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Article 5 – Conservation, Exploration, Collection, Characterization, Evaluation and Documentation of Plant Genetic Resources for Food and Agriculture
The provisions of Article 5 and 6 were basically non-contentious in the Treaty negotiations. They nevertheless are central to the Treaty and provide a modern framework for action on the conservation and sustainable use of PGRFA.58 The provisions expand and modernize the earlier provisions of the International Undertaking (Articles 3 and 4 in particular), develop a PGRFA application of themes that are set out in the CBD, and draw heavily on the areas identified in the GPA adopted by the International Technical Conference on Plant Genetic Resources in Leipzig in 1996 (see Box 15), especially those identified as priorities in decision III/11 of the CBD.
5.1 Each Contracting Party shall, subject to national legislation, and in cooperation with other Contracting Parties where appropriate, promote an integrated approach to the exploration, conservation and sustainable use of plant genetic resources for food and agriculture and shall in particular, as appropriate:
The chapeau of Article 5.1 calls for promoting an integrated approach to the exploration, conservation and sustainable use of PGRFA and, in this sense, draws together the provisions of Articles 5 and 6. None of the provisions of these two articles can stand alone: all of the actions required must form part of an integrated approach if they are to be effective. Survey and inventory activities, for example, would be of little use if subsequent action is not taken to collect, conserve and use the PGRFA.
This Article, like the Preamble, recognizes the principle of national sovereignty. It specifically states that while Contracting Parties shall promote the exploration, conservation and sustainable use of PGRFA, this nevertheless remains "subject to national legislation".
Normally any subjection of a Contracting Party's obligations under an international treaty to its national legislation is somewhat suspect. In this particular case, the insertion serves to indicate that, even where the actions are taken in cooperation with other Contracting Parties, the final decisions regarding the promotion of an integrated approach to the exploration, conservation and sustainable use of PGRFA lie with the state in which the plant genetic resources are to found.
This chapeau also acknowledges that in some cases cooperative action with other Contracting Parties may well be called for in order to achieve this goal.
It is important to note that this article only imposes a commitment to promote an integrated approach to the exploration, conservation and sustainable use of PGRFA. This obligation does not include the duty to regulate, although regulation would be one method by which countries could meet their obligation to "promote an integrated approach". The Treaty does not specify any particular action, so much as a general direction to be taken toward the goal to be attained. The manner in which this is to be attained is left largely to the discretion of the Contracting Parties. In this respect, paragraphs (a) to (f) serve as important elements required to achieve the goals established in this Article. These paragraphs focus on three fundamental conservation methods: on-farm conservation (paragraph (c)), in situ conservation (paragraph (d)), and ex situ conservation (paragraph (e)). They also address other steps involved in the conservation of PGRFA: surveying and inventorying (paragraph (a)), collection (paragraph (b)), and monitoring (paragraph (f)). The provisions concerning monitoring relate to all three methods of conservation. The steps and measures set out these paragraphs are not intended to be exhaustive.
Finally, while the various paragraphs of Article 5.1 list a number of areas in which concrete action should be taken, the use of the words "as appropriate" indicates that each Contracting Party has a good deal of discretion in choosing the most appropriate ways for it to fulfill its general obligation.
(a) Survey and inventory plant genetic resources for food and agriculture, taking into account the status and degree of variation in existing populations, including those that are of potential use and, as feasible, assess any threats to them;
As is made clear in the first priority activity area under the GPA, rational conservation, both in situ and ex situ, begins with the surveying and inventorying of existing PGRFA. Contracting Parties need to know what resources exist in their countries before they are able to develop and elaborate policies and strategies for the conservation and utilization of PGRFA.
Countries that have ratified the CBD, pursuant to Article 7, have accepted responsibility to identify and monitor components of biological diversity important for its conservation and sustainable use. However, FAO Country Reports prepared in 1995 in connection with the formulation of the GPA indicated that little systematic work had been done in this regard for many crops and their wild relatives. The same principle applies to threats to PGRFA.
Surveys help identify areas with high natural plant genetic diversity and areas where plant genetic diversity is at risk, as well as the state of ex situ and national collections. These are the necessary factual bases that must be determined before Contracting Parties can proceed to minimize and eliminate threats to PGRFA, as provided for in Article 5.2. Surveying and inventorying will provide database information on the identification, characterization, evaluation and utilization of the existing germplasm pool of the country's wild array of flora. Such inventories are needed in order to develop appropriate conservation strategies and to ensure complementarity between in situ and ex situ conservation.
Paragraph (a) calls on Contracting Parties to pay attention in their surveys and inventories to both (i) the status of existing populations and (ii) the degree of variation within those populations. In this connection, it is uncertain whether the term "of potential use" qualifies the term "populations" or "PGRFA". If it were taken as qualifying the term "PGRFA", it would appear to be unnecessary and duplicative, given that PGRFA are defined in Article 2 as meaning genetic material of actual or potential value for food and agriculture. For this reason it could be argued that the term "of potential use" should be taken as qualifying the term "populations". Regardless of which interpretation is adopted, it remains difficult to ascertain which PGRFA, or which populations, may be of potential use, given that new ecological conditions and challenges may throw up the need for different characteristics that may not hitherto have proved to be of actual commercial value. The reference to "potential use" evidences the precautionary approach adopted by the Treaty.
The emphasis on the degree of variation in existing populations reflects the importance of intra-species as well as inter-species diversity of PGRFA for plant breeding programmes.
Much of the inventory/survey work recently performed has been undertaken in environments selected for their high diversity. Work in areas where modern cultivars have substantially replaced traditional cultivars has been limited. For the most part, the scale of many projects has been small and often only 3-6 crops have been selected for study, over several villages in 3 to 4 agroecological zones. The "Flora of Ethiopia and Eritrea" project, however, provides one example of an attempt to work at a wider scale. The project, which was initiated in 1980, aims to survey and inventory all the flora of Ethiopia and Eritrea. When completed, the Flora of Ethiopia and Eritrea will be a medium-sized to large African flora manual, covering approximately 7,000 species of vascular plants, of both indigenous and important cultivated species.59 The project has developed capacity on plant taxonomy and includes intraspecific crop diversity studies to help assess the amount and distribution of crop diversity. In general, however, PGRFA inventories and surveys have tended to provide a "snapshot" of plant genetic diversity rather than a good overall estimation that could be used for future monitoring.
It is important to note that Contracting Parties are also to assess any threats to PGRFA. This provides the rational for identifying the PGRFA to be collected under Article 5.1(b).
(b) Promote the collection of plant genetic resources for food and agriculture and relevant associated information on those plant genetic resources that are under threat or are of potential use;
Contracting Parties are expected to collect PGRFA that are under threat or are of potential use. PGRFA that are under active use or are not threatened need not be collected, although in practice they may well be included in ex situ collections so that samples can be made available for further research and breeding. Collection of plant genetic material began very early in history (see Harlan, Crops and Man), but in modern times peaked in the early 1970s. This was partly due to the need to enhance the contribution of PGRFA to new agricultural development. It was also in part sparked by the newly felt need to preserve genetic variability, threatened by the replacement of traditional varieties of the major crops by higher yielding cultivars. For the most part, collections are held in genebanks. Supporting planned and targeted collecting of PGRFA is a priority activity area of the GPA.
This paragraph addresses not only the PGRFA per se, but also "relevant associated information". Ex situ collections of PGRFA are more useful for plant breeding if the breeders have full information on the samples collected and clues as to the possible traits they may exhibit. The term "relevant associated information" is not defined, but Article 12(c), in connection with the Multilateral System, refers to "all available passport data and, subject to applicable law, any other associated available non-confidential descriptive information". Elements that could constitute "relevant associated information" are also discussed under Article 5.1(e).
It is unclear from a textual reading of this paragraph whether the qualifying clause "that are under threat or are of potential use" refers to PGRFA that are to be collected in general, or to those PGRFA on which relevant associated information is to be collected. However, the sense of the paragraph would sustain the former interpretation rather than the latter, despite the lack of commas surrounding the words "and relevant associated information on those plant genetic resources".
(c) Promote or support, as appropriate, farmers and local communities' efforts to manage and conserve on-farm their plant genetic resources for food and agriculture;
This paragraph and the subsequent paragraph, separate in situ conservation into the distinct activities of on-farm conservation and in situ conservation of wild PGRFA (see Paragraph (d)). This is an example of greater specificity in the Treaty as compared to the CBD, and reflects the treatment of in situ conservation in the GPA. This is the first time that the specific role of farmers and local communities in conserving genetic resources has been recognized in a legally binding international treaty.
Paragraph (c) calls for promotion or support of farmers and local communities efforts to manage and conserve their PGRFA on-farm. Where such efforts are lacking, then the Contracting Parties should strive to promote them. Where they do exist, the Contracting Parties should support those efforts, presumably through technical and financial support. The extent to which this support is provided, and the means by which it is provided, is left to the individual Contracting Parties to determine.
Various projects serve as examples of the kind of support that can be provided:
In Ethiopia, the United Nations Development Programme (UNDP)/GEF supported a project to promote "A Dynamic Farmer-based Approach to the Conservation of Plant Genetic Resources".60 After constructing 12 community genebanks, the project is now working to link these to locally used seed storage systems in order to strengthen the seed supply and enhance its viability. This helps to preserve the traditional storage system and link it to national research stations, universities and ministries.
The Biodiversity Use and Conservation in Asia Program (BUCAP) is an initiative that addresses the problems of narrowing genetic diversity in rice in Asia and inadequate farmers participation in agricultural development. It is currently being implemented in Bhutan, Laos and Vietnam.
Active measures must be taken to promote or support on-farm conservation of PGRFA. Modern plant breeding has been remarkably successful in helping raise yields, and in improving resistance to pests and diseases and quality of food products, especially in favourable environments. Farmers choose crops and cultivars for planting based on their unique set of production and consumption conditions. Their choices also determine their level of on-farm conservation. Farmers' planting decisions are driven by agro-ecological factors, market and socio-economic factors and availability of planting materials. For some farmers, particularly those in highly heterogeneous production areas, or where market development is very limited, maintaining a diverse set of plant genetic resources is the most efficient means of managing their farming system. For others however, the adoption of a more narrow set of plant genetic resources may best serve their interests, leading to a lower level of crop diversity. In the first instance there is a high degree of compatibility between the private interest of the farmer, and the public interest in conserving genetic resources and evolutionary processes for possible future use. In the second case, however, public and private interests diverge, and some sort of intervention may be necessary to provide farmers with the necessary incentive to conserve plant genetic resources on-farm.
On-farm conservation is important because, in addition to genetic diversity, it preserves evolutionary interactions necessary for the continuous adaptation to shifting environmental conditions, such as changes in pest populations or climate. It is the best way to uphold the knowledge of the farming systems in which the crops have evolved. Finally, on-farm conservation provides a continuing source of germplasm for ex situ collections.
(d) Promote in situ conservation of wild crop relatives and wild plants for food production, including in protected areas, by supporting, inter alia, the efforts of indigenous and local communities;
Natural ecosystems hold important PGRFA, including endemic and threatened wild crop relatives and wild plants that produce food. This genetic diversity, because of interactions that generate new biodiversity, is potentially an economically important component of natural ecosystems and cannot easily be maintained ex situ. Where natural ecosystems are not managed sustainably, erosion of PGRFA will inevitably result.
The focus of this paragraph is the "in situ conservation of wild crop relatives and wild plants for food production". The wild relatives of crop plants, which include the progenitors of crops, as well as species more or less closely related to them, constitute an increasingly important resource for improving agricultural production and for maintaining sustainable agroecosystems. While most farmers and plant breeders normally prefer to work with existing cultivars or advanced breeding materials, as they are more productive and relatively easier to interbreed, they sometimes need to search further afield to find specific traits when faced with new or evolved pests and diseases or other ecological challenges.
Using conventional methods, wild relatives of crops are generally more difficult to work with, in that undesirable traits already present may be difficult to separate from the desirable trait. But where they are used, they can have quite dramatic results. Historically, they have contributed many useful genes to crop plants, and modern varieties of most crops now contain genes from their wild relatives. In modern varieties of potatoes, wheat, barley, rice, maize and oat, among other crops, traits from wild relatives have improved productivity as well as tolerance to pests, disease and difficult growing conditions.
Germplasm collection of wild crop relatives serves a multitude of purposes. They are gene repositories, preserving alleles of potential agronomic utility that have not been captured in the gene pool of elite cultivars, and provide reference material for which a body of information may be accumulated through study by different researchers. The wise conservation and use of crop wild relatives are essential elements for increasing food security, eliminating poverty, and maintaining the environment.
With the increased use of modern (or laboratory) biotechnology, it is becoming increasingly common to use genes from wild crop relatives and transfer them to cultivated varieties. This therefore increases the value of such wild species to PGRFA.
In addition to domesticated crops, wild biodiversity provides a diverse range of edible plant and species that have been and continue to be used as wild sources of food. About 7000 species of plants have been used for human food at one time or another. Wild sources of food in general remain particularly important for the poor and landless, and are especially important during times of famine, insecurity or conflict, where normal food supply mechanisms are disrupted and local or displaced populations have limited access other forms of nutrition. Even at normal times wild foods are often important in complementing staple foods to provide a balanced diet.
As stated previously, in situ conservation aims to include not only the conservation of the genetic resources, but also elements of the environment in which they have developed.
The reference to "protected areas" is also important. Efforts need to be made to ensure the management of wild crop relatives and other useful species for food and agriculture within protected areas. There may, of course, be issues to resolve concerning the complementary management of specific species of value to food and agriculture and other forms of wildlife.
The paragraph specifically acknowledges the efforts of indigenous and local communities. At the same time, there is a clear statement that supporting the efforts of local communities is only one of many ways in which in situ conservation can be promoted.
The United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization's (UNESCO) work in the Man and the Biosphere programme is an example of supporting a number of activities that are of particular importance for the conservation of genetically important wild crop relatives situated in forest habitats (for example, the Mazatlan Biosphere Reserve in Mexico for wild perennial teosinte/maize).
Other examples include:
The International Network for the Improvement of Banana and Plantain (INIBAP) supported projects on in situ conservation of banana and plantains in the Great Lakes area in Uganda and Tanzania.61
A multi-partner project on conservation and improvement of crop production supported by the McKnight Foundation supports work by University of Guadalajara and by the Instituto Manantlan de Ecología y Conservación de la Biodiversidad (IMECBIO).62
The Mexico Country component of the International Plant Genetic Resources Institute (IPGRI) global project "Strengthening the Scientific Basis of In Situ Conservation of Agricultural Biodiversity On-Farm" in the Yucatan, a project on shade coffee plantations and their associated biodiversity.63
(e) Cooperate to promote the development of an efficient and sustainable system of ex situ conservation, giving due attention to the need for adequate documentation, characterization, regeneration and evaluation, and promote the development and transfer of appropriate technologies for this purpose with a view to improving the sustainable use of plant genetic resources for food and agriculture;
A large amount of PGRFA vital to world food security is stored ex situ. Most of this PGRFA is stored in national genebanks.64 Important collections are also held by the IARCs of the CGIAR. There is value, and a degree of security, in the diversity of the collections, but many of the samples held are duplicates of samples held within the same genebank and many collections are short of funds and in a perilous condition. This paragraph calls for the development of a system of ex situ conservation that is efficient and sustainable. The development of such a system requires international cooperation: an efficient and sustainable system of ex situ conservation cannot be achieved by focussing exclusively on individual national collections. The GPA notes the need for a more rational system of genebanks that avoids, in particular, unnecessary and unintended duplication. Indeed the GPA emphasizes that rationalizing the present system and making it more efficient could reduce costs and release money for expanding ex situ conservation activities. The GPA states the aim as being the development of an efficient goal-oriented, economically efficient and sustainable system of ex situ conservation. The principle of cooperation is also explicitly mentioned in Article 16 of the Treaty, which encourages cooperation in international PGRFA networks. The wording of Article 5(e) picks up this theme indicating that it is not enough for Parties to act separately to promote ex situ conservation.
In an effort to raise the quality of ex situ collections, the FAO CGRFA has adopted, and will keep under review, a series of Technical Standards for Genebanks, covering wild, forest and crop species. The standards are designed in particular to minimize the loss of genetic integrity in seed accessions during storage and regeneration. The standards were endorsed by the FAO Commission in order that they might acquire universal value and be more easily adopted by countries. In this sense the standards, while not binding, will be an essential guide for national collections and the implementation of this paragraph of the Treaty. Under the in-trust Agreements between the CGIAR Centres and FAO placing collections of plant germplasm under the auspices of FAO, signed in 1994, the Centres undertake to manage and administer the in-trust germplasm in accordance with internationally accepted standards, including, with respect to the storage, exchange and distribution of seeds, the International Genebank Standards endorsed by the FAO Commission.65 Article 15.1(d) of the Treaty requires that a similar provision be included in the new agreements to be entered into between the Governing Body and the CGIAR Centres.
Ensuring "adequate documentation, characterization, regeneration and evaluation" is fundamental to an efficient system of ex situ conservation, if it is to achieve its objective of "improving the sustainable use of plant genetic resources for food and agriculture". "Documentation" refers to the totality of the documentation that should be available for genebank accessions, including that related to the characterization, regeneration, and evaluation of the individual accessions. "Characterization" refers to the categorization of data on highly heritable characteristics of genebank accessions, such as colour of flowers, that are constant in any environment, and would include information on the nature and extent of genetic diversity obtained using various technologies, including molecular techniques. "Regeneration" refers to the need to grow out stored seeds periodically to ensure that they remain viable and to ensure that there is sufficient seed for conservation and redistribution. "Evaluation", on the other hand, relates to the assessment of the agronomic characteristics of the material, including disease or drought resistance, including by molecular technologies. To a large extent, the accessibility of germplasm, and its usefulness for farmers and plant breeders, will depend on the adequacy of the documentation, characterization, regeneration and evaluation of that germplasm. A recently published guide on effective germplasm collection management by IPGRI, FAO and others66 provides information on how best to conduct information management, characterization, regeneration and evaluation activities.
The paragraph also emphasizes that the development of an effective system of ex situ conservation requires the development and transfer of appropriate technologies. This is one of the objectives of Priority Activity Area 8 of the GPA, which emphasizes the needs of developing countries in this regard, and calls for strengthening field genebanks and enhancing the conservation activities of botanic gardens. The GPA also puts emphasis on the need to develop improved conservation methods including appropriate in vitro and cryopreservation and in particular low cost techniques appropriate to local operating conditions. There are many nonorthodox species for which there are not yet appropriate and effective conservation technologies. Contracting Parties should therefore promote the development of such technologies in their own countries, in particular because technologies transferred from temperature climates may not always be appropriate for conditions in tropical countries. The final phrase of the paragraph states the objective of improving the sustainable use of PGRFA. It is unclear whether this refers only to the development and transfer of technology or to the entire contents of the paragraph.
Promoting the development of ex situ conservation requires financial as well as technological support. In this context, an initiative is underway to establish a fund (the Global Crop Diversity Trust) to provide financial support for the development of an efficient and sustainable system of ex situ conservation, including upgrading the capacities of institutions, including genebanks, to meet international standards for the various activities carried out for ex situ conservation (see Box 20). The Global Crop Diversity Trust would operate at the international level as an essential element of the Treaty's funding strategy (see Article 18).
Other support mechanisms already exist at the national level. For example, Cuba's National Diversity Strategy and Action Plan promotes the establishment of mechanisms to allow validation, use and dissemination of genetic material included in ex situ collections of plants of economic importance. In addition, there is an on-going project to understand (1) whether home gardens retain varietal and species diversity that is undergoing genetic erosion in other production systems, (2) how commercialisation and crop introduction or improvement affect species and varietal diversity in home gardens and, (3) what targeted development interventions enhance home garden biodiversity and improve family nutrition and income.
To the extent that such mechanisms do not already exist at the international or national levels, the paragraph would require the Contracting Parties to cooperate to establish them.
Together, the forgoing paragraphs (c), (d) and (e) can contribute to achieve target IX of the CBD's Global Strategy for Plant Conservation: "70 per cent of the genetic diversity of crops and other major socio-economically valuable plant species conserved, and associated indigenous and local knowledge maintained".
(f) Monitor the maintenance of the viability, degree of variation, and the genetic integrity of collections of plant genetic resources for food and agriculture.
The need to develop an efficient and sustainable system of ex situ collections of PGRFA was addressed in the preceding paragraph. The current paragraph seeks to ensure that Contracting Parties continue to monitor the viability and genetic variation and integrity of collections of PGRFA. Such monitoring might include activities such as measuring seed moisture content and the germinability of genebank accessions at regular intervals, characterization during regeneration process to verify if progenies are true-to type, conducting baseline studies to determine the extent of variation in genebank accessions, assessment of genetic variation and maintenance integrity using molecular markers at each regeneration, and monitoring of germplasm management procedures in genebanks to determine whether materials are properly conserved. Ultimately, the purpose of this paragraph is to ensure that the diversity of any given accession is conserved, either as seed, tissue or plants. To assist in this purpose, IPGRI produces and provides freely many publications to help genebanks in these important conservation and management activities.67
Technologies that can be used to study the degree of variation of collections and monitor genetic integrity include morphological characterization as well as molecular DNA techniques such as RFLP, RAPD, AFLP, PCR-based techniques and micro-arrays. Analysis of isoenzyme and other protein variations are not as widely used at present as they used to be.
The above paragraph is aimed mainly at ex situ collections. However, it is also important to implement appropriate monitoring for in situ material, e.g. relating to the effects of the introduction of new alien material, the effects of introduction of new genetic material by farmers as well as of gene flow and subsequent introgression from cultivated as well as wild related taxa, including that of genetically modified elements. Guidelines and other technical publications are being developed by IPGRI and other research institutes.
5.2 The Contracting Parties shall, as appropriate, take steps to minimize or, if possible, eliminate threats to plant genetic resources for food and agriculture.
While Article 5.1 focuses on the action that Contracting Parties must take to survey, inventory, collect and conserve PGRFA, particularly those under threat, and to identify threats, Article 5.2 places a positive obligation on the Contracting Parties to minimize or, if possible, eliminate those threats. Major causes of loss of diversity of PGRFA include changing agricultural practices and loss of agricultural land. The use of genetically modified organisms in centres of diversity may also be regarded as a possible threat to plant genetic resources. Possible ways of mitigating the threats include collecting resources for ex situ maintenance, the development of in situ conservation actions, adoption of agricultural practices which enhance the use of a diverse mix of varieties and the maintenance of genetic diversity in crop varieties by broadening the genetic base of materials in production. The GPA describes and promotes many of these activities. A technical manual on germplasm collecting provides information on collecting procedures to promote expansion of ex situ collections, while ensuring that wild collection does not threaten the conservation status of wild varieties.68 Also the earlier cited "A guide to effective management of germplasm collections" IPGRI Handbook for Genebanks No. 6 (2003) provides useful approaches and management suggestions on how to minimize and/or eliminate threats to PGRFA in genebanks.
In order to implement this provision the Contracting Parties will need to develop procedures for identifying and quantifying threats to plant genetic resources and systems of monitoring changes in the conservation status of PGRFA. This will allow for the timely development of procedures to minimize the effect of threats and, possibly, take remedial action to eliminate them. Some work on indicators has been undertaken69 and work is continuing by FAO and IPGRI within the framework of the CBD Strategy (e.g. Resolution COP7/30) and the CBD Programme of Work on Agricultural Biodiversity.
58See generally, H. David Cooper, The International Treaty on Plant Genetic Resources for Food and Agriculture, in Reciel, Vol. 11, No. 1, 2002.
59See http://www.nathimus.ku.dk/bot/fleth.htm.
60See "Report of the Scientific and Technical Advisory Panel Selective Review of "Dynamic Farmer-Based Approach to the Conservation of African Plant Genetic Resource" (1999), available at: www.gefweb.org/COUNCIL/GEF_C15/GEF_C15_Inf.21.doc.
61See www.inibap.org/presentation/onfarm-conservation_eng.htm.
62Conservation of Genetic Diversity and Improvement of Crop Production in Mexico: A Farmer-Based Approach. The project entails (1) a description and analysis of the relationships between farmer knowledge, socio-economic factors, and genetic diversity in the Mexican milpa agroecosystem; (2) a characterization of the structure of crop biodiversity and the magnitude of gene flow from wild or cultivated relatives to maize, bean, and squash crops; and (3) the development and evaluation of on-farm breeding methods to improve the productivity of local landrace germplasm through mass selection of introgression from improved germplasm (maize) or wild or cultivated relatives (bean and squash). See http://www.grcp.ucdavis.edu/projects/projdet.htm.
63See web.idrc.ca/en/ev-4937-201-1-DO_TOPIC.html.
64According to the first Report on the State of the World's Plant Genetic Resources for Food and Agriculture, some 88% of global PGRFA held ex situ is maintained in national collections.
65For a more detailed description of the in-trust agreements, see Box 11.
66Engels and Visser, 2003.
67Examples include: "Procedures for Handling Seeds in Genebanks", Practical Manuals for Genebanks: No. 1, (1985) IPGRI, Rome, Italy;"Handbook of Seed Technology for Genebanks", in Handbooks for Genebanks No. 2 and No. 3, (1985) IBPGR, Rome, Italy; and several Technical Bulletins and handbooks published by IPGRI, e.g. "A protocol to determine seed storage behaviour", Technical Bulletin No. 1, (1996) IPGRI, Rome, Italy;"Accession management. Combining or splitting accessions as a tool to improve germplasm management efficiency", Technical Bulletin No. 5, (2002) IPGRI, Rome, Italy; and "A guide to effective management of germplasm collections", IPGRI Handbook for Genebanks No. 6 (2003).
68Guarino, L., V.R. Rao and R. Reid (eds.) 1995. Collecting Plant Genetic Diversity: Technical Guidelines. CAB International, Wallingford, UK.
69See document CGRFA-9/02/10 submitted to the 9th Regular Session of the Commission on Genetic Resources for Food and Agriculture "Progress Report on the World Information and Early Warning System on Plant Genetic Resources for Food and Agriculture", June 2002.
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a1 Department of Psychology, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, USA
Background The anxiety disorders are robust correlates/predictors of suicidal ideation, but it is unclear whether (a) the anxiety disorders are specifically associated with suicidal ideation or (b) the association is due to co-morbidity with depression and other disorders. One means of modeling co-morbidity is through the personality traits neuroticism/negative emotionality (N/NE) and extraversion/positive emotionality (E/PE), which account for substantial shared variance among the internalizing disorders. The current study examines the association between the internalizing disorders and suicidal ideation, after controlling for co-morbidity via N/NE and E/PE.
Method The sample consisted of 327 psychiatric out-patients. Multiple self-report and interview measures were collected for internalizing disorders [depression, generalized anxiety disorder (GAD), post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD), social anxiety, panic and specific phobia] and suicidal ideation, as well as self-report measures for N/NE and E/PE. A model was hypothesized in which each disorder and suicidal ideation was regressed on N/NE, and depression and social anxiety were regressed on E/PE. Structural equation modeling (SEM) was used to examine the unique association of suicidality with each disorder, beyond shared variance with N/NE and E/PE.
Results The hypothesized model was an acceptable fit to the data. Although zero-order analyses indicated that suicidal ideation was moderately to strongly correlated with all of the disorders, only depression and PTSD remained significantly associated with suicidal ideation in the SEM analyses.
Conclusions In a latent variable model that accounts for measurement error and a broad source of co-morbidity, only depression and PTSD were uniquely associated with suicidal ideation; panic, GAD, social anxiety and specific phobia were not.
(Received June 09 2010)
(Revised September 19 2010)
(Accepted September 29 2010)
(Online publication November 08 2010)
Key Words:
c1 Address for correspondence: K. Naragon-Gainey, M.A., Department of Psychology, E11 Seashore Hall, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA 52242-1407, USA. (Email: email@example.com)


