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- Report: #141800
Report - Rebuttal - Arbitrate
Complaint Review: Center For Credit Counseling Services - CFCCS
Center For Credit Counseling Services - CFCCS1015 West Newport Center Drive, Suite 106 Deerfield Beach, Florida U.S.A.
Center For Credit Counseling Services - CFCCS ripoff, thieves, not kept contract, liars, credit killers, garbage, criminals Deerfield Beach Florida
*Consumer Comment: You are not alone! These people are garbage.
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I have tried contacting them and all I get is a answering machine. I have left them messages but no one calls me back. I had an attorney write them a letter but they never answered back.
Can someone please help me!!! I dont know what to tell the credit companies I owe money. What can I do to recooperate my money and catch up with my overdue payments?
salt lake city, Utah
This report was posted on Ripoff Report on 05/06/2005 02:31 PM and is a permanent record located here: http://www.ripoffreport.com/r/Center-For-Credit-Counseling-Services-CFCCS/Deerfield-Beach-Florida-33442-7740/Center-For-Credit-Counseling-Services-CFCCS-ripoff-thieves-not-kept-contract-liars-c-141800. The posting time indicated is Arizona local time. Arizona does not observe daylight savings so the post time may be Mountain or Pacific depending on the time of year.
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#1 Consumer Comment
You are not alone! These people are garbage.
AUTHOR: Sharon - (U.S.A.)
SUBMITTED: Thursday, August 04, 2005POSTED: Thursday, August 04, 2005
If you haven't done so already stop your ACH payments immediately. Some people have been successful in getting their banks to return payments, but I haven't. These people are garbage and there are a lot of us in the same mess because of dealing with them. I've gotten nowhere with BBB
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Mental Health First Aid Course September 24 and 27
Someone you know could be experiencing a mental illness or crisis. You can help them! You are more likely to encounter someone — friend, family member, coworker, neighbor, or member of the community — in an emotional or mental crisis than someone having a heart attack.
Mental Health First Aid teaches a 5-step action plan to offer initial help to people with the signs and symptoms of a mental illness or in a crisis, and connect them with the appropriate professional, peer, social, or self help care.
Freeholders Authorize RFP for Management of Morris View by Private Health Care Provider
On July 27, the Morris County Board of Freeholders voted to authorize the development of a request for proposals (RFP) for the potential private management of the county's Morris View Healthcare Center.
The freeholders stressed that the county is retaining ownership of the facility and would write specific patient care requirements into the RFP to ensure that any private management company considered by the county for a lease to run Morris View would maintain the high quality of care now offered to elderly and disabled residents living there.
Read the press release, the resolution, the current report, and Q&A.
Year 2017 Funding Now Available for Morris County Service Providers
Year 2017 funding is now available for:
- Grant-In-Aid (GIA) Senior Support (formerly Peer Grouping)
- Grant-In-Aid (GIA)
- Child Abuse Prevention (CAP)
- Older Americans Act
- Social Services for the Homeless (SSH)
- State/Community Partnership – Juvenile Justice Funding
- Chapter 51 – Alcohol/Drug Treatment and Prevention (Funding priorities for this application not available until June 20)
Learn more about Year 2017 funding.
2016 Housing and Urban Development Funding Application – New and Renewal Projects
The Morris County Continuum of Care, a local planning committee charged with the responsibility of reducing the incidence of homelessness in Morris County, has begun the process for the U.S. Department of Housing and Urban Development (HUD) 2016 Continuum of Care Application.
In preparation for submission of the CoC application for HUD funding, the Morris County Continuum of Care Executive Committee is now accepting Notices of Intent from all agencies interested in applying for funding to support both NEW and RENEWAL projects through the Morris County Continuum of Care process.
The original deadline for Notice of Intent New Projects has been extended. Both New and Renewal Project applications must be submitted by 4:30 p.m., June 17, 2016. Get more information.
NJ Connect for Recovery Call Line
The NJ Connect for Recovery Call Line was established by the Mental Health Association of NJ to support two distinct groups across the state of New Jersey: those concerned with their own opiate use; and, those who are experiencing distress related to the opiate use of a friend or family member. Call 855-652-3737 or visitwww.njconnectforrecovery.org.
Apply Online for Temporary Assistance
The Morris County Office of Temporary Assistance would like to encourage clients to apply online for assistance programs. The Office of Temporary Assistance is experiencing longer wait times than in the past and this online application can be completed at home or anywhere (Library) that internet access exists.
Whether you apply online or in person your application will be processed in approximately 30 days. Applying online will avoid a client waiting to be seen at the Office of Temporary Assistance.

subset: commoncrawl


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Milk Wasting Trends
Over a year ago
I'm only vegetarian and still drink milk myself but all these stupid trends that are even more just a waste of milk really irk me. It is just a waste of cow suffering.
The newest one being Gallon Smashing (which is now the new trend just days after Harlem Shake was the trend lol) If you don't know what it is it is people taking Gallons of liquid normally milk and then normally in a dramatic way dropping them and falling at the same time so they break open and spill all over the floor of the store and to see how people react etc.
The other milk wasting trends I can think of:
Milking: People take milk and dump it on their head
The Milk Challenge: People try to drink a whole gallon of milk which is physically impossible for the human body to do so 99% of the time puke it all back up
Coning: Not exactly milk but ordering an ice cream cone through a drive through then grabbing it upside down and it just falls all over the place and makes a mess and normally isn't eaten or at least most of it
That's all I can think of at least. I really don't know the point of posting it it really just irks me mostly since they trended so a ton more people do it.
Please log in to reply.
Over a year ago
First World arrogance.
America is a nation of excess and waste of all things.You must be logged in to reply to this topic.
Over a year ago
Anything that wastes food, whether vegan or not, annoys me when there are so many people who are starving.You must be logged in to reply to this topic.
Over a year ago
What's even worse is that people are wasting food when there are people who don't have any. This is annoying with any food. People can be so thoughtless.You must be logged in to reply to this topic.


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Boxing Forum
Boxing Forums
Global Boxing Scene
> danny green
View Full Version :
danny green
Are any of the aussies out there bothering with this ppv? I considered it, but then took a look at the undercard and decided against it. Green should blow this guy out. :boxing:
i see he won easy, this was from the smh site
Danny Green is a step closer to his dream of capturing a world boxing title after brushing aside Paul Murdoch in a second-round knockout.
In his first bout as a light heavyweight, the 'Green Machine' dominated from the outset, knocking Murdoch down in the first and second rounds of their fight at Melbourne's State Netball and Hockey Centre.
The referee then ended the bout 65 seconds into the second round.
Green thrilled a crowd of over 3,000 by displaying his trademark aggression from the moment the bout started against an opponent who looked overwhelmed by the occasion.
Green, 33, is now the Pan Asian Boxing Association champion and in a strong position to challenge for the WBA world title, currently held by Silvio Branco of Italy.
Branco will fight Croatia's Stipe Drews next month.
Although Murdoch was the title holder entering this bout, the night belonged to Green, who entered the arena to a rousing reception wearing his trademark bright green shorts.
Murdoch, a 33-year-old from Geelong, had successfully defended the PABA title 13 times before but was no match for his opponent.
Green's win will also ease the pain of last year's high-profile super middleweight defeat to Anthony Mundine.
The West Australian's win was the 23rd of his professional career (from 26 bouts) and his 21st by knockout.
Green's corner men wore t-shirts emblazoned with the name "Marshy" in tribute to boxing journalist David Marsh, who died last month.
my mate got it. paid 50 bucks too. i only saw the main event but apparently the undercard was rubbish. green looked good. very sharp and aggressive but the fight was stopped prematurely in my opinion. murdoch looked a right bum.
my mate got it. paid 50 bucks too. i only saw the main event but apparently the undercard was rubbish. green looked good. very sharp and aggressive but the fight was stopped prematurely in my opinion. murdoch looked a right bum.
$50 bucks for an obviously lopsided contest? No thanks, not even with the added sweetner of a free Hatton v Urango which turned out to be a snoozefest from all reports. They will have to offer something better than that for me to hand over my hard earned.
yeah thats why i didnt get it.. but if someone else wants to fork over the coin im down for it. would have liked to see the tongia and wills fights
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Hiking Schedule
Hikes are planned for the second Saturday or Sunday of each month from May through October and at other times based on member interest.
Listed below is our hiking schedule for 2016. Mark these dates on your calendar now - more information about the location of each hike will be posted prior to the event.
If you would like to join us for a hike, please contact us and let us know. Non-members are always welcome!
Saturday, May 14, 2016
Lebanon Hills Regional Park, Eagan MN, 1:00 PM
Meet at Lebanon Hills Visitor Center, 860 Cliff Rd
Park Information Driving Directions
Sunday, June 12, 2016
Lake Elmo Park Reserve, Lake Elmo MN
Meet at the Nordic Center, 1515 Keats Ave N
12:15 PM - "Beginner's Hike" (1 mile, 1/2-hour)
1:00 PM - Regular Monthly Hike (5 miles, 2-1/2 hours)
Park Information Driving Directions
Saturday, July 9, 2016
Cleary Lake Regional Park, Prior Lake MN, 1:00 PM
Meet at Cleary Lake Visitor Center, 18106 Texas Ave
Park Information Driving Directions
Sunday, August 14, 2016
Pine Point Regional Park, Stillwater MN, 1:00 PM
Meet near the restroom building, 11900 Norell Ave N
Park Information Driving Directions
Saturday, September 10, 2016
Location TBD, 1:00 PM
Sunday, October 9, 2016
Location TBD, 1:00 PM


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Unfortunate News
posted by Stebbzor on January 9th, 2016
After being up for many years and having many problems in those years, Sassilization has decided it's best to shut down its servers. The forums are going to remain hosted upon the request of many regular users.
Since the servers were shut down, the developers thought it would best to release STGamemodes so all the hard work would not go to waste.
Thanks for sticking with Sassilization through everything and we hope to continue seeing all of you around. Perhaps even see you on Sassilization servers again some day.
With love,
The Sassilization Team
The Sassilization Team


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SIKESTON -- Lyndell C. "Jim" Young, 81, died Jan. 20, 2007, at the Cypress Point Skilled Nursing Facility in Dexter.
