text:
|Publication number
|Publication type
|Application number
|Publication date
|Sep 19, 2000
|Filing date
|Apr 9, 1998
|Priority date
|Sep 25, 1997
|Fee status
|Also published as
|Publication number
|Theodore J. Szczech, Toshitaka Nakajima, Mark D. Fiegen
|Original Assignee
|3M Innovative Properties Company
|Export Citation
|BiBTeX, EndNote, RefMan
|Patent Citations (40), Non-Patent Citations (10), Referenced by (7), Classifications (14), Legal Events (6)
|External Links: USPTO, USPTO Assignment, Espacenet
This application is a continuation-in-part of application Ser. No. 08/937,532 entitled "Dual Use Reflective Article", filed Sep. 25, 1997, now abandoned.
The present invention relates generally to articles used in conspicuity applications such as highway signs, and has particular application to situations it) where an off-axis stationary light source is used to illuminate such a sign.
The use of retroreflective sheeting for signing applications is known. "Retroreflective" as used herein refers to the attribute of reflecting an incident light ray in a direction antiparallel to its incident direction, or nearly so, such that it returns to the light source or the immediate vicinity thereof. Known sheeting constructions use miniature glass beads in connection with reflective coatings, or alternatively cube corner arrays, to retroreflect incident light. They are designed to provide specified brightness values for a range of entrance angles. For design purposes, a typical angular separation of the driver of a vehicle and the vehicle's headlamps is taken to be less than two degrees; many sheeting constructions specify retroreflective brightness at a narrow 0.2 degree observation angle. The terms "observation angle" and "entrance angle" are defined along with other related terms at the end of the detailed description section.
FIG. 1A depicts a typical situation where a vehicle approaches a highway sign 2 positioned at the side of the road. A portion 4 of the light emitted from a headlamp impinges at an entrance angle β on retroreflective sheeting 6 disposed on the face of the sign 2. Sheeting 6 can be, for example, one of a variety of Scotchlite™ brand reflective sheetings available from 3M Company, such as "Engineer Grade" or "High Intensity Grade" sheeting. The sheeting 6 retroreflects the incident light in a narrow cone 8 which includes the driver's eye 10. The cone 8 has an angular half width 12, measured from the central maximum out to 10% of maximum brightness, of about 1.7 degrees for standard "Engineer Grade" sheeting and about 0.75 degrees for standard "High Intensity Grade" sheeting. As the vehicle advances along the direction 14 of the road, the entrance angle β increases and the cone remains centered on the vehicle headlamp. Because the retroreflected light is confined to a relatively narrow cone, the perceived brightness of the sign can be relatively high, depending upon the angular proximity of the observer's eye to the light source.
FIG. 1B depicts an alternative arrangement similar to that disclosed in PCT, Publication WO 96/04638. A sign 2 is illuminated by a stationary light source 16, which is positioned at an entrance angle of about 0 to 30 degrees relative to portions of the sign. Retroreflective sheeting 18 on the sign face reflects light in a wide cone, defined by an observation angle ranging from 0 to about 40 degrees. The cone of reflected light is wide enough to include an observer or driver 10 traveling along the roadway direction 14.
The present application discloses articles which can be used to advantage in arrangements like that of FIG. 1B, while maintaining desirable retroreflective properties as in FIG. 1A. As shown in FIG. 1C, light 4 from light source 16 is incident at an entrance angle β on a reflective article 20. The reflective article 20 redirects the light preferentially into two beams 22,24. The article 20 is designed such that one ol the beams 24 is directed towards and fills an observation zone 26. The light source 16, of conventional design, is located outside of the observation zone. Efficiency is enhanced by reducing wasted light, thereby increasing the amount of light available to illuminate the observation zone. The brightness of the observed bean 24 relative to the nonobserved beam 22 can be enhanced by using reflective elements in the article which have highly nonorthogonal reflecting surfaces in contrast to conventional cube corner elements.
The present application discloses a reflective article having a structured surface which includes a first and second array of reflective elements. The first array includes elements which have at least a first, second, and third reflecting face arranged to retroreflect incident light in a retroreflected beam. The second array includes elements which have at least a fourth, fifth, and sixth reflecting face arranged to reflect incident light in a second beam at an observation angle greater than 2 degrees. When the article is used in sheeting for signing applications, the second beam can be light originating from a stationary light source, the second beam illuminating an observation zone of interest, and the retroreflected beam can be light originating from a moving light source such as a vehicle headlamp.
FIGS. 1A-B depict typical viewing and lighting scenarios for known retroreflective sheeting.
FIG. 1C depicts a viewing and lighting scenario for reflective articles disclosed herein.
FIG. 2 is a magnified plan view of a structured surface of a disclosed reflective article.
FIG. 3 is a further magnified representation of a side view of two reflecting surfaces in the structured surface.
FIGS. 4A-C depict the reflective characteristics of an example reflector.
FIG. 5 shows an illumination and observation geometry for the example reflector.
FIG. 6 shows a reflective article such as reflective sheeting mounted in position relative to a light source and an observation zone of interest.
FIG. 7A is a plot of the measured divergence profile of the example reflector.
FIG. 7B is a magnified portion of FIG. 7A with a representation of an observation zone superimposed thereon.
FIG. 8 is a plot of the predicted divergence profile of the example reflector.
FIG. 9 is a plot of the predicted divergence profile of another reflective article.
FIGS. 10A-J are a series of plots of the predicted divergence profile for certain reflective articles having reflective elements with one dihedral angle less than 90 degrees in one degree increments.
FIGS. 11A-J are a series of plots of the predicted divergence profile for certain reflective articles having reflective elements with one dihedral angle greater than 90 degrees in one degree increments.
FIGS. 12A-B are plots of the predicted divergence profile for reflective articles having groove spacings different from the example reflector.
FIG. 13 is a plot ol the predicted divergence profile for a reflective article similar to the example reflector except that the structured surface has a coating thereon with 90% reflectivity.
FIG. 14 is a plan view of a reflective article having at least two different arrays of reflective elements.
FIG. 15 shows a dual use reflective article mounted in position relative to a light source and an observation zone.
FIG. 16 shows a magnified plan view of a PRIOR ART structured surface which can be made to incorporate both reflective and retroreflective elements.
FIG. 17 is a magnified plan view of a portion of a structured surface incorporating a variety of reflective elements interspersed in a repeating pattern.
FIG. 18 is a simplified version of the view of FIG. 17, identifying different types of reflective elements.
FIG. 19 is a plot of predicted divergence profile for an article having the structured surface of FIG. 17 as a rear surface.
In the drawings, the same reference symbol is used for convenience to indicate elements which are the same or which perform the same or a similar function. Numerals enclosed in boxes represent brightness levels in units of cd/lx/m2.
FIG. 2 is a plan view of a rear structured surface 28 of an example reflective article that was fabricated and whose reflective properties were measured. The article has a front surface 30 (see FIGS. 4A-C) opposite the rear surface, through which incident and reflected light passes. Arrays of solid tetrahedral prisms 32,34 formed in the rear surface 28 reflect the incident light. Prisms 32,34 each have three mutually reflecting surfaces as shown at 36b,38b,40b and 36a,38a,40a respectively arranged about a base triangle. At least two reflecting surfaces of a given prism are arranged at a highly nonorthogonal dihedral angle to direct the reflected light preferentially into one of two beams for certain orientations of the incident light. Preferably, only two of the reflecting surfaces are so arranged, and the remaining reflecting surface pairs differ from orthogonality by a relatively small amount. Where the article is of unitary construction such that the base triangles do not correspond to a physical boundary between two layers, the tetrahedral prisms can also be considered to be trihedral prisms.
Prisms 32,34 are bounded by a plurality of parallel groove sets 36,38,40. The groove sets are preferably coplanar, and each groove set intersects the other two groove sets at an included angle of about 60 degrees to define equilateral base triangles for the prisms 32,34. If one wished to form a truncated cube corner with the dihedral angle between each pair of adjacent faces equal to 90 degrees, all of the grooves would have a groove full angle (the dihedral angle between two opposed prism faces, e.g. 36a,36b, that meet at a groove bottom) of about 70.5288 degrees. (Groove side angles would therefore be about 35.2644 degrees.) The example article instead used groove angles which radically departed from these orthogonal-producing angles: all of the grooves in groove set 36 used a full groove angle 10 degrees greater than the orthogonal-producing full groove angle (i.e., about 80.5288 degrees), and all of the grooves in groove sets 38,40 used a full groove angle 10 degrees less than the orthogonal-producing full groove angle (i.e., about 60.5288 degrees). The resulting tetrahedral prisms 32,34 had highly nonorthogonal reflecting surfaces--notably, surfaces 38b and 40b of prism 32 and surfaces 38a and 40a of prism 34--as seen from a comparison of dihedral angles between the example reflector and an ideal cube corner retroreflector in Table 1 below.
TABLE 1______________________________________PRISM DIHEDRAL ANGLES (IN DEGREES)Prism Faces Example Reflector Cube Corner Difference______________________________________38a, 40a 83.1662 90 -6.833836a, 38a 89.7824 90 -0.217636a, 40a 89.7824 90 -0.217638b, 40b 83.1662 90 -6.833836b, 38b 89.7824 90 -0.217636b, 40b 89.7824 90 -0.2176______________________________________
FIG. 3 is a representation (not to scale) of highly nonorthogonal reflecting surfaces 42,44 such as surfaces 38a,40a or surfaces 38b,40b, compared to orthogonal cube corner surfaces 42',44'. The dihedral angle 46 differs from 90 degrees by more than 2 degrees, and more preferably by at least about 4 degrees, and most preferably by about 6 to 8 degrees, so as to exhibit the beneficial asymmetric reflective properties disclosed herein.
The tetrahedral prisms 32,34 have 180 degree rotational symmetry about each groove set 36,38,40, thus forming "matched pairs" of prisms relative to each such groove set. A matched pair comprises one prism 32 and one prism 34. The rear surface is thus seen to comprise densely packed matched prism pairs. Prisms 32,34 also have mirror image symmetry about groove set 36. Groove set 36 is designated a "primary" groove set because the prisms have both rotational and mirror-image symmetry about it.
In addition to having the highly nonorthogonal reflecting surfaces, the example reflector used a very small groove spacing of 0.001 inches (25.4 μm) for each of the groove sets 36,38,40. This dimension is about 50 wavelengths of visible light at 555 nm, in about the middle of the visible spectrum and at the peak sensitivity of the human eye. No reflective coating was applied to the rear surface of the example reflector, as will be explained below, leaving the prism faces exposed to air so that total internal reflection (TIR) could occur at the prism faces. "Air" includes both atmospheric gasses at standard pressures as well as vacuum.
The prisms 32,34 are formed initially on a master mold by directly machining on a substrate the plurality of intersecting groove sets 36,38,40 using a diamond tool or other suitable procedure. The master mold substrate is preferably a unitary substrate made of copper or other suitable material that resists burring. A reflective article is then produced in the conventional manner: first a negative copy ol the master mold is made, such negative copy referred to as a "stamper", and then a negative copy of the stamper is made in one surface, defined as the rear or structured surface, of a transparent sheeting. The reflective article thus has a rear surface which is a positive copy of the master mold. The reflective article of the example was a positive copy of the master mold in a 0.41 mm thick substrate of polycarbonate. Substrate thicknesses of less than about 1 mm are recommended for reflective sheeting where it is desirable to wind the sheeting on a roll for ease of storage and shipment. Such sheeting has an edge aligned in either a perpendicular or parallel fashion with one of the groove sets, preferably the primary groove set, for ease of installation. Polycarbonate has an index of refraction of about 1.6 over the visible portion of the spectrum, from about 400 to 700 nm. Polycarbonate has a relatively low dispersion, having an Abbe value of 34. Other transparent materials having various refractive indices and dispersion values in the wavelength range of interest can be used. For most applications flexible, durable materials having relatively low dispersion in the visible are preferred. Polymers are generally preferred for low cost an(d ease of manufacture. In one alternate embodiment the solid prisms can be composed of one material such as polycarbonate and the base triangles of the prisms can contact a thin base layer composed of a more flexible transparent material, the two-layer structure providing sheeting of enhanced flexibility. Such article can be made by cast and cure techniques such as those disclosed in U.S. Pat. No. 5,175,030 (Lu et al.) and U.S. Pat. No. 5,183,597 (Lu).
"Negative copy" as used herein refers to a copy of a given surface wherein the copy has inverted features complementary to features on the given surface such that the negative copy and the given surface can be brought into mating contact with each other; a "positive copy" of the given surface refers to an article produced from an even number of successive negative copies of the given surface. Both positive and negative copies also include enlarged or reduced articles that differ from the above description only by an isotropic scaling factor.
FIGS. 4A-C illustrate in simplified fashion the results of tests to measure the reflective properties of the example reflector. In the figures, a reference axis 48 is shown normal to the flat front surface 30 of the example reflector 50. The primary groove set 36 in the rear surface 28 is oriented along line 52. Arrow 4 represents incident visible white light from a slide projector. The angle β is the entrance angle of the incident light and cc is the observation angle of a given reflected beam. In FIG. 4A, light was incident at β≈11.5 degrees from below in a plane perpendicular to the plane of the drawing and containing reference axis 48. Two reflected beams 54,56 were observed at observation angles α of about 18 degrees on opposed sides of the incident beam. The measured brightness of the beams 54,56 were the same within 10%: beam 54 was 2.07E+4 cd/m2 and beam 56 was 1.87E+4 cd/m2. In FIG. 4B, light was incident at an entrance angle β≈25.5 degrees generally from the right of reference axis 48 as shown.
Two reflected beams 58,60 were again observed but surprisingly one of the beams was much brighter than the other. Beam 58, at α≈18 degrees, had a measured brightness over 7 times that of beam 60, which was disposed at α≈21 degrees. The measured brightnesses were 1.17E+4 and 1.49E+3 cd/m2 respectively. In FIG. 4C, light was incident from the other side of reference axis 48 again at an entrance angle β≈25.5 degrees. Two reflected beams were again observed, and again one beam was over 7 times brighter than the other. Beam 62 in FIG. 4C, at α≈18 degrees, had a measured brightness of 1.15E+4 cd/M2, and beam 64, disposed at (α≈21 degrees, was measured at 1.46E+3 cd/m2. Note that reflected beams 54,56,58,60,62,64 are not retroreflected beams directed back to the source, nor are they "glare" resulting from simple specular reflection off the front surface of the article. Note also that in both FIGS. 4B and 4C, the brighter reflected beam is closer to the reference axis (i.e., has a smaller angle of deviation therefrom) than each of the incident beam and the other reflected beam.
In summary, the example reflector was observed to split the incident light into two main reflected beams directed away from the source. Further, for certain oblique entrance angles, as may be encountered where a light source mounted on a roadside illuminates a sign positioned above the roadway, the reflector produced a higher brightness beam on one side of the light source than on the other side. Advantageously, the high brightness beam is directed toward the reference axis, where the roadway and expected observers would ordinarily be located.
The divergence profile of the same example article was measured at a different illumination geometry, shown in FIG. 5. The light source 16 was disposed at an entrance angle β≈18 degrees, and at an orientation angle ω≈18 degrees relative to a datum mark 65 parallel to primary groove set 36. A visible light detector 66 scanned an area to map the reflected brightness as a function of observation angle cc and presentation angle γ.
The illumination geometry of FIG. 5 was used to simulate the sign placement layout shown in FIG. 6. In FIG. 6, a sign 68 is positioned at a height H1 above a reference plane 70 that corresponds to the roadway or to a plane above the roadway at the level of an average observer's eye. Three fixed observation zones Z1,Z2,Z3 located in reference plane 70 can correspond to lanes of traffic on the roadway, with observers moving along the lengths thereof. These zones have equal widths W and have front and rear boundaries at lengthwise distances D1,D2 from the projected sign position. Sign 68 is aligned with a lengthwise bisector of the middle zone Z2. Distances D3,D4, and height 112 above reference plane 70 specify the position of light source 16, which is located at the side of the road outside of the observation zones. Table 2 gives the design values in meters for the labeled distances in FIG. 6.
Plotting the data obtained from the detector of FIG. 5 yields the divergence profile shown in FIG. 7A, for the example reflector. Isobrightness contours are equally spaced in brightness value. A sufficient number of contours are labeled with brightness values in units of cd/lx/m2 to enable the reader to ascertain the brightness value of any other contour. The brightness value labels are placed in boxes to distinguish them from ordinary reference numbers. The center point 72 of the plot corresponds to retroreflection directly back toward the source. Another point 74 corresponds to the reference axis 48. A line segment 76 passing through center 72 and point 74 serves as a reference from which presentation angle γ is measured. The concentric circles centered about point 72 are for reference and show the observation angle ox.
Little or no significant light--i.e., no light above a selected background or reference intensity level, such as 0.5 cd/lx/m2, the amount of diffuse reflectance from an ideal lambertian surface--is retroreflected back to the source. Instead, the example reflector produces two distinct beams 78,80 on opposed sides of the incident beam. The "lower" beam 78 seen in FIG. 7A overlaps and surrounds the reference axis 74. Lower beam 78 propagates to the right of light source 16 in the general direction of zones Z1-Z3 (see FIG. 6), while "upper" beam 80 propagates to the left of light source 16 away from observers in zones Z1-Z3. Consistent with the results depicted in FIGS. 4B-C, beam 78 has a peak brightness significantly higher than that of beam 80. With the present illumination geometry, however, the observed ratio was about 2, less than the previously observed ratio greater than 7. The measured peak brightnesses were 21.6 cd/lx/m2 and about 10 cd/lx/m2. In comparison, beaded sheeting currently available (part no. HV-8100 sold by 3M Company), which reflects incident light into a wide observation cone as in FIG. 1B, is specified at a brightness of about 0.5 cd/lx/m2 at a 20 degree observation angle.
In addition to the brightness asymmetry between beams 78,80, there is a shape asymmetry of the beams insofar as beam 78 has a substantially different shape than beam 80. Beam 80 has two relative maxima both located at about equal observation angles but displaced in presentation angle to such an extent that two separate lobes, separated by a region having a brightness less than half that of either maxima, can be identified. Beam 78 also has two relative maxima located at about equal observation angles and displaced in presentation angle. However, the region between the relative maxima in beam 78 differs in brightness from that of either maxima by less than 20%, resulting in a more uniform beam profile compared to beam 80.
FIG. 7B shows superimposed on an enlarged portion of FIG. 7A an observation zone outline Z. Outline Z is a representation in α,γ coordinates of the position of an automobile driver located anywhere within zones Z1, Z2, or Z3. As can be seen, the example reflector fills zone outline Z with a minimum brightness of 4 cd/lx/m2, and up to 20 cd/lx/m2 or more in some locations. The extent or "width" of beam 78 in observation angle, measured at a 4 cd/lx/m2 brightness, is well within a factor of two times the extent in observation angle of zone outline Z. The "width" of beam 78 in presentation angle, similarly measured, is roughly two to three times that of zone outline Z. By this measure, the size of beam 78 is reasonably well matched to the observation zone. The effectiveness of the example reflector is enhanced by such matching of the beam 78 size to the observation zone, by the asymmetric brightness characteristic for oblique angles of incidence, and by the reflector's low or negligible retroreflectivity.
It is possible to shift the relative position of zone Z and beam 78 by making another reflector with a slightly modified structured surface, or instead by simply moving the light source 16 if feasible to a new position having a different entrance angle β and/or orientation angle ω. In this way illumination of zone Z can be optimized for maximum average brightness or for best uniformity by making minor adjustments to the placement of the light source. This will also permit the same sheeting to be used in two different applications where the size or position of the observation zones relative to the sign differ, for example overhead versus roadside mounting of a sign. To the extent light from the light source is incident across the face of the reflector over a range of β, ω values, it is desirable to have a reflected beam 78, for any given β, ω value within that range, somewhat larger than zone Z.
If it is desired to test alternative reflective element geometries different from the example reflector discussed above, one could manufacture new high precision molds with the desired geometries, fabricate reflective sheetings from the molds, and make direct measurements from the sheetings. A convenient lower cost alternative is to use a computer program or model to predict optical properties such as the divergence profile of a given desired geometry. This latter approach was used to test alternative reflector designs.
The computer model used took into account reflection, refraction, and diffractive effects. Reflections from the surfaces of the reflective elements took into account the differences between s- and p-polarized light. The model set up an array of individual rays all having a desired entrance angle and orientation angle uniformly across the base triangles of the various prism elements. The calculated output rays were processed to yield a divergence profile. Unless noted, a light wavelength in about the middle of the visible spectrum, ˜555 nm, was used, and a refractive index of 1.6 was used.
FIG. 8 shows the calculated divergence profile for the geometry of the example article as described above and for the illumination geometry β=18�, ω=18�. As in FIG. 7A, the center point 72 represents perfect retroreflection, point 74 represents the reference axis 48 normal to the reflector, and line segment 76 corresponds to γ=0�.
Comparison of the calculated divergence profile of FIG. 8 with the observed profile of FIG. 7A demonstrates that the computer model can be relied upon to draw general conclusions about the divergence profile of a given structured surface geometry. First, the overall two-beam pattern, with the beams located on opposed sides of the incident light direction, closely approximates the observed pattern. Second, the observation angle coordinates of the dominant maxima for each beam are close to the observed values, at α≈18�. Third, the presentation angle coordinates of the beams generally agree with the observed beams, except for the elongated feature in the observed upper beam at α≈7�, γ≈90�. Fourth, both figures show an asymmetry relative to point 72 in beam shape between the lower and upper beams. Although there are differences in detail between the calculated and observed beam shapes, the lower beams in both cases span an angle Δα of between 10 and 15 degrees and a presentation angle Δγ of between about 40 and 50 degrees, measured at a 2 cd/lx/m2 brightness level. This light level equals about 10% of the maximum brightness of beam 78 in FIG. 7A.
Some differences between the observed and calculated beams include details of the number or precise position of relative maxima within a beam. More significantly, the calculated divergence profile of FIG. 8 shows about equal maximum brightnesses of the two reflected beams in contrast to the factor of two observed in FIG. 7A.
With the capabilities and limitations of the computer model in mind, additional calculated divergence profiles will now be discussed for reflective elements that differ from those of the example reflector in order to demonstrate the effect of a change in the structured surface of the reflector. The illumination geometry is the same as that of FIG. 8 unless noted.
Turning to FIG. 9, a divergence profile is shown there for an article like the example reflector except that full groove angles of about {81.47, 60.28, 60.28} degrees were used, resulting in dihedral angles between the tetrahedral prism faces of about {83, 90, 90} degrees. These values can be compared with the approximately {83.2, 89.8, 89.8} degree dihedral angles of the example. Comparing FIG. 9 with FIG. 8, the 0.2 degree change in dihedral angles is seen to produce an article which again redirects light into two general reflected beams, asymmetrically shaped with respect to each other, on opposed sides of the incident light direction. The beams of FIG. 9 have similar α,γ coordinates to those of FIG. 8. The lower beam of FIG. 9, however, is less spatially uniform than its counterpart in FIG. 8. The lower beam of FIG. 9 has a more pronounced 2-lobed beam shape, with one lobe being nearly centered on reference axis 74.
