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Introduction
It is no exaggeration to describe the fire which started in London on September 2nd 1666 as 'Great'. The city had suffered large blazes before and after, including those started by the aerial might of the Nazi war machine, but none came close to the four days and nights of constant fire which raged through over four hundred acres of densely packed housing, stores and workplaces. While few died, anywhere up to 200,000 people suddenly found themselves homeless and often destitute, while religious fears and paranoia tinged the whole catastrophe with an air of anti-Catholic hatred. England's great capital city was put on the verge of ruin by a conflagration that literally burnt itself into popular memory.
The Waiting Disaster
In 1666 London's medieval streets were narrow and the buildings close, most constructed from timber, wattle and daub, plaster and pitch and filled with the equally flammable essentials of everyday life: straw, tallow and firewood. In and around these materials were the candles and hearths of every home and business, each one a potentially dangerous spark. Londoners didn't need hindsight to see the Great Fire of London as inevitable: people were worried, not just about a major fire, but about something so large it wiped London out entirely. Daniel Baker predicted such in 1559 and the fears were still strong in the 1660s, when the king himself asked London's mayor to reform the building regulations and tackle the threat of fire.

The Fire Starts
In the early hours of September 2nd 1666 a fire began at a bakehouse in Pudding Lane. We don't know exactly where this building was in the Lane; it is supposedly 62 meters from the base of the fire Monument - but evidence from contemporary accounts (both eyewitness reports and later parliamentary findings) leaves us in no doubt that the fire began there. The bakehouse was owned by Thomas Farriner (also spelt Farynor), a baker to the king, and historians are confident that he, or one of his staff, failed to douse their ovens properly that September night, leading to an ember blowing out and igniting nearby straw. On this, contemporary opinion was not so clear cut (see below).

The Fire Spreads
Farriner, his family and staff were awoken around 1am by the smell of smoke; all fled apart from a maid who was too scared to either clamber over the rooftops with them or jump. She stayed and died, the first human casualty of the Great fire. Sparks from the bakehouse showered surrounding buildings, igniting stable materials out in a yard at the Star Inn in Fish Street. Soon after the Church of St. Margaret caught alight and fire spread to the buildings in Thames Street, riverside warehouses packed with products like timber, coal, oils, tar, spirits and other combustibles. Here the fire caught such hold, gained such strength, that the attempts of ad hoc civilian groups to douse the flames with Thames water failed against overwhelming heat. By 4.00 am Parish Constables had awoken the Mayor of London, Thomas Bludworth, and brought him to the scene. His comments about the fire can't be repeated here, but he was openly derisive; he was also too scared to order the demolition of nearby buildings to create firebreaks and he soon returned to bed.

Strong winds both fed the fire and carried the sparks further and further. By 7:00 an estimated three hundred buildings were ablaze. Shortly after, London experienced its one stroke of luck. Most of London's bridges bore buildings down either side and the fire was easily working its way along London Bridge, from where it could ignite the South of London. Fortunately, a fire thirty-three years previously had left a gap between buildings, a gap which the fire wasn't yet strong enough to cross. The fire thus stopped halfway across the Thames, burning itself out before it could go further and saving the South. The same did not happen to the north, east and west.

Why The Fire Spread So Quickly
The fire spread in two ways: by igniting what was next to it and constantly spreading outward, or 'jumping' outward thanks to the strong wind, which carried burning embers across gaps. In contrast, London's population had two ways to combat the flames: use water – whether from buckets and pumps – to douse the flames – or create firebreaks by quickly pulling down a line of buildings and clearing the timber, thus effectively starving the fire of material.

The fire was too strong and the technology too basic to move the quantity of water needed, so the population initially had to try making firebreaks using ropes, hooks, any working animals they could keep calm and their own strength. Unfortunately, the firebreaks proved inadequate. The winds were now strong enough to carry embers across huge gaps - a contemporary figure claims across the space of twenty houses – and for the first couple of days people simply couldn't create firebreaks fast enough and far enough to stop the flames advancing.

People Add To The Woes
People also caused a problem, often refusing permission to their houses to be destroyed. Mayor Bludworth initially refused to order firebreaks for fear of who would pay compensation. Even when King Charles II ordered the population to make breaks, others refused; people wanted the houses in front of their used as a break and their saves. The diary of Samuel Pepys – the man who initially informed Charles II of the situation – records the Mayor saying later in the day: "Lord, what can I do? I am spent, people will not obey me. I have been pulling down houses but the fire overtakes us faster than we can do it." A third method was proposed during the evening of September third, supposedly by the navy, but it was swiftly rejected by homeowners; it involved using gunpowder to quickly create large empty spaces.
September 3rd
By midnight September 2rd/3rd the conflagration had spread along half a mile of riverfront and was moving outward west and north to the city walls. Citizens started to flee en masse, taking what they could carry, burying the rest or hiding it in sewers and abandoning their doomed homes. The hills surrounding London were soon filled with refugees watching their city burn. Accounts claim that, even at midnight, the flames kept London as bright as the day.
The fire spread throughout the 3rd, despite the efforts of the Duke of York – who was given command of fire-fighting that morning – and better organisation. The Royal Exchange (400 meters north of Pudding Lane) was on fire by 2:00 pm, Lombard Street, the financial heart of early modern London, turning to ash by 3:00pm and Castle Baynard at Blackfriars (over 1000 meters west of Pudding Lane) was ablaze by 9:00 pm. The only success came at Leadenhall in the north-east, were a combination of low wind and the leadership and wealth of one citizen – which enabled him to hire sufficient labour to create a working firebreak – stopped the blaze advancing.

People Seek A Scapegoat
Chaos, panic and fear were rife, but fire wasn't the only cause. A hundred years previously Henry VIII's break with Catholicism had prompted decades of religious strife, leaving a largely Protestant London that lived in fear and suspicion of Catholics. Fifteen years previously Parliament had executed King Charles I; monarchy had only returned to England six years before the fire. In addition, in 1666 many worried that Dutch and French forces would attack the country, while the date itself – 666 – panicked others.

As the Great Fire raged, seemingly destroying London's capital city, xenophobia, paranoia and religious bigotry were fanned as much as the flames. The fire was the work of Catholic spies or French agents, it was God's punishment for killing the king or turning from the Pope, it was the embodiment of every anger and hatred people had. Many did remain calm, seeing the fire as little more than a random act of God, but suspected foreigners and Catholics were attacked and real foreigners and Catholics were locked up for their own protection.

September 4th
By sunrise September 4th, the fire was at its peak, an estimated ten times as strong as twenty-hours previously. The success at Leadenhall was repeated on the 4th by other teams working in the west - one led by Samuel Pepys – who now used gunpowder to clear great gaps. The Customs House may have gone, but the fire was stopped before reaching the Navy Offices and The Tower of London, home to a gunpowder store which would have done much more than burn. However, in the north the flames remained unchecked, raging across Cheapside and the city market, and in the east they jumped across the River Fleet in spite of attempts to clear the bridge and nearby buildings. Some flames reached the Temple – well over a mile from Pudding Lane and the fire's easternmost extent - but they were initially doused. By the midnight of the 4th/5th September, St. Paul's Cathedral was surrounded and literally melting: the lead roofing flowed down the streets and building stones exploded from the heat.

September 5th: The Fire Is Contained
On the 5th two events conspired to save London: firefighters started to actively, some might say overzealously, use gunpowder to clear (perhaps excessively large) firebreaks and, more crucially, the powerful east wind dropped, robbing the fire of much vitality. Firefighters were finally able to effectively douse and contain the blaze and throughout the day London's great conflagration was broken into more and more smaller, isolated, fires. There was still a great struggle – Pepys reports than even the King was seen helping – but the tide had turned, at least for as long as the wind abated. At around two a.m. on the morning of the 6th flames returned at The Temple were, famously, locals dealt with the fire after making sure excitable teams with gunpowder couldn't get near!

Small fires still burnt by midday on Thursday 6th 1666, but they posed little risk of spreading to new areas. The Great Fire of London was officially considered to have been extinguished after four and a half days.
The Damage
Up to 430 acres were affected by the fire, much of them within the city walls. Over 13,000 houses, 87 parish churches, 6 chapels, 3 city gates, four bridges, 52 guild halls, a prison and many famous and important buildings had been destroyed, leaving ten of thousands homeless and ruined. Contemporary estimates claim the damage to buildings neared eight million pounds, along with over £2 million worth of goods; the city government's annual income was just £12,000. In contrast, and even though we don't know the exact figure, the death toll was low. Official records cite only five deaths - the Farriner's maid, a shoemaker, an old man who died trying to get a blanket from St. Paul's Cathedral and two people who fell into cellars – but figures eight and seventeen are often given. The true number might have been more, but nowhere near the three thousand supposedly killed by a fire in the thirteenth century.
The Plague
Common lore claims the Great Fire stopped the plague in London, saving more lives than it cost. While the fire clearly did have some effect on retarding the plague by driving out or killing the flea carrying rats, historians don't believe fire was the sole reason. Many of the embryonic suburbs and most affected parishes also recovered from plague in 1666 without the aid of cleansing flame and even a geographically wider explanation – the bitter 1665/6 winter – isn't accepted as effective enough. The real reason is probably a combination of many factors and the fire is simply a coincidence.

Rebuilding
The incentives to rebuild quickly were huge, and not just because of the thousands who needed re-homing. London was England's capital city, the third biggest in Europe, the hub of the nation's prestige, government and economic power. To have left it in ruin, to have rebuilt slowly or unsurely, would have been to damage England on many levels. For example, custom duties gathered by the king fell over £200,000 in 1667; unsurprisingly, he was a major driving force behind the reconstruction. The drive to rebuild was also present in architects and civic leaders, many of whom had dreamt of wiping London flat and designing a glorious, modern city.

