text:
|Publication number
|Publication type
|Application number
|Publication date
|Jan 31, 2006
|Filing date
|Jun 25, 2002
|Priority date
|Jun 25, 2001
|Fee status
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|Publication number
|Mark D. Wiederhold, Steven A. Israel, Rodney P. Meyer, John M. Irvine
|Original Assignee
|Science Applications International Corporation
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|Patent Citations (8), Non-Patent Citations (5), Referenced by (117), Classifications (29), Legal Events (4)
|External Links: USPTO, USPTO Assignment, Espacenet
This application claims the benefit of and incorporates by reference co-pending provisional application Ser. No. 60/300,070 filed Jun. 25, 2001.
The invention is related to the use of individual variations in physiometric data to identify individuals. More specifically, the invention is related to the analysis of data such as cardiovascular and/or respiratory data and the identification of humans based on individual variations thereof.
Biometric techniques, such as face recognition, finger print analysis, iris recognition, and voice recognition have emerged as methods for automatically identifying individuals. These techniques can be implemented to provide automated security for facilities, to restrict access to computer networks, or to verify identification for online transactions.
Traditional biometric techniques, however, provide only a "snapshot" of data that can be represented in an image format. There is a need in the art for more sensitive and accurate biometric identification techniques.
In these and other embodiments the invention provides methods and apparatuses useful for verification of identity, which may be used for a variety of purposes such as a prerequisite to entry of secured facilities, use of restricted information systems, and conduct of business or legal activities, as well as identification of unknown individuals and confirmation of the identity of known individuals.
For example, according to aspects of the present invention, a new biometric technique may be used that is based on signals such as heart rate variability and/or respiration processes. Traditional biometrics, such as face recognition, fingerprint identification, and iris recognition, rely on a "snapshot" of data that can be represented in an image format. The biometric proposed here may exploit information about a dynamic physiological process that can be interrogated using sensors such as non-imaging sensors. Certain features can be extracted from the data, and those features can uniquely correspond to, and identify, individuals. This is also a very robust technique that can be accurate even under varying conditions. For instance, while a person's heart rate can vary with mental and emotional state, the shape of a signal corresponding to the heartbeat is for the most part unique to that person, or varies in a way that is unique to that person
The foregoing summary of the invention, as well as the following detailed description of preferred embodiments, is better understood when read in conjunction with the accompanying drawings, which are included by way of example, and not by way of limitation with regard to the claimed invention.
The invention provides methods useful for verification of identity as a prerequisite to entry of secured facilities, use of restricted information systems, and conduct of business or legal activities, as well as identification of unknown individuals. These methods complement traditional identification techniques and can be fused with traditional biometric techniques to provide improved performance. Such fusion-based systems would be much harder for unauthorized personnel to circumvent or defeat.
During manunalian development, a series of genetically programmed steps leads to the growth of organs and physiologically interactive systems. For example, although a "human blueprint" exists, anatomical differences are a rule, forcing medical students to learn about the many "variants" of anatomical structure. Anatomical differences are already exploited in biometrics such as fingerprints and iris patterns. These anatomical differences can be further used to identify individual functional and physiological biometrics.
The various illustrative methods and apparatuses described below involve one or more of several unique processing stages. The methods may involve high temporal resolution data collection that can resolve the difference among the components of the heartbeats. Attribute feature sets may further be provided to characterize individuals. The feature extraction methods are space-robust and quasi-invariant to state of anxiety. In general, robust statistical processing of a subject permits quantitative analysis of performance.
Underlying Physiological Principles
The physiological "set point" for humans and other mammals is a unique quality with a number of diverse inputs, which gives rise to the distribution seen in measures such as resting heart rate, resting respiratory rate, and temperature. As the understanding of human physiology and the physiology of other mammals has advanced, the increasing complexity of physiological control has become apparent. The illustrative identifying biometrics disclosed herein are based on the following underlying physiological principles.
The control of mammalian physiological systems results from a complex interaction of neural and musculoskeletal inputs combined with a family of effector molecules. Some of the physiological controllers are under voluntary control, while others are involuntary. The action of the parasympathetic and sympathetic nervous systems of considerable interest. These two neurally and chemically mediated systems act as opposing regulators to maximize physiological performance. For example, the sympathetic nervous system increases heart rate by the release of epinephrine, while the parasympathetic nervous system slows the heart rate by action of the vagus nerve.
Experience in the medical community indicates that patterns observed in electrocardiograms (ECGs) are unique to an individual. Indeed, doctors offer anecdotal evidence that patients can be identified by their ECG traces. Analysis of available ECG data is consistent with this belief While direct measurement of the ECG may not provide a practical biometric for human identification, other less direct measures of heart rate and/or other cardiac parameters are possible and provide the same unique identifier for individuals.
Similar arguments, based on experience in the medical community, suggest that respiration may offer a similar unique identifier. The physiological processes that affect respiration (the sympathetic nervous system, lung capacity, structure of the respiratory passages, etc.) suggest that respiration may also provide a unique identifier for an individual.
Finally, a large body of literature exists on speaker recognition. The fundamental frequencies associated with speech depend on the mechanism for generating the sounds and the shape and size of body cavities in which the sound resonates. Analysis of a small set of data reinforces the concept of human identification based on the fundamental frequencies associated with the speaker.
Biometric Measurements
The illustrative biometrics disclosed herein may not only have the capability to lead to individually recognized patterns, but also may be measured at a distance (using standoff techniques), providing the potential for non-intrusive means of identifying individuals.
Heart Rate Variability
"Heart rate variability" (HRV) is the temporal difference between successive heartbeats, and is controlled by a variety of physiological inputs. Some of these inputs include biochemical, neural, and hormonal. Task Force of the European Society of Cardiology and the North American Society of Pacing and Electrophysiology, 1996; Kundu et al., 2000; Mateo & Laguna, 2000. HRV can be measured by a variety of methods such as using standard electrocardiogram (ECG) contact leads and also can be approximated by measuring the pulse at the extremities or by other means such as a pulse oximeter. Each method may record each heartbeat, and/or the interval between beats.
A standoff technique may be used to take advantage of an older method for measuring heart function, the ballistocardiogram. Newer radar techniques can be used at a distance to determine cardiac function as well as heart rate variability. Previous research suggests that the heartbeats can be discerned in the signal acquired by radar. Greneker, 1997. This strong contraction is also detectable by a radar technique.
Multiple contact measurements associated with heart rate and circulation can be acquired, each measuring one or more of the same or different physiological phenomena. These phenomena include, but are not limited to, mechanical activity of the heart, fluctuation of the skin surface associated with the pulse, and change in blood oxygen levels associated with the pulse.
Pulse can be measured at various body locations, such as the carotid, radial, or femoral arteries. Means of contact pulse measurements include measurement of electrical potential via electrocardiogram, measurement of acoustic wave pressure, and pulse oximetry. Laser vibrometry offers one method for measuring pulse at a distance. Unlike radar, however, a laser requires line-of-sight to the target area.
Pulse oximetry offers a simple, direct method for acquiring information about heart rate variability. Yoshiya et al., 1980. Acquisition of simultaneous ECG, heart rate, and pulse oximeter data shows the strong relationship among the three signals (
Respiration Patterns
Respiration rate and/or functional parameters can be evaluated by movement of the air at the nares, expansion of the chest, and change in temperature at the nares. Respiration information can be acquired, for example, by direct measurement of the temperature change associated with inhalation and exhalation, by using a pressure transducer on the chest to measure changes associated with breathing, and/or by using a pressure transducer at the heart to capture a combined signal associated with the heartbeat and/or respiration. In the specific examples below, we used two types of contact sensors, one on the nose and one on the chest, to measure breathing differences.
