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HERBIVORY: Ecosystem and Community Effects
Herbivores are taxonomically and ecologically diverse, ranging in size from microscopic zooplankton to large terrestrial vertebrates; they not only consume resources, but are also resources for other consumers. That is, they must be flexible in their behaviour to balance fitness gains from foraging with fitness loss from predation. Fluxes in herbivore populations can therefore have tremendous consequences for community dynamics up and down trophic levels, as well as ecosystem functions such as net primary production and nutrient cycling.
What is "OVERGRAZING"?
When a grazer (a herbivore) undergoes changes in abundance or physiology, it can have a negative effect on the ecosystem and the communities that reside within: a process we refer to as "overgrazing". By giving specific examples from marine and terrestrial overgrazing events, we can explain this concept in detail.
Recommended reading and why it was chosen:
Milchunas and Lauenroth. 1993. Quantitative Effects of Grazing on Vegetation and Soils Over a Global Range of Environments. Ecological Monographs. 63(4): 327-366.
The paper by Milchunas and Lauenroth was chosen because it was deemed to be very influential for the topic being researched: herbivore grazing and its effects on community and ecosystems. The paper has been cited over 837 times in all databases according to Web of Science, and is published in Ecological Monographs which is published by the Ecological Society of America (ESA). The journal is characterized by lengthy papers that document major discoveries or developments in the given field and are later used as a base for future research. This particular paper's objective was to assess the sensitivity of ecosystems to overgrazing. They compared control (ungrazed) and grazed plots, species composition, and above ground net primary production (ANPP). Species composition refers to the identity of all the living things in an ecosystem. Primary Productivity refers to the ability of the plant to photosynthesize in the presence of carbon dioxide and produce organic compounds; ANPP refers to the rate at which a plant can increase its above ground biomass in an ecosystem.
Conclusions of the study
For above ground net primary production (ANPP), the general trend showed an increase in ANPP with areas that had high precipitation, and this result was observed in both grasslands and shrublands (Milchunas and Lauenroth 1993). For species composition, the general trend showed that more species were dissimilar in grasslands and shrublands than initially expected; also, less species were found to be dominant in grasslands and shrublands in which the effects were more severe for shrublands (Milchunas and Lauenroth 1993).
This particular video summarizes the general concepts behind overgrazing in Yellowstone National Park and how the introduction of Wolves changed the entire ecosystem.
Sea urchins have been known to be sea grass grazers, but before sea urchins became the dominant grazers, more aggressive grazers such as turtles and other larger herbivores possessed that title. In those times, sea grass evolved in such a way that it could withstand aggressive overgrazing events by increasing growth rates, and managing resources more efficiently. The paper on sea urchins chose to define overgrazing as "direct herbivory exceeding absolute growth of a plant" (Eklof et al. 2008).
So what factors affect overgrazing?
The type of factors affecting overgrazing are different for all species but in terms of the herbivore and plant relationship, these general factors may be applied to many situations:
- Type of selection (K or R), Predation, Competition, Food availability and dispersion
If a predator of sea urchins is introduced into its grazing environment, it can reduce the population of sea urchins and therefore improve the growth rate of sea grass that is under pressure from overgrazing events.
- Growth rate, Ability to relocate nutrients, Resistance
- For plants, maximizing Above Ground Net Primary Production (ANPP) is a priority
So how does overgrazing affect the marine ecosystem?
In Florida Bay a few years ago, they found that 84% of the seagrass was overgrazed! This had several affects on the wildlife and economics of the area.
1. Increased "turbidity" --> water became more hazy and dirty due to soil erosion: this meant that less light would reach the seagrass below, and therefore reduce their overall growth.
2. Population decline in crabs (crustaceans) --> since less sea grass was available, crabs had less food and therefore their population declined --> had severe economic implications for the area!
Herbivore-mediated ecosystem effects
"When we try to pick out anything by itself, we find it hitched to everything else in the Universe." - John Muir
The Green World Hypothesis, introduced by Hariston et al. (1960), was a new way of thinking about the dynamics of ecological systems by combining trophic and population ecology. Thus, in order to consider the effects herbivores may have on ecosystems it is important to take into account the abiotic factors of the system as well as the direct and indirect effects that may occur within a multi-trophic system.
Schmitz (2008) examined herbivore-mediated direct and indirect effects on ecosystem functioning, such as net primary production, decomposition, and nutrient cycling via three herbivore individual-scale properties: 1) constraints associated with resource limitations; 2) resource selection and feeding mode; and 3) herbivore adaptive trade-offs required to balance resource intake and predator avoidance.
Resource limitations
Differences in the mechanisms of herbivore resource limitation determines wither a predator effects propagate down the trophic chains to affect plants. Relative resource limitation refers to the ability of the organism to gather and ingest food resources; that is if consumers are limited by relative food shortages, then per capita resource consumption depends on daily feeding times and the rates at which food resources can be harvested. While, absolute resource limitation refers to the total resource availability; that is if consumers are limited by absolute resource supply then per capita consumption depends on the fixed amount of resources available at that location. Consequently, relative resource limitations lead to the emergent capacity of predators to control trophic structure, while absolute resource limitations lead to the decoupling of predator top-down effects.
Chase (1996) experimentally tested predator top-down effects on plant biomass by manipulating a number of trophic levels. The experiment consisted of grasses, generalist grasshopper, and a hunting spider. The experiment looked at how alterations in an abiotic factor, such as amount of light, influenced trophic cascades within the system. Chase (1996) found that the shaded treatments reduced grasshopper daily feeding time by nearly 50% compared to the unshaded treatments. Interestingly, the changes in grasshopper feeding time in the shaded treatment matched predictions of relative resource limitation and presence of the hunting spider increased plant biomass by nearly 50%. However, the unshaded treatment created conditions similar to absolute resource limitation, where the predator had no effect on plant biomass. Neither resource abundance nor nature of predator effect changed between the different treatments, instead, abiotic changes altered how herbivore consumed resources which lead to abrupt emergence of indirect top-down effects by the predator. For more information, read the full article here.
Resource selection and nutrient cycling
Herbivores can be grouped into two broad categories: grazers and sap feeders. Within these feeding modes there are differences in the degree to which herbivores are specialized or generalized in their use of the plant resources.
Direct herbivore effects on nutrient cycling refers to readily decomposable organic matter excreted back into the organic matter pool; this generally results in fast nutrient cycling within the system. While indirect herbivore effects on nutrient cycling occurs when selective foraging alters the plant community composition, and consequently, the chemical composition of dead plant material entering back into the organic matter pool. This is generally characterized by slow nutrient cycling, where herbivores may accelerate or decelerate cycling depending on the nature of their resource choice.
A study by Tracy and Frank (1998) examined the effects grazing elk had on plant communities and nutrient cycling in the Yellowstone region. They found that grazer-free plots had: 35% reduction in plant diversity; 22% lower plant tissue nitrogen content, which translated in a 53% reduction in nitrogen mineralization rates. As a result presence on elk created more diverse plant communities that were rich in nutrient quality and had higher nitrogen mineralization rates. Full paper can be found here.
A study conducted by McInnes et al. (1992) examined the effect browsing moose had on plant communities and nutrient cycles. The result were the opposite of those observed for the elk experiment. Enclosures had 1.6-fold greater tree production; 32% increase in litter nitrogen, which translated to 15-30% higher nitrogen mineralization rates. Full study found here.
The reason for the observed differences these two herbivores have on their habitats has to do with their choice of plant resources. Elk generally feed on grasses that are high in C:N, while moose preferentially feed on deciduous trees that are low in C:N which consequently reduces the abundance of deciduous trees enabling the proliferation of plant species with higher C:N, thereby lowering the amount of nitrogen going back into the system.
Predation pressures
Predators can affect herbivore-mediated ecosystems effects in one of two ways: change herbivore foraging behaviour to avoid predation, or directly limiting herbivore density. As a result, predators can have tremendous indirect effects on ecosystem functions via top-down cascades.
An old field experiment conducted by Schmitz (2003), examined the effects predation risk had on a grasshopper. In the absence of predators, the grasshopper preferentially fed on Poa pratensis grass. This allowed a competitive Solidago rugosa to dominate the plant community, resulting in reduced plant diversity. However, in the presence of predation pressures, the grasshopper changed its feeding to the Solidago spp. due to its ability to provide better cover and thereby increase chances of survival. Consequently, the change in feeding selection, resulted in enhanced plant diversity. Full article here.
What are the potential effects of overgrazing on the ecosystem?
Overgrazing has been researched to cause loss in Ecosystem Functions on many different levels. As ecosystems are being transformed into managed systems such as livestock or croplands, these areas end up containing fewer dominant species. This eventually yields to lower levels of biodiversity leading to a loss of the fundamental bases of the ecosystem functions. To elaborate, overgrazing reduces plant and animal richness, alters soil composition and horizon structure, shifts water and nutrients flows as well as affects key ecosystem processes which results in landscape degradation. By declining the species richness in the surrounding ecosystem, we decline the levels of ecosystem functioning. But lets not forget that there is a need of balance within the herbivore-plant interface in order to reach ecosystem sustainability. So there is a need to regulate herbivory in the affected ecosystems in question. by regulating herbivory, we in turn regulate biodiversity and thus monitor and tweak the fundamental ecosystem functions. Another point to question would be on how can we monitor such complex interactions sometimes covering large areas? What are the potential solutions that we could adopt to manage sustainability in ecosystems and biodiversity?
Tracking changes in Ecosystems using Remote Sensing and GIS
Remote Sensing and GIS could be labelled as recently new tools as they have only been around since the advent of the satellite. Remote sensing offers a great deal of options in oder to monitor different aspects of our earth ranging from analyzing vegetation health and composition to analyzing tectonic activity and plate interactions. For the context of our topic, remote sensing is a useful tool in analyzing vegetation cover change in herbivory impacted areas. These satellites are equipped with cameras and sensors with resolution that can go as close as a few cm on the ground. The spatial resolution of the research (Asner et al. 2009) that analysed the effect of herbivory on the ecosystem in Kruger National Park had a spatial resolution of 26cm. Remote sensing offers to see things that our eye can not process such as wavelengh bands that go beyond the visible spectrum. This is useful as many Vegetation indexes such as NDVI uses wavelength in the near infrared.
Remote Sensing tracking ecosystem shifts caused by herbivory in Kruger National Park
As previously discussed, herbivores are both a major agent of disturbance and a core focus for conservation. Too many or too few herbivores can lead to the loss of ecological functioning through alterations in vegetation composition and structure. By intergrading various state of the art technology such as HiFIS (high frequency imaging spectroscopy), LiDAR (Light detection and ranging), vegetation indexes (NDVI) and a high resolution camera, it is possible to map out areas which are currently undergoing change. First it is important to visualize the concept of 'layers'. In GIS, much of environmental analysis and delimiting is through the interaction of layers. For the case study in analyzing herbivory in the Savanna ecosystem at Kruger National Park, a first layer delimiting substrate was computed with ground sampling data. On top of this layer it is possible to locate areas which are prone to herbivory and overgrazing by looking at topography (Plateaus vs Steep Mountains). The next layer could be the vegetation layer mapping areas where vegetation is present. With the addition of a temporal resolution, it possible to see areas that have already gone through shifts in vegetation composition and model other prone areas. The data yields visual results on where herbivory has affected the surrounding ecosystem.
Check out this map that will show you changes that have occurred in the world over the past 30 years. Don't forget to click on "Explore the World" so that you can search the places you wish
Benefits and Consequences of Herbivore Overgrazing
- Soil degradation
- Soil erosion
- Desertification
- Decrease in plant density
- Loss of biodiversity
- Altered water and nutrient flows
- Increased fitness
- Offset loss of biodiversity
- Increased growth rate
- Increased seed production
BUT some factors are both beneficial and detrimental depending on how much or little there is.
Elephant Overgrazing in Africa
Elephant impacts are a powerful tool of habitat change in African savanna ecosystems. Impacts may reduce local biodiversity of plants, species richness, and plant and volume height.
The two papers looked at were The flora of the Addo Elephant National Park, South Africa: are threatened species vulnerable to elephant damage by Johnson, Cowling, and Phillipson and Woodland loss and restoration in a savanna park: a 20-year experiment by Western and Maitumo.
These papers provide examples of consequences and benefits of herbivore overgrazing.
The first paper concludes that there was a decrease in plant density and threat to extinction due to the impacts of elephant overgrazing.
The second paper looks at the benefits and consequences of herbivore overgrazing. It was concluded that overgrazing by large herbivores except elephants was beneficial as it promoted seed growth, but overgrazing by elephants was detrimental as they plucked the whole root of the seedling out therefore resulting in seedling mortality.
* Please consult the following papers for in depth information regarding points made: *
Johnson, C.F., Cowling, R.M., & Phillipson, P.B. (1999). The flora of the Addo Elephant National Park, South Africa: are threatened species vulnerable to elephant damage? Biodiversity and Conservation, 8: 1447-1456.
Western, D. & Maitumo, D. (2004). Woodland loss and restoration in a savanna park: a 20-year experiment. African Journal of Ecology, 42: 111-121.


