text:
|Publication number
|Publication type
|Application number
|Publication date
|Jul 25, 1995
|Filing date
|Jan 31, 1994
|Priority date
|Dec 20, 1991
|Fee status
|Publication number
|William C. Campbell, Barry O. Blair
|Original Assignee
|Codar Technology
|Export Citation
|BiBTeX, EndNote, RefMan
|Patent Citations (21), Referenced by (51), Classifications (19), Legal Events (3)
|External Links: USPTO, USPTO Assignment, Espacenet
This application is a continuation, of application Ser. No. 07/811,790, filed on Dec. 20, 1991, now abandoned.
1. Field of the Invention
The invention in general relates to electronic systems having a power failure monitoring function and more particularly to such a system that in a single parameter takes into account all the significant elements that relate to power failure monitoring.
2. Statement of the Problem
It is well-known that some electronic systems, particularly digital electronic systems such as computers, may be adversely affected by loss of power during operation. The adverse affects may include loss of important data from volatile storage and the introduction of errors. Thus such electronic systems often include a power monitor that signals the system when power loss is impending, allowing the system to accomplish certain housekeeping tasks and store critical information in non-volatile RAM, for example. In order for these tasks to be accomplished before power failure, such systems must include some power storage means that allows the power to hold up for a time before it fails. Generally, in digital computer systems that utilize external AC power which is converted to internal DC power by a suitable power supply, the monitoring means is included in the power supply and provides at least 4 milliseconds warning between the time the AC power fails and the time the DC output drops below a value where the adverse consequences occur. In such systems sufficient power is stored in the power supply filter capacitors to maintain the voltage above the critical value for the critical time. See for example U.S. Pat. No. 4,985,804 issued to W. Carroll Campbell et al. which discloses a monitoring means that senses when the AC input voltage drops below a threshold voltage. U.S. Pat. No. 4,658,204 issued to Peter A. Goodwin discloses that some prior art devices monitor the load voltage rather than the AC input voltage. This patent also discloses monitoring for a saturated state in the feedback control circuit in a regulated power supply. A problem with such a simple threshold voltage or saturation approach is that the monitor may detect short outages of power and signal the computer that power failure is imminent, which disrupts the operation of the computer, when, in actuality, the power supply would have been capable of maintaining operation of the computer with no disruption during the outage.
The computer system disclosed in U.S. Pat. No. 4,985,804 referenced above overcomes the above problem to some extent by signaling impending power failure only when the power drops below the threshold voltage for a certain number of half-cycles, which number of cycles can be varied manually, depending on the anticipated load of the system, by use of a potentiometer. Thus this prior art system allows matching of the monitoring to the load, which is a significant factor in determining how long the DC power will last after AC power is lost. However, there still remain problems with this approach. The first is that knowledge of the load is required, which may vary greatly for any given computer configuration. Thus one is forced to assume a worst-case condition of full load on the power supply. The second problem is that the hold-up time decreases significantly as the AC line voltage just prior to power loss is lowered, and thus one is forced to assume a low AC line condition. Applying both these conditions results in greatly reduced ability to coast through power outages.
Another approach to providing assured sufficient warning of impending power failure with ability to coast through short power outages is disclosed in U.S. Pat. No. 4,742,424 issued to Jeffrey A. Kautzer et al. This system uses a charge/discharge model that upon AC power failure estimates the time left before the power falls below an acceptable level. The disclosure indicates that the load may be estimated by sensing on/off conditions of system elements or measuring the current provided by the DC power supply, and using this to change the rate of count in a counter in the charge/discharge model or by inhibiting one or more logic elements for changing division ratios in the counter, though it does not go into details of how this would be implemented. While this charge/discharge model appears to take into account the significant parameters that relate to the energy in the system, i.e. the voltage, the energy storing capacity, and the load, the device disclosed is relatively complex and at best can only give an estimate of the time left before decay based on a model that only approximates the computer system. It would be very useful to have a system that takes into account the actual values of the voltage, current and energy storage ability, e.g. capacitance, of the system prior to the initiation of the warning signal, and does this using a single, easily measurable parameter of the electronic system.
Another aspect of the timely warning versus coast through problem is that different electronic systems generally require differing amounts of time to perform the operations necessary prior to power outage. As indicated above, U.S. Pat. No. 4,985,804 provides some solution to this problem in that the number of half-cycles over which the voltage may remain below the threshold, and thus the warning time can be adjusted by a potentiometer. Similarly, U. S. Pat. No. 4,742,424 discloses a plurality of threshold detector circuits that provide different lengths of warnings. In the former case the adjustment must be made manually, and in the latter case, each separate time requires a separate threshold detector circuit, which is relatively expensive. Both solutions offer only a limited number of different warning times. U.S. Pat. Nos. 4,122,359 issued to Ivars P. Breikas, 4,381,457 issued to James P. Wiles, and 4,818,891 issued to Don L. Drinkwater, disclose other solutions to the problem of providing coast-through ability for almost any system. These disclose a backup battery, an auxiliary power supply, and a power booster to permit the system to make it through loss of power. Other devices have shown the use of a capacitor for the same purpose. However, all these solutions are relatively complex and expensive. It would be highly useful to have a electronic system in which any desired length of warning could be easily provided.
Providing a display of power consumed by an electrical system is and old and crowded art. See for example U.S. Pat. No. 4,415,853 issued to Berish M. Fisher. However, up until now, no one has provided such a display on a computer, and no one has shown a simple and inexpensive way of providing such a display in a computer.
3. Solution to the problem
The present invention provides an electronic system having a power failure monitoring function that, like some of the simplest of the prior art power failure monitoring devices, uses a threshold of a single parameter of the system to trigger the power failure warning signal, however, unlike prior art systems, the threshold is a variable one.
The present invention provides an electronic system having a power failure monitoring function employing a variable threshold which can easily be calculated on the fly (in real time) and takes into account the significant properties of the system that effect the length of time that the energy in the system will sustain the functions necessary for orderly power down.
The invention further provides such a system in which actual, current values of the significant properties are used in calculating the threshold, and thus the threshold accurately reflects the state of the system at the time of power loss.
The invention also provides such a system in which the desired time prior to the power falling below an acceptable level is also factored into the threshold.
The invention thus provides a method and apparatus which optimizes the ability of a computer to ride through power outages without risking premature loss of power.
In addition, the invention provides a computer in which the actual system load power, which is calculated and used in determining the variable threshold, is displayed on the front panel of the computer. This information has been found to be highly useful in determining, for example, whether more computer cards can be added into the backplane without overloading the power supply, determining power source requirements, and determining cooling requirements.
The invention provides an electronic system having a power failure monitoring function, the system comprising: voltage monitoring means for monitoring a system voltage; threshold voltage means for providing a variable threshold voltage which depends on a variable parameter of the system; comparison means for periodically comparing the system voltage to the variable threshold voltage; and signal means for providing a signal indicative of an impending power failure when the system voltage is less than the variable threshold voltage. Preferably, the variable parameter is the power, current, or voltage being used by the system. Preferably, the system further includes a DC power supply having one or more filter capacitors, and wherein the threshold voltage takes into account the energy stored in the one or more filter capacitors. Preferably, the threshold voltage takes into account the time it is desired for the system voltage to stay above a predetermined voltage after power failure.
In another aspect the invention provides a computer system having a power failure monitoring function, the computer system comprising: a digital memory; a digital processor communicating with the digital memory; parameter monitoring means for monitoring a system parameter; threshold means for providing a variable threshold which depends on an instantaneous condition of the computer system; comparison means for periodically comparing the system parameter to the variable threshold; and signal means responsive to the comparison means for providing a signal indicative of an impending power failure. Preferably, the computer system further comprises a DC power bus, and the variable threshold depends on the current on the DC power bus. Preferably, the variable threshold depends on the voltage on the DC power bus. Preferably, the computer system further includes a DC power supply having one or more filter capacitors, and wherein the variable threshold takes into account the energy stored in the one or more filter capacitors. Preferably, the variable threshold takes into account the time it is desired for the system voltage to stay above a predetermined voltage after power failure.
In a further aspect, the invention provides a computer system comprising: a digital memory; a digital processor communicating with the digital memory; power measuring means for measuring the power being used by the computer system; and display means responsive to the power measuring means for displaying the instantaneous power being used by the computer system. Preferably, the computer system includes a DC power bus and the power measuring means comprises means for measuring the voltage on the DC power bus. Preferably, the power measuring means comprises means for measuring the current on the DC power bus. Preferably, the display means comprises means for displaying the power in watts. Preferably, the computer includes a housing and the display means comprises an LED display mounted on the housing.
