text:
|Publication number
|Publication type
|Application number
|Publication date
|Oct 15, 2002
|Filing date
|Dec 27, 1999
|Priority date
|Feb 18, 1999
|Fee status
|Publication number
|Nicholas J. Frigo, Patrick P. Iannone, Kenneth C. Reichmann
|Original Assignee
|At&T Corp.
|Export Citation
|BiBTeX, EndNote, RefMan
|Patent Citations (2), Referenced by (51), Classifications (15), Legal Events (4)
|External Links: USPTO, USPTO Assignment, Espacenet
This non-provisional application claims the benefit of U.S. Provisional Application No. 60/120,726 entitled "Optical Ring Admission Scheme Using a Single Optical Carrier Drop/Add Transceiver" which was filed on Feb. 18, 1999 and is hereby incorporated by reference in its entirety. The Applicants of the provisional application are Nicholas Frigo, Patrick Iannone, and Kenneth Reichmann.
1. Field of Invention
This invention relates to an optical admission scheme using an optical carrier drop/add transceiver.
2. Description of Related Art
Communication information can be routed between customers using various different kinds of communication networks, including optical fiber communication networks. One type of optical network uses a ring configuration to send information to and receive information from subscribers. In a ring network, nodes which route, terminate, or otherwise process signals are connected by optical communication links, such that the links form a single loop. Optical ring networks may employ wavelength division multiplexing (WDM), in which a plurality of communication channels, in the form of discrete wavelength, are combined into a single optical transmission medium, such as an optical fiber.
Traffic on such WDM optical rings may be hubbed, in which case all wavelength channels originate and/or terminate at a central hub node, while one or more wavelength channels are supplied to each subscriber by corresponding add/drop modules that are located at remote nodes of the ring. Each of the add/drop modules also integrates communication information provided by a corresponding subscriber into the optical communication system so that the subscriber's communication information is returned to the hub node. For traffic which is not hubbed, a wavelength channel can originate at a first subscriber, be integrated into a communication link by a first add/drop module, be transported to a second add/drop module capable of selecting the corresponding wavelength, and be terminated by a second subscriber. More complex mesh networks can be constructed by combining rings which intersect at one or more nodes.
As the traffic level of large users approaches the line rate for a single wavelength of light on a network operator's ring, there is an incentive to permit the user to make a direct optical connection to the network ring. To provide the communication channels to a subscriber, each of the add/drop modules filter out a particular wavelength channel by either selecting or filtering, a specific wavelength channel. Thus, the add/drop modules are capable of selecting a set of particular wavelength channels from the plurality of channels present on the optical network.
Permitting a subscriber to make a direct optical connection to the network ring can increase efficient communication between subscribers. For example, two subscribers sharing a direct optical connection on a network ring can communicate in a native or custom format, rather than the conventional manner of requiring each subscriber to convert to and from an optical network service provider's mandatory format. Conversion to and from a mandatory standard format can require the use of costly conversion equipment and can incur inefficiencies in the communication between nodes.
However, the advantages of permitting a subscriber to make a direct optical connection to an optical network ring can be offset by the network's vulnerability to subscriber errors which are beyond the control of the optical network service provider. For example, a direct optical connection requires the subscriber to receive and transmit data on a very specific channel (wavelength) of the optical network ring. Variations caused by changing conditions, such as temperature, make constant operation at a specific channel difficult to monitor and control. Furthermore, using a direct connection with the optical network ring, any errors introduced by the subscriber, such as incorrect operating wavelengths, are beyond the control of the optical network service provider, and may corrupt not only the subscriber's communications, but also communications in neighboring wavelength channels. These problems are compounded by the fact that the wavelength control must be exercised at each wavelength and at each node.