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Bill Will Protect Hoosier Investments
Today, after the Senate passed the financial reform bill to prevent another economic meltdown like we saw in 2008 and protect Hoosier investments, Brad Ellsworth released the following statement applauding their efforts:
"Today's vote by the Senate to pass financial reform will help close the significant loopholes in the rules governing Wall Street and the entire financial industry that led to the collapse of our banks and economy in 2008. We learned that our system was built on unsustainable leverage, irresponsible risk taking, shortsighted profit incentives, and a lack of accountability. This bill will help prevent unscrupulous Wall Street executives, lenders and borrowers from taking advantage of responsible Hoosier investors who saw their pension funds, 401Ks, college saving accounts and home values take a devastating hit due to their actions."
Source: http://www.ellsworth.house.gov/News/DocumentSingle.aspx?DocumentID=198479

subset: commoncrawl


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This is the solution for the challenge titled ChallengeDaysBetweenDates. This will be a fairly short solution, as the challenge itself is simple, but does have a few tricky parts to it.
Step 1: Default.aspx
To begin, create a new Project called ChallengeDaysBetweenDates and set it up as we have been so far in this series, with a Default.aspx page. Once that's finished, switch to the Design view and add the following:
The programmatic ID's for the controls are as follows:
- Calendar1
- Calendar2
- okButton
- resultLabel
Step 2: okButton_Click Event
Double-click the okButton to enter the okButton_Click EventHandler. The challenge specified that the resultLabel would display the number of days between dates regardless of which calendar's date was larger. This requires conditional logic to solve.
Create an if() statement for the event that Calendar1's date is larger than Calendar2. Inside that code block, write the following code:
What this code does is set the resultLabel's Text property to the difference between Calendar1's SelectedDate and Calendar2's SelectedDate in days only.
Tip: I stress the use of TotalDays because if you were to leave out the TotalDays property, you would not have the proper result. TotalDays will give you the number of days without the hours, minutes, and seconds attached. This is the result without using this property:
Next, create an else() statement and copy the resultLabel.Text code into that code block. Then, simply change the calculation to subtract Calendar1's SelectedDate from Calendar2's:
The result will show the whole number difference for either case, regardless of which Calendar has a larger SelectedDate:
That concludes this solution. As was stated at the beginning, this challenge wasn't difficult but it does require you to know the properties of the Calendar controls, as well as the DateTime and TimeSpan. Good job on completing this challenge! I encourage you, come back and do it again if you are struggling with any of the concepts. Review the Cheat Sheet and the lessons about Calendars and then retry. If you'd like, make it even better! Add some formatting to the calendars, make the resultLabel's text friendlier, etc. Once you're ready, proceed on to the next lesson.


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The Edo State chapter of the All Progressives Congress (APC) is currently embroiled in controversy over the list of delegates to be used for the forthcoming governorship primaries to nominate a flag bearer for the 2016 gubernatorial race in the state, reports Vanguard.
The primaries are slated for March or April.
The raging controversy was sparked following attempts to review the delegates list to be used for the primaries.
The party's national leadership has insisted on the use of the list of delegates elected at the 2014 congress but the leadership of the party in the state wants the list altered.
It was gathered that that attempts were being made by some officials of the party in the state to alter the 2014 delegates list to accommodate those not qualified for the delegate conference.
The party's Constitution on the conduct of party primaries for the nomination of governorship flag bearer showed that the delegates to vote include the state executive committee of the party and the ward and local government party executives.


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Best Transcription Q and A from Tigerfish Transcribing
Transcription or stenography? When to leave the stenotype machine at home
Professional transcription services (like Tigerfish Transcribing) can provide accurate audio-to-text conversion with super fast turnaround. So when do people use stenography? You may have read an earlier post explaining that stenography is a kind of shorthand which renders words phonetically. The transcript later needs to be 'translated' or transcribed into regular written text.
Stenography provides an advantage when a live transcript is needed. When a written document of a spoken event must be produced instantaneously, a stenographer is sometimes employed.
Where else besides the courtroom do stenographers work? They sometimes produce closed caption transcripts for live television, live speeches, or performances. Today's technology allows the transcriber to use a stenotype machine that takes the stenotype transcript and runs it through a software program which produces a written transcript. Some accuracy is lost in this process of making an 'instant' transcript, as you may have seen when reading closed captions of live news programs.
Stenography is useful when a transcript needs to be created concurrently with speech, but isn't as viable in many everyday situations where you want a precise, edited record of a meeting, speech, or interview.
For most purposes, exactitude and readability are crucial, and a traditional edited transcript (which can be produced in under two hours by Tigerfish Air!) is your best bet. To get the most benefit from sharing your meeting transcripts, creating web content, recording and archiving, your audio or video recordings must be transcribed accurately and completely by an experienced transcriptionist.
Carmen Perry
Transcription Technology
- Topics:
- Best Practices
- Famous Transcripts
- Local Color
- The Wide World of Transcription
- Tigerfish News
- Transcription Technology
- Transcription Tips
- Video Transcription
- What is Transcription?