In still another aspect, the invention provides a method of providing a power failure anticipatory function in an electronics system comprising the steps of: monitoring a system parameter; measuring an instantaneous condition of the electronics system; calculating a variable threshold using the measured instantaneous condition; comparing the system parameter to the variable threshold; and providing a signal indicative of an impending power failure when the step of comparing so indicates. Preferably, the electronics system includes a computer electronics assembly having a power bus and the step of measuring comprises measuring the voltage on the power bus. Preferably, the instantaneous condition is the current on the power bus. Preferably, the step of calculating comprises calculating a variable threshold voltage which depends on the time it is desired for the system voltage to stay above a predetermined voltage after power failure.
The term "instantaneous" when used herein means instantaneous as compared to the typical response times of a human being. The invention not only provides information on the instantaneous voltage, current, energy capacity, and power being used by the electronic system in a single variable parameter, but in addition the parameter is the system voltage which is perhaps the easiest of all system parameters to measure and handle electronically. Further, the instantaneous power calculated in determining the variable threshold, can be displayed on the front panel and has been found to be extremely helpful, after one becomes familiar with it, to head off problems and to provide information that is very useful in troubleshooting. Numerous other features, objects and advantages of the invention will become apparent from the following description when read in conjunction with the accompanying drawings.
FIG.1 is a block diagram showing the relevant components of the preferred embodiment of an electronic system according to the invention;
FIG. 2 is a detailed circuit diagram of the standby power supplies in the AC input module of FIG. 1;
FIG. 3 is a detailed circuit diagram of the power train in the AC input module of FIG. 1;
FIG. 4 is a detailed circuit diagram of the voltage and current sensing circuits in the AC input module of FIG. 1;
FIG. 5 is a block diagram showing relevant elements of the power control module and front panel in FIG. 1;
FIG. 6A is a flow chart showing details of the initialization of variables and tables function in the system of FIG. 1, which initialization function is referred to in FIG. 7A below;
FIG. 6B is a flow chart showing details of the recomputation of Vt in the system of FIG. 1, also referred to in FIG. 7A;
FIG. 7A is a block diagram showing the structure of the firmware of the system of FIG. 1;
FIG. 7B is a flow chart showing details of the 1 ms interrupt function referred to in FIG. 7A, for the PBV channel; and
FIG. 7C is a flow chart showing details of the 1 ms interrupt function for the PBI channel.
Turning now to FIG. 1 a block diagram of the preferred electronics system 10 according to the invention is shown. The preferred electronics system 10 is a ruggedized computer system 10 which includes a computer electronics assembly 12, a filter inlet module 16, a power supply 17, a power control module 22, and a computer front panel 24 having a power switch 25 and an LED display 26 for displaying the power consumed by the computer electronics assembly 12. The computer 10 receives power from an AC power source 11 via power lines 14 and 15. Noise is filtered out in inlet filter module 16 and the power applied to power supply 17 comprising AC input module 18 and DC/DC converter module 20. The AC input module 18 rectifies the AC power and applies DC power to the DC/DC converter module 20 on the lines PB+ (power bus positive) and PBRTN (power bus return). These two power bus lines, PB+ and PBRTN, provide the power which is used by the computer electronics assembly 12 after conversion to appropriate 5 volt, +12 volt, and -12 volt power levels by DC/DC converter module 20. AC input module 18 also applies a low power voltage, UR, to DC/DC converter module 20 which is used internally by the module to power certain of its components. AC input module 18 also produces +12 V and -12 V standby voltages any time it is connected to line current; that is, even when the computer power switch 25 is switched to off. This +12 V and -12 V standby power is applied to the power control module 22, which controls the system power.
The power control module 22 is on whenever the electronics system 10 is connected to an AC power source 11. During times when power switch 25 is off or when power has failed the /ACFAIL and /SYSRESET signals are applied to computer electronics assembly 12 by power control module 22. When power control module 22 receives an indication from front panel 24 that the computer electronics assembly 12 should be powered on, it applies the PBON (Power Bus On) signal to the AC input module 18 which applies power to the power bus PB+ through current limiting resistors 89 and 102 (FIG. 3), which causes filter capacitors 87 and 88 (FIG. 3) to begin charging and the PBV signal to begin to rise. The PBV signal is proportional to the power bus voltage and is applied to the power control module 22. A PBI signal, which is proportional to the current on the power bus, is also applied to the power control module 22 by the AC inlet module. When the PBV signal is close to its final value, the LMTOFF (Limiter Off) signal is applied to the AC inlet module 18 by power control module 22, which signal causes the module 18 to short the inrush current limiting resistors 89 and 102 and allows full current to be applied to the filter capacitors 87 and 88. At this time there will be approximately 325 VDC across PB+ and PBRTN. Now the power control module 22 applies the DCON (Direct Current On) signal to the AC inlet module which passes it unchanged to the DC/DC converter module 20, which thereupon switches on the voltages required by computer electronics assembly 12, which are +5 V, +12 V and -12 V in the preferred embodiment. The power control module 22 monitors the 5 V and +12 V voltages on the backplane of the computer electronics assembly 12. When these voltages reach their nominal values, the power control module 22 drops the/ACFAIL and/SYSRESET signals which cause the computer electronics module to begin executing instructions. This completes the power on sequence.
While the computer electronics module is on, about every 42 milliseconds the power control module 22 calculates a power bus threshold voltage Vt. This power bus threshold voltage is found from the following analysis. The primary energy storage elements in the power supply 17 are the filter capacitors 87 and 88 (FIG. 3). The energy (work) stored in the capacitors 87 and 88 is given by:
where W is the energy in joules, C is the equivalent capacitance of capacitors 87 and 88 in farads, and V is the voltage across the capacitors. The DC/DC converter 20 has some minimum value of voltage beyond which it will not function correctly, which voltage we call V0. Thus the useable energy, Wu, stored in the power supply is
Wu =0.5 C V2 -0.5 C V0 2 -0.5 C(V2 -V0 2).
The power used by the DC/DC converter and it load is given by
where P is the power in watts, V is the voltage across the capacitors, and I is the current into the DC/DC converter. As we shall see below, both V and I are measured by the circuit of FIG. 4. Since
W=P t,
where t =time, we may write:
th =Wu /P=0.5 C (Vt 2 -V0 2)/P
where Vt is the threshold voltage that gives the desired hold up time th. Solving this equation for Vt, yields the equation:
Vt =(2th �V�I/C+Vo 2)0.5
where th is a desired time for the power to remain at acceptable levels to permit the computer electronics assembly to complete its power down operations, V is the voltage PB+ on the power bus, I is the current on the power bus, C is the equivalent capacitance of filter capacitors 87 and 88, and Vo is the minimum voltage at which DC/DC converter 20 will function correctly.
The variable th is chosen to give the desired anticipation of power failure required by the computer, plus any circuit delays and margin required. C and V0 are dependent on the power supply and are constants for a given system. V and I are measured, and thus Vt may be calculated by power control module 22. Vt is thus the voltage at which the system must signal the computer that a power supply is imminent. It is a feature of the invention that this threshold voltage, Vt, is based on the DC power bus voltage, and thus will be relatively unaffected by varying AC line voltages. Further, the product V�I is relatively independent of V and essentially depends only on the load and efficiency of DC/DC converter 20.
About every 142 milliseconds while the computer electronics assembly is on, the power being drawn by the computer electronics assembly 12, which is the product V�I calculated when calculating Vt, is output by computer control module 22 in ASCII code to LED display 26 on front panel 24 which displays the power in watts.
When the AC power fails, the signal PBV will begin to drop as energy is drained from filter capacitors 87 and 88. The power control module 22 monitors this signal, and when it indicates that V is less than or equal to Vt, the power control module 22 starts the power-down sequence by applying /ACFAIL to the computer electronics assembly 12. Computer electronics assembly 12 responds to this signal by saving critical information in volatile RAM to non-volatile memory and doing whatever else is necessary for orderly power-down. A fixed time after the /ACFAIL signal is asserted, typically 4 ms, the power control module 22 applies the /SYSRESET to computer electronics module 12. After this time the DC power to the computer electronics assembly 12 will begin to fail and the power-down sequence is over.