Turning now to FIGS. 10A-10J, the effect of decreasing dihedral angle deviation from 90 degrees is demonstrated in 1 degree increments. Groove angles are introduced such that FIG. 10A represents a structured surface with each tetrahedral prism having a single one degree deviation, i.e. dihedral angles of {89, 90, 90}, FIG. 10B represents a two degree deviation, i.e. dihedral angles of {88, 90, 90}, and so on. FIG. 10G is identical to FIG. 9. As shown, a deviation greater than about 2 to 3 degrees is required before any noticeable asymmetry is observed between the two reflected beams. Therefore the reflective articles of at least FIGS. 10D-J are herein referred to as having reflective elements with "highly nonorthogonal" reflecting surfaces. Note that for deviations of about 7 degrees or more the lower beam degenerates (at a level of 2 cd/lx/m2) into two distinct lobes or daughter beams which, although not ideally suited for uniform illumination of a single large observation zone, may be useful for other applications.
FIGS. 11A-J are similar to FIGS. 10A-J respectively except that the dihedral angle deviations from 90 degrees are of opposite polarity in 1 degree increments. FIG. 11A thus relates to prisms with dihedral angles of {91, 90, 90}, and FIG. 11J relates to prisms with dihedral angles of {100, 90, 90}. A deviation greater than about 2 to 3 degrees is again required before noticeable asymmetry is observed. Note that the lower reflected beam advantageously has a calculated brightness value greater than the upper beam. Similar to the behavior seen in FIGS. 10A-J, deviations beyond about 8 degrees yields separation of the lobes of the lower beam at a 2 cd/lx/m2 light level.
The angular extent or "width" Δα,Δγ of the reflected beam is a function of diffraction effects, which in turn are a function of the relative size of the individual reflective elements to the wavelength of light used. FIGS. 12A-B show predicted visible light divergence profiles for structured surfaces with groove spacings different from 0.001 inches. It was found that a change in groove spacing also affected the reflected beam direction. Therefore new full groove angles and corresponding dihedral angles were selected to at least partially compensate for this effect. In FIG. 12A the groove spacing of all three groove sets was increased to 0.0015 inches (38 μm). This spacing equates to about 75 wavelengths of visible light. The full groove angles were adjusted to {81.3621, 59.6955, 59.6955} degrees for the three groove sets respectively, yielding dihedral angles of {82.62, 89.745, 89.745} degrees. In FIG. 12B the groove spacing was decreased to 0.0007 inches (18 μm), or about 35 wavelengths of visible light. Dihedral angles are the same as in FIG. 12A. A narrower spacing is seen to yield a generally wider lower beam with less drastic brightness variations across the beam, which will be advantageous in some applications. A wider spacing yields a more concentrated and nonuniform lower beam which may not adequately illuminate observation zone Z but may work well in other applications. For roadway geometries similar to FIG. 6, a groove spacing in the range of 0.0004 to 0.002 inches (10 to 50 μm, or 20 to 100 wavelengths of visible light) is generally preferred.
It is known to coat the structured surface side of prismatic sheeting with a thin reflective layer of metal. In the case of sheeting having elements with highly nonorthogonal reflecting surfaces, the effect of such reflective coatings in contact with the reflecting surfaces is a decreased overall brightness of the reflected beams and a reduced width of at least the lower beam. FIG. 13 shows the predicted divergence profile for the reflector of FIG. 8 except that a 90% reflectivity coating has been added to each of the three mutually reflecting prismatic surfaces. Comparison of the figures shows the advantage, if high brightness and spatial uniformity is desired, of keeping the reflecting surfaces uncoated and instead relying on TIR from the reflecting surfaces.
It is contemplated that groove sets that intersect each other at angles other than 60 degrees can also be used in order to form reflective elements which are canted. The grooves can be arranged to define base triangles that have exactly one included angle greater than 60 degrees, or instead that have exactly one included angle less than 60 degrees. The base triangles of the reflective elements can be isosceles or scalene. The groove side angles are selected to form tetrahedral prisms having at least two highly nonorthogonal reflecting surfaces, as described above. Alternately, reflective elements which are not defined by parallel groove sets, referred to in the art as full cube corner elements, whether canted or uncanted, can also be used.
A reflective article such as sheeting made in accordance with the principles disclosed herein can use conventional backing materials for sealing the prismatic elements in air, as well as adhesive layers and release sheets. See, for example, U.S. Pat. No. 4,938,563 (Nelson et al.), incorporated herein by reference. A conventional top film covering the smooth front surface 30 of the reflective layer can also be used for absorbing ultraviolet light which may damage the reflective layer. Dyes can be added or mixed with the reflective layer material to impart a colored appearance to the article.
Spatial uniformity of the beam reflected from the stationary light source towards the observation zone can be enhanced or otherwise modified by incorporating more than one type of reflective element matched pair in the structured surface of the reflective article. By tiling or otherwise incorporating different reflective element arrays on the same article, using known manufacturing methods, a sheeting can be produced having a divergence profile which is the average (or other weighted combination, according to the relative surface areas used) of the divergence profiles of the individual reflective element designs used.
FIG. 14 represents a sheeting 82 comprising adjacent striped areas 82a. Each area 82a is filled with an array of one kind of element, whether reflective or retroreflective. Areas 82a preferably have a width less than about 50 mm so that the individual areas are imperceptible from viewing distances of about 30 m or more, giving the sheeting a uniform appearance. Patterns other than stripes, such as rectangles, squares, and other geometric shapes, can also be used.
A unique advantage is achieved by including areas of retroreflective elements in sheeting 82 as well as areas of elements such as those disclosed above that are reflective but not retroreflective. Such sheeting 82, shown in FIG. 15, has dual utility. First, sheeting 82 directs light 84 from stationary light source 16 into a wide beam 86 that fills the observation zone Z. Second, sheeting 82 retroreflects light 88 from a source on a moving vehicle into a narrower beam 90 centered on the moving source. The sheeting 82 can thus be installed both in locations where a fixed light source will be illuminating the sign at an appropriate angle and in locations where no such light source is available. Even in those locations where such a source is provided, the retroreflective areas insure that the sign will remain visible to vehicle drivers if the stationary source fails to operate.
Since retroreflected beam 90 remains centered on the moving light source of the vehicle, such beam 90 will have high visibility to vehicle drivers even outside of zone Z where the observation angle of the driver's eye relative to the vehicle headlamp is very small. The retroreflected beam 90 is produced by conventional cube corner retroreflective elements such as those disclosed in U.S. Pat. No. 4,588,258 (Hoopman), U.S. Pat. No. 4,775,219 (Appledorn et al.) or U.S. Pat. No. 5,138,488 (Szczech), and is generally confined to about a two degree observation angle relative to the direction of incident light 88. Beam 86 in contrast is generally directed at observation angles beyond two degrees. Beam 86 is preferably produced by reflective elements having highly nonorthogonal reflecting surfaces as described above, although elements that produce symmetrical reflected beams may also be useable in some circumstances.
Table 3 shows one possible design for the article 82 of FIG. 14. The design repeats every 7 stripes. The structured surfaces of areas 82a are defined in terms of the deviation in each pair of groove side angles from the orthogonally-producing groove side angle of 35.2644 degrees (groove sets intersect at 60 degree included angles). One-seventh of the area is occupied by retroreflective elements, and the remainder is occupied by three different reflective element designs in order to produce a reflected beam 86 of improved uniformity and greater width. Such tiling increases the width of the reflected beam 86 where each reflective element array alone cannot fill the observation zone with an adequate amount of reflected light.
TABLE 3______________________________________ GROOVE SIDE ANGLE DEVIATION (IN MINUTES OF ARC)No. of Stripes Groove set 36 Groove set 38 Groove set 40______________________________________1 0 0 02 +200 -200 -2002 +350 -350 -3502 +400 -400 -400______________________________________
Table 4 shows an alternative simpler design that repeats every two stripes. The design comprises alternating areas of reflective elements associated with FIG. 11G, having {97, 90, 90} degree dihedral angles, and conventional cube corner retroreflective elements.
TABLE 4______________________________________ GROOVE SIDE ANGLE DEVIATION (IN MINUTES OF ARC)No. of Stripes Groove set 36 Groove set 38 Groove set 40______________________________________1 0 0 01 -273 +289 +289______________________________________
The structured surface of article 84 can have individual reflecting and/or retroreflecting elements of different sizes. For example, reflective elements in a first area 82a can have a first groove spacing and reflective elements in a second area 82a adjacent the first area can have a different groove spacing so that the elements have different sizes. Likewise retroreflective elements can be larger or smaller than the reflective elements.
The arrays of various reflecting and/or retroreflecting elements can also be interspersed with one another by modifying the PRIOR ART configuration shown in FIG. 16 (see U.S. Pat. No. 5,600,484). The magnified plan view shown there depicts three arrays of different elements 92,94,96. Elements 94,96 have the same set of dihedral angles since their reflecting surfaces are coplanar with each other. Reflecting surfaces of elements 92 however are formed independently of elements 94,96. Advantageously, groove angles can be selected such that elements 94,96 are retroreflective elements, having orthogonal dihedral angles, and elements 92 are reflective elements, having at least one nonorthogonal dihedral angle, or vice versa. However, this arrangement has less flexibility in choosing the ratio of areas covered by the respective arrays compared with the embodiment of FIG. 14. It also has less flexibility in choosing relative sizes of individual elements.
In an effort to produce a reflected beam having a wider angular extent and improved spatial uniformity, without having to tile a large number of different reflective element structured surfaces, a structured surface was designed which incorporated a variety of different reflective element types interspersed with each other on the structured surface in a repeating pattern. The various reflective element types each have at least one dihedral angle which differs by more than about 2 degrees from a right angle. The elements are defined by a repeating sequence of different (large) deviations in groove side angles relative to groove side angles that would produce 90 degree dihedral angles. For elements having equilateral base triangles, groove side angle deviations are measured relative to a nominal groove side angle of about 35.2644 degrees. For canted elements, groove side angle deviations are measured relative to the groove side angle that would produce a 90 degree dihedral angle.
A portion 104 of a structured surface, illustrated in FIG. 17, is illustrative. A complete structured surface would be composed of duplicates of the portion 104 generated when the respective sequences of grooves 106a-h, 108a-d, and 110a-d are extended and repeated across the surface. The groove sets 106, 108, 110 intersect each other at 60 degrees. Groove side angle deviations are depicted for each labeled groove in FIG. 17 and are given in minutes of arc. The groove side angle pairs associated with a sequence of grooves in a groove set are different. For example, the pair {-350,-200} for groove 108a is different from the pair {-200,-350} for grooves 108b and 108c. Or again, the pair {300,150} for groove 106a is different from the pair {300,300} for groove 106b which in turn is different from pair {150,300} for groove 106c. With the pattern so defined, six different types of reflective elements, each type having a different set of dihedral angles than the other types, are formed. The different combinations of groove side angle surfaces are listed in Table 5 along with the associated dihedral angles. The six reflective element types are assigned labels A through F.
TABLE 5______________________________________ DIHEDRAL ANGLEGROOVE SIDE DEVIATION FROMANGLE DEVIATION 90 DEGREES(IN MINUTES OF ARC) (IN DEGREES OF ARC)Groove Groove set Groove set Grooves Grooves Groovesset 106 108 110 108/110 106/110 106/108 TYPE______________________________________+300 -200 -350 -6.2975 -0.843 +1.033 A+300 -350 -350 -7.922 -0.843 -0.843 B+300 -350 -200 -6.2975 +1.033 -0.843 A+300 -200 -200 -4.6115 +1.033 +1.033 C+150 -350 -350 -7.922 -2.4835 -2.4835 D+150 -200 -200 -4.6115 -0.6618 -0.6618 E+150 -200 -350 -6.2975 -2.4835 -0.6618 F+150 -350 -200 -6.2975 -0.6618 -2.4835 F______________________________________
The different classes of reflective elements A-F are arranged on structured surface portion 104 as shown in the simplified view of FIG. 18, where groove side surfaces are not shown. It should be noted that there are more than six different kinds of reflective elements on portion 104 if shape and orientation of the individual reflective elements are considered. For example, although all of the elements labeled "A" in FIG. 18 have the same three dihedral angles shown in Table 5, some of those elements are rotated with respect to others, and some are mirror images of others (but are not congruent to each other).
Structured surface portion 104 has a divergence profile which is a combination of the divergence profiles of the many different reflective elements comprising it. The divergence profile was calculated using the previously mentioned computer model for a sheeting having as a rear surface the structured surface of FIG. 17, assuming: a groove spacing of 0.001 inches (25.4 μm) for all of the groove sets; an optical wavelength of ˜555 nm and a refractive index of 1.6; and illumination geometry β=ω=18 degrees. The result is shown in FIG. 19, where reference numerals 72, 74, and 76 have the same meanings as before. Two reflected beams, designated 112 and 114, are again seen on opposite sides of the retroreflection point 72. The peak brightness of both beams is relatively low (slightly above 4 cd/lx/m2) compared with predicted results shown for some of the previously described embodiments. However, beams 112,114 are generally more uniform than such previous embodiments and have a more rounded (less elongated) shape, at least at a brightness level of 1 to 2 cd/lx/m2. The more rounded beam shape means that sheeting having the structured surface 104 can illuminate a bigger viewing zone than a sheeting having a more elongated reflected beam. It also means that widely separated portions of a large sheet will have about the same apparent brightness at a given observation point, even though the separated portions are at substantially different entrance angles and/or orientation angles with respect to the light source. It should also be noted from FIG. 19 that even though beams 112,114 exhibit certain shape asymmetries relative to each other, the overall similarity of the beam shapes is surprising.
The structured surface of FIG. 17, and like surfaces, can be incorporated in a dual use sheeting or other article by the tiling techniques discussed above.
Beam: a quantity of light or region of reflectivity characterized by having a peak brightness and dropping below a given threshold such as 1% to 10% of the peak brightness beyond a bounded region characterizable as a beam outline.
Brightness: when referring to a beam of light, the amount of light expressed in candelas per square meter (cd/m2). When referring to a reflective article, the reflectance of the article, i.e., the reflected luminous intensity of the article divided by the normal illuminance and by the surface area of the article, expressed in candelas per lux per square meter and abbreviated cd/(lx�m2) or cd/lx/m2. For light outside of the visible spectrum, corresponding quantities expressed in radiometric rather than photometric terms.
Datum Mark: a mark (whether real or hypothetical) on a reflective article that is used as a reference to indicate orientation about the reference axis.
Divergence Profile: a representation, for a given illumination geometry, of the brightness of reflected light as a function of observation angle and presentation angle. Ordinarily, the representation takes the form of isobrightness contours plotted in (r,theta) polar coordinates with the r coordinate representing observation angle α and the theta coordinate representing presentation angle γ.
Entrance Angle (β): the angle between the illumination axis and the reference axis.
Entrance Half-Plane: a half-plane which originates on the reference axis and contains the illumination axis.
Groove Side Angle: the dihedral angle between a groove side and a plane extending parallel to the length of the groove and perpendicular to a base surface of the reflective article.
Illumination Axis: a line segment extending between the reference center and the source of illumination.
Light: electromagnetic radiation, whether in the visible, ultraviolet, or infrared portion of the spectrum.
Observation Angle (α): the angle between the illumination axis and the observation axis.
Observation Axis: a line segment extending between the reference center and a selected observation point.
Observation Half-Plane: a half-plane which originates on the illumination axis and contains the observation axis.
Orientation Angle (ω): the dihedral angle between the entrance half-plane and a half-plane originating on the reference axis and containing the datum mark.
Presentation Angle (γ): the dihedral angle between the entrance half-plane and the observation half-plane.
Reference Axis: a line segment extending from the reference center away from the reflective article, and which is ordinarily perpendicular to the reflective article at the reference center.
Reference Center: a point on or near a reflective article which is designated to be the center of the article for specifying its performance.
Visible Light: light detectable by the unaided human eye, generally in the wavelength range of about 400 to 700 nm.
All U.S. patents and patent applications referred to herein are incorporated by reference. Although the present invention has been described with reference to preferred embodiments, workers skilled in the art will recognize that changes can be made in form and detail without departing from the spirit and scope of the invention.
|Cited Patent
|Filing date
|Publication date
|Jul 9, 1923
|May 22, 1928
|Stimson Jonathan C
|Reflecting device
|Nov 19, 1937
|Feb 9, 1943
|Optical reflecting material
|Jan 4, 1971
|Jan 23, 1973
|American Cyanamid Co
|Retroreflective surface
|May 22, 1973
|Sep 3, 1974
|Amerace Esna Corp
|Retrodirective reflector visible over wide range of observation angles
|Jun 25, 1976
|Jan 3, 1978
|Beatrice Foods Co.
|Cube corner type retroreflectors with improved cube corner unit relationships
|Sep 12, 1977
|Apr 17, 1979
|Brynjegard Olaf G
|Method of making rolls for forming radar reflective surfaces
|Mar 28, 1984
|Jul 2, 1985
|Takanori Okoshi
|Three-dimensional image display apparatus and a screen therefor
|Jul 20, 1978
|Mar 18, 1986
|Minnesota Mining And Manufacturing Company
|Shaped plastic articles having replicated microstructure surfaces
|Jul 30, 1984
|May 13, 1986
|Minnesota Mining And Manufacturing Company
|Cube-corner retroreflective articles having wide angularity in multiple viewing planes
|Nov 21, 1986
|Oct 4, 1988
|Minnesota Mining & Manufacturing Company
|Cube-corner retroreflective articles having tailored divergence profiles
|Jul 26, 1988
|Jan 23, 1990
|Minnesota Mining And Manufacturing Company
|High efficiency retroreflective material
|May 20, 1988
|Jul 3, 1990
|Minnesota Mining And Manufacturing Company
|High efficiency cube corner retroflective material
|May 8, 1989
|Feb 5, 1991
|Minnesota Mining And Manufacturing Company
|Reflective sheeting material
|Mar 31, 1989
|Jun 16, 1992
|Minnesota Mining And Manufacturing Company
|Retroreflective articles having light-transmissive surfaces
|Jun 7, 1991
|Jun 16, 1992
|David Kazdan
|Safety lighting and reflector system
|Sep 10, 1990
|Aug 11, 1992
|Minnesota Mining And Manufacturing Company
|Retroreflective material with improved angularity
|Jun 1, 1990
|Dec 15, 1992
|Reflexite Corporation
|Retroreflective microprismatic material and method of making same
|Dec 8, 1989
|Dec 29, 1992
|Minnesota Mining And Manufacturing Company
|Microstructure-bearing composite plastic articles and method of making
|Aug 30, 1991
|Jan 26, 1993
|Raychem Corporation
|Liquid crystal display having improved retroreflector
|Feb 25, 1991
|Feb 2, 1993
|Minnesota Mining And Manufacturing Company
|Method of molding microstructure bearing composite plastic articles
|Mar 23, 1992
|Apr 13, 1993
|Societe Nationale Industrielle Et Aerospatiale
|Long range laser ranging device
|Oct 20, 1994
|Sep 24, 1996
|Minnesota Mining And Manufacturing Company
|Method of manufacturing a cube corner article
|May 19, 1995
|Sep 24, 1996
|Reflexite Corporation
|Method and apparatus for producing seamless retroreflective sheeting
|Oct 20, 1994
|Oct 15, 1996
|Minnesota Mining And Manufacturing Company
|Method of manufacturing an asymmetric cube corner article
|Oct 20, 1993
|Feb 4, 1997
|Minnesota Mining And Manufacturing Company
|Machining techniques for retroreflective cube corner article and method of manufacture
|Jan 19, 1996
|Jan 6, 1998
|Minnesota Mining And Manufacturing Company
|Dual orientation retroreflective sheeting
|Feb 4, 1997
|Dec 1, 1998
|Dbm Reflex Enterprises, Inc.
|Reflex pin with adjusted angle
|Jul 2, 1997
|Aug 10, 1999
|3M Innovative Properties Company
|Dual orientation retroreflective sheeting
|Dec 10, 1993
|Jun 16, 1994
|Hans-Erich Gubela Sr.
|Process for the manufacture of micro-double triple surfaces and their tools
|Feb 10, 1997
|Aug 20, 1997
|DBM Reflex Enterprises INC.
|Reflex pin with adjusted angle for manufacturing reflector assemblies
|Aug 7, 1997
|Feb 25, 1998
|Stanley Electric Co., Ltd.
|Title not available
|Title not available
|Dec 10, 1993
|Jun 23, 1994
|Gubela Hans Erich Sr
|Body or component with a surface having a micro-double triad and process for producing such a body
|Oct 20, 1994
|Apr 27, 1995
|Minnesota Mining & Mfg
|Novel machining techniques for retroreflective cube corner article and method of manufacture
|Jul 27, 1995
|Feb 15, 1996
|Minnesota Mining And Manufacturing Company
|Sign illumination system and method
|Feb 14, 1996
|Oct 3, 1996
|Reflexite Corporation
|Retroreflective prism arrays with uniform light distribution
|Jul 26, 1996
|Feb 13, 1997
|Nippon Carbide Kogyo Kabushiki Kaisha
|Microprism matrix
|Jul 22, 1996
|Feb 13, 1997
|Reflexite Corporation
|Retroreflective articles with multiple size prisms in multiple locations
|Dec 5, 1996
|Jul 24, 1997
|Minnesota Mining And Manufacturing Company
|Dual orientation retroreflective sheeting
|Eckhardt, H.D., "Simple Model of Corner Reflector Phenomena," Applied Optics, Jul., 1971, vol. 10, No. 7.
|Eckhardt, H.D., Simple Model of Corner Reflector Phenomena, Applied Optics , Jul., 1971, vol. 10, No. 7.
|Minato, Atsushi et al., "Optical Design of Cube-Corner Retroreflectors Having Curved Mirror Surfaces," Applied Optics, Oct. 1, 1992, vol. 31, No. 28.
|Minato, Atsushi et al., Optical Design of Cube Corner Retroreflectors Having Curved Mirror Surfaces, Applied Optics , Oct. 1, 1992, vol. 31, No. 28.
|Woltman, H.L. et al., "Sign Luminance as a Methodology for Matching Driver Needs, Roadway Variables, and Signing Materials," Transportation Research Record 1213, National Research Council, Washington, D.C.
|Woltman, H.L. et al., "Sign Luminance as a Methodology for Matching Driver Needs, Roadway Variables, and Signing Materials," Transportation Research Record 1213, National Research Council, Washington, D.C., 1989.
|Woltman, H.L. et al., Sign Luminance as a Methodology for Matching Driver Needs, Roadway Variables, and Signing Materials, Transportation Research Record 1213 , National Research Council, Washington, D.C.
|Woltman, H.L. et al., Sign Luminance as a Methodology for Matching Driver Needs, Roadway Variables, and Signing Materials, Transportation Research Record 1213 , National Research Council, Washington, D.C., 1989.
|Yoder, P.R. Jr., "Study of Light Deviation Errors in Triple Mirrors and Tetrahedral Prisms," Journal of the Optical Society of America, vol. 48, No. 7, Jul. 1958.
|Yoder, P.R. Jr., Study of Light Deviation Errors in Triple Mirrors and Tetrahedral Prisms, Journal of the Optical Society of America , vol. 48, No. 7, Jul. 1958.
|Citing Patent
|Filing date
|Publication date
|Aug 1, 2005
|Jul 19, 2011
|Astron Fiamm Safety S.P.A.
|Traffic safety integrated system, particularly in low visibility conditions and method of use of same
|Aug 27, 2012
|May 16, 2017
|Avery Dennison Corporation
|Retroreflector with low refractive index backing
|Mar 13, 2014
|Jul 11, 2017
|3M Innovative Properties Company
|Microtiled prismatic cube corner articles
|Apr 19, 2002
|Oct 24, 2002
|Hans-Erich Gubela
|Reflective mirror structure comprised of a multiplicity of prisms
|Aug 1, 2005
|Feb 21, 2008
|Astron Fiamm Safety S.P.A.
|Traffic Safety Integrated System, Particularly in Low Visibility Conditions and Method of Use of Same
|Feb 28, 2013
|Oct 17, 2013
|Facet Technology Corp.
|System for the determination of retroreflectivity of road signs and other reflective objects
|Apr 20, 2001
|Oct 24, 2002
|Sen Hans-Erich Gubela
|Umlenkspiegelstruktur, bestehend aus einer Vielzahl von Tripeln
|U.S. Classification
|428/156, 40/582, 359/530, 428/913
|International Classification
|Cooperative Classification
|European Classification
|Apr 9, 1998
Owner name: MINNESOTA MINING AND MANUFACTURING COMPANY, MINNES
Free format text: ASSIGNMENT OF ASSIGNORS INTEREST;ASSIGNORS:SZEZECH, THEODORE J.;NAKAJIMA, TOSHITAKA;FIEGEN, MARK D.;REEL/FRAME:009160/0240;SIGNING DATES FROM 19980330 TO 19980409
|Jul 27, 2000
Owner name: 3M INNOVATIVE PROPERTIES COMPANY, MINNESOTA
Free format text: ASSIGNMENT OF ASSIGNORS INTEREST;ASSIGNOR:MINNESOTA MINING AND MANUFACTURING COMPANY;REEL/FRAME:011010/0210
Effective date: 20000622
|May 27, 2003
|Certificate of correction
|Apr 7, 2004
|Maintenance fee reminder mailed
|Sep 20, 2004
|Lapse for failure to pay maintenance fees
|Nov 16, 2004
|Expired due to failure to pay maintenance fee
Effective date: 20040919