A variety of long-range standoff sensors may be used, including but not limited to radar, laser, and thermal imagery. A long range standoff measure may use, for instance, an infra-red camera with video capability. A liquid nitrogen cooled device should be able to pick up temperature changes around the nares corresponding to respiratory rate, as well as actual breath plumes, which would relate to respiratory functional parameters. As discussed above, previous research indicates that, at the right frequency and power, radar can be used to measure both heartbeat and respiration. A second approach, using the laser, requires a target area that moves with inhalation and exhalation. While clothing per se may not pose a problem, loose clothing could attenuate the signal of interest. A third technique, which may prove the easiest approach operationally, is to collect thermal video data. Experiments have shown that the temperature changes associated with inhalation and exhalation are evident in thermal infrared imagery (
Body Resonance
Body resonance, which results from the propagation of voice and sound (breathing, heart sounds, gastrointestinal sounds, etc.) through solid and liquid organs and body structures, is profoundly affected by anatomical differences. Contact microphones placed over the larynx, and/or at one or more other sites (over solid, liquid and/or air filled cavities), such as the lung fields and sinuses, will pick up multiple frequencies. A standoff technique using a microphone array or laser method could pick up these individual frequencies. The major challenge of standoff measurements is the rapid decay of the signal as a function of distance. Dish microphones offer one relatively simple approach to collecting the acoustic data at a distance. At larger distances, an array of microphones may be used to acquire the signal.
A comparison between contact and standoff techniques for taking biometric measurements is shown in Table 1. It should be noted that Table 1 is merely illustrative, and other sensors and techniques may be used for each measurement than those indicated.
TABLE 1 Illustrative Relationship Between Contact Data and Sensing at a Distance. Contact/ Distance Sensing Measurement Proximity Sensor Technique Respiration Pressure Transducer Laser vibrometer Heartbeat Laser vibrometer Respiration and heartbeat Pressure Transducer Radar Pulse in finger Pressure Transducer Differential light absorption (oximetry) Respiration (nose) Temperature Thermal IR Sensor ETCO2 CO2 Laser spectroscopy Pulse Oximetry Pulse Oximeter Differential light absorption (oximetry) Body resonance (throat) Microphone Dish microphone Laser vibrometer Body Resonance Microphone Dish microphone (multiple sites) Laser vibrometer
ECG Data Processing
Collecting a relatively short sequence of ECG data, i.e., for approximately less than 1, 10–20, 7–8, 5–10, or 10–25 second (e.g., 3, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 15, 20, or 25 seconds, provides a considerable amount of information. As the number of heartbeats collected increases, the sample becomes more statistically significant. However, identification may be achieved using data collected for less than one second or for a single heartbeat. A predetermined number of heartbeats also can be collected. Parametric statistics can also be applied to perform identification with a Gaussian distribution. Such statistical processing may allow for quantitative, easily derived, and understood performance measures.
To identify individuals based upon their ECG, some or all of several basic data processing steps may be performed. Illustrative steps are highlighted in
Sampling Frequency
The ECG may be sampled at a particular data collection rate. In some illustrative embodiments, the data collection rate may be higher than the standard data collection rate (which is about 200–250 samples per second). For example, the data collection rate may be approximately four times the standard data collection rate, or about 1000–1024, or 2000 or more samples per second. At this high data rate, the base positions of the P complex may be more easily separated from the Q position of the R complex and the start of the heartbeat.
Low Pass Filtering
By observing ECG data across a range of subjects, we found the high frequencies are dominated by noise sources, particularly 60 Hz noise and its harmonics (
Feature Extraction
The individual complexes that form the ECG for each heartbeat stem from different phenomenology. The attributes derived from the complexes contain sufficient information to characterize individuals. Examples of attributes that may be derived include the relative times for the peak and base positions of the individual heartbeat plus the RR intervals (
Individual attributes may be extracted using a variety of techniques. For instance, the R peak is in the region of maximum variance and high deviation from the heartbeat median. The R peaks define the origin of the heartbeat. The Q and S position may be found by trending the peak to its basis. The P complex may be obtained by repeating the process to the left of the R complex, while the T complex may be obtained by performing the analysis to the right of the R complex. The complex positions may then be normalized by the RR interval. The information may become robust if not invariant to state of anxiety. The data may be evaluated using one or more rules to filter undesirable data from the identification stage. An example of a such a rule is requiring that the T′ position is smaller than the duration of the RR interval.
Pulse Oxymetry Data Processing
Pulse oxymetry uses electro-optical sensing to quantify the level of oxygen in blood. The oxygen level cycles with each heartbeat, and sensors operating in the visible and near-infrared regions can be used to monitor this pattern of change (
Video cameras with appropriate filters and processing can be used to collect datastreams on pulse oximetry in the 660 nanometer and 805 nanometer regions. The pulse oximeter signal can be reconstructed by synchronizing these two data streams.
Respiration Pattern Data Processing
Respiration information can be acquired by direct measurement of the temperature change associated with inhalation and exhalation near the nose and by a pressure transducer on the chest to measure changes associated with breathing and the expansion and contraction of the chest. Temperature changes associated with inhalation and exhalation are evident in thermal IR imagery. (
Criteria for Assessing Biometrics
A fundamental issue is the potential for each biometric to identify an individual. This question, however, can be couched in several ways. For example, given two sets of readings, we might ask if these are from the same individual. Another approach is to compare a new set of data to a series of observations that correspond to a registry of multiple individuals and ask if the new reading corresponds to a member of this registry. In either case, the analysis can be framed as a statistical test of hypothesis. The nature of the application would typically drive the acceptable level of type I and type II error in practice.
Various signal processing of biometric data may be used. Examples of such signal processing include noise filtering, signal decomposition, and/or feature extraction. It is envisioned that one, some, or all of the following attributes may be used in our classification/target recognition/data fusion algorithms, in any combination or subcombination: RR interval, width of the QRS complex, PQ time period, and the ST time period. The attributes may further be evaluated individually for frequency modulation, statistical distribution, and/or robustness to noise. Collectively, these attributes may be analyzed to determine their viability as biometrics.
Contact vs. Distance Sensing
Multiple sensing techniques may provide information about several phenomena related to the underlying physiological processes. For example, respiration may be measured in accordance with the mechanical activity and/or motion of the chest wall, and the thermal activity secondary to airflow at the nose (for example). Similarly, contact measurements of the heart rate and cardiovascular function may include the electrocardiogram (ECG), the cardiac output, and the pulse oximeter. The ECG may be used to provide a reference standard, while the heart rate cardiac output and pulse oximeter may be used in a manner analogous to standoff sensing using radar and electro-optical sensors. Table 2 shows an illustrative relationship among the contact and standoff sensing techniques.
Distance Sensing
Laser vibrometer
of the chest (motion)
Longwave Infrared
Temperature changes
video imagery
with inhalation and
exhalation (flow)
Heart rate
Mechanical movement
of the heart
Laser vibrometer
Pulse (blood
pressure)at carotid
Pulse Oximetry
Oxygen levels
associated with heart
Basic physiological processes of interest may include, but are not limited to, one, some, or any of the following, in any combination or subcombination: the mechanical activity of the heart (which may include the motion of the valves and movement of the heart chambers), the pressure wave the skin surface associated with the pulse, and the change in blood oxygen levels and pressure associated with the pulse. A second approach is to measure the pressure wave associated with the pulse at some location on the body, such as the carotid artery, aorta or the radial artery. Laser vibrometry offers one method for performing this task at a distance. Unlike radar, however, laser vibrometry requires line-of-sight to the target area. A third approach, known as pulse oximetry, uses electro-optical sensing to quantify the level of oxygen in the blood. The oxygen level cycles with each heartbeat and sensors operating in the visible and near-infrared regions can be used to monitor this pattern of change.
