text:
|Publication number
|Publication type
|Application number
|Publication date
|Dec 27, 1988
|Filing date
|Jun 30, 1987
|Priority date
|Jun 30, 1987
|Fee status
|Publication number
|Steven S. Gorshe
|Original Assignee
|Siemens Transmission Systems, Inc.
|Export Citation
|BiBTeX, EndNote, RefMan
|Patent Citations (2), Non-Patent Citations (2), Referenced by (6), Classifications (10), Legal Events (6)
|External Links: USPTO, USPTO Assignment, Espacenet
1. Field of the Invention
The present invention relates generally to data encoding and transmission techniques for use in telecommunications equipment. More specifically, the present invention relates to an improved encoding and decoding for substantially reducing data error multiplication in transmission and for enabling data transmission without restriction on the quantity and sequence of logic "ones" and "zeros," such that substantially all of the information carrying capability of a communication channel can be effectively utilized.
2. Description of the Prior Art
The Integrated Services Digital Network (ISDN) in its implementation in the North American digital telecommunications transmission network requires a full or unconstrained clear channel capability for 64-kilobit per second (Kb/sec) communication channels. The encoding technique known as Zero-Byte Time Slot Interchange (ZBTSI) is a well known technique for providing clear channel capability, also known as bit-sequence independence over DS1 transmission carrier aacilities within the North American telephone network. At present, the North American telephone network limits the number of consecutive logic "zeros" that can be transmitted because the existing bipolar line code does not transmit any pulses for a logic "zero." As a result, the transmission of long strings of logic "zeros" can cause telecommunications line haul equipment such as multiplexers and protection switches to lose timing accuracy or clock recovery altogether.
As is well known, a single PCM telecommunications channel, known as a "DSO" channel, operates at 64 kilobits per second (Kb/sec) in each direttion of transmission to transmit and receive 8,000 8-bit samples per second of a desired telecommunication, whether voice or data. According to the Bell standard, individual two-way channels are multiplexed into higher speed channels for long distance transmission. As a particular example, 24 8-bit samples, one from each DSO channel, are arranged serially in a single transmission frame together with a single framing bit to form a 193-bit frame.
Transmission of successive 193-bit frames at a rate of 8,000 frames per second determines the bit rate of 1.544 Mb/sec. Set forth in the following table are some of the Bell standard digital transmission lines or hierarchical levels with their associated transmission rates and numbers of channels:
TABLE 1______________________________________ Number ofTransmission Line Voice Channels Transmission Rate______________________________________DSO 1 64 Kb/sec.DS1 24 Approx. 1.5 Mb/sec.DS1C 48 Approx. 3 Mb/sec.DS2 96 Approx. 6 Mb/sec.DS3 672 Approx. 45 Mb/sec.______________________________________
The standard for digital carrier multiplexers operating to multiplex digital DS1, DS1C and DS2 T carrier transmission lines into a DS3 transmission line is set forth and discussed in the Bell System Transmission Engineering Technical Reference entitled "Digital Multiplexers, Requirements and Objectives" by the Director, Exchange Systems Design, AT&T (July, 1982). Digital multiplexers which are connected into the Bell System pulse code modulated T carrier telecommunications network must conform with this standard.
The present North American digital network cannot directly accommodate clear channel capability because of the minimum pulse density restrictions for 1.544 Mb/s DS1 signals and 3.152 Mb/s DS1C signals. The system design convention for T1-type line repeaters requires an average of at least one pulse in eight pulse positions and no more than 15 pulse positions without a pulse. The clock recovery circuit of these repeaters and the receive section of channel banks and other source/sink devices will lose timing accuracy, or timing altogether, in the presence of low logic "ones" density or long strings of logic "zeros." T1C-type repeaters have a similar restriction of at least a 1/8 pulse density over any 150 consecutive pulse positions.
To satisfy the clock recovery requirements of repeaters and source/sink devices, several design techniques are used to guarantee that devices originating DS1 and DS1C signals do not exceed the aforementioned pulse density constraints. In order to properly encode the highest analog frequency of a voice channel, the sampling rate has been established at 8000 samples per second. This sampling rate is also the frame rate for the DS1 signal. Each sample is encoded into an eight-bit word, which permits the dynamic range of the human voice to be mapped over 256 discrete steps in amplitude. With 8000 samples are per second times 8 bits per sample, the result is 64 Kb/s for each of the individual DSO channels. It is apparent that only the all-zero byte need be restricted, which would offer the ratio 255/256 efficiency, or 99.6 percent of the 64 kb/s channel, as unconstrained information bits for channel users. Unfortunately, existing source/sink devices are not nearly this efficient.
Analog voice signals with associated signaling are coded into the 64 Kb/s channels using a combination of robbed-bit signaling and zero code suppression to guarantee the presence of at least one logic "one" in each byte. For digital data channels, a different technique is employed to ensure that the proper "ones" density is maintained. During transmission of customer digital data, a designated control bit is forced to a logic "one" on a full-time basis. Since the sampling rate remains at 8000 samples per second and there are now only 7 bits per sample available to the channel users, the effective unconstrained information rate to the channel user reduces to 56 Kb/s.
All of the source/sink designs which do not provide for clear channel capability employ at least one of the aforementioned techniques, which reduce the available information bits in the 64 Kb/s channels.
This includes virtually all source/sink devices currently in use in the North American telecommunications network. With the advent of ISDN, some scheme of restoring user access to the full 64 Kb/s channel without restriction on the quantity and sequence of ones and zeros is required. The same requirement exists for all remaining ISDN primary-rate interfaces. The provisioning of clear channel capability requires that new source/sink devices such as PCM terminals allow unconstrained primary-rate digital signals to enter and leave the network intact, and also continue to maintain the minimum pulse density requirements toward line-haul elements. Line-haul elements include repeaters, multiplexers, and automatic protection switches. To this extent, the North American network is not operating with clear channel capability with any of the known prior art techniques currently operational. The clear channel capability function is actually a synthesized condition, converting the clear channel signal to a form which can be transported by the line-haul network elements, then back to the original signal at the far-end source/sink device.
ZBTSI is a known format which allows continued use of a bipolar line code, i.e., an AMI line code, but which does not require any changes to existing telecommunications line haul equipment or to the operation, administration, maintenance and provisioning procedures associated therewith. The first ZBTSI implementation was introduced in 1983 for use in point-to-point nonswitched connections between customer premises equipment locations.
The ZBTSI algorithm operates on contiguous 8-bit channels which correspond in location to the DSO channels and are referred to here as octets. Each octet is examined in conjunction with the two octets that are adjacent to it. If an octet contains eight logic "zeros" and combines with the adjacent octets to violate the DS1 ones density criteria, then it is processed as a violating All-Zero Octet (VAZO). Specifically, the all-zero octet will be declared a VAZO if it combines with its adjacent octets to form a zero-string of 15 zeros or longer, or if either of the adjacent octets contains less than two logic "ones." The octets are proceseed in groups of 96 and are aligned with the DS1 extended superframe (ESF) format superframe. A flag bit is carried in the frame-bit data link of the ESF format and each flag bit is associated with a 96-octet group. The flag-bit indicates whether a VAZO was found in that 96-octet group. An address chain is constructed using octet 96 and the VAZO locations which allows the VAZOs to be identified at the ZBTSI decoder. As a result of the encoding process, the octets adjacent to every VAZO form a signature around the VAZO.
In accordance with the present invention, a technique is provided whereby the aforementioned signature can be utilized to detect transmission channel errors at a ZBTSI decoder.
Also in accordance with the present invention is the utilization of the aforementioned error detection technique in an optimum partial error correction arrangement to increase the robustnsss of the known ZBTSI coding algorithm by at least a factor of four for random input data and by a greater factor when the input data is a steady logic "zero" or a steady string of "ones."
A novel ZBTSI decoder using the optimum partial error correction technique of the present invention is also described.
A method and circuit for exploiting the characteristics of the ZBTSI algorithm by using the relationship of the data octet and the octets adjacent thereto to detect error conditions such as violations of the DS 1 ones density criteria for detection of transmission channel errors in the ZBTSI decoder. The use of this relationship for an optimized partial error correction technique which minimizes error multiplication in the transmission channel is described.
FIG. 1 is a simplified representation of the interaction between a ZBTSI decoder and an error detector in implementing partial error correction.
FIG. 2 is a simplified functional representation of an error detector circuit in accordance with the present invention.
FIG. 3 is a block diagram of the decoder and error detector of the present invention.
FIGS. 4, 4(A) and 4(B) are a circuit diagram of a shift register configuration in accordance with the present invention.
FIG. 5 is a circiit diagram of an error detector in accordance with the present invention.
FIG. 6 is a circuit diagram of a ones density counter circuit useful in connection with the present invention.
FIG. 7 is a circuit diagram of a portion of a detector circuit useful in connection with the present invention.
FIG. 8 is a circuit diagram of a latch and comparator circuit useful in connection with the present invention.
FIG. 9 is a circuit diagram of an octet counter and divide-by-eight counter circuit useful in connection with the present invention.
FIG. 10 is a circuit diagram of a control circuit for use in checking the current octet number, in accordance with the present invention.
FIGS. 11, 11(A) and 11(B) are a circuit diagram of additional control logic in accordance with the present invention.
FIG. 12(A) (B) and (C) shows representations of VAZO conditions useful in describing the invention.
FIG. 13(A) (B) and (C) shows representations of valid VAZO locations useful in describing the invention.
The ZBTSI algorithm performs its processing at a logic level rather than operating directly on the final line code, and regards each DS1 frame as comprised of 24 8-bit channels plus a framing bit in the first bit position. The channelization of the data within the frame is independent of the ZBTSI algorithm. The ZBTSI encoder operates on blocks of 96 8-bit channels, which is four DS1 frames. Each 8-bit channel is called an octet and the ZBTSI algorithm numbers them from 01 to 96. A ZBTSI processing indicator flag bit, the Z-bit, is associated with each 96-octet group and is transmitted at the beginning of each 96-octet group. The Z-bit is carried in 2 kb/s of the extended superframe (ESF) frame bit data link. The assignment of frame bits (F-bits) in the ESF with ZBTSI encoding is shown in the table below where:
FPS is the Framing Pattern Sequence
FDL is the Frame Data Link (message bits m)
ZBTSI is ZBTSI encoding flag bits (Z-bits)
CRC is Cyclic Redundancy Check
TABLE 2______________________________________FRAME BIT DEFINITIONSFRAME BITNO. NO. FPS FDL ZBTSI CRC______________________________________ 1 0 -- -- Z -- 2 193 -- -- -- Cl 3 386 -- m -- -- 4 579 0 -- -- -- 5 772 -- -- Z -- 6 965 -- -- -- C2 7 1158 -- m -- -- 8 1351 0 -- -- -- 9 1544 -- -- Z --10 1737 -- -- -- C311 1930 -- m -- --12 2123 1 -- -- --13 2316 -- -- Z --14 2509 -- -- -- C415 2702 -- m -- --16 2895 0 -- -- --17 3088 -- -- Z --18 3281 -- -- -- C519 3474 -- m -- --20 3667 1 -- -- --21 3860 -- -- -- --22 4053 -- -- -- C623 4246 -- m -- --24 4439 1 -- -- --______________________________________
