO2, 48% HF, NaOH, NH4 OH, GdCl3 �6H2 O and tPABr (tetrapropylammonium bromide). The composition of the reaction mixture was as follows: ##STR1## The Si/Gd molar ratio was 103/5. The gel was prepared according to Example 4 and crystallized at 180� C. for 24 hrs. The sample was characterized by FTIR, X-ray, and chemical analysis. Absorptions of H2 O and benzene were determined.
A gel was prepared by dissolving 2 g of SiO2 (0.033 mol) in 3.5 ml of 48% HF (0.1 mol). An exothermic effect was observed. After cooling to room temperature, 0.4 g (1�10-3 mol) of GdCl3 �6H2 O was added. The pH of the mixture was approximately 0. Then 0.19 g of NaOH (4.75�10-3 mol) in 3 ml water was added, causing an exothermic effect. After cooling to room temperature, 1.46 g (5.48�10-3 mol) of TPABr was added dropwise followed by 14.3 ml of 29% NH4 OH (0.108 mol). The pH of the mixture rose to ˜8. 25 ml of water (1.55 mol) was then added and the gel aged at room temperature for 2-4 hrs maintaining a pH of 8-8.5. Synthesis of the zeolite was completed by autoclaving (PARR) at 180� C. for 24 hrs.
The preparation of clay enclosed paramagnetic ions or paramagnetic ion complexes is similar to the preparation of the comparable zeolite complexes. Two-dimensional Hectorite and montmorillonite clays were modified with paramagnetic metal complexes by reaction of the Na form of the clay with a solution of the complex or by reaction of a ligand with the metal ion exchanged clay. Intercalated Gd+3 complexes of phenanthroline, bipyridine, 8-hydroxyquinoline, anthranilic acid, piconilic acid, salicylic acid, phthalic acid, salicylamide, ethylenediaminediacetic acid and bis(salicylaldehyde)-ethylenediamine were prepared. All compounds were characterized by XRD, IR and ultraviolet-visible spectroscopy.
Hectorite (1 gram) was suspended in 1L of deionized water and stirred for 24 hours, then gadolinium trichloride (2 grams) was added and stirred an additional 24 hours. The clay was filtered, washed with water using a centrifuge technique and dried at 110� C. The clay was mulled to power and calcined at 400� C. for 3 hours. The sample contained 5.63% Gd by weight. The relaxivity of aqueous suspensions of this modified clay in a 40 MHz field was determined to be 6.41 mM-1 sec-1.
Gadolinium exchanged hectorite (1 gram) was suspended in 150 mL of deionized water/acetone (1:1,V/V) and stirred for 4 hours, then 2,2'-bypyridine (0.5 grams) dissolved in 20 mL of acetone was added and stirred an additional 12 hours. The clay was filtered, washed with water and acetone using a centrifuge technique and dried at 110C. This sample contains 0.703% Gd by weight. Hectorite (10 grams) was suspended in 2L of deionized water and stirred for 24 hours, then gadolinium trichloride (2 grams) was added and stirred an additional 24 hours. The clay was filtered, washed with water using a centrifuge technique and dried at 110C. The clay was mulled to a power and soxhlet extracted with water for 4 hours. This sample contains 2.62% Gd by weight. The relaxivity of aqueous suspensions of this modified clay in a 40 MHz field was determined to be 7.6 mM-1 sec-1.
Gadolinium exchanged hectorite (0.5 grams) was suspended in 150 mL of deionized water stirred for 12 hours, then Gd(phenanthroline)3 3+ (0.1 grams) was added and stirred an additional 24 hours. The clay was filtered, washed with water using a centrifuge technique and dried at 110� C. This sample contained 1.35% Gd by weight. The relaxivity of aqueous suspensions of this modified clay in a 40 MHz field was determined to be 2.748 mM-1 sec-1.
Gadolinium exchanged hectorite (1 gram) was suspended in 150 mL of deionized water, then 1,10-phenanthroline (0.5 grams) dissolved in 15 mL of acetone was added and stirred 12 hours. The clay was filtered, washed with water and acetone using a centrifuge technique and dried at 110� C. The sample contained 1.47% Gd by weight. The relaxivity of aqueous suspensions of this modified clay in a 40 MHz field was determined to be 6.578 mM-1 sec-1.
Gadolinium exchanged hectorite (0.5 grams) was stirred into Phenanthroline (1 gram) melted at 110� C. and stirred 4 hours. The modified clay was then extracted with acetone and water for 4 hours in a Soxhlet extractor. The sample contained 6.8% Gd by weight. The relaxivity of aqueous suspensions of this modified clay in a 40 MHz filed was determined to be 3.65 mM-1 sec-1.
Gadolinium exchanged hectorite (0.5 grams) was stirred into bis(3-methoxysalicylaldehyde) ethylenediamine (1 gram) melted at 175� C. and stirred 4 hours. The modified clay was then soxhlet extracted first with methylene chloride for 12 hrs and then with water for 12 hours. The sample contained 1.38% Gd by weight. The relaxivity of aqueous suspensions of this modified clay in a 40 MHz field was 7.8 mM-1 sec-1.
