text:
Assassination of Abraham Lincoln(Redirected from Abraham Lincoln assassination)
Abraham Lincoln, the 16th President of the United States, was assassinated by John Wilkes Booth on Good Friday, April 14, 1865, while attending the play Our American Cousin at Ford's Theatre in Washington, D.C., as the American Civil War was drawing to a close.[1] The assassination occurred five days after the commander of the Confederate Army of Northern Virginia, General Robert E. Lee, surrendered to Lieutenant General Ulysses S. Grant and the Union Army of the Potomac.
|Assassination of Abraham Lincoln
|Part of the American Civil War
The Assassination of President Lincoln (Currier & Ives, 1865), from left to right: Major Henry Rathbone, Clara Harris, Mary Todd Lincoln, Abraham Lincoln, and the assassin, John Wilkes Booth
This print gives the impression that Rathbone saw Booth enter the box and was rising as Booth fired his weapon. In fact, Rathbone was unaware of Booth's presence until the shot was fired.
|Ford's Theatre, Washington, D.C.
|April 14, 1865
10:15 p.m. (Eastern Standard Time)
Attack type
|1 (Abraham Lincoln)
Non-fatal injuries
|John Wilkes Booth and co-conspirators
Lincoln was the third American president to die in office, and the first to be murdered.[2] An unsuccessful attempt had been made on Andrew Jackson 30 years prior, in 1835, and Lincoln had himself been the subject of an earlier assassination attempt by an unknown assailant in August 1864. The assassination of Lincoln was planned and carried out by the well-known stage actor John Wilkes Booth, as part of a larger conspiracy in a bid to revive the Confederate cause.
Booth's co-conspirators were Lewis Powell and David Herold, who were assigned to kill Secretary of State William H. Seward, and George Atzerodt, who was tasked with killing Vice President Andrew Johnson. By simultaneously eliminating the top three people in the administration, Booth and his co-conspirators hoped to disrupt the United States government.
As the President was watching the play, Booth shot Lincoln from behind at a distance of perhaps three or four feet,[3] hitting him in the back of the head. At 7:22 a.m. the following day, Lincoln died in the Petersen House across the street from the theater.[4] The rest of the conspirators' plot failed; Powell only managed to wound Seward, while Atzerodt, Johnson's would-be assassin, lost his nerve and fled. Booth made a dramatic escape, resulting in a lengthy manhunt that ended in his death. Several other conspirators were later tried and hanged. The funeral and burial of Abraham Lincoln was a period of extended national mourning.
Original plan: Kidnapping the presidentEdit
John Wilkes Booth, originally from Maryland, was a proud Southerner and an outspoken Confederate sympathizer. In late 1860, Booth was initiated in the pro-Confederate Knights of the Golden Circle in Baltimore.[5] Born into a family of well-known stage actors, Booth had become a famous actor and a nationally recognized celebrity in his own right by the time of the assassination.
In March 1864, Ulysses S. Grant, the commanding general of all the Union's armies, decided to suspend the exchange of prisoners-of-war with the Confederate Army.[6] As harsh as it may have been on the prisoners of both sides, Grant realized the exchange was prolonging the war by returning soldiers to the outnumbered and manpower-starved South. John Wilkes Booth conceived a plan to kidnap President Lincoln and deliver him to the Confederate Army, to be held hostage until the North agreed to resume exchanging prisoners.[7]:130–134 Booth recruited Samuel Arnold, George Atzerodt, David Herold, Michael O'Laughlen, Lewis Powell (also known as "Lewis Paine"), and John Surratt to help him. Surratt's mother, Mary Surratt, left her tavern in Surrattsville, Maryland and moved to a house in Washington, D.C., where Booth became a frequent visitor.
While Booth and Lincoln were not personally acquainted, Lincoln had seen Booth in The Marble Heart at Ford's on November 9, 1863.[8][9][10] Subsequently, Lincoln sent an invitation backstage inviting Booth to visit the White House.[10] Afterwards, actor Frank Mordaunt stated that Booth evaded multiple invitations from the president. "Lincoln was an admirer of the man who assassinated him. I know that, for he said to me one day that there was a young actor over in Ford's Theatre whom he desired to meet, but that the actor had on one pretext or another avoided any invitations to visit the White House. That actor was John Wilkes Booth."[11]
Booth attended Lincoln's second inauguration on March 4, 1865, as the invited guest of his secret fiancée Lucy Hale, daughter of John P. Hale, soon to become United States Ambassador to Spain. Booth afterwards wrote in his diary, "What an excellent chance I had, if I wished, to kill the President on Inauguration day!"[7]:174, 437 n. 41
On March 17, 1865, Booth informed his conspirators that Lincoln would be attending a play, Still Waters Run Deep, at Campbell Military Hospital. He assembled his men in a restaurant at the edge of town, intending that they should soon join him on a nearby stretch of road in order to capture the president on his way back from the hospital. But Booth found out that Lincoln had not gone to the play after all. Instead, he had attended a ceremony at the National Hotel in which officers of the 142nd Indiana Infantry presented Governor Oliver Morton with a captured Confederate battle flag.[7]:185 Booth was living at the National Hotel at the time and could have had an opportunity to kill Lincoln had Booth not been at the hospital.[7]:185–6, 439 n. 17[12]:25
Meanwhile, the Confederacy was falling apart. On April 3, Richmond, Virginia, the Confederate capital, fell to the Union Army. On April 9, 1865, the Army of Northern Virginia, the main army of the Confederacy, surrendered to the Army of the Potomac at Appomattox Court House. Confederate President Jefferson Davis and the rest of his government were in full flight. Despite many Southerners giving up hope, Booth continued to believe in his cause.[13]:728
There are various theories about Booth's exact motivations for assassinating Lincoln. Booth wrote a letter to his mother Mary Ann in which he speaks of his desire to avenge the South.[14] In the foreword to Nora Titone's My Thoughts Be Bloody, Doris Kearns Goodwin agrees with Titone that much of John Wilkes' motivation was sibling rivalry with his well-known older brother, the actor Edwin Booth, who was a loyal Unionist.[15] The historian David S. Reynolds wrote that part of Booth's motivation was admiration for the abolitionist John Brown,[16] with Asia Booth Clarke quoting her brother John Wilkes as saying "John Brown was a man inspired, the grandest character of the century!"[16][17] On April 11, 1865, two days after Lee's army surrendered to U.S. forces under Ulysses S. Grant and three days before the assassination, Booth attended a speech at the White House in which Lincoln promoted voting rights for blacks.[18] Booth is quoted as then saying to Lewis Powell:
- "That means nigger citizenship. Now, by God, I'll put him through. That is the last speech he will ever give."[19]
Lincoln's premonitionsEdit
It is widely believed that Lincoln anticipated his assassination.[20] According to Ward Hill Lamon, Lincoln's friend and biographer, three days before his assassination Lincoln discussed with Lamon and others a dream he had, saying:
About ten days ago, I retired very late. I had been up waiting for important dispatches from the front. I could not have been long in bed when I fell into a slumber, for I was weary. I soon began to dream. There seemed to be a death-like stillness about me. Then I heard subdued sobs, as if a number of people were weeping. I thought I left my bed and wandered downstairs. There the silence was broken by the same pitiful sobbing, but the mourners were invisible. I went from room to room; no living person was in sight, but the same mournful sounds of distress met me as I passed along. I saw light in all the rooms; every object was familiar to me; but where were all the people who were grieving as if their hearts would break? I was puzzled and alarmed. What could be the meaning of all this? Determined to find the cause of a state of things so mysterious and so shocking, I kept on until I arrived at the East Room, which I entered. There I met with a sickening surprise. Before me was a catafalque, on which rested a corpse wrapped in funeral vestments. Around it were stationed soldiers who were acting as guards; and there was a throng of people, gazing mournfully upon the corpse, whose face was covered, others weeping pitifully. 'Who is dead in the White House?' I demanded of one of the soldiers, 'The President,' was his answer; 'he was killed by an assassin.' Then came a loud burst of grief from the crowd, which woke me from my dream. I slept no more that night; and although it was only a dream, I have been strangely annoyed by it ever since.[21]
On the day of the assassination, Lincoln told his bodyguard, William H. Crook, that he had been having dreams of himself being assassinated for three straight nights. Crook advised Lincoln not to go that night to Ford's Theatre, but Lincoln said he had promised his wife they would go. As Lincoln left for the theater, he turned to Crook and said, "Goodbye, Crook." According to Crook, this was the first time he said that; before, Lincoln had always said, "Good night, Crook." Crook later recalled: "It was the first time that he neglected to say 'Good Night' to me and it was the only time that he ever said 'Good-bye'. I thought of it at that moment and, a few hours later, when the news flashed over Washington that he had been shot, his last words were so burned into my being that they can never be forgotten."[22]
After Lincoln was shot, his wife Mary Todd Lincoln was quoted as saying, "His dream was prophetic."[23]
Day of the assassinationEdit
Before the assassinationEdit
On April 14, 1865, Booth's morning started at the stroke of midnight. Lying wide awake in his bed at the National Hotel, he wrote his mother that all was well, but that he was "in haste". In his diary, he wrote that "Our cause being almost lost, something decisive and great must be done".[13]:728[24]:346
Lincoln's day started well for the first time in a long time; he woke up cheerful. Senator James Harlan remembered taking a drive with the Lincolns only days before the president's assassination, and found him transformed. "His whole appearance, poise and bearing had marvelously changed. He was, in fact, transfigured. That indescribable sadness which had previously seemed to be an adamantean element in his very being, had been suddenly exchanged for an equally indescribable expression of serene joy as if conscious that the great purpose of his life had been achieved." Hugh McCulloch, the new Secretary of the Treasury, remarked that on that morning, "I never saw Mr. Lincoln so cheerful and happy". Edwin M. Stanton said: "At the earliest moment yesterday, the President called a cabinet meeting, at which Gen. Grant was present. He was more cheerful and happy than I had ever seen him. He rejoiced at the near prospect of a firm and durable peace at home and abroad, which manifested in a marked degree the soundness and honesty of his disposition, and the tender and forgiving spirit that so eminently distinguished him." No one could miss the difference. For months, the President had looked pale and haggard. Lincoln himself told people how happy he was. This caused First Lady Mary Todd Lincoln some concern, as she believed that saying such things out loud was bad luck. Lincoln paid her no heed.[24]:346 Lincoln told members of his cabinet that he had dreamed that he was on a "singular and indescribable vessel that was moving with great rapidity toward a dark and indefinite shore." He also revealed that he had had the same dream repeatedly on previous occasions, before "nearly every great and important event of the War" such as the victories at Antietam, Murfreesboro, Gettysburg and Vicksburg.[25]
At around noon while visiting Ford's Theatre to pick up his mail (Booth had a permanent mailbox there), Booth learned from the brother of John Ford, the theater's owner, that the President and General Grant would be attending the theater to see Our American Cousin that night. Booth determined that this was the perfect opportunity for him to do something "decisive".[24]:346 He knew the theater's layout, having performed there several times, including in his final theatrical performance the previous month.[12]:12[26]:108–9
That same afternoon, Booth went to Mary Surratt's boarding house in Washington, D.C. and asked her to deliver a package to her tavern in Surrattsville, Maryland. He also requested that Surratt tell her tenant who resided there to have the guns and ammunition that Booth had previously stored at the tavern ready to be picked up later that evening.[12]:19 She complied with Booth's requests and made the trip, along with Louis J. Weichmann, her boarder and son's friend. This exchange, and her compliance in it, would lead directly to Surratt's execution three months later.