The basic principle of the ZBTSI algorithm can be summarized as follows. The PCM data, except for the F-bits, is scrambled by a frame-synchronized scrambler as it enters the ZBTSI encoder and is descambled as it exits the ZBTSI decoder. First, the data is searched on an octet-by-octet basis in order to determine whether the DS1 maximum zero string or minimum ones density requirements is violated. If either of the aforementioned requirements is violated, an address chain is constructed to locate all of the all-zero octets involved. The addresses are then inserted into the locations of the all-zero octets. One of the octets, octet 96, is displaced in order to provide a constant storage location for the first address. The original value of octet 96 is stored in the location of the last all-zero octet. The final step of the ZBTSI encoding process is to set the Z-bit to the appropriate value. The ZBTSI decoder simply reverses the process performed at the encoder. The decoder may also perform partial error detection and correction. Scrambling in telecommunication data transmission is well known, and reference can be made for detailed descriptions of such scramblers, by way of example, to U.S. Pat. No. 3,649,915; Digital Data Scrambler--Descrambler Apparatus for Improved Error Performance. The ESF cyclic redundancy check is calculated before the ZBTSI encoder stage at a DS1 signal source and is calculated after the ZBTSI decoder at a DS1 sink device.
From the ZBTSI algorithm it is apparent that a transmission channel error which affects a flag-bit (Z-bit), a VAZO address, or an ILVA bit may cause additional errors to occur (error multiplication) as the decoder uses this erroneous information. The address of an octet is its octet number and is carried as a binary number in the 7 least significant bits of an address-bearing octet. The most significant bit carries the indicator of the last VAZO address (ILVA). Error multiplication also occurs with certain scramblers and line codes. Single-bit errors with a Gaussian distribution over the bit stream are common on DS1 carrier facilities. It is these single-bit errors which cause the most noticeable error multiplicaton and are the only type of errors that can be corrected effectively. It may be assumed that the bit error rate (BER) due to the transmission channel alone is no worse than 1/10,000.
The superframe-synchronized scrambler does not add to the error multiplication. The exemplary calculations hereinafter are based on an assumption of random data, which occurs due to the scrambling. The likelihood of the incoming data interacting with a superframe-synchronized scrambler in such a manner as to consistently create long data zero strings is minimal. When a steady string of zeros or a steady string of ones is transmitted over the entire 1.536 Mb/s information channel of a DS1, the scrambling guarantees that no VAZOs will be declared. Such steady zero or one strings are frequently used as "idle" codes between data transmissions. With the assumption of random data, the performance the ZBTSI algorithm may be calculated using Bernoulli trials and the binomial distribution function, as will be described in the exemplary calculations.
On the average, no VAZOs will be declared in 97.9 percent of the 96-octet groups, and a single VAZO will be declared in 2.05 percent of the groups. The very high probability that no VAZOs will be declared in a 96-octet group suggests the conclusion that any errors detected at the decoder can be assumed to be Z-bit errors. The exemplary calculations prove this hypothesis. The first octet received by the decoder in every 96-octet group will either be octet 96 or the address of the first VAZO in the group. If this first octet value is always saved for insertion as the contents of octet 96 when an error is detected and the processing of the address chain is aborted when an error is found, then the error multiplication will be minimized. The resulting error multiplication value will be:
where BER is the bit error rate of the transmission channel alone. In other words, with optimal partial error correction in accordance with the present invention, the standard ZBTSI algorithm can add as little as 0.4 percent to the system BER. For constant zero or "one" string idle codes, this partial error correction method will virtually eliminate error multiplication.
Given the assumption of a random data output from the ZBTSI encoder scrambler, a binomial distribution may be used. The probability of any octet containing 8 zeros now becomes:
PO=1/28 =0.0039 Eq. 1
The probability that either octet 1 or octet 95 is declared a VAZO is equal to PO. For any other all-zero octet to be declared a VAZO, the adjacent octets must combine with that octet to either violate the ones density requirement or potentially violate the zero string requirement. The probability that adjacent octets will combine with an all-zero octet to form a zero string of at least 15 bits is found to be:
Paz=(1/27)+(7) (1/28)=0.0352 Eq. 2
The probability that either adjacent octet contains a single "1" is:
Pao=(2)(1/28) [1/27 +1/26 +1/25 +1/24 +1/23 +1/22 +1/2] Eq. 3
Pao=0.0078 Eq. 4
The total probability that an octet other than octet 1 or octet 95 will be declared a VAZO is thus:
Pvo=(PO)(Paz+Pao)=0.00017 Eq. 5
With this information, the probability of "n" VAZOs occurring in a 96-octet group may be determined. ##EQU1## The decoder is assumed to examine each octet location to determine if that octet could have been declared a VAZO at the encoder. This examination is based on the values in the adjacent octets. The average probability that an octet location appears to be a valid VAZO location at the decoder is found by:
Pvld=(1/96)[(94)(Paz+Pao+0.0039)+2] Eq. 12
Pvld=0.0668 Eq. 13
where the probability is averaged over all 96 octets. The octet under examination may also be a VAZO if the octet immediately preceding it contains the address of the octet under examination. The 0.0039 term above accounts for this case.
If the decoder aborts VAZO processing immediately after an error is detected, it can be shown that there are only four cases which will contribute substantially to the error multiplication. Only these four cases are illustrated hereinafter.
Case 1: No VAZOs occurred, but the Z-bit was corrupted by a transmission channel error to indicate that VAZOs are present. The first octet after the Z-bit (octet 96) contains an address that points to an octet location that appears valid and indicates that this is the last VAZO in the group.
Pcl=(POvazo)(1/2)(Pvld)(96/128)(16) (1/2)(1/772) Eq. 14
Pcl=0.0002 Eq. 15
In Equation 14, the second factor accounts for the probability of the bit in the ILVA position, indicating that this address is associated with the last VAZO. The fourth factor takes into account that only 96 of the 128 possible addresses from the 7-bit address field are actually used. The fifth factor represents the 16 bits affected in octet 96 and the addressed octet. The sixth factor accounts for the fact that on the average, only 1/2 of the bits in the affected octets will actually be received in error. The final factor normalizes Z-bit errors against errors in any of the 768 information bits in 96-octet group and the 3 other F-bits that are carried along with it. Errors in these other bits do not cause error multiplication.
Case 2: One VAZO occurs and an error corrupts the first address such that it points to an invalid location. The decoder will abort processing and both the VAZO and octet 96 will be affected.
Pc2=(Plazo)(1/127)[32+(1-Pvld)(95)](16)(1/2)(7)(1/772) Eq. 16
Pc2=0.0016 Eq. 17
The second and third factors of Equation 16 account for the probability that the corrupted address points to a location that is considered invalid by the decoder. There are only 95 addresses out of 128 that will potentially appear to be valid. The fourth, fifth, and last factors in Equation 16 represent the same considerations as the fifth, sixth, and last factors of Equation 14 respectively. The sixth factor in Equation 16 accounts for the 7 address bits in which the error could have occurred.
Case 3: A single VAZO occurs and an error corrupts one of the octets adjacent to the VAZO such that the VAZO location will no longer appear valid to the decoder. First, the average number of bits vulnerable to such an error must be determined.
Px=[(Paz)(7)+(Pao)(14)](94/96)/(Paz+Pao) Eq. 18
Px=8.10 Eq. 19
Pc3=(Plvazo)(16)(1/2)(Px)(1/772) Eq. 20
Px3=0.0019 Eq. 21
Case 4: A single VAZO occurs and an error corrupts the Z-bit. The decoder thus performs no decoding.
Pc4=(Plvazo)(16)(1/2)(1/772) Eq. 22
Pc4=0.0002 Eq. 23
It can be seen that these four cases are the only significant contributors to the error multiplication when the following observations are made. First, when no VAZOs occur, only undetectable Z-bit errors actually cause error multillication. Case 1 covers the most likely undetectable Z-bit error. The next most likely Z-bit error involves having two "addresses" which appear to be valid addresses is much smaller than the probability of a single valid address. Hence, the added error multiplication from these cases is negligible. Second, when a single VAZO is declared, the probability that significant error multiplication will result from following an erroneous address chain is negligible for the reasons discussed when no VAZOs occurred. Third, the probability that two or more VAZOs will occur is small enough that the error multiplication from these cases will also be negligible.
The average total error multiplication for ZBTSI is thus:
EMFz=(1+Pc1+Pc2+Pc3)(BER) Eq. 24
EMFz=1.004�BER Eq. 25
There are other alternatives that the decoder may follow when an error is detected. The most reasonable action, other than aborting after the first error, is to abort only after the second error. Case 3 above would then go away, cases 2 and 4 would remain unchanged, and case 1 would be increased by the inverse of Pvld. Other cases would also become more iignificant. The end result of the two courses of action would be close, but aborting after the first error will still produce the lower error multiplication. All other actions would likewise increase the error multiplication.
Referring now to FIG. 1, a block diagram of the interaction between a ZBTSI decoder 10 an an error detector 20 in accordance with the present invention is shown. Control information is exchanged to ensure that the error detector 20 is operating upon the correct data. When an error is detected in the VAZO 20 chain, the error detector 20 signals the decoder 10 to abort the decoding process
FIG. 2 illustrates a functional block diagram of the operation of the error detector 20. Essentially, the incoming pulse code modulated (PCM) data is received at detector 22 and 24 for detecting respectively a zero-string in adjacent octets and a single logic "one" in adjacent octets, and is also received at comparator 26 for determining whether the current octet contains the address of the next octet, by comparing the PCM octets with the octet count. The octet count is also received by logic 28 to determine whether the current octet is octet number 1 or octet number 95. The logic 30 determines whether the current octet is octet number 96. A memory 32 stores data indications of whether the previous octet was a VAZO. The gating arrangment of OR gates 34 and 36 and AND gate 38 functions to produce a "true" or logic "one" signal from NOR gate 40 when the aforementioned conditions in any of logic circuits 22, 24, 26, 28, 30, or 32 is true. Thus, whenever the decoder 20 indicates that an error has occurred, i.e. that the VAZO location is not valid as indicated by a logic "zero" out from logic blocks 22, 24, 26, 28, 30 and 32, the decoder 10 will abort the decoding process.
The circuit described with reference to FIG. 2 has been implemented in 2-micron CMOS. The outputs of each of the blocks in the CMOS implementation are the logical inverse of the output of FIG. 2.
The "zero" string in adjacent octet detector 22 is implemented with a 23-bit shift register, eight 7-input NOR gates and an 8-input NOR gate. The inputs to eight of the NOR gates are the outputs of the shift register stages. The NOR gates are used to scan the PCM data for zero strings as it transits the shift register. The middle eight stages of the shift register contain the current octet which is being examined to ee if it could be a valid VAZO location. If the encoder declared the octet a VAZO based on a zero string of 15 or longer, the last bits of the previous octet and the first bits of the next octet should combine to form a zero string of at least 7 zeros (15-8=7). The 7-input NOR gates check the eight possible combinations in which the 7 zero string in the adjacent octets could appear. The outputs of these NOR gates are the inputs to the 8-input NOR gates. When a valid 7-zero string is found, the output of the 8-input NOR gate is "zero." Otherwise the output is a "one."
The "single one in adjacent octet detector" 24 is implemented as a pair of two stage counters. One counter examines the previous octet and the other examines the next octet with the inputs to the counters being output stages from the 23-bit shift register described above. The counters are reset by a control signal at the beginning of each octet. When the first logic one is encountered in an octet, the first stage of the counter toggles and holds its value until it is reset. The second stage toggles when the second logic one is found in the octet and likewise holds its value until it is reset. If the second stage remains untoggled in either of the counters after all eight bits have been examined, there is a single one or less in an adjacent octet and the current octet location is a valid VAZO location based on ones density. A logic zero may represent an untoggled output in an actual implementation.