Born Aug. 18, 1925, at Gray Ridge, son of the late Wilmer and Stella Smith Young, he was a veteran of World War II, serving in the U.S. Navy. He was an auto mechanic and had worked for several auto dealerships in Clearwater, Fla., for 12 years. He had also worked as an auto mechanic in Sikeston for 17 years for Dale White Auto Sales and Midtown Motors.
On Aug. 15, 1949, in St. Louis, he married Inas Lavelle O'Neal who preceded him in death on Aug. 5, 2004.
One brother, Dugan Young, also preceded him in death.
Survivors include two nieces, Carolyn Corlew of Essex and Marilyn Jiles of Gray Ridge. Several other nieces and nephews also survive.
A committal service will be held at 2:30 pm. Sunday at Dexter City Cemetery.
Nunnelee Funeral Chapel of Sikeston is in charge of arrangements.


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Alison Curtis' The Last Splash Special Series - My 2009
Irish artists who have had a big year will be co-presenting with the Today FM DJ each Sunday in December.
The Hot Press Newsdesk, 03 Dec 2009
Topics discussed will be their personal highlights from the past year, low lights, most memorable moments, and the music they fell in love with and artists they rediscovered.
The show will start with special guest Valerie Francis this Sunday 6 December.
On December 13, Lisa Hannigan will be in studio talking about 'breaking America', and on December 20 Delorentos will be talking about their break-up and subsequent reunion.
Tune in to The Last Splash on Sunday nights from 8PM.


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Nargisi Kofta
Bihari Boti
Homemade Ketchup Recipe
People do every possible thing to lose excessive weight. Some limit eating and drink whereas some people totally go on diet. According to health experts, drinking water is also beneficial for losing weight but if this is true, then how much water one should drink?
Here is the answer!
Find out how much wat ...
[Read More]
How to Shine Aluminum Pots
25 Aug 2016
Brain Health Tips in Urdu
24 Aug 2016
Student Biryani
KFoods.com, the treasure trove of foods and recipes, is the leading
food portal of Pakistan. KFoods offers food cooking recipes
in Urdu and English from almost all Pakistani, Indian and major Asian cuisines.
Discover thousands of food recipes with pictures, ingredients and detailed video
instructions from favorite chefs and cooking experts of Pakistan. From spicy
biryani recipes to scrumptious desserts recipes,
the collection count is big and growing even bigger.
KFoods also offers you lots of health and beauty tips (gharelu
urdu totkay) from famous nutritionists and dietitians like Zubaida Aapa,
Chef Asad and Dr. Khurram. KFoods also provides with articles, daily grocery prices,
restaurant deals and cooking courses. Just type kfoods.com in your browser and enter
a world of mouthwatering tasty recipes!
All Rights Reseverd by Kfoods.com


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The Haunted Mansion: Ghost
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The 27-year-old batsman, having been dropped on 28, top-scored with 82 off 112 balls while Elton Chigumbura added some late impetus with a quickfire 43 not out as Zimbabwe finished on 228 for seven after being put into bat.
Leg-spinner Amit Mishra was the pick of the India attack with figures of three for 43, including the wickets of both openers Raza and Vusi Sibanda (34) as well as Zimbabwe number four Hamilton Masakadza (11).
Zimbabwe had looked to have built the platform for a bigger total after reaching 105 for one from 31 overs on the back of a 72-run opening partnership between Sibanda and Raza, who made the most of being dropped by Virat Kohli at slip off Ravindra Jadeja to comfortably beat his previous-best ODI score of 37.
But India made steady in-roads into the Zimbabwe batting line to limit their momentum and in the end the hosts were grateful to Chigumbura for getting them up to 228, the experienced all-rounder striking six fours and a six in his 34-ball cameo.
- Cricket
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University of Rostock
Stay with us during your tour of the University of Rostock
Founded in 1419, the University of Rostock is the oldest university in Northern Europe. Over its colorful 600-year history, the university has grown to become one of the leading schools in interdisciplinary scientific research.
Pope Martin V approved the building of the University of Rostock and 3 areas of study: law, medicine and philosophy. In 1433, Pope Eugenius IV approved a fourth area of study, theology. Today, the university offers over 70 different fields of study and places an emphasis on finding the relationships between these fields, connecting disciplines such as physics and the life sciences, oceanography and engineering, medicine and technology, and media and sociology.
A new standard of researchThe University of Rostock has created 4 research lines that combine several disciplines for the purpose of solving today's world problems. The Life, Light & Matter line connects life science researchers with those in atomic, molecular and laser optics research to produce a new breed of technology for the future. The Maritime Systems line works toward a plan for future civilizations, bringing together law, engineering, oceanography, economics, agriculture and others. The Aging of Individuals and Society line reimagines what it means to grow old in today's society and seeks to combine medicine and technology in a novel way. The Knowledge - Culture - Transformation line seeks to understand the role of media in society and its power to reshape the way we live.
The Radisson Blu Hotel has played host to a number of conferences and seminars held by the University of Rostock. We have partnered with the university to make your University of Rostock visit a success.


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Multimedia Assignments: Not Just for Film Majors Anymore
Millennials are often called "digital natives" because their familiarity with new technology seems to be in their DNA. Whether we like it or not, the "screen age" is here to stay—and with it has come a much more media-rich information ecosystem...
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- Report: #276557
Report - Rebuttal - Arbitrate
Complaint Review: United Airlines - Lufthansa
United Airlines - Lufthansaunited.com Chicago, Illinois U.S.A.
United Airlines - Lufthansa Camera stolen from checked lugggage Chicago Illinois
*Consumer Suggestion: Try Checking
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Most of all I am just fed up with the lack of attention to this problem. You just keep reading about it in the news, but nothing happens to stop it. Isn't anybody outraged that the people responsible for our baggage are supposed to be preventing terroism but instead there are theiving low life individuals amongst them? How can we trust them to protect us against bobmbs smuggled into planes when they can't even employ honest workers?
Englewood, Ohio
This report was posted on Ripoff Report on 10/01/2007 08:44 AM and is a permanent record located here: http://www.ripoffreport.com/r/United-Airlines-Lufthansa/Chicago-Illinois-60666/United-Airlines-Lufthansa-Camera-stolen-from-checked-lugggage-Chicago-Illinois-276557. The posting time indicated is Arizona local time. Arizona does not observe daylight savings so the post time may be Mountain or Pacific depending on the time of year.
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AUTHOR: Terri - (U.S.A.)
SUBMITTED: Wednesday, October 10, 2007POSTED: Wednesday, October 10, 2007
Good luck, I hope this helps you.
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Koffee With Karan: Why Did Ram Leela Need Guns? Ranveer's Nipples Could Shoot Bullets!
Koffee With Karan's Mind Your Tweets aspect mentioned a fan tweet that read, "Why did the film Ram Leela need guns when Ranveer Singh's nipples could have totally shoot bullets!"
Koffee With Karan, the chat show hosted by Karan Johar, this season has come up with a concept to get the celebrity guests read out some of the tweets related to themselves. The result seems to be rather hilarious to us, though a little uncomfortable to the ones reading.
With social media networks reducing the distance between celebs and the audience to almost negligible, celebs often go through some of the most embarrassing situations when some of them are not their die hard fans.
Here are some of the tweets that the celebs were made to read:
Emraan Hashmi read a tweet that said, "Emraan Hashmi's female fan pinched at his butt while he was at a mall but Emraan bechara doesn't have butts. But yes he has the Bhatts."
Emraan's responded saying, "You can kiss my... (displayed his behind for the camera).
Vidya Balan read a tweet that said, "If Vidya Balan beat her hubby, She'd be Vidya Belan."
Vidya's responded saying, "If Vidya Balan Weighd herself, she'd be Vidya balance."
Siddharth Malhotra read a tweet that said, "I hate texting people who don't use smiley's. I feel like i am talking to Sidharth Malhotra."
Siddharth replied to the tweet with just a smile.
Also Read: Koffee With Karan: Salman, Ranbir's Hilarious Response To Insulting Tweets
Priyanka Chopra read a tweet that said, "Priyanka Chopra's lips are visible from the moon."
Priyanka replied saying, "Well, if just seeing my lips has this effect on you...I wonder what would happen if you were close enough."
Ranveer Singh read a tweet that said, "I don't understand why Ram Leela needed guns. Ranveer Singh's nipples could've totally shot bullets."
Ranveer's reply: He used his guns to shoot bullets.


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Active or Passive Exposure to Tobacco Smoking and Allergic Rhinitis, Allergic Dermatitis, and Food Allergy in Adults and Children: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis
Saulyte, Jurgita
Regueira, Carlos
Montes-Martínez, Agustín
Khudyakov, Polyna
Takkouche, Bahi
PLoS Medicine
In a systematic review and meta-analysis, Bahi Takkouche and colleagues examine the associations between exposure to tobacco smoke and allergic disorders in children and adults.
Please see later in the article for the Editors' Summary
Allergic rhinitis, allergic dermatitis, and food allergy are extremely common diseases, especially among children, and are frequently associated to each other and to asthma. Smoking is a potential risk factor for these conditions, but so far, results from individual studies have been conflicting. The objective of this study was to examine the evidence for an association between active smoking (AS) or passive exposure to secondhand smoke and allergic conditions.
Methods and Findings
We retrieved studies published in any language up to June 30th, 2013 by systematically searching Medline, Embase, the five regional bibliographic databases of the World Health Organization, and ISI-Proceedings databases, by manually examining the references of the original articles and reviews retrieved, and by establishing personal contact with clinical researchers. We included cohort, case-control, and cross-sectional studies reporting odds ratio (OR) or relative risk (RR) estimates and confidence intervals of smoking and allergic conditions, first among the general population and then among children.
We retrieved 97 studies on allergic rhinitis, 91 on allergic dermatitis, and eight on food allergy published in 139 different articles. When all studies were analyzed together (showing random effects model results and pooled ORs expressed as RR), allergic rhinitis was not associated with active smoking (pooled RR, 1.02 [95% CI 0.92–1.15]), but was associated with passive smoking (pooled RR 1.10 [95% CI 1.06–1.15]). Allergic dermatitis was associated with both active (pooled RR, 1.21 [95% CI 1.14–1.29]) and passive smoking (pooled RR, 1.07 [95% CI 1.03–1.12]). In children and adolescent, allergic rhinitis was associated with active (pooled RR, 1.40 (95% CI 1.24–1.59) and passive smoking (pooled RR, 1.09 [95% CI 1.04–1.14]). Allergic dermatitis was associated with active (pooled RR, 1.36 [95% CI 1.17–1.46]) and passive smoking (pooled RR, 1.06 [95% CI 1.01–1.11]). Food allergy was associated with SHS (1.43 [1.12–1.83]) when cohort studies only were examined, but not when all studies were combined.