At seven o'clock that evening, John Wilkes Booth met for a final time with all his fellow conspirators. Booth assigned Lewis Powell to kill Secretary of State William H. Seward at his home, George Atzerodt to kill Vice President Andrew Johnson at his residence, the Kirkwood Hotel, and David E. Herold to guide Powell to the Seward house and then out of Washington to rendezvous with Booth in Maryland. Booth planned to shoot Lincoln with his single-shot Deringer and then stab Grant with a knife at Ford's Theatre. They were all to strike simultaneously shortly after ten o'clock that night.[26]:112 Atzerodt wanted nothing to do with it, saying he had only signed up for a kidnapping, not a killing. Booth told him he was in too far to back out.[7]:212
Booth shoots LincolnEdit
Contrary to the information Booth had overheard, General and Mrs. Grant had declined the invitation to see the play with the Lincolns, as Mrs. Lincoln and Mrs. Grant were not on good terms.[27]:45 Several other people were invited to join them, until finally Major Henry Rathbone and his fiancée Clara Harris (daughter of New York Senator Ira Harris) accepted.[12]:32 Lincoln told Speaker of the House Schuyler Colfax, "I suppose it's time to go though I would rather stay" before assisting Mary into the carriage.
There is evidence to suggest that either Booth or his fellow conspirator Michael O'Laughlen, who looked similar, followed Grant and his wife Julia to Union Station late that afternoon and discovered that Grant would not be at the theater that night. Apparently, O'Laughlen boarded the same train the Grants took to Philadelphia in order to kill Grant. An alleged attack during the evening took place; however, the assailant was unsuccessful since the private car that the Grants were riding in had been locked and guarded by porters.[28]
The Lincoln party arrived late and settled into the Presidential Box, which was actually two corner box seats with the dividing wall between them removed. The play was stopped briefly and the orchestra played "Hail to the Chief" as the audience gave the president a rousing standing ovation. Ford's Theatre was full with 1,700 in attendance.[29] Mrs. Lincoln whispered to her husband, who was holding her hand, "What will Miss Harris think of my hanging on to you so?" The president smiled and replied, "She won't think anything about it".[12]:39 Those were arguably the last words ever spoken by Abraham Lincoln, although it was claimed he later told his wife he desired to visit the Holy Land, finishing by saying, "There is no place I so much desire to see as Jerusalem."[30]:434
The box was supposed to be guarded by a policeman named John Frederick Parker who, by all accounts, was a curious choice for a bodyguard.[31] During the intermission, Parker went to a nearby tavern with Lincoln's footman and coachman. It is unclear whether he ever returned to the theater, but he was certainly not at his post when Booth entered the box.[32] Nevertheless, even if a policeman had been present it is questionable at best as to whether he would have denied entry to the Presidential Box to a premier actor such as John Wilkes Booth – Booth's celebrity status meant that his approach did not warrant any questioning from audience members, who assumed he was coming to call on the President. Dr. George Brainerd Todd, a Navy Surgeon who had been aboard when the Lincolns visited his ship, the monitor Montauk, on April 14, was also present at Ford's Theatre that evening and wrote in an eyewitness account[33] that:
About 10:25 pm, a man came in and walked slowly along the side on which the "Pres" box was and I heard a man say, "There's Booth" and I turned my head to look at him. He was still walking very slow and was near the box door when he stopped, took a card from his pocket, wrote something on it, and gave it to the usher who took it to the box. In a minute the door was opened and he walked in.
Upon gaining access through the first door of the entry to the Presidential Box, Booth barricaded the inward-swinging door behind him with a wooden stick that he wedged between the wall and the door. Evidence suggests that he had bored a hole in the second door earlier that day to create a peephole, though this is not certain.[34][35]:173
Although he had never starred in the play himself, Booth knew the play by heart, and thus waited for the precise moment when actor Harry Hawk (playing the lead role of the "cousin", Asa Trenchard), would be on stage alone to speak what was considered the funniest line of the play. Booth hoped to employ the enthusiastic response of the audience to muffle the sound of his gunshot. With the stage to himself, Asa (Hawk) responded to the recently departed Mrs. Mountchessington, "Don't know the manners of good society, eh? Well, I guess I know enough to turn you inside out, old gal; you sockdologizing old man-trap!" Hysterical laughter began permeating the theater. Lincoln was laughing at this line when he was shot.[36]
Booth opened the door, crept forward and shot the President from a near distance,[3] mortally wounding him.[12]:42–3 The bullet struck the back of Lincoln's head behind his left ear, entered his skull, fractured part of it badly and went through the left side of his brain before lodging just above his right eye, almost exiting the other side of his head. Lincoln immediately lost consciousness. Lincoln slumped over in his rocking chair, and then backward. Mary reached out, caught him, and then screamed when she realized what had happened.
Upon hearing the gunshot, Rathbone thought Booth shouted a word that sounded like "Freedom!" He quickly jumped from his seat and tried to prevent Booth from escaping, grabbing and struggling with him. Booth dropped the pistol on the floor and drew a knife, stabbing the Major violently in the left forearm and reaching the bone. Rathbone quickly recovered and again tried to grab Booth as he was preparing to jump from the sill of the box. He grabbed onto Booth's coat, causing Booth to vault over the rail of the box down to the stage below (about a twelve-foot drop).[37] In the process, Booth's right boot struck the framed engraving of George Washington, turning it completely over, and his riding spur became entangled on the Treasury flag decorating the box, and he landed awkwardly on his left foot. He raised himself up despite the injury and began crossing the stage, making the audience believe that he was part of the play. Booth held his bloody knife over his head, and yelled something to the audience.
While it is widely believed that Booth shouted "Sic semper tyrannis!"[13]:739 (the Virginia state motto, meaning "Thus always to tyrants" in Latin) in the box, or when he landed on the stage, it is not actually clear whether the traditionally-cited quote by Booth is accurate. There are different "earwitness" accounts of what he said. While most witnesses recalled hearing Booth shout "Sic semper tyrannis!", others — including Booth himself — claimed that he only yelled "Sic semper!"[38][39] Some didn't recall hearing Booth shout anything in Latin. What Booth shouted in English is also muddied by varying recollections. Some witnesses said he shouted "The South is avenged!"[12]:48 Others thought they heard him say "Revenge for the South!" or "The South shall be free!" Two said Booth yelled "I have done it!"
While the audience had yet to realize what had happened, Major Joseph B. Stewart, a lawyer, rose instantly upon seeing Booth land on the stage, climbed over the orchestra pit and footlights, and started pursuing Booth across the stage.[37] Mary Lincoln's and Clara Harris' screams and Rathbone's cries of "Stop that man!"[12]:49 caused the rest of the audience to realize that Booth's actions were not part of the show, and pandemonium immediately broke out. Some of the men in the audience chased after him when they noticed what was going on, but failed to catch him. Booth ran across the stage and exited out the side door. On his way, he bumped into William Withers, Jr., the orchestra leader, and stabbed at Withers with a knife.[40][41]
After leaving the building, Booth approached the horse he had waiting outside. Booth struck Joseph "Peanuts" (also called "Peanut Johnny")[41] Burroughs, who was holding the horse,[42] in the forehead with the handle of his knife,[43] leaped onto the horse, apparently also kicking Burroughs in the chest with his good leg,[44] and rode away.
Katherine M. Evans, a young actress in the play, who was offstage in Ford's green room when Lincoln was shot, rushed on the stage after Booth's exit, and said in subsequent interviews in the 1900s "I looked and saw President Lincoln unconscious, his head dropping on his breast, his eyes closed, but with a smile still on his face".[41]
Death of President LincolnEdit
Charles Leale, a young Army surgeon on liberty for the night and attending the play, made his way through the crowd to the door at the rear of the Presidential Box when he saw Booth finish his performance to the audience and saw the blood on Booth's knife. The door would not open. Finally, Rathbone saw a notch carved in the door and a wooden brace jammed there to hold the door shut. Rathbone shouted to Leale, who stepped back from the door, allowing Rathbone to remove the brace and open the door.[26]:120
Leale entered the box to find Rathbone bleeding profusely from a deep gash in his chest that ran the length of his upper left arm as well as a long slash in his arm. Nonetheless, he passed Rathbone by and stepped forward to find Lincoln slumped in his chair, held by Mary, who was sobbing uncontrollably. Lincoln was unconscious, paralyzed and barely breathing: "His eyes were closed and he was in a profoundly comatose condition, while his breathing was intermittent and exceedingly stertorous."[45] Leale lowered the President to the floor believing that Lincoln had been stabbed in the shoulder with the knife. A second doctor in the audience, Charles Sabin Taft, was lifted bodily from the stage over the railing and into the box.
Dr. Todd, also seated in the audience, stated: "I attempted to get to the box, but I could not, and in an instant, the cry was raised 'The President is assassinated'. Such a scene I never saw before."
Taft and Leale cut away Lincoln's blood-stained collar and opened his shirt, and Leale, feeling around by hand, discovered the bullet hole in the back of his head right next to his left ear. Leale attempted to remove the bullet, but the bullet was too deep in his head and instead Leale dislodged a clot of blood in the wound. Consequently, Lincoln's breathing improved.[26]:121–22 Leale learned that if he continued to release more blood clots at a specific time, Lincoln would breathe more naturally. Then Leale saw that the bullet was lodged in Lincoln's skull. He allowed actress Laura Keene to cradle the President's head in her lap. Leale finally announced that it made no difference: "His wound is mortal. It is impossible for him to recover."[12]:78
Dr. Todd reported that as news of the assassination spread to the street, "Soldiers, sailors, police, all started in every direction but the assassin had gone. Some General handed me a note and bid me go to the nearest Telegraph office and arouse the nation. I ran with all my speed, and in ten minutes the sad news was all over the country."
The Petersen HouseEdit
Leale, Taft, and another doctor from the audience, Albert King, quickly consulted and decided that while the President must be moved, a bumpy carriage ride across town to the White House was out of the question. After briefly considering Peter Taltavull's Star Saloon next door, they chose to carry Lincoln across the street and find a house. The three doctors and some soldiers who had been in the audience carried the President out the front entrance of Ford's Theatre. One of the soldiers who carried the President was William Hall, a grocer originally from northeast England who had signed up for the 12th Illinois Cavalry during the Civil War.[46] Rain fell down upon the crowd that carried Lincoln outside the theater.[37]
Across the street, a man was holding a lantern and calling "Bring him in here! Bring him in here!" The man was Henry Safford, who was staying at the boarding house owned by William Petersen, a German tailor.[47] The men carried Lincoln inside the boarding house and into the first-floor bedroom, where they laid him diagonally across the bed because his tall frame would not fit normally on the smaller bed.[26]:123–24
A vigil began at the Petersen House. The three physicians were joined by Surgeon General of the United States Army Joseph K. Barnes, Charles Henry Crane, Anderson Ruffin Abbott, and Robert K. Stone. Using a probe, Barnes located some fragments of Lincoln's skull and discovered the bullet was still lodged inside it. Crane was a major and Barnes' assistant. Stone was Lincoln's personal physician. Robert Todd Lincoln, home at the White House that evening, arrived at the Petersen House after being told of the shooting at about midnight. Tad Lincoln, who had attended Grover's Theatre to see Aladdin and the Wonderful Lamp, was not allowed to go to the Petersen House. He was at Grover's Theatre when the play was interrupted to report the news of the President's assassination.
Secretary of the Navy Gideon Welles and Secretary of War Edwin M. Stanton arrived and took charge of the scene. Mary Lincoln was so unhinged by the experience of the assassination that Stanton ordered her out of the room by shouting, "Take that woman out of here and do not let her in here again!" While Mary Lincoln sobbed in the front parlor, Stanton set up shop in the rear parlor, effectively running the United States government for several hours, sending and receiving telegrams, taking reports from witnesses, and issuing orders for the pursuit of Booth.[26]:127–8 For most of the night, Leale held the president's hand, and afterwards said that "sometimes, recognition and reason return just before departure. I held his hand firmly to let him know, in his blindness, that he had a friend."[48]