Turning now to a more detailed description of the invention, the detailed electronic circuit of the AC input module 18 is shown in FIGS. 2, 3, and 4. FIG. 2 shows the standby power supply. There are two parts to this supply, one shown generally in upper portion of the figure is designated as the "load side" supply as it is referenced to the load ground, and a second shown generally in the lower portion of the figure is designated as the "line side" supply as it is referenced to the line side ground. It is noted that a triangle such as at 28 indicates connection to the load side ground. The standby supply includes transformer 30 which supplies both the load side and the line side. Jumpers 48A and 48B configure the primary of transformer 30 for 120 VAC operation while jumper 49 configures the primary for 240 VAC operation. The load side comprises secondary 29, full wave bridge rectifier 32, Zener diodes 36 and 38, capacitors 40 and 41, and resistors 46 and 47. Voltage received by secondary 29 is rectified by rectifier 32 and filtered by capacitors 40 and 41. Capacitor 40 is larger than capacitor 41 because there is more load on the positive supply than the negative. The load side supply produces two sets of unregulated voltages: �12 SB and �16 VC. The first powers the power control module 22 and some of the circuitry of the AC input module 18. The second powers circuitry only in the AC input module. The �16 VC voltage is derived from the �12 SB voltage and is clamped at 16 V by Zener diodes 36 and 38. Resistors 46 and 47 limit the current when the Zener's clamp, which prevents the voltage from going too high during conditions of high AC line voltage. The line side standby power supply comprises split secondary 31, full wave bridge rectifier 34, and capacitors 42 and 43. AC voltage is received on secondary 31, rectified by rectifier 34 and filtered by capacitors 42 and 43 to produce the voltages �UR. These voltages power low voltage devices referenced to the line side on both the AC input module 18 and the DC/DC converter module 20.
The power train is shown in FIG. 3. This power train generates the DC power that is converted by converter 20 and used by computer electronics assembly 12. The power train circuit includes two pairs of identical circuits: circuits 50 and 51 which are labeled as "Circuit A"; and circuits 52 and 53 which are labeled "Circuit B". In the discussion below, the details will be given only for circuits 50 and 52, since the details of 51 and 53, respectively, will be the same. The power train comprises full-wave bridge rectifier 56, npn transistors 58 and 60, SCRs 62, 64, 66, and 68, opto-triacs 70, 72, 74, and 76, diodes 80 and 82, capacitors 84, 85, 86, 87, and 88, resistors 89 through 102, and jumper 104. The AC power source 11 (FIG. 1) is connected across rectifier 56 via lines 14 and 15. The positive output of rectifier 56 is connected to the anode of SCR 62. Resistor 89 is connected across the anode and cathode of SCR 62. Resistor 90 is connected across the anode and gate of SCR 62 through the triac of opto-triac 70. The line between resistor 90 and triac 70 is connected to the cathode of SCR 62 through capacitor 84. Resistor 91, diode 80, and capacitor 85 are connected in parallel across the gate and cathode of SCR 62. The cathode of SCR 62 is connected to the anode of SCR 64. Circuit 50, with respect to SCR 64, is the same as circuit 53, with respect to SCR 62 except it does not include the equivalents of resistor 89 and capacitor 84. The cathode of SCR 64 provides the positive power bus voltage PB+. The negative output of rectifier 56 is connected to the cathode of SCR 66. The anode of SCR 66 is connected to the cathode of SCR 68. Resistor 102 is connected across the cathode and anode of SCR 68. The anode of SCR 68 provides the negative power bus voltage PB-. Resistor 100 and capacitor 87 are connected in parallel between line 103 and the PB+ line, while resistor 101 and capacitor 88 are connected in parallel between line 103 and the PB- line. The +12 V standby power is applied to the anodes of the LEDs of opto-triacs 70 and 74 through resistors 94 and 95 respectively. The cathodes of the LEDs of opto-triacs 70 and 74 are connected to the anodes of the LEDs of opto-triacs 76 and 72 respectively. The cathodes of the LEDs of opto-triacs 72 and 76 are connected to the collectors of transistors 58 and 60 respectively. The emitter of each of transistors 58 and 60 is connected to ground, and the base and emitter of each are connected through resistors 97 and 98 respectively. The base of transistor 58 is connected to the PBON signal line through resistor 96, while the base of transistor 60 is connected to the LMTOFF signal line through resistor 99. Jumper 104 is optionally connected between the AC neutral line and line 103.
Anytime AC power is available, it is rectified by rectifier 56 and the +12 Sb voltage is applied to the LEDs of opto-triacs 70, 72, 74, and 76. These opto-triacs act as optical switches for the SCRs 62, 64, 66, and 68. To turn the power on, the power control module 22 asserts the PBON signal by raising it to a nominal 5 volts. This turns on transistor 58 through current limiting resistor 96 with resistor 97 providing noise immunity. When transistor 58 turns on, its collector approaches ground, which pulls current through the LEDs of opto-triacs 72 and 74 in both the "A" circuits. This current is limited by resistor 95. The turning on of the current in the LEDs of opto-triacs 72 and 74 turns on SCRs 64 and 66 respectively. This permits current to flow from rectifier 56 through current-limiting resistor 89 through SCR 64 and into filter capacitor 87. The other side of capacitor 87 may be either returned through jumper 104, which is inserted for 120 VAC operation, or through the other filter capacitor 108 when jumper 104 is not inserted, that is, for 240 VAC operation. Likewise, filter capacitor 108 is charged via circuit 51.
When jumper 104 is in, the configuration is that of a full-wave doubler. When jumper 104 is removed, the configuration is that of a full-wave bridge. Thus, with either 120 VAC and the jumper 104 inserted or for 240 VAC and the jumper not inserted, the resulting voltage across the capacitors 87 and 88 is the same: about 325 VDC. Bleeder resistors 100 and 101 serve to discharge capacitors 87 and 88 respectively when power is turned off, for safety reasons.
When the voltage across filter capacitors 87 and 88 reaches a value such that excessive inrush of current is no longer a problem, the power control module 22 asserts the LMTOFF signal. This signal turns on transistor 60 in the same manner as previously described with reference to transistor 58 and the PBON signal. This switches on the opto-triacs in the "B" circuits 52 and 53, which causes the SCRs 62 and 68 to conduct, and shorts the current-limiting resistors 89 and 102. Current now flows unimpeded to the filter capacitors 87 and 88.
While the filter capacitors 87 and 88 are charging, the "A" circuits operate as will be described in the following for circuit 50. Since the current in SCR 64 is pulsating, it must be triggered on every cycle to keep it conducting. When the opto-triac 72 is turned on, it allows current to flow through resistor 92 to the gate of SCR 64 to turn it on. Resistor 93 and capacitor 86 provide filtering on the gate to prevent SCR 64 from being inadvertently triggered. Diode 82 prevents the gate of SCR 64 from going negative with respect to the cathode when the current attempts to flow in the reverse direction, and it serves the same function in the event of a component failure somewhere in the power train: A negative gate voltage of too large a value can damage the SCR. Diode 82 also provides a path for the reverse recovery current required by the diodes in bridge 56 at the time of reverse current flow, since the opto-triac is always on.
Circuit B is identical to Circuit A with two exceptions: the opto-triac 70 is of a different type than the opto-triac 72, and there is an additional capacitor 84. Opto-triac 70 incorporates a zero voltage crossing circuit that only allows the triac to be switched on when the voltage across it crosses zero. This zero voltage crossing circuit is desirable in limiting the final surge current into the filter capacitor 100 when the current limiter resistor 89 is shunted. This zero voltage crossing function would be desirable in Circuit A also, but it would not function there because of the absence of a resistor equivalent to resistor 89, which in addition to its current limiting function acts as a shunt for Circuit B. Absence of this resistor prevents the voltage from being zero when input voltage is applied, and so the zero voltage crossing circuit would never permit the opto-triac 72 to turn on. Capacitor 84 serves to limit high rate-of-rise voltages, dv/dt, that can cause unintentional firing of opto-triac 70 and subsequent firing of SCR 62. High dv/dt can be caused by plugging the system into the AC power source 11, tripping on a circuit breaker, or noise on the AC poser line. Without the protection of capacitor 84, such events could result in voltage on the filter capacitors 87 and 88 when the power supply is supposedly off. This resistance to high dv/dt is further enhanced by the fact that the zero voltage crossing circuit in opto-triac 70 has a dv/dt rating of 2000 Volts/microsecond as compared to a rating of 10 Volts/microsecond in opto-triac 72.