The findings are limited by the potential for confounding and bias given that most of the individual studies used a cross-sectional design. Furthermore, the studies showed a high degree of heterogeneity and the exposure and outcome measures were assessed by self-report, which may increase the potential for misclassification.
We observed very modest associations between smoking and some allergic diseases among adults. Among children and adolescents, both active and passive exposure to SHS were associated with a modest increased risk for allergic diseases, and passive smoking was associated with an increased risk for food allergy. Additional studies with detailed measurement of exposure and better case definition are needed to further explore the role of smoking in allergic diseases.
Please see later in the article for the Editors' Summary
Editors' Summary
The immune system protects the human body from viruses, bacteria, and other pathogens. Whenever a pathogen enters the body, immune system cells called T lymphocytes recognize specific molecules on its surface and release chemical messengers that recruit and activate other types of immune cells, which then attack the pathogen. Sometimes, however, the immune system responds to harmless materials (for example, pollen; scientists call these materials allergens) and triggers an allergic disease such as allergic rhinitis (inflammation of the inside of the nose; hay fever is a type of allergic rhinitis), allergic dermatitis (also known as eczema, a disease characterized by dry, itchy patches on the skin), and food allergy. Recent studies suggest that all these allergic (atopic) diseases are part of a continuous state called the "atopic march" in which individuals develop allergic diseases in a specific sequence that starts with allergic dermatitis during infancy, and progresses to food allergy, allergic rhinitis, and finally asthma (inflammation of the airways).
Why Was This Study Done?
Allergic diseases are extremely common, particularly in children. Allergic rhinitis alone affects 10%–30% of the world's population and up to 40% of children in some countries. Moreover, allergic diseases are becoming increasingly common. Allergic diseases affect the quality of life of patients and are financially costly to both patients and health systems. It is important, therefore, to identify the factors that cause or potentiate their development. One potential risk factor for allergic diseases is active or passive exposure to tobacco smoke. In some countries up to 80% of children are exposed to second-hand smoke so, from a public health point of view, it would be useful to know whether exposure to tobacco smoke is associated with the development of allergic diseases. Here, the researchers undertake a systematic review (a study that uses predefined criteria to identify all the research on a given topic) and a meta-analysis (a statistical approach for combining the results of several studies) to investigate this issue.
What Did the Researchers Do and Find?
The researchers identified 196 observational studies (investigations that observe outcomes in populations without trying to affect these outcomes in any way) that examined the association between smoke exposure and allergic rhinitis, allergic dermatitis, or food allergy. When all studies were analyzed together, allergic rhinitis was not associated with active smoking but was slightly associated with exposure to second-hand smoke. Specifically, compared to people not exposed to second-hand smoke, the pooled relative risk (RR) of allergic rhinitis among people exposed to second-hand smoke was 1.10 (an RR of greater than 1 indicates an increased risk of disease development in an exposed population compared to an unexposed population). Allergic dermatitis was associated with both active smoking (RR = 1.21) and exposure to second-hand smoke (RR = 1.07). In the populations of children and adolescents included in the studies, allergic rhinitis was associated with both active smoking and exposure to second-hand smoke (RRs of 1.40 and 1.09, respectively), as was allergic dermatitis (RRs of 1.36 and 1.06, respectively). Finally food allergy was associated with exposure to second-hand smoke (RR = 1.43) when cohort studies (a specific type of observational study) only were examined but not when all the studies were combined.
What Do These Findings Mean?
These findings provide limited evidence for a weak association between smoke exposure and allergic disease in adults but suggest that both active and passive smoking are associated with a modestly increased risk of allergic diseases in children and adolescents. The accuracy of these findings may be affected by the use of questionnaires to assess smoke exposure and allergic disease development in most of the studies in the meta-analysis and by the possibility that individuals exposed to smoke may have shared other characteristics that were actually responsible for their increased risk of allergic diseases. To shed more light on the role of smoking in allergic diseases, additional studies are needed that accurately measure exposure and outcomes. However, the present findings suggest that, in countries where many people smoke, 14% and 13% of allergic rhinitis and allergic dermatitis, respectively, among children may be attributable to active smoking. Thus, the elimination of active smoking among children and adolescents could prevent one in seven cases of allergic rhinitis and one in eight cases of allergic dermatitis in such countries.
Additional Information
Please access these websites via the online version of this summary at http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pmed.1001611.
The UK National Health Service Choices website provides information about allergic rhinitis, hay fever (including personal stories), allergic dermatitis (including personal stories), and food allergy (including personal stories)
The US National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Disease provides information about allergic diseases
The UK not-for-profit organization Allergy UK provides information about all aspects of allergic diseases and a description of the atopic march
MedlinePlus encyclopedia has pages on allergic rhinitis and allergic dermatitis (in English and Spanish)
MedlinePlus provides links to further resources about allergies, eczema, and food allergy (in English and Spanish)
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TAP1 and TAP2 Gene Polymorphisms in Korean Patients with Allergic Rhinitis
Kim, Kyung Rae
Cho, Seok Hyun
Choi, Suk Joo
Jeong, Jin Hyeok
Lee, Seung Hwan
Park, Chul Won
Tae, Kyung
Journal of Korean Medical Science
Antigen peptides are actively transported across the endoplasmic reticulum by the transporters associated with antigen presentation (TAP). TAP genes polymorphism could influence the selection process that determines which antigen peptides play a role in the pathogenesis of allergic rhinitis. The aim of this study was to investigate the association of TAP genes polymorphism with allergic rhinitis. TAP1 and TAP2 genotyping were performed on 110 allergic rhinitis patients and 107 healthy controls. TAP1 polymorphic residues at codons 333 and 637, and TAP2 polymorphic residues at codons 379, 565, 651, and 665 were analyzed by the amplification refractory mutation system-polymerase chain reaction (ARMS-PCR). Analysis of TAP1 gene polymorphism demonstrated decreased frequencies of Ile/Val genotype at codon 333, Asp/Gly genotype at codon 637, and haplotype A and B in allergic rhinitis patients when compared to controls (p<0.05). However, there was no significant difference in the genotype, phenotype, or allele frequencies at four TAP2 codons between controls and allergic rhinitis patients. In conclusion, TAP1 gene polymorphism may be an important factor contributing to the genetic susceptibility in the development of allergic rhinitis in the Korean population.
Allergic Rhinitis; TAP1; TAP2; Polymorphism
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Impact of Allergic Rhinitis on Quality of Life in Patients with Bronchial Asthma
Elkholy, Maha M.
Khedr, Mahmoud Hassan
Halawa, Ashraf
Elbaramawy, Ayman
International Journal of Health Sciences
Allergy and asthma can reduce HRQOL as a result of profound physical and psychosocial complications. Most patients with asthma also suffer from rhinitis, which also impairs quality of life. However, the impact of allergic rhinitis on asthmatic patients has not been investigated.
To assess Quality of life (QOL) in asthmatic patients and assess relative burden of allergic rhinitis on asthmatics' QOL.
Patients and Methods
we analysed HRQOL questionnaire (SF-36) answers of 219 patients (118 allergic rhinitis, 79 asthma and 22 asthma with allergic rhinitis) and controls (30 healthy individuals), in addition to analysis of questionnaire scores according to patients' characteristic including gender, BMI and duration of symptoms. Moreover, pulmonary function test were done for all patients and control.
HRQOL parameters were significantly lower in females more than males and in patients with BMI>25 if compared with those with BMI<25. Moreover, HRQOL was significantly lower in all 3 patients' groups if compared with control group (P<0.001) in all parameters except mental health and role emotional. Significantly higher scores (SF-36 sub-scales for physical functioning, role-physical, bodily pain) were found among allergic rhinitis patients compared with asthmatics with or without allergic rhinitis. Although, quality of life was worse in asthmatic patients compared to patients with rhinitis alone, no significant difference was found between asthmatics and those with both diseases. Both PCS and MCS scores are significantly lower in patients' groups compared with the control (p<0.05). Asthmatic patients with or without rhinitis tended to have lower PCS and MCS scores than subjects with isolated allergic rhinitis, the difference between the groups was statistically significant only for PCS scores. Moreover, highly significant positive correlation between PCS score and FEV1 in asthmatics with or without allergic rhinitis was detected denoting that PCS score is markedly affected by severity of asthma. (r=0.949, P<0.001).
Allergic rhinitis has a limited role in reduction of HRQOL. HRQOL is markedly reduced in patients with asthma with or without rhinitis than in those with allergic rhinitis only; this could be related to the severity of asthma more than the presence of associated allergic rhinitis. These findings indicated that allergic rhinitis does not seem to further impair quality of life in subjects with asthma. We recommend that patients with bronchial asthma with or without allergic rhinitis in need of great help from physicians and social workers to improve their physical and mental health. Moreover, further studies with larger populations and longer duration are needed in order to determine the extent to which asthma and rhinitis comorbidities are associated in HRQOL.
asthma; allergic rhinitis; HRQOL; SF-36 questionnaire
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Variation in Uteroglobin-Related Protein 1 (UGRP1) gene is associated with Allergic Rhinitis in Singapore Chinese
Andiappan, Anand Kumar
Yeo, Wei Sheng
Parate, Pallavi Nilkanth
Anantharaman, Ramani
Suri, Bani Kaur
Wang, De Yun
Chew, Fook Tim
BMC Medical Genetics
Uteroglobin-Related Protein 1 (UGRP1) is a secretoglobulin protein which has been suggested to play a role in lung inflammation and allergic diseases. UGRP1 has also been shown to be an important pneumoprotein, with diagnostic potential as a biomarker of lung damage. Previous genetic studies evaluating the association between variations on UGRP1 and allergic phenotypes have yielded mixed results. The aim of this present study was to identify genetic polymorphisms in UGRP1 and investigate if they were associated with asthma and allergic rhinitis in the Singapore Chinese population.
Resequencing of the UGRP1 gene was conducted on 40 randomly selected individuals from Singapore of ethnic Chinese origin. The polymorphisms identified were then tagged and genotyped in a population of 1893 Singapore Chinese individuals. Genetic associations were evaluated in this population comparing 795 individuals with allergic rhinitis, 718 with asthma (of which 337 had both asthma and allergic rhinitis) and 717 healthy controls with no history of allergy or allergic diseases.