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- Report: #1131888
Report - Rebuttal - Arbitrate
Complaint Review: The Ravines at Flint Park Homeowner's Association
The Ravines at Flint Park Homeowner's Association7980 Flint Run Place Columbus, Ohio USA
The Ravines at Flint Park Homeowner's Association HOA makes up rules as they go along and think they are judge and jury Columbus Ohio
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The homeowner's association at the Ravines at Flint Park in Columbus, Ohio make living in the condominium community unbearable. They make up rules as they go along and hand out fines to homeowners hwne there has been no violation of the written rules and regulations. If you are in the market for a condominium in North Columbus I suggest you look elsewhwere.
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Definición de gold farming en inglés:
gold farming
sustantivo[mass noun]
(In the context of online gaming) the practice of playing a game intensively so as to amass stocks of the game's virtual currency or other valuable items used in the game, which can then be sold to other players for real money: in just a few years gold farming has become a vast enterprise
Más ejemplos en oraciones
- Addicted gamers can sign up for the program where they try to kick the habit of gold farming, going on epic raids and beating just one more level.
- Gold farming is nothing new.
- At present, the vast majority of gold farming takes place in developing countries.
gold farmer sustantivo
- Oraciones de ejemplo
- I was never a gold farmer myself, but I was involved in the business.
- If you work for one hour and make $20, but some gold farmer only takes 30 minutes to make 30 gold (say, because he has better weapons), and he then sells it to you for $20 - that's economically rational.
- He predicts that when publishers begin to ban not just gold farmers, but the players who participate in the market, the companies will gain the reputation of being anti-consumer.
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New WITI promos integrate anchors with community
Did you know WITI-TV (Channel 6) anchor Ted Perry likes to kayak?
That weather guy Vince Condella likes coffee? Anchor Brad Hicks does Yoga? Mary Stoker Smith jogs? And that, goldarnit, sports director Tom Pipines just loves kids? »Read Full Blog Post(5)
New food truck House of Fries specializes in Belgian fries and dipping sauces
It's easy to guess this new food truck's specialty: The name is House of Fries. »Read Full Blog Post
MSO closes season with crowd-pleaser 'Bolero,' more
The Milwaukee Symphony Orchestra is closing its classical season this weekend with a performance of Ravel's "Bolero" that won a standing, cheering ovation Friday evening.
Guest conductor Gilbert Varga led the orchestra through a well-constructed program that also included: Mozart's "Overture to 'Le nozze di Figaro'" ("The Marriage of Figaro"); Tchaikovsky's Concerto in D major for violin and orchestra, featuring guest violinist Karen Gomyo; and Kodály's "Dances of Galánta." »Read Full Article
Soulstice cast hits the right notes with Sondheim's 'Follies'
Just after intermission in the production of Stephen Sondheim's "Follies" now being staged by Soulstice Theatre, Heidi Schiller — oldest among the pre-World War II showgirls attending a one-time reunion — begins to warble an operetta-like tune from her heyday.
Playing the older Heidi, Amanda Hull sings that we must never look back. But of course Heidi looks, remembering the ravishing young performer she'd once been, when she could hit every note in songs like this one. Which the suddenly materialized younger Heidi (a lovely Julianne Frey) then easily does, singing of the bittersweet passage of time — something a young Heidi can't possibly feel as acutely as her older self does. »Read Full Article
Things to do in Milwaukee this week
Key performances
The 2014 North American Piano Competition is taking place this week in Milwaukee. Semifinalists will perform recitals and in master classes through Wednesday when the final concert and awards will be given out. Today there will be recitals featuring the pianists performing with members of the Milwaukee Symphony Orchestra starting at 8:15 a.m. and continuing till 7 p.m., with master classes at 10:30 and 11:30 a.m. These are open to the public ($15); they take place at the Wisconsin Conservatory of Music, 1584 N. Prospect Ave. Another master class for the semifinalists will be at 5:30 p.m. Tuesday (free admission), with recitals by visiting artists at 7:30 p.m. (tickets $20 for adults, $15 students). These are also held at the conservatory. On Wednesday, the artists move to the Marcus Center for the Performing Arts, 929 N. Water St., with free solo performances at 6 p.m. in the Anello Atrium. Then the three finalists will perform with the MSO in Uihlein Hall (tickets: $15, adults; $10, students; $30, box seats) at 7:30 p.m. »Read Full Article