The "comparator which sees if the current octet contains the address of the next octet" 26 is implemented with a 7-bit latch, an adder circuit, seven exclusive OR (XOR) gates and a NOR gate. When the encoder finds two consecutive all-zero octets, it will declare both of them VAZOs and hence the first of hhe two will contain the address of the second aftr encoding. The 7-bit latch contains the values of the current octet, which are loaded in parallel from the 23-bit input shift register. A binary value of 0000001 is added to the number of the current octet using a full adder that was simplified for this one operation. The current octet number is kept by the master control counter chain and is used in various places in the decoding process. The output of the adder is then compared on a bit-by-bit basis with the output of the 7-bit latch with XOR gates. The outputs of the XOR gates are summarized with a NOR gate. The output of the NOR gate will be a logic one if the current octet location is indeed the value of the next octet location. If Octet 96 is the current octet, then the next octet is actually Octet 1. A pair of AND gates on the two high order comparator bits (XOR outputs) are used to compensate for this fact. The NOR gate which receives the XOR outputs must also have the ILVA-bit as an input. If the current octet has been indicated as the last VAZO by the ILVA-bit, then the current octet cannot be considered a valid location by pointing to the next octet location. The output of the NOR gate is inverted before input to the final condition summary in order to be consistant with the output of the other blocks.
Referring to FIG. 3, a simplified block diagram of the decoder 10 and error detector 20 is illustrated generally at 100. A PCM input 102 scans the PCM input to check for errors in ZBTSI encoding. The current octet at the middle 8-links of shift register 120 and two adjacent octets at shift register sections 121 and 123 are all examined. Octet 120 is ignored by the error detector 20. Octet 96 in latched and held at latch 124. All bits of octets out are set to zero at AND gate 125. MUX 126 selects whether octet 96 or any other octet is outputed. The control signal 108 generates all the enable signals. A declared VAZO causes logic 128 to latch the latches 124 and 130 and comparator 132 compares the address value in latch 130 with the current octet count at counter 134. Thus, when the current adddress and the octet count are the same, the middle location octet at register 120 is the location of the VAZO. Thus, the output of error detector 20 is checked to determine if the octet at 120 is a valid location for a VAZO. If "yes," then the octet at 120 will be masked out to "all zeros" and outputed from multiplexer 126. The MSB of the latch 130 indicates if more VAZO's are to follow (the ILVA bit). If "yes," the contents of register 120 are latched to latch 130, and the process rs repeated. If the octet at 120 is not a valid VAZO location, the processing is aborted and no new values are placed in latch 130, the output of comparator 132 is ignored, the value in latch 124 is assumed to be octet 96 and no octets will be masked to "all zeros" for the rest of the group of 96 octets. By aborting processing, the data in the group of 96 octets is transmitted out unprocessed. By not aborting in processing, only good address chains are processed--the aborting of processing for known VAZO errors eliminates the processing of errneous data. The processing restores the data to the original values that entered the encoder, so that the data can pass through the network, i.e. by eliminating "all zero" octets.
FIG. 4 shows the 23-bit shift register 102 in 2-micron CMOS at 200. A reset input is shown at 202, PCM input data at 204, data clock input at 206, a frame synchronization pulse at 208 and a parallel bus for extracting PCM data from registers 120 and 121 is shown at 210. Flip flops are arranged as register 120, 121 and 123 as illustrated. During the frame synch pulse on 210, the flip flop inputs are scanned to eliminate F bits, so that only PCM data is clocked in. TI (test input), TE and TEN (test enable and test enable (inverse) inputs) are present but for simplicity of description are not described. The output from 210 is PCM data to latch 130. The outputs Q from each flip flop are coupled to the error detector 20.
The error detector 20 is illustrated generally at 300 in 2 micron CMOS by FIG. 5. The outputs of the flip flops 120, 121 and 123 are coupled to the zero string and ones density circuits. The zero strings are checked by NOR gates at 22. The single "ones" in adjacent octets are detected at 24 by a ones density counter 302 for the octet at register 123 and ones density counter 304 examines the octet at register 121. The outputs of 22 and 24 are NAND'ed as shown at NAND gates 306, 308 and flip flop 310 which retains an indication of the validity of octet 96 location, and flip flop 312 indicates whether thereiis an erroneous VAZO address. Output 314 indicates the validity of the octet 96 location. Initilization is provided at reset input 316. The data clock at 318 corresponds to input 206 of FIG. 4. Input 320 from control logic 128 provides an indication of when to make the decision as to whether there has been a VAZO error. The output of comparator 132 is at 322. The error detector 20 output is shown at 324.
FIG. 6 illustrates the ones density counter logic which is used for counters 302 and 304 shown in FIG. 5. PCM data from line 204 and control inputs from 128, reset for initialization on 316 and a data clock 318 are coupled in. Flip flops 350 and 352 are reset by the control inputs 128. Flip flop 350 toggles from the reset value when the first logic "one" is encountered in the input data stream 204, and holds its value until it is reset. Flip flop 352 toggles during the second logic "one" in the data stream 204, and holds its value until it is reset. Thus whether or not there are less than two logic "ones" in adjacent octets is determined, and this information is coupled out on line 303. The input to 304 is the PCM input from register 120 on line 305. The other inputs are as shown. Ones density counter 304 is configured identically as is counter 302 of FIG. 6, and has its output on line 307. The outputs on lines 303 and 307 are multiplexed at multiplexer 311 and coupled to NAND gates 306 and 308 as shown.
FIG. 7 illustrates generally at 400 the portion of detector 20 of FIG. 3 shown by functional block 26 of FIG. 2. The current octet count from 134 is input on line 402. The PCM data bus 210 couples data to a comparator comprised of exclusive OR gates 404 through 416, and gates 418, 420 and 422. The comparison is between the PCM data 210 and the current octet count plus one. An adder circuit 424 adds "one" to the current octet count. The output on line 426 is the logic output of the comparator 26.
FIG. 8 illustrates latch 130 and comparator 132 generally at 500 in logic implementation. The eight bit latch 130 is comprised of flip flops 502, 504, 506, 508, 510, 512, 514, and 516 where 502 through 514 carry the VAZO address and 516 carries the indication of the last VAZO address, the ILVA bit. PCM data on line 210 is coupled into latch 130. The output of flip flop 516, the ILVA bit on line 518 is coupled to comparator 26 within the error detector 20, and is shown on FIG. 7 as an output to gate 422. A NOR gate 520 has input thereto the Q and QN (inverted data) outputs of flip flops 502 through 516 and derives a control output on line 522 that will be described with reference to the control logic 128. The data (Q) output of flip flops 502 through 514 are coupled to comparator 132, which is comprised of exclusive OR gates 524 through 536, which perform an exclusive OR operation on its data output of the flilp flops with the current octet count on line 402 to derive as an output 322 an indication of equality between the current octet count and the value in latch 130. The outputs of gates 25 through 536 are NORed at gate 538.
FIGS. 9 illustrates the octet counter 134 and the divide-by-eight counter 136. Counter 134 is comprised of flip flops 602 through 614 and is essentially a binary counter having toggle flip flops with synchronous clear or synchronous sets. The data outputs are at 402 while the inverted data outputs are at 616. A reset input in at 618. Counter 136 is a standard binary counter comprised of flip flops 620, 622 and 624 and has its data output at 626 and 628 to the control logic 128.
FIG. 10 is portion of control circuit 128 having a portion of the error detector 20 therein shown generally at 700 which implements the function of checking to determine if the current octet in number 96, as shown generally in FIG. 2 by block 30. The current octet count on line 402 is decoded at 30, which includes an AND circuit. Other control signals for the decoder functios are generated as shown i.e., generation of octet boundary information and other internal timing and control signals which are coupled internally as illustrated. The signal 706 provides a wider pulse from the comparator 132. The outputs of the block 30 are 702 and 704 which are coupled to the error detector 300 and to the control 128. The various logic inputs and outputs are as shown.
FIG. 11 illustrates additional control logic 128 generally at 800, and includes a portion of the error detector 20 implemented by block 28 of FIG. 2. The counter of FIG. 11 checks to determine if the current octet is octet 95. The current octet number in line 402 is decoded at NAND gate 808. The output of NAND gate 808 on line 802 is th indication of whether the current octet is octet 95 or not. Flip flop 810 finally determines whether there is an error in the 96 octet group, and the iddication of the error is output on line 804, with its inverse indication output on line 806. The output on line 812 is the input signal used to reset VAZO's to "all zeros" by masking bits to gate 125 as shown in FIG. 3. Tee masking signal on line 812 is generated at flip flops 814, 816, and 818. The output of flip flop 820 is an indication of the Z-bit value for the current 96 octet group. Various timing and test connections which are routine logic implementations have not been described in the figures to avoid undue complexity of description.
FIG. 12 illustrates examples of VAZO conditions. FIG. 12(A) shows a string of fifteen zeros. FIG. 12(B) shows an adjacent octet of less than two logic "ones," which is a violation of the ones density criteria. FIG. 12(C) shows two adjacent "all zero" octets, both of which are VAZOs.
FIGS. 13(A), 13(B), and 13(C) show examples of valid VAZO locations at the decoder. If the 13(A) middle octet wrre "all zeros" it would violate the zero string constraint. The octet is shown valid and will be processed. If the middle octet of 13(B) were all zeros it would be a VAZO because it would combine with its following octet to violate the "ones density" requirement. It is a valid VAZO and is processed. FIG. 13(C) illustrates that if octet number 47 contains an address of octet 48, it means that there could have been adjacent "all zero" octets, therefore octet 47 is valid and would be processed. Octet 48 is also a valid location because octet 47 was a valid VAZO.
While the present invention has been described in connection with a preferred embodiement thereof, it is to be understood that additional embodiments, modifications, and applications that wil become apparent to those skilled in the art are included within the spirit and scope of the invention as set forth by the claims appended hereto.
|Cited Patent
|Filing date
|Publication date
|Nov 13, 1986
|May 24, 1988
|Racal Data Communications Inc.
|Zero byte address linked list
|Sep 2, 1986
|May 24, 1988
|Gte Communication Systems Corporation
|Decoding method for T1 line format for CCITT 32K bit per second ADPCM clear channel transmission and 64 KBPS clear channel transmission
|IBM Tech. Disclosure Bull., Glick et al., "Single-Error Correction, Double-Error Detection Code. . .", vol. 15, No. 1, Jun. 1972, pp. 130-134.
|IBM Tech. Disclosure Bull., Glick et al., Single Error Correction, Double Error Detection Code. . . , vol. 15, No. 1, Jun. 1972, pp. 130 134.
|Citing Patent
|Filing date
|Publication date
|Feb 19, 1988
|Sep 19, 1989
|Siemens Transmission Systems, Inc.
|Zero byte time slot interchange (ZBTSI) encoder
|Apr 7, 1993
|Apr 9, 1996
|Sprint Communications Company L.P.
|Error correction and channel restoration apparatus for T1 digital links
|May 24, 1994
|Aug 27, 1996
|Telogy Networks, Inc.
|Adaptive differential pulse code modulation system with transmission error compensation
|Nov 30, 1995
|Nov 19, 1996
|Sprint Communications Co. L.P.
|Intelligent digital signal hitless protection switch
|Feb 20, 1997
|Jan 12, 1999
|Townshend; Brent
|High speed communications system for analog subscriber connections
|Feb 8, 1995
|Sep 25, 2001
|Sprint Communications Company, L. P.
|Automatic restoration of communication channels
|U.S. Classification
|International Classification
|Cooperative Classification
|European Classification
|Aug 26, 1987
Owner name: SIEMENS TRANSMISSION SYSTEMS, INC., 8620 NORTH 22N
Free format text: ASSIGNMENT OF 1/2 OF ASSIGNORS INTEREST;ASSIGNOR:GORSHE, STEVEN S.;REEL/FRAME:004775/0514
Effective date: 19870819
Owner name: SIEMENS TRANSMISSION SYSTEMS, INC.,ARIZONA
Free format text: ASSIGNMENT OF 1/2 OF ASSIGNORS INTEREST;ASSIGNOR:GORSHE, STEVEN S.;REEL/FRAME:004775/0514
Effective date: 19870819
|Jun 1, 1992
|Fee payment
Year of fee payment: 4
|May 22, 1996
|Fee payment
Year of fee payment: 8
|Jul 18, 2000
|Maintenance fee reminder mailed
|Dec 24, 2000
|Lapse for failure to pay maintenance fees
|Feb 27, 2001
|Expired due to failure to pay maintenance fee
Effective date: 20001227