Christopher Wren submitted a massive and elaborate plan full of grand boulevard's and glorious buildings, but ideas on this extreme were quickly rejected. People may have lost their homes, but they still had their land and most were determined to either keep it or only sell for a reasonable price. While the legal wrangles, time and cost associated with a clean sheet were prohibitive, few wanted a return to the pre-fire days of tightly pack wood. Compromise was the answer, and it was decided upon by a special commission created by the King, enforced by an act of Parliament - the 1667 Rebuilding Act – and enacted by the City administration. The medieval street plan remained, but the main roads which were widened and every size of buildings subject to officially determined dimensions: thickness of wall, limits on storeys (two on normal streets, three on larger ones and four on the most important), types of material etc.

Builders Make A Statement
In addition, the King and the London Corporation initiated three grand structures to show the world how London was back in business. The Royal Exchange and a new Customs House had vital economic functions, but the Monument – sixty-two metres of Doric column with a sculpted flaming top – was pure symbolism. Wren provided the column, which is supposedly as high as the distance between the Monument and Farriner's bakery, and Robert Hooke the sculpture. Wren contributed much more, including fifty-one churches and a new St. Paul's Cathedral, creating his reputation as the architect who built London.

The Fire Court
A Fire Court, created specifically to judge arguments arising from the fire, smoothed the reconstruction, dealing with around 1500 cases: roughly one for every ten affected buildings! Many disputes were between land-owners and tenants or borrowers and lenders, but some people managed to avoid the judges. In a case which is still notorious, Humphrey Henchman – the Bishop of London – charged stationers a storage fee on £200,000 of books and papers they had in St. Paul's Cathedral, even though it and the stock had been totally destroyed.

By 1671 over nine thousand buildings had been finished, London had an entirely new look and relatively little had been spent in doing it. Parliament had certainly needed some help in remaining interested, and St. Pauls had yet to be rebuilt, but London's return to life had been remarkably quick. For many Londoners this was a different, positive, sign from God.
Hunting For A Scapegoat
Although some people recognised that the fire was an accident, and although Parliamentary and other investigations came to the same conclusions, many continued to search for a scapegoat. They found one in Robert Hubert, a Frenchmen who for some reason confessed to having started the Great Fire; at first he said he'd started it in Westminster, which the fire never even got near, but then changed his mind and opted for Farriner's bakery instead. Despite not even knowing where the bakery was, what it looked like or how to get there, hubert was found guilty and hanged.
Few contemporaries believed that Hubert was guilty and many further accusations were raised in the following months, but he was doomed by a combination of two factors: people wanted, perhaps needed, someone to blame and Hubert was foolish enough, and foreign enough, to fit. In addition, the group judging him contained three members of the Farriner family. They vehemently denied any wrongdoing and claimed to have doused the ovens properly, but for that to have been true – for the Great Fire to have been someone else's fault – they needed a scapegoat.

Catholics remained the favoured villain and accusations against them were added to the Monument in 1668: "...the most dreadful Burning of this City; begun and carried on by the treachery and malice of the Popish faction." Aside from the four years of James II's rule in 1685-89, the inscription remained until 1830. Bludworth's initially dismissive attitude saw him slandered as a Catholic who conspired to help the fire, and the fire itself soon became a key feature of anti-papal propaganda.

Long Term Consequences
London was the largest city in Europe by 1700. Huge amounts of migrant labour had been required for rebuilding and much of this stayed in the city, while large amounts of refugees stayed where they had fled; both factors created suburbs, a vastly extended city and a large market for trade and industry. This infusion of life made up for the damaged caused by plague in 1665 and, coupled with the money spent on rebuilding, reinvigorated the economy. Had London not suffered the Great Fire it almost certainly wouldn't have grown to the size and wealth it did by the start of the eighteenth century.


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The daughter of Alec Baldwin and Kim Basinger says that she does not understand why people say bad things about her weight and parents in emails and tweets.
Ireland Baldwin slammed haters who made awful comments about her weight and parents in a Tumblr post. The 17-year-old girl wrote a lengthy message on the site on Monday, April 29. Ireland, who felt that her similar messages written on Twitter were not heard, said that she received many hateful emails and comments about her being too fat for a model.
"What I don't fully understand, is what is the good in commenting on a photo of a 17 year old girl and calling her fat, ugly, etc? Is that helping you in some way?" she said. Ireland added, "I'm confused. I know girls tend to have nasty things to say about other girls and judging the looks of other girls is only human of us all, but putting that out there is hateful and unhealthy," emphasizing that "if you don't have a complimentary thing to say about someone, keep it to yourself." She explained further that she was not only specifically talking about her photos, but also others'.
In the post, Ireland also revealed that modeling built her confidence. After seeing different people and going to various places, thanks to the modeling job, she felt that she could see herself in "a different light." Modeling helped her with self-esteem and body image issue and made her feel beautiful. However, she also made a point that she was not her beautiful mother's twin sister.
"I AM NOT MY PARENTS," she wrote in the post to address constant comparison to her mother Kim Basinger. "She is 5'9, I am 6'2. She is petite and fragile, and I am fit and more to love. I have a booty, she has a thigh gap. As she emerged from her teen years, she developed an angular face and striking cheekbones. I am still a teen making my way out of my awkward phase," she said.
In regards to her father, who once left a voice mail in 2007, calling her "rude thoughtless little pig," Ireland said that her father made mistake like everyone else, but he "made changes" and "moved on." Therefore, she asked haters to do the same thing.
Ireland concluded, "I am not seeking fame by association. I am proud to be my parents' daughter, but I don't want to forever be known as 'that rude thoughtless little pig' or 'Alec Baldwin and Kim Basinger's kid. I have passions and interests of my own that I want to soon give life to. I want to be known for helping others and being a healthy role model."

subset: commoncrawl


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just to start this off i like girls so yeah. i have a friend that i have liked on and off for the last year. everytime i start to stop thinking about her she does something that puts me right back in the same place. it's like everytime i slightly get over it it comes right back. what is this supposed to mean and does this back and forth have a purpose to it? she was singing a song that said "girls love girls and boys" its called girls girls boys by panic by the disco ( it would help to look up the lyrics ). she said she loves the song and when i looked she was like its about being bisexual i was like i know. she said she was going to sing it at the high school dance most of the high school kids will be there. that song is basically like equivalent to saying hey I'm bi or I'm questioning my sexuality. its like even though she has a boyfriend that she's never done anything with she just keeps confusing me. i can never find anyone i truly like that could ever match up to her. does this mean anything? is this a sign to wait for her? should i move on? i have no idea what to do at this point help! thanks for all your help in advance!
Most Helpful Guy
Nope sorry it sounds like she is just your freind. She has a boyfriend and don't wait for her keep looking. You will find the right man for you. It just might take a while to find him.00|00|0
Most Helpful Girl
Sounds like it00|00|0


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Lyceum Tutors
Mike Bedard: Retired GE chemical engineer; experienced math, physics, and chemistry tutor
Susan Brown: Academic coach with teaching and tutoring experience and a degree in education from University of Connecticut.
Justin Fields: Math and history tutor; Citadel graduate with a degree in history education
Sybil Fix: French, English and history tutor with her undergraduate degree from Yale and Masters from Columbia School of Journalism
Angela McSwain: Math and biology tutor with seventeen years of teaching and tutoring experience
Quinn Hood: Reading specialist with experience teaching using Orton-Gillingham
Nick Rindge: Experienced English and history tutor with his degree from Clemson Honors in Communication
Leah VanSyckel: Experienced math and English tutor recently graduated from Clemson
Lauren Poleynard: Science tutor and Fourth year med student, currently completing her Masters in Public Health
Sam Duncan: History and Spanish tutor, currently teaching both at Charleston Catholic, available after school.
Chris Jackson: ESL and Spanish tutor, recently graduated from College of Charleston; fluent in Japanese, Russian and Spanish (learning Swedish)Faculty Tutors-- after school
Eleanor Hurtes, Lower School Reading, Math
Paul Baran, History
Stephen Barnes, Spanish
Walker Bruce, Chemistry
Sandi Cipriani, Spanish
Meagan Collins, Physics
Christianne Gates, History
Chris Greenwell, History
Emma Greenwell, French
Aaron Lehman, English
Judy Lycke, Biology
Natanya Miller, Lower School Reading, Math
Jen Rader, Biology
Peyton Sasnett, Science
Jane Settle, Life Science
Gretchen Tate, Chemistry
Hannah VanSyckel, Latin, Math, and English


text: Maintreedescendants Create or update sensor page To add new tabs: Create tab: pictures → (Robert Hildyard (c1405-1461), 1) → (Robert Hildyard (c1435-1501), 2)→→ (Peter Hildyard (1460-1501), 3)→→ (Christopher Hildyard (1490-1538), 4)→→ (Martin Hildyard (1509-?), 5)→→ (Richard Hildyard (1532-1602), 6)→ 56 Robert Hildyard (c1405-1461)/descendantsRobert Hildyard (c1405-1461)/infoRobert Hildyard (c1405-1461)/sensorRobert Hildyard (c1405-1461)/tree Retrieved from "http://familypedia.wikia.com/wiki/Robert_Hildyard_(c1405-1461)/sensor?oldid=429051" Ad blocker interference detected! Wikia is a free-to-use site that makes money from advertising. We have a modified experience for viewers using ad blockers Wikia is not accessible if you've made further modifications. Remove the custom ad blocker rule(s) and the page will load as expected. Category: Sensor pages


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Environment.SpecialFolder Enumeration
[ This article is for Windows Phone 8 developers. If you're developing for Windows 10, see the latest documentation. ]
Specifies enumerated constants used to retrieve directory paths to system special folders.
Assembly: mscorlib (in mscorlib.dll)
|Member name
|The directory that serves as a common repository for application-specific data for the current roaming user.
A roaming user works on more than one computer on a network. A roaming user's profile is kept on a server on the network and is loaded onto a system when the user logs on.
|The directory that serves as a common repository for the user's favorite items.
|The directory that serves as a common repository for documents.
|The directory that contains the user's program groups.
|The directory that contains the Start menu items.
|The directory that corresponds to the user's Startup program group.
The system starts these programs whenever a user logs on or starts Windows NT or later, or starts Windows 98.
The system special folders are folders such as Program Files, Programs, System, or Startup, which contain common information. Special folders are set by default by the system, or explicitly by the user, when installing a version of Windows.
The GetFolderPath method uses these enumerated constants to designate the special folder path to retrieve.
Version Notes
Windows PhoneThis type is present to support the .NET Compact Framework infrastructure in Windows Phone, and it is not intended to be used in your application code.