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Check out the Webster City economic development video interview with VeroBlue President - Keith Driver.
VeroBlue Farms is growing its network of independent growers - contact us today for more information.
VeroBlue Farms is seeking to fulfill approximately 150 new positions. Contact us online to apply.
Find out how VeroBlue Farms is destined to become the largest onshore, indoor facility of its kind in North America.
VeroBlue Farms is capturing the opportunity to become the largest onshore, indoor facility of its kind in North America. Through its Iowa's First Hub located in Webster City Iowa, VBF is expanding its production of the Barramundi fish species through a new urban farm with approximately 7.2 million pounds of production.READ MORE
Click here to learn more about VeroBlue Farms aquaculture responsibility.
Click here to learn more about opportunities for becoming an independent Grower.
Click here to see a video interview with President Keith Driver on growth plans.
Click here to take a virtual tour of the current VeroBlue Farms facilities.
VeroBlue Farms will soon be adding a processing, packaging and training facility, and plans to open/operate several hubs across North America growing multiple species of fish.
VeroBlue Farms is growing its network of independent growers. For more information on becoming an independent grower, please contact us.
We are proud to be one of Iowa's aquacultural leaders providing farm to table seafood in America's Heartland. Our fish are grown in an environmentally friendly and sustainable setting which allows us to consistently produce a high-quality, "green" and fresh product year-round.
Keith Driver, President, VeroBlue Farms IncWe hope to be an effective member of the community and help build Webster City...
- Excerpt from Webster City economic development interview (watch videos)
VeroBlue is expanding its team. This includes hiring for its grow teams, maintenance, marketing and office. For more information on employment opportunities, please contact us.
October 2015
VeroBlue Farms Announces Purchase of Building to Expand Land-Based Aquaculture Operation in Webster City
Read full press release.
November 2014
On Friday, November 14th, 2014, VeroBlue Farms held an Open House at one of the buildings that they plan to use in their new aquaculture business.
Check out the videos page to view an interview with Keith Driver from VeroBlue Farms discussing their business and the plans they have for Webster City.