Lincoln died at 7:22 a.m. on April 15, 1865.[4] He was 56 years old. Maunsell Bradhurst Field wrote in a letter to the New York Times: "The expression immediately after death was purely negative, but in fifteen minutes here came over the mouth, the nostrils, and the chin, a smile that seemed almost an effort of life. I had never seen upon the President's face an expression more genial and pleasing."[49] According to Lincoln's secretary John Hay, at the moment of Lincoln's death, "a look of unspeakable peace came upon his worn features".[50]
Mary Lincoln was not present at the time of his death.[51][52] The crowd around the bed knelt for a prayer. When they were finished, Stanton made a statement, though there is some disagreement among historians as to what exactly the statement was. All agree that he began "Now he belongs to the ..." with some saying he finished with ages while others believe he finished with angels.[26]:134[53] Hermann Faber, an Army medical illustrator, was brought into the room immediately after Lincoln's body was removed so that he could visually document the scene.[54]
Though some experts have disagreed,[4] Dr. Leale's initial treatment of Lincoln has been considered good for its time.[55] He was honored for his efforts to save the President by participating in various capacities during the funeral ceremonies.[56]
Powell attacks William SewardEdit
Booth had assigned Lewis Powell to assassinate Secretary of State William H. Seward. On April 5, 1865, Seward had been thrown from his carriage, suffering a concussion, a jaw broken in two places, and a broken right arm. Doctors improvised a splint to repair his jaw (this is often mistakenly called a neck brace). On the night of the assassination, he was still restricted to the bed at his Washington home in Lafayette Park, not too far from the White House. Herold guided Powell to Seward's residence. Powell was carrying an 1858 Whitney revolver, a large, heavy and popular gun during the Civil War. In addition, he carried a silver-handled Bowie knife.
Powell knocked at the front door of the house a little after 10:00 p.m. William Bell, Seward's butler, answered the door. Powell told Bell that he had medicine for Seward from his physician, Dr. Verdi, and that he was to personally deliver and show Seward how to take the medicine. Upon gaining admittance to the residence, and after much persuasion on his part, Powell began making his way up the stairs to Seward's third-floor bedroom.[12]:54[13]:736[57] At the top of the staircase, he was stopped by Seward's son, Assistant Secretary of State Frederick W. Seward. Powell told Frederick the same story that he had told Bell. Frederick was suspicious of the intruder, and told Powell that his father was asleep.
After hearing voices in the hall, Seward's daughter Fanny opened the door to Seward's room and said, "Fred, Father is awake now", and then closed the door, thus revealing to Powell where Seward was located. Initially, Powell started back down the stairs; suddenly he turned around and drew his revolver, pointing it at Frederick's forehead. He pulled the trigger, but the gun misfired. Powell then bludgeoned Frederick about the head with it, to the point that the pistol was damaged and no longer functioned. Frederick Seward crumpled to the floor unconscious. William Bell began yelling "Murder! Murder!" before running outside to summon help.
Fanny, wondering what all the noise was, looked out the door again. She saw her brother bloody and unconscious on the floor and Powell running towards her, having pulled out his knife. Powell shoved her aside, ran to Seward's bed and began stabbing him repeatedly in the face and neck. He missed the first time he swung his knife down, but the third blow sliced open Seward's cheek.[12]:58 Seward's splint was the only thing that prevented the blade from penetrating his jugular vein.[13]:737
Sergeant George F. Robinson, a soldier assigned to attend the secretary, and Seward's son Augustus, an army officer, tried to drive Powell away. Augustus had been asleep in his room, but was awakened by Fanny's screams of terror. The force of Powell's blows had driven Secretary Seward onto the floor behind the bed where Powell could not reach him. Powell fought off Robinson, Augustus, and Fanny, stabbing them as well.
When Augustus went for his pistol, Powell ran downstairs and headed for the front door.[58]:275 Just then, a messenger named Emerick Hansell arrived with a telegram for Seward. Powell stabbed Hansell in the back, causing him to fall to the floor, and leaving him permanently paralyzed. Before running outside, Powell exclaimed, "I'm mad! I'm mad!", untied his horse from the tree where Herold left it, and rode away, alone. Bell's and Fanny Seward's screams had frightened Herold, who ran away and abandoned Powell. Powell, unfamiliar with the city's geography, was left to escape on his own.[12]:59
Fanny Seward cried, "Oh my God, father's dead!" Sergeant Robinson lifted the Secretary from the floor and back on to the bed. Seward spat the blood out of his mouth and said, "I am not dead; send for a doctor, send for the police. Close the house."[12]:61 Seward was covered with blood from the cuts to his face and neck, but Powell's wild stabs in the dark room had not hit anything vital; Seward recovered, though the right side of his face was permanently scarred.
Atzerodt fails to attack Andrew JohnsonEdit
Booth had assigned George Atzerodt to kill Vice President Andrew Johnson, who was staying at the Kirkwood House in Washington. Atzerodt was to go to Johnson's room at 10:15 p.m. and shoot him.[13]:735 On April 14, 1865, Atzerodt rented the room directly above Johnson's; the next day he arrived there at the appointed time and, carrying a gun and knife, went to the bar downstairs, where he asked the bartender about Johnson's character and behavior. He eventually became drunk and wandered off through the streets, tossing his knife away at some point. He made his way to the Pennsylvania House Hotel by 2 a.m., where he obtained a room and went to sleep.[26]:166–7[58]:335
Earlier in the day, Booth stopped by the Kirkwood House and left a note for Johnson: "I don't wish to disturb you. Are you at home? J. Wilkes Booth."[57] The card was picked up that night by Johnson's personal secretary, William Browning.[59] This message has been interpreted in various ways.[58]:334 One theory holds that Booth was trying to find out whether Johnson was expected at the Kirkwood that night.[59] Another is that Booth, concerned that Atzerodt would fail to kill Johnson, intended the note to implicate Johnson in the conspiracy.[60]
Flight and capture of the conspiratorsEdit
Within half an hour of shooting Lincoln, Booth crossed the Navy Yard Bridge into Maryland.[12]:67–8 An army sentry questioned him about his lare-night travel; Booth said that he was going home to the nearby town of Charles. Though it was forbidden for civilians to cross the bridge after 9 p.m., the sentry let him through.[61] David Herold made it across the same bridge less than an hour later[12]:81–2 and rendezvoused with Booth.[12]:87 After retrieving weapons and supplies previously stored at Surattsville, Herold and Booth went to the home of Samuel A. Mudd, a local doctor, who splinted the leg Booth had broken in jumping from the presidential box, and later made a pair of crutches for Booth.[12]:131, 153
After a day at Mudd's house, Booth and Herold hired a local man to guide them to Samuel Cox's house.[12]:163 Cox in turn took them to Thomas Jones, a Confederate sympathizer who hid Booth and Herold in Zekiah Swamp for five days until they could cross the Potomac River.[12]:224 On the afternoon of April 24, they arrived at the farm of Richard H. Garrett, a tobacco farmer, in King George County, Virginia. Booth told Garrett he was a wounded Confederate soldier.
An April 15 letter to Todd from his brother tells of the rumors in Washington about Booth's:
Today all the city is in mourning nearly every house being in black and I have not seen a smile, no business, and many a strong man I have seen in tears – Some reports say Booth is a prisoner, others that he has made his escape – but from orders received here, I believe he is taken, and during the night will be put on a Monitor for safe keeping – as a mob once raised now would know no end.[33]
The hunt for the conspirators quickly became the largest in U.S. history, involving at least 10,000 federal troops and countless civilians. Edwin M. Stanton personally directed the operation and authorized the War Department to advertise a reward of $100,000 (equivalent to $1,560,000 in 2016) – $50,000 for Booth and $25,000 each for Herold and John Surratt – as well as "liberal rewards" for information leading to their arrest. Many state and municipal governments offered their own rewards.
Booth and Herold were sleeping at Garrett's farm on April 26 when soldiers from the 16th New York Cavalry arrived and surrounded the barn, announcing that they would set fire to it in fifteen minutes. Herold surrendered, but Booth cried out, "I will not be taken alive!"[12]:326 The soldiers set fire to the barn[12]:331 and Booth scrambled for the back door with a rifle in one hand and a pistol in the other. He never fired either weapon.
Sergeant Boston Corbett crept up behind the barn and shot Booth in "the back of the head about an inch below the spot where his [Booth's] shot had entered the head of Mr. Lincoln",[62] severing his spinal cord.[12]:335 Booth was carried out onto the steps of the barn. A soldier poured water into his mouth, which he spat out, unable to swallow. Booth told the soldier, "Tell my mother I die for my country." Unable to move his limbs, he asked a soldier to lift his hands before his face and whispered his last words as he gazed at them: "Useless ... useless." He died on the porch of the Garrett farm two hours later.[12]:336–340[57]
Without Herold to guide him, Powell did not find his way back to the Surratt house until April 17. He told detectives waiting there that he was a ditch-digger hired by Mary Surratt, but she denied knowing him. Both were arrested.[26]:174–9 George Atzerodt hid at his cousin's farm in Germantown, Maryland, about 25 miles (40 km) northwest of Washington, where he was arrested April 20.[26]:169
The remaining conspirators were arrested by month's end – except for John Surratt, who fled to Quebec where he was hidden by Roman Catholic priests. In September, he boarded a ship to Liverpool, England, staying in the Catholic Church of the Holy Cross there. From there, he moved furtively through Europe until joining the Pontifical Zouaves in the Papal States. A friend from his school days recognized him in there in early 1866 and alerted the U.S. government. Surratt was arrested by the Papal authorities but managed to escape under suspicious circumstances. He was finally captured by an agent of the United States in Egypt in November 1866.[63]
Surratt stood trial in Washington the following summer. Four residents of Elmira, New York,[12]:27[64]:125, 132, 136-7[65]:112–115 who claimed they had seen him there between April 13 and 15; fifteen others said they saw a man they positively identified as Surrat, or who resembled him, either in Washington on the day of the assassination or traveling to or from the capital at that time. The jury could not reach a verdict and Surrat was released.[26]:178[64]:132–133, 138[66]:227
Conspirators' trialEdit
In the turmoil that followed the assassination, scores of suspected accomplices were arrested and thrown into prison. Anyone discovered to have had anything to do with the assassination or even the slightest contact with Booth or Herold on their flight were put behind bars. Among the imprisoned were Louis J. Weichmann, a boarder in Mrs. Surratt's house; Booth's brother Junius (playing in Cincinnati at the time of the assassination); theater owner John T. Ford, who was incarcerated for 40 days; James Pumphrey, the Washington livery stable owner from whom Booth hired his horse; John M. Lloyd, the innkeeper who rented Mrs. Surratt's Maryland tavern and gave Booth and Herold carbines, rope, and whiskey the night of April 14; and Samuel Cox and Thomas A. Jones, who helped Booth and Herold escape across the Potomac.[67]:186–188
All of those listed above and more were rounded up, imprisoned, and released. Ultimately, the suspects were narrowed down to just eight prisoners (seven men and one woman):[67]:188 Samuel Arnold, George Atzerodt, David Herold, Samuel Mudd, Michael O'Laughlen, Lewis Powell, Edmund Spangler (a Ford's stagehand who had given Booth's horse to "Peanuts" Burroughs to hold), and Mary Surratt.
The eight suspects were tried by a military tribunal ordered by then-President Andrew Johnson on May 1, 1865. The nine-member commission was presided over by Major General David Hunter. The other eight voting members were Major General Lew Wallace, Brigadier Generals Robert Sanford Foster, Thomas Maley Harris, Albion P. Howe, and August Kautz, Colonels James A. Ekin and Charles H. Tompkins, and Lieutenant Colonel David Ramsay Clendenin. The prosecution team was led by U.S. Army Judge Advocate General Joseph Holt, assisted by Congressman John A. Bingham and Major Henry Lawrence Burnett.[68] The transcript of the trial was recorded by Benn Pitman and several assistants, and was published in 1865.[69]