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- Follow wild for web 2.0 on WordPress.com
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Leyden Symposium 2014 Day 2
I'm not going to try to relate all the many magical things that happened today at the Leyden Symposium. I don't think I can do justice to the first two speakers of the day. First Jennie Magiera spoke about From Ideas … Continue reading
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RUSSIA: New GM plant to build new Astra
General Motors plans to build redesigned Opel Astra models at its new plant in the Russian city of St Petersburg from 2010, local managing director Hans Juergen Michel told a conference.
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|General Information
|Real name:
|Lucas Fox
|First Appearance:
|Batwing #19 (June, 2013)
|Created by:
| Justin Gray
Jimmy Palmiotti
Eduardo Pansica
|Batman Incorporated
After David Zavimbe quit his role as Batwing, Batman looked for a replacement and selected Lucas "Luke" Fox to fill the role.
Spoilers: This information applies to the Luke Fox present in the DC Animated Movie Universe Batman: Bad Blood.
Luke Fox is a veteran soldier whose tours of duty have him serve in Afghanistan. In the scenes between him and Batman tech guru Lucias Fox, Luke is a bit of a wanderer, unsure of his future going forward. Lucias continually tries to recruit Luke into Wayne Enterprises, citing his double majors of Chemistry and Physics as evidence. Luke's exasperation implies that since Lucias raised him to be his own man, Luke cannot be shoehorned into the family business.
Luke's life changes when his father is nearly murdered by Heretic (an adult clone of Damian Wayne and de facto leader of Talia al Ghul's supervillian gallery). Having seen Batman's secret, technology-laden Vault -- and spurred on by his father's condition -- Luke steals his father's latest Batsuit, making it just in time to provide backup to Dick Grayson (now Batman) and Batwoman Kathy Kane, dubbing himself "Batwing."
After Bruce Wayne was rescued, Luke is the one who decodes Talia al Ghul's plan to hypnotize world leaders at Bruce Wayne's summit into joining the League of Shadows, showing the natural aptitude his father tried to nourish.
Batwing is among the Bat-Family landing party in rescuing the summit leaders. He battles the various airborne members of Talia al Ghul's "crew," and, with help from Damian Wayne (Robin), stops the summit aircraft from crashing into Wayne Enterprises tower, saving millions of Gotham lives.
Upon the film's end, Batwing has been accepted as an official member of the Bat-Family and joins his fellow Bat-colleagues in taking down the Penguin, who is in the midst of a police chase.
Powers and AbilitiesEdit
- Boxing: Luke was a world class boxer before being recruited and trained by Batman in further fighting styles.
- Business Management: Luke was given business lessons by his father and refused a job at Wayne Enterprises in order to pursue his own ideas.
- Tactical Analysis: Luke was praised by Batman in his decision making skills. Affording him extra capabilities both on and off the battlefield.
- Batwing Suit


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"You are absolutely FANTASTIC! I have the picture of you marrying me and Todd on our mantle and whenever I come in or go out I see your radiant, smiling face as you're doing the work you are truly meant to do :-) you are absolutely FANTASTIC!" - Todd & Whitney Voltz
"Thank you so much for officiating at our January 30 wedding. The vows were perfect and you make everything so special and personal. We are so glad we chose you for the job! Thomas playing our song during the wedding was beyond amazing and really completed the night. It was such a nice surprise and a thoughtful touch. He did a wonderful job! " – Emily & David Castille
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Not all topsoil is created equal; choosing the right topsoil may take some detective work and knowledge. For growing a lawn, topsoil should have a few characteristics that will aid the grass seed in growing.
Topsoil is the top layer of soil that holds nutrients and organic material. Because of the various types of soils and different amendments to soils over the years, topsoil at one place may be very different than another brand or one sold at another location.
A good-quality topsoil will hold and add nutrients that in turn feed and nourish your lawn. The rich organic material in good topsoil may be from compost or other natural materials that were added to the topsoil over the years before it was claimed.
Topsoil may contain traces of herbicides, chemicals or other harmful materials depending on where it came from. Know where the topsoil came from prior to purchase.
For lawns, topsoil should have a pH of between 5.5 and 7.5. It should be loam or sandy loam, not clay or extremely sandy. Purchase topsoil that has been screened; screening removes rocks, roots and other materials.
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Thursday, October 8, 2009
Spoonflower Numbers Semifinal Round
I am number 24 in the group of 40 designers competing in the semifinal round this week at Spoonflower. My design is called Fractions. I used Helvetica to create the original numbers for this design and then broke it into lots of pieces so you could only see indications of the original numbers. I try to imaging yardage when I design: what this print would look like on specific pieces - and I imagined this on an active wear piece like a yoga top.
There are lots of great submissions, so as always, I truely appreciate your vote!
Posted by Michelle at 11:59 AM
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One of the Commonwealth Bank's most senior executives, chief risk officer, Alden Toevs, is stepping down from the role, to be succeeded by head of corporate affairs David Cohen.
Chief executive Ian Narev on Friday said Mr Toevs would retire from the position at the end of the the financial year on June 30 after eight years in the job, though he would continue working at the bank for at least another two years on balance sheet management and "quantitative analytics."
Responsibility for risk is one of the most senior positions in a bank. Mr Toevs was the third-highest paid executive at CBA after Mr Narev and finance chief David Craig last financial year, with a pay packet worth $4.4 million.
"During his eight years as group chief risk officer, Alden has made a major contribution to the CBA group, during some very challenging times in global financial services," Mr Narev said in a statement.
Mr Toevs' successor, Mr Cohen, has been CBA's chief counsel since 2008 and also became head of corporate affairs in 2012.
In this role, Mr Cohen has fronted various public inquiries on behalf of CBA, including parliamentary probes into the problems in its financial planning arm and allegations of deliberate defaulting of business customers, which have been denied by the bank.
Mr Narev said Mr Cohen had become more involved in risk decisions at the CBA, so the promotion was a "logical next step for him and for the group."


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Series: Advances in Exploration Geophysics Volume: 2
Extrapolation of seismic waves from the earth's surface to any level in the subsurface plays an essential role in many advanced seismic processing schemes, such as migration, inverse scattering and redatuming. At present these schemes are based on the acoustic wave equation. This means not only that S-waves (shear waves) are ignored, but also that P-waves (compressional waves) are not handled correctly. In the seismic industry there is an important trend towards multi-component data acquisition. For processing of multi-component seismic data, ignoring S-waves can no longer be justified. Wave field extrapolation should therefore be based on the full elastic wave equation. In this book the authors review acoustic one-way extrapolation of P-waves and introduce elastic one-way extrapolation of P - and S-waves. They demonstrate that elastic extrapolation of multi-component data, decomposed into P - and S-waves, is essentially equivalent to acoustic extrapolation of P-waves. This has the important practical consequence that elastic processing of multi-component seismic data need not be significantly more complicated than acoustic processing of single-component seismic data. This is demonstrated in the final chapters, which deal with the application of wave field extrapolation in the redatuming process of single - and multi-component seismic data. Geophysicists, and anyone who is interested in a review of acoustic and elastic wave theory, will find this book useful. It is also a suitable textbook for graduate students and those following courses in elastic wave field extrapolation as each subject is introduced in a relatively simple manner using the scalar acoustic wave equation. In the chapters on elastic wave field extrapolation the formulation, whenever possible, is analogous to that used in the chapters on acoustic wave field extrapolation. The text is illustrated throughout and a bibliography and keyword index are provided.
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Found the main cause of obesity: it in the brain
One of the main causes of obesity is a violation of the brain, or rather, the improper functioning of the hippocampus, one of the "blocking" unwanted memories. While the cause of such violation, as well as problems with memory in General, may be a wrong diet. With such an assumption was made by experts of the Australian research Council.
photo: morguefile.com
The researchers argue that during normal operation of the brain memories of how tasty are those products remain "muted" until the person does not feel hunger, caused by a need for nutrients. However, the diet that experts call the "West" leads to the fact that this mechanism, which is responsible for the hippocampus stops working. As a result, people become much harder to refuse to eat, even if they are, by and large, satisfied. Affected by improper nutrition and other aspects of working memory.
By "Western" experts mean diet, including plenty of sweet and fatty foods but not enough vegetables, fruits and fiber. According to scientists, previously, some experiments on laboratory animals have shown that such a diet negatively affects the mechanism of repression. However, the new study showed that the same is the case with people. The specialists offered to study participants of different foods, and then asked them to undergo a series of tests on memory and learning, and also appreciate their desire to eat a "Supplement" when it was brought.
As it turned out, those who ate in accordance with the "Western" diet, after it showed the worst results of the tests, and the mechanism that suppresses the desire to eat unnecessarily, worked weaker. Further study of the results led scientists to the conclusion that these two facts are interrelated, and most likely the "link" is the hippocampus.
The mere fact that the wrong diet can lead to weight gain, it seems almost obvious. However, experts say that between unhealthy diets and excess weight is not only a direct but also an indirect relation, and is of primary concern is the latter.Related posts:


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NEW YORK – Since Philippine President Rodrigo Duterte took office in late June and declared a "war on drugs," more than 1,900 people have been killed – 756 by police officers and another 1,160 by "vigilantes," according to police reports as of August 24. Duterte is celebrating the killings and has vowed to continue his anti-drug program so long as he remains president.
The Philippine law-enforcement agencies prosecuting the drug war have thrown out the rulebook and ignored fundamental requirements such as collecting evidence, adhering to due process, or even holding trials. Philippine Police Chief Ronald dela Rosa has even blamed the victims for their own deaths, claiming that, "If they did not fight it out with the police, they would be alive."
This explanation for the high body count defies belief. In scenarios where individuals are shot while resisting arrest, the number of people who are wounded should – as in military conflicts – far exceed the number of people who are killed. If almost everyone who is shot by police or soldiers dies, this suggests that the shooters are executing people they already have in custody.
Moreover, if culprits were fighting the police, one would expect to see a sharp rise in the number of police officers who are wounded or killed. Yet the police have not reported any increase in officer casualties.


text:
Prompt: Zevran's First Tattoo
Originally Written: 1/11/11
Notes: oh no this stuff is getting to be two years old. I've only got a couple more before my life radically changed and ficcing to a backseat to talking to my future husband on Skype all the time. Little things.
I remember not being entirely happy with this one but being unable to improve it. So, here it is, for what it is.
zevran's first tattoo:
It was a lingering pain, sharp sting turned to dull throb in each place the needle penetrated, itching with the unfamiliarity of the ink spreading under his skin. He knew not to squeak or squirm-for all his mischief, his soul was silent and still-but his mother saw his face, and paused in her work.
"Sh, da'len," she said. One gloved thumb pressed against his cheek, wiping away tears he hadn't realized he'd shed-his eyes were on the fine embroidery, part of him old enough to admire the skill and calculate the cost, the rest still caught up in its intricate beauty. "If we were home under the trees, the elder would stop me and tell me you were not ready for the vallaslin. And you are young, but I do not know-" She stopped, her hand shaking against his cheek "-and how will they know you for lethallin, if you are not marked?" Her breath came in a shaky stutter, as if she too wept. "Now be brave, my vhenan. It's no more painful than dying."
He awoke in the dead of night, but he had no need of candle; he searched with his hands, finding the ink he used to sign his contracts, the needles so easily slipped in a target's veins, a paperweight. He was long overdue by Dalish standards, and he hadn't seen the gloves in years, but the dream lingered in his eyes, guiding his hands to make the first incisions.
Over time, the Crows had stripped him of pain, of affection, of self; inch by inch he reclaimed himself, and for the first time, considered himself whole.