By resequencing the UGRP1 gene within our population, we identified 11 novel and 16 known single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs). TagSNPs were then genotyped, revealing a significant association between rs7726552 and allergic rhinitis (Odds Ratio: 0.81, 95% Confidence Interval: 0.66-0.98, P = 0.039). This association remained statistically significant when it was analyzed genotypically or when stratified according to haplotypes. When variations on UGRP1 were evaluated against asthma, no association was observed.
This study documents the association between polymorphisms in UGRP1 and allergic rhinitis, suggesting a potential role in its pathogenesis.
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Patterns of GATA3 and IL13 gene polymorphisms associated with childhood rhinitis and atopy in a birth cohort
Huebner, Marianne
Kim, Dong-Yun
Ewart, Susan
Karmaus, Wilfried
Sadeghnejad, Alireza
Arshad, Syed H.
The Journal of allergy and clinical immunology
GATA3 activates transcription of the TH2 cytokines, including IL13, an important step in the allergic inflammatory pathway.
We sought to identify associations of single nucleotide polymorphisms of the genes GATA3 and IL13 and their interactions with rhinitis and allergic sensitization during childhood.
We performed genetic association studies in a cohort of children (n = 923) who have been evaluated for the development of rhinitis and allergic sensitization by means of skin prick tests (SPTs) at age 10 years. Pyrosequencing was used to genotype 7 polymorphisms from GATA3 and 5 from IL13. A novel model-selection procedure combining logistic regression models and classification was used to study the contributions of the polymorphisms and their interactions.
Combinations of polymorphisms and their interactions increase the risk for rhinitis and allergic sensitization at age 10 years. A model with rs1058240, rs379568, and rs4143094 (GATA3) and rs1800925 (IL13) and their interactions was selected to predict rhinitis and positive SPT responses. rs1058240 was associated with rhinitis and allergic rhinitis (P < .05), and the gene-gene interaction rs1058240:rs1800925 was associated with rhinitis (P = .043). The odds ratios for 4 genotype combinations were significant for rhinitis or SPTs (P < .044).
Gene-gene interaction between GATA3 and IL13 polymorphisms can influence the risk of childhood rhinitis. Our study suggests that set associations of polymorphisms are important in studying genetic associations for complex phenotypes, such as rhinitis and atopy.
Rhinitis; allergic rhinitis; atopy; GATA3; IL13; genetic association; gene-gene interactions
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Comprehensive evaluation of genetic variation in S100A7 suggests an association with the occurrence of allergic rhinitis
Bryborn, Malin
Halldén, Christer
Säll, Torbjörn
Adner, Mikael
Cardell, Lars Olaf
Respiratory Research
S100A7 is a calcium-binding protein with chemotactic and antimicrobial properties. S100A7 protein levels are decreased in nasal lavage fluid from individuals with ongoing allergic rhinitis, suggesting a role for S100A7 in allergic airway inflammation. The aims of this study were to describe genetic variation in S100A7 and search for associations between this variation and allergic rhinitis.
Peripheral blood was collected from 184 atopic patients with a history of pollen-induced allergic rhinitis and 378 non-atopic individuals, all of Swedish origin. DNA was extracted and the S100A7 gene was resequenced in a subset of 47 randomly selected atopic individuals. Nine polymorphisms were genotyped in 184 atopic and 378 non-atopic individuals and subsequently investigated for associations with allergic rhinitis as well as skin prick test results. Haplotypes were estimated and compared in the two groups.
Thirteen polymorphisms were identified in S100A7, of which 7 were previously undescribed. rs3014837 (G/C), which gives rise to an Asp → Glu amino acid shift, had significantly increased minor allele frequency in atopic individuals. The major haplotype, containing the major allele at all sites, was more common in non-atopic individuals, while the haplotype containing the minor allele at rs3014837 was equally more common among the atopic individuals. Additionally, heterozygotes at this site had significantly higher scores in skin prick tests for 9 out of 11 tested allergens, compared to homozygotes.
This is the first study describing genetic variation, associated with allergy, in S100A7. The results indicate that rs3014837 is linked to allergic rhinitis in our Swedish population and render S100A7 a strong candidate for further investigations regarding its role in allergic inflammation.
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Developmental Profiles of Eczema, Wheeze, and Rhinitis: Two Population-Based Birth Cohort Studies
Belgrave, Danielle C. M.
Granell, Raquel
Simpson, Angela
Guiver, John
Bishop, Christopher
Buchan, Iain
Henderson, A. John
Custovic, Adnan
PLoS Medicine
Using data from two population-based birth cohorts, Danielle Belgrave and colleagues examine the evidence for atopic march in developmental profiles for allergic disorders.
Please see later in the article for the Editors' Summary
The term "atopic march" has been used to imply a natural progression of a cascade of symptoms from eczema to asthma and rhinitis through childhood. We hypothesize that this expression does not adequately describe the natural history of eczema, wheeze, and rhinitis during childhood. We propose that this paradigm arose from cross-sectional analyses of longitudinal studies, and may reflect a population pattern that may not predominate at the individual level.
Methods and Findings
Data from 9,801 children in two population-based birth cohorts were used to determine individual profiles of eczema, wheeze, and rhinitis and whether the manifestations of these symptoms followed an atopic march pattern. Children were assessed at ages 1, 3, 5, 8, and 11 y. We used Bayesian machine learning methods to identify distinct latent classes based on individual profiles of eczema, wheeze, and rhinitis. This approach allowed us to identify groups of children with similar patterns of eczema, wheeze, and rhinitis over time.
Using a latent disease profile model, the data were best described by eight latent classes: no disease (51.3%), atopic march (3.1%), persistent eczema and wheeze (2.7%), persistent eczema with later-onset rhinitis (4.7%), persistent wheeze with later-onset rhinitis (5.7%), transient wheeze (7.7%), eczema only (15.3%), and rhinitis only (9.6%). When latent variable modelling was carried out separately for the two cohorts, similar results were obtained. Highly concordant patterns of sensitisation were associated with different profiles of eczema, rhinitis, and wheeze. The main limitation of this study was the difference in wording of the questions used to ascertain the presence of eczema, wheeze, and rhinitis in the two cohorts.
The developmental profiles of eczema, wheeze, and rhinitis are heterogeneous; only a small proportion of children (∼7% of those with symptoms) follow trajectory profiles resembling the atopic march.
Please see later in the article for the Editors' Summary
Editors' Summary
Our immune system protects us from viruses, bacteria, and other pathogens by recognizing specific molecules on the invader's surface and initiating a sequence of events that culminates in the death of the pathogen. Sometimes, however, our immune system responds to harmless materials (allergens such as pollen) and triggers allergic, or atopic, symptoms. Common atopic symptoms include eczema (transient dry itchy patches on the skin), wheeze (high pitched whistling in the chest, a symptom of asthma), and rhinitis (sneezing or a runny nose in the absence of a cold or influenza). All these symptoms are very common during childhood, but recent epidemiological studies (examinations of the patterns and causes of diseases in a population) have revealed age-related changes in the proportions of children affected by each symptom. So, for example, eczema is more common in infants than in school-age children. These findings have led to the idea of "atopic march," a natural progression of symptoms within individual children that starts with eczema, then progresses to wheeze and finally rhinitis.
Why Was This Study Done?
The concept of atopic march has led to the initiation of studies that aim to prevent the development of asthma in children who are thought to be at risk of asthma because they have eczema. Moreover, some guidelines recommend that clinicians tell parents that children with eczema may later develop asthma or rhinitis. However, because of the design of the epidemiological studies that support the concept of atopic march, children with eczema who later develop wheeze and rhinitis may actually belong to a distinct subgroup of children, rather than representing the typical progression of atopic diseases. It is important to know whether atopic march adequately describes the natural history of atopic diseases during childhood to avoid the imposition of unnecessary strategies on children with eczema to prevent asthma. Here, the researchers use machine learning techniques to model the developmental profiles of eczema, wheeze, and rhinitis during childhood in two large population-based birth cohorts by taking into account time-related (longitudinal) changes in symptoms within individuals. Machine learning is a data-driven approach that identifies structure within the data (for example, a typical progression of symptoms) using unsupervised learning of latent variables (variables that are not directly measured but are inferred from other observable characteristics).
What Did the Researchers Do and Find?
The researchers used data from two UK birth cohorts—the Avon Longitudinal Study of Parents and Children (ALSPAC) and the Manchester Asthma and Allergy Study (MAAS)—for their study (9,801 children in total). Both studies enrolled children at birth and monitored their subsequent health at regular review clinics. At each review clinic, information about eczema, wheeze, and rhinitis was collected from the parents using validated questionnaires. The researchers then used these data and machine learning methods to identify groups of children with similar patterns of onset of eczema, wheeze, and rhinitis over the first 11 years of life. Using a type of statistical model called a latent disease profile model, the researchers found that the data were best described by eight latent classes—no disease (51.3% of the children), atopic march (3.1%), persistent eczema and wheeze (2.7%), persistent eczema with later-onset rhinitis (4.7%), persistent wheeze with later-onset rhinitis (5.7%), transient wheeze (7.7%), eczema only (15.3%), and rhinitis only (9.6%).
What Do These Findings Mean?
These findings show that, in two large UK birth cohorts, the developmental profiles of eczema, wheeze, and rhinitis were heterogeneous. Most notably, the progression of symptoms fitted the profile of atopic march in fewer than 7% of children with symptoms. The researchers acknowledge that their study has some limitations. For example, small differences in the wording of the questions used to gather information from parents about their children's symptoms in the two cohorts may have slightly affected the findings. However, based on their findings, the researchers propose that, because eczema, wheeze, and rhinitis are common, these symptoms often coexist in individuals, but as independent entities rather than as a linked progression of symptoms. Thus, using eczema as an indicator of subsequent asthma risk and assigning "preventative" measures to children with eczema is flawed. Importantly, clinicians need to understand the heterogeneity of patterns of atopic diseases in children and to communicate this variability to parents when advising them about the development and resolution of atopic symptoms in their children.
Additional Information
Please access these websites via the online version of this summary at http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pmed.1001748.