text:
Connor Martin's RV Mayhem
Description: Conor's been partying in the Dental RV while his parents are out. But they'll be back any minute! Clean every room to stay out of trouble, quick!
Category: Action Puzzles
Note: This game requires Adobe Flash Player. If game does not load, try installing the newest Flash Player. This game takes a few seconds to load.
Common Core State Standards:
CCSS.MATH.PRACTICE.MP1 - Make sense of problems and persevere in solving them.
CCSS.MATH.PRACTICE.MP7 - Look for and make use of structure.
Game Spotlight
Play games, win ourWorld money, and get clothing and accessories to create your own style.

subset: commoncrawl


text:
- Manitoba NationTalk
- Ontario NationTalk
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- North of 60 NationTalk
- Saskatchewan NationTalk
- Quebec NationTalk
- Atlantic NationTalk
- Sand Box Site
- Alberta NationTalk
Native Women's Association of Canada Welcomes Jeannette Corbiere-Lavell as new President
Press Release – For Immediate Release
Ottawa, ON (September 28, 2009) – Aboriginal women from coast to coast to coast gathered this past weekend at the Native Women's Association of Canada's (NWAC) 35th Annual General Assembly in Ottawa. Yesterday after two rounds of voting, Jeannette Corbiere-Lavell was elected as the new President of NWAC.President Corbiere-Lavell stated: "I thank all of our grassroots women from our Provincial Territorial Member Associations who endorsed my candidacy. Marilyn Buffalo and Nahanni Fontaine were excellent candidates for the position of President and I thank them for presenting their candidacies. I also thank outgoing President Beverley Jacobs for her five years of service to NWAC.''
NWAC President Jeannette Corbiere-Lavell is a strong Anishinabe woman who hails from Wikwemikong, Ontario. She is a proud mother and grandmother and has previously distinguished herself by leading a Supreme Court challenge of the federal government's system of determining Indian Status, and is the first Anishinabek Nation Commissioner on Citizenship. She is a founding member of the Ontario Native Women's Association and has served NWAC in the past, volunteering as Interim President. President Corbiere-Lavell has worked as a teacher, consultant, and counselor and is the co-author of a book.
"NWAC continues to be the only national voice for Aboriginal women in Canada and I look forward to the work ahead during my three year term to see gains to advance the physical, spiritual, economic and social status of Aboriginal women of Canada," concluded President Corbiere-Lavell.
– 30 –
For further information:
Joshua Kirkey, Communications Advisor
Native Women's Association of Canada
(613) 722-3033 ext. 231, (613) 290-5680 mobile
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text:
Cornwall to Montréal
Marine Forecast
Issued 06:24 PM EDT 31 August 2016
Tonight and Thursday
Wind southwest 10 to 20 knots diminishing to light this evening then becoming westerly 10 to 15 near noon Thursday.
A few showers ending this evening.
Extended Forecast
Issued 06:00 PM EDT 31 August 2016
Friday Wind northerly 15 knots diminishing to light late in the day.
Saturday Wind light.
Sunday Wind light.
Stay connected
Weather Conditions
Zoom-in to make a selection
Land Station
Ice Conditions
No watches or warnings in effect.
Technical Marine SynopsisIssued 3:00 PM EDT 31 August 2016 Tonight and Thursday At 3:00 p.m. EDT today cold front located from Tadoussac to Lake
By 8:00 a.m. EDT Thursday departing cold front located from New
Brunswick to New England.
At 3:00 p.m. EDT today ridge located on a line north-south over
By 8:00 p.m. EDT Thursday ridge located from Hudson Bay to Lake
St. Lawrence - St. Lawrence River Area
- Anticosti
- Beauport to L'Isle-aux-Coudres
- Browns Bank
- Chaleur - Miscou
- Cornwall to Montréal
- Donnacona to Beauport
- Fundy
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- Gulf - Magdalen
- Kingston to Cornwall
- Lake Memphrémagog - northern half
- Lake Nipissing
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- L'Isle-aux-Coudres to Tadoussac
- Montréal to Trois-Rivières
- Northumberland Strait
- Pointe à Michel to Pointe-des-Monts
- Pointe-des-Monts to Anticosti - northern half
- Pointe-des-Monts to Anticosti - southern half
- Richelieu River and Northern Lake Champlain
- Saguenay to Tadoussac
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- Trois-Rivières to Donnacona
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Open AccessThis article is
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Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2011, 12(1), 114-127; doi:10.3390/ijms12010114
Behavioral Impairment and Oxidative Damage Induced by Chronic Application of Nonylphenol
1 School of Environment Science and Spatial Informatics, China University of Mining and Technology, Xuzhou 221008, Jiangsu, China 2 Key Laboratory for Biotechnology on Medicinal Plants of Jiangsu Province, School of Life Science, Xuzhou Normal University, Xuzhou 221116, Jiangsu, China
* Author to whom correspondence should be addressed.
Received: 5 November 2010 / Revised: 20 December 2010 / Accepted: 28 December 2010 / Published: 30 December 2010
(This article belongs to the Section Molecular Toxicology)
View Full-Text | Download PDF [434 KB, uploaded 19 June 2014] |
AbstractNonylphenol (NP) is a degradation product of nonylphenol polyethoxylates, which are widely used in the production of industrial and consumer surfactants. The aim of the present study was to evaluate the effect of NP on the antioxidant capacity and cognitive ability of mice. NP was given orally by gavages at doses of 0, 50, 100, and 200 mg kg−1 d−1 for 90 days. The results showed that NP significantly decreased the activity of superoxide dismutases (SOD), catalase (CAT), glutathione peroxidase (GPx), and glutathione reductase (GR) and at the same time increased malondialdehyde (MDA) levels in mice brains. Exploration, memory function and ability to learn a novel task were significantly decreased in NP fed mice. These results indicate that chronic high dose of NP exposure has the potential to generate oxidative stress and induce the cognitive impairment in male mice.
Keywords: nonylphenol; brain; oxidative stress; behavior impairment
This is an open access article distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY 3.0).
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Mao, Z.; Zheng, Y.-L.; Zhang, Y.-Q. Behavioral Impairment and Oxidative Damage Induced by Chronic Application of Nonylphenol. Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2011, 12, 114-127.View more citation formats
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Mao Z, Zheng Y-L, Zhang Y-Q. Behavioral Impairment and Oxidative Damage Induced by Chronic Application of Nonylphenol. International Journal of Molecular Sciences. 2011; 12(1):114-127.Chicago/Turabian Style
Mao, Zhen; Zheng, Yuan-Lin; Zhang, Yan-Qiu. 2011. "Behavioral Impairment and Oxidative Damage Induced by Chronic Application of Nonylphenol." Int. J. Mol. Sci. 12, no. 1: 114-127.
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text:
- Report: #131449
Report - Rebuttal - Arbitrate
Complaint Review: Urban Florist
Urban Floristurrbanflroist.com Internet U.S.A.
Urban Florist ripoff did not deliver Valentine's Day flowers Internet
*Author of original report: Finally Delivered
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This report was posted on Ripoff Report on 02/15/2005 12:17 PM and is a permanent record located here: http://www.ripoffreport.com/r/Urban-Florist/internet/Urban-Florist-ripoff-did-not-deliver-Valentines-Day-flowers-Internet-131449. The posting time indicated is Arizona local time. Arizona does not observe daylight savings so the post time may be Mountain or Pacific depending on the time of year.
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Islamic Student Association (ISA)
The Islamic Student Association (ISA) plans many activities to help spread an understanding about Islam. The Islamic Cultural Celebration normally occurs in April. The week-long celebration includes events such as speakers, cultural programs, and a culminating dinner. In addition, we plan trips to art museums in Washington, D.C. and local mosques. If you are looking to learn something new while having a good time, ISA is for you. We always have a lot of fun and are always willing to help people understand Islam.
To contact ISA, please email firstname.lastname@example.com.
President: Mariam Ansari, email@example.com
Vice President: Mariam Khan, email@example.com
Treasurer: Habiba Noor, firstname.lastname@example.com
Secretary: Asma Noman, firstname.lastname@example.com
Publicist: Samira Kharikhawa, email@example.com
Historian: Huma Javaid, email@example.com