In the contact data, respiration information may be acquired through various methods. For example, one may take a direct measurement of the temperature change associated with inhalation and exhalation near the nose. As another example, a pressure transducer may be placed on the chest to measure changes associated with breathing and/or the expansion and contraction of the chest. Any type of standoff sensor may be used, including radar, laser, and thermal imagery. Another approach, using a laser, may require a target area that moves with inhalation and exhalation. While clothing per se may not pose a-problem, loose clothing could attenuate the signal of interest. A third technique, which may prove the easiest approach operationally, is to collect thermal video data. Experiments have shown that the temperature changes associated with inhalation and exhalation is evident in thermal IR imagery (
One illustrative strategy is to use a plurality of sensors, such as three video cameras, with appropriate filters and processing, to collect datastreams on respiration and/or pulse oximetry (
Compilation of a Database
A set of biometric data for a plurality of individual subjects may be measured and stored as a collection of biometric data. For each subject, the biometric data may include some or all of the biometric data discussed herein using any method such as any of the techniques discussed herein. The data collection may be stored in any one or more storage devices such as a database 2505 (
Identification of Subjects
Once a data collection is established, the biometric data for a subject in the data collection may be compared with the biometric data in the data collection for some or all of the subjects included in the data collection. This comparison may yield information that can help identify a subject as someone who is already included in the data collection. Referring to the illustrative system of
In operation, the biometric sensors 2502–2504 in the illustrative embodiment may obtain raw biometric data from a first subject in accordance with the aspects of the invention described herein. The raw biometric data may be processed and/or analyzed to generate processed biometric data for the first subject using any or all of the techniques discussed herein. The database 2505 may contain raw and/or processed biometric data for one or more subjects such as a second subject and a third subject. The processed biometric data for the first subject may be compared with the biometric data for the second and/or third subjects. Based on a comparison, an output interface such as a display screen, a voice generation system, and/or the like (which may be part of the biometric station 2501) may output a result. The biometric station 2501 may further send one or more control signals to one or more devices and/or appliances in accordance with the comparison. For instance, where the processed biometric data for the first subject matches exactly, or within a predetermined threshold error range, the biometric data in the database 2505 for the second subject, the biometric station 2501 may determine that the first subject is the same subject as the second subject. Or, where there is not a match, the biometric station 2501 may determine that the first subject is not the same subject as the second subject. The biometric station 2501 may send the control signals to the devices and/or appliances to be controlled based on a number of factors such as whether there is a match and/or with which subject in the database 2505 the first subject's biometric data matches. Examples of devices or appliances to be controlled may include a vehicle, a cellular phone, a door to a building and/or anything else that one may desire to secure through biometric identification and/or confirmation.
All patents, patent applications, and references cited in this disclosure are incorporated herein by reference in their entirety. The following examples are provided to illustrate various aspects of the invention and do not limit the invention, which is described by the appended claims.
Overview of the Collection of Specific Physiological Data
The core of this set of illustrative experiments is the collection of specific physiological data to address non-imaging biometrics. In this example, the core experiment focused on the collection of heart rate, respiration, and body resonance data from several contact and close proximity sensors (
It is well known that heart rate and respiration can vary with a person's mental and emotional state. To measure this variability and assess its effect on human identification, we developed a strict protocol in which the subject performs a series of tasks. These tasks range from a relaxed, meditative state to tasks likely to induce varying levels of concentration and stress. Preliminary measurements indicated that heart rate and respiration vary across these tasks. Measurements were collected during these tasks and during the recovery, period as well. All measurements were collected by trained psychology professionals under strict procedures to insure high quality, consistent data.
Ancillary experiments included infrared (IR) video imagery and body resonance measurements. IR video can monitor the change in temperature around the nose and mouth associated with respiration. The core experiment collected strain-gauge data on respiration and temperature measurements close to the nose. In a separate experiment, we confirmed that robust respiration data can be collected remotely, using an IR sensor. The core body resonance experiment collected data when the subject was speaking.
Sensors for Data Collection
In this example, a set of sensors was identified to collect contact biometrics data, as shown in Table 3.
Sensors and Associated Biometric Measurements
Heart Rate
Electrical activity
Heart beat
Pressure transducer
Piezoelectric transducer
Nasal temperature change
Thermal sensor
Chest movement
Pressure transducer
Body Resonance
Recorded speech
Face Recognition
Video camera
Where possible, multiple sensors collected data related to the same underlying physiological process. For example, information about respiration was collected using a thermal sensor at the nose to measure the air temperature changes associated with inhalation and exhalation. At the same time, a strain gauge measured the expansion and contraction of the chest associated with respiration. The full suite of sensors was integrated into a single laboratory system, so that data were collected simultaneously and were temporally registered to a single system clock.
Temperature Probe (LDT1-028Kpiezoelectric Transducer)
This non-contact probe can be used to collect changes in temperature in the immediate vicinity of the subject's nose. It can be used as a surrogate for an IR camera. This probe has a piezoelectric response coefficient of 16 mV/K and a piezoelectric charge coefficient of 30 mV/m2 K.
Contact Microphones (CPS4P Contact Microphone)
These contact microphones can be used as surrogates for a laser vibrometer. The microphones can be used in a two microphone configuration or in a one microphone/one speaker configuration. The two microphone configuration requires that one microphone be placed at the larynx to record the driving signal. The second microphone is placed at over a resonance cavity, to record the response to the driving signal. The one microphone configuration replaces the driving signal from the larynx with a driving signal from an external speaker. The driving signal is a swept frequency signal ranging from 2 Hz to 30 kHz. The microphone is placed over a resonance cavity to record the response. The microphones have a flat frequency response from 2 Hz to 50 kHz, with less than a 3 dB variation over this range.
Pressure Transducers (LDT2-028K LDT2-052K LDT4-028K)
These probes can be used to collect simultaneous multiple-site heart and respiration biometrics and used to record surface measurements.
Comparison of piezoelectric materials
103 kg/m3
Relative Permittivity
d31 Constant
g31 Constant
(10−3) Vm/N
k31 Constant
% at 1 kHz
Acoustic Impedance
(106) kg/m2-sec.
A typical infrared absorption spectrum of PVDF film is shown in
TABLE 5 Typical properties of piezo materials Symbol Parameter PVDF Copolymer Units t Thickness 9, 28, 52, 110 Various μm (micron, 10−6) d31d33 Piezo Strain Constant 23−33 11−38 g31g33 Piezo Stress constant 216−330 162−542 k31 Electromechanical 12% 20% k3 Coupling Factor 14% 25–29% C Capacitance 380 for 28 μm 68 for 100 μm pF/cm2 @ 1 kHz Y Young's Modulus 2–4 3–5 109 N/m2 Speed of Sound V0 stretch: 1.5 2.3 103 m/s thickness: 2.2 2.4 p Pyroelectric Coecfficient 30 40 106 C/m2 � K. ε Permittivity 106–113 65–75 1012 F/m ε/ε0 Relative Permittivity 12–13 7–8 ρm Mass Density 1.78 1.82 103 kg/m ρe Volume Resistivity >1013 >1014 Ohm meters R□ Surface Metallization 2.0 2.0 Ohms/square for CuNi R□ Resistivity 0.1 0.1 Ohms/square for Ag Ink tan δe Loss Tangent 0.02 0.015 @ 1 kHz Yield Strength 45–55 20–30 106 N/m2 (stretch axis) Temperature Range −40 to 80 −40 to 115 . . . 145 � C. Water Absorption <0.02 <0.02 % H2O Maximum Operating 750 (30) 750 (30) V/mil(V/μm), Voltage DC, @ 25� C. Breakdown Voltage 2000 (80) 2000 (80) V/mil(V/μm), DC, @ 25� C.
ECG Electrodes (AV303)
In this particular example, standard ECG electrodes were used to collect truth data of electrical heart activity for correlation with other biometric signatures. Each of the contact and close proximity devices produces an output voltage. The voltages from all devices were acquired using a single analog-to-digital conversion unit. The digital output was in the form of sixteen bit integers. These values were then scaled based upon the amplifier's bias. This enables synchronization among devices. The data was then stored in a single ASCII datafile.
Tasks and Conditions for Subjects
In this next example, a commonly used stress-inducing protocol was administered to the subjects to evaluate the effect of various physiological conditions on biometric parameters. In general, there are four stages of mental condition that can be evaluated in the lab: baseline phase, meditative phase, stressor stages, and recovery stages. Seven different two-minute tasks were given to participants to measure these stages. Participants initially had physiological parameters monitored and recorded while in a relaxed, but not meditative, condition. Next, participants were asked to relax as fully as possible with eyes remaining open and room lights dimmed. Next, they were asked to read non-provocative material (Declaration of Independence) and then perform simple mathematical tasks (serial 7's). Following these two procedures, they were allowed to recover to allow physiological signals to return to near baseline levels. After this initial recovery period, they then participated in a simulated driving task where a variety of stressors were sequentially added, making the driving task progressively more difficult. Following this stressor exposure, they were allowed to relax, and data was obtained during the final recovery phase.
Participants then performed four 30-second readings of the Gettysburg Address while acoustic data was measured at four different sites: sternum, behind left ear on the mastoid, on the left maxillary sinus, and on the back over left lower lung. Acoustic data also was collected over the left larynx for all four readings.
Experimental Procedures
In this example, sensors were placed on participants in the following order:
As each sensor was secured, in the present example, a 15 second signal reading was taken to assess the signal to noise ratio obtained by the sensor, insuring that clear physiological signals without interference, impedance, or extraneous artifacts were present. During this brief reading, the participant was asked to sit quietly without talking. Any necessary adjustments to improve the quality of the signal readings were made immediately.