The circuit for sensing the power bus voltage and current is shown in FIG. 4. It includes operational amplifier 114, isolation amplifiers 116 and 118, capacitors 120 and 121, potentiometer 124 and 125, and resistors 130 through 137. The inverting input of op-amp 114 is connected to the PB- line 110 through resistor 132. One end of current sensing resistor 130 is also connected to the PB- line 110 while the other end provides the PBRTN voltage on line 111. This line is also connected to the URCOM line. Resistors 131 and 134 are connected in parallel between the PBRTN line 111 and the non-inverting input of op-amp 114. The UR voltage is applied across op-amp 114. Capacitor 120 is connected between the inverting input and the output of op-amp 114, while resistor 133 and potentiometer 124 are connected in series between the same pins. The output of op-amp 114 is connected to the input of isolation amplifier 116. The input side of amplifier 116 is connected across the UR voltage while the output side is connected across the 16 VC voltage. The ground of the input side of amplifier 116 is connected to line 111, while the ground of the output side is connected to the load ground. The output of isolation amplifier 116 provides the PBI signal, a voltage proportional to the current on the power bus. The input of isolation amplifier 118 is connected to the PB+ line 108 through resistors 135 and 136 connected in series, and to the PBRTN line 111 through capacitor 121. Resistor 137 and potentiometer 125 are also connected in series to the input of amplifier 118. The power and grounds of amplifier 118 are connected as for amplifier 116. The output of isolation amplifier 118 provides the PBV signal, which is a voltage proportional to the power bus voltage. As indicated above, the DCON signal is passed through without change.
The power bus current sensing circuit 115 functions as follows. Resistor 130 is a current sensing resistor which feeds op-amp 114, which is connected in a difference amplifier arrangement. Resistors 131 and 134 form a voltage divider which slightly attenuates the signal into the non-inverting input. Resistor 133 in series with potentiometer 124 form the feedback resistor for the op-amp 114. Since the gain through the non-inverting input is 1 plus the gain through the inverting input, the value of resistor 134 is picked to make the gain through both inputs equal. Since this value depends on the feedback network, potentiometer 124 is added to tune out any effects of tolerance variations in the resistors and isolation amplifier. Capacitor 120 gives the network a low-pass filter response to remove any noise. Isolation amplifier 116 changes the signal reference from the line side to the load side and produces the signal PBI which is input to the power control module to be used in the calculation of the power, V�I, which is used in the calculation of Vt and applied to LED 26.
The power bus voltage sensing circuit 117 functions as follows. Resistors 135 and 136 in combination with resistor 137 and potentiometer 125 form a voltage divider that applies a fraction of the power bus voltage to isolation amplifier 118. Resistors 135 and 136 cannot be combined into a single resistor because the voltage rating of a single resistor would be exceeded. Potentiometer 125 provides a trim adjustment for the voltage divider and is used to compensate for errors due to resistor tolerances and gain errors in isolation amplifier 118. Isolation amplifier 118 changes the signal reference from the line side to the load side and produces the signal PBV which is applied to the power control module to be used in the calculation of the power, V�I, which is used in the calculation of Vt and applied to the LED display 26.
The power bus voltage, PB+, is connected to the DC/DC converter module 20. The DC/DC converters in the preferred embodiment are hybrid circuits, though they may be made from discrete components or be on a single chip. In any case the DCON signal provides a control signal to switch the DC/DC converters on and off.
A block diagram of the power control module 22 and front panel 24 is shown in FIG. 5. Power control module 22 includes a multiplexer 140, an analog to digital converter 142, and a microprocessor 144 having an associated clock 146. The various analog data signals, such as PBV and PBI, are applied to multiplexer 140. The clock 146 provides timing signals to microprocessor 144, which at predetermined times selects one of the analog inputs of the multiplexer 140 to be fed into A to D converter 142. The analog signal is digitized in the A to D converter 142 and applied to microprocessor 144, which reads the signal, adjusts it for various factors such as drifts in the ground reference voltage, and uses it in accordance with its programming.
Preferably, the LED display 26 is a high efficiency, red, four character, 5�7 dot matrix, alphanumeric LED display which automatically displays whatever ASCII character that is sent to it in ASCII code.
In the preferred embodiment of the invention, LED display 26 is a Siemans PD 2435 chip, rectifiers 32 and 34 are 1N4002X4 diode bridges, rectifier 56 is a BR256, transistors 58 and 60 are 2N2222's, SCRs 62, 64, 66, and 68 are 2N6398's, opto-triacs 72 and 74 are MOC3023's, opto-triacs 70 and 76 are MOC3043's, Zener diodes 36 and 38 are 1N5930A's, diodes 80 and 82 are 1N4002's, op-amp 114 is an LM607A, isolation amps 116 and 118 are ISO-122P's, multiplexer 140 is built-up from several chips, preferably 4051's, A to D converter 142 is an AD7579, microprocessor 144 is a Z84C0008, capacitor 40 is 2200 μfarad, capacitors 41, 42, and 43 are 470 μfarad, capacitors 84, 85, and 86 are 0.01 μfarad, capacitors 87 and 88 are 6�560 μfarad, capacitors 120 and 121 are 0.1 μfarad, resistors 89 and 102 are 20 ohms, resistors 90 and 92 are 200 ohms, resistors 91, 93, 94, and 95 are 1 K, resistors 96 and 99 are 1.5 K, resistors 97, 98 and 137 are 10 K, resistors 100 and 101 are 39 K, resistor 130 is 0.005 ohm, resistors 131 and 132 are 100 ohm, resistor 133 is 8.25 K, resistor 134 is 9.31 K, resistors 135 and 136 are 1 M, and potentiometer 124 and 125 are 2 K.
In the preferred embodiment of the invention, the programming of microprocessor 144 is via firmware. The structure of the firmware is shown in FIG. 7A. The general structure is in the form of an initial group of operations 160 that are run through each time the system is plugged in or reset, a main loop set of operations 162, and a series of interrupts: 800 microsecond interrupts 164, 1 millisecond interrupts 166, 42 millisecond interrupts 168, and 142 millisecond interrupts 170. The 800 microsecond interrupt 164 comprises a series of queues arranged in order of priority. Each queue may have one or more entries, which are ordered (within the queue) in the order in which they were placed in the queue, that is within each queue the processing is FIFO. Each entry in a queue is in the form of an address. Once each about 800 microseconds, the microprocessor goes to the interrupt 164, and if there are any entries it processes the oldest entry in the highest priority queue. Each of the interrupts 166, 168, and 170 perform specific tasks and places an address in one of the queues in the 800 microsecond interrupt for a particular routine, if the task requires it. This manner of organization of programming, i.e. an initialization set of operations, a main loop, and interrupts that are organized and processed in queues is well-know in the art, and thus we shall not discuss it further, but rather discuss in detail the particular functions that are performed.
Except for the initialization of the variables and tables, the initialization operations 160 are conventional and will not be discussed in detail. The initialization of the variables and tables includes the initialization of Vt and the constants to be used in the calculation of Vt. Vt is initialized at about 200 volts in the units used by A to D converter 142. The calculation of the constants is shown in the flow chart of FIG. 6A. First V0, which as discussed above is a constant for the system, is read and converted to units utilized by the A to D converter. This conversion to these units is done so that the constant is in the form most readily usable by the microprocessor. Next V0 2 is calculated and saved. Then K=2th /C is calculated, converted to analog to digital converter units, and saved. These constants are now ready for use in real time calculations of Vt. After the timer is started, the main loop is entered and the interrupts begin.
In the main loop the escape sequences from the host CPU are processed in a conventional manner, and then the various switches on the front panel are read and the required tasks are performed. As part of these tasks, the power switch is read and the power on sequence as discussed above is performed if the switch has been turned on since the last time it was read.
Every approximately 1 millisecond, the analog channel is sampled according to an analog channel queue. This queue is set up so that the PBV signal is sampled about every 4 milliseconds and the PBI channel is sampled about every 11 milliseconds. The sampling and tasks related to checking for out-of-tolerance (OOT) parameters are described generally in interrupt box 166 and shown in detail in FIG. 7B for PBV and FIG. 7C for PBI. For PBV, the signal PBV is sampled then adjusted for the reference voltage changes and any other adjustments that may be required, then saved. PBV then it is compared to VMAX, which is a voltage above which the D/C converter module 20 will not function properly. If PBV is not less than Vmax, then the PBV high flag is set, the PBV high hysteresis function is enabled, the address for the PBV high routine is placed in the appropriate queue, and the system returns to the main loop. The use of an hysteresis function in general involves the altering of the value to which the variable is compared in subsequent samples so that the system does not oscillate on and off. That is, in the case of PBV, the next VMAX would be adjusted lower so that PBV would have to fall significantly to meet the threshold value. The use of hysteresis is well-known in the art and thus will not be discussed further herein. If PBV is less than VMAX, PBV is then compared to Vt, and if it not greater than Vt, the PBV low flag is set, PBV low hysteresis is enabled for the next sample on the PBV channel, and the address for the PBV low routine is placed in the appropriate 800 millisecond queue, then the system returns to the main loop. If PBV is greater than Vt, then the system returns to the main loop at once. It is noted that since these interrupt functions are run about every four milliseconds, their initial runs will take place while the power is still rising in the capacitors 87 and 88. Thus they will catch an error such as the system being plugged into too high a voltage and shut down the power supply 17 before the voltage on the capacitors reaches too high a value. A preferred embodiment of the PBI channel 1 millisecond routine is shown in FIG. 7C. First PBV is read, PBI is sampled and adjusted, then PBW=PBV �PBI is calculated and saved. PBW is then compared to PBWMAX, and if it is too high, the PBW high flag is set, PBW high hysteresis is set, the address for the PBW high flag is placed in the appropriate queue, and the system returns to the main loop. If PBW is not high the system returns immediately to the main loop.