text:
The lack of kitchen drawers whether by choice or by necessity, can present a challenge when it comes to storage. Necessary items such as cutlery, towels, pots and pans have to be stored somewhere. Solve the problem of no drawers in the kitchen with storage solutions such as baskets, shelving, bakers' racks, bookshelves or a small pantry.
Storage Options
Various sized baskets can be placed on kitchen counters to provide attractive storage for smaller items in the kitchen. Cutlery and silverware fit well into small baskets; keeping these on the counter makes them accessible for everyone. Another alternative is to place small baskets in open shelving in the kitchen. Pull out the basket as you would a drawer. Cabinets with cubicle formations are particularly suited to this; choose baskets that are slightly smaller than the opening of the open shelf or cubicle. Another idea is to hang small baskets on the walls for storing food items such as onions and potatoes.
Open shelving in cabinetry with or without the use of baskets is a good option for storage in the kitchen. Vary the size of each shelf to suit your storage needs. Shelves are an especially good option for display if you have colorful pottery or china.
Bakers' racks are freestanding furniture pieces that fit well in most kitchens. With several shelves and often a bit of counter space as well, bakers' racks can hold many needed supplies in the kitchen. Available in wood, metal and combination finishes, bakers' racks can complement any decor. These pieces are handy because they can be moved from room to room if you desire.
The addition of a small pantry is a boon to any kitchen. Convert an unused corner into a pantry by putting up several rows of shelves. A closet can also be converted into a pantry with minimal effort. The pantry can have a door, or you can close off the area by hanging a decorative curtain in the opening.
Free-standing ready-made bookshelves can be used in the kitchen for more storage, possibly with baskets or other containers. Bookshelves in the kitchen are also a great way to store cookbooks and keep them handy.
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subset: commoncrawl