Once all sensors provided adequate signal readings, the participant was directed to look directly at the camera for approximately 5 seconds, so that an image of the sensor placement could be recorded. Before beginning the recording, the camera angle was adjusted to the participant's height and body position.
Data were collected continuously according to an exact protocol defined in an informed consent form. The baseline, eyes open meditation, reading task, arithmetic task, initial recovery, driving task, and final recovery phase data were recorded. The following time sequence was followed:
Time sequence of data to be collected in Example 4
Task 01
Initial Baseline
2 minutes
Task 02
Eyes Open Meditation
2 minutes
Task 03
Reading Task
2 minutes
Task 04
Arithmetic Task
2 minutes
Task 05
Initial Recovery
2 minutes
Task 06
Driving Task
2 minutes
Task 07
Final Recovery
2 minutes
All leads were removed from the participant so that acoustic data could be collected in the following time sequence:
Time sequence of acoustic data to be collected
in Example 4
Task 08
Reading Task
30 seconds
Task 09
Reading Task
30 seconds
Task 10
Reading Task
30 seconds
Task 11
Reading Task
30 seconds
For Tasks 8–11, one acoustic sensor was placed on the left larynx, and data was collected in Port 6. A second acoustic sensor, in Port 7, was attached to four different sites for the four tasks in the following order: sternum, behind left ear on left mastoid, over left maxillary sinus, and on back over left lower lung area.
With the camera still in the record mode, data collection procedures began as follows:
Following completion of this task, the sensors were removed from the participant so that acoustic sensors can be attached and acoustic data collected (
Following completion of this final task, the camera recording was stopped, and the acoustic sensors were carefully removed. Any discomfort experienced by the participants was carefully documented on the protocol form under the heading titled "adverse effects." If no adverse effects were experienced, the "none" box was checked.
The following meta data were then collected for the participant's session:
At this time, participants were allowed to ask any additional questions and then underwent a short debriefing at which time contact information of the principal investigator was made available should any further questions or issues arise following the study. In addition, participants who were willing to undergo further evaluation and repeat testing were placed into a confidential database that was kept in a secure location for further inquiries.
Data Capture
In this example, we collected contact ECG data and indirect heart rate data at 200 or greater Hz. The breath rate data at the nose and chest were also collected at 200 or greater Hz. These four measurements were stored in a single text file. A total of 16 fields was stored, as each measurement was collected with a time stamp. The individual measurements were offset by some minimal time increment, as a single analog-to-digital converter operated on the entire datastream. Each session was recorded using a digital NTSC VHS system. From these, individual still frames were recorded in image bitmap format. The still frames were used for matching data to information as required for privacy protocols.
In a separate test stream, a portion of the subjects were evaluated for body resonance. Acoustic signals were acquired from 3 or 4 positions on the body. The individual recordings was stored as separate wave files. A wave file is a common digital binary data format for speech processing.
Data was collected concurrently on up to 8 differential channels using a Keithley 3108 analog to digital converter. The signals were digitized to 16-bit accuracy. Biometric channels were with at a 1 kHz refresh rate. The time delay between channels was 0.1 milliseconds. Channel 0 through 5 were buffered with an RC filter with a time constant of 1 millisecond.
During tasks 1 through 7, Channels 6 and 7 collected the pulse oximetry and CO2 measurements. For tasks 8 through 11, Channels 6 and 7 collected acoustic signals at 22.010 kHz. The time delay between channels was 0.1 milliseconds.
Data Port and Sensor Configuration for Example 5
Port No.
Sensor Type
Heart and Respiration Phase
Heart Rate Variability
Pressure Transducer
Respiration and heartbeat
Pressure Transducer
Respiration (chest)
Pressure Transducer
Pulse in finger
Respiration (nares)
Heart Rate Variability
Pulse Oximeter
Pulse Oximetry
Body Resonance Phase
Body resonance
(laryngeal contact)
Body Resonance
(various sites)
Data Analysis
In this example, we constructed a family of ROC curves that show performance for each biometric individually within a single task, for individual biometrics operating across tasks, and for fusion of the biometrics. The analysis proceeded through several phases:
The following analytic issues for individual non-imaging biometrics were considered in Example 5:
The following issues were considered with respect to combining multiple modalities:
Data Analysis and Feature Identification
In this example, the data analysis began with an assessment of data quality. Any outliers or anomalous measurements were flagged and investigated. In addition, sources of noise were explored and, where possible, quantified. The statistical tools appropriate to this phase included reviewing graphical depictions of the data, computing summary statistics, and comparing measurements across sensors. One well-known source of noise is a 60 Hz artifact in some of the measurements. This effect can easily be removed either by suppressing the relevant term in the frequency domain or by appropriate smoothing in the time domain.
Speaker Identification Analysis
We performed two classification analyses for speaker identification. The first classification algorithm used a conventional statistical approach where the feature space distance between subjects was determined by the Mahalanobis distance (although any error measurement and/or data correlation measurement technique may be used, both for speech biometric data as well as for cardiac and/or respiratory biometric data). The second classification was performed using cross-correlation as the feature space metric.
For the statistical classification, the temporal stream was segmented into discrete overlapping time frames. Mel-scale features were extracted from each time frame. Fundamentally, Mel-Scale attributes are the log-magnitude of the Fourier transform. Because the input stream was segmented into a number of frames, a large number of examples could be generated. This allowed us to not only perform classification, but also produce confidence intervals. The limitation of this analysis is that to provide a sufficient number of samples, the length of the segmented time frame will be short, resulting in possible differences between attributes extracted from the initial time frames to those to those collected at the end of the time series.
For the cross correlation, the log-magnitude of the Fourier spectrum was computed directly over the entire temporal stream. It is important to note that the two feature spaces are nearly identical. The Fourier spectrum was limited to either 512 or 1024 attributes. From these attributes, the cross correlation was computed for approximately the first 50 values. The limitation is based on the fact that the body resonances occur at lower frequencies than the vocalizations for communications. The advantage is that the integration over the entire temporal sequence ensures that attributes are derived from large samples which may provide more stable features. The limitation is that the only 1 sample exists for each vocalization, so a confidence interval is can not be determined directly.
Analysis of Heart Rate and Respiration Data
The non-acoustic data consisted of multiple measurements related to heart rate and respiration. Multiple measurements permit an assessment of data consistency, as well as indications of how the signal of interest might appear to other sensors. For example, two ECG measurements indicate the electrical activity that drives the heartbeat. In a sense, this is the purest measure of heart rate variability. Other measurements indicating activity of the heart include the pressure transducer sensor, which measures the mechanical activity of the heart, the pulse measurement at the finger, indicating the delayed effect of the heart beat in other parts of the body, and the pulse oximeter, which also shows the effect of the heartbeat, but through a different sensing-phenomenon. We observed strong correlations among these measurements (
For both the heart rate and respiration data, the analysis treated the individual measurements as time series to be analyzed. Both time-domain and frequency-domain approaches were explored to identify robust, stable features for human identification. A cursory review of some preliminary data suggested that the signal associated with individuals differs in several respects. In the pulse oximetry data, for example, the height of the wave corresponding to the pulse is one feature, as is the interval between pulses.
However, the shape of the waveform is a more revealing attribute. Information about the shape of the pulse wave can be captured in the time domain through Auto Regressive Integrated Moving Average (ARIMA) modeling, which quantifies the temporal dependencies among the observations. Alternatively, the power spectrum captures equivalent information in the frequency domain. To illustrate,
Biometric Features and Classification
For each of the sets of measurements—heart rate variability, respiration, and acoustic data, the goal of the initial analysis was to identify features that provide clear, robust separability across individuals. The second phase of the analysis was to characterize the behavior of these features and develop classification methods that exploit these features.
The choice of classification methods depends on the distribution of the data. Several procedures were tested, including statistical discriminant analysis. Performance was be measured using standard ROC analysis, and sources of misclassification were investigated by examining the confusion matrices. Comparisons of data for candidate individuals to reference data collected under a similar mental/emotional state (as represented by the tasks in the experiment) indicate identification performance under benign conditions. Comparisons across the tasks indicate the robustness of the biometric to the mental and emotional state of the candidate.