text:
Hourly - Entry Level ($) - Est. Time: More than 6 months, 10-30 hrs/week - PostedSkills: Translation English Croatian
We are looking for a dynamic native speaker of Croatian as a Community Manager on Twoo.com. Job description: * Responsible for translations, online customer support (Helpdesk) and moderation (abuse handling); * Single point of contact for our members Are you a freelancer, a native speaker of Croatian, passionate about social media and interested in establishing a long-term cooperation with us? Do leave me a message and include a Croatian cover letter. You will be paid per hour. Please mention your rate per hour when contacting me. Kind regards, Eveline Vermaesen Assistant Community Director


text:
Radiation Oncology Home | Services & Technology | Respiratory Gating
Radiation Oncology
Services & Technology
Respiratory Gating – 4-Dimensional CT
The body does not always remain still during treatment, and for precise treatment of tumors of the lung or abdomen, even normal breathing can present a challenge. In these cases, the four-dimensional CT scanner with respiratory gating technology addresses tumor motion during the process of radiation planning. Movements of the tumor can be taken into account, so the radiation beams can encompass the tumor in all phases of the breathing cycle.
Four-Dimensional CT Scanner (4D CT)
Motion Artifacts In Patients Can Be Addressed With 4D CT


text:
Hi all,
Basically, some of my elements are in different places than I expect when viewed with IE - firefox is fine.
Examples include the H2 for single page items getting pushed to center alignment and the comments getting bumped across the page to the wrong place.
This URL shows both issues, any help appreciated!


text:
Illinois Public Media
All articles tagged Champaign County Coroner
One Dead, Another Seriously Injured In Champaign Shootings
Worker Dies After Fall At Rantoul Plant
Coroner: Champaign Couple May Have Died Of Carbon Monoxide Poisoning
Body Found In Crystal Lake Identified
Coroner Identifies Victim in Tuesday Night Shooting
Woman Dies in Fall from Campustown High-Rise
Page 1 of 1 pages
WILL Highlights
ART/BTS wins 2 Tellys
For the second year in a row, the web series brought home both a Silver and Bronze Telly award.
The 21st
21st century radio for the 21st state. Weekdays at 11 am on WILL-AM 580.
2015 Illinois Public Media Annual Report
Our 12-page Annual Report with highlights of Illinois Public Media's activities in 2015.


text:
Michigan Lawmakers Vote to Eliminate Gas Sales Tax
Updated: 09/06/2005 - The Michigan House votes unanimously to give the Governor the power to eliminate the sales tax on gasoline. The bill now goes to the state Senate.
Updated: 09/06/2005 - The Michigan House votes unanimously to give the Governor the power to eliminate the sales tax on gasoline. The bill now goes to the state Senate.
Updated: 09/05/2005 - Wolverine fans raise $40,000 before Saturday's game.
Updated: 08/30/2005 - General Motors CEO Rick Wagoner says the company will miss earnings estimates for 2005, but he says the problems are being fixed.
Updated: 08/19/2005 - State schools are showing progress in reading, writing, and math skills.
Updated: 08/17/2005 - Unemployment in the state edges up to seven percent in July.
Updated: 08/17/2005 - Economists say the state of Michigan will be getting millions of dollars more than expected, but it will have a limited impact.
Updated: 08/17/2005 - A sluggish economy and high gas prices are delivering a one-two punch to the states tourism industry.
Posted: 08/15/2005 - $1.1 billion is coming to Michigan to improve the state's roadways.
Updated: 08/10/2005 - Back to school means updating your child's immunizations.
Updated: 08/10/2005 - A plan to put public school employees into a single health insurance pool is criticized by unions.
Updated: 08/09/2005 - The number two automakers is cutting marketing jobs in five cities as part of a cost saving move.
Updated: 08/04/2005 - Lansing area phone companies are among the Michigan companies that will be allowed to set their own rates following a decision by the state's Public Service Commission.
Updated: 08/03/2005 - The number one automaker will be sinking $30 million into the van assembly plant.
Updated: 08/02/2005 - Governor Granholm says her trip to Japan will result in dozens of new jobs and millions of dollars in investments in Michigan.
Updated: 08/02/2005 - Ford reports a double-digit sales increase due to its employee discount program.
Updated: 07/28/2005 - Lansing employment levels stay the same in June, but mixed in other parts of the state.
Updated: 07/27/2005 - UP tourism businesses say July has been slow.
Updated: 07/27/2005 - There was no winner in the latest Mega Millions drawing.
Updated: 07/27/2005 - The Employee Discount Plan gave sales a huge boost, but it's about to end.
Updated: 07/25/2005 - Governor Granholm is pitching our state during meetings in Japan.
Updated: 07/21/2005 - MSU's Board of Trustees have approved a two-tiered increase.
Updated: 07/21/2005 - The formalities are over. Now the work of coming up with new labor agreements is starting.
Updated: 07/20/2005 - Governor Granholm has moved her policy director over to run the Department of Management and Budget.
Updated: 07/19/2005 - The governor has signed legislation that will allow pharmacists to do business by mail.
Updated: 07/19/2005 - Profits for the number two automaker were down 19 percent from a year ago, but it is taking steps to be more profitable.


text:
4 days only: Refurbished D600 $1439.96 at Nikon Store
Received an email from Nikon this morning, they are offering 10% off and free ground shipping on everything in Nikon Store Outlet, which appears to be all refurbished items.
I wonder if the retailers will offer similar or better deals.
The fine print from Nikon:
"Offer valid May 24, 2013 at 12:00 A.M. ET through May 27, 2013 at 11:59 P.M. ET. Offer valid only in the 50 United States and the District of Columbia. "
Link to D600: http://shop.nikonusa.com/store/nikonusa/pd/productID.281556900
Link to Nikon Store Outlet: http://shop.nikonusa.com/store/nikonusa/en_US/home/ThemeID.27720500
Best regards,
#1. "RE: 4 days only: Refurbished D600 $1439.96 at Nikon Store" | In response to Reply # 0AbePak Registered since 22nd May 2013Fri 24-May-13 05:24 PM
Dang that's a good deal. I just ordered a refurb body from Cameta the other day for the $1599 price and they already shipped it out T_T. Thought about sending it back and ordering it from the Nikon site.
Cameta didn't add any tax, but Nikon's charging 129.60 for tax. Ends up being about a $30 difference for me. With Cameta's better warranty, I guess I'll just keep it. Not worth saving $30 to go through the hassle. If I had this sale before I ordered though...
Wish Cameta did some sort of price guarantee like Best Buy. Guess I'll keep an eye on Cameta's prices for the next few days and see if the sale reflects on their page too.


text:
Pete Yorn
~ Person
Peter Joseph "Pete" Yorn (born July 27, 1974) is an American singer-songwriter, guitarist and drummer who first gained international recognition after his debut record, Musicforthemorningafter, was released to critical and commercial acclaim in 2001. He is known for playing the bulk of the instruments on his records.
Showing official release groups by this artist. Show all release groups instead, or show various artists release groups.


text:
After an initial struggle getting the correct authorization codes from Twitter, this plugin worked great...for about 3 weeks. Then for no apparent reason, it simply quit. I re-installed and created a new app, but still no go.
Opened a support ticket, but received no response, so I had to uninstall and find a different solution.


text:
You love the outdoors. You love Virginia State Parks. Sign up for Trail Quest and be rewarded just for visiting them.
You'll earn five unique and attractive pins. Get one for your first park visit and others after visiting 5, 10, 20 and all parks. The whole family can participate so each family member can sign up for Trail Quest and start earning pins now. (Children without an email account may use a parent's.)
Visit a Virginia State Park and, after the visit, log into the State Park Adventures page, select the name of the park you visited, pick "Trail Quest" and record the date of the visit. If you've also joined the Geocaching Game, record having found the park's cache at the same time. The app keeps track of your progress, and you will receive email confirmation, too.