text:
As a result of project efforts, the secretary general of the Water Authority of Jordan issued a binding instruction making compliance with the requirements of the mandatory Jordan Water Operators Certification and Training program. The CAQA bylaw was approved authorizing the accreditation of the Jordan program, licensing of training providers and issuance of operator licenses to employees who meet the requirements including passing tests conducted/sanctioned by CAQA. In the Fall of 2012, CAQA accredited the Jordan program, licensed BAU as the training provider, and began issuing licenses to operators who have taken the OMT training and passed the tests. 188 Jordanian operators, managers, and engineers received 324 legally recognized certifications and licenses.
Final Report
Project Duration: 2008 - 2012


text:
The winner of the third annual Versitas Education Scholarship is Neeraj Goyal of UC Berkeley, Haas School of Business!
Applications for the 2017 scholarship will open in May.
Versitas is a corporate software training company, providing organizations with both onsite and online business skills training for their employees. We believe the software training needs of today's employees are far different than those of the past. With the more computer literate workforce of today, it's important to provide training that is targeted with specific information that will most benefit each organization's unique needs.
We understand the real world value of ongoing education. It's one of the main reasons why we are offering a scholarship to outstanding students pursuing majors in the business world. Our goal is to help you with your education, so you can go on to help others.
Scholarship Application Instructions
- Check your eligibility (see Eligibility Details section of this page).
- Fill out the Versitas Scholarship Survey.
- Write and Email a 400 word essay to Versitas (note: winning essay may be published on Versitas.com website).
Complete the Versitas Scholarship Survey
Complete this short survey first (Note: this survey is required but not used in the scholarship decision process).
Write an essay on the following topic in 400 words or less.
Essay Topic:
Will corporate software training be needed 10 years from now, and if so, what will the training look like?
Please include the following information on your cover page:
- Name
- School
- Field of Study
- Year of School
- Phone Number
- Email Address
Email the essay firstname.lastname@example.com
- Name your essay file as follows: [first name]–[last name]-versitas-scholarship-essay.pdf
- Email your essay in PDF format to firstname.lastname@example.com with the subject of the email reading "Versitas Scholarship Essay – [first name]–[last name]"
Questions? Email firstname.lastname@example.com.
Eligibility Details
- Scholarship Amount: $1,000.00
- Deadline: Submissions must by received by February 1, 2017
- Scholarship Award Date: February 3, 2017
- Number of Scholarships Available: 1
- Minimum GPA: 2.7
- Eligible Fields of Study: Business Administration, Human Resources, Management, Business & MBA, Adult Education
- Eligible Schools: Accredited Post Secondary Institutions as determined by the US Department of Education. http://ope.ed.gov/accreditation/