Because ROC analysis is a fundamental method for quantifying performance, it as useful to examine the derivation of the ROC curve. First, consider the verification task. In this case, a single "frame" of data corresponding to a single candidate is compared to a reference set of data for a single individual. If there is sufficient agreement between the two, a match is declared. Otherwise, a non-match is declared. Thus, there are two alternatives (match or non-match), and the decision rule chooses between the two. The required level of agreement is a threshold that can vary, giving rise to differing rates of true-positives and false positives. This is the classic ROC framework. The processes giving rise to detections and false alarms can be modeled as probability distributions and a host of statistical tools are available to estimate the ROC curve and draw inferences about performance.
The identification task differs somewhat, in that a single candidate is compared to a number of reference individuals to select a match. The individual could be classified correctly, classified as a different individual, or judged not to match anyone in the system. In this case, the classifier could make a number of incorrect decisions, and valuable diagnostic information resides in these specific misclassifications. The incorrect decisions can be pooled so that the data fit the two-class ROC framework, but information is lost in the process. In terms of the underlying processes, the misclassification score arises from the largest order statistic from a set of distributions, so care must be given to insure that the modeled ROC curve faithfully represents the observed performance. In our analysis we constructed ROC curves to provide summaries of performance and to facilitate comparisons, but we also present ed the detailed classification analysis.
Separability of Biometric Parameters Among Individuals
In this example, the relative intervals of the P, R, and T waves (
Mahalanobis Distance Among Subjects,
Based on Observed ECG Features
Subject A
Subject B
Subject C
Subject D
Subject E
Subject A
Subject B
Subject C
Subject D
Subject E
A similar analysis comparing the same features across the seven tasks within a single individual showed very little separation (Table 10).
Mahalanobis Distance Among Tasks Within a Subject,
Based on Observed ECG Features
Task 1
Task 2
Task 3
Task 4
Task 5
Task 6
Task 1
Task 2
Task 3
Task 4
Task 5
Task 6
Task 7
This analysis indicates that features extracted from the ECG trace provide a method for identifying individuals, but appear to be stable within an individual. These findings demonstrate that heart rate variability is a viable biometric for identifying individuals.
Identification of Individuals by Pulse Oximetry
In this example, analysis of pulse oximetry data revealed that the shape of the wave corresponding to a single heartbeat is unique to the individual. As seen in
A classification analysis indicated that individuals can be correctly identified using features extracted from the pulse oximeter signal. The feature extraction process followed these steps: (1) The autocorrelation function was computed to determine the periodicity of the signal. (2) Based on the time lag corresponding to the maximum autocorrelation, cycles arising from the individual heartbeats were extracted. (3) The time associated with each cycle was normalized to run from 0 to 1. (4) The scale of the signal was normalized to run from 0 to 1. (5) The normalized signal was then regressed on a polynomial function of the relative time; the estimated coefficients become the features for the classification analysis. Some or all of these steps may be performed in any combination or subcombination. Note that the normalization process removes absolute effects. In this example, only the shape information associated with the pulse oximeter signal is preserved. The regression analysis extracts features that capture these differences in the shape of the waves. A discriminant analysis (Morrison, D. F., Multivariate Statistical Methods (3rd ed.), McGraw-Hill (1990)) indicated that individuals can be classified based on these features, across all seven tasks where data were collected. Table 11 shows the classification results obtained during cross-validation (leave one out) and
Classification results from cross-validation (leave one out)
Predicted Group Membership
Subject A
Subject B
Subject C
Actual Group
Subject A
6 (100%)
Subject B
7 (100%)
Subject C
7 (100%)
Analysis of Existing Electrocardiographic Data
This example illustrates some of the information that can be extracted from the ECG data. ECG data obtained from the MIT-BIH database were analyzed to provide information about the temporal frequency of the heart rhythm. The temporal rhythm is a function of the individual and state of anxiety. In this initial study, we automatically extracted the peak in the electronic emission of the heart as the indicator of the heart beat (
Description of the Data
All of the data used for this initial study was taken from the MIT-BIH database. There is no extensive metadata describing the individuals. Personal communication with the investigator indicated that the patients used were ambulatory heart patients with or with out pace makers. The subjects were put under a physical stress during the recording.
The ECG data in this example was digital information with a data rate of 360 samples per second. The samples were taken from a 12 lead ECG hookup. The lead site for these subjects were not identified. Visually this data contains a high signal to noise. As such, no initial signal process or filtering was performed on the data.
Physiological Basis
Heart rate variability is the balance between the parasympathetic nervous system, which tends to slow heart rate, and the sympathetic nervous system, which tends to increase it. These changing rhythms affect a person's problem solving ability, decision making, and creativity. In the end, the balance affects how a person feels. Over time, the heart rate variability can be divided into frequency regions. Sympathetic activity changes are observed in the 0.003 to 0.04 Hz region, while parasympathetic changes can be seen in the 0.15 to 0.4 Hz region (Mateo and Laguna 2000).
For medical investigations, the goal is to understand the performance of the heart. The data is collected over long time periods approximately one day. In this manner, the analysts can evaluate temporal changes and heart reactions to changes in emotional state. Commonly these analyses are performed by computer code comparing local series to the patient's baseline and normal phenomena (Kundu et al. 2000). The analysts are observing the change in the distance between the R peaks of two heart beats, and the slope and duration of the individual waves within the heart beat.
Signal Processing
Direct observation shows that the peak of the R wave occurs within a very small interval of the heart beat; approximately 1/25th of a second and appears to be independent of the RR interval. The magnitude of these peaks varies over time. However, the peak is generally greater than the other signal elements. To extract the R peak features, wavelets have been used to extract the QRS complex (Unser and Aldroubi 1996). Another technique is to model the entire ECG signal using temporal analysis (Mateo and Laguna 2000).
Description of the Relevant Features
After reviewing the data from a number of subjects, our strategy for finding the R peak was to look for the greatest voltage value in the region of the highest local variance. To do this, we selected 4 seconds of ECG data and computed the variance over each 1/25th of a second. From this, the maximum variance was identified. A threshold was set that local R wave peaks will be within � of this value. The process is repeated for every 4 seconds of data with a minor overlap to ensure a continuous datastream. This procedure effectively identifies the R peak in the data analyzed to date. However, tremendous differences exist between subjects, which tended to violate at least one of the processing assumptions. As such, our automated separation tended to miss or add about 1 beat in every 10 to 15 seconds of ECG data.
Peaks of R waves were determined as shown below:
The results are shown in
Separability Among Subjects
Preliminary analysis shows considerable differences among subjects; however, the lack of metadata limited detailed analysis. The data were put into a frequency analysis to determine the power spectral density. However, a very large de term dominated the results (
Heart rate variability from 3 different subjects is shown in
Data Characterization
Another way to visualize this information is through the use of waterfall diagrams. If we stacked the information temporally and align the R wave peaks by heart beat, the overall shape of the ECG signal is evident. See
Speaker Recognition Analysis
In this example, the objective of speaker recognition analysis was to identify individuals based upon the fundamental frequencies of their vocalizations. Speaker recognition has received a considerable amount of exposure in the academic literature. Our procedures and analysis tools have an experimental as well as theoretical basis. In this example, we compared the commonly used Mel-scale cepstrum coefficients within a Bayesian classifier to Power Spectral Density attributes using "template" matching.
During vocalizations, a range of frequency signals is produced. These are recorded as intensity values, usually as volts, at regular time intervals. Speech data is most commonly collected at 11.05 kHz or 22.05 kHz. At these data rates, the high frequency information associated with specific words and the low frequency information associated with an individual physiology are resolved. Unlike high frequency data, the low frequency information is not expected to vary with time (Doddington 1985). To characterize an individual by their vocalizations, the data stream is often transformed and analyzed in the frequency space.
The two different analyses applied here highlight the limitations in the data. Temporally segmenting the vocalization stream allows the analysis to develop parametric statistics and determine error bounds for expected performance. However, these temporal segments contain an unknown distribution based upon language, culture, state of anxiety, and spoke content. The power spectrum information is collected across the entire datastream. The advantage is that the temporally variable components are minimized relative to the natural body resonance. However, the single feature vector does not provide enough samples to develop sufficient information to develop error bounds and expected performance characteristics.