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Reviewed By Alexandr G (Milton, PA) Reviewed for a 2006 Acura TSX —3/10/2016 8:04 AM
Brembo rotors works very good, breaking twice faster then stock. Highly recommended
Reviewed By Jesus M (GLENDALE, AZ) Reviewed for a 1995 Acura Integra —6/28/2013 12:05 PM
Installed on a 95 integra sedan making 357whp 379wtq, they have great stopping power over own with ebc green stuff pads, minimal dust but they do make some noise, not too much. I used them before for track and they were awsome with the environment yellow stuff. Overall for daily driving I would stick with oem and some posi quiet pads.
Know before you buy! Read customer reviews about Brembo Brakes, Rotors & Pads.
Know before you buy! Read customer reviews about Centric Brakes, Rotors & Pads.
You want to set your ride up with one the best brakes available, but with so many options, how do you know which brakes to choose? We've done the research to bring you all the information you need to know on some of the top brands in the industry, like Baer and Brembo, so you can get the stopping power your ride needs.
If it's time to upgrade your current braking system, there are many big brands to choose from, like Centric and Brembo, how do you know which brand will deliver the results you need? We've done the research to bring you all the information you need when choosing your next braking system.
When it comes to safe driving, one of the biggest components is being able to stop when you need to. Find out why Brembo and EBC stand above the rest when it comes to crafting high-quality brakes you can trust.
Brakes are one of the most essential components of your vehicle, so when it comes time to replace them, make sure you choose the best replacements possible. Top manufacturers, like Brembo and StopTech, have a huge selection of brake parts that stop on a dime and leave change in your pocket.
At the 2012 SEMA Show, we stopped at the Brembo booth to get a closer look at their new products.