The fact that they were tried by a military tribunal provoked criticism from both Edward Bates and Gideon Welles, who believed that a civil court should have presided. Attorney General James Speed, on the other hand, justified the use of a military tribunal on grounds that included the military nature of the conspiracy, that the defendants acted as enemy combatants and the fact that martial law existed at the time in the District of Columbia. (In 1866, in the Ex parte Milligan decision, the United States Supreme Court banned the use of military tribunals in places where civil courts were operational.)[26]:213–4 The odds were further stacked against the defendants by rules that required only a simple majority of the officer jury for a guilty verdict and a two-thirds majority for a death sentence. Neither could the defendants appeal to anyone other than President Johnson.[26]:222–3
The trial lasted for about seven weeks, with 366 witnesses testifying. Louis Weichmann, released from custody, was a key witness. All of the defendants were found guilty on June 30. Mary Surratt, Lewis Powell, David Herold, and George Atzerodt were sentenced to death by hanging; Samuel Mudd, Samuel Arnold, and Michael O'Laughlen were sentenced to life in prison. Mudd escaped execution by a single vote, the tribunal having voted 5–4 in favor of hanging (6 votes being required for the death penalty).[70] Edmund Spangler was sentenced to imprisonment for six years. Oddly, after sentencing Mary Surratt to hang, five of the jurors signed a letter recommending clemency, but Johnson refused to stop the execution. He later claimed he never saw the letter.[26]:227
Surratt, Powell, Herold, and Atzerodt were hanged in the Old Arsenal Penitentiary on July 7, 1865.[12]:362, 365 The executions were supervised by General Winfield Scott Hancock. Mary Surratt was the first woman executed by the United States government.[71] O'Laughlen died in prison of yellow fever in 1867. Mudd, Arnold, and Spangler were pardoned in February 1869 by President Johnson.[12]:367 Spangler, who died in 1875, insisted for the rest of his life that he had had no connection to the plot beyond being the man Booth asked to hold his horse.
The courtroom is in a building called Grant Hall that sits on Fort McNair in Washington, D.C.. It was renovated in 2012 to look just like it did during the original trials. Each quarter, Joint Base Myer-Henderson Hall has a public open house where people can visit the courtroom and learn many more details about the trial.
Mudd's culpabilityEdit
|Booknotes interview with Edward Steers, Jr. on Blood on the Moon: The Assassination of Abraham Lincoln, February 17, 2002, C-SPAN[72]
The degree of Samuel Mudd's culpability has remained controversial ever since. Some, including Mudd's grandson Richard Mudd, claimed that Mudd was innocent of any wrongdoing and that he had been imprisoned merely for treating a man who came to his house late at night with a fractured leg. Over a century after the assassination, Presidents Jimmy Carter and Ronald Reagan both wrote letters to Richard Mudd agreeing that his grandfather committed no crime. However, others, including authors Edward Steers, Jr. and James Swanson, assert evidence that Samuel Mudd visited Booth three times in the months before the failed kidnapping attempt. The first time was November 1864 when Booth, looking for help in his kidnapping plot, was directed to Mudd by agents of the Confederate Secret Service. In December, Booth met with Mudd again and stayed the night at his farm. Later that December, Mudd went to Washington and introduced Booth to a Confederate agent he knew — John Surratt. Additionally, George Atzerodt testified that Booth sent supplies to Mudd's house in preparation for the kidnap plan. Mudd lied to the authorities who came to his house after the assassination, claiming that he did not recognize the man who showed up on his doorstep in need of treatment and giving false information about where Booth and Herold went.[12]:211–2, 378[26]:234–5 He also hid the monogrammed boot that he had cut off Booth's injured leg behind a panel in his attic, but the thorough search of Mudd's house soon revealed this further evidence against him. One hypothesis is that Dr. Mudd was originally complicit in the kidnapping plot, likely as the person the conspirators would have turned to for medical treatment in case Lincoln were injured, and that Booth thus remembered the doctor and went to his house to get help in the early hours of April 15.[12]:126–9[27]:59–61
Lincoln's assassination – the first of an American president – had an enduring impact upon the United States.[vague] Lincoln was mourned, in both the North and South, and there were attacks on those who expressed support for Booth.[58]:350 On the Easter Sunday after Lincoln's death, clergymen around the country praised Lincoln in their sermons.[58]:357 Millions of people attended Lincoln's funeral procession in Washington, D.C. on April 19, 1865,[12]:213 and followed as his body was transported 1,700 miles (2,700 km) through New York to Springfield, Illinois. His body and funeral train were viewed by millions along the route to his final resting place in what is now known as the Lincoln Tomb.[58]:394
After Lincoln's death, Ulysses S. Grant called him "incontestably the greatest man I ever knew."[13]:747 Southern-born Elizabeth Blair, sister of Montgomery Blair (Lincoln's first Postmaster General), said that, "Those of Southern born sympathies know now they have lost a friend willing and more powerful to protect and serve them than they can now ever hope to find again."[13]:744 Lincoln was honored on the centennial of his birth when his portrait was placed on the U.S. one-cent coin in 1909. The Lincoln Memorial in Washington, D.C., was opened in 1922.
Vice President Andrew Johnson became President upon Lincoln's death. Johnson was to become one of the least popular presidents in American history.[73] He was impeached by the House of Representatives in 1868, but the Senate failed to convict him by one vote.[13]:752
Secretary of State William Seward recovered from his wounds and continued to serve in his post throughout Johnson's presidency. He later negotiated the Alaska Purchase, then known as "Seward's Folly", by which the United States purchased Alaska from Russia in 1867.[13]:751
Henry Rathbone and Clara Harris married two years after the assassination, and Rathbone went on to become the U.S. consul to Hanover, Germany. However, Rathbone later became mentally ill and, in 1883, shot Clara and then stabbed her to death. He spent the rest of his life in a German asylum for the criminally insane.[12]:372
International reactionsEdit
Lincoln's death sparked outpourings of grief around the world.[74] Numerous foreign governments issued proclamations and declared periods of mourning on April 15, 1865.[75][76] British Foreign Secretary Lord Russell wrote to U.S. Minister Charles Francis Adams that Lincoln's death was a "sad calamity."[76] China's chief secretary of state for foreign affairs, Prince Kung, said Lincoln's death "inexpressibly shocked and startled me."[75]
In a letter to Frederick Hassaurek, the U.S. Minister to Ecuador, the Ecuadorian President Gabriel Garcia Moreno said that "Never should I have thought that the noble country of Washington would be humiliated by such a black and horrible crime; nor should I ever have thought that Mr. Lincoln would come to such a horrible end, after having served his country which such wisdom and glory under so critical circumstances."[75][76]
The government of Liberia issued a proclamation, remarking that Lincoln "was not only the ruler of his own people, but a father to millions of a race stricken and oppressed."[76] The government of Haiti condemned the assassination as a "horrid crime."[76] The United States had recognized both Liberia and Haiti in 1862, only three years prior.
John Ford tried to reopen his theater a couple of months after the murder, but a wave of outrage forced him to cancel. In 1866, the federal government purchased the building from Ford, tore out the insides, and turned it into an office building. In 1893, the inner structure collapsed, killing 22 clerks. It was later used as a warehouse, then it lay empty until it was restored to its 1865 appearance. Ford's Theatre reopened in 1968 both as a museum of the assassination and a working playhouse. The Presidential Box is never occupied.[12]:381–2 The Petersen House was purchased by the U.S. government in 1896 as the "House Where Lincoln Died", being the federal government's first purchase of an historic home.[77] Today, Ford's and the Petersen House are operated together as the Ford's Theatre National Historic Site.
In 1865, Walt Whitman wrote the poem "O Captain! My Captain!" about the death of Lincoln. Originally printed in The New-York Saturday Press in November of that year, it has appeared in subsequent collections including Sequel to Drum-Taps and Leaves of Grass.[78]
The bed that Lincoln occupied in the Petersen House and other items from the bedroom were bought by Chicago collector Charles F. Gunther and are now owned by and on display at the Chicago History Museum.[79][80] The Army Medical Museum, now named the National Museum of Health and Medicine, has retained in its collection several artifacts relating to the assassination. Currently on display are the bullet that hit Lincoln, the probe used by Barnes, pieces of Lincoln's skull and hair, and the surgeon's cuff stained with Lincoln's blood. The chair in which Lincoln was shot is on display at the Henry Ford Museum in Dearborn, Michigan.[81]
Found in Lincoln's pockets after his death were two pairs of eyeglasses, an eyeglass case, a lens polisher, a pocketknife, a watch fob, a monogrammed sleeve button, a monogrammed linen handkerchief, and a brown leather wallet containing a pencil, a Confederate five-dollar bill, and eight recent newspaper clippings with favorable remarks about Lincoln and his policies, including British MP John Bright's testimonial for Lincoln's re-election.[82] The Confederate currency was probably acquired as a souvenir when Lincoln visited Richmond and Petersburg earlier that month. These items were kept in the Lincoln family for many years and are now stored in the Rare Book and Special Collections Division in the Library of Congress.[83]
A piece of John Wilkes Booth's thoracic tissue that was taken following his autopsy is on display at the Mütter Museum in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania.[84]
The day before his assassination, Lincoln wrote a personal check for $800 to "self", reportedly to cover some debts incurred by his wife. That check, and several other historical checks, were put on display by Huntington Bank at a branch in Cleveland in 2012, after a Huntington employee discovered the checks in 2011 while looking through old documents from a bank Huntington had acquired in 1983. Although checks from several other historical figures were also on display, the check written by Lincoln two days before his death received the most attention.[85]
On February 9, 1956, 95-year-old Samuel J. Seymour appeared on the U.S. game show I've Got a Secret. The celebrity panel was eventually able to guess Seymour's "secret": he had been in attendance at Ford's Theatre the night of the assassination. Only 5 years old on the day of the April 1865 shooting, Seymour was the last living witness to the event. He died two months after the telecast.
See alsoEdit
- Second-term curse
- Baltimore Plot
- Phineas Densmore Gurley
- Samuel J. Seymour
- The Conspirator
- George A. Parkhurst
- "When Lilacs Last in the Dooryard Bloom'd"
- List of assassinated American politicians
- List of United States presidential assassination attempts and plots
- Joseph Hazelton, 12-year-old eyewitness
- ^ "Good Friday, 1865: Lincoln's Last Day". The NHPR Staff. February 18, 2008. Retrieved January 11, 2014.
- ^ "Lincoln Shot at Ford's Theater".
- ^ a b Abel, E. Lawrence (2015). A Finger in Lincoln's Brain: What Modern Science Reveals about Lincoln, His Assassination, and Its Aftermath. ABC-CLIO. p. 63. Retrieved March 14, 2017.
Forensic evidence clearly indicates Booth could not have fired at point-blank range. ... At a distance of three or more feet, the gunshot would not leave any stippling or any other resides on the surface of Lincoln's head. ... Dr. Robert Stone, the Lincoln's' family physician, was explicit: "The hair or scalp (on Lincoln's head) was not in the least burn[t]."
- ^ a b c Richard A. R. Fraser, MD (February–March 1995). "How Did Lincoln Die?". American Heritage. 46 (1).
- ^ Bob Brewer Shadow of the Sentinel, p. 67, Simon & Schuster, 2003 ISBN 978-0-7432-1968-6
- ^ "Prisoner exchange". Spartacus.schoolnet.co.uk. Archived from the original on June 5, 2011. Retrieved May 28, 2011.
- ^ a b c d e Kauffman, Michael W. (2004). American Brutus: John Wilkes Booth and the Lincoln Conspiracies. New York: Random House. ISBN 978-0-375-50785-4. Retrieved September 9, 2012.
- ^ Steers. Blood on the Moon. p. 419.
- ^ "5 facts you may not know about Lincoln's assassination". CBSNews.com. CBS News. Retrieved March 1, 2017.
Just a few days before delivering the Gettysburg Address in 1863, Lincoln went to the theater to see a play called "The Marble Heart" – a translated French production in which Booth played the villain.
- ^ a b Bogar, Thomas A. (2006). American Presidents Attend the Theatre: The Playgoing Experiences of Each Chief Executive. McFarland. pp. 100, 375–376. Retrieved March 1, 2017.