The invention provides an optical carrier drop/add transceiver in which optical carriers are generated by the network operator at controlled locations and are shared by several users. That is, the same optical carrier both drops traffic from the optical network ring and adds traffic to the optical network ring. An optical carrier signal is received by the transceiver and is subsequently optically split into a first and second optical signal. The first optical signal can be converted into an electrical signal for processing by the subscriber (i.e., data out). The electrical signal corresponding to the first optical signal is additionally inverted by the transceiver. The inverted electrical signal is subsequently used to modulate the second optical signal in order to suppress the data, and thereby create a nominally cw signal. Since new data can now be impressed on this nominally cw signal, it is convenient to think of it as an "optical chalkboard" that has been reconstituted from the original signal. The subscriber's data is then modulated onto this nominally cw signal, and sent into the optical network. As a consequence, the network subscriber controls the format and protocols of the data traffic on the optical network, while the optical network service provider controls the optical carrier wavelengths, which are of primary concern to maintain organization and efficiency on the optical network. Thus, in essence this provides an admission scheme for the network operator to insure that only the correct wavelengths are admitted to the network without the need to impose format restrictions.
In the admission scheme of the present invention, the optical network service provider originates the network's optical carriers, either at the hub or node, which carry the subscriber's data. Therefore, the optical network service provider is insured adequate network control because the optical network service provider, whose primary concern is network integrity, completely controls the channels (wavelengths) over which the subscribers transmit/receive data. Additionally, the network subscriber, whose primary concern is data transport, controls the data format and the protocols by which the data is transmitted since the network subscriber imposes their own modulating signals on the light which the network service provider has supplied.
The invention is described in detail with regard to the following figures, wherein like numerals reference like elements, and wherein:
FIG. 1 is a schematic block diagram of a ring network according to the present invention;
FIG. 2a is a block diagram of an exemplary optical carrier drop/add transceiver of FIG. 1;
FIG. 2b is a block diagram of an alternative embodiment of the configuration of optical carrier drop/add transceivers of FIG. 1;
FIGS. 3a-c are exemplary graphs of optical signals which are received and transmitted by the drop/add transceiver of FIG. 1;
FIG. 4 is a block diagram of an experimental setup used to test the present invention;
FIG. 5 is a graph showing the results measured from the experiment of FIG. 4;
FIG. 6 is a graph showing the results measured from the experiment of FIG. 4;
FIG. 7 is an exemplary flowchart of the process of dropping and adding data to an optical ring network according to the present invention; and
FIG. 8 is an exemplary flowchart of another process of dropping and adding data to an optical ring network according to the present invention.
Previous multiple access schemes which share upstream and downstream signals on a common "optical chalkboard" in time or RF space may require non-standard terminal equipment and formats. Such a technique is described in a paper written by N. J. Frigo, P. P. Iannone, M. M. Downs, and B. Desai, entitled "Mixed-Format Delivery and Full-Duplex Operation in a WDM PON with a Single Shared Source," Proc. OFC '95, San Diego, Ca. paper TuK5, pp. 55-57 (1995), incorporated herein by reference in its entirety.
For example, a recent optical ring architecture proposed sending a "write" optical carrier to drop traffic from the ring as well as a distinct "read" carrier to add traffic. A description of such an architecture can be found in a paper written by M. Sharma, H. Ibe, and T. Ozeki, entitled "WDM Ring Network Using a Centralized Lightwave Tech., vol. 15(6), pp. 917-929 (1997), incorporated herein by reference in its entirety.
Other optical network admission schemes allow a network subscriber to receive optical data on a specific carrier channel of the optical network and later transmit a new optical signal on the same optical carrier channel. The technique requires that the network subscriber have both an optical receiver and an optical transmitter. Furthermore, because the subscriber receives the optical signal on a particular channel, and then transmits an optical signal on the same channel, each optical transmitter for every subscriber must be exactly aligned to transmit at the given channel assigned to the network subscriber. If there is any variation from the assigned channel, the subscribers may introduce error into the network (i.e., incorrect operating wavelength will induce loss and crosstalk). While crosstalk on neighboring channels can be mitigated by sufficiently wavelength selective WDM multiplexers, practical WDM multiplexers generally have less stringent crosstalk specifications than demultiplexers (in order to reduce components costs).
Because the optical characteristics of the subscriber's optical receiver and optical transmitter are sensitive to changes in the environment, such as temperature, it has been very difficult for an end user to maintain transmissions within the respective designated channels without wandering or drifting outside of the channel. Furthermore, other optical transmitter properties, such as side-mode-suppression (SMS) ratio, will affect performance. Therefore, this conventional method requires the purchase and maintenance of transmitters that are typically expensive and complex, and require continual monitoring and management in order for a network subscriber to stay within an assigned channel.