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What is JotForm?
JotForm is a free online form builder which helps you create online forms without writing a single line of code. No sign-up required.
At JotForm, we want to make sure that you're getting the online form builder help that you need. Our friendly customer support team is available 24/7.
We believe that if one user has a question, there could be more users who may have the same question. This is why many of our support forum threads are public and available to be searched and viewed. If you'd like help immediately, feel free to search for a similar question, or submit your question or concern.
I have sent you a pdf form to be imported to my jotform. not seen it yet imported.Asked by booking2 on June 25, 2015 at 07:21 AM
Hello. Upon taking a look at your account, I can see that there is one imported PDF form called Congress Excel. IF this is the form that you are asking about, then it is already in your account.
If you are asking about some other PDF form,please note that you can only import Adobe FormsCentral fillable PDF at this time, and you can do so from this page:
If you have done so, and can't see your PDF uploaded, please let us know which email address did you provide on the page where the PDF was uploaded.
We will await your response. Thank you.


text: My family spent two days at the Garden Court in Morningside during December 2010. We had a family room which was spacious and met our basic requirements. Room amenities were good and room was always clean. Bathroom was clean. Service from the staff was excellent. There was always a staff member available when needed. Will definately stay there again and... More


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Offshore wind, wave and tidal all play key roles in next week's All-Energy 2014 (Aberdeen Exhibition and Conference Centre - AECC, 21-22 May).
Nearly 11 hours of conference time at the UK's largest renewable energy exhibition and conference is devoted to offshore wind –including 105 minutes to floating offshore wind; a further nine and a quarter hours to wave and tidal; and a 90-minute Marine Scotland session spans all three technologies in 'Offshore renewable energy in Scottish Waters – policy, planning and licensing for the present and future'.
Added to that there are two repeating full-day technology update programmes in both the Offshore Wind/O&M, and Wave and Tidal seminar theatres on the exhibition show floor; and offshore renewables also play a key role in the inaugural All-Energy Share Fair.
All-Energy 2014
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Copyright 1973-2016. Scandinavian Oil-Gas Online. ISSN 1500-709X.
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'The head of the National Security Agency warned Congress on Thursday that China and "one or two" other nations currently possess the capability of crippling the American power grid through cyberattacks.
Speaking before the House intelligence committee Thursday morning, Adm. Michael Rogers — the top official at both the NSA and United States Cyber Command — said that major systems, like the infrastructure that provides power to houses and facilities across the country, could be taken offline by state-sponsored hackers from abroad.
Certain nations are regularly performing electronic "reconnaissance," Rogers warned, in an effort to be well placed within utility systems in the event that the networks relied on by chemical facilities, water treatment plants and other critical infrastructure components are ordered to be taken offline by a foreign government.
"All of that leads me to believe it is only a matter of when, not if, we are going to see something dramatic," the NSA chief said.
Leading figures within the American intelligence community and Congress have long warned of potentially catastrophic repercussions if such networks should happen to be penetrated and pulverized by foreign actors with malicious intent, but Rogers' remarks this week are among the most dire ever from not just individual well placed within the administration, but a person arguably most qualified to testify as much.
"We're watching multiple nation states invest in this capability," Rogers warned the committee, specifically naming only China as one of the countries considered to now have such power.'
Read More: China and others can cripple US power grid, NSA admits for the first time
Carol Adl
Latest posts by Carol Adl (see all)
- Barcelona's Chief Rabbi Tells Jews To Move To Israel Following Terror Attack - August 19, 2017
- Alex Jones Attacked With 'Boiling' Coffee - August 19, 2017
- White House Aid Steve Bannon Fired - August 18, 2017


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An unidentified man in a street at Hackensack, New Jersey, stabbed a female Saudi a fourth year medical student of Colombia University in Hackensack.
First it appeared to a case of hate crime. As per the student's statement, she went for a walk on Thursday evening, two men in a small black car followed her. One of them said in Arabic accent "perhaps you know that with whom you are playing" and stabbed her. His accomplice was speaking good English and both of them fled the scene soon after attacking her.
She said. "However, it does not appear to be a hate crime because the attackers neither touched my veil nor passed any racist comment, as was reported by a section of the media."
The passerby took her to the hospital she said. "I was then moved to Hackensack Hospital for treatment and discharged after my condition improved." Fortunately, none of her internal organs were harmed due to the stabbing.
She said the police came to the hospital and recorded her statement and promised that the culprits would be brought to justice.
She is on a scholarship program of the Custodian of the Two Holy Mosques for foreign studies.
Even the the Saudi Consulate in New York and the Saudi cultural attaches office in Washington also clarified in a statement that the student was attacked but her veil was not touched by the culprits.


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Dog-friendly Norfolk, 9 People & Pub Within 1 Mile
Dating back to the 18th-century, this elegant hall stands detached within large lawned gardens and offers a unique opportunity for large groups and families wishing to holiday together. It is situated within rural countryside just off the road between Kings Lynn and Wisbech road giving easy access for exploration of…
Lock Cottage offers the perfect place in which to relax and unwind, having a stunning location overlooking the water meadows, a natural habitat for bird and wildlife, so be sure to bring binoculars! Lock Cottage has been renovated to a very high standard and offers spacious and contemporary living, boasting its own…
These detached cottages in one of Norfolk's most desirable seaside villages have views across a golf course to the sea. Both holiday cottages are well equipped and very comfortably furnished to provide good holiday accommodation at any time of year.
This impressive, detached house stands proudly in two acres of land, which is divided into formal garden and woodland. Furnished to a very good standard by its owner, it creates a relaxing and stylish environment, and with its indoor heated swimming pool, hot tub and sauna, it is a perfect holiday location for family…
Bracondale is a large, detached family house with six bedrooms and four bathrooms, including two master bedrooms with sea views and en-suite facilities. Situated in a peaceful residential area on Boston Square, opposite the Millennium Sensory Gardens,
Centrally located in the popular seaside town of Sheringham with many attractions on the doorstep, this spacious holiday property, just a short walk from the sandy beach and promenade, is well equipped boasting a double oven, and comfortably furnished to provide a warm welcome at any time of the year.
Enjoying a beautiful waterfront location, this property has it's own private mooring and superb views over the River Thurne and a National Trust wildlife reserve (which featured in the BBC1 TV series Secret Britain). Heigham View, one of a pair, offers spacious accommodation for larger groups and have a first floor…
This detached holiday cottage stands in large grounds, and offers accommodation suitable for larger families and groups. The rear garden has a paved seating terrace with seating for 10 and a barbecue. From the terrace, there are 10 steps leading up to a raised, enclosed sloping garden.
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We have all seen posted speed limit signs so many times that we may hardly notice them anymore. In fact, many drivers get so used to driving at a certain speed almost everywhere they go, and they don't even bother to see what the actual posted speed limit is or to check their speedometer while driving.
Unfortunately, police officers in Pennsylvania and across the country take speeding very seriously. Speeding is the cause or at least is involved in one third of crashes that result in death, according to the National Safety Council, and speeding while intoxicated is another leading cause of accidents. Because of the harm that speeding can do to drivers on the road, police do not hesitate to give out speeding tickets. Speeding tickets and the associated fines are also a way for governments to make money, so the push for police officers to write speeding tickets can be strong.
However, it is not always easy to tell what the speed limit is in certain areas. Depending on where the sign is placed, it can be extremely hard to see because of overgrown trees or bushes, or it could simply be hidden around a corner or curve. Sometimes, speed limit signs are placed at the bottom of a hill, where it is much harder to slow down because of your built up momentum. Speed limits can change suddenly and without warning, especially on highways, and sometimes the speed limit for a given area can be changed completely by the government. This leaves many drivers completely surprised when they suddenly have to drive 35 miles per hour when they used to be able to drive 45 miles per hour in a given area.
There are maximum speed limits allowed in certain areas under Pennsylvania law. They include:
You should note, however, that these are simply guidelines. The actual speed limit could be different than those listed above, depending on the area.
Speed limits also work a bit differently in work zones. In areas where there is construction or road work being done, it is best for drivers to slow down a bit, because the fines for speeding in a work zone are extremely high and could result in a worker being hurt. Also, expensive work projects will have speed detectors installed at the site to catch speeding motorists. You must also turn on your headlights in active work zones under Pennsylvania law, or you will be fined $25.
Active work zones must be marked by posted signs with a flashing light. Anyone who is caught driving 11 miles per hour or more above the speed limit in an active work zone will have their license suspended for fifteen days. The same applies to someone who gets into a crash in an active work zone and was not considered to have been driving at a safe speed. Also, the fines for speeding in an active work zone are twice the amount that they would be for that area. And if someone is charged with vehicular homicide in an active work zone, they could face jail time. Fines also increase if you are caught speeding in a school zone.
The speed limit is only legally considered the speed limit if there is signage indicating it every half mile in that zone and at the beginning and end of the zone. This means that no police officer can "decide" what the speed limit is. You can only get a speeding ticket if you are going six miles per hour or more above a posted speed limit, not simply based on a speed limit that the officer decides is correct.
Your speeding ticket attorney can also argue to have your penalties reduced by showing that there was not adequate signage marking a speed limit or a work zone, or that the signage was extremely difficult to see. In many cases, the judge will lessen your penalties for your speeding ticket or dismiss the ticket entirely if your lawyer can prove that the sign was obscured, missing, or not placed correctly.
If you have gotten a speeding ticket and there is any question about the speed limit, get in touch with a lawyer right away. We have years of experience handling speeding tickets in Pennsylvania and will be able to help you with your speed limit defense.