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Cult of the Streets
Artist Niyati Upadhya found herself drawn to the 'professional underbelly' of the Indian city. From the scrap dealers of Bangalore to the kaan saaf wallahs, bone-setters and barber shops of Mumbai, it seemed to her that these strange vocations were at odds to the day and age we live in. "Moving about the city, I noticed these old-fashioned practices and observed the interactions between people and their ways of making a living, itself an art as old as time."
As a sculptor and photographer, she found herself consumed with capturing and documenting these old, somewhat dubious vocations that lie at the fringes of Indian cities. Cult of the Streets is a culmination of her work. A three-part visual diary of Bone setters, Barber shops and Ear cleaners, Niyati uses mixed media (photographs, drawing, video, sculpture and sound) to exhibit the lives of Mumbai's street professions.
Currently exhibiting in Bangalore, you can see her work first-hand here. Meanwhile, a sneak peek for Yahoo! audiences. Anisha Oommen in conversation with the artist.
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A saturated outfield and further heavy rain limited play to just 22 overs with the West Indies reaching 62 for two after choosing to bat first against India on the opening day of the fourth and final Test at the Queen's Park Oval in Trinidad on Thursday.
More » Pictures: Rain intervenes after WI end Day 1 at 62/2
The latest ICC Test rankings have rated Virat Kohli's men in the number 1 spot, toppling the Australians from their top perch.
Here's a look at how the other teams are ranked:
More » World's top 10 Test cricket teams; India No. 1
Veteran spinner Rangana Herath once again reprised the role of Australia's tormentor-in-chief as Sri Lanka claimed their first ever series whitewash over a major cricketing nation … More » Photos: Herath's heroics see Sri Lanka whitewash Australia
India routed the West Indies to complete a series-clinching victory by a comprehensive margin of 237 runs just before tea on the final day of the third Test in St Lucia on Saturday.
More » Pictures: India thrash West Indies to secure series
Bhuvneshwar Kumar demolished the West Indies battling line-up by taking five for 33 off 23.4 overs as India resuscitated their victory prospects in dismissing the home side for … More » Pictures: Bhuvneshwar Kumar swings the match to India's favour
Moeen Ali's 108 helped England reach a respectable score of 328 on Day 1 of the fourth Test at The Oval.
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West Indies were making a solid reply at 107 for one at stumps after centuries by Ravichandran Ashwin and Wriddhiman Saha lifted India to a total of 353 on the second day of … More » Pictures: Windies reply strongly to India's 353
Dour defiance from Ravichandran Ashwin (75 n.o.) and Wriddhiman Saha (46 n.o.) through a long final session inched India towards a measure of respectability at 234 for five … More » Pictures: Ashwin, Saha guide India to 234/5 on Day 1
Large partnerships do much more than merely add runs to the scoreboard. They have the power to change the destiny of a match and can be physically and mentally exhausting for the opposition.
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England were bowled out for 297 on a fluctuating first day of the third test against Pakistan in Birmingham on Wednesday.
Fast bowler Sohail Khan took four wickets … More » Pictures: Sohail Khan's five-wicket haul topples England on Day 1
Roston Chase made history with a maiden Test century to lead a magnificent comeback by the West Indies and salvage a draw. West Indies were 388 for six in their second innings on the final day of the second Test against India at Sabina Park in Jamaica on Wednesday.
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West Indies' vulnerable top order crumbled again in between the showers to be 48 for four in their second innings on a rain-ruined fourth day of the second Test against India at Sabina Park in Jamaica on Tuesday. Indian pacer Mohammed Shami picked up two wickets.
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Ajinkya Rahane scored his sixth century on rain-affected day as India reached 500 for 9 amassing a lead of 304 over the hosts.
Virat Kohli declared the Indian … More » Pictures: Rahane ton puts India in control on Day 3
Test cricketers are often known to take their time scoring runs. Yet, there have been players who have entertained the crowds with a wide range of stroke-play and big hits as if they were playing a limited overs game.
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Cricket is a gentleman's sport, and this gentleman's sport cannot be taken lightly, especially when it comes to where the game is being played.
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Joel Kost email@example.com">
MIDDLETON — A 16-year-old driver was sent to Frisbie Memorial Hospital with non-life threatening injuries Saturday morning after a motor vehicle accident on Route 153.
The driver was operating a 2001 Jeep Cherokee around 8 a.m. traveling east near Union Hill when he started to leave the roadway, eventually hitting a parked 1999 Chevrolet Tahoe on the side of the road.
Middleton Police Chief Randy Sobel said the accident was due to inattention.
Route 153 was closed for about 45 minutes. The Chevrolet suffered minor damages to the left back door, while the front right portion of the Jeep suffered heavy damage and was towed from the scene.
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Switching From a Deskphone to a Media Player With the Headset
The following instructions pertain to models WO100 ,WO200, WO101, WO201, WO300 & WO350
It depends on whether the type of audio file is supported by Plantronics Software.
The supported file formats are WinAmp, Windows Media Player and iTunes.
If listening to one of these audio formats, and you get an incoming deskphone call, one tap on the call control button on the earpiece will pause the file, and activate the deskphone call.
Another tap hangs up the call and automatically resumes the audio file.
If it's not a supported audio format, you can double tap the earpiece (once to close audio file and again to answer deskphone). When the call if over, I would have to manually restart my audio files (which would have continued playing in the meantime).
This can also be done using the buttons on the top of the base.


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What kind of hardware do I need in my PC to get it DLNA compatible? Do I need a wireless adapter/card? Anything else that I need?
How can I make my computer DLNA compatible?
Comments for this Question are closed.
Answers (2)
Hello, if you computer has media center installed or it is a media center computer, it is DNLA compatible. This applies to XP media center edition and up. If not, you could install a DNLA server in it and you should be ready to go.
You don't need any special hardware; Windows 7 is fully DLNA compatible. Here's an official Microsoft guide to using its media-streaming features:


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not that i'm complaining. i just can't believe she hasn't even tried to climb out of her crib yet. anybody else still have content crib babies?
my baby still has not tried to escape crib!
Neither of mine ever even attempted to. We switched ODS to a toddler bed around 19 months and then with LO she went right to a twin at 16 months. Both my kiddos are early potty trainers (ODS 22 months and LO 19 months) So to me it always made sense to get them switched so they were able to get in and out of their beds so they could let someone know if they needed to potty. They probably would have stayed content in the crib, but with ODS i wanted him switched before LO came and LO just seemed like she would be mature enough to switch and she was.
Shark Face Gang
My oldest slept in a crib until he was 3 years old. He never tried to climb out.
that makes sense. but we will be keeping our dd in her crib if and until she figures out how to get out on her own!
My LO is very content in his crib. He is a climber so I am surprised he hadn't tried to get out, but that is okay with me! We will be keeping him in his crib until he tries to get out or until he is potty trained.
My lo was happy in her crib and never tried to escape. We just moved her at 19 months to make room for baby #2. She never tries to get out of her twin bed either. If she wants something she just cries until we come to her just like in her crib.
( . )( . ) Gold!
Lol, I'm jealous. My baby has been climbing out of her crib for a while...we actually switched her to a twin recently because she refused to stay in the crib. My DS was good in his crib until he was 2. But DD has always been quite the stubborn mover. :D
Cami Proud mommy to DS (9-09), DD (5-11), and baby #3 (3-13)
Yes, I love question marks and smily facesand I'll use as many as I want to!!!!!! :)
My oldest never tried to climb out. We switched him to a regular bed at 2.5 only because he was getting too long for his crib and YDS was on the way so we knew we would need the crib for him. YDS, on the other hand, didn't just attempt to climb out of the crib, he actually climbed out at 14 months old. We have a sleigh style crib though so we just turned it around since the front is lower then the back. Now it's a pain to get him in because it's so high, but it keeps him in and that's all I care about!
Macey: Proud SAHMommy to two adorable little boys!
A person's a person no matter how small: Horton the Elephant
I don't have a climber either.
WAHM to Isla Jetté ~ born via NUCB May 15th
Yeah for GOLD PUMPERS!! =<( o Y o )>=
Our 20 mth old son has never made any attempts to escape either...I'm suprised..I will use the crib as long as I can
My LO actually doesn't climb anything and definitely not his crib which i am thankful for. :)
Learn more
Look how far your child has come.
Review your child's growth milestones.
Read about 5 years 2 months : Week 3.
Your growing child
Your 5 1/4-year-old: Your little lefty
Your 5 1/4-year-old: Discipline
Your 5 1/4-year-old: Handling bed-wetting
Your 5 1/4-year-old: Cause and effect
Learn more
What's next for your growing child?
Get a glimpse of what's to come.
Read about 5 years 4 months.