Gadolinium exchanged hectorite (I gram) was suspended in 150 mL of deionized water/methanol (1:1,v/v) and stirred for 12 hours, then bis(3-methoxysalicylaldehyde) ethylenediamine (0.25 grams) dissolved in 30 mL of methanol was added and stirred an additional 12 hours. The clay was filtered, washed with water and methanol using a centrifuge technique and dried at 110� C. This sample contained 2.04% Gd by weight. The relaxivity of aqueous suspensions of this modified clay in a 40 MHz field was 5.08 mM-1 sec-1.
Gadolinium exchanged hectorite (0.5 grams) was suspended in 200 mL of deionized water and stirred for 12 hours, then phthalic acid (1.25 grams) dissolved in 100 mL of water/methanol (1:1,v/v) was added and stirred an additional 12 hours. The clay was filtered, washed with water and methanol using a centrifuge technique and dried at 110� C. The sample contained 1.48% Gd by weight. The relaxivity of aqueous suspensions of this modified clay in a 40 MHz filed was determined 14.19 mM-1 sec-1.
Gadolinium exchanged hectorite (0.5 grams) was suspended in 150 mL of deionized water and stirred for 12 hours, then dipiconilic acid (0.23 grams) dissolved in 30 mL of water was added and stirred an additional 12 hours. The clay was filtered, washed with water and propanol using a centrifuge technique and dried at 110� C. The sample contained 0.165% Gd by weight. The relaxivity of aqueous suspensions of this modified clay in a 40 MHz filed was determined 7.97 mM-1 sec-1.
Gadolinium exchanged hectorite (0.5 grams) was stirred into 8-hydroxyquinoline (1 gram) melted at 80� C. and stirred 4 hours. The modified clay was then soxhlet extracted with toluene and water for 4 hours. The sample contained 3.48% Gd by weight. The relaxivity of aqueous suspensions of this modified clay in a 40 MHz field was 5.09 mM-1 sec-1.
Hectorite (1 gram) was suspended in 200 mL deionized water then mixed with 0.22 grams of ethylenediaminediacetic acid and 0.38 grams of gadolinium trichloride dissolved in 30 mL of water and stirred 12 hours. The modified clay was centrifuge washed with water and dried at 70� C. The sample contained 2.15% Gd and the relaxivity of aqueous suspensions of this modified clay in a 40 MHz filed was 15.4 mM-1 sec-1.
Gadolinium-exchanged hectorite (1 gram) was suspended in 1 L of deionized water and 2,2,-bipyridine (1 gram) melted at 75� C. and stirred 4 hours. The modified clay was then soxhlet extracted with acetone and water for 4 hours. The sample contained 1.425% Gd by weight. The relaxivity of aqueous suspensions of this modified clay in a 40 MHz field was 14.83 mM-1 sec-1.
Gadolinium exchanged Montmorillonite (1 gram) was suspended in 80 mL of methanol and stirred for 4 hours, then 2,2'-bipyridine (0.21 grams) and 0.38 grams of gadolinium trichloride dissolved in 20 mL of methanol were added and stirred an additional 12 hours. The clay was filtered, washed with water and acetone using a centrifuge technique and dried at 110� C. The modified clay was then soxhlet extracted with acetone and water for 4 hours. The sample contained 0.376 Gd by weight. The relaxivity of aqueous suspensions of this modified clay in a 40 MHz field was 135 mM-1 sec-1.
Relaxivity values as measured by T1 relaxation times were determined for hectorite and montmorillonite clay-enclosed Gd(III). T1 relaxation times were measured as a function of Gd content. By comparison with relaxation times of zeolite-enclosed Gd, T1 relaxation times of clay-enclosed Gd are longer, thus enabling use of smaller quantities of clay-enclosed material in order to obtain images of comparable brightness.
Aqueous suspensions of hectorite or montmorillonite clay-enclosed Gd(III) or Gd(III) complexes were stable for at least several hours.
Experimental protocol as described in Example 2 was followed in imaging the gastrointestinal tract of a dog, except that approximately 500 cc of 1% suspension of CaGdA was administered via NG tube. FIG. 2A is an MRI scan taken 1 hour after administration. FIG. 2B is an MRI scan taken 3 hours after administration.
The present example outlines the procedure contemplated by the Applicants to be useful for the successful imaging of fistulas.
A human patient will have been diagnosed as having a fistula. Generally, indications of infection should not be present as injection of fluid into the fistula might cause delocalization of an infection. In appropriate cases, the fistula will be injected with a suspension of 1% GdNaX in a suitable vehicle such as EZpaque supernatant. 5-15 cc injections will be used, depending on the size of the fistula. Imaging will then be performed using standard MRI procedures in order to visualize extent and location of fistulous tracts.
The present example outlines the procedure contemplated by the Applicants to be useful for the successful imaging of the gastrointestinal tract in pediatric practice.
Young patients generally do not tolerate hyperosmolic iodinated agents currently in use. The following procedure would be used in this group of patients. The patient is administered 100-150 cc of a 1% solution of GdNaX in EZpaque supernatant or other suitable vehicle via a pediatric NG tube. The administered suspension must not be hyperosmolar. Images are obtained immediately after administration using standard MRI imaging procedures.
The present example outlines the procedure contemplated by the Applicants to be useful for the successful imaging of surfaces to which prosthetic devices are to be fitted.