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|Fun Facts
|Fan Culture
Fun Facts
- Her personal name Seija (正邪) can be loosely translate as "good and evil," or "right and wrong." , while her last name Kijin (鬼人) is spelled with characters meaning "oni" and "human"."邪" and "鬼" from her name are both characters that make up the name of her species, Amanojaku (天邪鬼). Although her personal name has the character for "oni" and her species is often depicted as such in Japanese folklore, amanojaku are not a type of oni.
- If you listen hard enough, you can pick up bits of Toyosatomimi no Miko's theme in her theme.
- Her theme sounds roughly the same backwards as it does forwards


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Hi CC Members!
I was going to make a carrot cake for my husbands bday and wanted to add a filling. I am going to use a cream cheese/buttercream frosting. If anyone has any ideas on frosting and filling please give me your input! This will be my first filled cake. Also, does a cream cheese icing pipe well on cakes? Thanks everyone.
Chippi in the making!
I just like cream cheese icing in my carrot cake and I LOVE carrot cake. I haven't made the cream cheese buttercream. My cream cheese icing is cream cheese, butter, vanilla and powdered sugar. It pipes pretty well. I've just done basic swirls or tinted it orange and green and piped little carrots with it. I don't want to mess with a good carrot cake. LOL
ty tracycakes, carrot is my hubbys all time fav. cake. i think a filling for it will be to rich for it being they are rich already. yea i was going to do the carrots on top also. i am gonna use MMF over the cream cheese icing but I want to pipe the carrots on top. I could always just use reg. bc for the decorations. ty you again and have a nice day.
For filling I usually use pineapple (can be jam/jelly or sleeved you can buy in most cake supplie shops). And for icing I usuallyuse a b'cream/ch ch mix.


text: Human RightsRainy season brings new storm to CAR About 700,000 people have been displaced by violence in the country. 04 Mar 2014 06:46 GMT | Human Rights, Africa, Central African Republic The rainy season has arrived in the Central African Republic, which means life is going to get harder for the country's displaced population. Doctors without Borders says the international community is failing people living in refugee camps. The country's conflict has displaced 700,000 people. Al Jazeera's Tania Page reports from Bangui.Source: Al Jazeera


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CORRECTED: Infineon raises full-year sales targets
German semi-conductors giant Infineon on Tuesday raised its full-year sales targets on the back of the weaker euro and the first-time consolidation of US rival International Rectifier.
"Based on an assumed exchange rate of $1.10 (as opposed to $1.20 previously) to the euro, Infineon forecasts year-on-year growth in revenue of 36 percent," the group said in a statement.
Infineon, which runs its business year from October to September, had already raised its full-year targets at the end of January to growth of 10-14 percent. But that did not take into account the acquisition of the US rival, International Rectifier.
Fully consolidated in mid-January, the new subsidiary already contributed 199 million euros to sales in the first quarter, the group said.
Infineon is also hoping to benefit from the weaker euro, a spokesman said.
In the January-March period, profits were down, however, as a result of the costs of integrating International Rectifier, with the bottom line falling by 45 percent to 68 million euros and operating profit down 37 percent at 85 million euros.
At the same time, revenues grew by 41 percent to 1.483 billion euros.
"Business is running very well, with additional tailwinds provided by the acquisition of International Rectifier and the strong dollar," said chief executive Reinhard Ploss.
"The signals we are receiving from our markets are generally positive. We are making good progress with the integration of International Rectifier. Our strategy is paying off and Infineon remains on a growth path," he said.


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2013-2014 Prospect Stats and Discussion - Updated Jan 27
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The Perfect Human*
Join Date: Dec 2006
Location: Edmonton
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I'll be honest - I saw nothing with the Moroz pick - was unimpressed as late as the most recent rookie camp with what he brought.
But numbers don't lie - the kid is producing at an alarming rate. If he could become a 40-50 goal scorer here in his final year he's got to get some attention heading into next year. He's already got NHL size with that frame.
I don't really remember him being a Lucic-type in his ability to handle the puck and make NHL-level passes. That's the one unique thing that Lucic brings with his game, that Penner-like ability to handle the puck. Usually guys as meaty, physical, and strong as Lucic tend to be complete meatheads with the puck as well (Jacques, Stortini, Bernier, etc).
Will be interesting to watch. Haven't checked out any EOK games yet this year, but will look for them on TV to check up on Moroz.
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Some people like the Luffy and Boa Hancock pairing and I like it too, so I decided to do this for the fun of it. Let's assume that after Luffy becomes Pirate King, he and Hancock have a child together, but since Luffy is a man, he cannot live on Amazon Lily.
Since Kujas are known to give birth to only girls, let's assume that Luffy's kid is also a girl. Luffy and Hancock also name their child: Monkey D. Flora.
Here is a conversation between Flora (7 years old, Kuja warrior in training) and Elder Nyon during Flora's visit to Nyon's house.
Flora: Hello Granny Nyon
Nyon: Hello child
Flora: you know what daddy was like; could you tell me about him? I tried asking mommy but she keeps daydreaming.
Nyon: How about I tell you the story about your mother and father's first meeting?
Flora: Ok
Nyon: You see, child, your mother isn't always the sweet woman she is now. There was a time in which she was selfish, spoiled, and cruel and she had a hatred for men. She was used to having her way using her beauty to charm others, but that all changed on the day she met your father, Monkey D. Luffy.
Flora: How did daddy came to this island?
Nyon: Well, according to him, he was sent flying here.
Flora: Really?
Nyon: Yes. And now on with the story. After your mother returned from one of her trips, she went to bathe in the Kuja Castle, unaware of your father's presence on the island. Your father then suddenly dropped into the castle to where your mother was bathing and saw that mark on her back.
Flora: then what happened next?
Nyon: your mother attempted to petrify your father, but he was saved from his simple-mindedness. However, your father wasn't able to escape capture. Your mother then had him brought to the battle arena for execution. When she was prepared to execute him, three of the Kuja islanders tried to vouch for him, but your mother petrified them. Your father was outraged and demanded your mother to change them back.
Flora: what did mommy tried to do with daddy?
Nyon: your mother ordered the panther, Bacura, to devour him, but he defeated the beast with a single punch.
Flora: daddy must be very strong.
Nyon: indeed child, but that's not all. Your mother attempted to charm him with her beauty, but your father rejected her. Your mother was so distressed that there existed a man who was unaffected by her charms. So she ordered your two aunts to battle him.
Flora: daddy fought against Aunt Sandersonia and Aunt Marigold?
Nyon: yes. Initially your aunts gave him a hard time, but your father was able to gain the upper hand. During the battle, the mark on Sandersonia's back was nearly exposed. Luckily, your father covered it before anyone else could see it. After your aunts admitted defeat, your mother decided to test your father. She gave him two choices: a way off the island or change the petrified Kujas back to normal. Your father picked the second choice. Your mother and your aunts were surprised at his selflessness.
Flora: Is that how mommy fell in love with daddy?
Nyon: I am not finished yet. After the confrontation at the arena, your mother decided to speak with your father at Kuja Castle about the mark on her back. Then I revealed to her and your aunts that your father raised a hand against a World Noble.
Flora: World Noble? Mommy says that they're bad people.
Nyon: Your mother was surprised to hear this and she told your father about the mark on her back. What you may or may not know, child, your mother and your aunts were once slaves to the World Nobles. They endured so much cruelty for four years until they were freed and because of that, your mother was afraid of showing weakness to anyone. While speaking with your father, your mother, for the first time in a long time, showed emotions. She then asked your father if he scorned her for being a former slave and your father answered "no" and that he only hated the nobles who wronged her. And on that moment, your father melted the ice around your mother's heart.
Flora: daddy is such a great man.
Nyon: indeed he is, child.
Flora: There is one more thing I want to ask about.
Nyon: what is it?
Flora: could daddy really stretch?
So what do you think? I could try making up conversions between Flora and the members of the Straw Hat Pirates if you like.


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This morning I listened to Auntie Pienah,from Riverlea, sharing her story. She's originally from Buysdorp and came to Johannesburg in 1949. She emphasised the fact that she is a Buysdorper, in murg en been. She came to Joburg to work. This she also emphasised.
She shared her struggle to find work, eventually in a factory and she shared her ongoing struggles with racism. Yet, she found support with a friend and she remained part of the church. It was fascinating to note that she indicated she never was the talkative type in the church, nor was she the activist type. She considered herself a quiet member...yet she remained faithful and her faith sustained the kind of challenges she faced in the real world.
Her story is articulating a kind of faith that is taking place on the road, in the migration towards the spaces where we are able to sustain life. It's a robust faith in the midst of or better, against a vicious social system. It was a patient, prayerfilled journey, but its one where she are conscious of the fact that God was faithfull to her and that God answered her prayers. I was
Another thing I was thinking of is the fact that perhaps her struggle against colonialism and a brutal system is perhaps not the material that make the newspapers as perhaps she never participated in a march or never threw a stone. She was never in the prison, but she is the embodiment of a struggle tradition, but more so a faith that inspires. She inspires me, she teach me critical lessons of faith that sustains. This is a faith that lives in the stories of people like Auntie Pienah. Its not in the headlines, nor in the glossy books. Yet its a robust living faith, if only we are willing to listen.
...on public issues | post-colonial faith | reconciliation | anti-racism in general. Basically, my take on what happens around me...(and your response)
Sunday, October 24, 2010
a story of robust faith...
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Sesame Street Season 47
Sesame Street's 47th season officially began Saturday January 7 on HBO. After you see the new episodes, post here and let us know your thoughts.
Will Very Merry Muppet Christmas be shown in Australia?
Discussion in 'Muppet Appearances' started by No1MuppetFan, Dec 5, 2002.