About every 42 milliseconds the 42 millisecond interrupt 168 is run, which interrupt includes the recomputing of Vt. A flow chart of this operation is shown in FIG. 6B. Both PBV and PBI are read out as 10 bit binary integers. Then, PBW=PBV�PBI is calculated, which results in a 20 bit binary integer. The least significant 8 its are stripped and the resulting 12 bit product is saved. Then Vt =(K�PBW+V0 2)0.5 is calculated, saved, and the system returns to the main loop.
Referring to the 142 millesecond interrupt 170, about every 142 milliseconds the address for the routine for recalculation of the adjustments, such as for reference voltage changes, and the address for the routine for updating the display are placed in the lowest priority queue. The routine for updating the display includes updating the power in watts shown on the LED 26. This routine simply consists of outputting the power PBW, calculated and saved in the above routines, to LED 26 in ASCII code.
As indicated above, the queues into which the addresses for routines are put are processed about every 800 microseconds, so any of the out-of-tolerance routines are processed almost immediately after they are placed in a queue. The power bus high queue is the highest priority queue since the DC/DC converter may be damaged above 400 volts. If the power bus high or low is in a queue, the power down sequencing is as follows: The backplane sequencing is performed, /ACFAIL is driven active, the system delays approximately 4 milliseconds, /SYSRESET is driven active, power is removed from the disk drives, DCON is dropped to turn the DC/DC convertors off, PBON is dropped to turn the power supply and power bus voltage off, and a one-second delay is initiated to be completed before the next attempted power up. If over power (PBW high flag) is in the queue, the system shuts down similarly, and won't come back on until the power switch 25 on front panel 24 is pressed. If the PBV low flag is set, the system is shut down as discussed in the Overview Section above.
A feature of the invention is that of active in-rush current limiting and over-voltage protection. When first turned on, the power supply has resistors 89 and 102 in series with the filter capacitors 87 and 88 and that limits the initial current surge to a level that will not trip breakers or blow fuses. The power control module 22 monitors the voltage on the filter capacitors via the PBV signal and checks first for an over-voltage condition which could happen if the power supply has been plugged into the wrong voltage. If such a condition is detected, the supply is switched off immediately to prevent damage. Secondly,the power control module 22 checks for the power bus reaching a certain voltage indicating that the filter capacitors 87 and 88 are nearly charged. At this time the LMTOFF signal is asserted which causes the current limiting resistors 89 and 102 to be shorted to provide a low impedance path between the rectifier 56 and the capacitors, and the capacitors quickly come up to full charge. The current surge is greatly minimized however, since the capacitors 87 and 88 are close to full charge. Only then are the DC/DC converters 20 switched on to provide the power to the backplane.
Another feature of the invention is the use of SCRs instead of solid-state relays or triacs. Commercially available solid-state relays and triacs are not rated for 400HZ operation, and may malfunction if used at 400Hz. Elimination of these components means that the power supply can be guaranteed to operate reliably from 50 HZ to 400 HZ.
The availability of the instantaneous power used by the computer electronics assembly 12 is another feature of the invention. This comes about because the power is calculated for use in the determination of Vt. It has turned out that this quantity is very useful. When displayed on the front panel using LEDs that are updated every approximately 142 milliseconds, the user, when compared to typical human reaction times, has an essentially instantaneous readout of the system power. It has been found that when this information is available, users develop an additional dimension of interaction with the computer that prevents some energy use related problems from arising and allows many other problems to be solved much more readily than previously.
A further feature of the invention is the use of a microprocessor 144 in the power control module 22. The microprocessor monitors the voltage across the filter capacitors 87 and 88 to turn off the power supply if an over-voltage condition occurs, determines when the power bus reaches a predetermined voltage after turn on and then switches to a low impedance path between the rectifier 56 and capacitors 87 and 88, and switches on the DC/DC converters 20.
An important feature of the invention is the use of a variable low voltage threshold. This allows all the significant information in determining the optimal conditions under which to initiate the power down sequence to be considered. A related feature is that all this information is included in a single parameter greatly simplifying the monitoring and power down function as compared to prior art systems. Further, it allows one to confidently keep the system on in many instances when it would otherwise have been turned off while knowing that the system power down will be provided in time to orderly save data and perform other necessary functions. Thus the ability to ride through temporary AC power losses is optimized.
There has been described a novel electronics system providing optimal power failure monitoring and many other advantages. It should be understood that the particular embodiments shown in the drawings and described within this specification are for purposes of example and should not be construed to limit the invention which will be described in the claims below. Further, it is evident that those skilled in the art may now make numerous uses and modifications of the specific embodiment described, without departing from the inventive concepts. For example, now that it is seen to be possible to include all the important variables related to system monitoring and power down in a voltage threshold, it is evident that other single electronic parameters that are easily handled may be used. Other software or firmware approaches may be used. Or other electronic parts may be substituted for the various parts described. A greater or lesser number of electronic components may be used. Consequently, the invention is to be construed as embracing each and every novel feature and novel combination of features present in and/or possessed by the described.
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|U.S. Classification
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|Feb 16, 1999
|Maintenance fee reminder mailed
|Jul 25, 1999
|Lapse for failure to pay maintenance fees
|Oct 5, 1999
|Expired due to failure to pay maintenance fee
Effective date: 19990725


text:
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subset: commoncrawl


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The rapper who was handcuffed for possessing weapons on Thursday, May 20 morning has to post $65,000 in bail if he wants to be freed.
Troubled rap mogul Suge Knight has been released from jail following his arrest on alleged gun charges. The Death Row Records founder's Sports Utility Vehicle (SUV) was pulled over by police in Los Angeles on Thursday morning, May 20 after cops were tipped off about a man reportedly pointing a gun at another car.
Officers initiated a "high risk stop", drawing their weapons and ordering Knight and his two female companions out of the vehicle, according to TMZ.com. Reports suggest the rap boss was taken into custody for assault with a deadly weapon and driving with a suspended license.
The early report said Knight is once again a free man after posting $65,000 bail but police officials said to L.A. Times that he was actually held for that amount of bail.


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This is a Sterling Maple Leaf Pin that is a Souvenir of Victoria. The hand engraved design on it is a brite cut. This Pin measures 1 & 1/4" by 1" and is marked Sterling B M Co.Trademark for Baldwin, Miller Inc, Indianapolis, Indiana was first established in 1883. This Trademark was not used after 1915.
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text:
E-readers and tablets are becoming more popular as such technologies improve, but research suggests that reading on paper still boasts unique advantages
Via Dr. Susan Bainbridge
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Deanya Lattimore Schempp's curator insight, May 14, 2013 8:29 AM
Nicely written bibliographic essay by Ferris Jabr in the _Scientific American_, with some links to additional research in the comments. When I was first reading, I like the first commenter was struck that studies from my field and its journal, _Computers and Composition_, did not make the article.
But multidisciplinary scholars can only come at what they know from their own disciplinary perspectives, and it's the "outsider's" job to make more people aware of the research that their disciplinary foreparents did so long ago in their own fields.
To that way, a link to _Computers and Composition_, a journal whose purpose has been to study the effects of computers on reading and writing since 1983.
Jabr has additional very well written articles, coming from psychology and cognitive brain research, on the _Scientific American_ site as well.
Deanya Lattimore Schempp's curator insight, May 14, 2013 8:32 AM
Reading literature in digital environments.
But for the record, consult also the journal, _Computers and Composition_, at http://computersandcomposition.candcblog.org/default.html , which has been publishing research into the effects of computers on reading and writing since 1983.
Meagan Louise's curator insight, May 14, 2013 7:30 PM
I like and dislike the e-readers. The idea is fantastic but I think Im going to hold of using them as I just love the smell of paper books.


text:
I am trying to send emails usinf and pop3 account and email are stuck in th outbox saying cannot connect to the network .
Does any1 have any possible solutions
Mar 20, 2012 at 11:25 UTC
kk i was using outlook 2010 which seems to be giving multiple issues in light of such i have downgraded users to 2007
7 Replies
Mar 8, 2012 at 11:23 UTC
Do you have an Exchange server in your environment? If so what version? POP3 needs to be enabled on the server and on the user mailbox in order to be able to use POP3.