text:
ElkY wins first WSOP bracelet completes Triple Crown
Cross another big-time poker pro off of the list of "Best poker player without a bracelet" as Bertrand "ElkY" Grosspellier took home his first WSOP bracelet in the $10k Seven-Card-Stud Championship at the 2011 World Series of Poker. In the process ElkY became the fourth member of poker's Triple Crown club, joining Gavin Griffin, Roland de Wolfe, and Jake Cody (who completed the Triple Crown earlier in the 2011 WSOP) in the very exclusive club.
ElkY joins Jake Cody, Eugene Katchalov, Jason Somerville (who won the $1k NLHE tournament yesterday), and Allen Bari as first-time WSOP bracelet winners in 2011.
ElkY admitted that prior to this tournament he had never played Stud Poker –which seems to be a theme at the 2011 WSOP; Matt Perrins anyone— "As my friend pushed me to play he said I had a really good memory for the cards so I can analyze the cards and the combination… I think I caught up quickly and all the poker games are all similar. It's about reading your opponents and adapting to the situation. Of course I have a lack of experience but sometimes I think it (helped) me because I was playing really aggressive and getting my opponents to fold in some spots where they're not supposed to fold."
Here is a look the final table payouts from the $10k Stud Championship:
1. Bertrand Grospellier – $331,639
2. Steven Landfish – $204,924
3. Maxwell Troy – $128,341
4. John Hennigan – $92,928
5. Alexander Kostritsyn – $72,627
6. Chad Brown – $57,917
7. Kevin Tang – $47,032
8. Chris Tryba – $38,812
Results courtesy of wsop.com
Tags: Bari, Bertrand Grospellier, Best Poker Player, Big Time, Card Stud, Chad Brown, Crown Club, Griffin, Maxwell, Opponents, Poker Club, Poker Games, Roland, Stud Poker, Tang, Triple Crown, Tryba, world series, World Series of Poker, WSOP
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- • 2017 WSOP Main Event Won By 26 Year Old New Jersey Poker Player Scott Blumstein
- • King's Casino Owner And Australian Poker Player's $3 Million Poker Exchange Being Reviewed In Nevada Court
- • Philipp Gruissem wins another Super High Roller
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text:
Don't you just love how commercials attribute awesomely vague life-changing experiences to a particular product? "It won't happen overnight, but it will happen." But when, when will it happen? After a week, a month . . . or after you switch back to your old product? I guess skeptical ol' Bella won't ever know but I'll take Kelly LeBrock's word for it. Decades later, Pantene's still pushing its provitamin formula. So don't hate me because I'm beautiful, love me because I've uncovered this retro ad for you. Enjoy!
Join The Conversation
Oh lord...
I like the retro bottles lol
That "it won't happen now" comment was a bad marketing strategy. Sure, results might not be instant, but don't tell everyone that on a commercial. You're supposed to make your product sound like the best thing since sliced bread.
That's funny. Her hair looked just as frizzy and dry after she used it. maybe she is still waiting too.
LOL Kelly LeBrock is pretty.
I remember this!!!
No amount of pantene will fix that big frizzy perm.
Cute. I can't use Pantene products, they completely dry out my hair. :-/
Oh yes. I remember these commercials.
Haha, the big hair! Ahh! Thanks for this.
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An angel in us all: Pam Blanchard, Michael Wegner and Co. put on a musical for all communities
Nakeisha Armstrong, 7, a student at Malcom Bridge Elementary School, rehearses for ''An Angel Headed Your Way.''
Rebecca Breyer/Staff
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removed ivy and approx 10 loose bricks. mortar and bricks need putting back and adding capping...
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Very professional in all areas and did an excellent job. They shared some good ideas about the future development of our garden along the way too. We will be using them again in the future.
Excellent workmanship. So good in fact we have asked him to do a lot more work for us. Friendly, conscientious, clean and tidy.
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|Journal Category
|Thundering Steppes
|Journal Level
|25 (Tier 3)
|Journal Difficulty
|Starting Zone
|The Thundering Steppes more
|How to Start
|Talk to Turgen Bremhurst at Bridge Keep in The Thundering Steppes
What does this information mean?
Notes & PrerequisitesEdit
- Holly Rowan at the Village of Thundermist asks you to kill many of the same mobs for Helping Holly Rowan so it is a good idea to work the quests together.
- Turgen speaks only Halasian (the language of the Barbarians), therefore Halasian is required to obtain this quest.
Turgen askes you to kill a varying number of any one of several types of mobs. These include:
- Sirens, such as those near ( 1481, -15, 250 ) /waypoint 1481, -15, 250
- Skeletons (these are usually easiest to solo as there are enough solo skeletons just below the bridge where Turgen stands)
- Gnolls
- Giants
- Centaurs, such as those near ( -285, -62, -413 ) /waypoint -285, -62, -413
You can delete the quest and request a new one from Turgen if he offers you a choice you don't like.
- after several of these quests (usually 3), access to open the Bridge Keep gates during nighttime