The limb to which a prosthetic device is to be fitted is prepared for attachment of a prosthetic device by surgical procedures as medically indicated to provide a suitable attachment surface. The surface is then coated with a material such as benzoin that will facilitate adherence of an applied powder to the surface. Zeolite-enclosed gadolinium, prepared as described in Example 1, is sufficiently to allow easy dispersion in a liquid or as an aerosol, washed extensively in water until the wash is free of gadolinium as determined by testing with xylenol orange, and then applied to the skin surface. Application is with an aerosol, either as a dry powder or as a suspension in a suspending agent such as alcohol or water. After the surface is coated with a fine layer of powder, images are obtained by standard magnetic imaging procedures. The resulting images are used to design custom matings for the artificial limb.
The present invention has been described in terms of particular embodiments found by the inventors to comprise preferred modes of practice of the invention. It will be appreciated by those of skill in the art that in light of the present disclosure numerous modifications and changes can be made in the particular embodiments exemplified without departing from the intended scope of the invention. For example, any of a number of zeolites or molecular sieves could be used as the enclosing matrix and any of a number of cationic species could be present within the zeolite, some of which could be used to modify effects of the enclosed ion of interest, for example, trivalent gadolinium in imaging studies. These and obvious related modifications are contemplated to be within the scope of the claims.
The references listed below are incorporated herein by reference to the extent they supplement, explain, provide a background for or teach methodology, techniques and/or compositions employed herein.
Braybrook, H. H. and Hall, L. D., Drug. Des. Deliv. 4, 93-95 (1989).
Breck, D. W., Zeolite Molecular Sieves, Krieger Publishing Company, Malabar, Fla., 1984.
Bryant, R. G. and Listinsky, J. J., U.S. Pat. No. 4,927,624 (1990).
Claussen, Von C., Kornmesser, W., Laniado, M., Kaminsky, S., Hamm, B. and Felix, R., ROFO 148, 683-689 (1989).
Hahn, P. F., Staark, D. D., Lewis, J. M., Saini, S., Elizondo, G., Weissleder, R., Fretz, C. J. and Ferrucci, J. T., Radiology 175. 695-700 (1990).
Lonnemark, M., Hemmingsson, A., Bach-Gansmo, T., Ericsson, A., Oksendal, A. Nyman, R. and Moxnes, A., Acta Radiol. 30, 193-196 (1989).
Messina, C. A., Lok, B. M. and Flanigen, E. M., U.S. Pat. No. 4,544,143 (1985).
Rankel, L. A. and Valyocsik, E. W., U.S. Pat. No. 4,388,285, Jun. 14, 1983.
Wilson, M. J. in A Handbook of Determinative Methods in Clay Mineralogy, M. J. Wilson, ed., Chapman and Hall, New York, pp. 5-6, 1987.
Wilson, S. T. and Flanigen, E. M., U.S. Pat. No. 4,567,028 (1986).
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|The University Of Rochester
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|Board Of Regents, The University Of Texas System
|Zeolite-enclosed transistion and rare earth metal ions as contrast agents for the gastrointestinal tract
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|Laurence David Hall
|Magnetic resonance imaging
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|Sterling-Winthrop Inc.
|Compositions of iodobenzoic acid derivatives and pharmaceutically acceptable clays for visualization of the gastrointestinal tract
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|Sterling Winthrop Inc.
|Compositions of iodophenoxy alkylene ethers and pharmaceutically acceptable clays for visualization of the gastrointestinal tract
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|Fonar Corporation
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|Aug 5, 1997
|Sintetica Sa
|Compositions for increasing the image contrast in diagnostic investigations of the digestive tract of patients
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|Bracco International B.V.
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|U.S. Classification
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|International Classification
|Cooperative Classification
|European Classification
|Aug 10, 1992
Owner name: BOARD OF REGENTS, THE UNIVERSITY OF TEXAS SYSTEM,
Free format text: ASSIGNMENT OF ASSIGNORS INTEREST.;ASSIGNOR:BALKUS, KENNETH J., JR.;REEL/FRAME:006239/0866
Effective date: 19920731
|May 31, 1994
|Certificate of correction
|Jul 10, 1997
|Fee payment
Year of fee payment: 4
|Jul 10, 2001
|Fee payment
Year of fee payment: 8
|Jul 11, 2005
|Fee payment
Year of fee payment: 12


text:
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text:
Dudley Festival of
Music, Drama & Dance
Welcome to the web site of the Dudley Festival of Music Drama and Dance.
Next Festival - 2016
Click here for the 2015 sylabus
Click here for the MUSIC and DRAMA timetables 2016
We need your help!
Could you spare a morning or afternoon to help with stewarding?
Also we need an announcer for Dance on the Dance weekends.