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Man in court on police assault charge in Kalgoorlie
A 33-year-old man has appeared in court accused of bashing an off-duty police officer who allegedly caught him shoplifting at a Kalgoorlie supermarket.
45-year-old Sergeant Murray Guerin says he was shopping with his wife last night when he spotted Ricky Allan Poulson allegedly shoplifting.
Sergeant Murray says that when he approached Mr Poulson, he was allegedly grabbed from behind by Mr Poulson's 27-year old pregnant partner.
He then alleges he was headbutted, punched and kicked by the pair during a struggle which he says lasted ten minutes.
Sergeant Guerin says two security guards and a staff member were also allegedly assaulted, and his wife allegedly punched in the face
Police say the couple's two young children witnessed the incident.
Mr Poulson has been remanded in custody, while his partner, Melissa Lois Telkesi, was given bail and is due back in court next month.
Topics: assault, law-crime-and-justice, police, kalgoorlie-6430, wa
First posted


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Use your digital camera as a notepad
Digital compact cameras nowadays are really versatile; with stills and video, they already do double duty. But how about using it as a super-fast notepad as well?
With great resolution from cheap 5 mega pixel cameras (or more...), they will capture a lot of text in a single picture. You can then zoom in to read it. So, in a single moment, you can capture any of these for later use:
Public transport time tables
Snap a photo of the bus or commuter train time table near your hotel, the beach, or museum. This way you can easily zoom in on the photo later and figure out when you need to be back at the stop. Maximizes your time at the beach if you're wanting to catch the last bus back. Or, during winter, stops your butt from freezing solid while waiting for the vaporetto in Venice... That's a personal experience I'd rather not have again.
Your parking spot
As you make your way to your flight, turn around and snap photos of: Your parking spot number sign, the row label, the parking garage floor sign, and any signs you will see going back to your car. Makes finding your way back when you're badly jet lagged much simpler!
Local directions
If you're looking at finding that cool bar or restaurant again, go ahead and take a photo of the front of it. Then walk over to the nearest street corner and photograph the street signs. Now you can ask anyone you meet about the way back, and you don't even have to worry about how you'll pronounce those foreign street names either.
Share your digital camera tips
What do you use your digital camera for besides photos and video of your trip? Please share your tips in the comments below.
You should follow me on twitter here.
Last updated by jack on 22 January, 2009 in Travel Tips.
Related articles:
5 secrets for great travel portraits
Charge all your electronic gadgets at once
These are great ideas. I've used my digital camera to help me remember what my kids are wearing when we're out and about. Should something happen, I have a current-day photo of them in the clothes they had on for the day.
Linda on 26 January, 2009
Hi Linda
That's a great tip too. Especially with younger kids, it'd really help as it's sort of hard to describe them when speaking a foreign language.
Better a little cautious than sorry when it comes to kids.
Jack on 27 January, 2009
Also good for indexing photos when travelling by taking photos of the entrance signs, explanations etc which helps decode photos later on.
Mark H on 28 January, 2009
Thanks Mark, that's something I wish I'd thought of myself. Would help me out quite a bit, thanks for sharing.
Jack on 29 January, 2009
I often take photos of signs near site I'm photographing. That way, I have the correct names, spellings, historic information (if I've taken a photo of an historical marker), etc. when I go back later to write an article.
Dominique on 03 February, 2009
Dominique, I'm glad I'm not the only one. Taking photos of the street and information signs is a new habit, but it certainly helps. I've got a memory like sieve about names of piazzas and alleyways, so it really helps.
Jack on 04 February, 2009
I love the local directions idea. I am always getting lost. Thanks!
Ed Forteau on 16 March, 2009
Great post! Good tips-especially in the car park! I always forget where I've parked!
Positive World Travel on 01 July, 2010


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DUBAI, United Arab Emirates -- Seventh-seeded Svetlana Kuznetsova was upset by fellow Russian Elena Vesnina in three sets Monday at the Dubai Tennis Championship.
Vesnina defeated Kuznetsova 6-4, 3-6, 6-0 in 1 hour, 41 minutes in the second-round match. Ayumi Morita of Japan defeated the 15th-seeded Anna Chakvetadze 7-5, 6-2 and ninth-seeded Agnieszka Radwanska of Poland lost to her younger sister, Urszula, 6-4, 6-3 in first-round matches.
Also, French Open champion and eighth-seeded Ana Ivanovic of Serbia moved into the third round with a 7-5, 6-4 win over Alisa Kleybanova of Russia.
Amelie Mauresmo, winner of last week's Paris Open, withdrew at the last minute and was fined $7,500 by the WTA.
Vesnina, ranked 75th in the world and a qualifier here, was thrilled with her victory.
"She's obviously a top 10 player, so it's even more special," the 22-year-old Russian said. "I think I really troubled her today. She wasn't comfortable at all and I feel she was totally lost in the third set. She kept looking at her coach."
Kuznetsova said the fast court was a problem.
"The court was fast, and I just could not get the feel of the ball throughout the match," Kuznetsova said. "I am now off to Moscow, and I really need to work hard on my game."
The event has attracted a quality field this year with most of the top 10 competing. Australian Open winner Serena Williams is the top seed.


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We get it, finding the right suit can be an endless journey to the changing rooms. But the right suit is an investment that will carry you through the seasons.
Here are the pitfalls you should avoid in your search:
Too long and you look sloppy, too short and it looks like you've had the same suit since you were 18. Your jacket sleeves should be a ½ above your shirtsleeve.
In case someone forgot to mention suit jacket 101, the bottom of your jacket should end where your fingertips end when your arms hang naturally.
Choosing a suit with wide lapels can make your entire look look dated, particularly if the rest of the suit is not well fitted. As a general rule of thumb, it's best not to exceed 3in.
Where your suit jacket can pose pitfalls, so do your shirt sleeves. They should sit comfortable on your wrist and should not stick out more than half an inch from your suit jacket.
Slim fit suits look good, providing there is no visible stretching of the fabric. Trust us: your guns don't look like Thor's just because your suit looks like it's about to weep. Your buttons should close snuggly.
While flashing your socks is the present trend, not everyone wants to jump on board. If you want to opt out, get your trousers tailored so that when your trousers skim your shoes there is only a half break (that's the horizontal crease in the fabric at the bottom of your leg).
Your suit jacket should be snug across your shoulders, not so much that you Hulk rip out of it when you hunch forward but a cosy fit should keep you looking trim. The seam of the sleeve should be at the edge of your shoulder and shouldn't crumple up.
Synthetic fabrics can make your suit look cheap overall, regardless of fit and price tag. Wool is your safest bet but generally thick, textured fabrics are the ticket.
There's a tick list you need to check when buying a shirt for your suit – neck, sleeves, length and shoulders. You know about sleeves and shoulders, but here's how to check the rest. When you tuck your shirt in, it should be a snug fit. If the fabric is roomy, your shirt is too big. To check your neck, you should be able to run one finger in-between your neck and the collar and no more.
No matter where you buy your suit, you should always get it tailored. And it's not just the trousers, your jacket often needs a pinch on the biceps and torso so that the fit is perfect. And after all, a tailor's work is ageless.


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Cast- Srinivas Reddy, Poorna, Posani Krishna Murali, Krishna Bhagwan
Director- Shiva Raj Kanumuri
Producer- Shiva Raj Kanumuri
Music- V Ravichandran
Banner- Shiv Raj Films
Release date- November 25th, 2016
There has been an increasing trend of small scale films in Tollywood trying to make a mark with the audience and genuine attempts are always appreciated. Srinivasa Reddy and Poorna starrer Jayammu Nischayammu Ra has been making positive noise from quite some time with its promotion. The trailer and songs have attracted the audience attention and with the film releasing today, let us find out if it made an impact.
Sarvam (Srinivas Reddy), who is a sincere country lad struggling to land a government job, is an ardent believer in astrology and has high regard for swamiji's. An introvert by nature, he keeps his love for Poorna to himself. He has only one aim in his life of getting married to his love interest and woo his boss to get a transfer. Things take a hilarious and interesting twist when he gets to know an unbelievable truth about his boss. How will he achieve his aim and what follows in the process forms the story.
Artists Performances
Srinivasa Reddy managed to score high on his performance once again with this romantic entertainer. He takes us through a ride of emotions, despair, innocence and victory so swiftly that he forms an instant connect with the audience. Poorna has also done a brilliant job and delivered mature performance. Their subtle and simple chemistry stands out as the highlight of the film. Posani, Praveen, Krishnudu, Sree Vishnu, Krishna Bhagavan among other supporting cast have done full justice to their roles.
Technical Departments
Half of the credit for the film's success must be credited to director and producer Shiv Raj. He delivered an engagingly hilarious yet emotional film. Although the film gives us a slow feel due to narration, it is engaging enough to keep the audience glued. The film showcases the journey of a common man through emotional despair, love and finally triumph. First half may be comparatively slow paced but the second half is clearly entertaining and film ended well. The background music is refreshing and few tunes are very melodious. Production values seemed decent. A lot of nativity has been showered in the film and the camera man should be applauded for his work.
Gold (+)
Srinivasa Reddy
Rold Gold (-)
Slow narration
Lag in the first half
On the whole, the film is a must watch for its earthly characters, simplicity and genuine attempt to deliver something worth watchful. Srinivasa Reddy formed the soul for the film and the entire cast and crew should be appreciated for such a wonderful attempt.
Goldscreen Rating- 3/5
A beautiful watch-worth your time!