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Snowboarding Forum - Snowboard Enthusiast Forums (http://www.snowboardingforum.com/forum.php)
- Buy and Sell Snowboard Equipment (http://www.snowboardingforum.com/buy-sell-snowboard-equipment/)
- - Searching for Snowboarding Pants (http://www.snowboardingforum.com/buy-sell-snowboard-equipment/3950-searching-snowboarding-pants.html)
Searching for Snowboarding Pants
I really want the Roxy Leather Tuscadera Pant - Women's in Black Sushi in a size small but it seems to be sold out everywhere! Does anyone know where I can get a pair of these?!?! Thanks in advance.
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Clarksville TN Online is the voice of the people of Clarksville Tennessee.Clarksville Online takes you beyond the ordinary in local news and gives the Extras: political coverage, opinion pieces and editorial work, local and regional arts and theater, municipal and county news and events, and more.
[Read more]
To submit Clarksville Tennessee area news, story leads, tips, or press releases send us an email
Clarksville, TN – The Roxy Regional Theatre is gearing up to celebrate 34 years of presenting live theatre in the heart of Historic Downtown Clarksville on the corner of Franklin and First. The Roxy has long been regarded as "the cornerstone of downtown re-development," and SEASON 34 will see new productions and exciting changes to the programming and structure of the theatre.
Ryan Bowie, longtime company member and former Director of Fundraising and Development, will take the reins as the organization's new Executive Director.
(L to R) Oliver Pierce, Marek Sapieyevski, Stephen Shore and Nick Abbott star as Elvis Presley, Jerry Lee Lewis, Johnny Cash and Carl Perkins in the Roxy Regional Theatre's 34th season opener, "Million Dollar Quartet", September 16th – October 15th.
«Read the rest of this article»
Office of Land Between the Lakes, KY/TN – Laser Light Music Shows at Golden Pond Planetarium begin Saturday, May 23rd, at 5:30pm on a brand new, multimillion color laser projector. People can see laser lights synchronized to popular music fill the 40-foot dome every Tuesday, Friday, and Saturday at 5:30pm and 7:00pm through September 4th.
Additional Saturday shows are at 8:00pm May 23rd, June 6th and 20th, July 18th, and August 1st and 15th. Laser shows continue to be offered Tuesdays and Saturdays at 5:30pm and 7:00pm through October 31st, at Land Between The Lakes National Recreation Area. All seats are $7.00.
Golden Pond Planetarium Laser Image
Nashville, TN – As you know by now from my columns, Printers Alley, where I live and write is literally the "home of the blues" as the famed Bourbon Street Blues and Boogie Bar is situated right in the heart of the bustling historic district of downtown off Church Street. And though there are a few regulars here who are declared (or claim) to be the "mayor of the alley," only one man is king of the blues in these parts: Gil Gann, "the man."
If you've walked through the alley only once, you've likely seen him in his signature performing regalia of top hat and black cotton matching shirt and pants—either putting out the signs for the club, sitting on the café chairs outside grabbing a smoke, or where he weaves his daily magic "on da porch" as they call the famed stage at Bourbon.
Gil Gann performing in Nashville.
Clarksville, TN – Dr. Solie Fott, Austin Peay State University professor emeritus of music, considers himself to be just a fiddle player, but that's a bit of an understatement.
Throughout his sideline career as a Nashville sessions string player, he has performed with some of the top names in modern music history, including Patsy Cline, Elvis Presley, Johnny Cash, Bob Dylan, Roy Orbison, Kris Kristofferson and Eddie Arnold.
Clarksville, TN – On Saturday, March 8th, 2014 the Humane Society of Clarksville-Montgomery County brings back Legends of Clarksvegas.
It will be held at the Valor Hall Conference and Event Center in Oak Grove, KY. Doors open at 6:00pm and the show starts at 7:00pm.
Kenny James returns as Buddy Holly at this year's Legends of Clarksvegas.
Clarksville, TN – Sue Freeman Culverhouse, long a staff-writer for ClarksvilleOnline.com, features eleven Tennessee authors in her new book. Tennessee Literary Luminaries: From Cormac McCarthy to Robert Penn Warren (The History Press, Charleston, SC, 2013). Her author website, www.sueculverhouse.com, links her readers to information about the book and her upcoming blog.
"I'm tired of people outside Tennessee believing that we're all wearing overalls without a shirt, chewing tobacco, going barefoot, toting six-shooters, and living off road kill," Culverhouse admits. "I want our youngsters to be proud of the literary heritage these and other Tennessee writers have contributed to the world of literature. All of the authors in my book have interesting lives in addition to having written not-to-be missed books."
Tennessee Literary Luminaries by Sue Freeman Culverhouse
Golden Pond, KY – Back by popular demand! The Golden Pond Planetarium in Land Between The Lakes (LBL) National Recreation Area will once again feature Laser Light Music Nights beginning May 24th, 2013.
Experience Laser Light Music Night shows every Tuesday, Friday, and Saturday at 5:30pm and 7:00pm. Additional shows will be Saturdays at 8:00pm on June 1st and 29th, July 13th and 27th, and August 10th and 24th. All seats are $7.00.
Golden Pond Planetarium Laser Image. (Land Between the Lakes)
Clarksville, TN – On Saturday March 9th the Legends of Clarksvegas will rock the Wilma Rudolph Events Center at Liberty Park to benefit animals and the Humane Society of Clarksville-Montgomery County.
The Legends of Clarksvegas features some of the best professional impersonators in the business. Come see Shawn Barker as "Johnny Cash", Lance Lipinsky as "Jerry Lee Lewis", Freddy B as "Elvis Presley", and Steve Bobbitt as "Rod Stewart" along with special guests, the EAS Showband, the official tribute band for Graceland. Local Attorney Kevin Kennedy will be acting at the Emcee for the evening.
Gene Belt
Clarksville, TN – This is the true story about a man who loved his music, and wasn't going to let anything stop him from playing it. Even after a life-changing accident that could have killed him and cost him the fingers of his left hand.
This is the story of a simple country preacher who taught himself to play the guitar so he could play in church.
The story of a man who, through tragedy, would never play his beloved guitar again, but looked at the piano, and said, "I can do this."
With only six fingers.
Meet Gene Belt. «Read the rest of this article»
Nashville, TN – Lisa Matassa soars on her new EP, the intimate collection, "Somebody's Baby", and the December 4th release hits all the right notes for fans of edgy, rockin' Country. With a voice that blends the soulfulness of Southern Gospel with a bit of "city polish" and a dose of Country/Rock flair, this EP is by far her best project yet.


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New York City's new system of teacher evaluation and development.
We're looking for great teachers, principals, administrators, executives, and more. Join us today.
Download the Parent Teacher Conference schedule flier. العربية | বাংলা | 中文 | English | Français | Kreyòl Ayisyen | 한국어 | Русский | Español |اردوCitywide Parent Teacher Conferences are held four times a year. These conferences provide a great opportunity for you to talk with your child's teacher about what your child is learning at school and how you can support this learning at home. In addition, leave with a plan for continuing the conversation. Teachers have 40 minutes allotted each week to work with families. Below is a list of questions you should consider asking during Parent Teacher Conference or anytime you communicate with your child's teacher.
In the classroom/school:
Parent Tips:
With a NYC Schools account you will be able to access key information about your child's progress in school, including attendance, report card grades, general student information, and test scores (new) in one of ten languages on a computer, phone or tablet.
To ensure that all parents are given a meaningful opportunity to participate in their child's education program translations and interpretation services are available at parent-teacher conferences and throughout the year. Contact your school's parent coordinator for more information.
Parent Coordinators, visit the Parent Coordinator Page for Parent Teacher Conference Resources


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Hi, really looking for a FE solution for a project. If I can find one that works, I have no problem crediting it, supporting its development and otherwise shouting praises from the rooftops. BUT... it absolutely needs to fulfill the basic requirements of writing stuff that might matter in a real sense, and that includes indented list management. Can't roll without it.
I checked your demo and didn't see any 'dent features at all. Can you confirm/deny if your editor does this?
Bonus question - do you ever plan to support selecting list styles? http://www.w3schools.com/cssref/pr_list-style-type.asp. That would be quite awesome too.


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Announcing the 1st Annual Shoeboxed Hackathon!
We're thrilled to announce the first annual Shoeboxed Hackathon! Today and tomorrow, Shoeboxed is hosting a hackathon in our downtown Durham headquarters. We've heard three teams pitch their ideas and this morning we're splitting into work groups to make the ideas come alive! The event will culminate with a final presentation and celebration on Saturday evening. We're lucky to have two other awesome local startups joining us for the event. The first is TabSprint, a startup that allows users to order and pay for drinks from their mobile phone in crowded bars instead of waiting in line or dealing with a tab. TabSprint has recently won several startup challenges over the last few months and was founded by Grant Warman, a Duke 2012 alum. The second startup joining us will be Queue: "the Salesforce.com for restaurants." Queue is planning to revolutionize the way restaurants handle wait lists and how customers wait for tables, all by using handy mobile apps. We're also lucky to have several local startup "celebrities" on hand for the...Read More