The UK National Health Service Choices website provides information about eczema (including personal stories), asthma (including personal stories), and rhinitis
The US National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases provides information about atopic diseases
The UK not-for-profit organization Allergy UK provides information about atopic diseases and a description of the atopic march
MedlinePlus encyclopedia has pages on eczema, wheezing, and rhinitis (in English and Spanish)
MedlinePlus provides links to further resources about allergies, eczema, and asthma (in English and Spanish)
Information about ALSPAC and MAAS is available
Wikipedia has pages on machine learning and latent disease profile models (note that Wikipedia is a free online encyclopedia that anyone can edit; available in several languages)
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Case-control study of IL13 polymorphisms, smoking, and rhinoconjunctivitis in Japanese women: the Kyushu Okinawa Maternal and Child Health Study
Miyake, Yoshihiro
Tanaka, Keiko
Arakawa, Masashi
BMC Medical Genetics
Six previous studies have examined the relationships between single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in the IL13 gene and allergic rhinitis, but the results have been inconsistent. However, a recent meta-analysis using data from these 6 studies has shown that the A allele of IL13 SNP rs20541 was associated with an increased risk of allergic rhinitis, whereas no such relationship existed between IL13 SNP rs1800925 and allergic rhinitis. We investigated the associations between IL13 SNPs rs1800925 and rs20541 and the risk of rhinoconjunctivitis in Japanese women.
Included were 393 cases who met the criteria of the International Study of Asthma and Allergies in Childhood (ISAAC) for rhinoconjunctivitis. Control subjects were 767 women without rhinoconjunctivitis according to the ISAAC criteria, who had also not been diagnosed with allergic rhinitis by a doctor. Adjustment was made for age, region of residence, presence of older siblings, smoking, family history of allergic rhinitis, and education.
Compared with the GG genotype of IL13 SNP rs20541, the AA genotype, occurring in 7.1% of control subjects, was significantly positively related to the risk of rhinoconjunctivitis: the adjusted odds ratio was 1.65 (95% confidence interval: 1.05 - 2.60). SNP rs1800925 was not associated with rhinoconjunctivitis. The haplotype comprising the rs1800925 C allele and the rs20541 A allele was significantly positively related to rhinoconjunctivitis. The multiplicative interactions between the two SNPs under study and smoking on the risk of rhinoconjunctivitis were not statistically significant. Based on the recessive model, however, the additive interaction between SNP rs1800925, but not rs20541, and smoking was significant.
This study suggests that the minor genotype of IL13 SNP rs20541 and the CA haplotype are significantly positively associated with the risk of rhinoconjunctivitis. In addition, a new pattern of biological interaction that affects the risk of rhinoconjunctivitis is described between SNP rs1800925 and smoking.
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Traffic exposure associated with allergic asthma and allergic rhinitis in adults. A cross-sectional study in southern Sweden
Lindgren, Anna
Stroh, Emilie
Nihlén, Ulf
Montnémery, Peter
Axmon, Anna
Jakobsson, Kristina
International Journal of Health Geographics
There is conflicting evidence that traffic-related air pollution is a risk factor for allergic conditions. Few studies have investigated this in adults. In adults, a high proportion of asthma, rhinitis and eczema is triggered by non-allergic factors. We investigated traffic as a risk factor for allergic versus non-allergic asthma and rhinitis, and eczema, in adults.
A questionnaire from 2000 (n = 9319, 18–77 years) provided individual data about disease outcome and self-reported traffic exposure. Additional exposure assessments were obtained using Geographical Informations Systems (GIS). Residential addresses were linked to the national Swedish Road Database and to a pollutant database with modelled annual means of NOx (Nitrogen Oxids).
Living within 100 m from a road with a traffic intensity of >10 cars/min (24 hour mean) was associated with prevalence of current asthma reported to be triggered by allergic factors (OR = 1.83, 95% CI = 1.23–2.72) and with allergic rhinitis (OR = 1.30, 95%CI = (1.05–1.61). No relation was seen with asthma or rhinitis triggered by other factors. Living within 100 m of a road with >10 cars/min was also associated with hand-eczema during the last 12 months (OR = 1.63, 95% CI = 1.19–2.23), but not with allergic eczema or diagnosed hand-eczema. Consistent results were seen using self-reported traffic, but the associations with NOx were less consistent.
Exposure to traffic was associated with a higher prevalence of allergic asthma and allergic rhinitis, but not with asthma or rhinitis triggered by non-allergic factors. This difference was suggested by the overall pattern, but only clear using GIS-measured traffic intensity as a proxy for traffic exposure. An association was also found with hand-eczema during the last 12 months. We suggest that asthma and rhinitis should not be treated as homogenous groups when estimating effects from traffic in adults.
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Association Study on ADAM33 Polymorphisms in Mite-Sensitized Persistent Allergic Rhinitis in a Chinese Population
Chen, Ruo-Xi
Lu, Wen-Min
Zhu, Lu-Ping
Lu, Mei-Ping
Wang, Mei-Lin
Wang, Yun-Li
Chen, Xin-Yuan
Zhu, Xin-Jie
Yin, Min
Zhang, Zheng-Dong
Cheng, Lei
PLoS ONE
The ADAM33 gene has been identified as a potentially important asthma candidate gene and polymorphisms in this gene have been shown to be associated with asthma and seasonal allergic rhinitis.
To assess whether the ADAM33 polymorphisms are associated with persistent allergic rhinitis (PER) due to house dust mites in a Chinese population.
In a hospital-based case-control study of 515 patients with mite-sensitized PER and 495 healthy controls, we genotyped seven single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in ADAM33. Serum levels of eosinophil cationic protein, total IgE and allergen-specific IgE against Dermatophagoides pteronyssinus and Dermatophagoides farinae were measured by the ImmunoCAP assays.
In the single-locus analysis, three polymorphisms, rs3918392 (F1), rs528557 (S2) and rs2787093, were significantly associated with mite-sensitized PER. SNP S2 was associated with significantly increased risk both of asthmatic and nonasthmatic mite-sensitized PER. In the combined genotypes analysis, individuals with 2–4 risk alleles had a significantly higher risk of mite-sensitized PER (adjusted OR = 1.99, 95% CI = 1.50–2.62) than those with 0–1 risk alleles. Haplotype-based association analysis revealed that the ACAGCCT haplotype might have potential to protect against mite-sensitized PER (adjusted OR = 0.67; 95% CI = 0.49–0.90).
Polymorphisms in the ADAM33 gene may contribute to susceptibility of mite-sensitized PER in this Chinese population.
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Allergic rhinitis: evidence for impact on asthma
Thomas, Mike
BMC Pulmonary Medicine
2006;6(Suppl 1):S4.
This paper reviews the current evidence indicating that comorbid allergic rhinitis may have clinically relevant effects on asthma.
Allergic rhinitis is very common in patients with asthma, with a reported prevalence of up to 100% in those with allergic asthma. While the temporal relation of allergic rhinitis and asthma diagnoses can be variable, the diagnosis of allergic rhinitis often precedes that of asthma. Rhinitis is an independent risk factor for the subsequent development of asthma in both atopic and nonatopic individuals. Controlled studies have provided conflicting results regarding the benefits for asthma symptoms of treating comorbid allergic rhinitis with intranasal corticosteroids. Effects of other treatments for comorbid allergic rhinitis, including antihistamines, allergen immunotherapy, systemic anti-IgE therapy, and antileukotriene agents, have been examined in a limited number of studies; anti-IgE therapy and antileukotriene agents such as the leukotriene receptor antagonists have benefits for treating both allergic rhinitis and asthma. Results of observational studies indicate that treating comorbid allergic rhinitis results in a lowered risk of asthma-related hospitalizations and emergency visits. Results of several retrospective database studies in the United States and in Europe indicate that, for patients with asthma, the presence of comorbid allergic rhinitis is associated with higher total annual medical costs, greater prescribing frequency of asthma-related medications, as well as increased likelihood of asthma-related hospital admissions and emergency visits. There is therefore evidence suggesting that comorbid allergic rhinitis is a marker for more difficult to control asthma and worsened asthma outcomes.
These findings highlight the potential for improving asthma outcomes by following a combined therapeutic approach to comorbid allergic rhinitis and asthma rather than targeting each condition separately.
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Association Pattern of Interleukin-1 Receptor-Associated Kinase-4 Gene Polymorphisms with Allergic Rhinitis in a Han Chinese Population
Zhang, Yuan
Lin, Xiaoping
Desrosiers, Martin
Zhang, Wei
Meng, Na
Zhao, Liping
Han, Demin
Zhang, Luo
PLoS ONE
Interleukin-1 receptor-associated kinase-4 (IRAK-4) encodes a kinase that is essential for NF-kB activation in Toll-like receptor and T-cell receptor signaling pathways, indicating a possible crosstalk between innate and acquired immunities. We attempted to determine whether the polymorphisms in the Interleukin-1 receptor-associated kinase-4 (IRAK-4) gene are associated with allergic rhinitis (AR) in the Han Chinese population.
A population of 379 patients with AR and 333 healthy controls was studied. Blood was drawn for DNA extraction and total serum immunoglobulin E (IgE). A total of 11 single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in IRAK-4 were selected and individually genotyped.
Significant allelic differences between cases and controls were obtained for the SNP of rs3794262 in the IRAK-4 gene. In the stratified analysis for gender, two SNPs (rs4251431 and rs6582484) in males appeared as significant associations. Subgroup analysis for the presence of different allergen sensitivities displayed associations only in the house dust mite-allergic cohorts (rs3794262, rs4251481). None of the selected SNPs in IRAK-4 was associated with total IgE level. The haplotype analyisis indicated GCCTGCGA was significantly associated with AR. The SNP-SNP interaction information analysis indicated that the selected sets of polymorphisms had no synergistic effect.
Our findings did not support the potential contribution of the IRAK-4 gene to serum IgE levels. However, the results demonstrated a gender- and allergen-dependant association pattern between polymorphisms in IRAK-4 and AR in Chinese population.
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A longitudinal analysis of associations between traffic-related air pollution with asthma, allergies and sensitization in the GINIplus and LISAplus birth cohorts
Fuertes, Elaine
Standl, Marie
Cyrys, Josef
Berdel, Dietrich
von Berg, Andrea
Bauer, Carl-Peter
Krämer, Ursula
Sugiri, Dorothea
Lehmann, Irina
Koletzko, Sibylle
Carlsten, Chris
Brauer, Michael
Heinrich, Joachim
Background. There is a need to study whether the adverse effects of traffic-related air pollution (TRAP) on childhood asthma and allergic diseases documented during early-life persist into later childhood. This longitudinal study examined whether TRAP is associated with the prevalence of asthma, allergic rhinitis and aeroallergen sensitization in two German cohorts followed from birth to 10 years.