text:
- Report: #279488
Report - Rebuttal - Arbitrate
Complaint Review: CASTLE RESORTS INTERNATIONAL
CASTLE RESORTS INTERNATIONAL775 Warner Lane Orlando, Florida U.S.A.
CASTLE RESORTS INTERNATIONAL-AUTUMN LEA-WALTER FOWLER CASTLE RESORTS INTERNATIONAL LETTING OUT TIMESHARE Orlando Florida
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Paid USD 895 and signed contract to let out getaways, have been trying to contact them since july as according to contract had to write every 60days to continue with service
sent several emails to Autumn lea but never had reply phoned numerous times but now no answer
Wish we had looked into this more when we originally dealt with Castle Resorts as we wouldn,t have been taken for a USD895 ride.
United Kingdom
This report was posted on Ripoff Report on 10/18/2007 08:36 AM and is a permanent record located here: http://www.ripoffreport.com/r/CASTLE-RESORTS-INTERNATIONAL/Orlando-Florida-32803/CASTLE-RESORTS-INTERNATIONAL-AUTUMN-LEA-WALTER-FOWLER-CASTLE-RESORTS-INTERNATIONAL-LETTING-279488. The posting time indicated is Arizona local time. Arizona does not observe daylight savings so the post time may be Mountain or Pacific depending on the time of year.
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text:
9 Parks near Lubbock, Texas
Ransom Canyon, Texas 10.26 miles SE
Wolfforth, Texas 10.84 miles SW
Shallowater, Texas 11.32 miles NW
Lubbock, Texas (map) | (806) 747-3353
Sites: 74 | Latest Rate: $30.00 | 5 Reviews
|Clean Restrooms:
|Clean Showers:
Jun 2015 - $30.00
Not a great place to stay. The main campground is A and B. Those sites were very close and didn't look too level. There was a live band playing on stage both days we were there. We stayed in campground S, which is across the lake from A and B. The music was at a comfortable level for us, but we were ACROSS the lake!! Would have been miserable to be stuck on that side. Note - this was not a publicized concert. We had no idea of the band until they fired up on Friday.
We would stay there again, but only on the S side. Also, this park DOES NOT take reservations, so for us we drive 2 hours with no guarantee of what is available when we get there.
Lake bottom is nasty, gooey mud that will stick you up to your knees. The S sites are right on the water, so not a bad place if you are just using the RV as a base camp for boats or jet skis. No picnic tables or shade included with your site, just a grassy parking spot. Our site was fairly level, but many others were so far off that they couldn't even get close to leveling their trailers. We did get rain, and most of the spots got really muddy, but it is lakefront so that's expected. We stayed in a fifth wheel. We would probably stay there again, just due to location, but definitely not high on my list to go back to. - rm0852
Aug 2014 - $35.00
This place is a dump and they don't care. It stays pretty full with locals during summer weekends and that is all they care about. They told me that most of the sewer connections don't work (don't know if they know which do and which don't). Lots of parties (rude, loud, drunks) and trashy grounds are about all it has to offer. - kenlea98
Apr 2014 - $35.00
This place is horrible. The pictures are clearly Photoshopped. The pull-throughs you share on some, and they are very tight. People are allowed to park wherever they want to, and if that means they want your front yard area, they take it. Trash everywhere, food thrown on ground. I will stay in a motel before I stay in this dump. Avoid it, not worth the money. - chicosmom
Lubbock, Texas (map) | (806) 792-4348
Sites: 101 | Latest Rate: $30.00 | 62 Reviews
|Clean Restrooms:
|Clean Showers:
Aug 2016 - $30.00
Concrete pads with full hook-ups. Picnic tables provided. Some shaded areas. Close to loop so traffic can be heard, depending upon which area of park you are located. Well maintained. While there is a "quiet time" posted, it was not enforced during our visit. - MamaLyn
Jul 2016 - $30.00
So, I made reservations 60 days out. They did not have those upon arrival. There was a softball tourney in town & park was full. Attendant acted as if he was doing me a favor finding a spot.
There are other parks around. Find one of those. I will not stay here again and do not recommend even as a stop-over. - dwade
Jun 2016 - $27.00
The owners were pleasant and recommended attractions that are not highlighted in the tourist books.
Although we didn't use any of the facilities the park appeared to be very well maintained. The lots, although narrow, are level and paved. We had a pull-through site and had no difficulty in or out. Sites had a picnic table but no fire ring. There was no shade.
However, the park is next to a very busy frontage road to a very busy highway and was extremely noisy all afternoon, evening, and night. Also, park is next to a large mall. For that reason we decided to move on after one night and to give an average review. - daviputnam
Lubbock, Texas (map) | (806) 762-8653
Sites: 90 | Latest Rate: $36.00 | 37 Reviews
|Clean Restrooms:
|Clean Showers:
Aug 2016 - $36.00
We have stayed here overnight many times in the past 10 years as we come and go on our travels. It's very convenient with limited 50A service but a few pull-thru spaces long enough to stay hitched up. Just watch the weather as it can get nasty in this part of Texas. - Shadowberr
Jun 2015 - $31.00
Park was good for an overnite stop. Low water pressure. Nice indoor pool.
Helpful staff. Nothing exceptional. - CAPage
Mar 2015 - $34.00
Typical KOA. Lots of room for slides and to park truck. No trouble with any of utilities. - cdogdad
Lubbock, Texas (map) | (806) 747-2366
Sites: 88 | Latest Rate: $29.00 | 55 Reviews
|Clean Restrooms:
|Clean Showers:
Jun 2016 - $29.00
50 amp did not work properly and it took us over an hour to discover that it was their outlet that was messed up. Could have really caused problems in our RV if we hadn't realized it wasn't our rig that had issues. Gravel road we were told to pull out of was too narrow for our 40 ft rig to navigate causing problems pulling out. We scraped the side of the RV w/ a concrete block "fence" in one space and had to move the timbers in order to get out. The roads are not big rig friendly especially if you are towing. - Texascheetah
May 2016 - $26.00
Noisy! Park is located across the highway from the airport and at night is on the direct approach path of helicopters. ALL NIGHT helo take offs and landings.
Staff was very friendly, pool was clean, sites were concrete, wide and mostly level, decent playground. There were some shade trees. You get a coupon for WiFi upon check-in that is good for 1 device for 24 hours, after that you can purchase the WiFi. Couldn't connect even after calling the support number. - pokeynpepper
Sep 2015 - $27.00
This is a pretty, nice sized park with lots of shade trees. There is no cable but no parks in the area offer it. The sites are nice with a concrete pad, although the turns are a little tight if towing. The owner is super nice. We would definitely stop again when traveling through the area. The only negative to some might be the noise level of the birds who roost in the trees at night, although they do quiet down when it gets dark. We did not mind them and in fact, our cats were fascinated. - johnanann
Lubbock, Texas (map) | (806) 792-6477
Sites: 187 | Latest Rate: $25.00 | 28 Reviews
|Clean Restrooms:
|Clean Showers:
Mar 2016 - $25.00
This is a nice spot to stay if visiting Lubbock, TX. The city has grown out around the campground so you are close to everything but it is still quiet in the campground. There are many permanent sites here but they are well kept and no trashy campers. The over night sites are right by the office, pull thru sites with FHU. It looked like there are only a few overnight sites so be sure to call ahead and they will save one for you. AT&T cell and data worked great and Verizon WiFi did too. Ask at the office about WiFi and since you are close to the office they will give you their code to log on and you should be able to get it at your campsite. - jhav
Jan 2016 - $20.00
We are staying here short term from December 2015 and plan to stay until May 2016 to visit family. The rate is $230/Month + electricity. There is no cable or WiFi, but we have our own satellite dish and WiFi hot spot, so we didn't notice too much. The Campground is located near everything and still very quiet. The people are friendly and very helpful. We didn't end up with the site we reserved for some reason, so we have no trees, but everything else is good. - The Mastens
Sep 2015 - $25.00
Camelot is a perfect place to stay while in Lubbock. We stayed two weeks this visit. The staff makes everything happen in the office! She helped us with some reservations and not having us relocate to another spot. We always enjoy our stay while attending the Texas Tech football games. Clean, maintained grounds and friendly office equals a 10 in our book! - sfaunt
7531 US-84 Shallowater, Texas 79363 (map) | 806-790-4612
Sites: 2 | Latest Rate: $25.00 | 1 Reviews
|Clean Restrooms:
|Clean Showers:
May 2016 - $25.00
We spent one night in a 44-footer with slide-outs and a tow. Richards RV is a small, quiet family-owned RV park a few miles northwest of Lubbock. Most of the residents are long term, but there are two pull-through sites in the front of the park for overnight stays. Both sites are level, partially shaded, easy in/easy out, very spacious and can accommodate any size RV. There is no cable or WiFi, but the rate is reasonable and the location is very convenient if you are traveling along US-84. - Carolynp
Wolfforth, Texas (map) | (806) 773-3135
Sites: 72 | Latest Rate: $32.00 | 45 Reviews
|Clean Restrooms:
|Clean Showers:
Jun 2016 - $32.00
A solid 8+ park just on the outskirts of Lubbock. Level, easy access and reasonably long pull thrus. Very wide interior roads. Number of long term residents but all was clean and orderly. Would definitely stay here again when in Lubbock. - AZJC
May 2016 - $35.00
Campground sits off four lane highway. Traffic noise is minimal. If you are unfamiliar with the "highway loop" system you may have some difficulty exiting highway system to locate entrance (it is on the service road). This campground is in close proximity to our family living in Lubbock, and we do stay here multiple times a year. The park does have minimal tree shade. It also does offer long-term stays. - MamaLyn
Apr 2016 - $18.00
Easy access coming from the west off 62 E If you are heading thru Lubbock. Full service. We stop here every year heading north. Good place to stop and rest. - Barber1998
14006 CR 1420 Wolfforth, Texas 79382 (map) | 806-241-4015
Sites: 30 | Latest Rate: $25.00 | 1 Reviews
|Clean Restrooms:
|Clean Showers:
Sep 2015 - $25.00
Fairly new park with basic amenities and asphalt sites. Back in. Friendly staff. Good park for overnight or base for Lubbock activities. Open area with no trees. Park is only about a year old and the owners are developing all the time. Would stay here again. Probably best to call ahead to get directions to park. - twocoots
Slaton, Texas (map) | (806) 828-3311
Sites: 66 | Latest Rate: $29.00 | 38 Reviews
|Clean Restrooms:
|Clean Showers:
Aug 2016 - $29.00
Stayed for one night while passing through the area. An excellent spot for an overnight stay. All staff that we came in contact with were friendly and helpful. We were in a pull-through that was gravel. Clean, long enough for 40' TH and truck. Water, sewer, cable, and electric worked well. Didn't try the wifi. There is a small dog run. No highway noise (surprising). There was some noise from trains, but we were enjoying sleeping with the windows open so no complaints. Recommend if you're passing through the area and need an overnight. - FireFlyer
Jul 2016 - $29.00
Stayed here for one night. This park is a fine stopover for a trip. They did have cable TV. The did advertise WiFi, but it was pretty much nonexistent at our site. The park was easy to locate on and off the highway. We did hear a few trains during the night, but with the A/C on it was not too bad. - Gtown
Jul 2016 - $29.00
We spent 1 night at Twin Pine when passing through Slaton. Easy to find location, with easy in/out pull-through. Definitely not a "destination" but is good stop over point if you are traveling through this part of Texas. Customer service was great and the we had no issues. We will stay again the next time we pass through. - cgaskins