To ensure that an individual's fundamental frequency is captured, the temporal signal is segmented. The segments are taken over multiple phonemes, where a phoneme is the smallest element of speech. Due to the high data rate and interest only in the low frequency information, feature extraction is performed on the individual segments. We extracted Mel-scale cepstral features as attributes for speaker recognition. The Mel-scale operator takes the log of the magnitude of the frequency spectrum over temporal segments or "frames." Computation of Mel-scale attributes is carried out as follows:
Mel − scale(segment) = (log|FFT(frame)|)
This has the effect of reducing the emphasis of the higher frequencies on the system. The process is based on the non-linear audio perception of humans (Furui 1981).
One considerable advantage of this type of processing is that Mel-scale attributes are often modeled by multivariate Gaussian distributions as shown below:
Mahalanobis Distance = ({overscore (x)} − μ)′ Σ−1 ({overscore (x)} − μ)
{overscore (x)} = mean test vector
μ = mean training vector
Σ = covariance of training vector
Mahalanobis distance is only one possible measurement technique that may be used to classify utterances to speakers.
Power Spectrum
The power spectrum of the entire vocalization stream was computed. From the time series, the data was converted to the frequency domain using 1024-parameter Fourier Transform. The fixed number of parameters performed two functions. It normalized the datastreams and makes the analysis more computationally tractable by limiting the number of variables. The square of the Fourier magnitude was computed and the log of all attributes was derived. Euclidean distances were derived between individual attribute vectors as follows:
Log Power Spectrum = log|FFT(Vocal Stream)|
Description of the Data
For this analysis, we collected the data at 22.05 kHz. The data were collected using a non-contact microphone and due to noise in the system, it is expected that the highest resolvable signal will be considerable less. The subjects hummed into the microphone through a continuous increasing then decreasing range over approximately 1 �octaves. Three unique trials were obtained for each subject. No stresses were placed on the individuals. In this case, the subjects were middle aged males.
Physiological Basis
Speaker recognition has a physiological basis. The length of the vocal cords, size of the nasal cavity, and size of the chest cavity all effect the fundamental spoken and non-spoken resonances of an individual. During speech, air is forced through the vocal chords that produce periodic pulses that are filtered by the vocal tract and the individual's physiology. For human identification, the structure of the individual is difficult if not impossible to mask. In addition, a secondary acoustical effect is currently being studied that links the emotional state of the target with their voice pattern (Fox 2000).
Results of the Analysis
Mel-Scale Ceptrum. The total datastream contained approximately 20 seconds of speech per trial. Two of the three trials were analyzed for both individuals. The data segments were approximately 20 ms. This created approximately 30 samples for analysis. A separate trial was used to generate approximately 30 independent test samples. The results are shown in
The graphs of separability (
The smaller the Mahalanobis distance between the training and test data the more similar the data are. The graphs are plots of Mahalanobis Distance versus segment. The three sets of graphs were created at different segmentation rates.
The results by using Speaker 2 as training (the right hand graphs) appear as expected, where the Mahalanobis Distance between the same person and different person increased with increasing segmentation rate. This indicates that the longer integration time improves the characterization of an individual. The left graphs appear to contain sufficient noise in the training data.
Power Spectrum Attributes
The power spectrum is determined as the square the Fourier magnitude. The total number of frequencies available is �the entire number of samples. Our Fourier transformation applied the entire raw dataset to 1024 frequencies. From this, the log10 of the power spectrum was computed. The results are shown in Table 12.
Template Matching Power Spectral Density of Two Speakers
Average Distance
log10 (power)
subject 1A
subject 1B
subject 2
subject 1A
subject 1B
subject 2
The distance measures are the absolute value of the differences for the first 22 frequencies. The goal was to observe the relationship between the within subject variation and between subject variation. Table 11 shows that the intra-subject variation is considerable less, approximately half, than the inter-subject variation. The subject 1A and subject 1B value are a single subject reading from Text A and Text B. The Subject 2 values are a different subject reading from Text A.
Various embodiments and aspects of the present invention have been described above, and it will be understood by those of ordinary skill that the present invention includes within its scope all combinations and subcombinations of these embodiments and aspects. For instance, it is conceived that the subjects from which biometric data may be measured are not limited to humans but may further include animals such as race horses, tracking animals, including dogs, and/or other valuable animals. The full scope of the present invention should only be limited by the claims.
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|Corventis, Inc.
|Adherent Device for Sleep Disordered Breathing
|Sep 12, 2008
|Mar 19, 2009
|Corventis, Inc.
|Adherent Emergency Patient Monitor
|Sep 12, 2008
|Mar 19, 2009
|Corventis, Inc.
|Injectable Physiological Monitoring System
|Sep 12, 2008
|Mar 19, 2009
|Corventis, Inc.
|Adherent Device for Respiratory Monitoring
|Sep 12, 2008
|Mar 19, 2009
|Corventis, Inc.
|System and Methods for Wireless Body Fluid Monitoring
|Sep 12, 2008
|Mar 19, 2009
|Corventis, Inc.
|Adherent Device for Cardiac Rhythm Management
|Mar 11, 2009
|Sep 17, 2009
|Corventis, Inc.
|Heart Failure Decompensation Prediction Based on Cardiac Rhythm
|Apr 20, 2009
|Oct 22, 2009
|Corventis, Inc.
|Method and Apparatus to Measure Bioelectric Impedance of Patient Tissue
|Sep 25, 2007
|Apr 15, 2010
|Koninklijke Philips Electronics N.V.
|Template synthesis for ecg/ppg based biometrics
|Mar 7, 2008
|Jun 10, 2010
|Sensor Technology & Devices Limited
|Method and apparatus for determining information concerning the identity of an individual
|Jul 27, 2009
|Jul 29, 2010
|Corventis, Inc.
|Communication-Anchor Loop For Injectable Device
|Aug 10, 2006
|Oct 28, 2010
|Andrew Behar
|Systems and methods for monitoring subjects in potential physiological distress
|Sep 3, 2010
|Mar 3, 2011
|The Swatch Group Research And Development Ltd
|Method and device for measuring the pulse by means of light waves with two wavelengths
|Apr 14, 2011
|Adidas Ag
|Systems and Methods For Ambulatory Monitoring of Physiological Signs
|Dec 2, 2010
|Jun 16, 2011
|Corventis, Inc.
|Body adherent patch with electronics for physiologic monitoring
|Mar 23, 2012
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|Obschestvo s orgranichennoi otvetstvennost'yu "Centr Rechevyh Technologij"
|System and method for identification of a speaker by phonograms of spontaneous oral speech and by using formant equalization
|Apr 6, 2013
|Oct 9, 2014
|Honda Motor Co., Ltd.
|System and method for biometric identification in a vehicle
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|Keppler, Bernhard, Westport
|Vorrichtung, multifunktionales System und Verfahren zur Ermittlung medizinischer und/oder biometrischer Daten eines Lebewesens
|U.S. Classification
|600/509, 382/115
|International Classification
|Cooperative Classification
|European Classification
|Jun 25, 2002
Owner name: SCIENCE APPLICATIONS INTERNATIONAL CORPORATION, CA
Free format text: ASSIGNMENT OF ASSIGNORS INTEREST;ASSIGNORS:WIEDERHOLD, MARK D.;ISRAEL, STEVEN A.;MEYER, RODNEY P.;AND OTHERS;REEL/FRAME:013051/0864
Effective date: 20020625
|Jul 1, 2009
|Fee payment
Year of fee payment: 4
|Jul 31, 2013
|Fee payment
Year of fee payment: 8
|Apr 11, 2014
Owner name: LEIDOS, INC., VIRGINIA
Free format text: CHANGE OF NAME;ASSIGNOR:SCIENCE APPLICATIONS INTERNATIONAL CORPORATION;REEL/FRAME:032661/0411
Effective date: 20130927


text:
on February 18, 2014 - 12:01 AM
It's hard to resist a Tuesday film series for a gray, frigid February whose cheery title is "Long Nights, Bright Paranoia." It's especially hard when it has been programmed with as much film savvy as John Massier's Tuesday film series at 7 p.m. in Hallwalls.
We're two films into it already. The first two were William Cameron Menzies' "Invaders from Mars" from 1953 and, this past Tuesday, John Frankenheimer's "Seconds."
When you interviewed Frankenheimer, he was always happy to acknowledge that "Seconds" was one of the best films he'd made in his life that wasn't called "The Manchurian Candidate" (the unquestioned masterpiece in the Frankenheimer canon).