Materials. Questionnaire-derived annual reports of doctor diagnosed asthma and allergic rhinitis, as well as eye and nose symptoms, were collected from 6,604 children. Aeroallergen sensitization was assessed for 3,655 children who provided blood samples. Associations between these health outcomes and nitrogen dioxide (NO2), particles with aerodynamic diameters less than 2.5 µg/m3 (PM2.5) mass, PM2.5 absorbance and ozone, individually estimated for each child at the birth, six and 10 year home addresses, were assessed using generalized estimation equations including adjustments for relevant covariates. Odds ratios [95% confidence intervals] per increase in interquartile range of pollutant are presented for the total population and per geographical area (GINI/LISA South, GINI/LISA North and LISA East, Germany).
Results. The risk estimates for the total population were generally null across outcomes and pollutants. The area-specific results were heterogeneous. In GINI/LISA North, all associations were null. In LISA East, associations with ozone were elevated for all outcomes, and those for allergic rhinitis and eyes and nose symptom prevalence reached statistical significance (1.30 [1.02, 1.64] and 1.35 [1.16, 1.59], respectively). For GINI/LISA South, two associations with aeroallergen sensitization were significant (0.84 [0.73, 0.97] for NO2 and 0.87 [0.78, 0.97] for PM2.5 absorbance), as well as the association between allergic rhinitis and PM2.5 absorbance (0.83 [0.72, 0.96]).
Conclusions. This study did not find consistent evidence that TRAP increases the prevalence of childhood asthma, allergic rhinitis or aeroallergen sensitization in later childhood using data from birth cohort participants followed for 10 years in three locations in Germany. Results were heterogeneous across the three areas investigated.
Asthma; Allergies; Air pollution; Birth cohort; Children; Long-term exposure; Traffic
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The -590C/TIL4 single-nucleotide polymorphism as a genetic factor of atopic allergy
de Guia, Roldan M
Ramos, John Donnie A
International Journal of Molecular Epidemiology and Genetics
Elevated IgE levels in individuals with asthma, allergic rhinitis, and atopic dermatitis represents a situation in that increased IL4 production seems to occur because of the genetic component of the disease. In this study, one-hundred two matched-pairs of allergic and non-allergic individuals were phenotyped for total serum IgE level using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). Atopic status was defined by serum IgE concentration ≥100 IU/mL The -590C/T IL4 (rs2243250) was screened by polymerase chain reaction-restriction fragment-length polymorphism (PCR-RFLP) analysis. An association between the IL4 -590 TT genotype and levels of IgE was confirmed in the study population (ANOVA p=0.017). Furthermore, the IL4 T allele was significantly increased in allergic (0.299) compared with non-allergic subjects (0.172) (OR=2.060, 95% 01 = 1.285-3.301, χ2 uncorrected p=0.002) at total serum IgE cut-off of 100 IU/mL. A significant relationship between IL4 -590 TT genotype and very high IgE levels (>1000 IU/mL) (OR=3.968, 95% CI = 1.499-10.5, χ2 uncorrected p=0.01624) was also established. The -590C/T IL4 polymorphism is a potential risk factor to and correlates with atopic allergy.
Atopy; allergy; IL-4; single-nucleotide polymorphism; SNP; total IgE
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Association of ADAM33 gene polymorphisms with adult allergic asthma and rhinitis in a Chinese Han population
Su, Dongju
Zhang, Ximei
Sui, Hong
Lü, Fuzhen
Jin, Lianhong
Zhang, Jing
BMC Medical Genetics
Rhinitis and asthma are very common diseases involving genetic and environmental factors. Most patients with asthma also have rhinitis, which suggests the concept of 'one airway, one disease.' A disintegrin and metalloproteinase 33 (ADAM33) is the first asthma-susceptible gene to be discovered by positional cloning. To evaluate the potential influence of ADAM33 gene polymorphisms on allergic rhinitis (AR) and allergic asthma (AS), a case-control study was conducted on the Han population of northeast China.
Six polymorphic sites (V4, T+1, T2, T1, S1, and Q-1) were genotyped in 128 patients with AR, 181 patients with AS, and 151 healthy controls (CTR). Genotypes were determined by the polymerase chain restriction fragment length polymorphism (PCR-RFLP) method. Data were analyzed using the chi-square test with Haploview software.
The single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs), V4 G/C, T+1 A/G, and T1 G/A, of the ADAM33 gene may be the causal variants in AR, whereas ADAM33 V4 G/C, T2 A/G, T1 G/A, and Q-1A/G may participate in the susceptibility of AS.
These results suggest that polymorphisms of the ADAM33 gene may modify individual susceptibility to AR and AS in a Chinese Han population.
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Association between Polymorphisms of the IL-23R Gene and Allergic Rhinitis in a Chinese Han Population
Hu, Di
Hu, Guohua
Zhu, Jing
Shen, Yang
Kang, Houyong
Hong, Suling
PLoS ONE
Polymorphism of the interleukin-23 receptor gene corresponds with susceptibility to several immune-related diseases. For the terminal differentiation of IL-17-producing effector T-helper cells in vivo, the interleukin-23 receptor gene is of vital importance. As shown recently, Th17 cells probably have a great influence on the pathogenesis of allergic airway diseases. Our intention was to establish an association between polymorphisms in the IL-23R gene and allergic rhinitis (AR) in the Chinese Han population.
We included 358 AR patients and 407 control Chinese subjects in a case-control comparison. The study involved obtaining blood samples for DNA extraction genotyping and determination of 4 selected single-nucleotide polymorphisms in IL-23R by performing PCR restriction fragment length polymorphism analysis (PCR-RFLP).
A substantially growing prevalence of the homozygous rs7517847 GG genotype and G allele appeared in the AR patients unlike that observed in the control individuals (P<0.001). In addition, substantially high frequencies of the GGCA and GGCG haplotypes were observed in the AR patients, unlike that observed in the control individuals (P<0.05). The results suggest that the AGTG haplotype may provide protection against AR (P<0.001).
To the best of our knowledge, this is the first study to demonstrate an important association between polymorphisms in IL-23R and AR in the Chinese Han population. A strong association between rs7517847 in a SNP of IL-23R, and AR was identified.
Related Articles
Integrated genome-wide association, coexpression network, and expression single nucleotide polymorphism analysis identifies novel pathway in allergic rhinitis
Bunyavanich, Supinda
Schadt, Eric E
Himes, Blanca E
Lasky-Su, Jessica
Qiu, Weiliang
Lazarus, Ross
Ziniti, John P
Cohain, Ariella
Linderman, Michael
Torgerson, Dara G
Eng, Celeste S
Pino-Yanes, Maria
Padhukasahasram, Badri
Yang, James J
Mathias, Rasika A
Beaty, Terri H
Li, Xingnan
Graves, Penelope
Romieu, Isabelle
Navarro, Blanca del Rio
Salam, M Towhid
Vora, Hita
Nicolae, Dan L
Ober, Carole
Martinez, Fernando D
Bleecker, Eugene R
Meyers, Deborah A
Gauderman, W James
Gilliland, Frank
Burchard, Esteban G
Barnes, Kathleen C
Williams, L Keoki
London, Stephanie J
Zhang, Bin
Raby, Benjamin A
Weiss, Scott T
BMC Medical Genomics
Allergic rhinitis is a common disease whose genetic basis is incompletely explained. We report an integrated genomic analysis of allergic rhinitis.
We performed genome wide association studies (GWAS) of allergic rhinitis in 5633 ethnically diverse North American subjects. Next, we profiled gene expression in disease-relevant tissue (peripheral blood CD4+ lymphocytes) collected from subjects who had been genotyped. We then integrated the GWAS and gene expression data using expression single nucleotide (eSNP), coexpression network, and pathway approaches to identify the biologic relevance of our GWAS.
GWAS revealed ethnicity-specific findings, with 4 genome-wide significant loci among Latinos and 1 genome-wide significant locus in the GWAS meta-analysis across ethnic groups. To identify biologic context for these results, we constructed a coexpression network to define modules of genes with similar patterns of CD4+ gene expression (coexpression modules) that could serve as constructs of broader gene expression. 6 of the 22 GWAS loci with P-value ≤ 1x10−6 tagged one particular coexpression module (4.0-fold enrichment, P-value 0.0029), and this module also had the greatest enrichment (3.4-fold enrichment, P-value 2.6 × 10−24) for allergic rhinitis-associated eSNPs (genetic variants associated with both gene expression and allergic rhinitis). The integrated GWAS, coexpression network, and eSNP results therefore supported this coexpression module as an allergic rhinitis module. Pathway analysis revealed that the module was enriched for mitochondrial pathways (8.6-fold enrichment, P-value 4.5 × 10−72).
Our results highlight mitochondrial pathways as a target for further investigation of allergic rhinitis mechanism and treatment. Our integrated approach can be applied to provide biologic context for GWAS of other diseases.
Genome-wide association study; Allergic rhinitis; Coexpression network; Expression single-nucleotide polymorphism; Coexpression module; Pathway; Mitochondria; Hay fever; Allergy
Related Articles
Genetic predisposition for atopy and allergic rhinitis in the Singapore Chinese population
Wang, De Yun
Asia Pacific Allergy
The prevalence of allergic diseases is high globally, but especially in developed countries, with one in five to one in four individuals affected worldwide. The World Health Organization's "Allergic Rhinitis and its Impact on Asthma 2008 Update" guidelines stated explicitly that over 600 million patients from all countries, all ethnic groups and all ages suffer from allergic rhinitis (AR). There are clear evidences to support the concept that allergic diseases are influenced by genetic predisposition and environmental factors. The genetic basis of AR has been evaluated more intensively in the recent 10-20 years. Advances in technology and statistical methods, such as genome-wide association studies (GWAS) have enabled millions of single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) to be genotyped at rapid pace and for less cost. However these studies have not yet answered the entire heritability profile of the disease. Additionally, environmental influences on these genetic variants cannot be discounted. Hence these allergic diseases must be evaluated as a complex interplay between genetic and environmental factors. This review focuses on the genetic basis of AR, with special emphasis on studies performed in Singapore. Candidate gene based studies and GWAS performed in Singapore cohorts have been discussed to suggest how these diseases could be understood better in a Singapore context which is still applicable to research in AR globally.