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Location: India, Asia
"If there is one place on the face of earth where all the dreams of living men have found a home from the very earliest days when man began the dream of existence, it is India." - Romain Rolland
India is the largest democracy in the world, the seventh largest country and the second most populous. India is a picture of diversity seen in her people, culture, colorful festivals, dress and costumes, religions, flora and fauna and varying landscapes. India's history dates back to the Indus Valley civilization of about 2500-1700 BC. She is, as Mark Twain intones " the cradle of the human race, the birthplace of human speech, the mother of history, grandmother of legend, and great grandmother of tradition. Our most valuable and most instructive materials in the history of man are treasured up in India." She gave the world the knowledge of counting that transformed the scientific faculty of man. She was and arguably is the spiritual seat of the world.
India is located in south Asia and is often called a subcontinent. The Himalayan ranges crown the northern boundary of India. India is bounded on the north by Afghanistan, China, Nepal, and Bhutan; on the east by Bangladesh, Myanmar (formerly known as Burma), and the Bay of Bengal; on the south by the Palk Strait and the Gulf of Mannar (which separates it from Sri Lanka) and the Indian Ocean; and on the west by the Arabian Sea and Pakistan. India is divided into 28 states (three of which are recently formed) and 7 Union Territories. New Delhi is the capital of India and one of its largest cities.
Population : 1, 027, 015, 247 (2001 Census)
Area : 3.3 million square kilometers
Geographical location : Lies between latitudes 8 ° 4' and 37 ° 6 ' north and longitudes 68 ° 7 ' and 97° 25' east
Coastline length : 7600 km
Languages : 17 major languages, 844 dialects
Major religions : Hinduism, Islam, Christianity, Buddhism, Sikhism, Jainism
National anthem : Jan gana mana written by Rabindranath Tagore
National Song : Vande Mataram, composed in Sanskrit by Bankimchandra Chatterji
National emblem : Replica of the Lion Capital of Sarnath
National flag : Horizontal tricolor in equal proportion of deep saffron on the top, white in the middle and dark green at the bottom. In the center of the white band is a wheel in navy blue color
National animal : Tiger (Panthera tigris)
National bird : Peacock
National flower : Lotus
National tree : Banyan
National fruit : Mango
National currency : Rupee (One Rupee=100 paise)
National Sport : Hockey
India shares borders to the northwest with Pakistan , to the north with China , Nepal and Bhutan , and to the east with Bangladesh and Myanmar . To the west lies the Arabian Sea , to the east the Bay of Bengal and to the south the Indian Ocean . Sri Lanka lies off the southeast coast, and the Maldives off the southwest coast. The far northeastern states and territories are all but separated from the rest of India by Bangladesh as it extends northwards from the Bay of Bengal towards Bhutan . The Himalayan mountain range to the north and the Indus River (west) and Ganga River (east) form a physical barrier between India and the rest of Asia . The country can be divided into five regions: Western, Central, Northern (including Kashmir and Rajasthan), Eastern and Southern.
The official language is Hindi which is spoken by about 30% of the population, English is also often used for official or commercial purposes. In addition, 17 regional languages are recognised by the Constitution. These include Punjabi, Bengali, Gujerati and Oriya which are widely used in the north and Tamil and Telegu which are common in the south. Other regional languages are Marathi, Kannada and Malayalam. The Muslim population largely speak Urdu.
Itinerary: Delhi - Agra and Varanasi Tour - 07 Days (fly in/fly out)
Day 01: Arrival in Delhi . Meet the guide at the airport and transfer to hotel.
Day 02: Delhi Sightseeing of Old and New Delhi : visit the Red Fort, Jame Mosque, Qutub Minaret, Rajghat and Parliament Street .
Day 03: Delhi-Agra Drive to Agra ( 4 hrs). Sightseeing of Agra Fort
Day 04: Agra-Jaipur Sightseeing of Taj Mahal and drive to Jaipur. En route visit the ruined capital of Fatehpur-Sikri. Overnight hotel.
Day 05: Jaipur Sightseeing of Amer Fort, Wind Palace , City Palace and the markets. Overnight hotel
Day 06: Jaipur-Delhi Drive to Delhi . Overnight hotel.
Day 07: Departure Transfer to airport for departure.
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A photographer paradise, wildest and 'aggressive' mountains and perhaps the most controversial destination of the world, Jammu & Kashmir has the absorbing capacity of traveler with its sublime beauty and there is as much hidden as revealed. The land has an ancient history of invasion because of its borderline location with Western and Southern Asian countries and charming landscapes. The state is located in the northernmost state of India and shielded by Himalayan mountains. The land is in the midst of conflict and controversy for long but after almost 20 years of isolation, situation comes at a normal point and overland travelers are again drifting back to the state and enjoy houseboats, skiing, trekking and other activities.
Jammu & Kashmir shares a border with the states of Himachal Pradesh and Punjab to the south and internationally with the People's Republic of China to the north and east and the Pakistani administered territories of Azad Kashmir and Gilgit-Baltistan, to the west and northwest respectively. Jammu & Kashmir is divided into three parts; Jammu, majority of population is Hindu, Kashmir, the conflict place, which is often termed as Paradise on Earth, mainly a tourist hot spot as well as Kashmiri insurgency. And the last and most calm place is the Ladakh region also known as 'Little Tibet'. Ladakh is absolutely secluded place and far behind from Kashmiri insurgency. The place is covered by rugged snow-capped mountains wedged in by roaring rivers.
History of Jammu & Kashmir
In Hindu mythology Kashmir is mentioned and later on the valley was a center of Buddhist religion. The relics of Buddhist and some significant temples in Jammu & Kashmir testifies the fact. During the Mughal reigns most of the temples and Buddhist stupas got destroyed but lenient Akbar (1556-1605) protected Kashmiri pandits and acknowledged the Kashmiri style of painting. During the Colonial rule, Kashmir valley was under the loose grip of Sikh rulers of Jammu and soon British snatched the land from them and Kashmir was handed to Hindu Dogra dynasty, who ruled the state from 1846 until independence. The main conflict started after the partition and it gained the momentum when Pashtun tribesmen attacked Kashmir, backed by the new government in Pakistan. The then Prime Minister Mr. Nehru sent troop to secure the border and resulted first India Pakistan war.
The Kashmir Valley has had been a reason of conflict for two countries and in 1949, the UN established a tenuous border known as the Line of Control but Pakistan attacked the land in 1965, and continued the conflict. The Hindu and Buddhist population in the valley are with the Indian but the Muslim demand autonomy and thus in 1990, Kashmir was placed under the direct control of Central Government. This led to bloody war between terrorists and Indian Army and unexplained massacre of innocent lives. Although a general election held in 1996 led to calls for the division of Kashmir along religious lines, but subsequently rejected by Delhi.
Geographic & Climate of Jammu & Kashmir
Jammu & Kashmir lies at a high altitude and this affects on its geography and the climate. The most of the vegetation of the state is covered by thorn scrub forests and Himalayan subtropical pine forests. On the high elevation, the broadleaf forests and western Himalayan subtropical pine forests are found. This makes it a biogeographically diverse land.
Because of its rugged topography, the climate of Jammu & Kashmir varies greatly. During Summers Jammu city experiences hot and humid weather and can reach up to 40 °C (104 °F). The regions of Ladakh and Zanskar experience extreme cold and dry. Annual precipitation is only around 100 mm (4inches) per year and humidity is very low. The region perches at the height of 3000 meters above sea level and winters are nearly impossible to access the place. In Zanskar, the average January temperature is -20 °C (-4 °F) with extremes as low as -40 °C (-40 °F).
Muslims is the major religion of the state. Other religions in the state are Buddhist, Hindus and Sikhs. The people of Ladakh are of Indo-Tibetan origin, while the southern area of Jammu includes many communities tracing their ancestry to the nearby Indian states of Haryana and Punjab, as wll as the city of Delhi. 95% of the total population of Kashmiri Brahmins are also called Kashmiri Pandits. In totality, the Muslims constitute 67% of the population, the Hindus about 30%, the Buddhists 1%, and the Sikhs 2% of the population.
Culture & Heritage of Jammu & Kashmir
Jammu & Kashmir has a distinct and colorful culture that attract travelers from all over the world. Kashmiri festivals are colorful and organized with much fanfare. The famous dance called Dumhal is performed by men of the Wattal region. The traditional folk dance Rouff is performed by the women of Kashmir. The valley is famed for its fine arts, music, poetry and handicrafts. Ladakh is famous for its Indo-Tibetan culture. The lifestyle is Buddhist and form an integral part of their culture. there are number of festivals celebrated in Ladakh throughout the years but annual masked dance festivals, weaving and archery are an important part of traditional life in Ladakh.
For your Information
Like any other states of India, capital city of J&K Srinagar follows normal business hours but most shops, banks and offices shut for several hours at lunchtime on Friday for Muslim prayers. It is advisable to finish all urgent work on Thursday. Srinagar generally experience dead silence after 8 pm, so there are less possibilities to find a rickshaw or shikara after hours.
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Jammu & Kashmir Tourist Information
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Jammu & Kashmir Tourist Information
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We can help you to find a french horn tutor in Aberdeenshire and across the UK. First Tutors: Music profiles Aberdeenshire french horn tutors and others offering popular instruments like piano, violin and guitar. Grade and diploma french horn tuition are all catered for across Aberdeenshire as well as french horn tuition just for fun. Use our site to search for french horn tutors near you and select which french horn tutors best suit your needs.
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Opened in 2007 and housed in a unique 9storey building with an all glass faade the 4 star Metropol Design Hotel enjoys an excellent location in the centre of Prague. Guests are within easy walking distance of the major sights and attractions including The Old Town Square Charles Bridge and Wenceslas Square and with the Narodni Trida metro station just 50 metres from the hotel this is an excellent base from which to explore this most beautiful of cities.
If not dining in the numerous restaurants and bars in the local area guests can enjoy Contemporary and Czech classics in the contemporary Caf Metropol Restaurant followed by drinks in the ultramodern Lobby Bar. And be sure not to miss the amazing views of Prague Castle from the Roof Terrace!
All 64 airconditioned rooms are stylishly decorated with a contemporary decor and boast satellite TV free Highspeed Internet connection radio safe minibar and hairdryer.


