text:
|Publication number
|Publication type
|Application number
|Publication date
|Dec 22, 2009
|Filing date
|Apr 25, 2006
|Priority date
|Sep 18, 2000
|Fee status
|Also published as
|Publication number
|Erlend Olson
|Original Assignee
|Broadcom Corporation
|Export Citation
|BiBTeX, EndNote, RefMan
|Patent Citations (56), Non-Patent Citations (4), Referenced by (8), Classifications (13), Legal Events (6)
|External Links: USPTO, USPTO Assignment, Espacenet
This application is a continuation of U.S. patent application Ser. No. 09/665,581, filed Sep. 18, 2000, which is incorporated herein by reference in its entirety.
1. Field of the Invention
The present invention generally relates to television tuner circuits, and more specifically to a direct conversion television tuner for processing broadcast, cable, and satellite television signals.
2. Related Art
Television signals are transmitted at radio frequencies (RF) using terrestrial, cable, or satellite transmission schemes. Terrestrial and cable TV signals are typically transmitted at frequencies of approximately 57 to 860 MHZ, with 6 MHZ channel spacings. Satellite TV signals are typically transmitted at frequencies of approximately 980 to 2180 MHz.
Regardless of the transmission scheme, a tuner is utilized to down-convert the received RF signal to an intermediate frequency (IF) signal or a baseband signal, which is suitable for processing and display on a TV or computer screen. The tuner should provide sufficient image rejection during down-conversion as is necessary for the specific application. The National Television Standards Committee (NTSC) sets standards for television signal transmission, reception, and display. To process a NTSC signal, it is preferable that the tuner have a high-level of image rejection. However, less image rejection is acceptable depending on the specific application and the corresponding display requirements.
To achieve a high level of image rejection, traditional TV tuners utilize a dual-conversion architecture having two mixers and a surface acoustic wave (SAW) filter. The first mixer up-converts the received RF signal to a first IF frequency (e.g. 1200 MHZ) that is fixed above the RF signal band, using a variable local oscillator (LO) signal. A SAW filter, centered at the first IF, selects the channel of interest and provides the necessary image rejection to prevent signal interference. The second mixer then down-converts the first IF to a lower frequency second IF, using a second fixed frequency LO signal. The second IF output is at baseband for a NTSC compatible signal. Alternatively, the second IF is at 36 or 44 MHZ for a cable system output that is fed into a set-top box or a cable modem. Channel selection is realized by adjusting the first LO signal so that the desired down-converted channel(s) falls in the narrow passband of the SAW filter. The remaining channels are rejected by the SAW filter.
Due to advances in silicon integrated circuit (IC) technology, most of the tuner components (i.e. mixers, local oscillators, etc.) can be fabricated on a single silicon IC, with the exception of the SAW filter. The SAW filter is a mechanically resonant device that is typically fabricated on a ceramic substrate, and therefore cannot be integrated on-chip with the other tuner components. As such, the SAW device remains a discrete component in the TV tuner design, which prevents the TV tuner from being fabricated on a single silicon substrate.
A single chip solution is highly desirable for TV tuners and cable modems. The single chip solution will reduce or eliminate component adjustment during manufacturing, and therefore lead to a reduction in manufacturing time and cost. The single chip solution will likely improve electrical performance of the tuner because there are parasitics associated with driving a signal off-chip for processing. Additionally, the single chip solution will reduce the size of the tuners, which becomes more critical for non-TV set applications. Therefore, what is required is a TV tuner architecture that can be implemented on a single semiconductor substrate.
Furthermore, a TV tuner with low power requirements is also desired. Cable TV operators plan to offer voice telephone service and/or Internet access to their customers over currently installed cable lines. The telephone traffic will be transmitted over the cable lines at RF frequencies, along with the TV programming. As such, the TV tuner will likely be utilized to down-convert the telephone traffic to baseband for user consumption. In the current POTS (plain old telephone service) system, government regulations require that the phone companies supply sufficient power over telephone lines to operate the customer's telephone. This allows the customer to utilize the telephone during a power outage, to call the electric company for example. If a similar requirement were placed on voice-over-cable service, then the cable company would have to supply enough power over the cable lines to operate the TV tuner.
The conventional dual conversion tuner architecture requires a few watts of power for operation, which is a relatively high power requirement. The high power drain occurs because the dual conversion scheme requires two mixers that are driven by two local oscillators operating at RF frequencies. If voice-over-cable is to be realizable, then the tuner power requirements should be reduced to approximately 0.5 watt of power dissipation.
Therefore, what is needed is a tuner architecture that has good electrical characteristics (e.g. high image rejection, and good linearity), low power requirements, and which can be implemented on a single semiconductor substrate.
The present invention is directed to a direct conversion television tuner for processing television or cable signals. The direct conversion television tuner down-converts a selected channel directly from an RF frequency to an IF frequency and/or baseband, without performing an intermediate up-conversion frequency translation as in conventional tuners.
The direct conversion TV tuner includes a pre-select filter, an amplifier, an image reject mixer, and an IF filter. The pre-select filter receives an RF signal having multiple TV channels. The image reject mixer down-converts a selected channel to an IF frequency that is within the passband of the IF filter. Channel selection is performed by tuning the frequency of a local oscillator signal that drives the image reject mixer, and thereby tuning the channel that is translated into the passband of the IF filter. The frequency of the IF output signal is flexible, and can be set so it is compatible with conventional set-top box and cable modem applications. Additionally, the IF output signal can be converted to a digital format using an A/D converter. In embodiments, the IF output signal is further processed to generate a NTSC compatible signal that can directly drive a television set without any further processing.
In embodiments, the pre-select filter, amplifier, and the image reject mixer are individually calibrated to improve image rejection at the selected channel frequency. The calibration is performed by injecting a test signal into the tuner input, where the frequency of the test signal is at the selected channel frequency. After which, the I/Q balance of the pre-filter is separately determined based on the test signal, bypassing the effects of the amplifier and the image reject mixer. Any I/Q imbalance in the pre-select filter is corrected by adjusting filter parameters. Once the filter is calibrated, the I/Q balance of the amplifier is determined based on the test signal input, bypassing the effects of the image reject mixer. Any I/Q imbalance in the amplifier is corrected by adjusting the amplifier parameters. Once the amplifier is calibrated, the I/Q balance of the image reject mixer is determined based on the test signal input. Any I/Q imbalance in the image reject mixer is corrected by adjusting parameters of the image reject mixer, and/or by adjusting the I/Q balance of the local oscillator that drives the image reject mixer.
The calibration procedure can be repeated for each new channel selection to compensate for I/Q imbalances that vary over frequency. Additionally, the calibration procedure can be repeated for the same channel after a defined time delay to compensate for temperature effects or other miscellaneous time sensitive effects. The result of the calibration procedure is that tuner image rejection preferably meets or exceeds corresponding requirements over the input frequency band of interest.
An advantage of the present invention is that the direct conversion tuner has a single conversion architecture. More specifically, the selected TV channel is directly down-converted to an IF frequency in a single frequency translation by the image reject mixer. In contrast, conventional tuners have a dual conversion architecture, which performs two frequency translations (one up-conversion and one down-conversion), along with off-chip filtering. The direct conversion tuner has lower power requirements because the single frequency conversion only requires one high frequency local oscillator and one mixer, compared with two of each for the conventional dual conversion tuner.
Additionally, the direct conversion tuner can be fabricated on a single semiconductor substrate, which does not require any off-chip filtering. This is possible because the calibrated image reject mixer provides high image rejection, without using an off-chip SAW filter. As a result, the direct conversion tuner enables a single-chip solution for TV tuner and cable modem applications.
Further features and advantages of the present invention, as well as the structure and operation of various embodiments of the present invention, are described in detail below with reference to the accompanying drawings.
The present invention is described with reference to the accompanying drawings. In the drawings, like reference numbers indicate identical or functionally similar elements. Additionally, the left-most digit(s) of a reference number identifies the drawing in which the reference number first appears.
1. Terrestrial, Cable, and TV Satellite Services
Television signals are transmitted at radio frequencies (RF) using terrestrial, cable, or satellite transmission schemes. Terrestrial and cable TV signals are typically transmitted at frequencies of approximately 57 to 860 MHZ, with 6 MHZ channel spacings. Satellite TV signals are typically transmitted at frequencies of approximately 980 to 2180 MHz. Regardless of the transmission scheme, a tuner is utilized to down-convert the received RF signal to an IF signal or a baseband signal, which is suitable for processing and display on a TV or computer screen. The desired tuner output can vary depending on the specific transmission scheme, as described below.
Terrestrial TV service is transmitted over the air from ground-based (as opposed to satellite-based) antennas. Terrestrial TV service can be subdivided into conventional analog TV and digital TV (including DTV and HDTV).
Cable TV service is carried to the customer using coaxial cables (or the equivalent), where the cables are typically buried underground. Traditional cable TV carries analog TV programming. Modern cable TV service can include digital cable TV, Internet access, and even telephone service. The telephone service is typically provided using a packet-based communications protocol, such as Internet protocol (IP).
For comparison purposes,
Still referring to
The processor 410 is meant to be a functional representation and is not meant to be limiting. In other words, the processor 410 can include one or more distinct processors to separately process the voice, Internet, and TV programming signals, as per the specific application and signal protocols. When the cable signal 404 is providing Internet access, then the tuner 406 and processor 410 are often referred to as being part of a cable modem, as will be understood by those skilled in the arts.
To summarize the TV delivery systems in
2. Image Rejection and Linearity
Image rejection and linearity are two key performance parameters for RF down-conversion. Image rejection and linearity requirements depend on the specific application and the corresponding display requirements. Because of its importance, image rejection is explained further as follows.
3. Conventional Tuner
Before describing the invention in detail, it is useful to describe a conventional tuner for purposes of comparison.
The detailed operation of the conventional tuner 700 is as follows. An RF amplifier 704 amplifies the RF input signal 701 prior to frequency translation. A first mixer 706 mixes the RF input signal 701 with a variable LO signal 708. The LO 710 varies the frequency of the LO signal 708 from 1200 to 2100 MHZ. Therefore, the RF input signal 701 is up-converted to a frequency above the 57-860 MHZ band, resulting in an up-converted signal 707. The up-converted signal 707 is sent off-chip to a SAW filter 712, which has a narrow passband at 1200 MHz. The SAW filter 712 selects a desired channel 713 that falls within its narrow passband, and substantially rejects all of the remaining channels. Therefore, a particular channel is selected by varying the frequency of the LO signal 708 so that the desired channel is up-converted into the passband of the SAW filter 712.
Still referring to
The dual conversion architecture of the conventional tuner 700 has several disadvantages. For instance, there are two of each component including two mixers, two high frequency local oscillators, and two off-chip filters. This results in a high DC power requirement (about 3 watts) because each of the two mixers is driven by a separate high frequency local oscillator, where each local oscillator (LO) must generate sufficient power at high frequencies to operate its corresponding mixer. A second disadvantage is that the SAW filter is an off-chip component that prevents a single chip tuner solution, which has inherent manufacturing advantages. Additionally, electrical performance is degraded by taking a high frequency signal off-chip (and back on-chip) because of the inherent parasitics that are involved.
4. Direct Conversion Tuner
In step 902, the pre-select filter 802 receives the RF input signal 801. In embodiments, the RF input signal 801 includes multiple frequency channels from 57 MHZ to 860 MHZ, with each channel having a 6 MHZ bandwidth.
In step 904, the pre-select filter 802 pre-selects the input frequency band of interest, and rejects out of band signals, producing a RF signal 803. The pre-select filter 802 is a lowpass or bandpass filter having a desired passband of interest. For example, for broadcast or cable TV, the frequency band of interest is approximately 57-860 MHz. For satellite reception, the frequency band can be much higher depending on the specific system that is used.
In step 906, the amplifier 804 amplifies the RF signal 803, resulting in a RF signal 805. In embodiments, the amplifier 804 is a low noise amplifier.
In step 908, the image reject mixer 806 directly down-converts the RF signal 805 to an IF signal 807 having in-phase and quadrature components 807 a and 807 b, respectively. The image reject mixer 806 mixes the RF input signal 805 with a LO signal 811 that is generated by a variable LO 812. For direct down-conversion, the LO signal 811 is in-band. In other words, the frequency of the LO signal 811 is in the same frequency band as the channels that make-up the RF input signal 801.
In embodiments, the LO 812 is a voltage controlled oscillator (VCO), where the oscillator frequency is controlled by a voltage input. In alternate embodiments, the LO 812 includes one or more phase locked loops.
In step 910, the polyphase filter 808 selects the channel of interest from the component IF signals 807 a and 807 b, resulting in an output IF signal 810. The polyphase filter 808 has a narrow passband at is the desired IF frequency. For example, the polyphase filter 808 can be fabricated to have a passband centered at 36 or 44 MHZ. Channel selection is performed by changing the frequency of the LO signal 811, and thereby causing the desired channel to shift into the passband of the polyphase filter 808.
In embodiments, the steps 904-908 are performed using differential circuitry that operates on differential signals, as will be understood by those skilled in the arts. In alternate embodiments, the steps 904-908 are performed using single-ended circuitry that operates on single-ended (i.e. non-differential) signals.
4.1 Image Reject Mixer
As shown, the direct conversion TV tuner 800 includes an image reject mixer 806 for down-conversion. The image reject mixer 806 is key to performing the down-conversion operation in a single frequency conversion, instead of the conventional dual-conversion operation. In other words, the image reject feature supplants the need for a dual conversion architecture and the off-chip SAW filter.
Theoretically, infinite image rejection is achievable if the I and Q channels of the mixer 1100 are perfectly balanced at the frequency of interest. However, if the phase relationship between the I and Q channels varies from 90 degrees at some frequency, then the actual image rejection deteriorates at this frequency. Additionally, if the amplitude varies between the I and Q channels, then the image rejection also deteriorates. The amplitude and phase relationship between the I and Q channels is often collectively referred to as I/Q balance. Perfect I/Q balance is achieved when the amplitude response of the I and Q channels is equal over frequency, and the phase difference between the I and Q channels is 90 degrees over frequency.
The invention is not limited to the IQ image reject mixer that is shown in
4.2. Tuner Calibration
As discussed above, the actual image rejection that is achieved for an image reject mixer deteriorates if there are amplitude and/or phase errors between the I and Q channels (i.e. I/Q imbalance). More specifically, a small I/Q imbalance over frequency can cause a large variation in the corresponding image rejection. In a high volume manufacturing environment, these amplitude and phase errors can originate from part-to-part variations of electrical parameters that are within stated tolerances of the electrical components. The result is that image rejection can be reduced to below a desired level.
4.2.1 Overview of Tuner Calibration for I/Q Balance
The tuner 800 can be calibrated for each channel frequency to correct for I/Q imbalance, and therefore improve image rejection. The calibration is done by injecting a test signal at the selected channel frequency into the tuner, and adjusting the tuner components to improve I/Q balance, and therefore image rejection. The calibration procedure is described in more detail according to a flowchart 1200 that is shown in
In step 1202, a new channel selection is received. The selected channel is one of several channels carried by the RF input signal 801. In embodiments, the RF input signal 801 includes multiple channels from 57 MHZ to 860 MHZ, with each channel having a 6 MHZ frequency bandwidth.
In step 1204, the LO 812 generates a test signal 814 at the selected channel frequency. The test signal 814 is injected into the input of the filter 802.
In step 1206, the pre-select filter 802 is calibrated to improve I/Q balance at the frequency of the selected channel.
In step 1208, the amplifier 804 is calibrated to improve I/Q balance at the frequency of the selected channel.
In step 1210, the image reject mixer 806 is calibrated to improve I/Q balance at the frequency of the selected channel. More specifically, regarding phase, the image reject filter 806 is calibrated so that the phase difference between the I and Q channels is as close to 90 degree as possible, so as to maximize image rejection.
In step 1212, the calibration procedure, defined by steps 1204-1210, can be repeated after a pre-defined time delay. The calibration procedure is repeated, even though the channel has not been changed, to compensate for circuit parameter variations that are time sensitive. For instance, electrical characteristics of components may vary over time because of temperature variations, especially at initial power-up.
4.2.2 Detailed Discussion of Tuner Calibration for I/Q Balance
The tuner 1300 operates similar to the tuner 800, but includes some additional features. More specifically, the tuner 1300 receives an RF input signal 1302 having multiple VHF and UHF channels. The tuner 1300 down-converts a selected channel from the RF input signal 1302 to produce an analog IF signal 1320. The analog IF signal 1320 exists at an IF frequency of 36 MHZ, or 44 MHZ, or some other useful frequency, and is compatible with currently available set-top boxes. The down-conversion and channel selection are performed similar to that described for the tuner 800. The signal processing module 1322 also receives the analog IF signal 1320 and converts it into a digital signal 1330 using an A/D converter 1324, a FIR filter 1326, and a MUX 1328.
Additionally, the tuner 1300 can be calibrated to maximize I/Q balance for each new channel selection. The calibration of the tuner 1300 is a three step process, where the filter 1304, the amplifier 1306, and the image reject mixer 1310 are individually calibrated to maximize overall tuner image rejection. The calibration is performed by injecting a test signal at the selected channel frequency into the filter 1304, and then separately examining I/Q balance at the outputs of the filter 1304, amplifier 1306, and the image reject mixer 1310. As described herein, the maximum image rejection is achieved when there is a balanced amplitude, but a 90 degree phase shift between the I and Q channels. The calibration of the tuner 1300 is described in detail with reference to the flowchart 1400 (
In step 1402, the local processor 1334 receives a channel selection input 1336, which identifies a TV channel that is to be displayed.
In step 1404, the LO 1314 generates a test signal 1338 at the selected channel frequency. The test signal 1338 is injected into the input of the pre-select filter 1304.
In step 1406, the signal analyzer 1316 measures the I/Q balance of the filter 1304, based on the test signal input 1338. More specifically, the switches 1340 are closed so that the filter 1304 output is connected to the signal analyzer 1316, through the test path 1308. As such, the amplifier 1306 and the I/Q mixer 1310 are by-passed so the filter characteristics can be analyzed without being influenced by the amplifier 1306 or the mixer 1310. The signal analyzer measures the amplitude and phase for the I and Q channels at the output of the filter 1304, and determines the I/Q balance between the I and Q channels. As discussed herein, the I/Q balance is the amplitude balance and phase difference between the I and Q channels. The I/Q balance information is forwarded to the processor 1334 for further processing. In embodiments, the signal analyzer incorporates an RF power meter.
In step 1408, the processor 1334 calibrates the filter 1304 to maximize the I/Q balance at the selected channel frequency using a filter calibration signal 1344. More specifically, the parameters of the filter 1304 are adjusted so that the amplitude of the I and Q channels are balanced, and so that the phase difference between the I and Q channels is substantially 90 degrees. In embodiments, the filter parameters that are adjusted include one or more of the following: center frequency, bandwidth, gain, and phase.
In step 1410, the steps 1404-1408 are repeated as necessary to produce sufficient I/Q balance in the filter 1304 at the selected channel frequency.
In step 1412, the LO 1314 re-generates the test signal 1338 at the selected channel frequency, and injects the test signal 1338 into the bandpass filter 1304.
In step 1414, the signal analyzer 1316 measures the I/Q balance of amplifier 1306, based on the test signal input 1338. More specifically, the switches 1340 are opened, and switches 1342 are closed. Therefore, the filter 1304 output is connected to the amplifier 1306 input, and the amplifier 1306 output is connected directly to the signal analyzer 1316, bypassing the image reject mixer 1310. Since the filter 1304 was calibrated in steps 1404-1410, any I/Q imbalance that is measured by the signal analyzer 1316 is likely to be caused by the amplifier 1306. The I/Q balance information for the amplifier 1306 is forwarded to the processor 1334.
In step 1416, the processor 1334 calibrates the amplifier 1306 to maximize the I/Q balance at the selected channel frequency using an amplifier calibration signal 1346. More specifically, the parameters of the amplifier 1306 are adjusted so that the amplitude of the I and Q channels are balanced, and so that the phase difference between the I and Q channels is 90 degrees. In embodiments, the parameters that are adjusted include the gain and phase of the amplifier.
In step 1418, the steps 1412-1416 are repeated as necessary to achieve sufficient I/Q balance in the amplifier 1306 at the selected channel frequency.
In step 1420, the LO 1314 re-generates the test signal 1338 at the selected channel frequency, and injects the test signal 1338 into the bandpass filter 1304.
In step 1422, the signal analyzer 1316 measures the I/Q balance of the image reject mixer 1310. More specifically, the switches 1340 and 1342 are opened so that the test path 1308 is deactivated. Additionally, the switches 1315 a and 1315 b are closed. Therefore, the filter 1304, amplifier 1306, and I/Q mixer 1310 are connected together, with the mixer 1310 output being connected to the signal analyzer 1316. Since the filter 1304 and amplifier 1306 were calibrated in steps 1404-1418, any I/Q imbalance that is measured by the signal analyzer 1316 is likely to be caused by the image reject mixer 1310.
In step 1424, the processor 1334 calibrates the image reject mixer 1310 to maximize the image rejection at the selected channel frequency. This is a two step process as described by flowchart 1500 in
In step 1426, the steps 1420-1424 are repeated as necessary to produce sufficient I/Q balance at the output of the mixer 1304.
4.2.3 Automatic Frequency Control and Automatic Gain Control
In a terrestrial TV transmission system, the frequency channels of the RF input signal can vary by a few percent from their expected frequency. These frequency errors cause the NTSC signal to be shifted off of baseband, which produces unwanted distortion to appear in the TV picture that is ultimately displayed. The frequency errors stem from inaccuracies in the various TV transmitters that are utilized to transmit the individual TV channels. These inaccuracies are not typically present in cable and satellite transmissions because there is inherently more uniformity in the transmitter equipment that is used for cable and satellite systems.
To address frequency variation in terrestrial systems, conventional TV baseband processors examine the NTSC signal to determine if the NTSC signal is shifted in frequency, which indicates the corresponding RF input signal is also shifted in frequency. If a frequency shift is detected, then an automatic frequency control (AFC) signal is sent to the TV tuner to adjust the frequency of the local oscillator and thereby compensate for the frequency error in the RF input signal. In other words, the local oscillator frequency is adjusted as necessary to track the frequency error of RF input signal. Referring to the tuner 1300, the local processor 1334 receives an AFC signal 1348 that is utilized to adjust the LO 1314 as needed, to track any frequency errors in the RF input 1302.
Similar to the AFC signal 1348, an automatic gain control (AGC) signal 1350 is received by the processor 1334. The AGC signal 1350 contains gain control information that is used to compensate for amplitude variations of the channels in the RF input signal 1302. For example, one channel in the signal 1302 may be stronger or weaker than the other channels in the signal 1302. Therefore, the gain of amplifier 1306 can be adjusted appropriately to compensate for these amplitude variations.
4.3 Post-IF Processing
The tuner 1300 outputs an analog IF signal 1320 at 36 MHZ, 44 MHZ, or some other IF frequency that is compatible with available set-top box or cable modem devices. However, some cable customers do not want to utilize a set-top box for cost/complexity reasoning. Therefore, it is desirable for the tuner to output a baseband NTSC signal, which can drive a TV monitor without the need for a set-top box.
5. Other Applications
The tuner invention described herein has been discussed in terms of processing broadcast television signals and/or cable signals. However, the invention is not limited to TV applications. The tuner invention is applicable to any application that requires down-conversion of an RF signal to an IF signal and/or a baseband signal, as will be understood by those skilled in the arts. These other applications are within the scope and spirit of the present invention.
6. Conclusion
Example embodiments of the methods, systems, and components of the present invention have been described herein. As noted elsewhere, these example embodiments have been described for illustrative purposes only, and are not limiting. Other embodiments are possible and are covered by the invention. Such other embodiments will be apparent to persons skilled in the relevant art(s) based on the teachings contained herein. Thus, the breadth and scope of the present invention should not be limited by any of the above-described exemplary embodiments, but should be defined only in accordance with the following claims and their equivalents.
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|Calibration system for direct conversion receiver
|Jun 18, 1993
|Dec 29, 1993
|Philips Electronics N.V.
|FM receiver including a phase quadrature IF filter
|May 29, 1998
|Dec 9, 1998
|Nokia Mobile Phones Ltd.
|Radio receiver and method of operation
|Aug 19, 1998
|Apr 1, 1999
|Koninklijke Philips Electronics N.V.
|Improvements in or relating to phasing receivers
|Ducourant et al., "A 3 Chip G&As Double Conversion TV Tuner System With 70 dB Image Rejection," IEEE 1989 Microwave and Millimeter-Wave Monolithic Circuits Symposium, pp. 87-90.
|Farmer, "Specifications for Tuner Design for Use in Cable Ready Television Receivers and VCRs," IEEE Transactions on Consumer Electronics, vol. 36, No. 3, Aug. 1990, pp. 660-668.
|International Search Report issued Apr. 10, 2002 for PCT/US01/29027, 7 pages.
|Maas, "Microwave Mixers," Artech House, Copyright, 1986, pp. 248-251.
|Citing Patent
|Filing date
|Publication date
|Jun 29, 2009
|Sep 11, 2012
|Silicon Laboratories Inc.
|Providing image rejection calibration for a receiver
|Nov 24, 2009
|Jun 11, 2013
|Novatek Microelectronics Corp.
|RF signal receiving apparatus
|Sep 19, 2011
|Mar 11, 2014
|Mediatek Inc.
|Imbalance compensator for correcting mismatch between in-phase branch and quadrature branch, and related imbalance compensation method and direct conversion receiving apparatus thereof
|Dec 17, 2014
|Apr 19, 2016
|Silicon Laboratories Inc.
|Injecting a tone for image rejection calibration
|Nov 20, 2007
|May 21, 2009
|Mediatek Inc.
|Apparatus, integrated circuit, and method of compensating iq phase mismatch
|Jun 29, 2009
|Dec 30, 2010
|John Khoury
|Providing Image Rejection Calibration For A Receiver
|Nov 24, 2009
|Apr 14, 2011
|Novatek Microelectronics Corp.
|Rf signal receiving apparatus
|Sep 19, 2011
|Mar 21, 2013
|Yih-Ming Tsuie
|Imbalance compensator for correcting mismatch between in-phase branch and quadrature branch, and related imbalance compensation method and direct conversion receiving apparatus thereof
|U.S. Classification
|455/226.1, 455/311, 455/67.14, 455/296, 455/305
|International Classification
|Cooperative Classification
|European Classification
|Apr 25, 2006
Owner name: BROADCOM CORPORATION, CALIFORNIA
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text:
How do I tell if someone likes me?
Have an opinion?
What Guys Said 1
"How do I tell if someone likes me?"
#1 If they look at you a lot while they're talking to their friend it's a good chance that they have a thing for you.
#2 If they put on their flirtatious voice while greeting you + act a little funny when compared to normal it's a good chance they're thinking about you in some other way than "just wanting to be friends".
#3 If they're loud OR always trying to have your eyes on them for no good reason... yeah they probably like you.
#4 If they like to touch you for no reason/horseplay yeah... they're digging you
#5 If they're always asking you questions/trying to hang out with you in some way or another... yeah they're probably crushing on you.
#6 If they stutter like a jack rabbit or ya know just look "lovey dovey inside" if and when you're around them it's a good chance that they like you.
#7 They'll usually give you some form of special treatment to ya know heighten their chances of getting with you if and when they confess ^_^
What Girls Said 0
Be the first girl to share an opinion
and earn 1 more Xper point!
Learn more
Select as Most Helpful Opinion?
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subset: commoncrawl


text:
In Greek and Roman mythology, Hygieia (also Hygiea or Hygeia, Ancient Greek: Ὑγιεία or Ὑγεία, Latin: Hygēa or Hygīa), was the daughter of the god of medicine, Asclepius, and Epione. She was the goddess/personification of health (Greek: ὑγίεια - hugieia[1]), cleanliness and hygiene.
Hygieia and her five sisters each performed a facet of Apollo's art: Hygieia ("Hygiene" the goddess/personification of health, cleanliness, and sanitation), Panacea (the goddess of Universal remedy), Iaso (the goddess of recuperation from illness), Aceso (the goddess of the healing process), and Aglæa/Ægle (the goddess of beauty, splendor, glory, magnificence, and adornment).
Hygieia also played an important part in her father's cult. While her father was more directly associated with healing, she was associated with the prevention of sickness and the continuation of good health. Her name is the source of the word "hygiene". She was imported by the Romans as the goddess Valetudo, the goddess of personal health, but in time she started to be increasingly identified with the ancient Italian goddess of social welfare, Salus.
At Athens, Hygieia was the subject of a local cult since at least the 7th century BCE. "Athena Hygieia" was one of the cult titles given to Athena, as Plutarch recounts of the building of the Parthenon (447-432 BCE):
|A strange accident happened in the course of building, which showed that the goddess was not averse to the work, but was aiding and co-operating to bring it to perfection. One of the artificers, the quickest and the handiest workman among them all, with a slip of his foot fell down from a great height, and lay in a miserable condition, the physicians having no hope of his recovery. When Pericles was in distress about this, the goddess [Athena] appeared to him at night in a dream, and ordered a course of treatment, which he applied, and in a short time and with great ease cured the man. And upon this occasion it was that he set up a brass statue of Athena Hygieia, in the citadel near the altar, which they say was there before. But it was Phidias who wrought the goddess's image in gold, and he has his name inscribed on the pedestal as the workman of it.[2]
However, the cult of Hygieia as an independent goddess did not begin to spread out until the Delphic oracle recognized her, and after the devastating Plague of Athens (430-427 BCE) and in Rome in 293 BCE.
In the 2nd century CE, Pausanias noted the statues both of Hygieia and of Athena Hygieia near the entrance to the Acropolis of Athens.[3]
Hygieia's primary temples were in Epidaurus, Corinth, Cos and Pergamon. Pausanias remarked that, at the Asclepieion of Titane in Sicyon (founded by Alexanor, Asclepius' grandson), statues of Hygieia were covered by women's hair and pieces of Babylonian clothes. According to inscriptions, the same sacrifices were offered at Paros.
Ariphron, a Sicyonian artist from the 4th century BCE wrote a well-known hymn celebrating her. Statues of Hygieia were created by Scopas, Bryaxis and Timotheus, among others, but there is no clear description of what they looked like. She was often depicted as a young woman feeding a large snake that was wrapped around her body or drinking from a jar that she carried.[5] These attributes were later adopted by the Gallo-Roman healing goddess, Sirona. Hygieia was accompanied by her brother, Telesphorus.
- ↑ ὑγίεια, Henry George Liddell, Robert Scott, A Greek-English Lexicon, on Perseus
- ↑ Plutarch. Life of Pericles 13.8, on-line text).
- ↑ Pausanias, I.23.4; the statement in Pliny's Natural History (xxxiv.80) Pyrrhus fecit Hygiam et Minervam has been applied to these statues: see H. B. Walters, "Athena Hygieia" The Journal of Hellenic Studies 19 (1899:165-168) p. 167.
- ↑ Allman, George Johnston (1889). Greek Geometry from Thales to Euclid. Hodges, Figgis, & Co.. p. 26. http://books.google.com/books?id=-gYCAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA26.
- ↑ Similar images, though of a goddess in a more warlike aspect, represent Athena and Erichthonius.
- M. Beumer, 'Hygieia. The Goddess of Health', op Ancient History Encyclopedia (Augustus 2011).
- M. Beumer, M., "Hygieia: Godin of personificatie", in: Geschiedenis der Geneeskunde, jaargang 12, nr. 4 (2008) 221-227.
- Smith, William; Dictionary of Greek and Roman Biography and Mythology, London (1873). "Hygieia"
External links
- Theoi Project: Hygeia Greek and Latin notices, in translation.
|This page uses content from the English Wikipedia. The original article was at Hygieia. The list of authors can be seen in the page history.


text:
Author | Pradyuman Maheshwari | Tuesday, Feb 23,2010 7:14 AM
Okay, I know that the suggestion made in the headline is going to raise quite a few brows. And ruffle many feathers. And hurt some sensitive souls.
First off, I am personally of the belief that events or forums like GoaFest are good for our industry. However, and this may be read in large, block letters: not in the way it is conducted until now. Yes, GoaFest isn't serving the objectives to be a well-rounded celebration of advertising. An exercise in futility? That may seem too harsh, but if it continues in the way it is, it may soon be dismissed as that by the very people who 'own' it.
So, why am I saying all of this right now? Because the announcement for GoaFest 2010 was made last Friday. One had expected organisers Advertising Agencies Association of India and the Advertising Club Bombay would've changed gears, kicked butt, and come up with an all-new GoaFest.
Remember, the officebearers of these two associations we are talking of comprise India's top advertising, marketing and ad sales gurus. People, who build brands, shape the fortunes of many corporates. Men and women, who are cool, grounded and love thinking out of the box.
I have been speaking to a fair number of 'stakeholders' since the last year, and while many want it to continue it was, that call for the status quo was more because of the fun element. "It's a three-day working holiday," said one. "And please don't deprive us of that," he hastened to add, realising what I was trying to get at. The CEO of one of India's largest media conglomerates was very candid when s/he told me why his/her company wasn't putting monies on GoaFest. "There's no point doing it. I am answerable to my shareholders and I can't be sponsoring something that's fun and frolic and very little business."
The CMO of an organisation that plans to continue with his sponsorship this year too was forthright. "I know it's not achieving much for my brands, but there's too much at stake in keeping the big advertising boys unhappy."
Hmmm. So, what ails GoaFest?
Of all of the above, I would think if the content at the festival and integrity of the awards could be in place, a lot of the rest will fall into place. The Abby judging ought to take place in Goa on the day of the results or the previous evening. Adopt the Cannes Lions model, I'm sure it'll work. As for the speakers, the need is to have an impressive line-up of international ad and marketing professionals and Indian corporate captains. Get them to speak at the various sessions or conduct special workshops.
GoaFest is too good a property for Indian adland to squander. The issue is does anyone care?
(The views expressed here are my own. Post your comments below or mail them at firstname.lastname@example.com or tweet them at @pmahesh.)
Programming HeadRadio Mango


text:
Democratic Republic of Congo
Democratic Republic of Congo (Congo-Kinshasa)
The nation today known as the Democratic Republic of Congo (République Démocratique du Congo) or DRC experienced a number of name changes over the course of its history, which may prove quite confusing to those not very familiar with African history. To differentiate it from the former French Congo (now Republic of Congo), the nation has at various times been called Congo-Leopoldville (vice Congo-Brazzaville), Republic of the Congo, Congo-Kinshasa, or simply Congo. Between 1971 and 1997, the nation was known as Zaire, and between 1960 and 1963 a breakaway state existed within its borders known as Katanga.
As with much of this part of Africa, archaeoligical evidence suggests the original inhabitants were Pygmies that were displaced by late-Neolithic period Bantu-speakers who later populated the region. Out of these Bantu emigrants would later emerge the Kingdom of Luba, which spread over most of the present DRC as well as parts of Angola and Zambia from 1585 to 1889. The Luba had developed metallurgical technology, and controlled regional trade with most Arabs seeking slaves, ivory and precious metals.
Belgium began to show interest in the Congo in the late 19th century, engaging the services of Sir Henry Morton Stanley to explore the region. By means of the Conference of Berlin in 1885, King Leopold II of Belgium obtained personal property rights to the land, declaring it the Congo Free State, and proceded to exploit the natural resources for as much profit as possible. The indigenous population were forced to work on rubber plantations, which earned Leopold a fortune. To enforce the rubber quotas, an army known as the Force Publique (FP) was created and brutalized the local population. During the period of 1885–1908, millions of Congolese died as a consequence of exploitation and disease. Bowing to international pressure and condemnation, in 1908 the Belgian government assumed control of the Free State as a colony, renaming it Belgian Congo.
In the late 1950s, a wave of nationalism had begun to pass over much of Africa, taking hold in the Belgian Congo as the Mouvement National Congolais or MNC Party, led by Patrice Lumumba. In 1960, the MNC won parliamentary elections and appointed Lumumba as Prime Minister, and Joseph Kasavubu as President. The new Republic of the Congo (République du Congo) offically declared independence on 30 June 1960, but was almost immediately faced with a crisis as the province of Katanga declared its intent to secede. At nearly the same time, a mutiny of the Force Publique led to looting and terrorization of the European population, with thousands fleeing the country. Following a Belgian military intervention to secure the safety of the remaining European population, most Belgians left the country (including officers and senior Army NCOs), leaving a newly renamed Armée Nationale Congolaise (ANC) with little trained leadership.
Initially supported by local Belgian businesses and several thousand Belgian military personnel, the State of Katanga was declared on 11 July 1960, to the violent opposition of the Congolese government. Patrice Lumumba was shortly thereafter kidnapped and executed under mysterious circumstances, leaving Kasavubu as president, but with real power in the hands of Joseph Mobutu, who controlled the ANC. The resulting war involved a sizeable number of European Katangese and mercenaries fighting for Katanga, and eventually led to a military intervention by the United Nations on the side of the Congolese government. Under intense international and military pressure and with little outside support, Katanga eventually capitulated after its capital fell on 15 January 1963.
On 25 November 1965, Mobutu siezed power from president Kasavubu and declared a one-party state. A series of mutinies in 1966 and 1967 involving former Katangese gendarmes and European mercenaries were both quelled, and in 1971 the name of the country would be changed to Zaire. Mobutu ruled the nation with an iron fist until 1997 when he was deposed during the First Congo War by a coalition of militias and friendly foreign governments (Uganda, Angola and Rwanda) calling themselves the Alliance des Forces Démocratiques pour la Libération du Congo-Zaïre (AFDL). Under the leadership of Laurent-Désiré Kabila, the ANC was defeated and the country renamed Democratic Republic of Congo, with Kabila as president.
Following his victory, Kabila thanked them for their help, and requested all foreign military personnel return to their countries of origin. Not wishing to relinquish what power they had, however, Rwandan troops organized the Rassemblement Congolais pour la Democratie (RCD) to wage an insurgency campaign. Ugandan soldiers did the same, forming the Movement for the Liberation of Congo (MLC). Thus between August 1998 and July 2003, the Second Congo War raged between the transitional government of the new DRC and the two aforementioned rebel militias. The largest war in modern African history, it directly involved eight African nations, as well as approximately twenty-five different armed groups. By 2008 the war and its aftermath had killed 5.4 million people, mostly from disease and starvation. The government of the DRC was assisted by Angola, Chad, Namibia and Zimbabwe, while the insurgents were aided by the governments of Rwanda, Uganda, and Burundi. Kabila was assassinated in 2001, but succeeded by his son Joseph Kabila who shortly thereafter managed to arrange a cease-fire agreement and a United Nations mission to restore peace (MONUC). However, the war was reignited in January 2002, with both Uganda and Rwanda sending troops back into the country. The conflict officially ended in 2003, although the death toll would continue to mount due to cases of malnutrition and disease.
The armed forces of the DRC are today known as the Forces Armées de la République Démocratique du Congo or FARDC. With a total strength of about 130,000, the FARDC comprises the Army, Air Force, and a small Navy. The Garde Républicaine (Republican Guard) - formerly known as the Special Presidential Security Group (GSSP) - has approximately 10,000 personnel charged with VIP protection and especially as a deterrent against a possible coup d'etat.
The ongoing United Nations Mission in the Democratic Republic of Congo (MONUC) has a strength of approximately 16,000 personnel from various countries.
Camouflage Patterns of Congo-Kinshasa (Congo-Leopoldville): 1960-1970
- Both the Force Publique (FP) and the later Armée Nationale Congolaise (ANC) wore olive green as a standard combat uniform, but some units (in particular the Para-Commando Battalion) were issued Belgian camouflage uniforms, including both types of brushstroke and the early Belgian jigsaw pattern. There is some evidence to suggest locally-made or imported uniforms were also worn, made of the same fabrics.
- Additional documentation from the early and mid-1960s shows some units of the ANC wearing Portuguese m1963 "vertical lizard" pattern camouflage uniforms. It is a mystery as to where these uniforms were sourced, however, as Portugal was still heavily involved in its own Colonial wars and was certainly not known to have supported the new Congolese government.
- Other early units of the ANC during the 1960s have been documented wearing various French lizard designs, some of which appear to be ex-French surplus, but many of which were probably either locally produced from imported fabrics, or imported from European companies. The tailoring on these latter uniforms is distinctly un-French.
Camouflage Patterns of the DRC: 1997-present
- Units of the FARDC have worn a variety of camouflage patterns, including many worn during Mobutu's regime, when the country was still called Zaire. Even in recent years, scattered examples of the "leopard spot" and Zairean jigsaw pattern can be found both among government units and within the ranks of rebel militias.
- The Chinese "woodland" pattern issued to the PLA has also been exported and worn by some units of the FARDC from 1997 onwards.
- An Asian-produced leaf pattern, also worn by some units in Sierra Leone has also seen considerable use by the FARDC in recent years.
- In use with both the government forces and some insurgent units, commercial tiger stripe patterns are popular.
- Copies of US m81 woodland pattern are also common.
- A unique "grasslands" pattern is worn by elements of the Presidential Guard.
- Also a strange three-color pattern similar to the Norwegian M75 has been observed most recently among FARDC troops.


text:
What is JotForm?
JotForm is a free online form builder which helps you create online forms without writing a single line of code. No sign-up required.
At JotForm, we want to make sure that you're getting the online form builder help that you need. Our friendly customer support team is available 24/7.
We believe that if one user has a question, there could be more users who may have the same question. This is why many of our support forum threads are public and available to be searched and viewed. If you'd like help immediately, feel free to search for a similar question, or submit your question or concern.
Automatically refreshing the web page once onlyAsked by bigpicturecomp on March 13, 2015 at 09:33 PMThe next question is whether I can force the page to reload once. This error in how the page loads is on the jotform side. The only embed option that works properly is the iframe option. But, I can't use that option as the page then does not translate into another language.
JotForm Support
Hi there,
If I understand you correctly, you want the embedded form to reload once the web page is loaded completely right? Also, you can't use iFrame method right?
Unfortunately, this is not possible inside JotForm. You will need to edit the web page source code itself. The solution will be to use Javascript code that will automatically refresh the whole web page once it is completely loaded.
If you add this code in the body tag. the web page keeps on refreshing like a loop.
<body onload="window.location.reload()">
I tried searching for a Javascript code or for a condition that will make it stop. I found a ways to do it but when I test it, they are not working.
I'm sorry but it is not possible to refresh the page 1 time once the page is completely loaded. Please check this web page for page refresh using Javascript.
Thank you.
Thanks Jan,
That is an interesting stragety. From reading through the information you provide, I can see that it is possible to make a page load once after a visitor visits the page for the first time. I'm not 100% sure how to get there just yet, but it would clearly require setting a cookie to get there. A javasrcipt that asks if a cookie exists, if no.... set cookie and refresh the page... then the cookie would exist and the reload would not be executed again. This would break the loop you experienced.
Hmmmm.... how to make that happen?
JotForm Support
Hi again,
I was able to find a script that does this. Initially, it seemed not to work but I discovered that it does work, just too quickly for the eye. The page reload can be delayed with setTimeout() like in this demo.
If you need further help with this, please let us know.
Thanks abajan!!!
I just finished testing this which worked as well...
<script type="text/javascript">
if(location.search.indexOf('r') < 0){
var hash = window.location.hash;
var loc = window.location.href.replace(hash, '');
loc += (loc.indexOf('?') < 0? '?' : '&') + 'r';
setTimeout(function(){window.location.href = loc + hash;}, 2000);
JotForm Support
I'm glad to hear that Abajan resolved this issue.
On behalf of Abajan, you are welcome. Let us know if you need any help.
Thank you.
Thanks Jan.
Whlie it worked... it does not resolve the issue. I tested many times and a couple of times. It loaded correctly the first time and then after the forced reload, the problem occurred. The solution is for the conflict to be fixed on the jotform side. Oh well... I guess I will have to live wit the problem and hope my visitors figure it out. (I get lots of confused emails from people.)
This issue has never been resolved. :(
I'm sorry to see that your issue wasn't resolved yet.
I see that you already replied on the original thread: http://www.jotform.com/answers/532335 so please refer to that thread since it has more information about the issue and this thread is referencing to the possibility to automatically refresh a page only one time.
Thank you.


text:
What is JotForm?
JotForm is a free online form builder which helps you create online forms without writing a single line of code. No sign-up required.
At JotForm, we want to make sure that you're getting the online form builder help that you need. Our friendly customer support team is available 24/7.
We believe that if one user has a question, there could be more users who may have the same question. This is why many of our support forum threads are public and available to be searched and viewed. If you'd like help immediately, feel free to search for a similar question, or submit your question or concern.
Feature Request - Add a Print Button on the Custom Thank You Message to be displayed after submissionAsked by jeansilva25841512 on August 05, 2014 at 07:31 PM
Gostaria de fazer uma sugestão de ferramenta que seria muito importante a todos os usuários JotForm.
Tornar possível colocar um botão imprimir na página "mensagem de agradecimento" conforme imagem em anexo.
Já tentei como faço em meus sites e dá certo, implementando no código fonte ("Imprimir") mas não da certo aqui.
Desde já agradeço a costumeira atenção
JotForm Support
Thank you for your suggestion.
You are correct that the Print button is not available in the custom Thank You Message of the form after submission.
You cannot add the script code you suggested in the Thank You Message due to security reason disallowing it.
All scripts that will be added in the Thank You message of the form will be removed.
BUT the workaround for this is to add the Print button script code instead in your own website page where the form was embedded.
So basically, the custom Thank You Message should be within the same iframe or page so that when the Print button is used, it will be able to print the Thank you message of the form as well.
Inform us if you have further question on this.
Entendo que não pode fazer por segurança.
Mas seria disponibilizar ferramenta para colocar o "Botão imprimir" como já ocorre nos formulários.
Ver imagem abaixo.
As far as I know of what my colleague has stated here is true so the only workaround is via the script as he mentioned.
However, I do understand what you mean by that as a demand for it so I have forwarded this to our developers as a feature request on your behalf. Please note that they will have the final say as to if this would be considered or not and we will update you as soon as we can to let you know.
Has this been fixed yet? it is vital for many people forms.
JotForm Support
I see that there is another thread opened by you separately on this issue. Please be noted that it is not required to post on multiple threads for the same question. Since the issue is already been forwarded to our backend team, they'll be looking into it and implemented based on priority. If there are any updates in this regard, you'll be posted through this thread.
Thank you!!


text:
Tuesday 25 July 1995
It was Tuesday, under the sign of Leo. The US president was Bill Clinton (Democratic).
In that special week of July people in US were listening to Waterfalls by TLC.
In UK Boom Boom Boom by The Outhere Brothers was in the top 5 hits.
Kids, directed by Larry Clark, was one of the most viewed movies released in 1995
while Beach Music by Pat Conro was one of the best selling books.
On TV people were watching Toini ja Heikki Haaman Show.
If you liked videogames you were probably playing Donald in Maui Mallard Maui Mallard in Cold Shadow or Fade to Black.
But much more happened that day: find out below..
You can also have a look at the whole 1995 or at July 25 across the years.
Old Newspapers
Have a look at the old newspapers from 25 July 1995 and get them!
Which were the most popular movies released in the last 30 days ?
TV Series
Which were the most popular TV series released in the last months ?
Find out your future
Get a FREE Numerology report based on the digits of 25 July 1995!
Wish him/her..
Historical Events
Which were the important events of 25 July 1995 ?
- St. Thea
- Roman festivals - Furinalia
- Cuba - Eve of Revolution Day
- Mexico - Anniversary of the Foundation of Santiago de QuerTtaro
- Puerto Rico - Constitution Day (1952)
- Tunisia - Republic Day (1957)
- Virgin Islands - Hurricane Supplication Day
- Inca - festival in honor of Ilyap'a
- Ebernoe Horn Fair, Sussex, England
- St. Valentine
- St. Paul
- St. Nissen
- St. Cucufas/Cougat
- St. Christopher
- Costa Rica - Anniversary of the Annexation of Guanacaste Province
- Galiza - National Day (Dia da Patria Galega).
- Roman Catholicism - the feasts of at least 7 saints: St. Saint James the Great, the patron saint of Spain.
Famous Birthdays:See famous people born on 25 July
Famous Deaths:
- Janice Elliott: Novelist, dies at 63.
- Osvaldo Pugliese: Musician / composer, dies at 89.
- Charlie Rich: American singer-songwriter and guitarist (d. 1995).
- A gas bottle explodes in Saint Michel station of line B of the RER (Paris regional train network). Eight are killed and 80 wounded.
Music Charts
Which were the top hits in that special week of July 1995 ?
Top #10 songs in the USA
- TLC - Waterfalls
- The Notorious B.I.G. - One More Chance-Stay With Me
- Monica - Don't Take It Personal
- Shaggy - Boombastic
- Seal - Kiss From A Rose
- All-4-One - I Can Love You Like That
- Boyz II Men - Water Runs Dry
- Nicki French - Total Eclipse Of The Heart
- Bryan Adams - Have You Ever Really Loved A Woman?
- Blues Traveler - Run-Around
Search For Your Ancestors
Subscribe to our Newsletter
Don't miss our monthly news, no spam guarantee Click here to Subscribe
...and if 25 July 1995 was your Birth Date then Join our Birthday Club!
Make this date unforgettable
Genealogy: find out your family heritage
Magazine Covers
What news were making the headlines those days in July 1995?
- Time: The Investigation into Waco. Digital photomontage. Badge for TIME by Alex Quesada-Matrix; Waco by Je
- SportsIllustrated: Sports Illustrated: no.9493
- EW: Entertainment Weekly: no.284
Which were the most popular books released in the last weeks ?
Remember when
What videogames would you be playing back in the days ?


text:
Daniel initially was the selling agent when we upgraded our apartment in this particular residential complex. What impressed us initially, in fact what started us thinking about upgrading, was the sophisticated and attractive emarketing of the apartment in question. During all of our dealings with Daniel we found him very helpful, understanding, nothing was too much trouble, and whilst it was obvious he was representing the seller he always came across as honest and trustworthy - some may say unusual attributes for a real estate salesman!
We completed the transaction and were very satisfied - as we understand, was the vendor.
We then decided to sell the original apartment, and who else would we turn to but Daniel?
The market had changed, but courtesy of the sophisticated and very modern marketing strategy, and Daniel's expertise we were able to effect the transaction at a price which was attractive to us.
Daniel is very professional, very competent, trustworthy, and, probably most
After our previous experience with realestate agents we expected selling our house to be somewhat stressful, however we actually found it to be surprisingly easy and stress-free!
Daniel has a great eye for detail and was very helpful in suggesting any changes to the property in order to present it better for potential buyers. He showed himself to be extremely hardworking, making himself available to meet or speak with and even water blasting our footpath!
His enthusiasm for selling houses is infectious, making him a delight to sell with. Daniel's efficient and professional manner ensured our property sold quickly. He kept us informed during the selling process, offered very sound advice and was prompt in sending any documents needing our attention.
We found Daniel to be genuine, honest and amiable. We would not hestiate in recommending him to anyone selling (or buying) a property.
Choosing a real estate agent is an important and difficult decision and it was through the recommendation of a friend, after an unsatisfactory experience with another agent, that I was introduced to Daniel and his team.
I was impressed from my tirst contact, in all my dealings with him and his staff, nothing was ever too much trouble. They were genuinely interested in selling my property and at the best price. Daniel's advice in preparing and then marketing my home was excellent, his valuation honest and trustworthy.
In the lead up to and then following the sale, he kept me informed of each stage of the process and was efficient in doing so.
My home sold within a week of being placed on the market with Daniel and for considerably more than expected, and to the very last, Daniel worked to obtain the best terms and price.
But what truly impressed me was the genuine delight Daniel takes in his work which reflects in his honesty, efficiency, good humour and the great team which works w


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need for folate testing?
before I moved to a different part of the country my annual blood tests always included B12 / ferritin and folate. ( have Hashimotos with a former auto immune gastritis reading ). the new surgery only did B12 and serum folate - B12 was 715 ( range 211 -911 )and folate high at over 24 ( range 3.0 -17.0 ). Im just wanting to be armed with the right argument to request that ferritin is also included -would appreciate your ideas as they have already refused to retest auto immune gastritis ( anti gastric parietal antibodies ) as they say once you have it thats it ( which is actually rubbish as I had a negative reading last year! )and wont test the anti intrinsic factor anymore as say B12 is enough .....


text: Get to Know the Height Gage The accuracy gets a boost when height gages with repeatable measuring force are introduced. Dave Wood June 1, 2017 No Comments Height gages have achieved a nearly universal presence in the quality control world. It is rare to see a QC department without at least one or two of these instruments. This commonality makes it easy to overlook just how accurate and flexible these devices are. They measure much more than the term "height gage" would imply.Read More


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"…There are other issues in addition to post traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) that veterans and their families face on a daily basis not just upon return of service."
On Wednesday August 31th, the Veteran's Affairs (VA) San Diego Healthcare System held their annual community summit with this year's topic of mental health. This year's summit featured more than 20 local community organizations and veteran and mental health resources gathered in one room with one purpose: to provide holistic care for our veterans and their families. In attendance were organizations like NAMI San Diego, the nation's largest grassroots mental health organization dedicated to building better lives for the millions of Americans affected by mental illness and Big Brothers Big Sisters of San Diego County, an organization that provides children facing adversity with "Bigs" that change their lives for the better and aim to connect children of those in the military with "Bigs" who are civilian, retired, or active military. In addition, leaders of the VA San Diego were present to talk about their findings from last year's summit, current big changes in the system and address the increasing need for mental health support among veterans and their families.
Dr. Kathleen Kim, psychiatrist with VA San Diego, started the summit by reviewing 2015's summit findings. She says the summit found that the community wanted the VA to increase the frequency of educational events and to focus those events on education about military and veteran culture. Those in attendance agreed and commented that there are other issues in addition to post traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) that veterans and their families face on a daily basis not just upon return of service. Last year's summit also found that there is a need to increase VA visibility and participation in community summits, conferences, and trainings. Since the summit, the VA has been actively participating in community events as well as informing the VA community that there are other San Diegan organizations ready to assist them with their needs.
"…It takes so many people to provide a network and framework for care and now with the additional partnerships, veterans and their families have more options."
Dr. Robert Smith, Director of VA San Diego Healthcare System, says that in the San Diego community there is an overwhelming need for resources and services addressing mental health where the need is greater than available providers. For example, the most requested service is family and individual counseling but there are not enough providers to see patients, specific rules that limit hiring new staff and not enough offices to house on-boarding clinicians. Due to these imbalances and barriers, a huge change in the system will include partnering with other health services, community organizations, and complementary and alternative therapies in order for veterans and their family members to receive adequate assistance. Dr. Smith said that six months ago the average wait time for someone requesting services was up to one month or more and that was simply unacceptable. Now, wait times are down to one or two weeks. Dr. Smith wanted to drive home that it takes so many people to provide a network and framework for care and now with the additional partnerships, veterans and their families have more options.


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« 33 Hair-Raising Cat Pumpkin Stencils for a Sinister Halloween | Something Feline This Way Comes – 36 Haunting Halloween Decorations for Cat Lovers »
Have you seen all the amazing Cat Halloween Decorations available online? We liked so many of them! After thinking of how great it would be to get these cool cat Halloween decorations we decided to put together a wish list of our favorites. Come and take a look!
These are the decorations we would love to have in our home and maybe you would like to have one or all of these in your home as well.
Our wish list contains all the Halloween decorations we came across in our travels and almost instantly wanted to get. Of course they will look great in any home. Take a look and see if you like them as much as we did.
Click on any picture or the title below the picture for more information.
Cat Halloween Decoration Wish List
Jim Shore Mini Black Cat Witch
Animated Halloween Inflatable Black Cat
Jim Shore Black Cat with Bat Figurine
Hallows' Eve Black Cat Burlap Cushion
Black Cat Moon Pumpkin Tapestry Placemats
Pumpkin & Kitty Door Decoration
Halloween Cat Lighted Yard Stake
Cat & Pumpkin Halloween Candle Holder
Black Cat Archway Inflatable Decoration
Handmade Witch Cat with Pumpkins
That's our wish list of amazing Cat Halloween Decorations. We'll keep this list growing as we find more awesome decorations. Do you have a favorite Cat Halloween Decoration? Let us know in the comments!
Please like this page on Facebook, share it on Twitter or Pin it on Pinterest using the social buttons on the left or bottom. We'd really appreciate it!


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You won't be able to dismiss this by usual means (escape or click button), but you can close it programatically based on user choices or actions.
"We were very satisfied with how quick and easy we had our personalized beautiful invitations! The process could not be an easier and we got exactly what we expected when we expected!! Great Job Wedding Paper Divas and crew!!"
"Website was very easy to maneuver. Designs are modern and elegant. I ordered my invitations on Sunday midnight and receive them on Thursday; quick turn around. Thank you"
"These couldn't have turned out any more perfect! I was amazed how fast they were delivered, almost 2 whole weeks before the expected arrival date. I love that the designers take the time to edit your text and layout to make sure it looks flawless. I can't thank you enough and would more than recommend this style! I will definitely be ordering thank you cards from you!"
"Stunning design on quality paper. Photo looks amazing with "glowing forever" design/format. Easy to read and stylish font is perfect for invitation. Prompt delivery was impressive!"
"This design is modern and chic. I ordered these with the pearlescent upgrade and they look magnificent! I will buy all my invitations here in the future."


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as well as i know too many difficult words in ilet
These words usually not be use
why we should learning it
i know this passage has a lot of mistakes , nonetheless , l am keep learning english
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Opening a bank account
You need the following documents:
- valid passport or residence permit
- proof of fixed abode - copy of your lease or rent payment receipts
You should ask the bank for:
- a cheque book and/or a bank debit card
- slip showing details of your bank account, available at your bank (mainly asked for whenever direct bank transfers are needed – e.g., paying bills). In French, this is called a "Relevé d'Identité Bancaire".
Last updated: April 2010


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It looks like New York Mets fans may have just picked up an unlikely ally as they cry for a much-needed change in ownership.
OK, it's true. Having super agent Scott Boras riding shotgun on their quest to ouster the embattled Wilpon family might seem a bit strange given their different goals.
After all, Mets fans just want their franchise returned to the land of the respectable while Boras' aim is to resuscitate another big-market bidder for the services of his clients.
But since their end goal is the same, something tells me that Mets fans can welcome Boras' criticism of the team's current situation with open arms.
Boras did not mention the two owners — Fred Wilpon and Saul Katz — by name, but responded: "When they are not providing fans with the highest quality of play, and they take an attitude of 'we're going to take on a development role,' knowing that the TV contracts, the market size and such allow them revenues that far exceed many of the clubs that have to pursue those development policies, that impacts the game.
"The major franchises who are getting the majority of revenues should provide a product, or an attempt at a product, that has the near-highest payrolls commensurate with the markets they are in."
Boras also said that "the betterment of the game requires us often to look beyond the personal needs of an ownership."
This isn't the first time that Boras has pined for the days when a big market meant big spending. As the NYT's Vincent Mallozzi notes, Boras once noted that the Mets and Dodgers "used to shop in the steaks aisle and now they're in the fruits and nuts section."
I'm guessing the offseason pickups for those two teams don't like being characterized as "fruits and nuts," but Boras is right in contending that baseball needs owners who are able to put their team first and foremost. Bud Selig agreed on that point when it came to Frank McCourt and now the Los Angeles Dodgers have any number of better stewards bidding for ownership. Better days are presumably ahead in Southern California.
The commissioner, however, has held off on pushing anything with the Mets' situation in Queens, allowing his friends to float on the aid of league loans while they focus on escaping the suffocating mess of being tied to Bernie Madoff. Those legal implications are a full-time job in itself and exactly the type of personal distraction/obstruction that Boras is talking about.
But until Selig starts to agree with this pair of unlikely bedfellows, the Boras camp and Mets fans can wish all they want. Fred Wilpon said last week that his family isn't going anywhere and there's been no pressure from the league to make them think otherwise.
Big BLS H/N: MetsBlog
Spring training has started, so don't miss a beat ...
Follow @bigleaguestew, @KevinKaduk and the BLS Facebook page!


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Selbst back at PokerStars NAPT final table
For the second straight year Vanessa Selbst has found her way to the final table of the PokerStars NAPT Mohegan Sun final table. The Team PokerStars Pro will enter the final table second in chips, trailing only Tyler Kenney as she continues her quest to repeat as the NAPT Mohegan Sun champion.
Joining Selbst at the final table is another former NAPT winner –at the 2010 Los Angeles Main Event– Joe Tehan. Tehan will enter the final table in the middle of the pack in terms of chips. Yet another familiar name to poker fans at the final table is Dan Shak, the former hedge fund manager turned poker player.
Here is a look at the eight final table members as well as their seating assignments for the NAPT Mohegan Sun Main Event:
· Seat 1: Joe Tehan — 1,238,000
· Seat 2: Thomas Hoglund, Jr. — 541,000
· Seat 3: Dan Shak — 1,571,000
· Seat 4: Vincent Rubianes — 1,711,000
· Seat 5: Steve O'Dwyer — 1,032,000
· Seat 6: Tyler Kenney — 3,021,000
· Seat 7: Aaron Overton — 373,000
· Seat 8: Vanessa Selbst — 2,249,000
Selbst won $750,000 for her victory last year, but after a huge drop in attendance –from 716 down to 387 this time around—first place prize-money has dropped to $450,000, with each player guaranteed at least $32,330 for an 8th place finish.
Tags: Attendance, Chips, Dan Shak, Dwyer, Hedge Fund Manager, Hoglund, Joe Tehan, main event, NAPT, Overton, Poker Fans, Poker Player, Poker Table, PokerStars, prize money, Seat 6, Seating Assignments, Steve O, Vanessa Selbst, Vincent Rubianes
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Mr Norman Wilson
High Wycombe, Bucks - England
No approved endorsements
About Mr Norman Wilson
I am a professional engineer with experience in Engineering, IT, Logistics and Manufacturing. I am a skilled supply chain analyst/modeller as well as an experienced project manager.
I am M.D. of The Supply Chain Design Company Limited.
If you notice offensive or incorrect information, please contact us.


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With our parcel delivery services, you can rest assured, knowing our courier systems operate within the largest European road network, ensuring that your parcel will arrive in our safe hands.
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Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory seeks volunteers who will make their home available for a three-week research study. The pilot study will occur in July…Continue
Added by Wanyu Rengie Chan on June 4, 2015 at 4:30pm — No Comments
Reposted from i.e., the Center for Energy and Environment's Innovation Exchange blog -- http://mncee.org/Innovation-Exchange/ie/
As you read this blog post, what room are you in? How's the lighting? How's the temperature? Do you control their levels — or is someone else, somewhere else, running the show?
About 40% of energy use in the U.S. is consumed in…
Added by Lester Shen on June 3, 2015 at 7:04am — 6 Comments
For those not familiar with "Ching books", they're essentially the gold standard for visual architecture reference and aid in the design process. Architect Francis D.K. Ching's series of textbook-size volumes go through conceptual to intimate detail of design and construction for both novice and professionals alike. They're commonly noted as the best and easiest-to-understand references for design…Continue
Added by Home Energy Magazine on June 23, 2015 at 10:58am — No Comments
The poet Muriel Rukeyser once said something like this: The Universe is not made of atoms; it's made of stories. I think that conferences are made of stories too, like the one I'm at this week, the National Energy and Utility…
Added by Jim Gunshinan on June 23, 2015 at 2:00pm — 1 Comment
When I received an email from Larry Zarker of BPI, informing me that I had been inducted into the BPI Building Performance Hall of Fame, I thought it must be a big mistake. Then I looked at the list of previous inductees and was sure it was a mistake! I haven't even done a blower door test all by…Continue
Added by Jim Gunshinan on May 27, 2015 at 1:30pm — 6 Comments
Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory is conducting a research study on new homes in California. We invite you to participate in this survey if you live in a:
Added by Wanyu Rengie Chan on May 28, 2015 at 4:00pm — No Comments
A great transcript from a recent NPR "Morning Edition" broadcast about a recent California survey on water conservation efforts. The results are exactly what we find with energy conservation... When homeowners were asked what actions will save water, most said "taking shorter showers" (turning down the heat), or "keeping water off while brushing" (wearing a sweater) which of course is a complete mismatch of real saving efforts, like installing low-flow toilets (installing insulation).- which…Continue
Added by Jose Macho on May 18, 2015 at 1:30pm — 5 Comments
I have had the pleasure of talking to a lot of wonderful people about the challenges of the BPI QCI Certific ation, and I am getting some unique insight. I started out working on my book – Residential QCI Handbook on a quest to help candidates who are preparing to take the exam. …Continue
Added by Paul Raymer on May 18, 2015 at 5:17am — No Comments
I must admit that I am still having trouble getting my head around this idea. But the arithmetic is fairly simple: an 80% reduction in carbon emissions simply can't be achieved without drastic cutbacks in residential natural gas use. In the residential sector, natural gas burned on site is responsible for about one quarter of carbon emissions. We can use carbon-free electricity generated…Continue
Added by Home Energy Magazine on May 4, 2015 at 9:37am — 7 Comments
I was called in to perform a last minute duct test for a modular home builder. He was all in a dither to have a duct test and a blower door test done on a Friday so that he could get his Certificate of Occupancy (CO) so the homeowner could move in the following Monday. He said that he'd just found out that he needed these tests. The building inspector asked for them at the last minute!
I was glad to do it partially because it's good to have builders aware of what is going on…Continue
Added by Paul Raymer on April 27, 2015 at 5:24am — 22 Comments
"What gets measured gets managed" is a quote often attributed to the venerable management expert Peter Drucker. The simple but powerful idea behind the statement is that without quantitative measurement, it is impossible to benchmark the current state and manage progress toward a desired state. Variations of the quote abound but it is difficult to trace the quote to a specific book, paper, or speech. As it turns out, an earlier incarnation of this idea predates Drucker.
Added by Charlie Hewitt on April 26, 2015 at 4:00pm — No Comments
GAF has introduced training called the Home Energy Saver Certificate - Building Science for the Roofing Professional. It's online, ondemand training narrated by Shane Monday of HUB Energy Group. The professional roofing contractor sees a much larger number of existing homes than many other types of contractors. We're working to connect them with Home Energy Professionals.
You can check out the training we developed and register for free at:…Continue
Added by Martin Grohman on April 8, 2015 at 7:19am — No Comments
Does a programmable thermostat for an in-floor electric radiant heat system add efficiency, or is it faux efficiency?
My electrician installed in-floor electric heat in a second floor bathroom remodel I recently completed, and he used a non-programmable therm. I asked him to change it, and he pushed back that there is little efficiency gain because the thermal mass of the mud bed and tile create a long cycle time to raise the temperature. Better to leave the temperature set, and have…Continue
Added by Sean McLoughlin on April 2, 2015 at 6:08am — 4 Comments
Combustion Safety Testing is one of the most important components of the HEP QCI exam. Because it is linked to the safety of the occupants, it has been a fundamental element of BPI exams since the inception of the organization. As we make homes tighter and more energy efficient, we cut back on the…Continue
Added by Paul Raymer on April 20, 2015 at 4:13am — No Comments
A quality control program requires knowing a lot about a lot of different subjects. A HEP (BPI Home Energy Professional) Quality Control Inspector is qualified to compare a project outcome to the project requirements or work scope so that the final result is satisfactory to both the program and the homeowner. It requires both technical knowledge as well as "soft skills" which are…Continue
Added by Paul Raymer on April 14, 2015 at 4:03am — No Comments
Houses should last a very long time. The Knap of Howar was built approximately fifty-five hundred years ago. Pueblos in New Mexico were built over a thousand years ago. Saltford Manor House, in Somerset, England was built sometime in the twelfth century and is still occupied! These houses are built of extremely durable materials like stone or adobe. But even the wooden houses…Continue
Added by Paul Raymer on April 6, 2015 at 4:26am — No Comments
Monday April 6th (10 AM to noon) will decide whether the ERI aka as the HERS option will be part of Illinois new Energy Code or dropped till the next code cycle. While many local rating companies joined forces to help get it brought back up for discussion after it was…Continue
Added by Sean Lintow Sr on March 30, 2015 at 9:00am — No Comments
We're stoked! RaterFest! 2015 is now officially a RESNET® Regional Conference.
We couldn't believe it, but when we…
Added by Hannah Finch on March 26, 2015 at 3:30pm — No Comments
A valuation premium for green homes and energy efficiency is a lot like Schrödinger's cat, says a new study released by the Colorado Energy Office. If…Continue
Added by Melissa Baldridge on March 14, 2015 at 8:00am — No Comments
Reblog, originally posted on www.bluehouseenergy.com 16 Feb 2015
Hot water distribution efficiency is now included in HERS ratings, under an amendment to ANSI/RESNET Standard 301-2014. This is a Good Thing. To date, all of our efforts to represent, and then…Continue
Added by Shawna Henderson on March 17, 2015 at 8:38am — 6 Comments
© 2017 Created by Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory. Powered by


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December 2016 - Norwegian Escape to Caribbean - Eastern
This was our first cruise with Norwegian. I had read many reviews (all very mixed, as usual) and was pleasantly surprised by almost all aspects of our cruise. The ship is very well-maintained (the Escape being their newest ship, as well) and was by far the cleanest ship we have ever sailed on overall! The food in every restaurant (even including the buffet) was nothing short of AMAZING. (I'm guessing those who rated the food poorly are among those type of people who are never happy until they've experienced perfection...which they never will!) =) The staff was friendly and always helpful. The entertainment and cruise director was top-notch and nicely varies to please every member of our group of 9 ranging in age from tweens, teens, and 40-somethings.
My only "complaint" would be that we noticed the side-to-side sway of this ship much more than previous ships, probably because of it's height. However, this was only a minor issue and would not sway us from cruising on the Escape again!


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Look at other dictionaries:
lurched — lÉœrtʃ /lÉœË n. staggering, swaying, unsteady motion; sudden sideways movement, abrupt rolling or pitching to one side; defeat in which the winner s score is much greater than the loser s (especially in cribbage) v. stagger, sway, move… … English contemporary dictionary
lurch — {{Roman}}I.{{/Roman}} noun ADJECTIVE ▪ sickening, sudden, violent VERB + LURCH ▪ give ▪ Her heart gave a lurch when she saw him. ▪ … Collocations dictionary
lurch — [[t]lɜ͟ː(r)tʃ[/t]] lurches, lurching, lurched 1) VERB To lurch means to make a sudden movement, especially forwards, in an uncontrolled way. [V adv/prep] As the car sped over a pothole she lurched forward... [V adv/prep] Henry looked, stared, and … English dictionary
lurch — I UK [lɜː(r)tʃ] / US [lɜrtʃ] verb [intransitive] Word forms lurch : present tense I/you/we/they lurch he/she/it lurches present participle lurching past tense lurched past participle lurched 1) to move suddenly in a way that is not smooth or… … English dictionary
lurch — lurch1 [lə:tʃ US lə:rtʃ] v 1.) to walk or move suddenly in an uncontrolled or unsteady way lurch forward/to/towards/into etc ▪ Sam hit the gas and the car lurched forward. ▪ He lurched to his feet. 2.) your heart/stomach lurches used to say that… … Dictionary of contemporary English
lurch — I. verb Etymology: Middle English lorchen, probably alteration of lurken to lurk Date: 15th century intransitive verb dialect chiefly England to loiter about a place furtively ; prowl transitive verb 1. obsolete … New Collegiate Dictionary
HMS Ledbury (L90) — HMS Ledbury (Pennant L90) was an escort destroyer of the Hunt Type II class. The Royal Navy ordered Ledbury s construction two days after the outbreak of the Second World War and J. I. Thornycroft Ltd laid down her keel at their Southampton yard… … Wikipedia
lurch — lurch1 [ lɜrtʃ ] verb intransitive 1. ) to move suddenly in a way that is not smooth or controlled: Joe lurched drunkenly into the room. The bus finally lurched to a halt outside the school. 2. ) if your heart or stomach lurches, it seems to… … Usage of the words and phrases in modern English
lurch — 1 verb (I) 1 to move suddenly forwards or sideways, usually because you cannot control your movements (+ across/into/along etc): Frank lurched back to his seat. | The car lurched forward across the grass. 2 your heart/stomach lurches used to say… … Longman dictionary of contemporary English
lurch — verb 1) he lurched into the kitchen Syn: stagger, stumble, wobble, sway, reel, roll, weave, pitch, totter, blunder 2) the ship lurched Syn: sway, reel … Thesaurus of popular words