- ^ Hay, John (1999). Burlingame, Michael; Ettlinger, John R. Turner, eds. Inside Lincoln's White House: The Complete Civil War Diary of John Hay. Southern Illinois University Press. pp. 325–326.
- ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w x y z aa ab ac ad ae Swanson, James. Manhunt: The 12-Day Chase for Lincoln's Killer. Harper Collins, 2006. ISBN 978-0-06-051849-3
- ^ a b c d e f g h i j Goodwin, Doris Kearns. Team of Rivals: the political genius of Abraham Lincoln. Simon and Schuster, New York, 2005. ISBN 978-0-684-82490-1
- ^ Kauffman, John W. (December 18, 2007). American Brutus: John Wilkes Booth and the Lincoln Conspiracies. Random House. p. 252. Retrieved January 22, 2017.
"...that I have not a single selfish motive to spur me on to this, nothing save the sacred duty, I feel I owe the cause I love, the cause of the South.
- ^ Goodwin, Doris Kearns (October 19, 2010). My Thoughts Be Bloody: The Bitter Rivalry Between Edwin and John Wilkes Booth That Led to an American Tragedy (Foreword). Simon & Schuster. Retrieved January 22, 2017.
- ^ a b Reynolds, David S. (April 12, 2015). "John Wilkes Booth and the Higher Law". The Atlantic. Retrieved January 22, 2017.
- ^ Clarke, Asia Booth (1938). The Unlocked Book: A Memoir of John Wilkes Booth by his Sister. Faber & Faber. p. 124.
- ^ "Last Public Address". Speeches and Writings. Abraham Lincoln Online. April 11, 1865. Retrieved 2008-09-15.
- ^ Steers. Blood on the Moon. p. 91.
- ^ The Diary of Gideon Welles; The History Channel Publishings, Chapter XXVI, April 14, 1865
- ^ p. 116–117 of Recollections of Abraham Lincoln 1847–1865 by Ward Hill Lamon (Lincoln, University of Nebraska Press, 1999).
- ^ Lloyd Lewis (1994). The Assassination of Lincoln: History and Myth. University of Nebraska Press. p. 297. ISBN 978-0-8032-7949-0.
- ^ Somers, Lucas R. (2015). Lincoln's Dreams: An Analysis of the Sixteenth President's 'Night Terrors' and Other Chimeras. Western Kentucky University TopSCHOLAR® (Masters Theses & Specialist Projects). p. 34. Retrieved November 25, 2016.
"President Lincoln's Dream," Waynesboro Village Record (February 12, 1874); "President Lincoln's Dream," Gleason's Monthly Companion, 140–141; "James Monroe, The Dreamer's Teacher and Oneirocritica" (Peoria, Illinois: J.W. Franks & Sons, Printers and Binders, 1887), 217–220.
- ^ a b c Kunhardt Jr., Phillip B., Kunhardt III, Phillip, and Kunhardt, Peter W. Lincoln: An Illustrated Biography. Gramercy Books, New York, 1992. ISBN 0-517-20715-X
- ^ "American Experience | The Assassination of Abraham Lincoln". PBS. Retrieved December 14, 2012.
- ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o Steers, Edward. Blood on the Moon: The Assassination of Abraham Lincoln. University Press of Kentucky, 2001. ISBN 978-0-8131-9151-5
- ^ a b Vowell, Sarah. Assassination Vacation. Simon and Schuster, 2005. ISBN 0-7432-6003-1
- ^ McFeely (2002), Grant: A Biography, pages 224–225
- ^ "Frequently Asked Questions – Ford's Theatre National Historic Site". Nps.gov. February 12, 1932. Retrieved September 28, 2012.
- ^ Guelzo, Allen C. Abraham Lincoln: Redeemer President. Library of Religious Biography. Wm. B. Eerdmans Publishing Company 2002. ISBN 978-0-8028-4293-0
- ^ "entry on John Parker at Mr. Lincoln's White House website". Mrlincolnswhitehouse.org. Retrieved May 28, 2011.
- ^ John F. Parker: The Guard Who Abandoned His Post at the Abraham Lincoln's Assassination website
- ^ a b Dr. George Brainerd Todd (April 14, 1865). "Dr. George Brainerd Todd Letter". Sauerbraten, Tea Time & Scones (B.J. Peters). Retrieved August 7, 2012.
- ^ https://boothiebarn.com/2012/06/10/thoughts-from-major-rathbone/
- ^ Bishop, Jim. The Day Lincoln Was Shot. Harper, New York, 1955. OCLC 2018636
- ^ Quote: "While waves of laughter echoed through the theater, James Ferguson kept his eyes focused on Abraham Lincoln. ... the president joined the crowd with a 'hearty laugh,' ..." Source: The Darkest Dawn: Lincoln, Booth, and the Great American Tragedy.pg.96
- ^ a b c Lincoln Assassination, History Channel
- ^ Diary Entry of John Wilkes Booth
- ^ "TimesMachine April 15, 1865 – New York Times". The New York Times.
- ^ Bleyer, Bill (June 2012). "1906 Letter Tells What Five In Family Saw At Theatre April 14, 1865". Civil War News. Historical Publications Inc (Kathryn Jorgensen). Archived from the original on May 2, 2014. Retrieved May 2, 2014.
- ^ a b c Timothy S. Good, ed. (1995). We Saw Lincoln Shot: One Hundred Eyewitness Accounts (quoting Katherine M. Evans interview from April 1915 New York Tribune). University Press of Mississippi. pp. 148–149.
- ^ "Lincoln's Last Day". National Park Service. Archived from the original on December 9, 2011. Retrieved May 2, 2014.
- ^ "Lincoln's Last Day – Assassination and Death". National Park Service. Archived from the original on May 2, 2014. Retrieved May 2, 2014.
- ^ Timothy S. Good, ed. (1995). We Saw Lincoln Shot: One Hundred Eyewitness Accounts (quoting John Miles from Lincoln Conspiracy Trial transcripts). University Press of Mississippi. p. 81.
- ^ "Report of first doctor to reach shot Lincoln found".
- ^ Blower, Janis (March 14, 2013). "Geordie carried the dying U.S. president". South Shields Gazette. England: shieldsgazette.com. Retrieved October 26, 2014.
- ^ "Henry Safford". rogerjnorton.com. Archived from the original on June 1, 2011. Retrieved May 28, 2011.
- ^ Jim Bishop, "Abe Lincoln's Last Friend," Reb Acres, December 27, 1977, September 27, 2009 Abe Lincoln's Last Friend Archived 2009-01-29 at the Wayback Machine.
- ^ "OUR GREAT LOSS; The Assassination of President Lincoln.DETAILS OF THE FEARFUL CRIME.Closing Moments and Death of the President.Probable Recovery of Secretary Seward. Rumors of the Arrest of the Assassins.The Funeral of President Lincoln to Take Place Next Wednesday.Expressions of Deep Sorrow Through-out the Land. OFFICIAL DISPATCHES. THE ASSASSINATION. Further Details of the Murder Narrow Recape of Secretary Stanton Measures Taken is Prevent the Escape of the Assassin of the President. LAST MOMENTS OF THE PRESIDENT. Interesting Letter from Maunsell B. Field Esq. THE GREAT CALAMITY.". The New York Times. April 17, 1865. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved April 12, 2016.
- ^ Hay, John (1915). The Life and Letters of John Hay Volume 1 (quote's original source is Hay's diary which is quoted in "Abraham Lincoln: A History", Volume 10, Page 292 by John G. Nicolay and John Hay). Houghton Mifflin Company. Retrieved April 25, 2014.
- ^ Bain, Robert T. (2005). Lincoln's Last Battleground: A Tragic Night Recalled. AuthorHouse. p. 6.
- ^ Emerson, Jason (2012). Mary Lincoln's Insanity Case: A Documentary History. University of Illinois Press. p. 3.
- ^ Townsend, George Alfred (1865). The Life, Crime and Capture of John Wilkes Booth. New York: Dick and Fitzgerald.
- ^ Tom Heintjes. "Drawing on History, ''Hogan's Alley'' #8, 2000". Cartoonician.com. Retrieved September 28, 2012.
- ^ Stiehm, Jamie (May 18, 2007). "Modern medicine may have saved Lincoln". The Baltimore Sun. Retrieved July 19, 2012.
- ^ Helen Leale Harper, Jr. (Spring 1995). "Dr. Charles A. Leale: First Surgeon to Reach the Assassinated President Lincoln". YHS Newsletter. Yonkers Historical Society. Archived from the original on February 27, 2012. Retrieved July 19, 2012.
- ^ a b c George Alfred Townsend, The Life, Crime and Capture of John Wilkes Booth. (ISBN 978-0-9764805-3-2)
- ^ a b c d e f Sandburg, Carl. Abraham Lincoln: The War Years IV. Harcourt, Brace & World, 1936. OCLC 46381986
- ^ a b Steers, p. 111
- ^ U.S. Senate: Art & History Home. "Andrew Johnson, 16th Vice President (1865)", United States Senate. Retrieved February 17, 2006.
- ^ O'Reilly, Bill (2011). Killing Lincoln. Henry Holt & Company, LLC. p. 215.
- ^ "The Death of John Wilkes Booth, 1865". Eyewitness to History/Ibis Communications. Retrieved August 16, 2012. (Quoting Lieutenant Edward Doherty, officer in charge of the soldiers who captured Booth)
- ^ Harris, Thomas M., Brig. Gen.. Rome's [i.e. the Vatican's] Responsibility for the Assassination of Abraham Lincoln. Petersburg, Ohio: Pilgrim Brethren Press, 1897. Without ISBN
- ^ a b Serup, Paul. Who Killed Abraham Lincoln?: An investigation of North America's most famous ex-priest's assertion that the Roman Catholic Church was behind the assassination of America's greatest President. Salmova Press, 2008. ISBN 978-0-9811685-0-0
- ^ Jampoler, Andrew. The Last Lincoln Conspirator: John Surratt's Flight from the Gallows. Naval Institute Press, 2008. ISBN 978-1-59114-407-6
- ^ Larson, Kate. The Assassin's Accomplice: Mary Surratt and the Plot to Kill Abraham Lincoln. Basic Books, 2008. ISBN 978-0-465-03815-2
- ^ a b Kunhardt, Dorothy Meserve, and Kunhardt Jr., Phillip B. Twenty Days. Castle Books, 1965. ISBN 1-55521-975-6
- ^ Doug Linder. "The Trial of the Lincoln Assassination Conspirators". Law.umkc.edu. Archived from the original on June 20, 2010. Retrieved May 28, 2011.
- ^ Pitman, Benn; United States Army; Military Commission (1865). The assassination of President Lincoln and the trial of the conspirators. Cincinnati, Ohio, and New York, New York: Moore, Wilstach & Boldwin. p. 406.
- ^ Steers, Edward (2014). Lincoln's Assassination. SIU Press. p. 116. Retrieved November 25, 2016.
The nine judges voted five to four in favor of the death penalty for the doctor. Mudd was saved by a single vote; death required six votes.
- ^ Linder, D: "Biography of Mary Surratt, Lincoln Assassination Conspirator", University of Missouri–Kansas City. Retrieved December 10, 2006.
- ^ "Blood on the Moon". C-SPAN. February 17, 2002. Retrieved March 20, 2017.
- ^ Stadelmann, M (2002). U.S. Presidents For Dummies. Hungry Minds. p. 355.
- ^ Ford, Matt (April 14, 2015). "How the World Mourned Lincoln". The Atlantic. Retrieved May 6, 2016.
- ^ a b c Northam, Jackie (April 15, 2015). "Documents Show Global Outpouring Of Grief Over Lincoln's Assassination". NPR. Retrieved May 6, 2016.
- ^ a b c d e Marrs, Aaron (December 12, 2011). "INTERNATIONAL REACTION TO LINCOLN'S DEATH". U.S. Department of State, Office of the Historian. Retrieved May 6, 2016.
- ^ Hartley, Allison (July 22, 2013). "Eccentricities from our Archives: The Man Who Collected Lincoln". www.fords.org. The Ford's Theatre National Historic Site. Retrieved November 25, 2016.
- ^ Staff. "The Walt Whitman Archive – Published Works: O Captain! My Captain!". www.whitmanarchive.org. Center for Digital Research (University of Nebraska-Lincoln). Retrieved January 22, 2017.
- ^ Knutson, Ted (July 27, 1984). "Believe it or not, museum collections tell a story". Chicago Tribune (LF16).
- ^ "Deathbed". licolnat200.org. Licolnat200.org. Retrieved September 28, 2012.[permanent dead link]
- ^ "Exhibit Overview: With Liberty and Justice for All: An Exhibition at Henry Ford Museum". Thehenryford.org. Archived from the original on June 23, 2012. Retrieved September 28, 2012.
- ^ Cash, Bill (October 25, 2011). John Bright: Statesman, Orator, Agitator. I.B.Tauris. ISBN 1-84885-996-1.
- ^ "The contents of Abraham Lincoln's pockets on the evening of his assassination". Library of Congress, Rare Book and Special Collections Division, Alfred Whital Stern Collection of Lincolniana. Retrieved 18 February 2017.
- ^ The Mütter Museum. "This Dust Was Once a Man: The Final Days of Abraham Lincoln". muttermuseum.org. Archived from the original on October 30, 2014. Retrieved October 30, 2014.
- ^ Northeast Ohio. "Huntington Bank discovers original checks signed by Lincoln, Washington, Edison, Twain and others (photo gallery)". cleveland.com. Retrieved September 28, 2012.
Further readingEdit
- Hodes, Martha. Mourning Lincoln (Yale University Press, 2015) x, 396 pp.
- King, Benjamin. A Bullet for Lincoln, Pelican Publishing, 1993. ISBN 0-88289-927-9
- Lattimer, John. Kennedy and Lincoln, Medical & Ballistic Comparisons of Their Assassinations. Harcourt Brace Jovanovich, New York. 1980. ISBN 978-0-15-152281-1 [includes description and pictures of Seward's jaw splint, not a neck brace]
- Steers Jr., Edward, and Holzer, Harold, eds. The Lincoln Assassination Conspirators: Their Confinement and Execution, as Recorded in the Letterbook of John Frederick Hartranft. Louisiana State University Press, 2009. ISBN 978-0-8071-3396-5
- Donald E. Wilkes, Jr., Lincoln Assassinated!, Lincoln Assassinated!, Part 2.
- Bagehot, Walter, ed. (April 29, 1865). "The assassination of Mr Lincoln". The Economist. XXIII (1,131).
External linksEdit
|Wikiquote has quotations related to: Assassination of Abraham Lincoln
|Wikimedia Commons has media related to Assassination of Abraham Lincoln.
- Abraham Lincoln's Physician's Observation and Postmortem Reports: Original Documentation Shapell Manuscript Foundation
- First Responder Dr. Charles Leale Eyewitness Report of Assassination
- Lincoln Papers: Lincoln Assassination: Introduction
- Original Documents Online: Lincoln Assassination Papers
- April 14th, 1865, Ford's Theatre Ticket
- Ford's Theatre National Historic Site
- Abraham Lincoln's Assassination
- Abraham Lincoln: A Resource Guide from the Library of Congress
- Lincoln Conspiracy Photograph Album at George Eastman museum
- The Men Who Killed Lincoln – slideshow by Life magazine
- The Lincoln Assassination: New research unravels old myths
- Mary Eugenia Surratt (1823–1865)
- Civil War Sites in Maryland
- On this date: April 24, 1865 Hancock issues proclamation
- On this day: April 26, 1865 John Wilkes Booth Killed!
- Lincoln Assassination Books
- Frederick A. Aiken Biography
- Dr. Samuel A. Mudd Research Site