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Thread: Home Mortgage Question
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Home Mortgage Question
At the beginning of June, we got a 100% loan for $84,000 for our home for 6.25%, $670 a month at a 30 year fixed rate. We wouldn't have to bring any money to the closing table, as it was included in the mortgage.
Yesterday, I found out from dh that the loan didn't get locked in at 6.25%, but 6.87%. I called these loan people and haggled and got it where the loan is now 6.5%, $648 a month, 30 year fixed, but now we have to bring $1200 to the table.
Since interest rates have gone up, we can't get anything any lower than 7.2%
These are my options:
1. Pay the $1200. ( I have the money to do it.)
2. Scrap the whole plan and wait until another time.
3. Move to another apartment.
What I am wondering is "AM I GETTING SCREWED?" does this sound like a good deal? WHat have you had to pay for closing costs? Any advice?
Thanks so much!
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About 1500.00 closing costs when we fiananced in 2000.06-19-2007, 06:56 AM #3
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Our morgage laid out almost identical to yours back in 1998. (We paid 84,900). I don't think that's getting screwed. I don't remember what we had to come to the table with but the 1000-1500range sounds about the norm. That said if I had to do it over again I'd save and either put a minimum of 20% down so that I didn't have to pay PMI, or save, get the same morgage I would've gotten and then make a huge (at least 20%) payment in the first couple of payments. I haven't run exact numbers yet but I think the second way saves lots of the intrest you pay in the beginning of a moregage.06-19-2007, 07:54 AM #4
- Rep Power
- 17
this basically happened to us too. i think its what they do. but all in all since your payment will be lower i don't think you are getting screwed.06-19-2007, 08:53 AM #5
- Rep Power
- 24
I dont think your being screwed at all, your monthly payment is even lower since putting that money down. I had to put down over $3500 the first time I got a mortgage and we bought the house at $66,900.06-19-2007, 10:15 PM #6
- Rep Power
- 10
Thanks so much to all of you. This is the first time my husband and I have bought a house. It's so confusing with all the numbers they throw around and everything.
I appreciate your honesty and your help! I love you guys!06-20-2007, 02:13 PM #7
If you look at the the big picture, 6.5% is still a really good rate (especially without a huge down payment). Historically, rates are still very low. In the 1980s 10% or more wasn't unusual. We bought our house in 1996 at 8% (now refinanced, of course!).
You're getting a good deal. But I have to ask, what state are you in that you can still purchase a home for $84,000? Lucky you!06-20-2007, 02:22 PM #8
- Rep Power
- 18
Sounds like you got a good deal...hope you really enjoy your new home!
I agree...I would LOVE to have access to a home for $84,000...can't even get a condo here for that...Kace - married to Dh for 16 years
Always pinchin' pennies!06-22-2007, 06:14 AM #9
- Rep Power
- 10
I live in Kentucky. There have been a lot of new subdivisions in this area that have gone up. Everyone wants to live there. SO there are quite a few homes left by the wayside.
Also, this is a two bedroom house. Not many people want them either.06-23-2007, 10:55 PM #10
- Rep Power
- 10
I don't think you are getting screwed either. I bought my home a bit over 2 years ago. I did 100% financing and the seller paid all closing costs. I financed $76,900 over 30 years at 5.75% fixed rate loan. My house is 1300 square feet, 3 bedrooms, 1.5 baths on 1.5 acres in a great older subdivision less than a mile from the best elementary school in the county. I love ArkansasMiddle School Teacher - English, algebra, and GT
Mom to Gracie (tiny Chihuahua), Harley (huge lab), Rusty (sausage dog), Garfunkel (orange cat)
Nerd, book lover, humanist06-29-2007, 10:54 AM #11
- Rep Power
- 10
Wow that sounds like a great deal! You really got a steal.
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- Report: #859653
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Complaint Review: Leatherup.com
Leatherup.comLeatherUp.com 2620 S. Maryland Suite 846 Las Vegas Internet United States of America
Leatherup.com Leather Up poor customer service, made returns no exchange Internet, Internet
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after her spending 40 mins on hold to speak to someone she gave up and sent an email to them instead. 10 days later no response. i called them they said they didnt have what i wanted and i should have listed more items on the form????? 2 spaces to write....2 spaces were written in. thanks for wasting my money and time. as if its my fault that all the sh*t on your website for sale not being in your warehouse to be shipped is my fault. f*ck leatherup.com DO NOT USE.
This report was posted on Ripoff Report on 03/26/2012 03:58 PM and is a permanent record located here: http://www.ripoffreport.com/r/Leatherupcom/internet/Leatherupcom-Leather-Up-poor-customer-service-made-returns-no-exchange-Internet-Interne-859653. The posting time indicated is Arizona local time. Arizona does not observe daylight savings so the post time may be Mountain or Pacific depending on the time of year.
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Open AccessThis article is
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Materials 2012, 5(4), 661-683; doi:10.3390/ma5040661
Transparent Conducting Oxides—An Up-To-Date Overview
University of Salzburg, Hellbrunner Str. 34, Salzburg A-5020, Austria
Received: 20 January 2012 / Revised: 9 March 2012 / Accepted: 28 March 2012 / Published: 19 April 2012
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advances in Transparent Conducting Oxides)
View Full-Text | Download PDF [196 KB, uploaded 19 April 2012] | Browse Figures
AbstractTransparent conducting oxides (TCOs) are electrical conductive materials with comparably low absorption of electromagnetic waves within the visible region of the spectrum. They are usually prepared with thin film technologies and used in opto-electrical apparatus such as solar cells, displays, opto-electrical interfaces and circuitries. Here, based on a modern database-system, aspects of up-to-date material selections and applications for transparent conducting oxides are sketched, and references for detailed information are given. As n-type TCOs are of special importance for thin film solar cell production, indium-tin oxide (ITO) and the reasonably priced aluminum-doped zinc oxide (ZnO:Al), are discussed with view on preparation, characterization and special occurrences. For completion, the recently frequently mentioned typical p-type delafossite TCOs are described as well, providing a variety of references, as a detailed discussion is not reasonable within an overview publication.
Keywords: transparent conducting oxide; oxide; TCO; ITO; ZnO:Al; delafossite
This is an open access article distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY 3.0).
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Stadler, A. Transparent Conducting Oxides—An Up-To-Date Overview. Materials 2012, 5, 661-683.View more citation formats
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Stadler A. Transparent Conducting Oxides—An Up-To-Date Overview. Materials. 2012; 5(4):661-683.Chicago/Turabian Style
Stadler, Andreas. 2012. "Transparent Conducting Oxides—An Up-To-Date Overview." Materials 5, no. 4: 661-683.
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- Report: #308429
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Complaint Review: Bright Dental - Gentle Dental
Bright Dental - Gentle Dental2206 SW SE 17th St. OCALA, Florida U.S.A.
Bright Dental - Gentle Dental - DMD Orlando R. Torres My wife and I received x rays and examinations. We were totally ripped off on the charges and diagnosis and on the x rays that were supposed to be free. Procedures were increased where there was nothing wrong. We have been going to Dentists regularly. Switched to this due to our Medicare advantage Freedom Health under MNCA Dental plan. We have already contacted them on this fraud. OCALA Florida
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Procedures were increased on both of us where there was nothing wrong. We have been going to Dentists regularly and have been under a regular dentists care and both my wife and I did not need any of the additional dental work that we were given estimates for. The dentists used we found are all that were problems in the past with ourselves and others. These are Coast Dental and Gentle Dental now the Bright Dental.
We are reporting this so others especially the elderly as we are are not victimized as we were. If someone there has the decency to stop this send someone down to get an examination and you will find out. Please try to stop this rip off immediately as many other senior citizens are being ripped off. The MCA dental charges that the dentist was supposed to follow were at least 25% higher and there were to be no charges for the x rays. When we asked the Dentist Orlando R. Torres why he said he was allowed by MNCA to make any changes to the printed sheet charges he wished.
OCALA, Florida
This report was posted on Ripoff Report on 02/12/2008 07:30 PM and is a permanent record located here: http://www.ripoffreport.com/r/Bright-Dental-Gentle-Dental/OCALA-Florida-34471/Bright-Dental-Gentle-Dental-DMD-Orlando-R-Torres-My-wife-and-I-received-x-rays-and-ex-308429. The posting time indicated is Arizona local time. Arizona does not observe daylight savings so the post time may be Mountain or Pacific depending on the time of year.
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June 21, 2007
COLUMBIA CTY, Ga.---A reverse 911 call was sent out to Harlem and Grovetown residents this afternoon about a couple in a light-colored, gray or tan van, posing as carpet cleaners. The message says the two are well dressed but are suspected burglars.
People are warned not to answer their door, and if they see the couple, to call 911 immediately.