text:
Short Stories By Czech Women
An anthology of stories edited by Nancy Hawker
Young women drift through Prague wondering about unplanned pregnancies, a child's reflections on the Christian concept of sinfulnesslead to resolve to sin only 'just a little bit', drunken men banter over interminable card games, and a woman's salvation comes in the unexpected form of pickled buttocks. Bringing together authors of different generations, styles and backgrounds - including for the first time in English translation, two stories by Czech Roma - this collection expresses women's meultiple perspectives on social and intimate issues with by turns caustic and sensitive insight into human nature. 'Full of humour, acuity and inventiveness' Maya Jaggi, Guardian 'Wonderfully diverse, energetic and entertaining.' Bernie Higgins, One Eye Open
Similar Books by other authors...
The Spirit of Prague
Ivan Klíma
Karel Čapek
Human Rights as Politics and Idolatry
Michael Ignatieff
The Complete Stories
Franz Kafka
Used availability for Nancy Hawker's Povidky
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May 2006 : UK Paperback
|Title: Povidky: Short Stories by Czech Women (Short Stories by Women from Around the World)
Author(s): Kathleen Hayes
ISBN: 1-84659-007-8 / 978-1-84659-007-8 (UK edition)
Publisher: Telegram Books
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|Title: Povidky: Short Stories by Czech Women (Short Stories by Women from Around the World)
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Publisher: Telegram Books
Availability: Amazon Amazon UK
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Victoria Kamāmalu
|This article needs additional citations for verification. (February 2008) (Learn how and when to remove this template message)
|Victoria Kamāmalu
|Crown Princess of the Hawaiian Islands and Kuhina Nui of the Hawaiian Islands
|Kuhina Nui of the Hawaiian Islands
|January 16, 1855 – December 21, 1863
|Keoni Ana
November 1, 1838
Honolulu Fort, Honolulu, Oʻahu
|May 29, 1866
(aged 28)
Papakanene, Honolulu, Oʻahu
|June 30, 1866[1][2]
Mauna ʻAla Royal Mausoleum
|House of Kamehameha
Victoria Kamāmalu Kaʻahumanu IV November 1, 1838 – May 29, 1866) was Kuhina Nui of Hawaii and its crown princess. Named Wikolia Kamehamalu Keawenui Kaʻahumanu-a-Kekūanaōʻa[3] and also named Kalehelani Kiheahealani,[3] she was mainly referred to as Victoria Kamāmalu or Kaʻahumanu IV,[4] when addressing her as the Kuhina Nui.
Born at the Honolulu Fort, on November 1, 1838, she was the only daughter of Elizabeth Kīnaʻu, Kaʻahumanu II and her third husband Mataio Kekūanāoʻa. Through her mother she was granddaughter of King Kamehameha I, founder of the kingdom. Her two brothers would later become kings of Hawaii as Kamehameha IV and Kamehameha V. She was named after her maternal aunt Queen Kamāmalu, the consort of Kamehameha II, who died in London from the measles. The Christian name Victoria was after Queen Victoria and signified the close friendship of the British monarchs and the Hawaiian monarchs.[5][6] Having given away her previous four sons, Kaʻahumanu II refused to give her only remaining daughter in hānai to John Adams Kuakini who wanted to take her to raise on the Big Island. She defied customs of the time and personally nursed her daughter.[7] Her mother died not long after her birth. She would become the highest female chief in Hawaii at the time. Her kahu (attendants) were John Papa ʻĪʻī and his wife Sarai. They later followed Victoria to school due to her age at the time.[5]:161[8]
Early life[edit]
She was educated at Royal School along with all her cousins and brothers. She was expected from birth to one day succeed to the position of Kuhina Nui if not the office of monarch, so she was educated by the Cooke with full attention to what political scheme she would play in the near future. In the school, they were permitted to visit with relatives from time to time. When the students fell ill, their kahu and families went to the school and stayed for a while to attend to the patient. Victoria's kahu, John Papa ʻĪʻī, eventually was appointed kahu for all the students at the Chief's Children's School and visited in that capacity, though his political services were in such demand by the court that he was often absent.
Her father Kekūanāoʻa raised her. He was the royal governor of Oahu. In Honolulu her father built her a Greek-revival mansion which was the largest house in the town of Honolulu, or anywhere in Hawaii, at the time. Her father was in debt to the foreigners, so Kamehameha III bought the palace from him. He made it his royal palace and call it Hale Aliʻi (House of the Chiefs) and this was the first ʻIolani Palace.
She was two months younger than the future queen Liliʻuokalani. They were close friends and foster-siblings. At her birth, the High Chiefess Laura Kōnia went to Kina`u with her adoptive daughter Liliʻu. Kinau would nurse Liliʻu while handing her own daughter to a nurse. According to Liliʻuokalani, both girls would share everything from a young age and when Victoria visit her aunt Kekāuluohi, Liliʻuokalani would be invited too. Victoria was destined from a young age to become a sovereign like her siblings, but it would be Liliʻuokalani who would later become the first Queen of Hawaii due to Victoria's own death.[9]
Kuhina Nui[edit]
It was intended that she would succeed her mother Kīnaʻu in the position of Kuhina Nui, but her mother died while she was still a minor. Her aunt Kekāuluohi became a place-holder for her niece using the name Kaʻahumanu III, but she died when her niece was seven, so her uncle Kamehameha III appointed John Kalaipaihala Young II, also known as Keoni Ana, the son of John Young as Kuhina Nui. Princess Kamāmalu was appointed as Heiress Presumptive to the title of Kuhina-Nui in 1850, successor to Keoni Ana. Since 1845, by legislative act, the office of Kuhina Nui had been joined with that of the Minister of Interior. Given her young age, it would have been clear to the King, Privy Council, and Legislative Council that Victoria was not suited to be Minister of Interior. Therefore, on January 6, 1855, an act was passed to repeal the earlier legislation.[10]
In 1854, her uncle died and her brother succeeded as King of Hawaii. According to Robert Crichton Wyllie, the Minister of Foreign Affairs and a trusted friend of the royal family, opponents of the new king were planning to overthrow him and place his sister Princess Victoria on the throne instead. However, the conspiracy never culminated into anything.[11] She became Kuhina Nui in 1855 mainly due to her brother, Kamehameha IV's, ascension to the throne and the death of her uncle. It is probable that Kamehameha III had meant for Keoni Ana to hold the office till his death. She presided over the King's Privy Council. She constitutionally assumed the power of state for a day when her brother Kamehameha IV died leaving no designated heirs in 1864. Section II Article 47 of the 1852 Constitution of the Hawaiian Kingdom provided that the Kuhina Nui (Premier), in absence of a monarch, would fill the vacant office.
Whenever the throne shall become vacant by reason of the King¹s death, or otherwise, and during the minority of any heir to the throne, the Kuhina Nui, for the time being, shall, during such vacancy or minority, perform all the duties incumbent on the King, and shall have and exercise all the powers, which by this Constitution are vested in the King.
After consulting with the Privy Councilors, she proclaimed in front the Legislature:
It having pleased Almighty God to close the earthly career of King Kamehameha IV, at a quarter past 9 o'clock this morning, I, as Kuhina Nui, by and with the advice of the Privy Council of State hereby proclaim Prince Lot Kamehameha, King of Hawaii, under the style and title of Kamehameha V. God preserve the King![12]
She was betrothed to William Charles Lunalilo. Their parents had planned out their marriage from infancy and it was popular among the Hawaiians. The date was set, but interference from her brothers cancelled the wedding.[13][14] They were forbidden to marry by her brothers Kamehameha IV and Kamehameha V. The reason was because their children would have a higher rank or mana than their own lines. Her brother, Kamehameha IV, had tried to split them apart by engaging Victoria to David Kalākaua, and Lunalilo to Lydia Kamakaʻeha.[15]
In 1857, a scandal involved her and Marcus Cummins Monsarrat (1828–1870), a married English auctioneer. Monsarrat had been a friend to her two brothers and was a frequent dinner guest. One night, Prince Lot was informed that Monsarrat was in the Princess' bedroom. He immediately went to her room and caught him the act of "arranging his pantaloons". The enraged Prince told him to leave or he would kill him. When Kamehameha IV found out about the incident, he blamed Lot for not "shooting Monsarrat down like a dog."[16]:79 As Kuhina Nui she had to sign the papers that would banish him from Hawaiʻi:
Whereas, Marcus C. Monsarrat, a naturalized subject of this Kingdom, is guilty of having perpetuated a grievous injury to Ourselves and to Our Royal family, And Whereas, such injury is of such a character as in Our judgement, to authorize and require the expulsion of the said M. C. Monsarrat from Our Dominions...Now, therefore, know that We, in the exercise of the Power vested in Us by virtue of Our office as Sovereign of this Kingdom...do hereby order that the said Marcus C. Monsarrat be forthwith expelled from this Kingdom; and he is hereby strictly prohibited forever, from returning to any part of Our Dominions, under penalty of Death.
Later when Monsarrat returned, the King had him imprisoned and exiled again. Often accounted as Princess Kamāmalu's misbehavior and a love affair between the two, the contemporaneous Charles de Varigny defended the princess by saying Monsarrat "had acted so boldly that she called for help".[17]:86 Her brother attempted to marry her to Kalākaua.[14] For the last few years of her life, she was rarely seen in public.[18] She remained a spinster for the remaining part of her life.[14]
Crown Princess[edit]
She was an expected heir to the throne throughout her life because both her brothers were unable to leave surviving issues of their own. Princess Victoria was appointed as Heiress-Apparent and crown princess by her brother king Kamehameha V in 1863. She would have become queen of Hawaii upon her brother's death, but she predeceased him.
Considered pro-American, the princess had a close friendship with the American missionaries. Musically gifted, she was an accomplished pianist and vocalist, and she sat at the melodeon and led the choir of Kawaiahao Church for many years. The Minister of Foreign Affairs, Robert Crichton Wyllie, considered it improper that a royal princess would sing in a choir and tried convincing her to stop, but she stayed loyal to the American missionaries at Kawaiahao. When the royal family switched from the Congregational Calvinist faith to the Reformed Catholic Church or Anglican Church of Hawaii, Victoria refused to abandon her previous faith.[19]
In 1863, she founded the Kaʻahumanu Society, officially establishing it in 1864, an organization concerned with the welfare of the ill and elderly Hawaiians, originally to nurse the victims of the smallpox epidemic.[16]:188[20]
Death and legacy[edit]
She became ill during a party given at the Bishop's residence in Haleākala, Honolulu, in February 1866. The illness continued and resulted in paralysis in early May.[20] Kamāmalu did not recover and died on May 29, 1866, at the age of 27.[14][18] ʻĪʻī recorded her death in his journal:
Kamāmalu died at 10 a.m. on May 29, 1866, at Papakanene house at Mokuʻaikaua...She was in bed for three weeks before she was taken. On Sunday evenings the members of her two churches pleaded with the Lord, but the trouble was too grave for their petitions. The doctors, too, were unable to make her well. The length of her life was 27 years and seven months.[14]
Her childless death left her brother the king without obvious heirs. The Legislature had to raise $6,000 for her funeral expenses including a coffin made from fine kou and koa wood.[19]
Her funeral ceremony also revived many funeral rites of the Native Hawaiians including the kanikau (grief wailing) and public hula performances.[21] The wailing lasted for weeks. Many loyal Hawaiians walked as much as 50 miles to pay their last respects to their princess. Writing in high revolutionary fervor of the days immediately following the overthrow of the Kingdom of Hawaii, Professor William DeWitt Alexander remarked:
It is true that the germs of many evils of Kalakaua's reign may be traced to the reign of Kamehameha V. The reactionary policy of that monarch is well known. Under him the "recrudescence" of heathenism commenced, as evidenced by the Pagan orgies at the funeral of his sister. Victoria Kamāmalu, in June, 1866, and his encouragement of lascivious hula hula dancers and the pernicious class of Kahunas or sorcerers. Closely connected with this reaction was a growing jealousy and hatred of foreigners.[22]
Mark Twain, a spectator to the events, labeled the acts of the grieving Hawaiians as "pagan orgies." Twain had his letters to his newspaper in Sacramento and later he published his observations in his book Roughing It. He didn't understand that for the last years of the Princess' life, she had become disillusioned with Western modernization and retreated to the ancient Hawaiian traditions, and the funeral ceremonies were her brother's way of honoring her dying wishes.[22]
Her brother, a bachelor throughout his life, had intended that she should be his heir. Her death left her brother without an obvious successor. After his brother's death an election was held between Kalākaua and Lunalilo, both former suitors of the princess. Lunalilo easily won the election, yet his reign lasted less than a year.
She died without a written will, so her vast landholdings, including much of the original private lands of her mother and Queen Kaʻahumanu, were inherited by her father and eventually passed to her half-sister Keʻelikōlani who willed them to Bernice Pauahi Bishop and where they became part of the Kamehameha Schools. The Kaʻahumanu Society went on the wayside after her death, but in 1905, Lucy Kaopaulu Peabody reorganized the club, and it continues to this day.
- Dame Grand Cross of the Most Noble Order of Kamehameha I.
- ^ Rose, Roger G.; Conant, Sheila; Kjellgren, Eric P. (September 1993). "Hawaiian Standing Kāhili in the Bishop Museum: An Ethnological and Biological Analysis". Journal of the Polynesian Society. Wellington, NZ: Polynesian Society. 102 (3): 273–304.
- ^ David W. Forbes, ed. (2001). Hawaiian national bibliography, 1780–1900. 3. University of Hawaii Press. p. 426. ISBN 0-8248-2503-9.
- ^ a b "United States: Hawaii: Heads of State: 1810–1898 – Archontology.org". Archontology.org. Retrieved December 2, 2014.
- ^ Kirch, Patrick V. Sahlins, Marshall D. (1992). Anahulu: The Anthropology of History in the Kingdom of Hawaii, Volume 1: Historical Ethnography. University of Chicago Press. ISBN 0-226-73365-3.
- ^ a b Ii, John Papa; Pukui, Mary Kawena; Barrère, Dorothy B. (1983). Fragments of Hawaiian History (2 ed.). Honolulu: Bishop Museum Press. ISBN 978-0-910240-31-4.
- ^ "Royal Family of Hawaiu". The Hawaiian Gazette. Honolulu. April 1, 1874. p. 3.
- ^ Katharine Luomala, University of Hawaii (1987). "Reality and Fantasy: The Foster Child in Hawaiian Myths and Customs". Pacific Studies. Brigham Young University Hawaii Campus. pp. 28–29.
- ^ History of Keoua Kalanikupuapa-i-kalani-nui, Father of Hawaii By Elizabeth Kekaaniau Pratt. Page 53
- ^ "Hawaii's Story by Hawaii's Queen.". Digital.library.upenn.edu. Retrieved December 2, 2014.
- ^ "Victoria Kamāmalu". Hawaii State government archives web site. Retrieved October 1, 2009.
- ^ Taylor 1929, pp. 24, 29.
- ^ Rosalin Uphus Comeau (1996). Kamehameha V: Lot Kapuāiwa. Kamehameha Schools Press. ISBN 0-87336-039-7.
- ^ "Alekoki". Huapala.org. Retrieved December 2, 2014.
- ^ a b c d e Kīhei de Silva. "'Alekoki Revisited". Kaleinamanu Library Archives, Kamehameha Schools. Retrieved September 3, 2011.
- ^ "Hawaii's Story by Hawaii's Queen.". Digital.library.upenn.edu. Retrieved December 2, 2014.
- ^ a b George S. Kanahele (1999). Emma: Hawaiʻi's Remarkable Queen: a Biography. University of Hawaii Press. ISBN 978-0-8248-2240-8.
- ^ Charles Victor Crosnier de Varigny (1874). Quatorze ans aux îles Sandwich. Hachette et cie.
- ^ a b "Death of the Heir Apparent". The Pacific Commercial Advertiser. June 2, 1866. Retrieved June 2, 2014.
- ^ a b "Mark Twain in Sacramento Union - #14". Twainquotes/com. Retrieved December 2, 2014.
- ^ a b Barbara Bennett Peterson (1984). Notable Women of Hawaii. University of Hawaii Press. p. 427. ISBN 0-8248-0820-7.
- ^ Noenoe K. Silva (2000). "Kanawai E Ho'opau I Na Hula Kuolo Hawai'i: the Political Economy of Banning the Hula". Hawaiian Journal of History. Hawaiian Historical Society. 34: 29–48.
- ^ a b "HAWAII : Monarchy In Hawaii – Part 2". Janesoceania.com. Retrieved 2 December 2014.
- Taylor, Albert Pierce (October 15, 1929). "Intrigues, conspiracies and accomplishments in the era of Kamehameha IV and V and Robert Crichton Wyllie". Papers of the Hawaiian Historical Society. Honolulu: Hawaiian Historical Society. 16: 16–32. hdl:10524/978.
External links[edit]
|Wikimedia Commons has media related to Victoria Kamāmalu.
- March 27, 1855. New York Times article on her
- Victoria Kamamalu on a Stamp
- Hawai'i's Lost Princess: Princess Victoria Kamāmalu Ka'ahumanu IV
- Victoria Kamamalu "A Worthy Successor" by Julie Stewart Williams
|Preceded by
Keoni Ana
|Kuhina Nui of the Hawaiian Islands
January 16, 1855 – December 21, 1863
|Succeeded by
- 1838 births
- 1866 deaths
- Kuhina Nui
- Members of the Kingdom of Hawaii Privy Council
- Hawaiian princesses
- House of Kamehameha
- Royalty of the Kingdom of Hawaii
- Heirs apparent who never acceded
- Heirs to the Hawaiian throne
- Burials at the Royal Mausoleum of Hawaii
- Recipients of the Royal Order of Kamehameha I
- Royal School (Hawaii) alumni
- Native Hawaiian women in politics