text:
Well cool! Here's what I'm thinking...I'll start a new blogspot, similar to what I put up for the kids, and post the link here and we'll see who all is interested. After reading the lovely Wikipedia article my SIL sent me, I'm thinking something along the lines of message board style (living on a blog)...roll playing story without the use of dice and modifiers and play by play email, but more of an agreed format to describe encounters taking turns posting on the blog.
I guess since I've done part 1 with the kids, I've at least tinkered my way through that already. Let me see what I can work on today and I'll put up a new link.

subset: commoncrawl


text:
It allows to defer payments ensuring a positive shopping experience
Installment payments
Allow your clients the option to defer the payments of their purchases.
Different options of paying to generate a positive shopping experience.
Easily adaptation
Payment installment forms adapted to the reality of each market.
Capture information to identify user behavior and experience.


text:
Monday, April 21, 2008
Touchdown Technologies Raises $22M
Baldwin Park-based Touchdown Technologies, a firm which manufactures MEMs probes for the semiconductor test industry, has raised $22M in venture funding, according to numbers released in the PricewaterhouseCoopers/NVCA MoneyTree report this week. No details of the funding have been disclosed by the company. Touchdown Technologies has previously raised funding from Adams Capital Management, AIG SunAmerica Ventures, INVESCO Private Capital, and Pequot Ventures. More information »


text: On Wed, 2009-04-15 at 12:10 +0200, François Cami wrote: > On Wed, 15 Apr 2009 01:02:20 -0700 (PDT) > "Arne Chr. Jorgensen" <achrisjo yahoo com> wrote: > > > I would be very pleased > > in anyone would bother to mention the issue to Xorg, and such, as it is > > I think it clear where the error may be located. I have worked around > > the clock, and it is such a painstaking thing to just write anything at > > all on this machine on the momenent. I would appreachiate if some passed > > this to those that could be able to look into the code. > > Arne, > > I realize you're on F10, but the workarounds (nomodeset in the kernel > command line, and switching to XAA in xorg.conf) mentioned in the rawhide > bug https://bugzilla.redhat.com/show_bug.cgi?id=495454 may help you. > > Alternatively, I would suggest trying F11 as soon as Preview is out and > reporting any bug at https://bugzilla.redhat.com/ . And to isolate whether the issue actually is the X driver, you could try using the vesa driver instead (or even radeonhd, if the hardware is new enough to work with it). Just to test. -- Adam Williamson Fedora QA Community Monkey IRC: adamw | Fedora Talk: adamwill AT fedoraproject DOT org http://www.happyassassin.net


text: AltaVista Software announces Enterprise Search 2.0 Published on March 27, 2002. Most Popular Palo Alto, Calif.--AltaVista Software, a division of CMGI Inc.'s AltaVista Co., announced the availability of AltaVista Enterprise Search 2.0, an information retrieval service for corporations. The software provides universal access to data and document-level security. In this article: BtoB


text:
Tagged: ride closure
The iconic dark ride will make its final voyage at the Surrey based theme park after 26 years of operation. … Read more
The Alton Towers based thrill ride currently lies in dismantled pieces across the resort car parks.
After the Euro Attractions Show, we exclusively revealed that Pleasure Beach Blackpool's Bling was on the market in a German trade magazine – and has now been revealed as being bought by one of Europe's top amusement parks.
Thorpe Park have today announced one of their few remaining family rides is to close next month, in a surprise move.
Legoland Windsors' Rocket Racers attraction is to officially close tomorrow, after defying the HD revolution in computer gaming for many years. Located close to the park entrance's 'The Beginning' area, the ride consisted of both a pre-show and an arcade style racing attraction.
Pleasure Beach Blackpool's Gold Mine attraction is set for a redevelopment for 2012 as work commenced on the ride's exterior – and the ride now being closed on a permanent basis. As work commenced, we managed to get some photos as new fences went up…


text:
Here are a few photos from my iPhone.
Jarita before introductions.
Jarita in action.
What a terrific crowd!
It's hard to get folks to come out for anything these days, but the fact that we had a full house on a Monday night blew me away. Visiting Falmouth was well worth the two-hour drive.
Special thanks Inkwell's events publicist, Steve, for his all-out effort to promote the reading. With flyers like this (see below), how can you go wrong?