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Interested in obtaining your GED in Mona UT? The GED examination is for adults who do not have their high school diploma. The certification that you receive upon passing the Utah GED examination is accepted as an equivalent credential to a high school diploma by employers and colleges throughout the United States.
The General Education Development (GED) examination tests basic skills that students learn about in high school. Lessons taught in GED classes include math, science, writing, reading, and social studies. Those are the subject areas that make up the General Education Development (GED) exam in Utah.
Many GED classes in Mona UT are offered at:
- Mona Public Libraries
- Mona Education Centers
- Mona Universities
- Mona Community Colleges


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Quiet Apartment in Beautiful Area (C)
Size28 m²
Floor No.(with elevator)
- Kitchen
- Hot tub
- Elevator in building
- Family/child friendly
- Lockable room
- Pets allowed
- Internet/WiFi
Accommodation summary
|Záhřebská, 120 00 Prague, Czech Republic
|Property type
|Property ID
|Acceptance rate
|Response time
|A few hours
|Calendar updated
This modern apartment is now furnished in a charming wood motif, and includes a bathroom and WC, a kitchenette with basic cooking utensils provided, together with a refrigerator, satellite TV and PC set connected to high-speed internet. The windows face south, to a garden located in the interior courtyard of the block of residential houses. You will find the apartment tidy, ready to use, and clean bedding and towels are provided.
This part is well known as the most beautiful and peaceful residential district of central Prague with a great choice of restaurants, bars and shops in the vicinity. It is away from the crowds of tourists, but close to all the important city sights by foot, also by public transport. A tramway and subway stops are nearby.
Houses in the district of Vinohrady were built as a residences between 1900 - 1940, including our house, which was built by our family in 1936. After the communists usurped power in 1948, the house became the property of the state until the "Velvet Revolution" in 1989. Shortly after this time, a general reconstruction of the building began and the apartments for tourists to rent were established.
House rulesStrictly non-smoking apartment.
Our house is a quiet and peaceful. It is not a good place for a loud night parties and celebrations.
a secured parking spot at house 10 EUR/ day, or free on street parking in a distance 5 min. by foot.
The stays usually begin and finish after noon and finish before noon.
Depending on vacancies and reservations, most stays can be arranged for morning check-in and evening check-out with no extra fee. You can also store you luggage as long as you need the last day.
|Weekly rate for 1 guest
|Monthly rate for 1 guest
|Price for > 1 guests
|$ 5 US per guest/night extra
|Maximum nights
|1 month
|Check-in after
|Check-in before
|On arrangement
|Check-out before
|Cancellation Policy
Reviews for this host's other properties
Schönes Apartment, wenn man gut zu Fuß ist auch alles so zu erreichen. Leider gab es trotz Angabe kein WLAN
Au troisième étage, très bon appartement. Bon rapport prix/qualité. Bon accueil de la part de Michal. A refaire.
Great apartment in a quiet central location. Very nice host. We were very pleased.
Tolles Apartment in ruhiger und zentraler Lage. Sehr netter Gastgeber. Wir waren sehr zufrieden.
Aufenthalt war sehr angenehm, Gastgeber hatte sofort gute insidertips, Abreise lief nach individueller Absprache! Apartment war fastend definitiv wert, gerne wieder
Super Preis/Leistungsverhältnis
Alles Sauber und in einem guten Zustand
Lage: 10min. bis uns Zentrum, Viele Bars und Restaurants, trotzdem ruhig
einziger Minuspunkt, die Dusche
It was really nice and charm stay in Prague. The attic appartment is cozy and suitable for short stays. Close to most interesting and historical places in Prague. Michal is very friendy host. He gave us many practicall informations about surroudings of appartment and advices what and how to explore Prague. We will comeback there soon!:)
Nice and clean place to stay, not far away from the City center.
Sehr gute Lage, in 10 Minuten zum Wenzelsplatz!
Netter Gastgeber, nette kleine Wohnung im Erdgeschoß. Einkaufsmöglichkeiten, Restaurants und Bars gleich um die Ecke. Absolut empfehlenswert!
The apartment is located in a nice quiet neighborhood close to the tram.
We arrived sent kl.23. We just had to ring the doorbell so we were received by the host. We got a nice introduction to the apartment and the area around us.
On the last day we had to be out of the apartment at. 13, but we could just leave our luggage stand until we were picked up at. 16. We rang the doorbell at. 15.40 to get our luggage. It was promptly brought to the door and we were told that we could well spend ourselves in this opportunity kl.16 where we would be picked. We chose to visit the local bar. All in all a good experience, we would like to return to
Lejligheden ligger i et dejlig roligt kvarter tæt på sporvogn.
Vi ankom sendt kl.23. Vi skulle blot ringe på dørklokken så blev vi modtaget af værten. Vi fik en fin introduktion til lejligheden og området omkring os.
På sidste dagen skulle vi være ude af lejligheden kl. 13, men vi kunne bare lade vores bagage stå indtil vi blev hentet kl. 16. Vi ringede på dørklokken kl. 15,40 for at få vores bagage. Den blev prompte bragte til døren og vi fik at vide, at vi godt kunne opholde os i lejligheden til kl.16, hvor vi ville blive hentet. Vi valgte dog at besøge den lokale bar. Alt i alt en god oplevelse, vi gerne vender tilbage til
We (2 adults + 1 child - 10 years old) really liked the apartment. Everything was very clean and tidy. We had more than enough space. In the apartment everything was available. By metro, there were only 2 stops from Wenceslas Square. Nearby restaurants were adequate (in every price range and for every taste type) exists. Gladly again !!
Uns (2 Erwachsene + 1 Kind - 10 Jahre) hat das Apartment sehr gut gefallen. Alles war sehr sauber und ordentlich. Wir hatten mehr als genug Platz. In der Wohnung war alles vorhanden. Mit der Metro waren es nur 2 Stationen zum Wenzelsplatz. In der Umgebung waren ausreichend Gaststätten (in jeder Preisklasse und für jeden Geschmackstyp) vorhanden. Gerne wieder!!
- Quality assured accommodation
- Every host is verified by telephone
- Secure payment via SSL encryption