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I can't do it anymore(10 Posts)
I just need to let this out
DD (2nd DC, DS is 2.5) is 7mo. Ebf, doing traditional spoon-led weaning with some finger food thrown in. Eating 3 protein-rich meals a day.
Used to be fine at sleeping. But as of 6mo is AWFUL. Settles fine but has started waking every 2-4 hrs for a feed.
Had her weighed and she's jumped up a centile (now on 50th) and HV thinks having large growth spurt. But it's been almost 6
long fucking weeks now and I can't do it anymore.
When she wakes I feed her and she goes straight back off. She can self-settle fine. She won't be placated with no feed - she's hungry.
I've tried giving bottle of breast milk in day, didn't help. Tried bottle of bm at bed. Didn't help.
I don't really want to give formula - I know she can sleep well just ebf. But I can't keep doing this anymore. I'm at the end of my coping. So tired, feel like a snappy shit mum. And I'm not up for DH giving bottle in night - I still wake up, can't bear listening to her cry while he
faffs gets bottle warmed up so end up just bfeeding her.
She's not teething - DS got teeth v late and she shows no signs.
This is fucking killing me.
I know others have it worse, sorry
I'm up with my twins nearly 7 months old. They were once sometime not at all up through the night now twice each - just wanted to say I feel your pain.
I'm bored of hearing myself complaining about lack of sleep. I want to sleep at night!
Just to add to our woes - people don't seem to think you have shit nights at 7 months either
Sympathies my ds was bearable until 6 months and then became a hellish sleeper. No real advice - we ended up co-sleeping so I to more rest. DP and I were a state- he was up every hour then forgot to self settle!
I thought the exact same about co-sleeping against night as it was so bad. Up every 2 hrs from 10pm. I think I got more sleep than this when she was 2 weeks old.
I am a broken woman
I would go back to co-sleeping for a bit if it gets you more sleep. I wish I had done this when DS's sleep went to pot at this age. Instead I repeatedly got up and exhausted myself. i ended up with pnd after months of sleep dep. Never again.
I am in the same boat. DD is nearly 7 months, EBF and has slept through once (9.30 to 5.30) in that whole time. Otherwise has never managed to go the night with less than 2 feeds. For the past week she's been teething her top teeth, has just started to crawl and has been comfort feeding - waking twice before midnight (doesn't go to sleep until 8.30) then feeding about hourly after that until getting up at about 6.30.
We've always co-slept and I've actually managed fine tiredness-wise until the last week but now I'm knackered. I don't know how I'd cope if I had 2 kids to deal with.
I know a lot of people say they don't need feeding at night after 6 months but I'm not convinced, especially when it's warm weather, they're having a growth spurt or they need comfort so like you I'm just soldiering on.
I'm still hopeful though as I've heard lots of people say that their babies sleep sorted itself out at about 9 months or so (fingers crossed!). Even 2 night wakings would be brilliant compared to DDs usual form...
As well as co-sleeping my only other suggestion would be to get a really decent coffee machine. We've bought a nespresso and it's awesome! I'm fuelled on pure caffeine most of the day, probably not good in the long-run but until she starts sleeping through it's a godsend (seriously).
I spent the night before last up lots after the first feed soothing and giving water rather than milk. Last night they woke once each and slept till 7.
I'm hoping I've turned a corner but I've decided after 1 bottle if milk beaker of water only.
hopping on this thread, sorry!! Just posted about my 6.5m DD who is waking every two hours or less from midnight onwards
Not sure I can help with solutions, just here to vent and sympathise
I am a total mess, it is having a terrible impact, not just the tiredness but I feel totally defeated. Everyone else I know has a baby who sleeps by now at this age
I am finding it harder and harder not to be irritable with her when she wakes and that makes me feel awful and scared.
Is it a phase at this age??
In DD's case it isn't hunger (entirely), she is ff and starting to do well on solids, I know this can wake them more? when she wakes i feed her at first, she drains a bottle, but then wakes again and again and when I give up and try to feed her again she only has half a feed so it isn't because she is starving.
anyone tried (and had success with) wake to sleep?
Sorry to hear others are suffering but weirdly glad am not alone
Joseph - interesting what you say about co sleeping!!! I was adamant that co sleeping was THE WORST thing you could ever do, people were mad for doing it etc etc... now I haul DD out of her cot at 3am and get into bed with her just in hope of saving my sanity. don't want to be doing it (though the cuddle is nice as i am so miserable at the mo) but feels like the only solution.
nothingsleft - am a bit concerned about sliding towards depression myself...
basically DD has never never once slept through and I feel like a bit of a failure. Sleep expert books make me feel as though I am doing everthing worng even though I know I am doing some things right (bedtime routine, trying to get first nap of day right - though failing - etc...)
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A viral video with a huge snake (python) emerging in the restaurant over the heads of terrified diners is making rounds on the internet. The huge creature somehow managed to dislocate the tiles of the roof and tried to crawl out of the ceiling causing the scared customers to drop their meals and move away.
Some member of the personnel later called a team of wildlife experts to pull the animal out of its den and calm down the nervous diners. Footage shows a snake protruding from the hole, while specialists are trying to grip it on its head with a metal hook, while people are heard chattering behind the camera. The reptile is believed to be a python, however, it remains unclear where the footage was filmed. The video has unexpectedly already gathered thousands of views.


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Little House On The Prairie
By : Laura Ingalls Wilder
camryn johnstonon 3 June 2013
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Transcript of Little House On The Prairie
Soultion The whole family has problem's with the indians. Problem The theme of this book is facing your fears, working with your family and community to survive. Theme Opinion Brave Laura Pa Rising Action Falling Action Little House On The Prairie The indians declared war, but the head leader said no and they left. My opinion of this book is wonderful. This is a book if you really want to know how pioneers lived long ago. This book is based on true events that happend to Laura when she was little. Brave By : Laura Ingalls Wilder Setting The setting is on the prairie, mostly at their house , and in the wilder Characters ma pa baby Carrie Mary Laura jack The whole family is getting ill. The doctor and Mrs.scott came over and helped them. They found out that the cause is mosquitoes. smart respectful Responsible Smart Responsible Thinks of others. Intelligent Laura said : " Oh , Mr. Edwards, I wish you wouldn't go away Oh, Mr. Edwards , thank you , thank you for going all the way to Independence to find Santa Clause for us". Caring Pa said : " You've been a good neighbor , Scott and I'm sorry to leave you ". The rising action is the whole family has to survive events like disease, weather, and enemies. The falling action is they survive from the fire, the indians move, and cured from malaria.Full transcript


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Blackville Jobs
Looking for jobs in Blackville? Snagajob has great opportunities with the area's leading companies. And applying for Blackville jobs has never been easier. Look at the job listings below, click on a job title that interests you and hit the "apply now" button. Part-time jobs, teen jobs, student jobs and summer jobs are now just a click away. Start your job search now.
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♥ WATCH ME: Play w/ Fabric Paint! I wanted to try out 2 painting techniques on fabric, so I could develop the techniques, that I could eventually use on some of my dress / gown designs. ♥
Xanadu Hidden Paradise Giveaway
Calling all party people! Sarbay is only a few days away, are you ready? To be a party at The Hidden Paradise, that is XANADU! I'm giving away 5 PREMIUM PASSES!!! Just follow these steps… your entry will only be counted if all steps have been followed: a Rafflecopter giveaway May the force be ever in your favor!
DFAT 2017 Like Never Before #ConnectedDavao
My 1st DFAT (Davao Food Appreciation Tour) was pretty awesome. It didn't disappoint, so I was super dupper stoked when I was invited to go again this year! And as expected, it got even better! The Davao Bloggers Society teamed up with the country's fastest LTE provider, according to the latest report of OpenSignal, which used real-world app tests… SMART . Which made it super easy for us to share our #FoodPorn pics to all our friends and followers on social media all thanks to Smart's improved network!
Lake Holon w/ SOX Barkada
♥ SOX Barkada (gang) goes to Lake Holon!!!♥
Dec. 05, 2016
As I mentioned on a pervious video, I was part of DOT XII's ad campaign for 2017, SOX is Next (check out the vid here: https://youtu.be/mEEdMaIoK8Y )
After shooting on our first location which is the pinapple plantation at Polomolok we set course for Lake Holon.
Lake Holon is the crater of the dormant stratovolcano Mt. Melibingoy (Mt. Parker), towering over 1400 MASL.
5 Things I Love About Hair Fairy's Dry Shampoo
♥ Here are the top 5 Things I Love About Hair Fairy's Dry Shampoo ♥ Get your bottle of Hair Fairy magic here: https://www.instagram.com/hairfairyph/
Rainbow Hair by: Buddy Congson
My Top 10 Pet peeves
Sarangani Paragliding Adventure
WHERE: Safi Ranch 1, Sitio Seguil, Barangay Tinoto, Maasim, Sarangani Province, Philippines
Watch me DYE my hair MANIC PANIC COTTON CANDY PINK
♥ Watch m dye my hair COTTON CANDY PINK by MANIC PANIC ♥
I'm a big fan ofManic Panic. Some aren't into it that much cuz some colors fade faster than the others. But for me, I dig it. I love how unpredictable it is. Not knowing if the color would stick or fade fast for me is fun. I know, I'm weird. For pastel colors, they fade quite fast, and I'm cool with that. Its gives me more opportunities to color my hair with a different shade, every time it fades.
I'm updating my HAIRSTORY blog post I a few years ago on my other blog, will post it soon. Compiling photos of my hairventures isn't easy. Hahaha!
I wasn't able to post a video last week… sooo… Let me make up for it with this vid. Hihihi hope you guys enjoy.
P.S What color should I dye my hair next?
Lots of love,
BTS – SOX 2017 Campaign Shoot
♥ Soooo… I was one of the lucky 6 models that were chosen to be a part of SOX's 2017 campaign. Here's a behind the scenes look on our 4 days and 3 nights shoot around SOCCKSARGEN – Region XII with the SOX Barkada. Super thankies to DOT XII and One Great Media for this awesome experience… Will post individual posts for each location soon… Keep an eye out for those… hihihi… ♥