If you can help, please contact:
Gillian Bloore
Tel: 01384 837536
email: firstname.lastname@example.com
Quick Links


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Category: Tutorial
Use Mi PC Suite to Flash Fastboot ROM on Bricked Xiaomi Phones26
In our previous guide we show you how to use MI Flash Tool to install Fastboot ROM on Dead or Bricked Xiaomi android phone like "Flash MIUI 6 Stable ROM On Bricked/Dead Mi 4i With ...READ MORE +
Guide to Install Xposed Framework on Android 5.1 Lollipop15
The Xposed framework is one of the best mod for the rooted android smartphones and tablets. With the help of Xpsed Framework you can perform minor tweaks in the Android system ...READ MORE +
How to Fix Bricked or Dead OnePlus One Easily3
If you somehow bricked your oneplus one, or accidentally removed System ROM from the Smartphone. That means you can't turn on your phone and can't operate it. Recently one of our ...READ MORE +
How to Lock Or Password-Protect Apps On Xiaomi Mi3 Android5
No need to install any application to lock or password protect apps on your new Xiaomi Mi3 android smartphone. After posting some best tips for Xiaomi Mi3 users, here we are back ...READ MORE +
How to Install Moto X, Moto G & Moto E USB Drivers (Windows & MAC)6
Moto X, Moto G & Moto E are latest Android smartphone from the Motorola - Google Company. If you recently bought any of these Motorola devices and wanted to connect your phone ...READ MORE +
How To Flash Custom ROM On Nexus, Samsung or Any Android Device
From last few days we are writing about the Android tips and Tricks. Today we are back again with the new guide in which you will learn how to Flash or Install Custom ROM on ...READ MORE +
How to Unroot / Restore Stock ROM on Samsung Android Devices
If you have the Rooted Samsung device or running the custom on your phone and want to unroot/restore stock rom on your device. Here is the easy guide to go back on stock rom. ...READ MORE +


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NYC Parks Events Calendar
Get up, get out, and do something! Just about any day of the year, you can find something fun, informative, and healthy to enjoy at an area park. Feel free to browse the listings below, or use the search tools to find an event that matches your interests and location.
Viewing 6,551–6,560 out of 16,100 events
from July 13, 2013 (x) to April 25, 2026
Friday, March 11, 2016
3 to 6 Club
at Walker Park, Staten Island
3:00 p.m.–6:00 p.m.
Walker Park is offering various activities at the 3 to 6 Club, open to children ages 7 through 12 years, including art, literacy and sports.
Category: Best for Kids
Saturday, March 12, 2016
Van Cortlandt Track Club
at Van Cortlandt Stadium (in Van Cortlandt Park), Bronx
8:00 a.m.–9:00 a.m.
Van Cortlandt Track Club runs through and around the Yonkers-Bronx border in small groups. For local running tips, visit vctc.org.
Category: Fitness, Sports, Outdoor Fitness
Greenmarket at Grand Army Plaza
at Grand Army Plaza, Brooklyn
8:00 a.m.–4:00 p.m.
At what other market can you do all your food shopping, sample local wine, and explore Brooklyn's favorite park?
Category: Markets, Food
Will Eisner "The Spirit" Retrospective Exhibition
at Poe Park Visitor Center (in Poe Park), Bronx
8:00 a.m.–4:00 p.m.
The Poe Park Visitor Center is proud to celebrate the 75th anniversary of Will Eisner's "The Spirit."
Category: Art, Women's History Month
Morning Fitness at Fort Tryon Park
at Heather Garden (in Fort Tryon Park), Manhattan
8:30 a.m.–9:30 a.m.
Join us for one hour of walking, stretching, and strengthening exercises.
Category: Fitness
New York Road Runners Open Run: Run for Life - Astoria Park
at Astoria Park Track (in Astoria Park), Queens
9:00 a.m.–10:00 a.m.
Join New York Road Runners for free weekly runs in your neighborhood! Open to all ages and experience levels. Walkers, strollers, and dogs on leash are welcome. No advance registration required.
Category: Fitness
New York Road Runners Open Run: Run for Life - St. Mary's Park
at St. Anns Avenue and East 149th Street (in St. Mary's Park), Bronx
9:00 a.m.–10:00 a.m.
Join New York Road Runners for free weekly runs in your neighborhood! Open to all ages and experience levels. Walkers, strollers, and dogs on leash are welcome. No advance registration required.
Category: Fitness
The Orchid Show: Orchidelirium
at New York Botanical Garden, Bronx
10:00 a.m.–6:00 p.m.
More thrilling than ever, the 14th annual Orchid Show transports visitors on a journey through orchid collecting history, each moment playing out against a stunning backdrop of orchids.
Category: Nature
Volunteer Garden Clean-Up Day
at Bartow-Pell Mansion Museum (in Pelham Bay Park), Bronx
10:00 a.m.–1:00 p.m.
Roll up your sleeves and don your gardening gloves to help make the grounds beautiful again after winter's weather.
Category: Volunteer
Tai Chi Chuan
at Perkins Visitors Center (in Wave Hill), Bronx
10:00 a.m.–11:00 a.m.
This beginner-level class introduces students to the internal martial arts, and promotes an awareness of its health
Category: Fitness, Outdoor Fitness, Seniors
Pages:< Prev1…653654655656657658659…1610Next >
Related Information
- Get information on upcoming events directly in your inbox by signing up for our Email Newsletters.
- Know about an event that's not on the calendar? Send us a tip!
- Planning an event and considering hosting it in a park? Make sure to read our Planning an Event page.


text:
Earlier this month, we told you about a note-taking app called Hipjot that featured a Swype-style keyboard. The app was ok, but the keyboard garnered considerable attention, with many commenting that they wished they could make it their default in iOS.
Well we have some good news this evening. The developer of Hipjot, Yose Widjaja, is working on turning his keyboard into a jailbreak tweak so that it can be used natively. Speaking in a Reddit thread, Widjaja says he's made getting into Cydia a top priority… Read More


text:
Product prices and availability are accurate as of the date/time indicated and are subject to change. Any price and availability information displayed on ssense.com men and women fashion at the time of purchase will apply to the purchase of this product.