text:
Find a great value Air Conditioning Service Specialist in Widnes with Who Can Fix My Car.
Enter your registration to compare Air Conditioning Service quotes and reviews, and find a great local garage today!
Find a great value Air Conditioning Service Specialist in Widnes with Who Can Fix My Car.
They were great, professional, came and picked up the car which helped.
Air con regas done quickly and efficiently with no fuss.
Very pleased with service. Staff were very pleasant and work was carried out at the appointment time - no waiting around. All this and a great price, highly recommend them.
All good for me. I had an appointment at 9:30 and arrived an hour early and thought I would wait. They took the car straight away and I had it back in 30 minutes. Good service
Brilliant! All work done to a high standard. Friendly and cooperative. Pretty quick as well. Nice to find a decent garage with decent, smiley staff, who do a decent job at fair prices.
very friendly and exceptional service..would highly recommend *****
Brilliant, did everything that was asked!
efficient and professional - would take my car again
Overall a good experience.
Great service and cheapest I found defo use again
Excellent service will use again if and when I need to.
Was well impressed they picked my car up from my house did the job and delivered it back what more can you ask for
Great job will definitely use the garage again fantastic price highly recommended
Fantastic, no problems!
Perfect thanks, passed MOT with flying colours.
Car went in for a potential new ECU.. Big and possibly expensive!... Andy could have done that and made some money.. but an honest mechanic is invaluable.. ended up being a minor fault and a fraction of the price!. Car is running Brilliant and he also messaged me to see how it was doing and if I had any concerns!... Definitely going back in future.. also very friendly.. kept in touch even when I was a pest texting over the car 20 times a day!.
I can only give my highest recommendation to Andy at Competa transport. He did the job at the time he said he would at the price quoted and to the highest standard! Very refreshing and wholeheartedly recommended. I will be taking all my car needs to Andy from now on. AAA+++
I have been driving for nearly 30 years nod have used many garages, I never never come across a garage as excellent as this one. Service was amazing, car collected and dropped off, cheapest quote by far and work done really quick and MOT was included in the price. Excellent customer skills I would highly recommend this garage, and I will definitely be using this garage again.
Excellent service job done very quickly and at a very reasonable price
Excellent service replied to messages straight away job done within 2 days for cheaper than quoted, would highly recommend this garage.
Spot on! Would use again!
Job done quickly and efficiently, friendly and polite would use again


text:
|1955 - Nagreeka Group was incorporated in 1955, by Mr. I. L. Patwari. Further, the group introduced it's another division Nagreeka Capital & Infrastructure Ltd. to look after the investment and reality development wing.
1994 - The company was incorporated on 31st October 1994 under the Companies Act, 1956 as Nagreeka Securities Ltd.
2001 - Name of the company was changed to Nagreeka Software Technologies Limited which was affected from 19th September, 2001
2006 - Name of company had been again changed from Nagreeka Software Technologies Ltd. to Nagreeka Capital & Infrastructure Ltd. with effect from 12th July 2006 through the fresh Certificate of Incorporation.
2007 - Nagreeka Capital & Infrastructure had planned to invest in real estate and infrastructure projects, private equity funds, select stocks and REIT funds.
- On 18th September 2007, stock of Nagreeka Capital & Infrastructure Ltd listed on the BSE at a premium of 20% against the offer price of Rs 95 at Rs 114.
- Nagreeka Capital & Infrastructure Ltd has appointed Mr. Sushil Patwari as Chairman of the Board, in the Board meeting held on August 11, 2010.


text:
As the year draws to a close, fast rising act, JC Brizzy serves up a new single for the ladies and the clubs.
"Correct" is a nice song that aims at appreciating and commending all ladies out there, along with the perfect touch of nice hook & verses. The production was handled by Otyno & his frequent collaborator Oneillz. This one is hot and it's also an easy spin for deejays.
Check it out!
DOWNLOAD JC Brizzy – "Correct" (Prod. by Otyno & Oneillz)
**also the longer version & remix of the song featuring a popular act is already in works and will be released early next year, be on the look out for it**
Also Download
Dope jam by JC brizzy keep d good work bro
n d sky will b ur beginning
this is sincerely like the hottest song that I've heard in a very time, nice job
I cnt wait 2 c d video guy I dey feel u nd God wil continue 2 strengthen u. Kudos 2 u


text:
Question: Consider the response model in equation 14 5 Suppose that in
Consider the response model in equation 14.5. Suppose that in the response model we allow for a complete second-order model in the noise factors so that
View Solution:
What effect does this have on the variance model?
View Solution:
Answer to relevant QuestionsConsider the first-order model yt = 75 + 10x1 + 6x2 (a) Sketch the contours of constant predicted response over the range –1 ≤ xi ≤ + 1, i = 1, 2. (b) Find the direction of steepest ascent. An article by J. J. Pignatiello, Jr. and J. S. Ramberg in the Journal of Quality Technology (Vol. 17, 1985, pp. 198- 206) describes the use of a replicated fractional factorial to investigate the effect of five factors on ...(a) Derive an item-by-item sequential-sampling plan for which p1 = 0.01, a = 0.05, p2 = 0.10, and β= 0.10. (b) Draw the OC curve for this plan. We wish to find a single-sampling plan for a situation where lots are shipped from a supplier. The supplier's process operates at a fallout level of 0.50% defective. We want the AOQL from the inspection activity to be 3%. ...The density of a plastic part used in a cellular telephone is required to be at least 0.70 g/cm3. The parts are supplied in large lots, and a variables sampling plan is to be used to sentence the lots. It is desired to have ...
Post your question


text:
McCall 7911; ca. 1950; Suit-Dress. Suit dress with smart new lines. A wide tuck edge on the shoulder yoke. Button-trimmed vent. Slim skirt that keeps its shape.
Links to reviews/blog postsEdit
Add a photo to the gallery by clicking the "modify" button below.
[insert your username, and make sure your preferences allow for people to contact you via e-mail. Do not list your email address here!]


text:
Each month, Rated People connects over 50,000 homeowners with quality tradesmen - simply enter your job details in the form above to get started.
We'll match your job to the relevant tradesmen in your area - those interested will pay to see your contact details and call you to quote.
As each tradesman expresses interest in quoting on your job, we'll send you their profile and ratings to help you choose the right one for you.
After the work is complete, return to the site and rate your tradesman based on their quality of work, reliability and value for money.
Added 27/05/2017
already have the materials for the job just need a tiler to put the floor down
Added 08/05/2014
EXTERNAL Red tiled apex to front facing dormer window has come off. Total of 4 tiles at the...
Added 21/09/2011
New fit with all tiles supplied. Need to be completed for shower fitting on Tuesday 27th S...
Added 14/09/2011
kitchen taps have caused kitchen window sill tiles to expand. Would like quotes to replace...
Added 05/09/2011
My bathroom is 100cm x 209cm. My en suite is 88cm x 155cm.
Added 26/03/2011
Kitchen tiles and just behind sink in cloakroom. We already spoke a few months ago and gave...
I rarely leave feedback on these forums, but these guys really deserve it. Our kitchen tiling and painting was done to an excellent standard. Our decorator put dust sheets on everything, taped up areas so nothing was painted that shouldn't have been. He hoovered, and placed everything back that he'd moved at the end of each day. He even sent us photos of progress! Would highly recommend and be happy to ask them to come back in the future. Thank you!
Sisi Property Ltd came to tile my shower at the drop of hat. First impressions were that they seemed a little slow, it quickly became apparent that they were in fact perfectionists.The end result was genuinely outstanding and I am delighted with their work. True craftsmen.They took their time because they were meticulous; not slow.The job manager was excellent, polite and friendly; and while the tilers were brilliant, I'd suggest John learns 'hello', 'thank you' and how to crack a smile though ;)
I highly recommend these guys first class work and an excellent team. On time as promised and very respectful in all ways.
Managing your job is easier with the Rated People Homes App, download it today.


text:
Make The Right Choice
Did you know that 675 crashes occurs perday in BC?
Most common factors are alcohol and drugs. Drugs and alcohol reduces the judgement of distances and/or slows down you reflexes.
Another major cause is texting while driving; are you dying to reply ASAP?
Over 41,ooo people suffer death or serious injuries on the road. Let's make the right choice. As a community we can make this world a much safer place.


text:
Sign Up To Get Goedeker's Summer Clearance Sale Deals And Specials + An Instant Coupon Code!
Be the first to find out about exclusive offers, promotions and receive special coupons!
Email address not valid
Trusted Since 1951
Trusted Since 1951
Funny families of wooden animals, "feel good items" with round shapes which swing on our desk, keeping us company and looking at us with their curious little eyes. The Savis are inspired by some Miyazaki's animated feature films, with their pointy ears obtained through wood milling, while The Corbaris remind more of Barbapapa.
|Plan Includes
|Protection Plan
|Additional Year(s) Parts & Labor
|30 Day Cancellation
|Unlimited Service Calls
|Electrical & Mechanical Repairs
|Accidental Damage
|Zero Deductible


text:
Main Milestones
High-Level Event of the General Assembly Contributions of Human Rights and the Rule of Law in the Post-2015 Development Agenda
9 Jun 2014 - 10 Jun 2014
New York, UNHQ
New York, UNHQ
More recently, in the Outcome document of the Special Event to follow-up on efforts made towards achieving the Millennium Development Goals held on September 25th, leaders have underlined the need for a coherent approach to the elaboration of the post-2015 development agenda that integrates in a balanced manner the three dimensions of sustainable development. This approach should also promote peace and security, democratic governance, the rule of law, gender equality and human rights for all.
As a complement to the work of the Open Working Group on Sustainable Development Goals and building upon the aforementioned consensually agreed political outcomes, the President of the General Assembly will convene a high-level event to further address the contributions of human rights and the rule of law in the post-2015 development agenda.