Mar 8, 2012 at 11:23 UTC
Disable AV add-in, if any.
Mar 8, 2012 at 11:38 UTC
what's the exact error message? IS it having issues connecting to Exchange or the network itself? Do you have other users with same issue?
Also, did you check the connections dialog? Find outlook in your system tray, hold CTRL and right click and click on connections-you should have 5 connections to Exchange and errors, if any, will be listed there.
Mar 8, 2012 at 11:54 UTC
drag it to drafts then back and see if it goes out, and make sure that it has a date on the email.
Mar 8, 2012 at 2:29 UTC
Hi the error i got is attached to this post
Mar 8, 2012 at 2:54 UTC
Is your exchange server patched up? What version - 2010?
From what I read, the cached mode is a workaround but not a resolution.
How about recreating the mail profile for the user on that computer?
Mar 20, 2012 at 11:25 UTC
kk i was using outlook 2010 which seems to be giving multiple issues in light of such i have downgraded users to 2007
This discussion has been inactive for over a year.
You may get a better answer to your question by starting a new discussion.


text:
Difference between an Annuity & IRA
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text: Friends is an american 1994 TV Shows. Retrieved from "http://netflix.wikia.com/wiki/Friends?oldid=4844" Ad blocker interference detected! Wikia is a free-to-use site that makes money from advertising. We have a modified experience for viewers using ad blockers Wikia is not accessible if you've made further modifications. Remove the custom ad blocker rule(s) and the page will load as expected. Categories: TV Shows Add category Cancel Save


text:
Look at other dictionaries:
cambist — CAMBÍST s. m. specialist bancar în comerţul cu devize. (< fr. cambiste) Trimis de raduborza, 15.09.2007. Sursa: MDN … Dicționar Român
cambist — [kam′bist] n. [Fr cambiste < It cambista < cambiare, to exchange < LL cambiare < L cambire: see CHANGE] 1. an expert in foreign exchange, as a dealer in bills of exchange 2. a book that gives the rates of foreign exchange and… … English World dictionary
Cambist — An individual or broker considered to be an expert in foreign exchange rates. Cambist may also refer to a book providing information, such as exchange rates on world currencies and other mediums of exchange. The term comes from the Latin word… … Investment dictionary
cambist — cambistry, n. /kam bist/, n. 1. a dealer in bills of exchange. 2. an expert in foreign exchange. 3. a manual giving the moneys, weights, and measures of different countries, with their equivalents. [1800 10; < F cambiste < It cambista. See… … Universalium
cambist — noun A banker; a money changer or broker; one who deals in bills of exchange, or who is skilled in the science of exchange … Wiktionary
cambist — n. money changer … English contemporary dictionary
cambist — n. Expert in exchange, skilled banker … New dictionary of synonyms
cambist — cam·bist … English syllables
cambist — /ˈkæmbəst / (say kambuhst) noun 1. a dealer in the foreign exchange market. 2. a manual giving the moneys, weights, and measures of different countries, with their equivalents. {French cambiste, from Italian cambista, from cambiare change} … Australian English dictionary
cambist — In mercantile law, a person skilled in exchanges; one who trades in promissory notes or bills of exchange; a broker … Black's law dictionary


text:
When my friend is doing anything besides sleeping, reading a book or watching T.V. he inhales through his nose and exhales through the mouth making a sound in the back of his throat-like grunting or groaning. It is pronounced if he is doing a task, playing a hand of bridge or anything that takes some concentration or effort. He is on medication for bi-polar and anxiety/up-tighness. He is not aware of making this noise. He has been checked thoroughly for physical conditions that might be a cause for this noise and there is nothing physically wrong with him. He us 80 years old.READ MORE
makes noise in throat (like grunting) when exhaling while doing tasks, concentrating, etc.
Thank you for your question and welcome to AnxietyConnection.com.
It sounds as if your friend has taken the necesary steps to be sure this is not causing any harm or is not a signalof something more dangerous. It is possible this is a coping mechanism that your friend is not even aware of.
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Read the opening extract of the brand new Rachel Joyce book before its publication on 13/07/2017
The Line of Beauty
Alan Hollinghurst
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Sarah Broadhurst's view...
Winner of the 2004 Man Booker Prize, our most prestigious literary award. A novel that in actual time only covers four years (1983-1987) but in reality brings the whole Thatcher period into play. It is the story of Nick, gay and twice in love, and of his relationship with a very Tory university chum and his family. But it is the writing that stars.
Comparison: Edmund White, Patrick Gale, Adam Mars-Jones.
If you like Alan Hollinghurst you might also like to read books by Sebastian Barry, Jennifer Egan and Damon Galgut.Who is Sarah Broadhurst
The Line of Beauty by Alan Hollinghurst
A few pages into Alan Hollinghurst's novel, something re-markable happens. The gay hero, Nick Guest, is on his way to a blind date but is waylaid by his land-lady's daughter, a highly strung neurotic with a history of self-harm. Smartly assuming control of the situation, Nick relieves her of the contents of the cutlery drawer, and chivalrously holds her hand until she calms down. This touching scene is unlikely to have occurred in one of Hollinghurst's previous books: first because there were few women in them; and second because nothing would be allowed to get in the way of a passage of graphic gay sex.
Hollinghurst's debut novel, The Swimming Pool Library (1988), was lauded for its startling conflation of high literary style and low-rent sex, and presented an eye-opening trawl through the London gay scene, from private clubs to public toilets, in the laconic tone of a latter-day Henry James. The Line of Beauty is not a sequel as such, but picks up where the earlier narrative broke off, in August 1983: "the last summer of its kind there was ever to be".
If The Swimming Pool Library was the party novel, The Line of Beauty deals with the inevitable hangover. Aids was never even alluded to in the earlier novel; here it ominously clouds the narrative. And those readers who admire Holling-hurst's style but weary of his sex drive (even the Gay Times condemned the erotic passages of his previous book as "selfish" and "dull") will be pleased to discover it is a work of social nuance rather than sexual urgency. And for once, the wider political context is embraced rather than ignored - not only is Mrs Thatcher a pervasive influence throughout, she even puts in a personal appearance.
Reviews'A classic of our times... The work of a great English stylist in full maturity; a masterpiece'
About the Author
Book Info
Publication date1st April 2005
AuthorAlan Hollinghurst
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PublisherPan Macmillan
512 pages
Literary Fiction
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8227A totem pole comes home
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- Mar 1, 2006A totem pole comes home
A Swedish museum is returning the artifact to the B.C. band that carved it 134 years ago
Jeff Lee
Vancouver Sun
Wednesday, March 01, 2006
CREDIT: Ian Lindsay, Vancouver Sun
Premier Gordon Campbell on Tuesday visited the 1872 Haisla totem pole that will be returned from the Etnografiska Museet in Stockholm where curator Anne Murray (centre) and museum consultant Per Kaks prepare it for its journey in the large box at left.
STOCKHOLM -- Sometimes, when he walks by Olaf Hanssen's legacy, a totem pole from B.C., Per Kaks looks way up and is reminded of the responsibility museums around the world have to preserve cultural artifacts that would otherwise be lost to time, weather and unscrupulous collectors.
"I have been asking myself so many times, for whom have we kept these things, for whom have we kept them alive?" the former director of the Sweden's Ethnographic Museum said Tuesday.
In this case, the answer now seems to be for the very people who lost it nearly 80 years ago. In 1929 Hanssen, the Swedish consul living in Prince Rupert, had the pole cut down from its place at the old village of Misk'usa at the head of the Kitlope Valley and shipped to Stockholm.
For many years it remained outside in the weather, cracking and wearing in the alternating seasons of snow and heat. Eventually, it was put into storage, where it remained for nearly 50 years.
When the museum created a new gallery in 1980 for its vast native collections, it placed the pole in its central hall, an air-conditioned and heated facility designed to properly conserve such artifacts.
Then the owners came calling. One day in 1991, a month after Kaks became director of the museum, several members of the Haisla First Nation showed up, insisting he give back what they believed had been stolen.
At first, Kaks didn't know what to say. But he agreed to consider their demands.
He remembers a tense moment when he visited Kitimat the next year, when the village roundly accused the museum of pillaging the pole, but eventually, the museum and the Haisla began negotiating from a point of what was best for the totem. The pole would go home, as long as the Haisla could properly care for it.
But the Haisla, who have had greater social and economic problems to deal with, didn't have the money to construct the necessary controlled-environment building.
It has taken 15 years, but now they are ready.