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WhatsApp Launches Desktop Apps
WhatsApp on Tuesday launched desktop apps for Windows and Mac. The new apps are available for download via the company's site and are compatible with devices running Windows 8, and devices running Mac OS 10.9 and above.
With the launch of desktop apps, WhatsApp is now available across all popular platforms in app form. WhatsApp's desktop apps have been released almost 14 months after the company launched WhatsApp Web that initially marked the debut of the popular messaging app on non-mobile platforms.
KFC's Come Up With This Remarkable Method To Beat The Plastic Ban In Karnataka
If you can't get enough out of every KFC meal you buy, here is some good news. The US fried chicken chain is all set to introduce edible packaging by this week in India, reports The Economic Times.
So now after you're done eating the food you've ordered, you can also eat up the container in which it is served since it will be made of tortilla, the Mexican version of our rotis. And the best part – there's no extra cost for the 'extra' item.
WhatsApp Allows Text Formatting – Bold and Italics
The latest version of WhatsApp for Android, which you can download from the source link below, allows basic text formatting – bold and italics. For those who love to decorate their text on messenger, this could be a big deal. If you want to bold any text in your message, simply surround it with asterisks. For example, text written as "I'm the *greatest*", will be displayed as "I'm the greatest". If you want to italicize any text, wrap it with underscores. That is "I'm the _greatest_" would display as "I'm the greatest".
The nice thing about the new text formatting is that the decorated text retains its formatting on the notification panel as well. Other common effects such as strike through and coloring the text aren't available yet. FWIW, the sender name will now appear bolded on the notification panel.
WhatsApp bumps up group member limit to 256
The world's most popular instant messaging app – WhatsApp – just got a minor update that many users would be happy about. WhatsApp has now updated its app to support more than 100 members within a group. The app now allows for up to 256 members to be added to a WhatsApp group. And while casual users will be happy, there are others who would be happy with this news as well.
Seems like WhatsApp is giving its users (or group admins) more reasons to stick around on its platform. While this is not a big deal for many (apart from the fact that group conversations will now get more meaningless), there is this other group of people that are currently using WhatsApp as a platform to run their business.
Users and admins are selling everything from outfits to accessories and even using the same for advertising down to carpooling groups and more. WhatsApp groups have grown in number and an additional 156 group members seems to make the deal even sweeter for such group admins.


text:
Current time: 0:00Total duration: 13:33
0 energy points
Conversation about drug pricing
Dr. Laurence Baker talks to Sal about how drug prices are set. Created by Sal Khan.
If you're seeing this message, it means we're having trouble loading external resources for Khan Academy.
If you're behind a web filter, please make sure that the domains *.kastatic.org and *.kasandbox.org are unblocked.


text:
Lula BellaShared publicly -
Thumbs up! A police officer helping a family in need .... who woulda thunk ... happens every day because police officers know it's part of the job. They dedicate their lives to doing the right thing and serving their communities.
Cop Was Confused When Woman Asked This Strange Question - Then He Saw What Was Behind Her : PatriotUpdate.com #patriotupdate @patriotupdate
In Obama's America, police officers are constantly portrayed as the enemy. This story, however, proves that they are kind, brave men and women who are just trying to serve the people of this country. When Deputy Brian Bussell entered the Butler County, Ohio, jail on Sunday morning, he quickly knew that something was amiss. "I know …
16 comments
Yes I'm watching sports, but teams aren't going the way I want them to 😄 This is time of year when we watch baseball and football. Don't have time for other sports ... I don't watch whole game if my team is getting their butts wupped 😄. Fall is in the air so it's getting cooler. We had a rainstorm ... we got a whopping .38 inch rain. Meanwhile eastern US is flooding. In southern California there was a mudslide on major highway ... cars all but buried ... big semi trucks stuck in mud up to their windows. Amazing ... glad l am not in that. Off to do chores ... have a good week 😎
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text:
In Theaters This Week See all
Watch at Home This Week See all
Illumination Entertainment chief Chris Meledandri has acquired rights to turn the Uglydoll franchise into an animated feature film. Universal Pictures and Illumination will develop the film.
Source: Deadline Chris Meledandri's Illumination To Turn Uglydoll Into Animated Film


text:
Villa del Arco - $3,500.00. GUARANTEED TOP FLOOR- WITH FABULOUS VIEW OF LANDS END. This is a FIXED WEEK/ROOM! Week 51. Don't pay Expedia/Hotels.com/ Travelocity Holiday prices.
Tropical Paradise with Guaranteed top floor (Unit 1705) view overlooking world famous Land's End. Short walk to town & restaurants. Premium Christmas Week - Festivities. This suite sleeps a maximum of 4 adults and is ...
Jul 27 -
San Francisco Bay Area :
Gilroy - Vacation rentals
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- Report: #323088
Report - Rebuttal - Arbitrate
Complaint Review: Lewis And Associates
Lewis And Associateswww.Lewis & Associates.com Phoenix, Arizona U.S.A.
Lewis Foreclosure Mediaion Service Scammed me out of $995.00 for foreclosure mediation Phoenix arizona
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I want my money back. I am going on the band wagon with the rest of the people who have been scamed out of their money and contact the attorney generals office.
they know that they have not did one thing for me but scamm me out of $995.00. it is such a shame when people take advantage of someone when they are desperate and down in the dumps. we are already loosing our homes we certanly did not need to be scammed by this low life company
If any one is doing a class action law suit or any kind of law suit againt this company please include me in.
Scammed in Chicago
calumet city, Illinois
This report was posted on Ripoff Report on 04/02/2008 09:32 AM and is a permanent record located here: http://www.ripoffreport.com/r/Lewis-And-Associates/Phoenix-Arizona/Lewis-Foreclosure-Mediaion-Service-Scammed-me-out-of-99500-for-foreclosure-mediation-Pho-323088. The posting time indicated is Arizona local time. Arizona does not observe daylight savings so the post time may be Mountain or Pacific depending on the time of year.
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text:
Hi guys,
I made my own theme for WP a few days ago, and I've been tweaking it since. Today I noticed that when I try to insert an image in a post, it doesn't display properly. You can see what I mean over at my site - here.
I seen someone else with this same problem, they solved it by removing the floats on the image styles. However, when I do this I lose all ability to align and wrap my images with the text.
Anyone have ideas as to how I can solve this and get them displaying properly? You can look at my stylesheet here.
Thanks for any help.


text:
shoppers recently viewed this!
Louis Vuitton
Saphir Epi Cosmetic Pouch
- Color:
- blue
Qty: 1
- 1
- 2
- 3
Description: Saphir Epi Cosmetic Pouch
- Exterior condition: Never carried
- Interior condition: Pristine
- Epi (grained) leather
- Silver brass hardware
- Blue grained leather interior lining with one open pocket
- Top zipper closure
- This item comes with a dustbag, retail UPC, and LV card
- This product was sourced for Gilt by a trusted independent supplier
Measurements: Body length 6.7", height 4.7", width 2.4"
Please note that this is a previously owned item; imperfections are a unique aspect of vintage product.
Our quality control team has inspected this item and verified that it is in the condition described.
Material: Epi leather
Brand: Louis Vuitton
Origin: Spain


text:
RE: "CUDOS" FOR MS. DENISE BOSTIC - HESS GAS STATION ATTENDANT AT ELMWOOD/CLINTON, ROCHESTER, NY LOCATION: This Hess Gas Station is only 5 minutes away from where I work, so I purchase gas there regularly. But more than for the location convenience, I continue to patronize this particular Hess station in anticipation of being greeted by the wonderful, uplifting friendliness, warm welcoming smile, pleasant personality and professionalism of your Station Attendant, MS. DENISE BOSTIC! Denise is truly a very valuable human resource asset and is to be highly commended for the marvelous manner in which she always represents Hess. Gwendolyn Dorsey Rochester, NY E-Mail: revgwen70@rochester,rr.com
Rochester Anthonys Sunoco
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I've been going to Norm's Culver Auto for over 10 years now. If they weren't good and fair, I wouldn't keep going back for this long. They stand beh…
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I've had work done at this place before, without any issues. I asked them for an estimate for a fuel line replacement....the place charged me for th…
8. Sunoco
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I've been going to Norm's Culver Auto for over 10 years now. If they weren't good and fair, I wouldn't keep going back for this long. They stand behind their work and are very affordable. They also have the lowest labor rate in town. Thanks.
courteous and professional. A good neighborhood grocery and gas station. Always willing to be of help to customers, store is real clean and heavily stocked. I have never tasted their food but I have heard that the wings are the Joint!!!!