Massier's first-rate February series resumes brightening our lives with paranoia at 7 p.m. today when the Hallwalls film will be Alex Proyas' 1998 film "Dark City." The film, directed by the director of "Crow" never quite made a star of Rufus Sewell but it seemed to me at the time "a wild, dazzling sci-fi extravaganza" that "reinvents German cinematic expressionism with an able assist from expressionism's irrational cousin, surrealism." (Some of the images are almost direct steals from the great Belgian surrealist Rene Magritte." The bad guys are floating aliens in oversize fedoras. Also featured in the cast are Keifer Sutherland, Jennifer Connelly and William Hurt.
Closing it out at 7 p.m. Feb. 25 will be a showing of Alan J. Pakula's parnoid 1974 beauty "The Parallax View" starring Warren Beatty as a reporter who wants to know why all the reporters who happened to be there when a senator was assassinated seem to be dying. That leads him to a multinational corporation called "The Parallax Corporation" which seems to be capable of anything and everything.
email: email@example.com

subset: commoncrawl


text:
Newegg.com - A great place to buy computers, computer parts, electronics, software, accessories, and DVDs online. With great prices, fast shipping, and top-rated customer service - once you know, you Newegg.
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This review is from: APEVIA CVTCSPK 2" Case speaker cable for computer cases that connects to the motherboard
Pros: Beep. Beep beep beep, beep beep, beep beep beep.
In other words, it goes BEEP when you boot up. Comforting sound for those of us used to older computers that come with them...
Cons: None so far, though the price seems a bit high for such a simple thing.READ FULL REVIEW
This review is from: HyperX Fury Series 4GB 240-Pin DDR3 SDRAM DDR3 1600 (PC3 12800) Desktop Memory Model HX316C10F/4
Pros: Snazzy styling, price
Cons: none so far
Other Thoughts: I have installed one of these in my very first custom built PC, and so far I have had no problems. Very nice styling, with a heft I am not used to in a memory module. Of course, I am not a gamer or tekky, so I am not giving the memory a 5-star rating just in case I am indeed missing something that I simply don't understand. All I know is, it installed quick, and has given me no problems so far on my new Windows 7 machine.READ FULL REVIEW
This review is from: Rosewill RC-103 - 4 + 1 USB 2.0 PCI Adapter (Four External + One Internal Ports)
Pros: many ports
Cons: none so far
Other Thoughts: I installed two of these in my very first PC build, and so far they have worked just fine. No complaints!READ FULL REVIEW


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Subakie's favorite FMLs
Today, I was cleaning at work when an elderly gentleman walked towards me, paused, and with a wink said, "That's what I like to see: a girl on her knees." This is the same workplace where another old man informed me that my yellow uniform made me look like a "suggestive cheesecake." FML
by Job Seeking / 01/22/2013 at 6:14am / Australia (Victoria) / Work
Today, my husband asked me to show him my boob. I began to pull the side of my shirt down when he said, "No, not that one, the big one." FML
by sarah6786 / 01/21/2013 at 9:27pm / United States (New York) / Intimacy
Today, after applying for a job at a tanning salon, I was told they don't hire "naturally tan" people. I'm black. FML
by Anonymous / 01/21/2013 at 7:48am / United States (Maryland) / Work
Today, I went to see my new dentist. He was really cute, so after the checkup I started flirting. He stopped me right after I asked him out, saying, "Being a dentist has its advantages, I can see the girl's mouth before I stick my tongue in it. And in your case, it's a big no." FML
by black and yellow / 01/21/2013 at 1:32am / United States (California) / Love
Today, while moving into my new place, I saw my new, elderly neighbor sitting on her porch. I cheerfully greeted her with, "Hello, how are you?" She simply rocked slowly in her chair and replied, "Just waiting to die." She was the most cheerful person I met all day. FML
by Kallian / 01/16/2013 at 6:22pm / United States / Miscellaneous
Today, I came home to find my girlfriend crying. Concerned, I quickly asked her what was wrong. She told me tearfully that she couldn't understand why her pet lizards hadn't grown into dinosaurs yet, and that pet store had cheated her. I'm still concerned now, but for entirely different reasons. FML
by WTF / 01/16/2013 at 2:52am / Miscellaneous
Today, my boyfriend gave me lingerie from Victoria's Secret. He then added that his mother picked it out. FML
by Anonymous / 01/14/2013 at 7:21pm / Canada (Newfoundland) / Miscellaneous
Today, I've been struggling with my English paper for the past hour, because I can't concentrate. This is because my mom is in the room next to me, singing to her pet rat about what a cute little boy he is, in between yelling at him to stop "molesting" her. FML
by theycallmekitty / 01/10/2013 at 7:02pm / United States (Georgia) / Animals
Today, I caught my boyfriend wearing yoga pants and taking pictures of his butt to post on a "Girls in yoga pants" site. He saw my expression and said, "Nah, it's cool, I hid my junk so they'll think it's a chick!" FML
by Amy / 01/10/2013 at 12:09am / United States / Intimacy
Today, my daughter learned a new song. This would be great, except for the lisp her teacher has. I now have a child screaming about the "itchy bitchy spider" at the top of her lungs. FML
by ugh / 01/08/2013 at 8:01pm / United States (Michigan) / Kids
Today, I tried to get my boyfriend to roll over while he was asleep. He snores loud enough to wake the neighbors and if he lays on his side he usually stops. Instead of rolling over, he stuck his leg in the air, farted twice, and laughed about it in his sleep. He's still snoring. FML
by no sleep for me / 01/08/2013 at 2:44am / Miscellaneous
Today, I found out that there's something my new wife hates more than spiders. Black people. FML
by WellShit / 01/03/2013 at 9:19pm / United States (Minnesota) / Health
Today, I went to take a shower. Afterwards, I noticed I'd forgotten to bring a shirt to change into, so I put on a towel and went back to my room, only to witness my 14-year-old brother and a friend smelling my bra, commenting on "how warm it is". FML
by PrezKisame / 01/03/2013 at 3:35pm / Australia (Queensland) / Kids
Today, my husband came home with a bunch of realistic-looking wigs for women. When I asked them what they were for, he said he wanted to spice up our sex life with them. When I told him I refused to wear a wig, he said in a very serious tone that I wasn't going to be the one wearing them, he was. FML
by Anonymous / 01/02/2013 at 5:34am / United States (Florida) / Intimacy
Today, my wife and I had a fight, which I thought we resolved. Later, while painting the kitchen, I told her to change into an old shirt she didn't care about. She made a huge show of putting her wedding gown on, veil and all. FML
by Anonymous / 01/01/2013 at 4:33pm / United States (Georgia) / Love


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About GMIC
GMIC replied to MT2009's topic in Product FeedbackI would love deleted posts to be stored in a trash forum that only I can access. That way I can see them all in one place and filter, keep or purge them as I see fit.
Adriano Faria liked a review on a file: PM Viewer
GMIC reviewed Adriano Faria's file in Staff ExtensionsGreat work, very pleased this has become available for 4.0.I have learnt the hard way. It gives me peace of mind to ensure that nefarious activity is not being conducted on my server. Not a case of snooping is used properly, despite what some say. I am up front with this as it is more a case of safeguarding my membership from undesirables. Adriano is very supportive and helpful, he provides fast in depth customer support for his products should you need it.
GMIC reviewed Matt's file in Utilities and Stats
GMIC replied to ehku's topic in Product FeedbackI mistakenly did not run a manual process and it caused the whole upgrade to irreparably crash. This required me to reload all my backups and start again. Second time round running the manual queries worked well and everything upgraded properly. Lesson learnt the hard way.
GMIC replied to GMIC's topic in Product FeedbackNew posts show the images correctly, is this part of the background rebuild process and I just need to be patient on this as I have a large forum ?
GMIC posted a topic in Product FeedbackI have upgraded to RC4 but no images are showing in posts. When I click on edit the images are there but not showing in normal view. Am I missing some setting to display images?
GMIC posted a topic in Product FeedbackOne thing that I have been desperate to have is a new version of Classified sales for 4.0 and I take it that the proposed Physical Market Place will be just that. Please can you consider giving the seller the ability to specify what currency they want to list the sale in. I run a multinational forum and many sellers want to list their sales in a local currency. Now I am not suggesting that you can cater for all currencies but certainly the ability to list items in US CDN AUS $, GBP £ and EUR € would be a great help.