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: Speculation:
2013 NHL Entry Draft
View Single Post
Join Date: Jul 2002
Posts: 8,072
vCash: 500
Originally Posted by
Markstrom Rules
I really don't know much about Burakowsky, but he seems to be falling on a lot of lists. If the draft were held today, I'd pick Hartman over him.
If Mantha was similar to the Getzlaf situation in '03, then I'd take Mantha from 8-15. But he's not that good. I think he'll find that he's not going to be anywhere near as successful at the next level if he continues to float and not put in full effort every game. There are a lot of other forwards in this draft who are just as skilled or more skilled as Mantha, some who also offer a similar package of size and braun. I wouldn't hesitate for a second passing on him if one of these other guys was still on the board too.
I think I echo your sentiments on Nihushkin. He has a package of phenomenal physical tools, but there seem to be questions about his hockey sense. Combined with the Russian factor(and I consider flight risk a part of this), he's not very high on my radar(for where we will pick).
I would obviously take Barkov and Drouin over Monahan. Probably Lindholm too.
I guess what I'm saying is I hope we end up with a power forward as our first pick. We need more size and grit in our top 6.
But for example if we pick #4 and Barkov has just been selected before us, then without a doubt we should take Drouin.
Agree 100% and thats why I started looking at who those guys could be in this draft (not just in the 1st round too). If we are picking around #10 like I think, I'm on board with taking Erne or Gauthier for sure. But there are definitely a few guys that I like also in the late 1st/early 2nd round too that could be solid picks that turn into a power forward type of player for the top 6 (Rychel, Zykov, Horvat, De La Rose). It seems like this is a good yr to be needing to draft that type of player though with what seems like a plethora to choose from.
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Quick and easy Dante endpoints
Users of Dante networks are now able to create quick Dante endpoints, promises its Australian developer Audinate, thanks to the introduction of the Dante Analog Output Module. The device is a small-form factor PCB with appropriate analogue connectors that can be used in small footprint enclosures.
The module supports one RJ-45 Dante input, and one or two balanced analogue outputs. It can receive audio channels from a Dante network and provide studio-quality, low-latency audio via balanced output connectors to analogue audio equipment. According to the manufacturer, any audio available on the Dante network can be routed via the outputs to an amplifier, powered speaker, mixing console, digital signal processor or other analogue audio device.


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Album review: Trace Adkins, 'Cowboy's Back in Town'
Trace Adkins
Trace Adkins belongs to a glowering, Stetsoned, entirely male subspecies of country music stars: Hominis redneckus. An enduring breed, they are known by their tendency to wear head-to-toe black, their outspoken appreciation for the female form (posteriors being a particular favorite) and a tendency toward virtuous pronouncements about the sanctity of the flag.
For a generation of CMT fans, Toby Keith paved this road, and everybody else is merely driving on it. Even Adkins, newly signed to Keith's imprint label, is unfairly seen as a second stringer despite years of hits such as the self-explanatory "Honky Tonk Badonkadonk" and a flourishing acting/reality-TV career that includes a season of "The Celebrity Apprentice" (he came in second) and a role in the also self-explanatory "Trailer Park of Terror."
"Cowboy's Back in Town" is meant to be lighter-hearted and less jingoistic than its predecessors. It's a good-time record that emphasizes romancing over brawling ("Whoop a Man's Ass" excepted). Better, and certainly less cartoonish, than anything Adkins has done in years, it's divided into two basic themes:
1. I guess I love you.
2. Beer is nice.
Sometimes these themes not-so-serendipitously collide: "Hold My Beer," in which a beer-drinking groom can't find a place at the altar to set down his beverage, isn't meant to be appreciated by anyone with a uterus; the less said about "Ala-Freakin-Bama," the better.
The tracks that fare best stake a middle ground between punchy and sappy, like the string-laden, Conway Twitty-ish "Still Love You," and the Eagles-suggesting "A Little Bit of Missin' You," both amiable, effortless tracks that demonstrate that the less this "Cowboy" tries, the better he is.
-- Allison Stewart
Recommended tracks:
"This Ain't No Love Song," " A Little Bit of Missin' You"


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Marquee Flooring Machynlleth
Find marquee flooring hire in Machynlleth for your next party. Get a quote from companies supplying flooring for marquees in Machynlleth using Add to Event.
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Geological Magazine
- GeoRef, Copyright 2004, American Geological Institute. Reference includes data from Arctic Bibliography, electronic version. Digitized from the Arctic Bibliography, print version, prepared by the Arctic Institute of North America.
Presents data on whole-rock ages of shales occuring between and below Pre-Cambrian tillites at Varangerfjord, n. Norway. These indicate deposition of tillite c. 668+ or -23 m.y., and thus dates the Varanger Ice Age. This date corresponds with dated Pre-Cambrian glaciation in the Congo and Australia. The Tanafjord Group, or Old Sandstone, beneath the tillites, dated 810+ or -90 m.y., correlates with the Upper Torridonian of Scotland.


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Free shipping on $50+ order
This product is 100% authentic, single-ply, single-pick, long-staple cotton grown in Egypt. Egyptian cotton is superior to most other sheet material because of the long-staple. This long-staple allows the cotton to be woven more finely, creating a softer and more durable sheet that is resistant to pilling.
These sheets are woven from the best sheet material, 100% authentic Egyptian cotton. Great care is taken when handpicking the Egyptian cotton for the highest level of purity. The long-staple found in the cotton is then spun into a smaller yet stronger fiber. The strength of this fiber makes the sheets more durable and resistant to pilling. The nature of the fibers allow them to absorb liquids for deeper and more vibrant colors that is sure to pretty your bed.
Egyptian cotton is renowned for its soft drape, distinctive luster, and amazing durability.
The best materials make the best sheets, and we wanted this bedding to look as good as it feels. Single thread are woven to product a true 600 thread count and mercerized for more durable, softer fibers.
For the finishing touch, the flat sheet and pillowcases feature a beautiful double satin stitch hem.
Fitted sheet is sewn with deep pockets and a thick, full-length elastic for a secure fit on mattress from 6 to 22 inches deep. It's easy to put on, won't slip off and ensures a smooth fit for a crisp, clean feel.
Cal King
72 x 84
Includes 2 pillowcases
54 x 75
Includes 2 pillowcases
Full Xl
54 x 80
Includes 2 pillowcases
King Pillowcase
22 x 42
Includes 2 pillowcases
78 x 80
Includes 2 pillowcases
Queen Pillowcase
22 x 36
Includes 2 pillowcases
39 x 75
Includes 1 pillowcase
Twin Xl
39 x 80
Includes 2 pillowcases
By: Nik on Nov 11,2016
These 600 thread count Egyptian Cotton sheets are well-made, come in beautiful colors (I got them in sage), feel luxuriously soft to the touch, and are an excellent way to get a good night's sleep. Two comments: First, these are excellent sheets for the price. Second, I have tried other Malouf sheets, and these are in my top three. Disclaimer: I received these for free as part of a product test, but honestly, they are worth every penny. I'm going to buy another set in white!
By: Kate Dalley on Nov 10,2016
I was not expecting to love these as much as I did. These sheets are so silky soft. Not slippery. Just high quality and smooth. I've purchased other sheets at boutiques before thinking they would be high quality and they weren't- I was so disappointed. Good quality sheets are hard to come by these days for a good price. The 600 thread count on these is softer and higher quality than some 1000 count sheets that I've purchased. Linen Spa does a great job. These will last forever. Love these sheets. Now I know which company does the best job with linens.
By: sara on Nov 08,2016
These Egyptian Cotton sheets are super smooth and soft! I love Egyptian Cotton and have been sleeping on another brand for years - these are defiantly superior and I will be buying more for my other beds. We bought the Grey Queen sheet set - the grey color is deep and rich (even after washing over and over). My favorite part about these sheets is the double stitching accent on the flat sheet and pillowcases. It gives my bed a more elegant/finished look. The fitted sheet also fits perfectly on our mattress and helps prevent slippage while I toss and turn at night. I found that if you shake the sheets out slightly (while they're still damp) before putting them into the drier (on low) that they come out perfect and not wrinkled. I have tried higher count Egyptian Cotton sheets before but they are not as soft as these. I can tell that these sheets are made with high quality standards and are very durable - I expect them to last a long time wash after wash and continue to be soft.
By: Amy on Nov 06,2016
I received these sheets for a free review, and I loved them! I have purchased Egyptian Cotton sheets before and was very disappointed, but not with these. They are everything they advertise them to be. They fit nicely and were very comfortable. I love the oversized top sheet. It makes it possible to tuck in the sides, which you can't do with other sheets. After washing the sheets there was no shrinkage and the color didn't fade. The LINENSPA 600 threat count sheets are definitely high-end. No complaints from me.
By: Ashlie on Nov 04,2016
These sheets are amazing. Super soft and comfortable. My favorite thing about them is the nice elastic band that goes around the fitted sheet. It helps them to stay put. One of my biggest pet peeves is when sheets pop off the corners. The fitted sheet is covering my mattress, protector, and cover and they still stay put. I love that I have found sheets that finally stay on my mattress. I also love how classy they look. The simple double satin stitch makes them look like something you would find in a nice resort. I love the look and practicality of these sheets. I highly recommend them.
By: Andra Willis on Nov 04,2016
These sheets are amazing!! Not only do they feel great to slip into, but a HUGE factor to me is if the fitted sheet will stay on/under the mattress come morning and THEY DO!!!! I love them and will most likely buy sets for my kids beds too! Love love!
By: Abby on Nov 03,2016
They are amazing, they are so soft and smooth. They are great because often I get hot when I sleep. These sheets did not make me hot, they stayed cool all night long. Another wonderful feature that I love is the bigger elastic band on the fitted sheet. It kept the bottom sheet down and snug so that you are able to have a sleek bottom sheet when climbing in and out of bed. Wish all fitted sheets had this feature. Will be getting more of these. Highly recommend!!
By: C Rod on Nov 03,2016
These are the best sheets we have ever had. All we had ever gotten for our bed were junky 300 count sheets from target. My wife and I decided to taste a little bit of the high life.. And trust me that taste was delicious. These sheets are super smooth and cool (temperature wise.. And also socially).
By: Linenspa Customer on Aug 10,2013
I was looking for Egyptian (long staple) cotton sheets for their silky feel. I also wanted sheets which were wider than usual, because there is never enough to keep tucked in on the sides. These sheets have both the silky feel and the extra width I wanted. They are also of a substantial weight, not thin like some 600 TC sheets. They are exactly what I wanted. I only wish the full range of colors was available in twin size. I will definitely buy more of these great sheets.
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Popular Now
Popular Now
Popular Now
Popular Now
01803 865913
+44 1803 865913
Series: Flora del Valle de Tehuacán-Cuicatlán Volume: 2
By: Mario S Sousa(Author)
16 pages, 3 b/w line drawings
Instituto de Biología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México
Language: Spanish
Volume 1 covers the Fabaceae, tribe Sophoreae, which is represented in Mexico by approximately 30 species in 9 genera. Of those, 3 species in 3 genera are found in the Tehuacán–Cuicatlán Valley of central Mexico.
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Java 8 Developer
£450 - £500 a day
A Java 8 Developer is required on-site for a Government project based in London. The contract is initially 3 months with an ideal start this month.SC is needed - minimum of BPSS. (One can apply during interview but must have certificate by final stage)
The Project
Currently, there are 50,000 users on their system and there are issues with odd workflows where a claimant has been following workflow paths that weren't anticipated and leaving the claimant in limbo.
The objective is for 1st/2nd line support to be able to utilise the current manual work-around scripts through a portal, referred to as the "Supportal", to get customers back into a normal flow without the need for a dev to get involved.
Some scenarios may be known, and in backlog for long term fix and require quick fix team
Tech Stack
Started with Dropwizard for Microservices, but have upgraded a number of elements within it to make it a custom setup
Mustache templates for UI rendered through a custom MVC engine
Java 8
Microservice based
Dropwizard implementation using a Mustache templated web app
Very agile.
The ideal candidate has very strong MongoDB experience. All team members need to be comfortable with high rate of change and changing priorities and feedback loops
Posted by Digitek Resourcing Ltd, 16 Feb