When the pole leaves Stockholm on March 12, it will be replaced by a replica four Haisla carved last year in the yard outside the museum. A second replica was raised at Misk'usa in August 2002. The original will be housed at the Museum of Anthropology at UBC until July, then sent to Kitimat where it will be installed in a school. It will eventually be transferred to a new community hall.
This artifact being repatriated is not just any totem pole. It is one with a rich and tragic history, carved as a memorial to white man's terrible infliction upon first nations when smallpox, a disease never before experienced by North American Indians, swept through tribes.
In 1870, smallpox nearly wiped out the Kitlope people, as the Haisla were then known. As the band's oral history goes, the chief, Gupsgolox, was so distraught at losing all his children that he was struck with grief. One day in the woods he encountered a spirit called the Tsooda Spirit, who gave him a piece of crystalline rock and told him to bite it at the tree where he'd interred his dead children.
When Gupsgolox did so, the children came out alive. In thanks, the chief commissioned a pole that contained three figures; at the bottom was a grizzly bear living under water, over which was Asoalget, a personified spirit. At the top was the Tsooda Spirit.
The pole, carved in 1872, remained at Misk'usa, at the head of the Kitlope, until Hanssen found it. The government gave Hanssen an export permit, but there was never any title document issued.
The Haisla eventually traced the pole to Stockholm. When Louisa Smith, a descendent of Gupsgolox, found it standing in the museum's hall, she wept as she stepped over a short barrier and hugged it.
The repatriation project has been funded by the museum, Swedish federal government, private fundraising and the Canadian government. The Canadian embassy in Stockholm contributed $12,000 and the Department of Canadian Heritage $27,000. T-shirts sold through the museum and the band raised another $5,700.
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Like I said in my intro I play a succubus hellcat in D&D. She is a level 20+ Mage, Fighter, Thief. She owns a chain of bars called Sam's bar and weapons shop. They are all over the land of Faerun. She has many friends including dryads, fairies, ogres, kenders, humans, forsetkin, vampires, dragons, drow, and tieflings. She is also the queen of Waterdeep not by choice but she is (at least in our game). She loves to adventure more then anything else and she loves to create things on the forge of which she has 1 that she takes with her where ever she goes, and she has 1 in each bar. She could have been queen of the hellcats, but she found her older brother and he became king instead.
Sam does not like being a ruler, but she does what she has too. She has 6 children that are succubus, hellcat, black dragon, fire elemental, and 8 more that are succubus hellcat, she is grand mother to 13 succubus, hellcat, black dragon, fire elemental from one daughter and 8 grand children that are succubus, hellcat, black dragon, fire elemental, forsetkin, human from another daughter.
She was there and watched as her cursed friend the kender turned a tarrasque into a 5,000 pound meat-bun. Which he then proceeded to eat 500 pounds of it. She has also seen this friend and one of her human friend blow up many places including some of her bars screaming "Panama!" although she never understood why.
Sam has been all over the world of Faerun and a few others. She loves her friend Whammy (the pixie) because if the foes are to many Whammy puts as many as she can to sleep with her arrows so that the overwhelming foes can be dealt with in a more manageable fashion. As for Juliet (the 3' ogre) she started out as a summoned creature, got shrunk to fit through a hole and stuck around for Rylith (the Kender). She and Ry have 2 children little Shasta (an illusionist) and little Ace (A were-rat god (long story)).
IF you want to know more just ask will be glad to share.


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I have a client that is a small law firm. Some of their cases require them to have some medical information and copies of some medical records. Does that mean that they then have to he HIPPA / HITECH compliant? Are there any good places to look in this regard? I need information for myself so I know what I am talking about, and information that is not too technical to show the partners at the law firm.
3 Replies
Feb 29, 2012 at 2:17 UTC
Yes, HIPAA is required. They are responcible for the records until they are returned or destroyed.
Feb 29, 2012 at 2:22 UTC
Based on this document, they may not be, but its a good practice to try and meet most if not all of the requirements.
Mar 7, 2012 at 9:00 UTC
Trigg, thanks for the link. The impression I get from this, which makes sense in a way, is that HIPPA may only apply to my client if they are actually billing the Health Insurance company? It seems more like it is primarily a way of ensuring companies bill the insurance company properly, not about storing confidential client data properly. Am I missing something here?
What about HITECH? I found [I think] a good overview here which seems to suggest that it is additional regulation on top of HIPPA, to deal with some of the more technical aspects.
Are there any official regulatory bodies that you can go to, discuss your company & how it operates & get a decision on if / how you need to be compliant? Preferably in confidence so that you don't get fined for not being compliant already?
This discussion has been inactive for over a year.
You may get a better answer to your question by starting a new discussion.


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Steelers Broncos Score
January 9, 2012 by staff
Steelers Broncos Score, "Pull the trigger," John Elway told his Denver Broncos star, Tim Tebow, trying to shake the quarterback from a three-game funk. Tebow went one better — he pulled off an upset. A rejuvenated Tebow connected with Demaryius Thomas on an electrifying 80-yard touchdown pass on the first play of overtime and the Broncos defeated the stunned Pittsburgh Steelers 29-23 in the AFC wild-card game on Sunday.
Wild doesn't begin to describe it. The play took 11 seconds and was the quickest ending to an overtime in NFL history.
Thomas hauled in a high play-action pass at the Denver 38, stiff-armed Ike Taylor and then outraced backup safety Ryan Mundy to the end zone.
"I was just saying, 'Man trust your speed. Trust your speed. Don't cut back. Don't cut back.' And he kept it straight. He outran the guy," said Willis McGahee, whose fourth-quarter fumble helped Pittsburgh tie it.
"I was like 'Oh my God, is he still running?' Please just go. Please. Please."
Tebow, who looked as startled as everyone else, chased down Thomas and knelt on one knee — Tebowing as it's known — in the end zone. Then he pounded a fist in triumph and took a victory lap.
"When I saw him scoring, first of all, I just thought, 'Thank you, Lord,' " Tebow said. "Then, I was running pretty fast, chasing him — like I can catch up to D.T! Then I just jumped into the stands, first time I've done that. That was fun. Then, got on a knee and thanked the Lord again and tried to celebrate with my teammates and the fans."
Behind Tebow's 316 yards passing, the Broncos (9-8) are heading to New England for a second-round game against the top-seeded Patriots on Saturday night.
And, unlike Elway, who lost his first postseason start — to the Steelers at home in 1984 — Tebow is 1-0 in the playoffs.
"We're just a fighting team. A lot of resilience," cornerback Champ Bailey said. "In any adverse situation, we'll find a way to get out of it. Everybody says we backed into the playoffs, we're in. We did something right along the way. We're in it. We won a game. Now, we've got to go try to win another one."
The Steelers (12-5) lost despite Ben Roethlisberger rallying injury-depleted Pittsburgh from a two-touchdown halftime deficit with 10 points in the final 10 minutes.
Pittsburgh called tails for the overtime coin toss, and it came up heads.
Tebow, who engineered five fourth-quarter comebacks and three OT wins in the regular season, wasted no time finding Thomas to end the game.
Thomas raced down the Broncos sideline, sending the crowd, including Elway, the Broncos executive vice president, into a frenzy at Sports Authority Field, which was rocking like the old Mile High Stadium back in the 1990s.
"They were the No. 1 defense and we are the No. 1 offense running the ball," Thomas said. "So, I feel like they wanted to make a statement and stop the run. I don't know if they forgot about the passing game. The last couple of games that we had, we were not passing the ball that great."
Thus, Elway's admonition.
"He showed he's a quarterback in the NFL, case closed," McGahee said. "They say he couldn't throw. They said we wouldn't be able to run the ball on them. We did that. I wonder what they're going to say next week."
Mundy was playing in place of Ryan Clark, the Steelers' leading tackler who sat this one out because of a blood condition that's exacerbated at altitude.
Clark was one of several Steelers sidelined or injured. Pro Bowl center Maurkice Pouncey was out, replaced by Doug Legursky, who had a bad snap right before halftime that moved Pittsburgh out of field goal range.
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Education firstname.lastname@example.com
Hanson, W. E., Leighton, J. P., Donaldson, S. I., Oakland, T., Terjesen, M., & Shealy, C. N. (in press). Assessment: The power and potential of psychological testing, educational measurement, and program evaluation around the world. In C. N. Shealy & M. Bullock (Eds.), Going global: How psychology and psychologists can meet a world in need. Washington, DC: American Psychological Association.
Jacobson, R. M., Hanson, W. E., & Zhou, H. (2015). Canadian psychologists' test feedback training and practice: A national survey. Canadian Psychology, 56, 394-404.