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Lovely 14k White gold with Rose scroll design create this unique diamond semi mount. Diamonds total 1/4 ct in the engagement ring and are SI 1-2 clarity G-I color. Center is ready for your 1/2 carat diamond or have us set one, we have thousands to loose diamonds to choose from. Scroll design is rose gold plated. Matching band also available is set with 1/8ct tw diamonds. Check out our " Loose Diamonds diamond data base for a center diamond perfect for you. Shipping: 3-4 business days Tags: two tone diamond semi mount, diamond semimounts,white gold semimounts,rose gold,14k gold, semi-mount engagement ring, diamond semi-mount, diamond engagement ring
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Showing 1-24 of 47 items found in Events
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Enjoy hay rides, pumpkin painting and tug-of-war in the Forest Preserve District of Will County's Goodenow Grove Nature Preserve. Explore the Nature Center and its critters and snack on s'mores around a campfire while grooving to live outdoor music. Vendors and artisans will be on hand. Registration is not required for this free, all-ages event. 12-4PM.
Berwyn Cruise Nites in the Depot District
Head to the Depot District for the 9th Annual Cruise Nites presented by Berwyn Kia, Paisans Pizzeria & Bar, Mike & Sons Auto Services, Cicero Auto Parts, Deece Automotive! Cruise Nites take place on Tuesdays from 6-9pm in the Depot District at Windsor & Grove Avenues steps away from the Berwyn Metra Station. Enjoy your summe evenings while taking a stroll through a combination of car show and nightlife.
Head to the Depot District on Tuesday, August 6th for a combination of car show and nightlife. Evening begins at 6pm in the Depot District at Windsor & Grove Avenues steps away from the Berwyn Metra Station.
August 20th Cruise Nite in Berwyn
Come down to the Depot District and enjoy Cruise Nites with other families, residents and car enthusiasts. Learn more about Berwyn's proud classic car culture and historical automotive heritage. Cruise Nites are free! Just show up and have a great time!
Pick any decade and come ready to dance! Event fundraiser features: *King & Queen voting *Groove to the DJ mix *Raffles & Prizes *Finger foods & desserts from local restaurants *A Local Celebrity Lip Sync Battle General Ticket $75: includes open bar, appetizers & desserts and coat check.
Blue Island Historical Society's House Walk Tour
Our Architectural Walking Tour includes Civil War era homes and homes of Civil War Veterans. Our tour begins at the BIHS/Albee House where you will receive your tour booklet. Then you'll travel at you own pace to tour designated homes. For more information please email: email@example.com $20. 12-4PM.
CITY:Blue Island
Ride along with Friends of the Cal-Sag Trail as we explore the deep heritage of Chicago Blues interred along the Cal-Sag. Stand among the ghosts of Muddy Waters, Hound Dog Taylor, Willie Dixon, Jimmy Reed and many others while you learn how Blues set the table for Rock & Roll. Pre-register $20; Day of—if available!—$24. For those who don't bicycle, we can accommodate automobiles at $70 per car. For more info, email: firstname.lastname@example.com. 9:30AM-3PM
CITY:Blue Island
St. Benedict Fest capitalizes on our rich diversity and features ethnic music, food, games, raffles and live entertainment. Friends, alumni, parishioners are all welcome. 2-10PM.
CITY:Blue Island
Halloween fun awaits families at Brookfield Zoo's annual Boo! at the Zoo celebration. The popular daytime event, presented by Fisher-Price, features a Costume Parade, Costume Showcase, professional pumpkin-carving demonstrations, not-so-scary games and activities, special animal Zoo Chats, and haunted hayrides. For more information, visit www.CZS.org or call (708) 688-8000.
Family friendly cultural fest, German food and beer available. Music by The Tempos and The John Webber Band. $10; under 16 free. Doors open 1PM; German music 2PM; American music 7PM.
The Frankfort Fall Festival is ranked in the top 15 shows to visit by Sunshine Artist. There are 300 artisan from 30 states selling hand-crafted items at our show which includes local civic organizations selling food items, a carnival, entertainment and a community parade.
Homewood's favorite fall festival features live entertainment, horse-drawn wagon, petting zoo, pony rides, games, craft vendors, pumpkin patch, children's crafts and the scrumptious cuisine prepared by local eateries.
Enjoy an autumn evening listening to live entertainment, train stories and making s'mores by the bon fire. Participate in the Hobo costume contest and walk through the Illinois Central caboose. This event is located on Park Avenue, at the Rail Park. Young and old alike are invited to join in the festivities. 6:30-8:30PM.
First of three races of the Annual Homewood-Flossmoor Summer Circuit. Make us a part of your 5K summer racing season! Come on out for a series of 5K races! The days are as follows, Saturday May 14, 2016, Monday, July 4, 2016 & Saturday, September 10, 2016. Bring family and friends, check out our website www.hfracquetandfitness.com!
Joliet Slammers Baseball Opening Night
Join the Joliet Slammers for affordable, family fun all summer long! Parking is free or you can take the train to beautiful Silver Cross Field located in downtown Joliet, IL. Special promotions for this event include Opening Night festivities and two dollar tickets ($2 Tuesday)! The Joliet Slammers are a professional baseball team based in Joliet, IL that play in the independent Frontier League. Home games are played at Silver Cross Field in Joliet. They are the 2011 Frontier League champions.
NASCAR Sprint Cup Series - Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles 400
Make sure to join us for the first races in the Chase for the NASCAR Sprint Cup! As the first of 10 Chase races, Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles 400 begins NASCAR's thrilling playoffs. With a wide variety of family friendly options, you can't beat summer at Chicagoland Speedway and Route 66 Raceway.
NASCAR Camping World Truck Series - American Ethanol E15 225
The American Ethanol e15 225 at Chicagoland Speedway is the Last Chance Race for the ever-unpredictable Camping World Truck Series as NASCAR's newest stars battle for a final spot in the series' new playoff. The trucks return under the lights as part of the Four-Race Weekend on Friday, September 16! NASCAR's newest stars will try their luck at tackling the tri-oval during an all-out battle. There will surely be fireworks during the race ... and we'll have some afterward, too! Green flag is set for 7:30 p.m. CT!
ARCA Racing Series - Scott 150
The ARCA Racing Series returns to Chicagoland Speedway to kick off four days and nights of racing action on Thursday, Sept. 15! The up-and-comers and wily veterans never disappoint, with a night full of unpredictable action! Green flag is set for 7 p.m. CT!
Billie Limacher Bicentennial Park presents Concerts on the Hill, a free concert series right in Chicago. August 11 - New Invaders (Groovy Dance), August 18 - Eddie Korosa Jr. & The Boys from Illinois (Polka), Frank Rossi & The Sounds of Sinatra, August 25 - Joliet Township HS Orchestra, TT Nelson Swing Band, September 1 - Joliet Central High School Marching Band and Joliet American Legion Band
Begin your evening of fun and adventure with dinner at the Jacob Henry Mansion but-don't plan on leaving until you have solved the mysterious Murder Mystery! The theme revolves around the 1920 era and dress from that period is encouraged. Costumes add to add to the festivities, but are not necessary. We will meet you at the Town Meeting at the Jacob Henry Mansion for a fun filled, lighthearted, personalized package where guests unknowingly become entangled in an intriguing web of drama and suspense as they become victims - the suspects - or the "KILLER."
The annual three-day Lansing Autumn Fest returns for its 5th year. Located at the corner of Ridge and Henry streets in downtown Lansing by the Clock Tower and at Fox Pointe. The family friendly event includes musical entertainment, food vendors, market place and craft fair, kids zone with second entertainment stage and kids games, military recognition day, pancake breakfast, 5K Hero Walk/Run, Pumpkin Cash Raffle and much more. For more information or to be a sponsor, volunteer, food vendor or market place vendor, visit lansingautumfest.org or call 708-832-4584. F 4-11PM, Sa 7AM-11PM, Su 11:30AM-5PM.
Fetching Market at Ford Hangar
Quality vintage and handcrafted Artisan wares, all within an historic atmosphere at the Lansing Municipal Airport Ford Hangar! Barn finds, old doors, old windows, silver, ironstone, vintage glassware, collections, skilled craftsmanship, talent, project finds, pieces of stuff, tables, old, new, painted, chairs, old, new, recovered, re-purposed, lighting, chippy rusty stuff, garden items, beautiful jewelry, great food, great craft beers, great cocktails, great live music, great cause! F 5-9PM; Sa 10AM-6PM
Tour the Pollyanna Brewing Company brewery along the I&M Canal,enjoy our tap room,share the experience of fresh, flavorful, craft beer-locally in Lemont, Illinois. Pollyanna Brewing Company experiments with local fruits and spices, seasonal lagers, barrel-aging, wild yeast and bacteria, and cider-beers on occasion.
Fall Color Festival and Glass Pumpkin Patch
Celebrate the cool crisp weather and the changing of the seasons in nature! Fall Color Fest at The Morton Arboretum is a festival of activities to entertain the entire family. One of the most anticipated events is the Glass Pumpkin Patch. Each piece is unique and each particular glass pumpkin has been made exclusively for this event at The Morton Arboretum. Don't miss your chance to take home one (or more!) of these exquisite pieces of art. Fun is nestled in a radiant nature show of reds, golds, and oranges. All ages.


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Hotel addressSiemensstrasse 28
How to reach the hotel
Contact the hotel
- Tel. (+49)71188200720
- Fax. (+49)71188200725
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ibis budget Stuttgart City Nord - hotel description
Hotel code: 5441
Located in the Feuerbach district, the ibis budget Stuttgart City Nord is just a stone's throw from the Maybachstraße subway station. The hotel has 211 rooms, each with space for up to 2 adults and 1 child under the age of 12. WIFI access is available free of charge. A delicious buffet breakfast will get your day off to a great start. Our reception desk is open 24 hours a day and paid parking is available in the hotel's indoor car park.
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Discover the unbeatable combination of comfort and a low price. ibis budget offers comfortable, modern rooms, a delicious buffet breakfast and free WIFI throughout the hotel.
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Community Service Programs
Earn Community Involvement hours towards your high school diploma, Duke of Edinburgh Medal or International Baccalaureate Program.
At Blyth, we believe that a global perspective and international collaboration are central to assisting our students to become valuable world citizens. Our International Community Service programs offer students the opportunity to become engaged in communities abroad, volunteering their time to work on meaningful locally driven initiatives, allowing them to learn first-hand about the world around them while developing their leadership and team-building capabilities, and having fun too! Our community service work is carried out in collaboration with locally based NGOs, and our agenda is driven by these local organizations. We ask our partners how and where we can be useful so that the work we do is relevant and meaningful to the communities in which we are based.
Community Service Programs are an invigorating mix of rewarding community service activities and organized recreation, allowing you to develop your leadership skills and have fun too. Community Service activities generally take place the majority of the week for alternating full days or half-days with local excursions organized for when the students are not volunteering. Each student will receive a letter detailing the community involvement hours and activities that can be added to their secondary school diploma. If you have any questions regarding these programs, please email firstname.lastname@example.com.
|8:00 a.m.
|8:30 a.m.
|Community Service Activities
|12:30 p.m.
|2:00 p.m.
|Community Service Activities, Organized Recreation, Sports, Volunteer preparations or debrief, and/or Tours
|6:00 p.m.
|7:00 p.m.
|Evening Activities
|11:00 p.m.
|Sign-In, Curfew, and back in residence(12:30 a.m. on weekends, except evenings prior to volunteer project)
See for yourself how much fun students had on these programs in March! Click here to view our Travel Journal from past programs.
Click on a program below to learn more:


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I'm not sure what I'm doing, so I put off upgrading my wordpress blog until last night. My host is yahoo. My permalinks have changed. I had been using the day and name as my permalink format.
I did a lot of reading before doing this upgrade, and I followed the directions step by step. As far as I can tell, I didn't leave out any steps. I'm sure this is all due to my inexperience, but I can't figure out where I went wrong.
I will be installing a new theme. Should I wait until I get my permalinks fixed, or will it matter if I install a new theme now?
What can I do to get my permalinks back to the day and name format?


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What to call 49ers' offensive scheme?
Dammit....I have already dubbed it:
This is meant to be a fun thread, if U don't think it it's needs 1....cool. But the 49ers could be on to something unique & it would be an identity 4 us...like the WCO?
[ Edited by Nes49 on Dec 4, 2009 at 09:02:55 ]


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"Bright Starts™ Pretty in Pink 5-in-1 Garden Fun Play Place™" is not available for sale online.
This item may be discontinued or not carried in your nearest store. Please call your local store to check in-store availability before heading there. For informational purposes, the product details and customer reviews are provided.
- It offers your child 8 toys that are attached all around the mat and bars.
- A removable prop pillow is available for tummy time fun and a 2-in-1 electronic marquee toy is included to attach to your child's crib.
- Lights and music are baby-motion or parent-activated and plays for over 20 minutes.
- For newborns.
- Mat wipes clean and is machine washable.
- Requires 2 AA batteries (not included).
- One-year warranty.
- Imported.