Get it today!Shop Now
OrAdd to Wish List
Long sleeve knit cashmere cardigan in black. Crewneck collar. Button closure at front. Crystal cut glass and brass stud accent trim at collar. Ribbed knit cuffs. collar. and hem. Angled side seams. Tonal stitching.. Price: $405.00
© Copyright 2016 - Christmas.com. All rights reserved and protected by Christmas Spirit


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Maharashtra: Fed up with heavy school bags, Class 7 boys hold press meet
Chandrapur (Maharashtra) August 23: Burdened with heavy schoolbags, two seventh grade boys held a press conference here to highlight the plight of students who carry a load of 5-7 read more →
Return by Sept 25 or fend for yourself: Sushma tells Indian workers in Saudi
New Delhi: External Affairs Minister Sushma Swaraj on Tuesday appealed to the Indian workers, who have lost their jobs in Saudi Arabia, to return to India by September 25 failing read more →
No detention centers for illegal immigrants: Donald Trump
Washington, August 23: Republican presidential candidate Donald Trump on Tuesday said there will not be any detention centers for illegal immigrants in the US as he asserted that h read more →
US postal service to issue 'forever' stamp for Diwali
Washington, August 23: The US Postal Service on Tuesday said it will issue a Diwali postage stamp, meeting one of the long pending demands of Indian-American community here. The Di read more →
Rio Olympians Sindhu, Sakshi, Dipa and Jitu to be conferred Khel Ratna
New Delhi, August 23: The Sports Ministry on Monday announced that Rio Olympics medalists, shuttler PV Sindhu and wrestler Sakshi Malik, will receive the prestigious Rajiv Gandhi K read more →
Polls in mind, UP CM Akhilesh presents supplementary budget
Lucknow, August 23: A few months ahead of the Uttar Pradesh Assembly polls, Chief Minister Akhilesh Yadav on August 23 presented the first supplementary budget for completion of o read more →
Punjab Congress to give only one ticket to a family: Amarinder Singh
Chandigarh, August 23: Punjab Congress chief Amarinder Singh on Tuesday said that only one member from a family will get ticket to contest 2017 assembly elections on the party sym read more →
India on 10 wealthiest country list, takes 7th spot
NEW DELHI, August 23: India has figured among the top 10 wealthiest countries in the world with a total individual wealth of $5,600 billion while the United States topped the chart read more →
London gets second Indian-origin deputy mayor
London, August 23 : London mayor Sadiq Khan has appointed Shirley Rodrigues as the deputy mayor for environment and energy, making her the second Indian-origin person named to such read more →
1,012 rapes in Uttar Pradesh in last 5 months: govt.
Lucknow, August 23: In the past five months, 1,012 cases of rapes and 4,520 of harassment of women have been registered in Uttar Pradesh, the UP government said on Tuesday. " read more →
Noodles surpass cigarettes as form of currency in US jails
Washington, August 23: Ramen noodles have overtaken cigarettes to become the most valuable commodity in US prisons, according to a new study. Ramen noodles have supplanted the once read more →
Arun Jaitley appeals to youth in Kashmir to shun violence
New Delhi, August 22: Finance Minister Arun Jaitley on August 22 appealed to youth in turbulent Kashmir to shun violence and at the same time said security forces will have to act read more →


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You are a fan of cod2 avalon ? Come to discover the best forums cod2 avalon on the internet and share your experience with a community fan of cod2 avalon . You can also build a forum cod2 avalon and create your online discussion.
Avalon is an Old World Of Darkness Vampire: The Masquerade Play by Post Role Playing experience of gothic horror set in the fictional city of Avalon.
vampire, #avalon, after, dark, world, darkness, masquerade, play, post, role, playing, experience, gothic, horror, fictional, city


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Monday, July 21, 2008 (AP) -- Fresh off a disqualification on the LPGA Tour, Michelle Wie (wee) has decided to tee it up against the men, again. The 18-year-old Stanford student from Hawaii will participate
next week in the Legends Reno-Tahoe Open.
It will be her eighth time playing on the PGA Tour, and she has yet to make a cut. The only time Wie has made money playing against the men was on the Korean Tour, in 2006, at the SK Telcom Open.
Wie has no status on any tour and has only one sponsor's exemption left this year. She'll be playing her seventh and final LPGA Tour event of 2008 at the CN Canadian Women's Open in August.
The Reno-Tahoe Open starts July 31st. The Nevada tournament has one of the weakest fields on the PGA Tour due to the fact it's held opposite the World Golf Championship in Ohio.


text:
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Home > Family Games >
Flippin' Frogs Travel
TO GO! Games
Your Price: $9.99
(Worth 999 Funagain Points!)
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Product Description
Launch as many frogs as you can into the tree before time runs out! When the tree POPS UP, see who will survuive!
Product Information
Year: 2010
Players: 2
Ages: 5 and up
Weight: 265 grams
Language Requirements: This is a domestic item. Manufacturer's rules are printed in multiple languages (including English). Game components are language-independent.
You might be interested in these related products as well:
2009 edition (Temporarily Out of Stock)
2009 edition (Temporarily Out of Stock)
Pictionary: Bend-A-Clues (Restocking)
Product Reviews
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Board Game Geek is an incredible compilation of information about board and card games with many descriptions, photographs, reviews, session reports, and other commentary.