text: People born in 1320. "John Hawkwood (c. 1320 – 14 March 1394), also known as Giovanni Acuto or Jean Haccoude, was an... John Hawkwood Pages in category "1320 births" This category contains only the following page. H John Hawkwood Retrieved from "http://assassinscreed.wikia.com/wiki/Category:1320_births?oldid=617333" Ad blocker interference detected! Wikia is a free-to-use site that makes money from advertising. We have a modified experience for viewers using ad blockers Wikia is not accessible if you've made further modifications. Remove the custom ad blocker rule(s) and the page will load as expected. Categories: 1320s births Add category Cancel Save


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The Pentax 90mm f/2.8 D FA 645 Macro ED AW SR Lens is a fast, medium-length lens (equivalent to 71mm in 35mm-format) for use with Pentax 645-mount medium format cameras. The f/2.8 maximum aperture provides greater control over depth of field and features rounded 9-blade diaphragm construction. This lens has the Pentax Quick-Shift Focus System for rapid switching between auto and manual focus modes, and integrates a Shake Reduction mechanism for countering the effects of camera shake or image blur.
Both an HD Coating and Aero Bright Coating are applied to lens elements in order to improve overall light transmission while reducing flare and ghosting. A Super Protect (SP) coating is also applied for protection against the elements and to ease cleaning of the lens. In addition to the SP coating, the overall construction of the lens is also weather resistant and dustproof.
Focal Length 90 mm
Aperture Maximum: f/2.8
Minimum: f/22
Camera Mount Pentax 645
Angle of View @ Infinity 34°
Minimum Focus Distance 1.36' (41.45 cm)
Diaphragm Blades 9
Elements/Groups 11/9
Magnification 0.5x
DOF Scale Yes
Distance Scale Yes
Autofocus Yes
Filter Thread Front: 67 mm
Weight 36.69 oz (1040 g)
Dimensions Approx. 3.56 x 4.39" (90.5 x 111.6 mm)
Package Weight 3.95 lb
Box Dimensions (LxWxH) 8.8 x 7.1 x 5.5"
There are no reviews at this time. Please check back later.
In our retail store, our commitment to customer service is second to none. This commitment continues on-line with Camera Canada . We doubt you will find another store anywhere that has the knowledge and talent that we have. That's a bold statement but it's true! Our Camera Canada staff include Certified Photographic Consultants, a certified photofinishing engineer and a professional Systems Design engineer PLUS we employ licensed professional photographers ready to assist you with your particular picture taking exploits!
Camera Canada


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French Canadian Meat Pie
READY IN: 1hr 35mins
Recipe by ratherbeswimmin
From Taste of Home--delicious!!
Top Review by sallee in Kingsville
i have a recipe that we've made in our family for years but i switched up the spices with your and found it very, very tasty indeed.... will now be our family recipe... thanks for posting
See Discussion:5 Reviews
Ingredients Nutrition
- 1 lb ground beef
- 3⁄4 lb ground pork
- 3⁄4 cup chopped onion
- 2 celery ribs, chopped
- 2 cloves garlic, minced
- 6 cups hot mashed potatoes (prepared without milk and butter)
- 1⁄4 cup chicken broth
- 1⁄2 teaspoon dried rosemary, crushed
- 1⁄2 teaspoon rubbed sage
- 1⁄2 teaspoon dried thyme
- 1⁄4 teaspoon dried marjoram
- salt and pepper
- 2 double crust pie crusts (9-inches)
- milk
Directions See How It's Made
- In a large skillet, cook the first five ingredients over medium heat until meat is browned and vegetables are tender; drain.
- Remove from heat.
- Stir in potatoes, broth and seasonings.
- Line two 9-inch pie plates with pastry.
- Divided meat mixture between crusts.
- Top with remaining pastry; trim, seal and flute edges.
- Cut slits in top.
- Brush with milk.
- Bake at 375 degrees for 30-35 minutes or until crust is golden brown.


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By Dave Sheinin
Washington Post Staff Writer
Tuesday, June 22, 2004; Page D01
BALTIMORE, June 21 -- At 11 a.m. Sunday, Mountain Daylight Time, the door to the Baltimore Orioles' clubhouse at Denver's Coors Field closed, and Manager Lee Mazzilli stood in front of his reeling team. The seventh game of a seven-game road trip was two hours away. To that point, the trip had included six losses, eight roster moves, one players-only meeting and countless layers of intrigue.
As Mazzilli addressed his players, perhaps the rookie manager for the first time could feel his clubhouse slipping ever so slightly away from him. Back in the salad days of April and May, when the Orioles were overachieving and hanging around the division lead, it was said many times that a manager's first big test does not come until his team struggles. And that time was now.
The meeting lasted about 10 minutes, and that afternoon the Orioles trudged through eight more innings of losing baseball before Brian Roberts's grand slam with two outs in the top of the ninth inning gave them a 4-2 win over the Colorado Rockies. The win snapped a seven-game losing streak and carried the Orioles back to Baltimore to face the New York Yankees, beginning Tuesday night, with a slightly better record (28-37) and an enormously better disposition.
"We haven't quit," Roberts said. "Nobody in here is a quitter."
In the meeting, Mazzilli did little more than repeat the same kind of clichéd platitudes managers of losing clubs have been spouting for generations.
"I told the guys, 'You worry about today,' " Mazzilli said before Sunday's game. " 'You win today, and when Tuesday comes, you worry about Tuesday. What happened last week, you can't bring back.' . . . I told them I believe in them. Right now, we're having a bumpy road. There's nothing you can do about that. Just continue to be positive."
Mazzilli's unwaveringly positive attitude and back-slapping clubhouse style drew rave reviews in spring training and in the first two months of the season, but the team has lost 21 of its last 29 games.
Asked before Sunday's game about the players' view of Mazzilli at this point, one veteran said, "I think it's fine. At this level, the players understand it's about the players, not the manager. We're the ones who have to get us out of this. There's no emotion anymore on the bench. That's on us."
Still, as injuries and under-performance have shifted roles, the list of disgruntled players has grown.
Right-hander Rodrigo Lopez complained through the media about being sent back to the bullpen. Right-hander Rick Bauer bristled privately about being forced into a game in Cleveland -- the first stop on the road trip -- with only eight to 10 warmup pitches in the bullpen, then came down with a mysterious case of shoulder soreness.
Second baseman Jerry Hairston, who has devolved into a utility player with his main job still blocked by Roberts, has told friends he is upset being stuck playing positions -- such as third base and left and right field -- where he is ill-prepared and exposed.
Meantime, injuries crushed the Orioles in the latter stages of the road trip, creating a semi-comical merry-go-round of roster moves over the weekend in Denver. At one point, infielder Jose Leon was optioned to Class AAA Ottawa on Friday night (to make room for newly signed David Newhan), then was told Saturday to return to Coors Field, because he was activated again with B.J. Surhoff placed on the disabled list. The only reason Leon was still in Denver was that the red-eye flight the Orioles tried to get him on Friday night was full.
The Orioles' dramatic win on Sunday does not obscure their obvious problems and shortcomings. Prior to Roberts's game-winning swing, the team was two strikes away from being shut out for the third time in two weeks.
A recent string of five straights games against left-handed starters exposed the team's lack of right-handed bench players, especially after Melvin Mora and Luis Matos went down with injuries.
Equally concerning is a team batting average of .245 with runners in scoring position, which ranks last in the league. Shortstop Miguel Tejada, whose six-year, $72 million contract is the longest and most lucrative in team history, is hitting only .241 and has grounded into 10 double plays in those situations.
"A couple of [clutch] hits last week, and it's a whole different story," Mazzilli said. "A break here and there, and you're not even close to [being in] this situation."
It also seems clear that, in hindsight, the front office lost on its gamble to entrust the team's fate to a young starting rotation, 40 percent of which -- right-hander Kurt Ainsworth and lefty Eric DuBose -- is now on the disabled list, and the other 60 percent of which has all struggled to varying degrees.
The team still has not figured out who will take DuBose's turn in the rotation on Saturday against Atlanta. Lacking palatable options within the organization, the front office may look outside -- something it has resisted for months while vowing to let its young pitchers pitch.
And in the meantime, the Orioles own their worst 65-game record since 1999, are in last place by percentage points, and will play 17 games in the next 16 days.
"We need to play the game like we did at the beginning of season," Mazzilli said. "It's June. There's a long way to go. Things can turn around very quickly. I know we're a better club than [we were] this week. There's no question in my mind."
� Where: Oriole Park at Camden Yards, Baltimore.
� When: Tonight, Wednesday and Thursday at 7:05 p.m.
� Tickets: Available for all games.
� Television: Tonight, WDCA-20, WJZ-13; Wednesday and Thursday on Comcast SportsNet.
� Radio: WTEM-980, WBAL-1090,WAGE-1200, WNAV-1430.
� Pitchers: Tonight, Orioles LHP Matt Riley (1-2, 7.11) vs. Yankees RHP Mike Mussina (7-4, 4.43). Wednesday, Orioles Erik Bedard (1-2, 4.33) vs. Yankees RHP Jon Lieber (5-4, 4.83). Thursday, Orioles RHP Sidney Ponson (3-9, 6.49) vs. Yankees RHP Javier Vazquez (7-5, 3.43).