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Grand Opera House York Panto - Aladdin
9 December 2016 to 1 January 2017
Aladdin, starring Suzanne Shaw, (Hear'Say) as the beautiful Princess Jasmine, Paul Sinha (ITV's The Chase) in the role of Abanazar, Debbie McGee, Carl Tracey (Nick Jr Go!Go!Go!), Frazer Hines (Emmerdale, Doctor Who) as The Emperor and Stuart Wade as Wishee Washee. Aladdin, with wondrous 3D special effects, a magical Genie, dazzling sets, glamorous costumes, fabulous music and hysterical comedy.
Berwick Kaler In Cinderella
York Theatre Royal Panto
8 December 2016 - 28 January 2017
(Santa in ice above, The Festival of Angels) © H.Williams
Weekend 10 & 11 December 2016
A city wide trail of 30 stunning Ice Sculptures. It is a fantastic free family event loved by both residents and visitors. The Ice Trail is a beautiful addition to York's Christmas celebrations that will take place Sat 10 & Sun 11 Dec and is set to be a glittering celebration of the city. During your visit you can follow the trail to find beautiful carved ice figures sprinkled around the city centre and lining the surrounding streets. Watch a video from last year
The essential festive shop is Käthe Wohlfahrt in Stonegate (Opened in 2016). A German Christmas shop, supplying everything you will need for a magical Christmas and gifts all year round, including a huge range of Christmas decorations. Larger photo of Käthe Wohlfahrt
McArthurGlen's York Designer Outlet will also be staying open late in december. St. Nicholas Avenue, Fulford, York YO19 4TA map
City of York Council is marking the start of the festive season with hundreds of new pea-lights, 250 four-foot real trees and 32 large trees illuminating the city centre.
A full season of Christmas events will start in November and will mark the beginning of a range of seasonal events, including festive markets, late-night shopping and the York Christmas programme.
Late Night Shopping: Grab those festive 'must-haves' from those city centre shops which are staying open late. Every Thursday up to Christmas.
Children's Christmas Fayre: Starts off the festive season with market traders specialising in items for children of all ages.
St Nicholas' Fayre: The traditional festive weekend in the city centre offers everything from gifts and crafts to the best of local produce.
8 - 15 December 2016
York Early Music Christmas Festival brings the cream of Early Music performers from across the UK to celebrate the glorious music of Christmas in the festive surroundings of York. The York Early Music Christmas Festival is promoted by the National Centre for Early Music. 2016 Brochure
Box Office Tel. 01904 658338 ncem.co.uk
York Minster Christmas Carol Concerts
December 2016
The most popular concert of the year! With York Minster Choir, one of the UK's leading choirs, and celebrated readers. yorkminster.org
Also see Live Music in York
York offers a range of Christmas markets from mid-November right through till Christmas week. York also has specialist boutique shops for that unique gift along with the main high street stores. Christmas is a great time to visit York and will put you in the very best of festive moods.
27 - 30 October 2016
10-5pm Parliament Street
31 Oct - 6 Nov 2016
10-5pm Early Christmas Festival, Parliament Street
24 - 27 Nov 2016
10-5pm St Nicholas Fair, The Guildhall
28 Nov - 4 Dec 2016
10-5pm Guildhall Christmas Show Week 1
5 - 11 Dec 2016
10-5pm Guildhall Christmas Show Week 2
12 - 18 Dec 2016
10-5pm Guildhall Christmas Show Week 3
The Fair is in centre of York, held at the Guild Hall just off Lendal. This is a well attended and established event that has been running since 1992. With upto 40 stalls, comprising of crafts, collectors and gifts. 10-5pm. The Guildhall is located just off St Helen's Square map
1 - 4 December 2016
Venue: Harrogate International Centre.
Join us for the Harrogate Country Living Magazine Christmas Fair and soak up the magic of the festive season, enjoy a great day's shopping and leave with a hoard of heavenly gifts. The Fairs bring together hundreds of exhibitors from all over the UK in a fabulous extravaganza of quality and craftsmanship. Visiting is your chance to get inspiration for the festive season ahead. Tickets are now on sale. (countrylivingfair.com)
For an extra magical Christmas this year, why not join a YorkBoat Santa Cruise and meet a very special guest! Every child onboard will receive a personalised gift from Father Christmas. With refreshments and fun onboard, what better way to get in to the Christmas spirit this December?
Weekend 2, 3, 4 December 2016
Visitors and residents dress up in traditional Victorian costume. The village also benefits from a flurry of Christmas decorations from lights to window dressings, Christmas trees and festive wreaths.
End of November & December 2016
Join Santa and his special helpers for some festive fun this Christmas at the North Yorkshire Moors Railway, with the Santa Express shuttle service departing Pickering, Grosmont and Whitby stations.
Perfect for families with young children, embark on this magical adventure on-board the Santa Express to meet Santa in his Grotto on-board the train. What better way to start the festive season? nymr.co.uk
Friday 16 & Saturday 17 December 2016 19:30
The concert features four of the bands that make up the Shepherd Group Brass Bands, with festive music of all types. This is not your usual brass band concert, with lots of Christmas fun culminating in the grand finale when all the bands join together on stage.
All tickets £12 Tickets on general sale from 14 November.
No booking fees for any show at Joseph Rowntree Theatre!
Box Office Tel. 01904 50 1935 (josephrowntreetheatre.co.uk)
Christmas Cards of York
York Minster Christmas Cards
View more Christmas cards and calendars of York, by local artist Tony Brook tonybrookyorkartist.co.uk
Late Night Shopping In Stonegate (360 movie)


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The SISD is committed to a focus on Customer Satisfaction that meets or exceeds customer requirements. This includes providing leadership, services, resources and programs that are valuable to our customers, and anticipating future customer desires and needed services. Building customer relationships leads to confidence, trust, and loyalty. The SISD is Customer Centered, Visionary, Collaborative, and Results Driven. We will adhere to these Core Values as we address the customer requirements.
The SISD is dedicated to providing leadership and services that result in efficient and effective solutions for quality education. The accomplishment of this will meet or exceed the expectations of the diverse community we serve.
Customer Requirement Goals:
Providing quality educational programs and services for students is an essential customer requirement. It is recognized that some students' needs may best be met when unique programs are provided by the SISD. Accomplishment of this aim will result in all students achieving their highest level of performance in the areas addressed.
Customer Requirement Goals:
The SISD recognizes the need for a safe environment from which to provide services, programs, and resources.
Customer Requirement Goals:
A work force committed to excellent customer service is a critical factor in meeting or exceeding our Customer Requirements.
Customer Requirement Goals:
The SISD focuses on the customer's current and emerging needs, responding promptly and with flexibility. The SISD continuously seeks to increase our capacity to deliver new resources, programs, and services to our customers in innovative ways. The SISD is committed to meeting or exceeding customer's expectations.
The SISD is committed to continuous improvement of our staff and customers. We provide opportunities for the development of skills, creative problem solving techniques and innovation. The SISD works hard to create and nurture partnerships that are mutually beneficial and are good for the community.
The SISD Leadership Team continuously seeks out the cutting edge of educational practice. The resources, programs, and services we offer allow our customers to be more efficient and effective. The Leadership Team evaluates legislative initiatives, state and local budgets, student achievement data, and trends in addition to benchmarking similar organizations to ensure that we can provide our customers with a clear vision to becoming schools of excellence.
The SISD continually improves results using an effective strategic planning process. This provides the framework for the organization to monitor data critical to our customers within key areas. Each SISD department functions both independently and interdependently, while maintaining system-wide processes that ensure effectiveness and efficiency.
We provide effective and innovative leadership, services, resources and programs that meet or exceed the expectations of our diverse community.OUR MISSION
Saginaw ISD will be recognized by its customers as the first and best source of solutions, always.OUR VISION