text:
10,567 words (≈ 42 minutes)
~~~First Chapter Sample~~~
The odds of developing the committed relationship she longs for with Las Vegas playboy, Lucas Smyth, are a long shot Casino Niagara security supervisor, Cassidy Malone, wouldn't take even if she were a betting girl. But life has dealt her enough bad hands lately. She feels entitled to indulge in the lavish attention Lucas offers.
While Cassidy investigates the unfamiliar pleasures of no-strings sex, Lucas investigates her! When her heart… (more)
Language: English
Written in: 2011
Published: 2011-03-01
Word count: 10,567 words (≈ 42 minutes)
Tags: First Chapter, Contemporary Romance, Niagara Falls, sensual
By day Lainey Bancroft is a mild mannered office manager for the HVAC business she owns with her husband (frequently referred to as Gas, long story—with several different endings). The office is run from her home so often has the luxury of working in her pj's and is also available as a truant officer for her teens, Groovy Girl, who prefers art to arithmetic and is attending the local college for graphic design, and Groovy's brother Tech who spends hours on end playing guitar riffs from old head-banger music and would rather hack into the school computer than actually go to school. (We reckon he'll either be the next Billy the Kid or the next Bill Gates)
Lainey also works part time in a busy pizza restaurant, stirring up dough, sauce and…occasionally just causing a stir. She likes to indulge her athletic side by cleaning up after a ten-month-old Golden Doodle puppy, a.k.a as the 'Dirt Devil' who lives to shred houseplants, a geriatric, attitude disordered cat that thinks he is a German Sheppard, and the newest addition to the family, a pure black kitten who wandered in despite the other crazy pets and never left. We call her Stella because she can scream just like in the movie. Stel...lah! Yep, showing my age, for sure.
In addition to gardening and a vast kitchen repertoire that has earned her the—ahem, privilege—of hosting every family party and event, Lainey also writes. Her romance stories run the gamut on the sensuality scale, leaving her to wonder if she is sinfully sweet, or sweetly sinful. Recently she celebrated her 13th release, the novella Sunni Side Up, included in The Wild Rose Press OUT OF THE DARK anthology. Lainey also has short works of erotic romance and speculative fiction published under a name she has yet to publicly admit to. Stay tuned.


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I just installed woo commerce on my site.
I understand that everything is under the shop directory
However, I am clearly missing some sort of basic concept here. I do not see that http://islandjay.com/shop/ is an editable page in WordPress.
I need to make my shopping cart home page different from islandjay.com. So when in my shopping cart, hitting home needs to bring the user to a special Home/cart landing page. However, I am just not seeing any options to make a home page?
I know I can make a new page in WP, have my SHOP link at the top point to it and have my categories under it in the side bar. I just want to make sure I am not missing something else?


text:
Jobs in the Workforce
Including Everyone
A Place
Of Your Own
Our State Conference Keynote
Amy Hewitt (photo) of the Institute on Community Integration (ICI) will keynote The Arc Minnesota 2016 State Conference on Sept. 23-24, 2016, "The Power of Community: Connections That Transform Lives." Hewitt is a nationally-recognized leader in research on innovative disability policy and services. Read more at our 2016 State Conference and Awards Banquet web page. You can sign up for the event online at our secure conference registration page.
Free Online Classes
The Arc Minnesota is partnering with the University of Minnesota and DirectCourse to provide online, customizable training classes free of charge. To learn about the classes available and how to participate, click here.
The Arc MN Blog
Influence Federal Policy & State Services
The Minnesota Department of Human Services (DHS) wants to hear from individuals with disabilities and parents about the Home and Community Based Services (HCBS) Settings Rule. Over the next few weeks, DHS has scheduled meetings [...]


text:
Welcome, skip to the content.
Elmstead Cottages is nestled in the foothills of the Snowy Mountain Range, on a working cattle farm in Cudgewa, North East Victoria.Cudgewa is approximately 130 kilometres east from Albury and Wodonga, 12 kilometres west of Corryong on the Cudgewa Valley Road.Elmstead Cottages offer accommodation in two fully appointed cottages, called Elmstead Cottage and Arthur's Cottage.The cottages are a ten minute scenic drive from Corryong (12 kilometres). Fantastic scenery awaits you, great opportunities for bushwalking, fishing, mountain bike riding, swimming and tennis. There are four golf courses within half an hours drive from Cudgewa.In winter, the ski slopes of Thredbo and Mount Selwyn are an easy daytrip away. Children and pets are welcome! Take a relaxing break at Elmstead Cottages.
Elmstead Cottage is a lovely one-room cottage. The property is set amongst magnificent Elm trees on a working farm with panoramic views. There is a queen bed, single bed plus trundle, along with an en-suite bathroom. Linen and towels are provided. The kitchenette has a microwave, toaster, kettle, electric fry pan and fridge. Outside is an electric barbecue.
This historic, eco friendly two bedroom cottage is located in a private setting. There is a fully equipped kitchen with gas stove, bathroom with shower and hip bath. The cottage has no electricity and uses solar power for lights. there is a solar powerpoint which will charge your phone or laptop.There is one queen bed, two single beds plus a trundle, an open fire place and all linen and towels are provided.
Non-returnable deposit of $40.00, if cancelling more than seven days before arrival.When booking on-line, payment can be made by Eftpos or Visacard.On site we can only accept Cash or Cheque.
Elmstead Cottage is located in Cudgewa, only 12 kilometres from Corryong in the North East of Victoria. Turn at the tennis courts in Cudgewa on to Ashstead Park Lane (following the sign to Elmstead Cottages). They are on the left at the end of the lane.