GMIC replied to GMIC's topic in Product FeedbackThanks for the help I have updated the php.ini on the server.
GMIC posted a topic in Product FeedbackIs there a limit to theme size as when I try and upload a theme (3.5mb) which I create din a trial version it says there is a 2mb limit for theme uploads.
Thanks for the help appreciated.
Thanks of the suggestion it is not a custom skin so what stylesheet does .ipsbox sit in as i can't seem to find it. Thanks
GMIC posted a topic in Product FeedbackI seem to be getting a lot of white space in short posts with not much text any ideas. Thanks.
GMIC replied to GMIC's topic in Product FeedbackOk managed to fix this eventually. It was something to do with the skin not loading properly and creating a new default skin fixed it.
GMIC posted a topic in Product FeedbackJust upgraded my test site to Beta 3 and the text editor is just greyed out with no tool bar showing and not letting me enter any text. Have I overlooked something simple?
GMIC replied to sobrenome's topic in Product FeedbackImage size has always been a confusing issue with IPB. I would like a simplistic way of setting maximum image sizes per members group by file size. This combined with the ability for members to upload any size images and the images will be automatically reduced to the maximum limit. I know this is just about currently achievable but it is not straightforward to set up and the size reduction is rather random.


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It is 'effortless' and it has made the "/wp-admin" page 'forbidden'. However, the new login page location is hardcoded as "/login". Not surprisingly, within an hour of installing, I'm seeing brute-force attackers now attempting this "/login" page (ie. an obvious page location for hackers). PLEASE, provide a configurable login page name. As is, this plugin is, in reality, useless (ie. hackers guess "login" as an alternate page).
Also, no screens have appeared in my admin section (contrary to those described under "Screenshots").
Also, some spurious error msgs appeared overwriting my screen when I logged in.
=> Uninstalling since no real benefit in current form. Please work on this - WordPress desperately needs a hidden (admin) login page.


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The former head of the Toronto District School Board could be in even more trouble.
Chris Spence was the Director of the TDSB, before resigning in January of 2013, amid a plagiarism scandal.
Now, his PhD thesis submitted to the University of Toronto, back in 1996 has come under fire.
Spence resigned when it was discovered that he'd copied some elements of a couple of newspaper articles he'd submitted.
Now, there are claims there are passages that have been plagiarized in that thesis, as well.
The Globe and Mail says he's scheduled to appear before a university tribunal next month, to answer to the charges.
His lawyer wants the issue thrown out, claiming too much time has passed and that it has now become an abuse of process.
Spence has been finding it difficult to find executive work in both the US and Canada.
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Georgia Tech offers the unparalleled quality of an Ivy League education within a public university. The Institute's technologically-focused curriculum earns consistently strong rankings by national publications.
Georgia Tech offers a wide variety of technologically focused degrees. Explore the more than 130 majors and minors available.
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Georgia Tech has 28 schools within the colleges of Business, Computing, Design, Engineering, Liberal Arts, and Sciences.
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Georgia Tech has many nationally recognized programs, and is ranked in the nation's top 10 public universities.
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Every Penny Is from Heaven
Aug 30, 2016We are tempted to view giving as a burden. But our perspective may change when we consider how much of our money is actually our own.
What Will You Do When the End Comes?
Aug 30, 2016If you will not have God as your treasure, you will have him as your enemy.
Nothing Less Than Justice
Aug 29, 2016Social justice, for the Christian, is about more than social justice.
The True Wealth of the Suffering Church
Aug 29, 2016Too many of us are sick with an ancient disease. The new 'Insanity of God' movie helps us begin to recover.
From Liberal Church to Greater Love
Aug 28, 2016If you are fond of saying that Jesus was a kind figure, make sure you know the whole story. Admiring his kindness falls woefully short of beholding his glory.
Is God the Center of Your Marriage?
Aug 27, 2016The fellowship of the Spirit, the sovereignty of the Father, and the service of the Son make marriage securely God-centered.
Listen with Your Ears — and Heart
Aug 25, 2016Fruitful conversation with someone who disagrees is a rare find today. Perhaps we've forgotten why and how it should be done.
"Joyless compliance with God's commands is useless. Without satisfaction in God himself, all repentance is vain."
John Piper, from What Will You Do When the End Comes?
Featured Authors
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Apr 21, 2014Homosexuality is not the only sin prohibited in the Bible, but it is different from all the rest, at least right now. And we have really good news for homosexuals.
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Lamenting the New Calamity
Jun 26, 2015In a 5-to-4 decision, the Supreme Court of the United States of America has ruled that states cannot ban same-sex marriage. Alongside the Bible's clearest explanation of the sin of homosexual intercourse stands the indictment of its institutionalization.
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Jun 6, 2013While the great prize in marriage is Christ-centered intimacy, the great prize in dating is Christ-centered clarity. And seven other principles for Christian dating.
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Jul 14, 2011Motherhood is not a hobby, it is a calling. When you prioritize your children, you are publicly testifying that you value what God values and refuse to value what the world does.
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Apr 6, 2015In the writings of John Owen, I was shown how and why the promises of sexual fulfillment on my own terms were the antithesis of what I had once fervently believed. Instead of liberty, my sexual sin was enslavement.
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Sep 12, 2013Breakups in the church are painful and uncomfortable, and many have or will walk this dark and lonely road. Here are lessons for building hope and loving others in the heart-break.
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hey guys !!!
i wanna add a text area with some contents displayed in the contents of a post. how can that be accompalished ??
The Support Forums will be in read-only mode for a scheduled maintenance window on 01 September 2016 14:00 UTC - 20:00 UTC. More information.
hey guys !!!
i wanna add a text area with some contents displayed in the contents of a post. how can that be accompalished ??
What do u mean add a text area with some content?
You could just go to the html editor and do:
<textarea>some stuff.</textarea> and see if that does what you want...probably will have to style it.
of ! that was ok for me
So it worked for what you wanted?
This has been a problem for me ever since I started using wordpress almost 2 years ago. No matter what version I have running, the codes inside the text area box are always garbled after I publish, and forget about running two textarea boxes simultaneously. The first box is never closed correctly, forcing all content after the box tbe treated as if it were part of it... even completely separate posts fall prey to being included into the text box. Not only that, if I have certain code that needs to have a break in it, wordpress automatically adds a break, making it useless to my visitors.
I tried everything, converting forward and slashes into HTML code, putting them in DIV layers..
The only thing that works is putting the boxes into a separate HTML page and including it as an Iframe into my posts, which is a pain.
It seems like a simple thing to do, considering I have seen textareas be used in posts before without any problem. Does anyone know definitively how to put a text area into a wordpress post or page?
This has been listed as a bug for the last three months (http://trac.wordpress.org/ticket/4645) and for me it rules out WP as a CMS entirely, partyle because I need to use <textarea> and partly because it makes me wonder what other basic tag filtering isn't being done, and the problems that might cause in the future.
I'll poke about in the source and see if a hack can be shunted together.
Just kill the wysiwyg gizmo and you can type any kind of html code.
Fancy pointing us to the plugin which disables the gizmo? Can't find any nice way or ripping it out myself.
Just go to your profile (link in the upper right of your admin interface) and there is a check box to disable the wysiwyg editor.
HELP! I am trying to make a textarea on my blog that contains a video from youtube. when the blog is saved it strips the youtube code out of it. I am trying to post the video, and underneath it have a text area with the video code in it.
i have tried this with and without the wysiwyg editor
From what I can tell the problem is that the wordpress GUI is displaying the post code in a textarea. The wordpress gui or the browser is ending the containing textarea when it sees </textarea>. So the rest of your post ends up actually as part of the gui and not part of your post anymore.
That is quite annoying.
In any case it "WILL WORK" as long as you never need to edit the post/page again. Which is highly unlikely.
Ok I made a workaround for this. If someone sees a reason that this shouldn't be done please let me know. Seems to work well so far.
I added <endtextarea> anywhere I really wanted </textarea> in my page.
Then I added a custom filter to the_content by opening functions.php in my theme and adding the following function and line of code provided by Otto42 in post http://wordpress.org/support/topic/107990?replies=10 to the top. Now my textareas work fine when viewing the page and when editing the page.
function replace_content($content)
$content = str_replace('<endtextarea>', '</textarea>',$content);
return $content;
This topic has been closed to new replies.