text:
Oil and gas jobs draw in residents, heat up housing market
The Houston area ranked among the top destinations for residents who relocated this summer, a reflection of the strong economy and local job growth.
Houston was one of six metropolitan areas across the U.S. — along with Dallas, San Jose, Charlotte, Seattle and Phoenix — where more people moved to the region than moved out this summer, according to a report from United Van Lines, a relocation company and the largest mover in the U.S., that details the top destination markets for the peak May-to-August moving season.
Michael Stoll, an economist and chairman of the Department of Public Policy at UCLA, attributes Houston's showing in the United Van Lines report to three key factors: Comparatively low housing costs, strength in the energy sector and global trade.
"Energy prices have been up, so growth in this sector has been good. Also, international trade has been up recently with U.S. exports up and Houston has benefited because of its proximity to the coast and ports," said Stoll, who analyzed data for St. Louis-based United Van Lines.
Houston's status as a top destination market, as well as ranking 12th among the top 15 metro areas in the U.S. where people are leaving, has been great for business at Houston-based East End Transfer and Storage Inc., which represents United Van Lines.
"It's just booming right now," said Mike Jackson, vice president of East End Transfer.
Most of the moves East End Transfers handled this summer involve professionals such as engineers and projects managers coming to work in the oil and gas industry, he said.
An affordable housing market is also driving business, Jackson said.
"There are jobs available, there's a lot of affordable housing," he said.
About half of East End Transfer's business for the year typically comes during the peak four-month period, Jackson said. Demand has increased so much this year that it has impacted operations at East End Transfer, including reducing lead times to as little as two weeks from when a customer first calls.
"We're doing a whole lot in a very short period of time. It makes it stressful," he said.
What's been good for East End Transfer's business has been driving up housing prices and sales activity in the Houston area.
The sale of single-family homes in July increased 27 percent from the same month a year earlier, to 6,324 units from 4,981, according to the Houston Association of Realtors. Pending sales grew 11 percent.
The average sale price increased from $223,244 to $231,484 from July 2011 to July 2012 and the median price increased from $160,000 to $170,000. Nationally, the median home price was $194,400 in July, according to the National Association of Realtors.
The hot market has driven down housing inventory in the Houston area. As of July, the inventory of homes on the market remained at the lowest level in five years and was down 30.3 percent from a year earlier to 5.3 months, which compares to 6.6 months nationally.
"We have so many people coming into the Houston area and not a lot of people are selling their home right now," said Danny Frank, the incoming chairman of the Houston Association of Realtors and an agent at Houston-based Turbo Realty, who calls the present market "extremely hot."
In many communities, homes are taking less than 90 days to sell and often go for list price, Frank said.
While sales in some individual neighborhoods may lag the broader market, "there is no market around Houston that isn't doing great," Frank said. He cites Clear Lake, The Woodlands and Pearland as "doing extremely well."
"Most of the housing coming on the market is snatched right up," Frank said. "A lot of our higher-end homes are doing extremely well."
Rental housing is strong as well, according to data from the Houston Association of Realtors. Leasing activity for single-family rental homes increased 15 percent in July over a year earlier, driving monthly rents to a record average of $1,669.
As home sales increase, so does home construction.
In Montgomery County, for example, building permits for Johnson Development Corp.'s 3,000-acre Woodforest master-planned community increased 154 percent from July 2011 to July 2012, according to Bohlke Consulting Group.
The community is near Exxon Mobil Corp.'s new corporate campus near The Woodlands that will employ 10,000 when it opens in 2014.
There were 244 building permits issued for new homes in the development during the 12-month period, with two-thirds of them granted during 2012.
Houston-based Johnson Development reported sales of 192 new homes this year through August, a 123 percent increase over 2011's pace.
MARK SANCHEZ is a freelance reporter. To contact the editor of this article email email@example.com.


text:
|Message view
|« Date » · « Thread »
|« Date » · « Thread »
|Irv Salisbury <irv.salisb...@gmail.com>
|Re: XML databinding in Javaflow
|Mon, 04 Jul 2005 03:51:04 GMT
Well, with flowscript we still have our rhino bug that one developer is working on. With Javaflow, we are having this session issue that we are trying to get resolved. So, at this point, we are keeping both options open. I have to say, a big positive on Javaflow is the type safety and the fun of working in Java. The downside was that the documentation is lacking compared to flowscript. (But I did get to have some fun looking through the source...) Does javaflow have dynamic class loading? I thought I read that somewhere. Thanks for all the help. I am sure it won't be the last question I ask about javaflow. Irv On 7/2/05, Torsten Curdt <email@example.com> wrote: > > Brave is an interesting term... :-) > > :-) > > > We have to work in Weblogic. There is a nasty bug in Rhino that is > > preventing it from working in Weblogic 8.1. We are working on > > resolution from BEA but not holding our breath. We have to comment > > tomorrow on whether or not switching to JavaFlow will solve our > > problem. Takes a little while to get used to, but nice to have strong > > type checking again :-) > > So any decision made yet? > > > Thanks for the help. > > No worries > > cheers > -- > Torsten > > > >
|View raw message


text:
Local jeweller Areta Wilkinson and Caroline Billing from Inform Contemporary Jewellery are holding a Jewellery Market Day as a fundraiser for THE MULTITUDE : a curated jewellery exhibition by Karl Chitham and Caroline Billing. This event is part of the Christchurch Arts Festival.
Many local jewellers and makers including Felt seller Deidre from Shakyisles have contributed "jewellery related" work. It promises to be packed with irresistible treasures so make sure you don't miss out!
When: Saturday, 25 July 2009, 10am-3pm
Where: Cathedral Square , Christchurch
Tags: christchurch, christchurch arts festival, fundraiser, jewellery, market


text:
A preliminary investigation shows "murky and cloudy" water in a public swimming pool helped conceal the body of a drowned Haitian woman for two days while people swam there, authorities said.
The Bristol County district attorney's office said the body of Marie Joseph was submerged at the bottom of the 3.6-metre deep end of the pool, in Fall River, Massachusetts, from Sunday afternoon until Tuesday night.
Joseph, 36, was a hotel housekeeper in Newport, Rhode Island. She was from Haiti and had five children. Her body was discovered after it floated to the surface shortly before some youngsters sneaked into the pool for a clandestine swim on Tuesday night.
The medical examiner's office has determined the manner of her death to be accidental and the cause to be asphyxiation by drowning.
The probe shows the water in the pool was murky from the time the pool opened for the season last Saturday. Visibility tests conducted on Wednesday revealed a diver couldn't be seen at a depth of up to 1.2 metres below the surface of the water.
"Although this office is releasing this preliminary information regarding the case today, the investigation into the death, the circumstances surrounding it and the delay in discovering the body is ongoing," the district attorney's office said in a statement.
The death at Veterans Memorial Pool, south of Boston, surprised and troubled swimmers, residents and public officials.
The Department of Conservation and Recreation, which runs the pool, immediately closed all 30 deep-water swimming pools and began reviewing safety and operational procedures.
Department of Conservation and Recreation Commissioner Edward Lambert said that 11 pools were set to reopen today after safety inspectors found they met all safety guidelines and their staff were well-trained.
Additional pools will reopen once their reviews are complete.
But Bristol County pool will not reopen anytime soon because its entire staff has been suspended. City officials also have said that they will not issue a permit to reopen until state officials assure them that swimmers will be safe there.
Friendly View


text:
Save Vietnam's Wildlife (SVW) is a national Non-Profit Organisation in Vietnam that was founded on the critical need for more effective solutions to secure a future for Vietnamese wildlife. At the core of SVW's program of work in Viet Nam is a collaborative partnership with Cuc Phuong National Park to support the management and operation of the Carnivore and Pangolin Conservation Program (CPCP).
Finance & HR Officer
JOB OPPORTUNITY: Finance & HR Officer at Save Vietnam's Wildlife
Position title: Finance & HR Officer
Main duty station: Cuc Phuong, Ninh Binh (100km away from Ha Noi)
Introduction of Save Vietnam's Wildlife
Save Vietnam's Wildlife (SVW) is a national Non-Profit Organisation in Vietnam that
was established under the Vietnam Union of Science and Technology Associations with
registration license from Ministry of Science and Technology.
Save Vietnam's Wildlife commits to protecting and increasing populations of threatened
wildlife in Vietnam by rescuing threatened animals, protecting entire populations and
ensuring secured habitats. We act to identify and select the best solutions which
encompass high conservation value, are scientifically based, consider human
requirements and empower people to take informed action.
Save Vietnam's Wildlife is looking a position of Finance & HR Officer
Duration: 8 months
Expected starting date: 15/11/2016
Salary: To be discussed
Work place: Save Vietnam's Wildlife, Cuc Phuong National Park, Nho Quan, Ninh Binh
Responsibilities of Finance & HR officer
Organization, management and operation the accounting department.
Provide finance reports to donors at the end of project and annually finance
Collect receipts and control budget spending.
Support sub-recipients in preparing project budgets, financial reports, advance
requests, and annual tax reports to ensure compliance with Save Vietnam's
Wildlife rules and regulations.
Liabilities to pay, agency debt, advance, cash, bank deposits
Procure office supplies and consumables, and record inventories, maintain the
offices in a good operational condition
Ensure all human resources are managed and dealt with appropriately and that
human resource files and databases are maintained for all employees
contracted to the centre.
Track health insurance, social insurance for employees;
Assist the working permit and visa process for foreign staff
Translate documents, when necessary from Vietnamese to English.
Organise and maintain the office filing system.
Assist administration works
Must be Vietnamese
University-level (bachelor level) qualification
Fluency in both English and Vietnamese
Not require experience
Strong networking and advocacy skills
Good organizational and reporting skills
Ability to cope with pressure/meet deadlines
Willingness to undertake frequent travel
How to apply
Interested Vietnamese candidates should send their recent CV and a cover letter
(written in English and Vietnamese) to email: firstname.lastname@example.com and
firstname.lastname@example.com by 07th November 2016. Acknowledgements will be sent
to short-listed applicants only.
Phone contact: 0303848053
Application Deadline
Mon, 07/11/2016
Để tìm kiếm việc làm khác, vui lòng xem tại đây.


text: Maintreedescendants John Rutter (1655-1729) Rodger Rudder (1686-1771) Sarah Robines (-1695) Samuel Rudder (1726-1801) Lydia Hillier (c1690-) Retrieved from "http://familypedia.wikia.com/wiki/Samuel_Rudder_(1726-1801)/tree?oldid=782408" Ad blocker interference detected! Wikia is a free-to-use site that makes money from advertising. We have a modified experience for viewers using ad blockers Wikia is not accessible if you've made further modifications. Remove the custom ad blocker rule(s) and the page will load as expected. Hidden category: Tree pages


text:
Yankees Press Releases
Yankees roster move -- 8/22/17
Prior to tonight's game, the Yankees reinstated RHP Masahiro Tanaka from the 10-day disabled list.
Yankees roster move - 8/20/17
Following today's game, the Yankees optioned RHP Bryan Mitchell to Triple-A Scranton/Wilkes-Barre.
Yankees roster moves -- 8/19/17
Prior to tonight's game, the Yankees made the following roster moves.
Yankees roster moves - 8/14/17
Prior to tonight's game, the Yankees made the following roster moves.
Yankees return home for five-game homestand vs. division & city rivals
Claire Smith to Throw Out Ceremonial First Pitch; Sonny Gray Scheduled to Make Home Debut.
Yankees roster move - 8/6/17
Following today's game, the Yankees optioned LHP Jordan Montgomery to Triple-A Scranton/Wilkes-Barre.
Yankees acquire RHP Sonny Gray from Oakland Athletics
The New York Yankees today announced that they have acquired right-handed pitcher Sonny Gray and international signing bonus pool money from the Oakland Athletics in exchange for outfielder Dustin Fowler, right-handed pitcher James Kaprielian and infielder/outfielder Jorge Mateo.
Yankees Acquire LHP Jaime García from Twins
The New York Yankees today announced that on Saturday, July 29, they acquired left-handed pitcher Jaime García and cash considerations from the Minnesota Twins in exchange for left-handed pitcher Dietrich Enns and right-handed pitcher Zack Littell.
Yankees return to Yankee Stadium for first homestand following All-Star Break
Highlights include Military Appreciation Day, ticket specials on eight dates and promotional items on seven dates.