text:
Sinónimos de head en inglés:
2 he had to use his head
brain(s), brainpower, intellect, intelligence;
informal savvy, gray matter, smarts
5 the head of the line
front, beginning, start, fore, forefront;
6 the head of the river
source, origin, headspring, headwater
literary wellspring
adjetivoVolver al principio
verboVolver al principio
1 the procession was headed by the mayor
lead, be at the front of;
be first, lead the way
3 she was heading for the exit
move toward, make for, aim for, go in the direction of, be bound for, make a beeline for;
set out for, start out for
Palabras de enlace
relating to the head
at the head of
- Stasha will now be at the head of the departmentin charge of, controlling, commanding, leading, managing, running, directing, supervising, overseeing;at the wheel of, at the helm of
come to a head
go to someone's head
- 2.1 her victory went to her headmake someone conceited, make someone full of themselves, turn someone's head, puff someone up
head off
keep one's head
- Richie kept his head throughout the confrontationkeep/stay calm, keep one's self-control, maintain one's composureinformal keep one's cool, keep one's shirt on, keep it together, cool one's jets
lose one's head
- you cannot lose your head in the courtroomlose control, lose one's composure, lose one's equilibrium, go to pieces;panic, get flustered, get confused, get hystericalinformal lose one's cool, freak out, crack up
Definición de head en:
¿Qué te llama la atención de esta palabra o frase?
Los comentarios que no respeten nuestras Normas comunitarias podrían ser moderados o eliminados.
Muy popular en Reino Unido
Muy popular en Australia
= de moda


text:
Unreal Tournament 3
Version and / or Patch Used: 1.1
Timedemo or Level Used:
Developer Homepage: http://www.epicgames.com/
Product Homepage: http://www.unrealtournament3.com/
Following the formulae that made Unreal Tournament so great the third installment to the series has hit us recently with better than ever graphics. The games uses the latest Unreal Engine which like most modern day games when maxed out puts the pressure on our lineup of graphics cards.
We can see that UT3 performance is a bit up in particular tests, though the HD 4850 performance manages to fall back slightly.


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Out of TSM stock! Too much uncertain condition in Asia - North Korea mess and Nuclear plant 4 referendum.
Sentiment: Sell
You cannot be serious. If Intel has the same business success like TSM does, we will pay $60 a share. This thing has at least 15% to go before profit taking.
Sentiment: Strong Buy
Dn 2 on 4/8 and dn 1 today.


text: I've learned a lot setting up my WP site and blog, but now I find a "hole" in my knowledge. A business friend, also new to blogging, has a site and a separate blog (at blogspot) and wants to use some of my blog articles on her site and blog. That's great, but my question is what is the best or "normal" way that is done. I know I want to make sure there are links back to the articles on my blog so it helps my search engine rankings. Should she just take the content she wants and incorporate it into her site and blog, giving links back in all cases? Should she make those links open in a new browser window so the user doesn't leave her site? Again, what's the best or usual way?


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Swag bags historically referred to burglarized content in a sack that was swung haphazardly over-the shoulder after a heist. The modern connotation is much more appealing. It is an adult goodie bag that contains free samples given by sponsors to high-profile guests. The gifts are highly sought after and the recipient is encouraged to display them in a high-stakes marketing ploy. Celebrities and swag bags are synonymous at fancy events and awards presentations, such as the Oscars or Emmy awards.
Contents Count
A swag bag contain gifts ranging from expensive watches to all-day spa reservations. Company or brand logos are often prominently displayed on the items. Many of the contents are one-of-a-kind or next season's preview to create buzz and interest in the marketplace.
Exquisite Packaging
A gift is only as precious as the box it comes in. Each individually item in a swag bag is marvelously wrapped. The display of the gifts is intended to heighten excitement and enhance the overall "wow" factor. Showcasing enhances the appeal.
Invitation Only
Swag bags are presented to guests usually at VIP lounges, by invitation only. Often times they are stacked and pre-packaged for pick-up at the beginning or conclusion of a special occasion. Sometimes guests are encouraged to go table to table and fill their own swag bags, and can choose the color or select from gender specific items.
Taxable Loot
As swag bags have become more popular, the gifts have become more expensive, including all-inclusive getaway vacations. The Internal Revenue Service has taken note. The contents of the swag bags are taxable as luxury gifts, unless, of course, they are re-gifted.
- Photo Credit Comstock/Comstock/Getty Images
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text:
Washington (AP) Vice President Cheney has experienced an irregular heartbeat and will be evaluated at George Washington University hospital.
A spokeswoman for the Vice President says the condition was detected when Cheney was seen by doctors for a lingering cough from a cold.
She says tests determined Cheney was experiencing Atrial Fibrillation, an abnormal rhythm involving the upper chambers of the heart.
The condition isn't life-threatening in itself, and the heart sometimes gets back into rhythm on its own. But if the irregular heartbeat continues, it eventually can cause blood clots to form which could shoot to the brain and cause a stroke.
The main treatment is to try an electrical shock to restore normal heartbeat. If that doesn't work, patients may need to take the blood thinner Warfarin to reduce stroke risk.


text:
all times are Central Time
Weekdays (Mon - Fri):
Morning sitting - 6 a.m. to 6:50 a.m.
Open Sitting 7:30 p.m. to 9:00 p.m.