Archibald, M. M., Radil, A. I., Zhang, X., & Hanson, W. E. (2015). Current mixed methods practices in qualitative research: A content analysis of leading journals. International Journal of Qualitative Methods, 14, 5-33.
Coates, M., Hanson, W. E., Samuel, D. B., & Ashe, M., & Cozen, J. (2015). The Beliefs, Events, and Values Inventory (BEVI): Psychological assessment implications and applications. In C. N. Shealy (Ed.), Making sense of beliefs and values: Theory, research, and practice (chapter 11). New York, NY: Springer.
Cozen, J., Hanson, W. E., Poston, J. M., Jones, S., & Tabit, M. (2015). The Beliefs, Events, and Values Inventory (BEVI): Implications and applications for therapeutic assessment and intervention. In C. N. Shealy (Ed.), Making sense of beliefs and values: Theory, research, and practice (chapter 15). New York, NY: Springer.
Hanson, W. E., McComb, J. C., & Stinchfield, R. (2014). Pathological gamblers' perceptions of helpful treatment experiences: A mixed methods study. In S. Jiménez-Murcia and D. Blanca (Eds.), Pathological gambling and technological addictions. Buenos Aires, Argentina: Lugar Publishing.
Hanson, W. E. (2013). Teaching therapeutic assessment practicum. Therapeutic Assessment, 1(2), 7-12.
Hanson, W. E., & Poston, J. M. (2011). Building confidence in psychological assessment as a therapeutic intervention: An empirically based reply to Lilienfeld, Garb, and Wood (2011). Psychological Assessment, 23, 1056-1062.
Curry, K. T., & Hanson, W. E. (2010). National survey of psychologists' test feedback training, supervision, and practice: A mixed methods study. Journal of Personality Assessment, 92, 327-336.
Merker, B. M., Hanson, W. E., & Poston, J. M. (2010). National survey of psychologists' training and practice in breaking 'bad news:" A mixed methods study of the MUM Effect. Journal of Clinical Psychology in Medical Settings, 17, 211-219.
Poston, J. M., & Hanson, W. E. (2010). Meta-analysis of psychological assessment as a therapeutic intervention. Psychological Assessment, 22, 203-212.
I'm a pragmatist and an integrationist. Clinically speaking, I take an assessment-based therapeutic approach – an approach that utilizes session-by-session process-outcome data. Somewhat counterintuitively, it relies heavily on humanistic/person-centered principles and practices. In supervision, I take a developmental approach. And, in research, I take an "Optimal Research Training Environment" approach, based on Gelso's theory. Additionally, all these approaches are evident in my teaching, which links and integrates science and practice.


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Vince Neil Signs on for 'The Celebrity Apprentice'
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With Motley Crue officially in the rear view mirror, Vince Neil has already embarked on a solo tour and has his sights set on more. According to TMZ, the singer has signed on as a contestant on the upcoming season of The Celebrity Apprentice, which will feature new host Arnold Schwarzenegger. Neil joins a list of other rockers who have famously appeared on the reality program before.
Vince Neil has been in negotiations with NBC since 2013. The frontman told Fox 5 Las Vegas that he "went down to NBC and met with the [The Celebrity Apprentice] producers and the network and stuff. And they figure, everything's great, they don't wanna announce anything, but… That's all I ever said — that I'm up for it. So I never said I was going to be on it. I said I'm up for it."
NBC temporarily put the show on hold after sacking longtime host Donald Trump following comments he made about Mexican immigrants in his run for presidential candidacy. With The Terminator and former California governor Schwarzenegger now at the helm, the show is targeting a September 2016 airing. Neil will represent the rock world and try to replicate the success of Poison's Bret Michaels, who won it all in 2013. If not, hopefully he will fare better than Twisted Sister frontman Dee Snider, who was the second of 18 stars to be fired in 2012.
While Neil appears on television screens, he will be portrayed on the silver screen in a film adaptation of the infamous Motley Crue tell-all book, The Dirt. The film is projected for a summer release, which would be convenient timing before Neil's appearance on The Celebrity Apprentice.
11 Unforgettable Motley Crue Moments
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See Which Motley Crue Albums Landed on the Top 80 Hard Rock + Metal Albums of the 1980s


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Details of the FHL new holdings (last 12 months)
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- The survey detail of Family History Library's updates to it's Slovakia
holdings has now been posted on my site. It describes the last 12
months of cataloging activities.
The Slovakia news was better than I was led to believe. 121 new
entries for western Slovakia. This is a big improvement over last
year. Your letters must have paid off. Still, not as fast as our
cataloger would have liked.
You can find the detail here:
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Question: We are in the process of buying a house from a couple who are splitting up. When we offered on the house both were on the title deed. But now they have registered the house in her name and he has taken out a charge against the property. Should we be worried?
© Merrily Harpur
Answer: Technically, alarm bells should be ringing here. By registering the charge the husband has given notice of his matrimonial home rights, which include a right to occupy.
Depending where the couple are with their divorce and financial discussions you could well find yourselves subject to his occupation rights until their divorce settlement is sorted out.
This scenario is unusual because I would normally expect to see the husband's rights settled at the point he transferred ownership over to his wife. It is also unusual to incur the cost of a transfer between spouses when the property is to be sold anyway. In this case there was even an offer for sale on the table.
I suggest that you ask your solicitor to check where the couple are currently in their divorce proceedings. It may be that an agreement has been reached and the couple are waiting for the court to process the paperwork. Your solicitor will, at least, need to secure an undertaking from the seller's solicitor that the notice will be removed upon completion of this sale.
The husband is probably more concerned with protecting money rather than the right of occupation itself. Once the house is sold and the notice has been removed, and the money is available, the couple can argue over its division for as long as they like.
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Work & Family Mailbox
Columnist Sue Shellenbarger answers readers' questions
Q:Regarding your column on helping children set goals, could you provide more information about the study you cited, about how children begin early to form beliefs about what they can and cannot achieve?
—C.S., Arlington, Va.
A:The study, published in 2010 in the Annual Review of Psychology, says children begin in the first few years of school to set goals and make plans to reach them. By age 7 or 8, they also develop beliefs about "what they should hope for and when they should...


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Cheesy Green Enchiladas
Recipe by bmxmama
Mouthwatering Cheesy Chicken Enchiladas...what they are suppose to be! Please feel free to change any ingredient. Sometimes I use 8 oz of cream cheese too in addition to the sour cream..just for a little more creamy goodness! If I have leftover filling I use it for quesadillas.
Top Review by wicked cook 46
I had to do so many subs because of where we live and the lack of selection LOL I used my homemade salsa ( hot and mild ) and salsa verde . Wiz it in the food processor to make a "enchilada" sauce. Hubby forgot to buy the montrey cheese so I used chedder and mozza. Also used canned jalepenos to replace green chilies. This was the first time we have had enchiladas and even with all the subs they were delicious. Will make again Made for PAC Fall 2009
Ingredients Nutrition
- 9 boneless skinless chicken thighs, cooked and shredded
- 2 cups cheddar cheese, shredded
- 2 cups monterey jack pepper cheese, shredded
- 7 ounces diced green chilies
- 2 1⁄2 cups sour cream
- 1⁄2 teaspoon garlic powder
- 1⁄2 teaspoon chili powder
- 1⁄2 teaspoon onion powder
- 1 (28 ounce) can green enchilada sauce
- 20 flour tortillas
- salt & pepper
Directions See How It's Made
- Preheat oven to 350°F
- Lightly coat with oil or cooking spray a large 9x13 baking dish.
- In a large bowl combine, chicken, 1 1/2 cup of cheddar cheese, 1/1/2 cup of pepper jack cheese, diced green chillies, 2 cups of sour cream, garlic powder, chili powder and onion powder.
- Mix until well combined.
- To assemble, have a large bowl ready with the green enchilada sauce in it and a plate to roll the enchiladas on.
- Take a flour tortilla and dip it into the bowl containing the sauce until it's all covered.
- Then place on the plate and almost on the edge of one side of the tortilla add 1/4- 1/2 cup of the chicken filling depending on how full you want them to be.
- Take the tortilla with the filling on it and roll it into a tube and lay in greased baking dish.
- Repeat until you have either no room left in your pan or your out of filling.
- With the remaining sauce pour over enchiladas and smooth out on top until there is a thin layer of sauce.
- With the remaining 1/2 cup of sour cream spread evenly over the top of enchiladas.
- Take remaining 1/2 cup of cheddar and 1/2 cup of pepper jack cheese and sprinkle evenly over top of enchiladas.
- Cover with foil for the first 25 minutes of cooking.
- Remove foil and bake for another 15-20 minutes until bubbly and cheese is melted on top.