Allergic rhinitis; Atopy; Genetic predisposition; Singapore Chinese
Related Articles
Filaggrin gene defects and risk of developing allergic sensitisation and allergic disorders: systematic review and meta-analysis
van den Oord, Rosanne A H M
Sheikh, Aziz
BMJ : British Medical Journal
Objective To investigate whether filaggrin gene defects, present in up to one in 10 western Europeans and North Americans, increase the risk of developing allergic sensitisation and allergic disorders.
Design Systematic review and meta-analysis.
Data sources Medline, Embase, ISI Science Citation Index, BIOSIS, ISI Web of Knowledge, UK National Research Register, clinical trials.gov, the Index to Theses and Digital dissertations, and grey literature using OpenSIGLE.
Study selection Genetic epidemiological studies (family, case-control) of the association between filaggrin gene defects and allergic sensitisation or allergic disorders.
Data extraction Atopic eczema or dermatitis, food allergy, asthma, allergic rhinitis, and anaphylaxis, along with relevant immunological variables relating to the risk of allergic sensitisation as assessed by either positive skin prick testing or increased levels of allergen specific IgE.
Data synthesis 24 studies were included. The odds of developing allergic sensitisation was 1.91 (95% confidence interval 1.44 to 2.54) in the family studies and 1.57 (1.20 to 2.07) in the case-control studies. The odds of developing atopic eczema was 1.99 (1.72 to 2.31) in the family studies and 4.78 (3.31 to 6.92) in the case-control studies. Three studies investigated the association between filaggrin gene mutations and allergic rhinitis in people without atopic eczema: overall odds ratio 1.78 (1.16 to 2.73). The four studies that investigated the association between filaggrin gene mutations and allergic rhinitis in people with atopic eczema reported a significant association: pooled odds ratio from case-control studies 2.84 (2.08 to 3.88). An overall odds ratio for the association between filaggrin gene mutations and asthma in people with atopic eczema was 2.79 (1.77 to 4.41) in case-control studies and 2.30 (1.66 to 3.18) in family studies. None of the studies that investigated filaggrin gene mutations and asthma in people without atopic eczema reported a significant association; overall odds ratio was 1.30 (0.7 to 2.30) in the case-control studies. The funnel plots suggested that publication bias was unlikely to be an explanation for these findings. No studies investigated the association between filaggrin gene mutations and food allergy or anaphylaxis.
Conclusions Filaggrin gene defects increase the risk of developing allergic sensitisation, atopic eczema, and allergic rhinitis. Evidence of the relation between filaggrin gene mutations and atopic eczema was strong, with people manifesting increased severity and persistence of disease. Filaggrin gene mutations also increased the risk of asthma in people with atopic eczema. Restoring skin barrier function in filaggrin deficient people in early life may help prevent the development of sensitisation and halt the development and progression of allergic disease.
Related Articles
The Impact of Allergic Rhinitis and Asthma on Human Nasal and Bronchial Epithelial Gene Expression
Wagener, Ariane H.
Zwinderman, Aeilko H.
Luiten, Silvia
Fokkens, Wytske J.
Bel, Elisabeth H.
Sterk, Peter J.
van Drunen, Cornelis M.
PLoS ONE
The link between upper and lower airways in patients with both asthma and allergic rhinitis is still poorly understood. As the biological complexity of these disorders can be captured by gene expression profiling we hypothesized that the clinical expression of rhinitis and/or asthma is related to differential gene expression between upper and lower airways epithelium.
Defining gene expression profiles of primary nasal and bronchial epithelial cells from the same individuals and examining the impact of allergic rhinitis with and without concomitant allergic asthma on expression profiles.
This cross-sectional study included 18 subjects (6 allergic asthma and allergic rhinitis; 6 allergic rhinitis; 6 healthy controls). The estimated false discovery rate comparing 6 subjects per group was approximately 5%. RNA was extracted from isolated and cultured epithelial cells from bronchial brushings and nasal biopsies, and analyzed by microarray (Affymetrix U133+ PM Genechip Array). Data were analysed using R and Bioconductor Limma package. For gene ontology GeneSpring GX12 was used.
The study was successfully completed by 17 subjects (6 allergic asthma and allergic rhinitis; 5 allergic rhinitis; 6 healthy controls). Using correction for multiple testing, 1988 genes were differentially expressed between healthy lower and upper airway epithelium, whereas in allergic rhinitis with or without asthma this was only 40 and 301 genes, respectively. Genes influenced by allergic rhinitis with or without asthma were linked to lung development, remodeling, regulation of peptidases and normal epithelial barrier functions.
Differences in epithelial gene expression between the upper and lower airway epithelium, as observed in healthy subjects, largely disappear in patients with allergic rhinitis with or without asthma, whilst new differences emerge. The present data identify several pathways and genes that might be potential targets for future drug development.
Related Articles
Breast feeding and allergic diseases in infants—a prospective birth cohort study
Kull, I
Wickman, M
Lilja, G
Nordvall, S
Pershagen, G
Archives of Disease in Childhood
Aims: To investigate the effect of breast feeding on allergic disease in infants up to 2 years of age.
Methods: A birth cohort of 4089 infants was followed prospectively in Stockholm, Sweden. Information about various exposures was obtained by parental questionnaires when the infants were 2 months old, and about allergic symptoms and feeding at 1 and 2 years of age. Duration of exclusive and partial breast feeding was assessed separately. Symptom related definitions of various allergic diseases were used. Odds ratios (OR) and 95% confidence intervals (CI) were estimated in a multiple logistic regression model. Adjustments were made for potential confounders.
Results: Children exclusively breast fed during four months or more exhibited less asthma (7.7% v 12%, ORadj = 0.7, 95% CI 0.5 to 0.8), less atopic dermatitis (24% v 27%, ORadj = 0.8, 95% CI 0.7 to 1.0), and less suspected allergic rhinitis (6.5% v 9%, ORadj = 0.7, 95% CI 0.5 to 1.0) by 2 years of age. There was a significant risk reduction for asthma related to partial breast feeding during six months or more (ORadj = 0.7, 95% CI 0.5 to 0.9). Three or more of five possible allergic disorders—asthma, suspected allergic rhinitis, atopic dermatitis, food allergy related symptoms, and suspected allergic respiratory symptoms after exposure to pets or pollen—were found in 6.5% of the children. Exclusive breast feeding prevented children from having multiple allergic disease (ORadj = 0.7, 95% CI 0.5 to 0.9) during the first two years of life.
Conclusion: Exclusive breast feeding seems to have a preventive effect on the early development of allergic disease—that is, asthma, atopic dermatitis, and suspected allergic rhinitis, up to 2 years of age. This protective effect was also evident for multiple allergic disease.
Related Articles
Association of the Histamine N-methyltransferase C314T (Thr105Ile) Polymorphism with Atopic Dermatitis in Caucasian Children
Kennedy, Mary Jayne
Loehle, Jennifer A.
Griffin, Angela R.
Doll, Mark A.
Kearns, Gregory L.
Sullivan, Janice E.
Hein, David W.
Study Objective
To investigate potential associations between the histamine N-methyltransferase (HNMT) C314T (Thr105Ile) polymorphism and atopic dermatitis (AD) in a cohort of Caucasian children.
Prospective, multi-center (n=4) genotype/association study.
Four academic, tertiary care, medical centers within the Pediatric Pharmacology Research Unit (PPRU) network
Patients or Participants
Caucasian children ages 6 months – 5 years with (n=129) and without (n=127) AD. All subjects completed the study although data from 6 subjects (n=2 AD and n=4 control) were excluded due to violations in inclusion/exclusion criteria (n=5) and the informed consent process (n=1).
Information was collected regarding severity of AD, oral antihistamine treatment and treatment response via parental report. Buccal swabs (n=1 per cheek) were also performed to obtain epithelial cells for extraction of genomic DNA.
Measurements and Main results
HMNT genotypes were successfully obtained in 116 and 122 control and AD subjects, respectively. Frequencies of the T314 variant allele (0.12, p=0.04) and combined CT/TT genotype (0.24, p=0.02) were significantly higher in children with AD compared with controls (allele and genotype frequencies = 0.06 and 0.12). Children with genotypes conferring reduced HNMT activity were two times more likely to have AD than those who were homozygous for the C314 reference allele.
Increased histamine levels in patients with AD may result, at least in part, from reduced inactivation via HNMT. Genetically-associated reduction in histamine biotransformation may therefore contribute to the pathogenesis, persistence and progression of AD. If confirmed, these data indicate that HNMT might represent a common risk factor for development of AD, asthma and allergic rhinitis and may be useful in identifying individuals who are candidates for early preventative pharmacotherapeutic intervention. Additional longitudinal studies will be required in order to assess the relationship between genotype, disease severity and antihistamine response.
atopic dermatitis; histamine N-methyltransferase; pediatric; pharmacogenetics
Related Articles
Toll-like receptor gene polymorphisms are associated with allergic rhinitis: a case control study
Nilsson, Daniel
Andiappan, Anand Kumar
Halldén, Christer
De Yun, Wang
Säll, Torbjörn
Tim, Chew Fook
Cardell, Lars-Olaf
BMC Medical Genetics
The Toll-like receptor proteins are important in host defense and initiation of the innate and adaptive immune responses. A number of studies have identified associations between genetic variation in the Toll-like receptor genes and allergic disorders such as asthma and allergic rhinitis. The present study aim to search for genetic variation associated with allergic rhinitis in the Toll-like receptor genes.
A first association analysis genotyped 73 SNPs in 182 cases and 378 controls from a Swedish population. Based on these results an additional 24 SNPs were analyzed in one Swedish population with 352 cases and 709 controls and one Chinese population with 948 cases and 580 controls.
The first association analysis identified 4 allergic rhinitis-associated SNPs in the TLR7-TLR8 gene region. Subsequent analysis of 24 SNPs from this region identified 7 and 5 significant SNPs from the Swedish and Chinese populations, respectively. The corresponding risk-associated haplotypes are significant after Bonferroni correction and are the most common haplotypes in both populations. The associations are primarily detected in females in the Swedish population, whereas it is seen in males in the Chinese population. Further independent support for the involvement of this region in allergic rhinitis was obtained from quantitative skin prick test data generated in both populations.