Class - 6:30 p.m.to 7:15 p.m.
Open Sitting 7:30 .pm. to 9:00 p.m.
Sundays - Dokusan available
8:45 a.m. Samu (cleaning / set up)
9:00 a.m. Zazen/Kinhin
9:30 a.m. Zazen Instruction
10:40 a.m. Service
11:00 a.m. Dharma Talk
For details visit the Weekly Schedule page HERE
Evanston Zen Group
Thursdays from 5:30 to 6:30 pm. at the home of Sue Museki Summers in Evanston, IL.
Norman Zen Group
Wednesday evenings from 7:15 to 8:30 PM at YogaLife Studio, 118 Thompson Drive, Norman OK.
Sangamon Zen Group
Thursdays from 7:00 to 8:00pm and Saturdays from 9:30 to 11:00am at the Unitarian Universalist Church, 745 Woodside Road in Springfield.
Wetlands Zen Group
Sunday evenings from 7 to 8:30 PM at Insight Awareness Center, 18110 Martin Ave, Homewood, IL.
Visit the Affiliates page HERE for details.
The following is our schedule for upcoming sesshin.
Except as noted, all sesshin begin at 7:30pm the first evening and end at 12:00pm the last day followed by an informal lunch. At 6:00pm the first evening there is an orientation for first-time participants. To view the daily sesshin schedule, click HERE.For more information and to register for upcoming sesshin,


text: 25 Animals Who Love Thanksgiving By Evelyn Lee contributing writer.@esce_now / google+ Share Tweet 0 American Spirit American Spirit These dogs have come to a settlement on who will cook and eat what this Thanksgiving. via Watch Now Tags: Lists, Animals, Thanksgiving, Art & Design Like Follow Chat SIGN UP FOR OUR NEWSLETTER Enter Show Comments


text:
Discover a selection of top forums skate dudy on the internet. Come to share your passion on forums skate dudy and meet other fans of skate dudy. Then, why don't you create your own forum of skate dudy ?
Free forum : Ass kickin, skate lickin, fishnet wearin, bruise comparin bitches on the internet. discussing things.
free, romsey, town, rollerbillies, forum


text: Advertisementby Nick Pavlovits20 Nov 2012Difficulty:BeginnerLength:QuickLanguages:EnglishApp TrainingiPhotoiPhoto is a great program that comes preloaded on your mac, You can use it to organize, store, and even edit your photos, but did you know that iPhoto can also order prints, make greeting cards, build albums and even perform automatic face detection? We'll be looking at all that and more in this guide to the iPhoto basics. Note: In this Screencast we will be using iPhoto '11, Version 9.2.3, which is the latest update. Screencast A Beginner's Guide To iPhoto Conclusion I hope you enjoyed this overview of iPhoto, It's a great program, If you have any questions please feel free to ask below in the comments! Advertisement Nick PavlovitsNick writes for Mactuts+ and is a frequent poster in the Envato forums. In his spare time he makes short skits and waits patiently for the next big Apple product.Glutenfree4u/Student access just $90/yr Courses, eBooks & moreAdvertisementTranslationsEnvato Tuts+ tutorials are translated into other languages by our community members—you can be involved too!Translate this postPowered byAppsAdvertisementWatch anycourse now Start FREE 10-day trial


text:
Katherine Brunson received her PhD in Anthropology from the University of California, Los Angeles in June of 2015. In her dissertation, "Craft Specialization and Animal Products at the Longshan Period Sites of Taosi and Zhoujiazhuang, Shanxi Province, China," she compares the zooarchaeological records at two important Chinese archaeological sites and examines how domestic sheep and cattle were introduced to China ca. 2000 BCE. She will be spending the 2015-2016 academic year at Harvard University as an An Wang Postdoctoral Fellow at the Fairbank Center for Chinese Studies. Her research will focus on methods for differentiating between Chinese domestic cattle and wild aurochs using skeletal morphology, bone stable isotopes, and ancient DNA. Additional ongoing projects include database design and data collection for the Oracle Bone Project on Open Context (with Zhipeng Li at the Institute of Archaeology, Chinese Academy of Social Sciences (IA CASS) and Rowan Flad in the Harvard University Department of Anthropology) and fieldwork for the multi-year Instituto Hondureño Antropología e Historia (IHAH) and IA CASS project at the Maya site of Copan, Honduras.
Ling-Yu Hong's research project, "China's Ancient Painted Pottery: Revisiting Old Collections and Debates with New Approaches," is a collections-based analysis on the Yangshao-Majiayao (Northwest China) and Anau (Turkmenistan) collections at the Harvard Peabody Museum. It addresses long-standing debates on possible inter-regional interactions versus independent developments of the associated cultural groups from 5000 to 2000 B.C.
Björn Jerdén's research project, "Expertise and International Authority: China's Uphill Battle in East Asia," explores the role of expert knowledge as a base for international authority in power struggles between rising and established powers. It examines China's rise and power relations in and beyond the Asia-Pacific and develops theory on how security-related expertise is created and disseminated.
Donald Sturgeon's research project, "Big Data and Early China: Corpus-Assisted Interpretation of Classical Chinese," will develop and evaluate fully automated methods for analyzing the contents of pre-modern Chinese documents and their relation to a large existing corpus of pre-modern Chinese writing.
Learn more about our postdoctoral fellowship programs here.