text:
follow up
verb + object + adverb, verb + adverb + object
See parent entry: → follow
- (case)Mr Simpson promised to follow the matter up
darle seguimiento ael señor Simpson me prometió que investigaría el asuntoI have an idea for an article that you may like to follow uptengo una idea para un artículo que quizás quieras desarrollar
Definition of follow up in:
Grammar and usage help for Spanish:
American English: /ˈfɑloʊ ˌəp/ British English: /ˈfɒləʊʌp/
- 1 countable (sequel) he was urged to write a follow-up to his novelle instaron a escribir una continuación de su novela(before noun) she sent a follow-up lettermandó una segunda ( or tercera etc. ) cartaExample sentences
- It's terribly easy to criticise a follow-up to a massive success but I can only be honest and say that it hardly made me laugh at all.
- A follow-up to his debut play The Land Of Cakes, premiered here last year, the new piece is based on his BBC radio series The Aberdee Brief.
- As a follow-up to the IMDb records post a few days ago, who has the earliest birth date listed on IMDb?
- 2 uncountable (further treatment, action) (before noun) follow-up careatención (feminine) postoperatoria ( or durante la convalecencia etc. )follow-up studyestudio (masculine) complementarioExample sentences
Example sentences
- The follow-up question was contingent upon the answer to the first question.
- It was announced that the discussion will continue in a follow-up session.
- A follow-up study last year showed the same 700 Leeds children continued to gain weight after starting secondary school.
- She said it was a follow-up to his visit for the back spasms.
Definition of follow up in:
What do you find interesting about this word or phrase?
Comments that don't adhere to our Community Guidelines may be moderated or removed.
Grammar and usage help for Spanish:
= trending


text:
Codes of Ethics in Tourism
Practice, Theory, Synthesis
Not available
(If any tax is payable it will be calculated and shown at checkout.)
Preview (read now) Add to my own site Add to my wishlist Author's page Publisher's page
With ethics fast becoming a mainstay in tourism studies and the tourism industry in general, this volume provides a timely and intensive look at the theory and practice of codes of ethics in tourism. While the book includes a broad overview of what has been done to date in tourism studies in the area of code development and implementation, it ranges much more widely to incorporate theoretical work from outside the tourism field. This interdisciplinary approach serves two essential purposes. First, it furnishes the study of tourism codes of ethics with a theoretical foundation, which up to the present has been lacking. Second, it affords tourism scholars the opportunity to investigate codes in tourism from a multiplicity of perspectives, with direct relevance to the industry at many levels.
Channel View Publications; Read online
Title: Codes of Ethics in Tourism
Author: David A. Fennell; David Malloy
Title: Codes of Ethics in Tourism
Author: David A. Fennell; David Malloy
Buy, download and read Codes of Ethics in Tourism (eBook) by David A. Fennell; David Malloy today!
More Business
It's Your Ship 2007 US$ 14.99
Thinking, Fast and Slow 2011 US$ 9.99 352 pages
Getting Things Done 2015 US$ 9.99 288 pages
2600 Phrases for Effective Performance Reviews 2005 US$ 10.95 254 pages
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text:
DeSoto Gallery
DeSoto HS
Photo: Juan Guajardo
Desoto senior center Chelsea Gardner (5) and junior guard Bryce Owens (12) fight for the ball with Wakeland senior guard Haley Texada (21) during the 71st Dallas ISD Invitational Basketball Tournament on Dec. 29, 2010 at Davis Field House in Dallas.
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The section "Changing Images and Realities of Aging" in Chapter 1 presents societal issues that are likely to become increasingly obvious over the next 30 years. Which of the following statements from this section is an assumption rather than an inference or an observation? Circle the letter of the best answer, and explain why it is the best answer and why each other answer is not as good.
A. Ageism has been said to arise from a "deep and profound dread of growing old," (Butler, 1987, p. 22).
B. The population of the United States at the end of the first half of the 21st century will look quite different from today's population.
C. Because many adults remain vigorous and active into their seventies, eighties, and beyond, it is becoming harder to tell where middle age leaves off and old age begins.
D. By 2025, the 60-plus age group will amount to fully one quarter of the people in economically developed portions of the world.
E. Asians are less likely to live with their children than they were in the past.


text:
A.W. (Bill) Smith is a well-recognized retirement-planning authority. With a thirty plus year professional legacy of industry-leading accomplishments, Bill has received national attention since 1986, as one of the top three financial consultants in America. As President of A.W. Smith & Associates, the company enjoys a registered membership in the National Ethics Association (NEA). Bill is a Registered Financial Consultant (RFC) and a Certified Estate Planner (CEP).[Read more…]
Articles and Reports
Advanced Retirement Solutions
Most of the wealth accumulated for retirement occurs in retail banks, brokerage firms or credit unions. While this provides a ...
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The 11 Biggest Retirement Mistakes
"Do You Know If You Are Going to Make Mistakes Many Retirees May Make…that Could Cost You a Fortune and ...
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The Retirement Savings Drain
The Hidden and Excessive Costs of 401(K)s by Robert Hiltonsmith About Dēmos Dēmos is a non-partisan public policy research and ...
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Call Bill Smith for an Appointment Today!
Learn how to optimize your Social Security payments now!
We are a full service, retirement planning company providing retirement and legacy planning to families nearing or already enjoying retirement. [Read more…]


text:
I have been trying for two weeks to increase my upload size limits. I've followed all instructions and still cannot get past 8mb. Blue Host is now telling me this:
"to increase the upload limit, with worpress 3.0.4 it's now done inside the wordpress dashboard -- make sure that the username you're logging in with is a super administrator. So you'll just login to the wordpress dashboard as a super administrator > click the "Options" menu and scroll to the bottom. There under the "Upload Settings" section you have to update both the "Site upload space" and "Max upload file size" to something higher than the values set in your PHP.INI file."
I cannot find the "Options" menu so I'm assuming that I'm not logged on as the "super admin". Can someone please help.
Thank you!


text:
Juniors-Seniors open season May 28
Gothenburg's Legion baseball teams open the 2014 campaign next Wednesday at Ogallala.
The Seniors are scheduled for 20 games while the Juniors will play 18.
The Killer B's have an 11-game schedule.
The Melons face a heavy road schedule early with six straight games away from home.
Gothenburg will compete in the west division of the Mid-Nebraska Baseball League. Other members of the division are Holdrege, Lexington, Cozad, Ogallala, Broken Bow and McCook.
The east division includes St. Paul, Minden, Aurora, Hastings, Kearney, Grand Island and Central City.
Managers and coaches for the teams this year include:
Seniors—Matt Ostergard, manager; Mark Bartels and Curtis Ostendorf, coaches.
Juniors—Jake Fecht, manager; Dustin Ehlers, coach.
Killer B's—Todd Geiken, manager; Brian Riley, Carlos Magdaleno and Kully Harrison, coaches.
Wednesday, May 28—at Ogallala, 5:30-8 p.m.
Friday, May 30—at Cozad, 5:30-8 p.m.
Sunday, June 1—at Holdrege, 5:30-8 p.m.
Wednesday, June 4—at Lexington, 5:30-8 p.m.
Thursday, June 5—at McCook, 5:30-8 p.m.
Sunday, June 8—at Minden, 5:30-8 p.m.
Wednesday, June 11—Broken Bow, 7 p.m. (Juniors only)
Thursday, June 12—Cozad here, 5:30-8 p.m.
Saturday, June 14—at Hershland, 1-3:30 p.m.
Sunday, June 15—Broken Bow Juniors, Cambridge Seniors here, 1-3:30 p.m.
Wednesday, June 18—Overton here, 5:30-8 p.m.
Thursday, June 19—McCook here, 5:30-8 p.m.
Sunday, June 22—at Cambridge, 3 p.m. (Seniors only)
Tuesday, June 24—Lexington here, 5:30-8 p.m.
Wednesday, June 25—Holdrege here, 5:30-8 p.m.
Friday, June 27—Ogallala here, 5:30-8 p.m.
Tuesday, July 1—at Overton, 5:30-8 p.m.
Thursday, July 3—at Shelton/Gibbon, 6-8 p.m.
Sunday, July 6—Junior League Championship, TBD
Monday, July 7—Minden here, 5:30-8 p.m.
Tuesday, July 8—Hershland here, 5:30-8 p.m. (Seniors only)
Wednesday, July 9—Senior League Championship, TBD
Thursday, July 10—Senior All-Star Game at Kearney, 7 p.m.
Friday-Wednesday, July 11-16—Juniors Area Tournament at McCook
Friday-Wednesday, July 18-23—Juniors State Tournament at Aurora
Friday-Wednesday, July 18-23—Seniors Area Tournament at Cozad
Friday-Wednesday, July 25-30—Seniors State Tournament at Blair
KILLER B's
Thursday, May 22—Broken Bow here, 6:30 p.m.
Tuesday, May 27—Holdrege here, 6:30 p.m.
Thursday, May 29—at Cambridge, 6:30 p.m.
Tuesday, June 3—at Lexington, 8:15 p.m.
Thursday, June 5—Alma here, 6:30 p.m.
Tuesday, June 10—Holdrege here, 6:30 p.m.
Thursday, June 12—at Holdrege, 8:15 p.m.
Tuesday, June 17—Bermis here, 6:30 p.m.
Thursday, June 19—at McCook, 6:30 p.m.
Monday, June 23—McCook here, 6:30 p.m.
Latest Headlines
- New hospital safety ratings now available to the public
- Mentees, others share value of TeamMates
- Playground equipment tops Lake Helen priority
- School administrators reorganize with one less
- Turning to the next page
- The Crossing gets special use permit
- Hotline brings sellers and buyers together


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Find current and archived issues of the Leagues' award-winning magazine.
Take a visual journey and explore the faces behind the California and Nevada credit union movement at a number of events, meetings, fundraisers, and conferences!
Catch up on what California and Nevada credit unions are accomplishing within their communities every month!
Financial fraud, payday lending, overdraft rules, the bureau's examination strategy, mortgage servicing, international remittances, auto loans—the inquiries didn't stop there, and they seemed to cover the gamut of what any credit union CEO across America might've been contemplating at the time.
"The traditional credit union lending model is a responsible model, and it deserves to be treated differently under our rules than other types of lending," Cordray added. His limited response may have sufficed the curiosity of some, while only whetting the appetite of others.
Click here to read the entire cover story within the April/May 2013 edition of Credit Union Digest on Pages 12-15!
Also included in this edition of CU Digest: