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About the AP Teacher Community
The AP Teacher Community is your place to connect with fellow educators to share resources, teaching tips, and best practices, and to discuss all things AP. It was developed in response to suggestions and requests made by AP teachers who were seeking to stay connected online to their colleagues and peers. The community is intended to be a site by teachers, for teachers. That means that participation by community members is essential to make it a productive and valuable resource.
The community is a moderated site. In keeping with its by-teachers-and-for-teachers spirit, community moderators are experienced fellow teachers who are experts in the AP course of the subject-specific community they moderate.
The AP Teacher Community website will be rolled out in phases through Fall 2012. The site currently provides access to teachers of AP Art History, Biology, Calculus, Chemistry, Chinese, Comparative Government and Politics, Computer Science, English, Environmental Science, European History, French, German, Human Geography, Italian, Japanese, Latin, Macroeconomics, Microeconomics, Music Theory, Physics, Psychology, Spanish Literature, Spanish Language, Statistics, Studio Art, United States Government and Politics, and World History. There is also a community dedicated to AP Coordinators.
Community Features
The best way to get acquainted with your community is to get inside and get involved. Here are some highlights of what you'll find.
Discussion Boards
AP Teacher Community Discussion Boards are the place to go for lively, topical discussion with fellow educators. The discussion boards are organized and searchable, so you can quickly find areas of relevance for you and your classroom. If you want to stay connected to a discussion, you can subscribe to updates and be notified whenever someone posts to that specific discussion. This will help ensure that you only get email updates on the specific discussions that you are most interested in following.
Resource Library
Along with more organized discussion boards, the resource library is the most requested feature of the new AP Teacher Community website. If you are looking for strategies on teaching a particular concept, classroom-ready resources, or recommendations for helpful websites, the resource library is a great place to go. You can post resources that you've created to share them with the community. So if you've got something to share with your peers, rather than resorting to email, simply add your contribution to the resource library and it will be immediately available to the whole community!
Curriculum Framework
The community includes an online, browse-able version of your subject's Curriculum Framework. You can click through the framework section by section. Get more familiar with what's expected of your students. Find resources that are related to specific sections of the framework. Comment on the framework or read comments left by colleagues.
My Library
The My Library feature allows you to organize the resources you find and share within the community. When you share a resource, it will automatically be added to your library. If you find other resources that you want to be able to refer back to, you can bookmark them so you won't have to search for them when you return to the site.
Site Moderation
Each course-specific community is moderated by an experienced and respected AP teacher in that course, whose role is to ensure that the community remains professional and collegial. The moderators are motivated by love of the subjects they teach and by the desire to help maintain the great community of AP Teachers.
The moderators can review shared resources for appropriateness, and make sure that the resources have been assigned the correct category so that other members can easily find them. They may also step in if a discussion gets off-topic, split a complex discussion thread into several discrete topics, start new topics; or, in the case that inappropriate or offensive content makes its way into the community, delete the offending content.
Art History Community Moderator
Mabi Ponce de Leon
Bexley High School
326 South Cassignham Road
Bexley, Ohio
Mabi Ponce de León teaches AP Art History and AP Studio Art at Bexley High School in Columbus, Ohio, and has taught studio art at the college level. She also serves as an AP Art History Reader. A working visual artist, she has received an MFA from the State University of New York at Stony Brook, a BFA from Florida International University in Miami, and K-12 Art certification from Capital University in Columbus.
Biology Community Moderator
David Knuffke
Deer Park High School
1 Falcon Place
Deer Park, New York
David teaches advanced-level science to students in Deer Park High School in Deer Park, N.Y. Since 2004, he has taught AP Biology, Honors Biology, Regents Biology and marine biology, among other courses. While his course load changes from year to year, he always teaches AP Biology, a course he was privileged to create for his district.
David won the Excellence in Technology Award from the Association of Suffolk Supervisors for Educational Technologies in 2009, and in 2011, he was an Invited Teacher Participant to the Howard Hughes Medical Institute Holiday Lecture Series.
Calculus Community Moderator
Lin McMullin
Arkansas Advanced Initiative for Math and Science
Speech 217
University of Arkansas at Little Rock
2801 South University Avenue
Little Rock, Arkansas
Lin McMullin spent most of his 34 years in the classroom in upstate New York, where he taught all levels of high school mathematics including Advanced Placement Calculus AB and BC. He served for 17 years as a reader or table leader for the AP calculus exams. He led numerous workshops and AP summer institutes for teachers in the United States and abroad.
He is the author or co-author of several books. His book for AP teachers, Teaching AP Calculus, has been well received and is now in its second edition. He worked on several projects including serving on the original calculus authoring team for Agile Mind's online Calculus and Algebra 1 programs. He is the editor/developer of the AP Tool Kit for the second edition of Calculus by Jon Rogawski. He is the assistant author of the popular D&S Marketing System's AB and BC calculus review books.
As director of Mathematics Programs for the National Math and Science Initiative, he coordinated and assisted NMSI programs and teachers nationally. He now works with the Arkansas Advanced Initiative for Math and Science working with teachers and students to increase participation in AP mathematics courses and improve the AP scores. Lin is a graduate of Ursinus College and Clarkson University. His web site is linmcmullin.net and he blogs at teachingcalculus.wordpress.com.
Chemistry Community Moderator
Brian Hedney
Trinity College School - retired
Port Hope, Ontario Canada
Brian Hedney has served as the moderator of the Chemistry Electronic Discussion Group (EDG) from the day it started, about fifteen years ago. His goal for this community is the same as it was for the EDG: to make the forum as useful a resource as possible for busy teachers. He encourages participants to be active members, participating in discussions and sharing resources (handouts, labs, websites, etc.).
Chinese Language and Culture Community Moderators
Scott McGinnis
Defense Language Institute - Washington Office
200 Stovall Street
Alexandria, Virginia
Dr. Scott McGinnis is the Academic Advisor for the Washington Office of the Defense Language Institute. He earned his Ph.D. from Ohio State University in 1990. Between 1999 and 2003, he served as Executive Director of the National Council of Organizations of Less Commonly Taught Languages. In over 27 years in the language teaching profession, he has held positions at institutions including the University of Pennsylvania and Middlebury College, and has a decade of experience as supervisor of the Chinese language programs at the University of Oregon and University of Maryland. He has authored or edited five books and over 50 book chapters, journal articles and reviews on language pedagogy and linguistics.
Dr. McGinnis has twice served as President of the Chinese Language Teachers Association and has regularly been an invited participant for major projects on standards, articulation, teacher training and materials development sponsored or funded by the Modern Language Association, the National Endowment for the Humanities, and the United States Department of Education. He is also a former chair of the College Board's Chinese Language Test Development Committee.
Dali Tan
Northern Virginia Community College
3001 North Beauregard Street
Alexandria, Virginia
Dali Tan teaches Chinese at both K–12 and post-secondary institutions. She also directs summer language-immersion programs and exchange programs with sister schools in China. She received her PhD in comparative literature from the University of Maryland in 1997.
Dr. Tan served on both the SAT Subject Test's Chinese committee and the AP Chinese committee. She has conducted numerous AP Chinese workshops and AP summer institutes for College Board in the U.S. and in People's Republic of China. She led the initiative to establish the National Capital Region Chapter of the Chinese Language Teachers Association (CLTA-NCR) and served as its first president. In 2003, Dr. Tan received the U.S. Department of Education's Teacher Recognition Award.
Comparative Government and Politics Community Moderator
Andrew Conneen
Adlai E. Stevenson High School
1 Stevenson Drive
Lincolnshire, Illinois
Andrew Conneen teaches AP Government and Politics (both Comparative and American) at Adlai E. Stevenson High School in Lincolnshire, Ill. He helped produce www.citizenu.org and has partnered with C-SPAN, POLITICO and CBS in an effort to expand the outreach of civics education, one mouse-click at a time.
Computer Science Community Moderator
Joe Kmoch
Washington High School
2525 North Sherman Boulevard
Joe Kmoch taught high school math, computer science and IT courses from 1970 to 2004. He was involved in developing the AP Computer Science test as well as internet-training materials for Milwaukee Public Schools. He continues to be active in computer education through his work with ISTE, SIGCT, ACM and CSTA — as well as the Wisconsin Math Council. He recently served as an instructional technology coach for several Milwaukee schools and continues to advise schools on computer science and IT curricula and course implementation.
Joe recently spoke at state and national STEM conferences, was a participant in the NSF K-12 Computational Thinking workshops, and has spoken about creating games in CS and on computational thinking at various state conferences.
Also, he just completed his 21st MS150 bike ride.
Coordinator Community Moderator
Derek Kameda
The Harker School
500 Saratoga Avenue
San Jose, California
Derek Kameda is currently the Registrar/AP Coordinator/PSAT Coordinator for The Harker School, an award winning private K-12 in San Jose, CA. In his role as a Certified Workshop Consultant, he has helped train Coordinators throughout the US and internationally. He is also a frequent presenter at the AP Annual Conference, as well as a member of the Consultant Advisory Panel. He has a true passion for helping Coordinators administer a first-class AP program.
English Community Moderator
Timothy Averill
Waring School
35 Standley Street
Beverley, Massachusetts
Tim has been a College Board consultant for 35 years. He served as a reader of the AP English Literature Examination and the National Teacher Examination from 1981 until 1998. He currently serves the College Board as an AP National Leader (evaluating and training AP consultants) and as Moderator of the AP English Community, offering 7,800 AP English teachers the chance to share ideas, lesson plans, support, and concerns. Tim's article, "Teaching Hamlet," was featured in the College Board's special topics publication used at all national AP English training in 2008. Tim has been recognized with the AP Teacher Recognition Award from the New England Regional office of the College Board, the Harvard Prize Book for Excellence in Teaching, and the MCTE's Andre Favat and Sister Mary Anderson Awards for service to the teaching profession. In Tim's other life, he is a member of the National Forensic League's Hall of Fame and was named national debate coach of the year in 2005. After teaching for 35 years at Manchester Essex Regional High School, Tim now teaches at Waring School in Beverly, MA, and enjoys his four grandchildren.
Environmental Science Community Moderator
Brian Kaestner
Saint Mary's Hall
9401 Starcrest Drive
San Antonio, Texas
Brian Kaestner teaches AP Environmental Science and AP Human Geography at Saint Mary's Hall in San Antonio, Texas, where he has been on the faculty for 31 years. In 1993, Brian received the Special Recognition Award from the College Board and was a TEA state nominee for the Presidential Awards for Excellence. In 2000, he received the Siemens Award for Advanced Placement Teaching. With a B.S. in Biology and an M.S. in Environmental Management, Brian also serves with the College Board as an Advanced Placement consultant and as a Reader and Table Leader at the APES reading.
European History Community Moderator
Larry Treadwell
Fort Lauderdale High School
1600 Flying L Drive
Fort Lauderdale, Florida
Larry has taught in the Broward County Public School system for 42 years and was twice selected as History Teacher of the Year. He's worked for the College Board as a consultant for both AP European History and AP World History and has conducted workshops on three continents. He has also served as an AP Reader, AP Table Leader and Question Leader at various readings. In his free time, Larry hikes, enjoys photography, and trains and shows Australian Shepherds.
French Community Moderator
Eliane Kurbegov
Discovery Canyon Campus High School
1810 North Gate Boulevard
Colorado Springs, Colorado
Eliane, a native of Strasbourg, France, taught all levels of French (including AP) in the Miami-Dade Public schools for almost 30 years before relocating to Colorado. She now teaches at Discovery Canyon Campus, a K-12 IB school where she coordinates and articulates the world language programs across the campus, teaches French, and mentors teachers. An experienced AP French workshop leader, she is a regular contributor to College Board publications.
German Community Moderator
Mary Ashcraft
University of Nevada, Las Vegas
4505 Maryland Parkway
Box 5047
Las Vegas, Nevada
Mary taught high school German for over 25 years in the Cleveland area, and served as Foreign Language Department chair and AP German teacher at Shaker Heights High School. Her involvement with the Advanced Placement Program includes 15 years as a classroom teacher and over 10 years as a College Board Consultant and AP Exam Reader. She also served on the AP German Development Committee, the AATG Diversity Committee, was elected to the AATG Executive Council, and was awarded the AATG/Goethe Institut Certificate of Merit. She is currently an instructor of German at the University of Nevada, Las Vegas, and a Trainer of the Trainers for the AP German Language and Culture Exam.
Human Geography Community Moderator
Allison Hunt
duPont Manual High School
120 W. Lee Street
Louisville, Kentucky
Allison Hunt earned a Bachelor of Science degree from Georgetown College and a Masters of Arts in Teaching from the University of Louisville. Her teaching experience includes AP Human Geography; AP Macroeconomics; AP World History; AP Government and Politics, United States Comparative; and AP United States History. Since 2004, she has served as a Reader or Table Leader for the AP Human Geography reading. She currently teaches at duPont Manual High School in Louisville, KY, where she also sponsors the History Club, coaches the EuroChallenge team, serves as a Student Government Advisor, sponsors the Class of 2015, and is the Parent Teacher Student Association Teacher Representative. Additionally, Allison is on the Kentucky Geographic Alliance Steering Committee and is a board member for the Kentucky Association of School Councils.
Italian Language and Culture Community Moderator
Bruna Petrarca Boyle
Narragansett High School
245 South Pier Road
Narragansett, Rhode Island
Bruna Petrarca Boyle was born in Fornelli, Italy, in the region of Molise, where she completed her elementary school education. She holds a bachelor's degree and a master's degree from the University of Rhode Island. She taught Italian and Spanish at Narragansett High School in Rhode Island for 31 years and was the chairperson of the Foreign Language Department. Bruna is now an adjunct in the Italian department at the University of Rhode Island and an adjunct in the Spanish department at the University of Johnson & Wales in Providence, Rhode Island.
Japanese Language and Culture Community Moderator
Tomokazu Tetsu Morikawa
George Washington High School
600 32nd Avenue
San Francisco, California
Tomokazu Tetsu Morikawa has taught Japanese and other subjects in high schools, universities and corporations in New York and San Francisco since 1990. He is interested in international and cross-cultural education in secondary institutions. He has also served as a school-site council president and department head, and has coordinated the International Exchange program and Academy programs to promote integrated social studies and world language curriculum. He credits his ability to help students achieve their academic and career goals with his business experience.
Latin Community Moderator
Keely Lake
Wayland Academy and Univ. of Minnesota
101 North University Avenue
Beaver Dam, Wisconsin
Keely has taught Latin, Greek and courses in translation for more than 15 years at the college and secondary levels. She has been involved with the AP program since 2005 as a reader, table leader and contributor to College Board publications. She has presented at numerous state, regional and national conferences on pedagogy and classical texts. She serves as president-elect of the Wisconsin Association for Language Teachers, state vice president for CAMWS, vice chair for the National Committee for Latin and Greek and secretary for the Vergilian Society.
Keely teaches at Wayland Academy in Beaver Dam, Wis., where she also coaches varsity track and J.V. volleyball, does dorm duty and is the sponsor of a Junior Classical League chapter. In addition to AP Latin, she also teaches concurrent enrollment courses.
Macroeconomics / Microeconomics Communities Moderator
David Anderson
Centre College
600 West Walnut Street
Danville, Kentucky
David A. Anderson is the Paul G. Blazer Professor of Economics at Centre College. He received his Bachelor of Arts in Economics from the University of Michigan and his Master of Arts and Ph.D. in Economics from Duke University. He has served as Chief Reader for AP Economics and is currently Chief Reader for AP Microeconomics. David has authored many scholarly articles and 12 books, including Favorite Ways to Learn Economics, Economic Explorations, and Economics by Example. His research covers economic education, environmental economics, and law and economics. He lives in Danville, Kentucky, with his wife and two children.
Music Theory Community Moderator
Eric Isaacson
Indiana University Jacobs School of Music
1201 East 3rd Street Street
Bloomington, Indiana
Eric Isaacson moderated the email predecessor of this community from its inception, in 1996, and is delighted to now serve as moderator of the AP Music Theory Teacher Community.
He teaches music theory and serves as director of graduate studies at the Indiana University Jacobs School of Music, and has contributed articles to the 1999 and 2007 AP Music Theory Teacher's Guides. He was a member, and then chair, of the AP Music Theory test-development committee from 1995 to 2002, and then served as a certified AP consultant for six years after that.
Even though Eric has not served as a reader for a number of years, he still makes the two-hour drive to Cincinnati to see his many AP-connected friends, take in a Reds game, and visit Graeter's.
Physics Community Moderator
Mike Rulison
Oglethorpe University
4484 Peachtree Road NE
Atlanta, Georgia
Mike Rulison has been involved with the AP Physics program since 1984, having been a Reader and Chief Reader (1996-2000), as well as serving a couple of stints on the Test Development Committee. Mike has B.S. degrees in physics and mathematics from the University of Illinois, and an M.S. and Ph.D. in theoretical physics from the University of Georgia. His areas of research interest include the spin of the proton, self-organized criticality in complex systems, radio astronomy, and the history of cosmological thought. He is a member of the faculty of Oglethorpe University, in Atlanta, teaching in all areas of the physics major and dual-degree engineering programs. He has been nationally recognized for his teaching and leadership excellence, having received the Sears/Vulcan Materials teaching excellence and campus leadership award.
Psychology Community Moderator
Pat Santoro
Frostburg State University
101 Braddock Road
Frostburg, Maryland
Pat Santoro received her PhD in Experimental Psychology from the University of North Carolina at Greensboro. She taught psychology at Frostburg State University for 31 years. She served as department chair, as well as chairing many university committees, including Academic Affairs, Promotion and Tenure and Faculty Development. Pat received recognition for outstanding teaching and university service while at Frostburg State. Currently, she teaches online and is a consultant for the College Board.
Spanish Language and Culture / Spanish Literature and Culture Communities Moderator
Rita Goldberg
St. Lawrence University
Canton, New York
Rita Goldberg is an emerita faculty member at St. Lawrence University where she taught all levels of Spanish language and literature. At St. Lawrence she was department chair for several terms and often directed the St. Lawrence study program in Spain. Her first involvement with the AP Spanish program was as a reader of literature exams.
Rita has also been a member and chair of the AP Spanish Development Committee, and she's served as chief reader for Spanish. Currently, she's an item writer for the AP Spanish language and literature exams and moderator for the AP Spanish electronic discussion group, the predecessor of this AP Spanish Literature Community. She also serves as a director for the NYSAFLT.
Statistics Community Moderator
Chris Olsen
Grinnell College
2248 Noyce Hall
1116 8th Avenue
Grinnell, Iowa
Chris Olsen graduated from Iowa State University, majoring in mathematics and philosophy. In his graduate work at the University of Iowa, he concentrated on statistics, computer programming, psychometrics, and test development. He is co-author of the AP Statistics book, "Introduction to Statistics & Data Analysis," and author of "Teaching Elementary Statistics with JMP." In spite of his many successes in the field of statistics, he does not consider his attempt at retirement to be one of them.
Studio Art Community Moderator
Linda C. Kennedy
Texas Tech University, College of Education
Box 41071
Lubbock, Texas
Linda C. Kennedy received a Ph.D. in fine arts from Texas Tech University in Lubbock, a master's degree in art from the University of Notre Dame, a B.S. from Indiana University in Bloomington, and she's accrued 60 additional semester hours beyond graduate degrees.
Linda — a practicing artist, teacher, and author — has taught most studio art courses (including AP) at Elkhart Memorial High School, in Indiana, and varied art, art education, and education courses at Texas Tech University and Wayland Baptist University.
Linda served as a member of the College Board's AP Studio Art Test Development Committee, and has been involved with AP Studio Art Reading as both a Reader and a Table Leader. She has guided and instructed teachers during AP Teacher Institutes and presented at local, state, national, and international conferences.
United States Government and Politics Moderator
Janis Schimmel
Cherokee Trail High & Arapahoe Community College
Littleton, Colorado
Janis teaches AP classes at Cherokee Trail High School as well as political science classes at Arapahoe Community College in Littleton, Colorado. A National Board Certified Teacher, she's been an AP Exam Reader and AP Table Leader at the AP Government and Politics reading since 2000, and has written and reviewed assessments for the College Board and the American Council of Education. She holds Bachelor of Arts and Master of Arts degrees from the University of Colorado, Boulder.
World History Community Moderators
Monty Armstrong
Cerritos High School
12500 East 183rd Street
Cerritos, California
Monty has been teaching for 37 years, most of that AP of one kind or another. He has taught AP World History since 2001, been a table leader since 2002, and been moderator of the listserv since 2004. He is the lead author of the Princeton Review Guide for World History as well as contributor to a number of publications.
John Maunu
Grosse Ile High School
7800 Grays Drive
Grosse Ile, Michigan
John is an AP World History consultant and 40 year public school educator at Grosse Ile High, Michigan. He is currently AP Histories classroom mentor at Grosse Ile High School and editor for World History Connected online. John is a 1989 NFIE National Christa McAuliffe Fellow, 1991 Ameritech Technology Educator Award Winner (Michigan), and 2003 MEA Global and Diversity Educator of the Year (Michigan). He is a veteran AP World History Reader and Table Leader and has taught AP/College Board workshops and Summer Institutes nationally since 2006.


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Sunday 8 December 1957
It was Sunday, under the sign of Sagittarius. The US president was Dwight D. Eisenhower (Republican).
Famous people born on this day include Phll Collen and Slick .
In that special week of December people in US were listening to Jailhouse Rock by Elvis Presley.
In UK Mary's Boy Child by Harry Belafonte was in the top 5 hits.
Ordet, directed by Henrik Malberg, was one of the most viewed movies released in 1957
while By Love Possessed by James Gould Cozzens was one of the best selling books.
On TV people were watching Aktuelle Schaubude.
But much more happened that day: find out below..
You can also have a look at the whole 1957 or at December 08 across the years.
Old Newspapers
Have a look at the old newspapers from 8 December 1957 and get them!
Which were the most popular movies released this week ?
TV Series
Which were the most popular TV series released in the last months ?
Find out your future
Get a FREE Numerology report based on the digits of 8 December 1957!
Wish him/her..
Historical Events
Which were the important events of 8 December 1957 ?
- Malta - Public Holiday.
- Panama - Mother's Day
- Romania - Constitution Day
- Bulgaria - Day of the Student (studentski praznik)
- R.C. Saints - The solemnity of the Immaculate Conception of the Virgin Mary: a Holy Day of Obligation
- Italy - In Milan, the opera season starts.
- Buddhism - The Enlightenment of Gautama Buddha
- Afflux (50 Aftermath) (Discordianism)
Famous Birthdays:
- Phll Collen: Rocker.
- Slick : American wrestler and manager.
- James Cama: American martial artist and educator (d. 2014).
- Phil Collen: English singer-songwriter and guitarist (Def Leppard Girl Man Raze Tush and Dumb Blondes).
Famous Deaths:
- Reginald Sheffield: London, England -- Actor (Second Chance).
Music Charts
Which were the top hits in that special week of December 1957 ?
Top #10 songs in the USA
Search For Your Ancestors
Subscribe to our Newsletter
Don't miss our monthly news, no spam guarantee Click here to Subscribe
...and if 8 December 1957 was your Birth Date then Join our Birthday Club!
Make this date unforgettable
Genealogy: find out your family heritage
Magazine Covers
What news were making the headlines those days in December 1957?
- Life: Nikita Khrushchev
- Time: TIME Magazine Cover: Sen. John F. Kennedy -- Dec. 2, 1957
- SportsIllustrated: Sports Illustrated: no.7541
Which were the most popular books released in the last weeks ?
Remember when
What videogames would you be playing back in the days ?

subset: commoncrawl


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It's that time of year when Kate Moss reaches for her designer mud splattered wellies and all the fashionistas head to their uber yurts at Glastonbury. Only sad people like me are staying at home and just dreaming of hurling my bottle of tinkle juice at Kanye. Festivals are huge news, and whilst it's all about the music in theory, rocking the festival vibe is almost totally just as important.
I love our super soft new vintage style tees. this could be favourite tee that we've ever done (tho I have a soft spot for American Aparel). This is what you need to personalise your own festival style, boho a go go!


text: I became a teacher because my own education wasn't a very engaging one. There were many times when I could envision a better way of learning during my own time in school. I became committed to making those visions a reality for students. I am continually working to make this a reality for all students through my own teaching and my work with new and veteran teachers alike. I am currently a certified special educator in an inclusive rural high school. I have been teaching for 18 years. I started teaching in private school environments for students with both learning disabilities and students with behavioral issues. I have been teaching in the public school system for the last 12 years. I have taught graduate and undergraduate level courses in a variety of topics including co-teaching, differentiated instruction, teaching methods and exceptional populations. I consider my expertise to be in the areas of curriculum, instruction and classroom management. In addition to my teaching experience, I am a trained new teacher mentor. I received my B.A. in sociology from the University of California at Santa Cruz, my M.Ed. from Saint Michael's College in Vermont and most recently, my Certificate of Advanced Graduate Study (C.A.G.S.) from Southern New Hampshire University.


text: Home Gallery Video Kabuto Noodles Live Improvised Ad UK Noodle Brand Kabuto Performs Live Improvised Ad Comedians performed three minute spot on Comedy Central Published on Jun 18, 2013 Editor's Pick Advertising met Whose Line Is It Anyway? last night in what's being claimed to be the UK's first ever live, improvised ad. The three minute spot, for Kabuto Noodles, aired on Comedy Central yesterday. Kabuto Noodles partnered with Viacom Media to secure ad space on Comedy Central to air the live improvised ad, working with 18 Feet & Rising on the creative idea. Four comedians from improv group Mischief Theatre performed several comedy skits for the brand using the only pots of noodles as props, while comedian Rob Carter hosted the proceedings. The live ad is the first marketing activity for Kabuto which launched in 2011. It will be followed up by 30 second cut downs of the live skits. Rate this Ad You must be registered to rate the ad. Please Login or Register Now About CreditsDateJun 18, 2013Agency:18 Feet & Rising Client:Kabuto NoodlesMedia Company:ViacomImprov Actor:Henry LewisImprov Actor:Jonathan BurkeImprov Actor:Dave HearnImprov Actor:Nancy WallingerHost:Rob CarterLive Broadcast Director:James RussellCreative:Anna CarpenCreative:Alex DelaneyConcept Director:Jake Mavity for TantrumProducer:Emily HodgsonAccount Director:Adrienne LittleProduction Company Producer:Vicki BetihavasProduction Company Producer:Jeannine MansellProduction Company:Nineteen FifteenProduction Company:TantrumComposer/Music Supervisor:Sie Medway-SmithDOP:Nick Wheeler Tagsfood CategoryTVC Latest Creativity News on Ad Age Video: Cannes Is Too Costly, WPP CEO Says, but There Might Be a Fix Kathryn Bigelow Joins Smuggler, Public Record Signs Daisy Zhou Agency Brief: Where Is Everybody? Related work Gamble Aware: Bingo 18 Feet & Rising House of Fraser: Christmas is Coming for You 18 Feet & Rising House of Fraser: Your Christmas, Your Rules 18 Feet & Rising


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|Publication number
|Publication type
|Application number
|Publication date
|Nov 22, 1994
|Filing date
|Aug 26, 1992
|Priority date
|Aug 26, 1992
|Fee status
|Also published as
|Publication number
|Sivaraman Vijayan, Chi F. Wong, Leo P. Buckley
|Original Assignee
|The United States Of America As Represented By The United States Department Of Energy
|Export Citation
|BiBTeX, EndNote, RefMan
|Patent Citations (3), Non-Patent Citations (4), Referenced by (53), Classifications (26), Legal Events (5)
|External Links: USPTO, USPTO Assignment, Espacenet
The United States Government has rights in this invention pursuant to Contract No. W-31-109-Eng-38 between the United States Department of Energy and the University of Chicago. This invention was conceived under subcontract 02112415 to Argonne National Laboratory from the University of Chicago.
This invention is concerned with improvements in or relating to aqueous waste treatment processes for waste volume reduction and removal of contaminants including lead, cadmium, uranium, cesium-137, strontium-85/90, trichloroethylene and benzene, and other metals including iron and calcium.
The purification of aqueous waste solutions containing heavy metals, radionuclides and trace levels of organic contaminants can be achieved by a variety of methods. One such method involves the use of standard unit operations including precipitation, clarification, thickening, filter pressing of sludge, sand-bed filtration, fixed-bed ion exchange, granular activated carbon adsorption, evaporation and neutralization techniques. To manage the secondary effluents generated, additional process steps such as sludge solidification/immobilization and organic oxidation/destruction must be considered.
As the treatment process is targeted to treat low levels of radioactivity and volatile organics, it is essential to minimize fugitive emissions and other uncontrolled losses. Processes based on standard unit operations are generally suited for fixed and centralized installations. They are not generally satisfactory for site remediation applications, where transportability and ease of operation are desirable.
It is an object of the claimed invention to combine chemical treatment with microfiltration processing to treat groundwater, leachate from contaminated soil washing, surface and run-off waters contaminated with toxic metals, radionuclides and trace amounts of organics from variety of sources. The process can also be used to treat effluents from industrial processes such as discharges associated with smelting, mining and refining operations. Influent contaminants amenable to treatment are from a few mg/L to hundreds of mg/L. By selecting appropriate precipitation, ion exchange and adsorption agents and conditions, efficiencies greater than 99.9 percent can be achieved for removal of contaminants. The filtered water for discharge can be targeted with either an order of magnitude greater or lower than contaminant levels for drinking water.
The use of a "fixed-bed" configuration for adsorption/ion exchange has been the accepted practice in the process industry. A fixed-bed configuration is appropriate when multiple equilibrium stages are required within the adsorption/ion exchange unit to achieve a specific removal target. Invariably, a larger particle size of adsorbent is used and the bed is regenerated after exhaustion. In this way, the adsorbent material is reused for several cycles until it loses its ability to perform. Nevertheless, the material has to be eventually disposed of. In chemical engineering such an operation is referred to as "continuous" or "differential" processing.
For example, if one considers precipitation metals only, the time factors involved in the conventional process step may be summarized as follows: ##STR1##
Approximate values of the different time factors are: t1 is about 5 minutes to 60 minutes; t2 is about 5 minutes to 30 minutes; t3 is about 1 hour to 10 hours; t4 is about 5 minutes to 60 minutes.
Overall processing time to produce metal sludge (30 to 60% by weight)=t1 +t2 t3 +t4. In reality, the actual precipitation time includes t1, t2 and a portion of t3 (used to allow particle growth to flocs and floc growth to aid settling). As a result, the precipitation time is on the order of many hours.
The sequential process involving chemical treatment combined with the microfiltration process has a number of advantages over conventional processes. The combined action of precipitation, coprecipitation, adsorption and ion exchange, and cross-flow microfiltration removes contaminants effectively into a concentrated suspension while generating quality effluent appropriate for discharge. Another advantage is that there is direct contact of contaminants to the combined influence of iron and other metal precipitates, and powdered adsorbent and ion exchange materials. It is also an advantage that low-cost waste by-products of ion exchange/adsorbent materials are employed.
Yet another advantage is that cross-flow microfiltration with an air backwash system makes the process suitable for continuous operation and demands less space than conventional systems. Also, the process reaches steady state quickly and modular construction yields a large range of flow rate options and portability. The process is sufficiently generic to permit treatment of waste solutions containing a variety of radioactive and hazardous species.
Another advantage of the present invention is that powdered ion exchange/adsorbent materials provide high contaminant removal efficiencies and fast kinetics. For example, in the case of metal removal only, time factors involved in the process of the present invention are given as follows: ##STR2##
Approximate values of time factors (based on pilot-scale and optimization tests) are: t1 is about 15 minutes to 1 hour; t2 is about one hour; t3 varies depending on the technique employed from minutes to hours. Thus, the present invention is far better than conventional processes.
It is important to note that microfiltration using a 0.2 μm cut-off pore-size membrane does not require large particle size solids for solid-liquid separation. Thus, the lengthy times needed to produce flocs can be substantially reduced. The only growth required is that the final precipitate particle size must be slightly greater than the membrane cut-off pore size. Consequently, through a proper adjustment of the solution pH, the required particle size for microfiltration can be achieved within one hour.
Another advantage arises if a specific application demands the use of sulfide precipitation, this makes the case for microfiltration processing even more attractive. It should be also noted that even relatively difficult to dewater hydroxide metal precipitates can be handled using cross-flow microfiltration combined with air backwashing.
FIG. 1 is a schematic of a chemical treatment-microfiltration process whereby contaminants from all three classes, namely heavy metals, radionuclides and organics, are present in the feed water.
The invention described is a generic process that uses sequential cross-flow microfiltration to separate size-enlarged contaminant ions from waste solutions. The size enlargement is carried out sequentially by precipitation, and ion exchange and adsorption by direct addition of powdered materials.
As the goal is to remove three classes of contaminants, namely heavy metals, radionuclides and organics, a sequential scheme of three chemical conditioning steps is employed. The combination of the sequential chemical conditioning steps with sequential microfiltration separation for a complex waste feed is the novelty of this process.
The process is not intended for simple-to-treat, large volume waste streams. The process is focused towards applications demanding simplicity, controllability, portability and adaptability.
The process configuration is simple to operate and control, modular to facilitate easy scale-up, and can be portable for use in site remediations. Furthermore, the process is sufficiently generic so that it can be used for a variety of applications involving a wide spectrum of waste contaminants and composition. The process uses common, low-cost chemical agents and waste by-products. The target of this process is to allow for small to medium scale waste processing applications involving waste feed flow rates in the range of 50 to 300 gpm.
Included in this process is the removal of impurities such as calcium and iron from the feed solution to be treated, as they are common in groundwaters and leachants produced as a result of chemical leaching of contaminated soils. Since the iron hydroxide/iron oxide system is well known for its scavenging and coprecipitation actions on metal cations, consideration was given to including the addition of small quantities of iron to the waste. Iron is well known as an absorbent. As the iron precipitates it will react with and remove other contaminants. Thus, in the present invention further precipitation occurs without adding additional reagents. Thereafter, the iron is effectively removed in the microfiltration step. Tests have shown consistent removal of iron one order of magnitude below the drinking water limit. For the type of conditioning and filtration performed, iron precipitates are readily and efficiently removed by this process.
The presence of calcium in the feed is not desirable as calcium and strontium isotopes (strontium-90, strontium-85) behave similarly under precipitation, ion exchange and adsorption conditions. If calcium is not removed, then the radioactive strontium particles cannot be sufficiently removed to achieve the desired quality of the water discharged. Generally, the concentration of calcium is tens and hundreds of parts-per-million while radioactive strontium occurs in concentration levels of parts-per-million to parts-per-billion levels. With this incompatibility and stringent standards for radioactive strontium discharge levels (e.g., U.S. drinking water limit: [Sr-90]=0.35 Bq/L; [Sr-85]=150 Bq/L), it makes the flowsheet design even more difficult.
Cadmium removal is included in this process to cover a broader range of heavy metals. In hydroxide precipitation, cadmium is precipitated essentially completely around a solution pH of 11, while other metals are precipitated around a pH value of 9.
The process operation involves single stage or multi-stage chemical treatment-microfiltration, depending on the waste type and composition. For water containing only heavy metals as contaminants, a single-stage treatment process is required. However, where the water contains all three families of waste, heavy metals, radionuclides and organics, a three-stage chemical treatment combined with microfiltration is required.
FIG. 1 shows a schematic of a treatment flowsheet developed on the basis of the bench-scale and pilot-scale results. This process flowsheet, consisting of sequential chemical treatment combined with a three-stage microfiltration and a dewatering step, represents the present invention for effective treatment of mixed-contaminant waste solutions containing all three families of contaminants, heavy metals, radionuclides, and organics. The flowsheet design also includes an optional dewatering step that uses a filter press to concentrate suspension generated by the third process step involving small amounts of volatile organic contaminants.
The process of the invention for treatment of water containing all three families of waste, as shown in FIG. 1, is fully described below.
The waste water enters the prefilters from the collection tank TK-1, where coarse suspended particles are removed. The filtered water is then routed, into the equalization tank TK-2 and then to the conditioning tank TK-3. In the conditioning tank TK-3 the solution pH is adjusted by the addition of a base, such as lime, from TKA-1 to precipitate heavy metals. Following precipitation, a sequential addition of a powdered ion exchange material, such as a natural zeolite, from TKA-2 is carried out to remove residual heavy metal ions and a minor portion of the dissolved radionuclides.
The conditioned feed from TK-3 is fed to the first stage microfiltration MF-1 in which the suspended metal precipitates and ion-exchanged zeolite particles are separated. The filtrate generated from the first stage microfiltration MF-1 is continuously withdrawn and held in a first holding tank TK-4 where it is chemically precipitated with reagents such as sodium carbonate (Na2 CO3) to remove the majority of calcium and radioactive strontium. Following this, another sequence of zeolite powder addition from TK-2 is made to remove the majority of the radionuclides. The dilute slurry is separated in the second-stage microfiltration MF-2. The filtrate from the second-stage microfiltration is delivered to the adsorption/ion exchange tank TK-5 and conditioned with a last sequence of any powdered adsorbent, such as activated carbon from TKA-4, and some zeolite from TKA-2 to remove all residual activity and organic contaminants.
The dilute slurry from the adsorption/ion exchange tank TK-5 is separated in the third-stage microfiltration MF-3. The filtrate from the third-stage microfiltration is continuously withdrawn and delivered to the neutralization tank TK-6. After pH adjustment by the addition of an acid from TKA-5 (if needed) and after monitoring of the contaminants for acceptable levels, the treated water is discharged from the neutralization tank TK-6.
The concentrate streams from the three microfiltration units (MF-1, MF-2 and MF-3) are routed to the dewatering systems comprising a filter press FP-1 and FP-2 and/or a low-temperature evaporation unit (not shown) for further volume reduction. The sludge generated from the dewatering step is the sole residue of the process and is solidified suitably for disposal. The filtrate from the dewatering step is collected in TK-9 and recycled, if necessary, back to the first stage of microfiltration, or else it is discharged,
The processes of this invention have been applied to the various specific waste streams. Below are listed certain process equipment used for testing of the invention.
Groundwater samples for a bench-scale treatability test program were collected from observation wells fitted with intake screens. Polyethylene plezometers with fritted polyethylene intakes were used. For pilot-scale study, groundwater was pumped to the treatment facility from the collection well. Simulated waste solutions were prepared using high purity chemicals, dissolving them in distilled-deionized water at a pH value of less than or equal to 2. The process tests involved mainly a chloride medium. The starting chemical compounds were high purity metal chlorides, except for strontium and uranium, in which case strontium nitrate and uranium oxide (UO3) were used. In the case of organics, high purity benzene and trichloroethylene from the same source were employed. Distilled-deionized water having minimal electrical conductivity was used to dissolve the chemicals at the desired stock solution concentration to prepare simulated waste feed solutions. Stock and feed solutions containing organics were freshly-prepared before use. The test feed solution was sampled and analyzed for the actual contaminant concentration during each test.
The following process target indicators were used to assess the effectiveness of the process.
(1) Produced Water Quality Index (PWOI):
This indicator determines the "quality" of the outgoing water stream from the process and denotes the effectiveness of the process. To evaluate the quality, the U.S. drinking water limit was employed as a reference. PWQI is defined as the ratio of the concentration of contaminants in the treated water (filtrate) from the process to the concentration of the contaminant allowed for drinking water.
(2) Percent Contaminant Removal Efficiency (PCRE):
The contaminant removal efficiency of the process as a percentage of the feed stream concentration is defined as a ratio of the product water quality index (PWQI) and the feed water quality index FWQI:
where, FWQI is equal to the ratio of the concentration of contaminant in the feed to that corresponding to the drinking water standard.
(3) Volume Reduction Factor (VRF) & Concentration Factor (CF):
The volume reduction factor is determined by the ratio: [Total feed volume]/[Final concentrate volume]. The concentration factor is similar to the volume reduction factor and is determined using a concentration value for specific chemical species in the feed and concentrate streams. Standard, commercially available equipment was used in the tests.
I. Apparatus
A. Benchscale: Microfiltration
In the initial phases of the project, batch membrane cells were used. The cells had capacities of 50 mL and 200 mL and were purchased from Amicon. The batch cell consisted of a special membrane holder to allow for easy insertion or removal of the membrane without damage. The beaker-design allowed the sample to be poured in and out easily and to provide maximum recovery and virtually no fluid loss. The stirring bar configuration facilitated efficient stirring of the sample. The cell configuration gave minimal liquid holdup volume. Flat-sheet polypropylene microfiltration membranes with an average pore diameter of 0.2 μm were used to conduct screening studies.
B. Pilot-Scale Apparatus
1. Microfiltration System
The Microcompact MEMCOR microfiltration system (models 620044 and 696906) were specially designed for the project and were purchased from Memtec America. The system is a continuous cross-flow microfiltration unit and utilizes a gas backwash system to provide reliable operational performance. The heart of the unit is a set of 4 polypropylene hollow-fiber membrane cartridges with an average pore-size of 0.2 μm and a total filter area of 4 m2. The unit was designed to provide nominal filtration rates of 2 to 3 gpm. By passing unfiltered feed solution over and around the hollow fibers, the suspended particles are built up on the outside of the fiber while clean filtrate passes through the membrane wall into the hollow center of the fiber. The unfiltered portion of the feed-stream is returned to the feed tank in a more concentrated form. To maintain the processing rate a gas backwash system is used. High pressure air is periodically forced from the center of the fibers back across the membrane thereby expanding the fiber and allowing air to remove rejected material from the outside of the fiber. Generally, the time period between backwashes is set with a timer. Typically, a waste volume reduction factor of 20 was achieved.
2. Dewatering Equipment
a. Low-Temperature Evaporation Unit
The low-temperature evaporation unit was used to assess the effectiveness of dilute suspension streams produced by microfiltration. The evaporation was carried out at temperatures between 5� C.(.sup.˜ 40� F.) and 20� C. (65� F.). The unit was specially designed for the project to vary the evaporation temperature. The Calfran Unit APTU-025 is capable of producing about 25 U.S. gallons per day of clean distillate from a feed containing waste water. In the operation of the unit, the vacuum pump removes the air from the system causing the boiling point of the waste water in the range of 45� to 65� F. As the waste water boils at this temperature, pure water vapor is generated leaving the impurities behind in the vaporizer. The water vapor travels to the condenser and the condensed liquid water on the cold coil (cooled by a refrigerant) is periodically and automatically removed by a pump. The heat given up by the condensing water vapor evaporates the liquid refrigerant inside the coil. The gaseous refrigerant produced is then compressed. The heat contained in the gaseous refrigerant is then transferred back to the waste water in the vaporizer. This completes the energy reuse cycle for the gaseous refrigerant. The concentrate in the vaporizer is manually drained.
b. Filter Press System
The filter press system, called the Exxpress unit (model STP), was purchased from EPOC Water, Inc. The principal component of the system is a woven filter cloth configured into a tubular array. The STP unit consists of a single tubular filter (2.5 cm. dia by 2.4 m long). The dewatering of dilute slurry occurs inside the tubular filter (module). The module is held by resin manifolds at each end to provide for flow entry and exit. When a dilute slurry is introduced into the module under pressure, the liquid permeates through the tube walls and the suspended solids are retained, forming a layer on the internal surface of the filter tube. The dewatering cycle is completed when the solid layer reaches a controlled thickness. The cake discharge (flush cycle) then commences by opening the module reject valve and traversing the module with squeeze rollers which removes the cake from the tube wall. The cake solids are transported out of the module by means of the flush liquid and are separated by a sieve-end separating screen. The module is effectively cleaned during each cake discharge cycle by the flush rollers and by the action of the flush liquid.
c. Reagents and Supplies
All chemical reagents employed in the experimental program were of analytical analar grade. The ion exchange material was a natural zeolite from Steelhead Speciality Minerals. Two types of zeolite were used: one was TSM-140 D with a -35/+40 mesh size and the second was a powdered (-325/+400 mesh size) product, TSM-140 H. This product is known for its ion exchange properties, especially for cesium and divalent cations. The solid density and the bulk density of the zeolite were 1600 kg/m3 and 720 to 1280 kg/m3, respectively. The powdered (-325/+400 mesh size) activated carbon from Calgon Carbon Corporation (Type BPL) and from Darco G-60 were employed in the organic removal experiments.
II. Test Procedure
A. Chemical Treatment-Microfiltration
For bench-scale tests, a waste feed solution of known pH and contaminant concentration was prepared and fed to the membrane static cell containing the flat-sheet membrane. The feed pressure was maintained at about 10 psig by a nitrogen gas cylinder. The temperature of the operation was kept at room temperature (.sup.˜ 23�2� C.). During membrane filtration, the feed solution was stirred by a magnetic stirrer bar that is equipped as part of the cell. A fixed volume of the permeate solution was collected (e.g., 180 mL for the large cell and about 45 mL for the small cell), and the time taken to collect the fixed volume was also recorded. Samples of the starting feed solution and the fully mixed filtrate/permeate solution were taken at the end of the run and analyzed for contaminants.
In a typical pilot-scale operation involving the Memcor microfiltration unit, the conditioned waste feed was introduced to the microfiltration system via a prefilter/strainer (100 μ) and feed pump. The conditioning of the feed solution includes chemical treatment involving solution pH adjustment, addition of adsorbent/ion exchange powder, etc. The pilot-scale experiments involving chemical treatment combined with microfiltration was performed using waste solution batch sizes of 400 to 2000L. Chemical conditioning of the waste was achieved with mechanical agitation in combination with closed-loop recirculation of the tank contents by means of a pump. The microfiltration of the conditioned waste solution was performed at a transmembrane pressure in the range of 7.5 to 15 kPa [transmembrane pressure=(Feed pressure+recirculation pressure/2)-filtrate pressure]. By maintaining a constant filtration rate, the transmembrane pressure was essentially fixed for a given test. The microfiltration unit was operated in a "concentration mode," in which the filtrate was continuously withdrawn while the cross-flow (concentrate stream) returned to the feed tank. All the experimental data reported were obtained at a filtration rate of 2 gpm and a set volume reduction factor of 20.
B. Low-Temperature Evaporation
The low-temperature evaporation experiments were performed using two modes of operation: 1) continuous-feed, combined with continuous and batch evaporation mode; and 2) batch-feed with batch evaporation mode. For the continuous-feed operation, the external feed tank was employed, and for batch-feed operation the vaporization vessel was used as the feed holding tank. For continuous-feed operation the desired synthetic waste solution was prepared and charged to the external feed tank. Typically, a volume of up to 100 liters was used in the experiments. By deploying a vacuum lift, the vaporizer tank was filled to the predetermined level with the feed solution. The feed was evaporated until the desired volume reduction was reached in the vaporizer tank. The batch-feed evaporation was identical to the continuous-feed mode of operation except that no external feed tank was employed. The starting waste feed was fed to the vaporizer (usually about 14 liters) and evaporated until the desired volume reduction of the waste feed was achieved.
During the evaporation test, samples of the feed, concentrate and condensed over-head streams were taken at prespecified time intervals to determine contaminant concentration. In addition, all the pressure and temperature readings were recorded as a function of evaporation time. In many tests, the different samples were also analyzed for electrical conductivity.
C. Filter Pressing
The dewatering process consists of sequential cycles of loading the filter module followed by cake discharge/flushing of the cake solids to the separating screen. The load cycle was controlled by a timer mounted on the panel. At the conclusion of the load cycle, the cake discharge cycle commenced and the cake solids transported from the filter module by the flush liquid and collected on the separating screen. On completion of the flush cycle, the module was again put into its load cycle. Usually, waste feed suspensions containing 1 to 5 wt. % solids in 50L batches were treated.
D. Process System Monitoring
Typically, the pH of the feed solution was measured before the solution was chemically conditioned, and before and after it was processed by microfiltration, evaporation and by filter pressing. In bench-scale microfiltration tests, the filtrate rate was measured when samples were collected for contaminant analysis. In pilot-scale tests involving microfiltration, and dewatering by low-temperature evaporation and filter-pressing operations, the feed, concentrate and filtrate samples for analysis were collected via designated sample ports located on the flow lines. In mass balance experiments, the individual influent and effluent streams were collected in preweighed tanks for predetermined time periods and the mass of streams were determined using a calibrated weight scale.
The filtration rate was measured in units of mL/s or L/min, using precalibrated rotameters and by weighing the total mass of filtrate collected over a period of specified duration. This procedure was implemented routinely for every test. The evaporation rate (overhead condensate flow rate) was determined by measuring the condensed overhead stream volumetrically and/or gravimetrically for a specified duration.
E. Sampling and Analysis
Samples of the waste feed and treated solutions were collected for contaminant analyses. Wherever possible, the procedures used to analyze samples were adopted from standard U.S. Environmental Protection Agency methods. The following is a summary of analysis methods.
The precision in chemical analysis was determined by replicate experiments performed under identical conditions. The precision corresponds to twice the standard deviation (2s) representing a 95% confidence level. The particle size of adsorbent/ion exchange material was not varied in the study. The median particle size was 20 μm and all particles were less that 44 μm in diameter. It was anticipated that the distribution of particle sizes in each batch of adsorbent would be slightly different. As the particle size effect was beyond the scope of the work package, errors associated with variations from test to test were not examined.
The conditioning time and intensity of mixing of reagents with the waste solution were important for the removal of contaminants by precipitation, ion exchange and by adsorption processes. The conditioning time does not include times associated with filtration of suspensions. In reality, however, a finite time is involved in the filtration stage and further transfer of contaminants may take place from the solution phase to the solid phase in the suspension. Since the conditioning time in the tank is much greater (e.g.>0.25 h) as compared with the instantaneous filtration time of a few minutes, it is expected that any error from the additional time, not included in the conditioning time, will not be significant enough to influence the contaminant removal results.
______________________________________PROCEDURE METHOD______________________________________Acid Digestion EPA SW-846 3005*Metals by ICPS EPA SW-846 6010--Cd--Pb--Ca*--Fe--U*90 Sr by beta counting of 90 Y WL-AM-141extracted by HPLC90 Sr by Cerenkov counting **90 Sr by total beta counting ***Radionuclides by Gamma Spectrometry--85 Sr WL-AM-123--137 Cs WL-AM-123Organics by Direct Injection, GC/MS EPA SW-846 8260*Organics by Purge & Trap, GC/MS EPA SW-846 8260* (WL-WN500B, WL-WN530B)______________________________________ *modified; **, ***Methods introduced during test work; EPA: U.S. Environmental Protection Agency; WL: Whiteshell Laboratories Procedure, AECL, Pinawa, Manitoba, Canada ROE 1LO.
The mixing of the solution was performed by bulk agitation with similar mixing intensities between experiments. The mixing intensity was not measured. Although micromixing is known to influence precipitation processes, such effects were not expected to be dominant in the current experiments.
Filtration tests had indicated that the quality of the filtrate was influenced by the filtrate and concentrate flow rates. For this reason, all tests were conducted at constant filtrate and concentrate flow rates. The uncertainty in the flow rate measurements of about 5% was not significant to impact the test results.
The processes, equipment, and the parameters selected for the equipment which have been described in reference to the above preferred embodiments are intended to be illustrative rather than limiting. Various changes and modifications may be made without departing from the spirit and scope of the invention as defined in the following claims.
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|International Classification
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|Jul 14, 1994
Owner name: UNITED STATES DEPARTMENT OF ENERGY, DISTRICT OF CO
Free format text: ASSIGNMENT OF ASSIGNORS INTEREST;ASSIGNORS:VIJAYAN, SIVARAMAN;WONG, CHI FUN;BUCKLEY, LEO PATRICK;REEL/FRAME:007062/0368
Effective date: 19940706
|Jan 2, 1998
|Fee payment
Year of fee payment: 4
|Jun 11, 2002
|Maintenance fee reminder mailed
|Nov 22, 2002
|Lapse for failure to pay maintenance fees
|Jan 21, 2003
|Expired due to failure to pay maintenance fee
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Fresh Brands Revises Earnings Statements
SHEBOYGAN, Wis. - Fresh Brands, Inc. announced yesterday that it had discovered a mistake that resulted in the understatement of its cost of goods sold for 2001, 2000 and 1999.
SHEBOYGAN, Wis. - Fresh Brands, Inc. announced yesterday that it had discovered a mistake that resulted in the understatement of its cost of goods sold for 2001, 2000 and 1999. The aggregate after-tax impact to earnings for these three fiscal years is expected to approximate $400,000.
After consulting with the Board of Directors, the company has concluded that it needs to restate prior years' earnings to reflect the understatement of cost of goods sold. The restatement is expected to impact previously reported earnings per share in 2001 by $0.03, 2000 by $0.02 and 1999 by $0.02. The restated earnings per share for 2001, 2000 and 1999 are expected to be $1.45, $1.31 and $1.28, respectively.
Added costs that will be incurred to complete the restatements will also affect forecasted 2002 earnings, said executives of Fresh Brands, a wholesaler and operator of 27 Piggly Wiggly and Dick's supermarkets in Wisconsin and Illinois. The company now expects its 2002 earnings per share to be in the range of $1.53 to $1.58, compared to previous estimates of $1.60 and $1.75 per share.
The understatement of cost of goods sold is related to a unique supply relationship the company has with one of its direct store delivery meat vendors. Orders from nine supermarkets were delivered by the vendor to the company's meat distribution center and shipped by the company to the stores. Sales were properly recorded, but the company inadvertently failed to record accurately the corresponding cost of goods sold.
Fresh Brands' chief executive noted the irony of the company's $400,000 error in light of Worldcom's highly publicized $4 billion misstatement of costs. "It is unfortunate in this current environment of earnings restatements that we must report one due to a simple mistake," said president and c.e.o. Elwood F. Winn.
Separately, the company will release its earnings for the second quarter of 2002 before the market opens on Friday, August 2, 2002.


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Children Hat Accessories
Cute silver beakclip with cute little bow of black linen which has a wash of silver. Handmade and totally original. Because of this you are guaranteed a totally unique piece. This piece is made to be worn on either side of the head and is fixed with a silver beakclip. Size:7cm long and 5cm wide My headdresses are made from secondhand/vintage and/or recycled items apart from the bases, clips or combs they sit on. Please don't hesitate to ask me if you would like me to make something made to order...or if you would like a similar headdress but with a hair band or to sit on the other side of the head etc etc!


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Hello, I'm Terry Callahan.
I am passionate about software development. Ever since the mid 1980's when I was a VAX System Programmer I found the ability to make people more people more powerful and efficient in their jobs to be endlessly fascinating. Now I concentrate on solutions using the Microsoft tool set, and am amazed at how quickly a polished solution can be developed.
The thing about this profession is that it is critical to stay current as things are always changing. Sometimes working for one employer means you need to concentrate on what they need over what you really want to do. For that reason I am always looking for projects to do outside of work. This tends to work well for everyone involved. I get to do new things, and you get the software you need done at a very reasonable cost.
If you have something in mind contact me and lets discuss it.


text:
PLEASE NOTE: We are in the midst of reorganizing our website a bit. If you can't find what you're looking for, please be patient and click around. If you're really stuck, contact Kh. Vera in the church office. We apologize for the inconvenience.
Sacramental & Liturgical Resources
Baptism & Chrismation
Information needed to prepare a Certificate of Baptism or Certificate of Chrismation. Please fill out and return to the church office before or shortly after the Baptism or Chrismation takes place.
Information needed to prepare a Certificate of Marriage. Please fill out and return to the church office before or shortly after the Marriage takes place.
Orthodox resources on marriage: www.crownthem.org
The "Lesser" Orders
Liturgical Offerings
Holy Bread recipe (for the Eucharist)
Liturgical Texts
Let the Children Come Unto Me
Children's Homilies on the Icons of St. Philip's - Our holy icons can become mere old-fashioned decorations to our children unless the stories of the Bible, Church history, and the Saints become our family stories. Only then can children grow deeper in their love of God and more mature in their lives in the Church. Fr. Noah Bushelli attempts to do just this in these live recordings of homilies to children of his parish about cooperating with God's love in the company of His saints.
12th Tuesday after Pentecost


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Title: Online Camera Ed New Zealand
URL: http://onlinecameraed.co.nz
Description: Online providers of accredited courses in digital photography. Learning is self paced and material is written in an easy to understand way.
Date Submitted: 02/23/15
Listed / Last Time Edited: 03/13/15
Main Category: > Photography Tutorials
Second Category (if any):
Linkedin (if any): http://onlinecameraed.co.nz/connections/
Number of visitors we sent to this photo site: 166 time(s).


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"Hazelhead girls do that bit extra for me"
About: Hazelhead Homecare Hazelhead Homecare Carluke ML8 5UF
Posted by junjul (as ),
I've been with Hazelhead for 8 years since my stroke. It's a great service.
I had the odd hiccup the first month but everything since has been fine. I need to take medication after breakfast and they weren't coming early enough but now they are in at 8am every morning.
I know all the girls well. The girls are helpful, cheery and do that bit extra for me.
Do you have a similar story to tell? Tell your story & make a difference ››


text:
"Brilliant help when my knee locked"
About: Cheltenham General Hospital Cheltenham General Hospital Cheltenham GL53 7AN South Western Ambulance Service NHS Foundation Trust / Emergency ambulance South Western Ambulance Service NHS Foundation Trust Emergency ambulance Exeter EX2 7HY
Posted by Earthy327 (as ),
My knee locked and 3 paramedics came out to help me and took me to Cheltenham A&E. The paramedics were called Mary, Joyce and Murly. They were very caring and supportive and gave brilliant service which I couldn't fault. My wife is disabled and they even cared for her too and made sure we both knew what was going on. When I went to A&E, I was given a muscle relaxant which sorted me out. I want to say a huge thank you especially to the paramedics.
Response from Sara Coburn, Patient Engagement Manager, Governance, South Western Ambulance Service Foundation Trust 4 years ago
Hi Earthy327
Thank you for sharing your story - I'm pleased that your knee is better.
It is always really nice to hear that our staff are continuing to deliver great care to patients when they need it most. I will share your comments with Mary, Joyce and Murly who, I am sure, will appreciate your comments very much.
Thank you again
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Thank you for your feedback.
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Response from Cheltenham General Hospital 3 years ago
Thanks very much for sharing this feedback - we will pass it on to the teams involved in your care.
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Thank you for your feedback.
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I saw this question about if heavy make up worn every now and then was a deal breaker, and about 70% of guys said yes. (as of question submission)
So, what IS heavy make up? What's too much?
I just want your honest opinions, so, no anon answers :)
Oh, and to make everything as fair as possible-I've used 1 woman as the sample, Kim Kardashian. (since preference might sway the answers if the women are different)
Shows no make up as visual reference since I can't show what just mascara... just lipstick... just concealer etc looks like (I have to put 1 picture for each poll option) Pick this if you think ANY make up is too much-option 1
Covering acne and darkness-option 2
Fresh faced-added blush and a light lip color, maybe a little mascara-option 3
A little glam (more mascara, a bolder eye, a bolder lip color, usually not in combo)-option 4
Full glam (many bold elements together)-option 5
ENJOY and no fighting!
- Any at all is too much (ANYTHING, lip gloss, mascara, concealer, any is too much)Vote A
- Enough to cover acne/hyperpigmentation/dark circles (foundation, concealer)Vote B
- Enough for a fresh face (possibly light blush, a little mascara, and a simple lip color)Vote C
- A little glam (prominent eye shadow, winged liner, red lip-usually not done in combination)Vote D
- Full Glam (many bold components used at once)Vote E
Most Helpful Guy
I honestly don't care about makeup UNLESS it will rub off.
So if it rubs off when on me when we are making out or something.
That is where I need to go shower right away. but I really don't mind any other.
No makeup or a lot of makeup doesn't bother me11|00|0
so tolerant, waffles :)
thanks for mho
Most Helpful Girl
Obviously the last one is a bit too much for everday wear lol. But it's nice to wear heavier makeup for special events. i don't know what my everyday makeup would be considered but i usually wear foundation, mascara and lipstick and i'm good to go. Though , i do think it's very childish to reject a woman just because she wears heavier makeup on a daily basis.22|00|0


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<< INSTRUCTIONS >> (UPDATED WITH v2.0 Build 4)
1. Make Sure You Have Installed Link2SD Main App From Play Store Only.
2. Make Sure Link2SD Plus Key Is Not Installed.
3. Now Click Patch Button And Grant ROOT Access,It Will Patch.
4. Now After Patching You Will See Link2SD Plus Key Installed In Your App Drawer,Open It And It Will Give You LICENSE Error Just Ignore It.
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6. UNINSTALL Patcher After LICENSE VERIFIED On Link2SD Key Because Link2SD Main App Scans "p.jasi2169" If Found Shows PACKAGE INVALID Even If LICENSE Is VERIFIED So Please UNINSTALL My Any Patcher You Have For Example SUBWAY SURFERS,TEMPLE RUN Etc
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8. Remember Do Not Uninstall The Link2SD Plus Key.
9. Remember It Wont Work On Every Device So Dont Blame Me This Is Because Of Different Configurations.
10. Good Luck...");
- This Is Free If You PAID For It You Just Got Screwed !!
Changelog :-
- v2.1 Build 5
- Fix Force Close Issue For Some Firmwares For Example CyanogenMod 12 Which Happens When SuperSu App Not Found Like SuperSU Is Integrated In Privacy Gaurd In CyanogenMod So ThatsWhy Patcher Force Close At Startup When SuperSU Not Found Now I Fixed It / Thanks lolcocks For Testing
**Read How To Use First In The App**
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This theme is targeted for Candy5/CM12/Vanir/RR/AICP/LS Rom users. Has been FULLY tested on latest CM12 nightly.
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House of Bluez - Is a project that is early in its creation. For those who follow me from the Candy Shop on XDA. The addition of CM12 theme engine into Candy5 Rom brought this project about. I do plan on updating the theme as often as possible and adding things as updates go by. So this is NOT a final version.
It will also work on any custom rom including new theme engine. RESULTS may vary on other bases outside of the roms listed
Will include more compatiblity as time goes by.
This is also a great way for Candy5 Rom users to help support the team and future endeavors
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* Fonts
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* Eleven Music
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* Package Installer
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* Google Play Store
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* Many small details are so accented blue
* More to come 100%
What's New
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* Added Themed cLock
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a. Google Keep side drawer
b. Navi ring targets are white again
c. take advantage of new Cm commits
House of Bluez Theme - v2.0
* Fixed Whats app date/time bg
* Added more Ecliptic icons
* Added NEW Navibar keys
* Fixed Some missing icons from Bliss
This app has no advertisements
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House of Bluez - CM12 Theme v2.1 - android-zone.ws.apk - 9.4 MB
By caffeine
mono for cm12 v2.1
Requirements: 5.0+
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https://play.google.com/store/apps/details?id=com.yackovsky.mono'>>https://play.google.com/store/apps/details?id=com.yackovsky.mono Download Instructions:mono for cm12 v2.1.apk - 25.7 MB