In the present invention, the optical network service provider originates the network's optical carriers which carry the subscriber's data. Therefore, the optical network service provider is insured adequate network control because the optical network service provider completely controls the optical carrier over which the subscribers transmit/receive data. Furthermore, a single source can be used to carry data over more than one link since the transceiver described here "re-uses" the incoming optical carrier.
FIG. 1 is a schematic block diagram of an optical network 100. The network 100 can be provided with a set of wavelength channels (optical carriers), a hub node 102 that communicates with a backbone network (not shown), and a set of add/drop nodes 104, 106, and 108, each of which supports a plurality of user operated transceivers. The total number of wavelength channels can vary depending upon various criteria, such as the number of transceivers 110, 112, and 114 serviced by the network 100, the maximum bandwidth of one or more components of the network 100, a total number of channels required to provide desired communication services to all transceivers 110-114, etc. The wavelength channels are carried by communication links 116, that preferably are optical fiber links. Both the links 116 can include various components, such as amplifiers, routing devices, or other components to effect desired communication services.
The links 116 interconnect the hub node 102 with add/drop nodes 104-108 positioned throughout the network 100. Each of the add/drop nodes 104-108 selects a channel of the set of wavelength channels and provides the channel to a corresponding transceiver 110-114. While the network is shown as an optical ring network, it is to be understood that other network configurations are possible without departing from the spirit and scope of the present invention. For example, the present invention could also be used in a mesh topography.
The transceiver 110-114 receives data signals on an optical channel via a communication link 118 and reads the data present on the channel. After reading the data signal, the transceiver 110-114 suppresses the data by a further modulation of the optical signal to create a nominally cw optical signal on the same channel. The cw optical signal is referred to as an "optical chalkboard" since the nominal cw signal is an optical carrier signal at the specified channel wavelength having no data present thereon. The transceiver then writes new data onto the optical chalkboard and transmits the data signal across communication link 120 to the respective node 104-108 where the signal is further transmitted over the optical network 100.
The data signals, both entering and emerging from the transceivers 110-114 consist of optical carriers (wavelengths) which have been partially modulated by amplitude shift keyed (ASK) data. "Partially modulated" optical carriers are defined as optical carriers (wavelengths) which have been modulated with digital data such that a digital one has a high light level and a digital zero has a low light level which is substantially greater than zero. This is in contrast to most conventional digital optical transmission systems, for which a digital one has a high light level and a digital zero has nominally zero light level. The partial modulation format used here is required so that after suppressing the digital ones (i.e., modulating the ones down to the zeros level) a nominal cw optical signal (the optical chalkboard) remains with sufficient signal-to-noise ratio to serve at the optical carrier for the new data.
FIG. 2a shows an exemplary block diagram of the transceiver 112. The transceiver 112 includes an optical amplifier 202, an optical splitter 204, a receiver 206, an electrical amplifier 208, an inverter 211, a suppressing electro-optical modulator 210, and a writing electro-optical modulator 212.
As the incoming optical data signal is received by transceiver 112 on the communication link 118, the optical signal passes through the optical amplifier 202. Since optical amplification is required at the node to compensate for transmission losses in the ring, the location of the amplifier 202 can be selected so that it can serve to both compensate the loss of the optical fiber in the ring and as a preamplifier for the receiver 206. The optical amplifier 202 amplifies the incoming optical signal and sends the optical signal to an optical splitter 204 along a communication link 214. The optical splitter 204 splits the optical signal into first and second optical data signals. The first optical data signal is sent by communication link 218 to receiver 206, while the second optical signal is sent onto communication link 216 to the suppressing modulator 210.
The first optical signal is received by receiver 206 and is converted from an optical data signal into a corresponding electrical data signal. The electrical data signal is sent along communication link 220 to amplifier 208. Once amplified, the amplified signal is then sent along a communication link 222 to a subscriber for further processing as a "data out" signal, such as communications processing.