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Brandon Vera will face his toughest opponent yet12/11/09 at 10:11:13 pm
This November 14, 2009, the Filipino UFC warrior Brandon Vera will face his toughest opponent yet, the legendary Randy Couture. Randy Couture is a UFC veteran fighter and holds an impressive record in the history of the Ultimate Fighting Championship. Brandon Vera is a former Heavyweight champion, but he's now currently fighting in the UFC as a Light Heavyweight.
Continue reading Brandon Vera will face his toughest opponent yet…
Tags: Brandon Vera, Randy Couture, UFC, Ultimate Fighting Championship
Rich Franklin Wins by Unanimous Decision at 5:00 in the 3rd round12/06/09 at 07:06:35 pm
UPDATE: Congratulations Rich Franklin, we knew that you'll win! The match was really awesome and these two warriors gave their very best! It's another fight card that we'll never forget in the history of UFC! The UFC Comeback was a success! Congratulations to all who won and better luck next time to all who lose!
Continue reading Rich Franklin Wins by Unanimous Decision at 5:00 in the 3rd round…
Tags: Rich Franklin, UFC, Ultimate Fighting Championship, Wanderlei Silva
UFC 98 Fight Results Summary22/05/09 at 11:05:24 pm
The Ultimate Fighting Championship 98 was a blast! Here's the Fight Results or the Results Summary of the UFC 98! Lyoto Machida Wins by Knock Out at 3:57 in the 2nd round. Congratulations Machida! As expected, you will win!
Continue reading UFC 98 Fight Results Summary…
Tags: Lyoto Machida, Rashad Evans, Ultimate Fighting Championship
Ultimate Fighting Championship 95 Fight Cards Altered19/02/09 at 08:02:07 pm
Early this morning, the Ultimate Fighting Championship 95 fight cards has been altered due to some reasons that was blogged by Sports Live Blogger. The reasons are as quoted:
Mike Ciesnolevicz replaced Justin McCully. Whereas, Brian Cobb replaced Justin Buchholz who suffered from staph infection. And also, Evan Dunham replaced David Baron A Lightweight bout between Jeff Lawson and Shannon Gugerty was cancelled due to injuries!
Due to those reasons, the final fight cards have been altered. Here's the final matches on February 21, 2009 at the O2 Arena in London, England.
UFC 95 Highlights:
Diego Sanchez vs. Joe Stevenson – the Main Match!
Chael Sonnen vs. Demian Maia
Nate Marquardt vs. Wilson Gouveia
Other matches on UFC 95:
Dan Hardy vs. Rory Markham
Josh Koscheck vs. Paulo Thiago
Terry Etim vs. Brian Cobb
Junior dos Santos vs. Stefan Struve
Per Eklund vs. Evan Dunham
Neil Grove vs. Mike Ciesnolevicz
Troy Mandaloniz vs. Paul Kelly
More Details about the Ultimate Fighting Championship Fight Videos and Fight Cards:
1. UFC 95 Live Stream Fight Video by Seyoh
2. UFC 95 Sanchez Vs Stevenson Fight Video by William Hushburn
3. UFC 95 Fight Video Live Stream by Edgardo Roopio
4. UFC 95 Stream by Live Sports Blogger
5. UFC 95 Fight Video and Fight Cards by Old Database
6. Watch UFC 95 Live Stream by The Slow Learner
7. UFC 95 Fight Cards by Isip Isip
8. Ultimate Fighting Championship 95 Fight Videos by My Plurks
That's all for the Ultimate Fighting Championship News and Updates! For UFC Videos and Download visit ufc.corank.com!
Watch UFC 92 Live Online Video Free!23/09/08 at 06:09:07 pm
I'm so excited to watch the last UFC match this year. I'll be watching it online for free with the help of the following free video streaming websites that I found.
1. UFC 92 Live Video Streaming Websites
2. Watch UFC 92 Live Online
3. Watch UFC Live Video Streaming Online
4. UFC 92: Evans Vs. Griffin Live Online
I'll be updating this list more free video streaming websites available on the internet. So who's your bet? Griffin the champion or Evans the undefeated? Will this be another glorious victory for Griffin or another undefeated moment for Evans? Let's find out after the match this 27th of December 2008!
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Hey everyone!
This year I'm fortunate enough to have 1:1 Chromebooks in my classroom. The second week of school they were all ready to go and I jumped into Google Classroom, something I dabbled with last year. It has completely changed my teaching and my classroom.
I set up a main Google Classroom (I'll call it GC from here on out) for my class. I post assignments in there for writing, science, and social studies. I've also posted announcements or links I want students to go to. I used to make a KWL chart, but now they do that on GC.
Then I realized I could change my reading time by also setting up a GC for each of my reading groups. Game changer! I post questions there and we discuss questions. Sometimes they answer them in my guided reading groups. If they don't finish, they can do this at their desk. Oh and let me say, my students chose the names for their reading groups! I just added the graphic at the top lol.
I'm spending less time at copy machines now. In fact, I'm only there for copying homework and for a few other things. I don't have stacks of papers in my class now, just their math tests and some writing. Everything else goes in GC.
I love the fact that I can create one document and with one click of a button, my students all have copies. I love that I can see in live time what they are working on and add comments to their work. That their classmates can add comments. I can quickly see who is done or not done. I can post video links, images, docs, etc.
My students are getting much better at typing. I love that they are becoming so independent and GC is helping with that.
To my amazement, one of my students was home sick, but still did the assignment because it was up in GC. Also the one day I was out sick, I posted almost the whole day's work in GC and the kids were able to run the day smoothly. I could even pop in and see what they were doing.
My plan is to do some blog posts here about some tech tips. Let me know if you have any tips you want to see.
Are You Teaching the Commutative Property of Addition? - [image: Are You Teaching the Commutative Property of Addition? Lessons, Tips and Resources to Help You! You will love how easy it is to prepare these task ...
13 hours ago


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By Brooks BoliekReutersTuesday, November 8, 2005; 4:55 AM
WASHINGTON (Hollywood Reporter) - Hollywood and Grokster ended their legal war Monday as the recording and movie industries and the peer-to-peer service agreed to settle a lawsuit that went all the way to the U.S. Supreme Court.
According to the settlement agreement, Grokster will shut down its infringing service, is permanently banned from participating directly or indirectly in the theft of copyrighted files and requires the company to stop giving away its software. It also includes a payment of $50 million.
While lawsuits against other P2P services like Kazaa continue, the injunction against the lead party is a significant move.
"This settlement brings to a close an incredibly important chapter in the history of digital music," Recording Industry Assn. of America chairman Mitch Bainwol said. "This is a chapter that ends on a high note for the recording industry, the tech community and music fans and consumers everywhere. At the end of the day, this is about our ability to invest in new music. An online marketplace populated by legitimate services allows us to do just that."
The settlement includes a permanent injunction prohibiting infringement, directly or indirectly, of any of the plaintiffs' copyrighted works. This includes the immediate cessation of the distribution of the Grokster client application and the cessation of operation of the Grokster system and software, according to a music industry release.
After the settlement was announced, the Grokster.com site carried a warning that the Supreme Court "unanimously confirmed that using this service to trade copyrighted material is illegal." The site includes links to http://www.Respectcopyrights.com and http://www.Musicunited.org, entertainment-industry supported sites that support intellectual property rights. The Web page also said: "There are legal services for downloading music and movies. This service is not one of them."
Motion Picture Assn. of America president and CEO Dan Glickman said the court made clear what the boundaries are.
"The Supreme Court in its ruling sent a strong and clear message that businesses based on theft should not and will not be allowed to flourish," Glickman said. "The clarity of the court's decision combined with this settlement provides the content and technology sectors a window of opportunity which I think ultimately will greatly benefit consumers."
David Israelite, chairman and CEO of the National Music Publishers Assn., said the settlement helps clear the way for more legitimate services to flourish.
"The Grokster verdict has spurred growth and innovation for legal music services, including a legitimate peer-to-peer market," he said. "Now that a legal online entertainment environment has been established, the ultimate winners in the Grokster case are the music fans, who now have more options than ever before to hear the music they love."
The case put an indelible stamp on the rules that control the distribution of copyrighted works on the Internet. It was the biggest copyright case decided by the court since its 1984 decision that Sony Corp. could not be sued if consumers used VCRs to make illegal copies of movies.
Writing for the court, Justice David Souter said lower courts could find the file-sharing services responsible by examining such factors as how companies marketed the product or whether they took easily available steps to reduce infringing uses.
He dismissed Grokster's argument that legal uses of the service were important enough to override copyright concerns because very few people use the services for benign uses.
"While there is doubtless some demand for free Shakespeare, the evidence shows that substantive volume is a function of free access to copyrighted work," he wrote. "Users seeking top 40 songs, for example, or the latest release by Modest Mouse are certain to be far more numerous than those seeking a free 'Decameron,' and Grokster and StreamCast translated that demand into dollars."
The Supreme Court's June ruling in MGM v. Grokster sent the case back to the district court for trial, but apparently Grokster didn't have the stomach for the fight as Monday's action ends the case.
The court said Grokster and another firm, StreamCast Networks Inc., can be sued because they deliberately encouraged customers to download copyrighted files illegally so they could build a larger audience and sell more advertising. Souter said the companies' "unlawful objective is unmistakable."
"Grokster's out of business," said Charles Baker, a lawyer for StreamCast. "It's over for them. There was a lack of desire to continue to fight this thing going forward." Baker said the settlement does not affect StreamCast, the co-defendant in the entertainment industry's lawsuit.
The Supreme Court noted as evidence of bad conduct that Grokster and StreamCast made no effort to block illegal downloads, which the companies maintained wasn't possible.
The Grokster name will continue as a new fee-based version of its software, which will permit only legal downloads and will be available soon from a new parent organization.
"It is time for a new beginning," Grokster Ltd. said in a statement from the company's Nevis, West Indies, headquarters. "While today marks the end of the Grokster of old, we hope to have a new, next-generation Grokster -- a lawful service that respects copyright -- available soon."
Grokster's decision was not expected to affect Internet users who already run the company's file-sharing software to download music and movies online, nor was it expected to affect users of rival downloading services, such as eDonkey, Kazaa, BitTorrent and others.
Wayne Rosso, the former Grokster president who headed the company when its legal battles with Hollywood first began, said he predicted that the legal fight would take its toll on Grokster, but he also noted that the genie is out of the bottle, so to speak, as far as the distribution services that P2P offers consumers.
"In the second generation of P2P it's all decentralized, so there's no way you can cut off the millions of users who are already out there," said Rosso, now chairman of legitimate P2P distribution service Mashboxx. "Grokster has agreed to stop distribution of its software client, so it won't make anything new available until it complies with the demands of the industry."
Reuters/Hollywood Reporter