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LAMPS PLUS Blog Policies
Take a look at this pictorial series of a home listed in the San Francisco area.
The house was designed in joint effort by an architect and a zen priest.
I'm not sure what a "zen priest" is but his involvement did make me curious to see the house. You can find out more about him here.
The lighting seems to be mainly indirect, like the undercabinet lighting in the kitchen pictored above.
If you want to try this in other parts of the house you could place spot lights behind architectural features and direct them at empty walls.
If the interior design resonates with you then look for natural materials and refined, utility-focused designs.
Check out our selection of Asian-style wood home furnishings for a similar look.
Photo courtesy of Openhomesphotography.com/bs.


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Please disable to continue reading.
LAST UPDATED : Aug 18, 2017, 01.05PM IST
TOMTOM-RESULTS/ (UPDATE 2):UPDATE 2-Dutch firm TomTom's bet on services business starts paying off
BUZZ-TomTom: Top gainer in Amsterdam, MS points out "virtuous ci:BUZZ-TomTom: Top gainer in Amsterdam, MS points out "virtuous circle"
TOMTOM-RESULTS/ (UPDATE 1):UPDATE 1-Dutch firm TomTom reduces revenue outlook as wearable devices drag
Actor Tom Hiddleston will portray the role of popular Shakespearean character, Hamlet on the stage of Royal Academy of Dramatic Art (RADA).
Copyright © 2017 Bennett, Coleman & Co. Ltd. All rights reserved. For reprint rights: Times Syndication Service


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Dues are charged on a per lane basis and are payable on a calendar year (January 1st - December 31st.) New members pay dues on a monthly pro-rated basis for the unexpired portion of the year.
If there is a local bowling proprietors association in place, state (NYSBPA) and national (BPAA) dues are paid through that local association.
Dues are as follows:
BPAA - $29.00 per lane
NYSBPA - $22.00 per lane
Total Cost: $51.00 per lane (plus any applicable local association dues)
Membership Application


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Featuring Model Prices and Specifications, plus Reviews,News and Videos.
PSA Peugeot-Citroen is looking for a partner - preferably another carmaker - to assist with the development of its new Hybrid Air compressed air...
Interested in a new car? Simply tell us the vehicle you are interested in and we can take care of the rest.
Get great offers, the latest news and reviews, photos, videos and more delivered straight to your inbox.


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Sudocrem / Infacol
Sudocrem® Healing Cream is a soothing emollient cream which aids and assists in the management of nappy rash, eczema, abrasions, minor skin irritations.
Sudocrem® soothes and heals the irritated area while protecting the skin from further irritation. Even the best cared for babies may experience nappy rash. Your baby's tender skin is delicate and can be irritated by stools, urine, humidity, detergents, soaps, alcohol and chemicals in lotions and oils.
Sudocrem® helps protect baby's skin from coming into contact with irritants, which is the best prevention of nappy rash. It also helps to soothe the burning and itching sensation of nappy rash, heal the skin and provides a protective barrier to assist in the management of nappy rash.
The healing properties of Sudocrem® also make it an effective treatment for minor skin disorders such as eczema, wounds, scratches, dermatitis, cuts, chafing, bites and abrasions. When applied in a small circular motion Sudocrem® leaves a translucent film, allowing skin to remain supple whilst you are able to see the wound healing. Sudocrem® can also be used to provide symptomatic relief of minor burns such as sunburn.
Available at:
60g, 125g and 250g Tub available in the baby aisle at supermarkets, pharmacies and baby stores.
The convenient 30g Tube available in the First Aid/Medicinal section of Woolworths and selected pharmacies
Infacol Wind Drops are an effective method of treating wind in babies and infants with up to 150 doses per pack.
Babies get wind by swallowing tiny air bubbles with their milk, which become trapped, causing pressure and discomfort in the stomach. Infacol relieves infant wind before painful colic can occur.
It is the active ingredient in Infacol, which causes the small bubbles of gas in the baby's stomach to join together. This forms a larger bubble that can be easily expelled.
Infacol is sugar free and does not contain any antacids.
For best results Infacol should be given before each feed for several days, as it has a progressive effect, but don't worry if you forget one or more doses.
Continued usage may also help to prevent further build-up of wind.
Available at:
Infacol is available in the baby aisle at supermarkets, pharmacies and baby stores.
Always read the label. Use only as directed.
If symptoms persist, consult your health care professional.


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Turn more visitors to customers! Unlimited insights from your web and mobile sites.See how visitors are really using your website. Join the waiting list to be the first to get FREE access.
Tools to manage communication with our users.


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Cat Teaser
This is a cat meow soundboard. Play it for your dogs and cats and the results can be quite amusing. Unfortunately not all animals react to the same degree. One of my cats will single out my speakers as the location of the trapped cat and paw at them, whereas my other cat, umm, couldn't care less. Anyways, I hope you have fun with this. Do let…
Free • 417


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Related terms for "carbon sequestration forecasting ":
carbon sequestration articles
The paper is objectively focused to examine the assumptions underlying recently projected energy forecasts covering next half of the century and reassess world's emerging energy order and energy equation in 2050, and beyond, in terms of energy portfolio and energy market restructuring world wide undergoing over past two decades. The whole debate about Sustainable Development and ongoing ...
By Aaditya Energy Foundation, Chennai, India
Global warming is a topic that has received much attention in the media, especially during the hot days of summer. The process by which carbon dioxide (CO 2) in the atmosphere prevents the escape of thermal energy into outer space is known as the green house effect. The higher the carbon dioxide levels in the atmosphere the less thermal energy that can escape thus an increasing global ...
By Stevens Water Monitoring Systems, Inc.
The coastal desert of Colombia's La Guajira state is a world away from Kyoto, the temperate Japanese city where representatives of 159 countries in 1997 signed the Kyoto Protocol on reducing greenhouses gases. The Caribbean laps against rickety settlements. Herds of goats range across scorching sands. Months, whole years, pass without rain. But Kyoto is well known to the inhabitants of La ...
A concerted push for clean-energy innovation is the only way the world can meet its climate goals, the International Energy Agency says as it released its flagship energy technology report. The report, Energy Technology Perspectives 2015 (ETP 2015), shows that despite a few recent success stories, clean-energy progress is falling well short of the levels needed to ...
By GLOBE SERIES
VANCOUVER, April 18, 2007 (GLOBE-Net) - Coal is the world's most commonly used fuel to produce electrical energy, and will continue as such for some time. Yet it is one of the 'dirtiest' of all fossil fuels. It is a major source of toxic air pollutants and the leading source of energy-related greenhouse gas emissions. Many believe 'clean coal' technologies will improve the energy efficiency of ...
By GLOBE Foundation
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CORINTH – Arthur V. Libby Jr., 63, husband of Janet O. (Arnold) Libby went home to be with the Lord, May 4, 2014 at home surrounded by his loving family. A compete obituary with service arrangements will be published in a later edition of the Bangor Daily News.
Arthur V. Libby Jr.
Posted May 04, 2014, at 6:04 p.m.


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The badge
The story of Newcastle United's club crest
As iconic as our famous black and white stripes and as unique as the silhouette of St. James' Park, our club crest captures the identity of Newcastle United and the city of Newcastle upon Tyne.
We take a look at our crests over the years, what they consist of and what their individual components signify.
1969 – 1976
Our shirts first had the city's Coat of Arms emblazoned on them as early as 1911, but it was in 1969 that the club finally adopted it as an official emblem.
Originating in the fourteenth century and formally recognised in 1954, Newcastle upon Tyne's Coat of Arms is a depiction of the city's history – with its Norman-era castle and two seahorses (added in 1575) to signify seafaring heritage.
On the crest section, a demi lion sits atop the city's historic Castle Keep and flies the swallow-tailed pennon of the Arms of Saint George – the country's patron saint.
The Coat of Arms also features the city's Latin motto, Fortiter Defendit Triumphans – 'Triumphing by Brave Defence' – adopted following a brave and stubborn resistance against the Scots in 1644.
1976 – 1983
The first club-specific crest was created in 1976 and it retained an illustration of Castle Keep – which still stands imposingly in the city today.
The River Tyne was also added, with a magpie - a nod to the club's nickname – in the foreground.
A black outer ring, bearing the name 'Newcastle United Football Club', completed the design.
1983 - 1988
Despite having a shelf life of only five years, the club's next crest remains somewhat of a cult classic.
Circular in shape and with a bold simplicity, it contained only the letters 'NUFC', with the solitary magpie retaining a presence in the opening of the upturned 'C'.
1988 - present
The club's current and perhaps most famous crest – synonymous with the Entertainers Era of the mid-nineties – was created in 1988.
It heralded the return of the overall shape and several elements from the city's Coat of Arms, namely the supporting seahorses, castle, demi lion and an amended pennon.
Inside an inner shield, gilded in gold, the club's black and white stripes were added while the club's name was added in a grand, scrolling blue banderole.


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What is JotForm?
JotForm is a free online form builder which helps you create online forms without writing a single line of code. No sign-up required.
At JotForm, we want to make sure that you're getting the online form builder help that you need. Our friendly customer support team is available 24/7.
We believe that if one user has a question, there could be more users who may have the same question. This is why many of our support forum threads are public and available to be searched and viewed. If you'd like help immediately, feel free to search for a similar question, or submit your question or concern.
Excel Report EmptyAsked by zuccari on November 13, 2014 at 09:01 AM
mi è stato ripristinato questa mattina l'account perche sospetto di phishing, purtroppo però sembra sia stato azzerato.
In questo account vi erano dei form salvati (come ad esempio questo http://www.jotform.com/excel/42922958725062) ed era stato anche pagato l'abbonamento premium per superare le 100 entrate mensili.
Potete darmi una mano?
Grazie mille e buon lavoro,
Federico Barboni
I get back my account this morning after a suspect of phishing, but now the account seems to be empty.
I had few form saved here (like this one http://www.jotform.com/excel/42922958725062) and also I payed for a Premium month to get more than 100 entries.
Can you help me?
Thanks and have a nice day,
Federico Barboni
JotForm Support
Hi Federico,
Your current account only had this form: http://www.jotformeu.com/form/41313640826348 and I can't find that particular excel report to the list. Maybe you're referring to another form so please share the correct form link here so we can check further.
Thank you!