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Flood Forecasting & Warning Centre
Welcome to TRCA's Flood Forecasting and Warning Centre. The FFW program consists of daily operations by on-call Flood Duty Officers and also the maintenance of flood control infrastructure (including flood control dams and an extensive gauge network). Please click on the links to see highlights of the many initiatives being undertaken by the TRCA Flood Forecasting and Warning program.
Click here for more information on flooding and safety.
Subscribe to Flood forecasting RSS
Flood Warning Line: (416) 661-6514
Flood Status: $theCurrentState
Normal forecast in effect until Jun 07, 2015
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SNOOKER legend Steve Davis will be putting Chelmsford pupils through their paces on the table on Tuesday.
The six time world champion is visiting Moulsham High School as part of the Cue Zone Into Schools project set up to get youngsters playing the sport and developing classroom skills at the same time.
During the day a tournament will be set up for pupils with ten foldaway tables set up while another full size table will be in the hall to give the schoolchildren the chance to play a frame with Davis.
A snooker club is already running at the school based in Brian Close.
Along with the regular form of the sport, the group also play functional snooker which helps develop maths skills with the balls being given different values compared to their normal points.
During his career the 56-year-old won 28 ranking titles and staff at the school said everyone cannot wait to see him playing.
James Bunn, the school's snooker club coordinator, said: "We are all excited that Steve Davis will be visiting the school and helping a group of lucky students develop the skills necessary for a professional-style snooker tournament.
"Our snooker club has been a great success and through normal snooker and functional snooker its members have been able to enhance their skills in English and Maths.
"We are looking forward to seeing for ourselves a six time world snooker champion in action."


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I've been saving up my money to go back to school shopping and I really want to buy some perfume. I was wondering what perfumes or body sprays guys find the most appealing on girls.
Most Helpful Guy
I couldn't even tell you the name of any. I never ask a girl what she uses that makes her smell like she does.
But I don't think you need a perfume, that's something that's not really an everyday thing, at least I don't think so. You want to save that for dates or things like that. Just find a nice scented shampoo and lotion. Anything fruity is fine, that's why they make it.00|00|0


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So.. I started seeing this guy. I've known him for about a year, and he's one of my very good friends.
Problem is... We kissed a couple of times, and we had sex.. oops.
So.. Yesterday we were at a bar with some friends (we're keeping our kissing and flirting a secret from our friends)
So he writes me "You want to sleep at my place tonight?"
And I was like, hell yeah!
Later he texts me again, but this time the message is saying "When are we going to kiss again?"
So we got out "to buy cigarettes..." and ended up kissing at a parkingspot :)
He was very drunk later on.. and he kept on telling me how beautiful I was, how much he liked me, how we couldnt be an official couple (both just got out of serious relationships) and started talking about what our babies would look like (WTF?)
So now I'm sitting here... thinking... WTF IS THIS? xD
Good friend/friend with benefits?/more than friends/possibly future boyfriend?
So.. I started seeing this guy. I've known him for about a year, and he's one of my very good friends.
Have an opinion?
What Guys Said 1
Honestly, as someone who over thinks everything, I must tell you to just sit back and enjoy what you have going on at the moment. It's young, innocent, and to some extent weird infatuation and you should ride it as long as you can before things get complicated and one of you want more or to define the relationship.00|00|0
What Girls Said 0
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HKS T51R SPL Dual Ball Bearing Turbo
Product Details
The HKS Signature Series Turbos are Garrett based, but have re-engineered compressor and turbine wheels along with specific A/R and trim levels to maximize power output. The smallest of the HKS Signature Series Turbos is the TO4S which is rated to 550HP and the largest of the series is the HKS flagship turbo the T51R SPL which is rated to 1,000HP. The T51R class of turbos is broken up into two units, the T51R Kai and the T51R SPL which are rated to 800PS and 1,000PS respectively. Both the T51R Kai and SPL utilize a V-band flange and are available with a ball-bearing center cartridge that allows for 11% faster spool up then the standard sleeve bearing versions.
High-powered turbine to generate a high output at high rpm as a single turbine.
Images used may be generic. Actual product may vary.
- HKS T51RSPL Ball Bearing Turbo
- 56 Trim AR 1.00
- 1000 PS Output
- 100mm inlet 80mm outlet
- Up to optimize the cross-sectional shape of the scroll from the gas inlet flange: You can reduce the circumference yen compared with the square shape of the same area. Periphery becomes shorter, ie less (? 1) wall resistance, it is able to achieve a high turbine efficiency. T51R is compared with conventional flange with the outer periphery of the same (the same shape as the flange and genuine system RB20 · RB25), was increased by 30% area. Thereby, increase flow rate by 30% without increasing the loss, to achieve smaller, lighter, and has support over 800ps. That can slow down the flow rate of air flowing by touching the wall: the wall resistance (? 1).
- Use of the V-band flange that does not impair the sealing function even when the high supercharging: closures (4) This traditional bolt was possible distortion caused by high temperature exhaust gas leak occurs in the part. T51R has been greatly improved seal by sandwiching the entire circumference in the V band.
- Use a cross-sectional shape of turbine scroll for obtaining high efficiency: the cross-sectional shape of the turbo housing, has been kept to a minimum loss of the ideal pursuit of the flow of gas.
- achieve the stabilization of performance turbocharger to the turbo housing subjected to machining: T51R series is to guide the exhaust gas to the turbine wheel more efficiently, very dimensional accuracy by applying the additional machining of the casting machine to the turbo housing increase, has been achieved stabilization of performance turbocharger.
- Optimization of aperture & compressor housing outlet aperture optimization of turbo inlet flange housing: more than 2.6L in the T51R KAI, was to achieve optimal diameter turbo inlet housing flange to fit the 2.8L engine in more than T51R SPL. In addition, we chose the shape of the corresponding outlet compressor housing for ultra-high air volume.
- Use a tapered outlet for wasted exhaust pressure suppress the rise: T51R was designed in the shape of the exit taper angle less loss.
- Use a heat-resistant steel exhaust temperature high enough to withstand the rotary engine to the turbo housing: in a state that is balanced setting, reciprocating engines is about 95rotary engine exhaust temperature will be about 1050 ? thing. Has adopted a heat-resistant steel that can withstand very high exhaust temperatures rotary engine compared to reciprocating engines.
- Use of the internal shape of the scroll compressor housing in order to obtain a high efficiency compressor: a circular shape was adopted also in the compressor housing turbo housing and the same idea.
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