Haplotypes in the TLR7-TLR8 gene region were associated with allergic rhinitis in one Swedish and one Chinese population. Since this region has earlier been associated with asthma and allergic rhinitis in a Danish linkage study this speaks strongly in favour of this region being truly involved in the development of this disease.
Allergic rhinitis; Toll-like receptor; Polymorphism; Genetics; Haplotype; Case–control
Related Articles
FCRL3 Gene Polymorphisms Confer Autoimmunity Risk for Allergic Rhinitis in a Chinese Han Population
Gu, Zheng
Hong, Su-Ling
Ke, Xia
Shen, Yang
Wang, Xiao-Qiang
Hu, Di
Hu, Guo-Hua
Kang, Hou-Yong
PLoS ONE
Heredity and environmental exposures may contribute to a predisposition to allergic rhinitis (AR). Autoimmunity may also involve into this pathologic process. FCRL3 (Fc receptor-like 3 gene), a novel immunoregulatory gene, has recently been reported to play a role in autoimmune diseases.
This study was performed to evaluate the potential association of FCRL3 polymorphisms with AR in a Chinese Han population.
Five single-nucleotide polymorphisms of FCRL3, rs945635, rs3761959, rs7522061, rs10489678 and rs7528684 were genotyped in 540 AR patients and 600 healthy controls using a PCR-restriction fragment length polymorphism assay. Allele, genotype and haplotype frequencies were compared between patients and controls using the χ2 test. The online software platform SHEsis was used to analyze their haplotypes.
This study identified three strong risk SNPs rs7528684, rs10489678, rs7522061 and one weak risk SNP rs945635 of FCRL3 in Chinese Han AR patients. For rs7528684, a significantly increased prevalence of the AA genotype and A allele in AR patients was recorded. The frequency of the GG genotype and G allele of rs10489678 was markedly higher in AR patients than those in controls. For rs7522061, a higher frequency of the TT genotype, and a lower frequency of the CT genotype were found in AR patients. Concerning rs945635, a lower frequency of the CC genotype, and a higher frequency of G allele were observed in AR patients. According to the analysis of the three strong positive SNPs, the haplotype of AGT increased significantly in AR cases (AR = 38.8%, Controls = 24.3%, P = 8.29×10-14, OR [95% CI] 1.978 [1.652~2.368]).
This study found a significant association between the SNPs in FCRL3 gene and AR in Chinese Han patients. The results suggest these gene polymorphisms might be the autoimmunity risk for AR.
Related Articles
Association Study on IL4, IL13 and IL4RA Polymorphisms in Mite-Sensitized Persistent Allergic Rhinitis in a Chinese Population
Lu, Mei-Ping
Chen, Ruo-Xi
Wang, Mei-Lin
Zhu, Xin-Jie
Zhu, Lu-Ping
Yin, Min
Zhang, Zheng-Dong
Cheng, Lei
PLoS ONE
The IL4, IL13, and IL4 receptor α chain (IL4RA) genes are candidate genes for atopic diseases. We hypothesized that the polymorphisms in these genes are associated with persistent allergic rhinitis (PER).
To investigate the association of the potential functional polymorphisms in IL4, IL13, and IL4RA with PER induced by house dust mites in a Chinese population.
Using the TaqMan method, we genotyped six single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) including C-590T in IL4, C-1055T and Arg130Gln in IL13, and Ile50Val, Ser478Pro and Gln551Arg in IL4RA, in a case-control study of 265 patients with PER and 275 healthy controls.
We found that the CT/CC genotypes in IL4 C-590T were associated with a significantly decreased risk of mite-sensitized PER [adjusted odds ratio (OR) = 0.64, 95% confidence interval (CI) 0.45–0.92], compared to the TT genotype. Furthermore, PER patients with CT/CC genotypes had significantly lower serum levels of total IgE than those with TT genotype (P = 0.001). However, there was no significant association of the IL13 and IL4RA polymorphisms with mite-sensitized PER (P>0.05).
Our results suggest that the C-590T polymorphism in IL4 may contribute to the susceptibility to mite-sensitized PER in a Chinese population.
Related Articles
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- Report: #458460
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Complaint Review: Amica Mutual Insurance Company
Amica Mutual Insurance Companyamica.com Nationwide U.S.A.
Amica Mutual Insurance Company After 20 years with NO CLAIMS filed, my policies cancelled for a late payment Houston Nationwide
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text:
The highlight of Mike Lee's summer occurred when he made it out of the local qualifier for the U.S. Open.
Lee survived a seven-golfer playoff for two spots at South Bend's Morris Park Country Club. Lee made a 30-foot curling putt for birdie on the second hole to advance to a sectional qualifier in Springfield, Ohio.
Lee wants to top that Wednesday when he tees off in the Northern Amateur at Sand Creek Country Club. This is Lee's third appearance in the Northern Am.
"I struggled a little bit last year," Lee said. "I hope to put together a few good rounds this time."
Lee has only played a few tournaments this year.
Last week, he finished...


text:
WWQR > Vol. 26 (2008) > No. 3
Article Title
Peer Reviewed
Offers a history of annual Whitman celebrations in Bolton, England, where early socialist disciples of Whitman began honoring the poet in the 1880s, a tradition that, on and off, has continued to the present day; describes in detail the 2008 celebration.
Copyright © 2009 Michael Robertson and Joey Cain
Recommended Citation
Robertson, Michael; and Cain, Joey. "Walt Whitman in Lancashire, 1886-2008." Walt Whitman Quarterly Review 26 (Winter 2009), 143-150.
Available at: http://dx.doi.org/10.13008/2153-3695.1893


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Nick Anderson by Nick Anderson
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Comments (19) (Please sign in to comment)
You never know where a hotel towel has been.
^Perhaps for you.
i think both panels should be the same.
Lyin to us? Tell me it ain't so, Senor! Why what about that "we've been on the ground in charge since day one and BP doesn't make a move that isn't approved by the WH" thing? Was that a lie too? NO nononono not MY president. He wouldn't LIE! Not to ME!
Sorry, here it is 10am and I'm already overmedicated…. ;0))
"eeew that thing was in Joe's mouth just the other day. "
- Lies. Joe has his own special emergency-gaffe towel. It's heavy-duty.
BP gets bad press, Mobil, Shell, Conoco and others are indeed keeping up the drill baby drill. The MOST sensitive few acres in the large ANWR are where the companies want to drill. The Alaska pipeline is about to wear out, and either be replaced at high cost, or leak- guess which the companies will let happen???
The geology in the Gulf is pretty stable. The drillers were unstable. Off the California and Oregon coasts, both the geology (plate tectonics) AND the drillers, and anyone who believes them, are quite unstable.
All those Hummers whistling past the graveyard of oceans.
A tampax will work every time, however he is plugging the wrong hole!
Dream Weaver's…………how do you make it through the night?
harley, thanks for the link, but at the bottom of that page you cited is a link to a re-analysis of the Dust to Dust data, which indicates that the "study" you cite is very, very suspect in many ways. The poster is disingenuous at best when she says "I'm not a scientist, I can't judge." It's pretty obvious that the "Dust to Dust" assumptions are bizarre (e.g., Hummers H1 will last 379,000 miles but Toyota Prius only 109,000? in a cost-per-mile calculation? Hmmm), and misstate known facts (e.g., claim that most of the energy use is in the manufacture rather than 90% in the operation, as a number of cited studies show clearly). Seems pretty clear to me that this "study" is a load of hogwash, especially since they will not release all their data nor their source of funding – neither of which are conventional scientific practice. Nor was it peer reviewed. It was a "private" study, meaning it could be some guy and a spreadsheet making up numbers. http://tinyurl.com/2flebb Direct link to the analysis: http://tinyurl.com/yq28lg
Actually, the latest "plan d'neg'" seems to be working…
Beebee Doodle says; They got my furball?
It's long been true that the newer batteries for electric cars are incredibly toxic. The question is : do they help alleviate our dependence on oil? The answer is yes, because Americans travel. We are bigger, on average, than most industrialized countries. We rely heavily on tourism. Americans drive. Higher MPGs on our cars would be a good thing and help us shift towards a better fuel source, because an electric car doesn't really care what charges the batteries… so we could hook it up to a nuclear power plant. Hydrogen cars are also pretty good, too.
But yes, the newer batteries are incredibly toxic and extremely difficult to dispose of or recycle.
Diesel cars are decent, too. We recently got a diesel car… it gets 50MPG on the highway, 42 City. I'd love to replace our other car which is only ~33 highway but that'll be a while.
you do NOT need those meds !
Which - of course - makes me superior to a caveman
hahahahahahahah ;0))
Harley, the coastal plain at ANWR is the most sensitive as the breeding area, most of the Refuge is high mountain country to the south. The "draw" of wildlife to oil pipelines and drill pads is absurd fabrication by industry. ONE spill destroys these shallow soil areas, and the lichen on which the caribou feed, for centuries.
As to short cutting process to increase profits, disregarding risks, BP has pretty well proven where the industry lies on THAT!
Hummers and nuclear waste are equally environmentally beneficial.
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Hi Everyone,
I have searched far and wide for a way to list CATEGORY titles (not post titles) by first letter, not a full list in alphabetic order but... a list that only displays category titles that start with "d" or whatever the desired letter.
If you are curious of the usage, I am making an A B C D etc. nav and need it to list category titles that start with the respective letter.
I have already found nateomedia's plugin and it is for post so it wont work. I need category titles. Perhaps the bulk of the work is done with his plugin? i don't know enough about php to say but i would think you could query the data base for category title instead of post title. but I dont know and that why i am here.
Any help would be greatly appreciated because I am under a tight deadline here! Yikes!


text: No recent wiki edits to this page. Grossout escapes capture and lets loose in Alabama, leading to tales of a mysterious bog monster on the loose. He soon crosses paths with Impulse, who is trying to find the alleged monster before the government do, while wandering out in the wild. But after a confrontation in the swamps leads Grossout to absorb some of Impulse's powers, the two must find a way to set things right.


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text:
Producer: Havoc
Album: The Infamous
Label: Loud, RCA, BMG
Cipha Sounds: "How could it not rip in the Tunnel? Just classic. 'Shook Ones Pt. I' was actually pretty big in the Tunnel, but 'Pt. II' ripped everything."
Cipha Sounds Presents: The 75 Greatest Tunnel Bangers
15. Mobb Deep "Shook Ones Pt. II" (1995)
Producer: Havoc
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