Additionally, the output of the amplifier 208 is sent along a communication link 224 to the inverter 211. The inverter 211 need not be a distinct component, but may be incorporated into modulator 210. As an example, a lithium-niobate modulator, one particular embodiment of modulator 210, can operate as either an inverting or non-inverting modulator by appropriately tuning its DC bias voltage. The inverter 211 accepts the electric signal and inverts the signal to form an inverted signal corresponding to an inversion of the data on the first optical signal. The inverted signal is then sent over a communication link 226 to the suppressing modulator 210. The suppressing modulator is typically electro-optical, but could be a semiconductor optical amplifier/modulator. Care must be taken to ensure that the optical signal traverses link 216 in the same time that the optical/electrical signals traverse 218-226.
The suppressing modulator 210 accepts the second optical signal on the communication link 216 and the inverted electric signal on the communication link 226. The signal on link 226 drives modulator 210 such that each level of input results in a single level of output. Conceptually, for digital ones and zeros, ones are attenuated to the level of zeros and zeros are unattenuated, i.e., this becomes the optical chalkboard.
It is to be understood that while the processing of the first and second optical signals has been described in the electro-optical domain, the second optical signal may also be directly processed in the optical domain without departing form the spirit and scope of the present invention. For example, in an alternative embodiment the suppressing modulator 210 and associated drive circuit 211, 224 and 226 can be replaced by either an "optical limiter" or injection locked laser. In this embodiment, the optical data signal enters optical limiter or injection locked laser emerges.
An optical limiter or optical limiting amplifier is analogous to an electronic limiting amplifier, but operates in the optical domain. That is, both ASK "0"s and ASK "1"s would be amplified to approximately the same light level in an optical limiting amplifier, resulting in a constant light level at the output. This device is potentially advantageous in that it both suppresses the data imposed on the incoming optical carrier and provides amplification, while not requiring a potentially complex feed-forward circuit. In practice, an optical limiter may be a version of a semiconductor optical amplifier which is run in saturation (i.e., both the input "1"s and "0"s have sufficient optical power to be amplified to the maximum possible output power of the device.)
Similar functionality can be expected if an injection-locked laser is used rather than limiting amplifier. An injection-locked laser is a laser whose output optical signal frequency is locked to an optical signal injected into the laser. A laser includes a resonant cavity and a gain medium, which act as a narrow band filter whose output spectral width is typically determined by the laser geometry and the round-trip gain. Since an information-bearing optical signal has a spectral width proportional to the data rate, the output of an injection-locked laser can have suppressed data content relative to the input signal, provided that the modal width of the injection-locked laser is small compared to the data rate. In order for an injection-locked laser to completely suppress the data on an incoming optical signal, it may be necessary to shift the energy in the modulated spectrum away from DC by the use of a modulation format such as Alternate Mark Inversion (AMI) or Manchester Coding.
The resultant signal is one wherein the original incoming data signal, the second optical data signal on communication link 216, has been "erased" by removing the data portion of the data signal from the second optical signal. As described above, this technique creates a nominally cw optical signal, which is referred to as an "optical chalkboard". The optical chalkboard is then sent to the writing modulator 212 over communication link 228 for the writing of new data, "data in", that is to be added onto the optical network over communication link 120.
The writing modulator 212 accepts the optical chalkboard on communication link 228 and is driven by the new data from communication link 230, "data in", thus modulating the optical chalkboard. The modulated optical carrier emerges from the writing modulator 212 onto communication link 120. The communication link 120 returns the optical data signal to the corresponding node 106, where the data can be sent across the optical network 100 on the corresponding carrier channel.
The suppressing modulator 210 and the writing modulator 212 can be any device that modulates an optical signal onto a communication link with sufficient bandwidth and fidelity. Furthermore, the modulators 210, 212 can be wavelength independent, whereby light traveling through the modulator at any wavelengths arriving on 118 can be modulated. By using wavelength independent modulators 210, 212 the operation of the network is easier to manage since the network operator has the flexibility to change wavelengths on the link 118. An example of one possible modulator for use in the present invention is a Lithium Niobate (LiNbO3) traveling waveguide modulator.
FIG. 2b shows a block diagram of an alternative embodiment having numerous optical carrier drop/add transceivers connected to communication links 118, 120 via WDM multiplexers, such as waveguide grating routers 234, 236. In this embodiment, numerous optical carrier drop/add transceivers 112 can receive a corresponding incoming signal from communication link 118. Furthermore, the transceivers 112 can transmit corresponding outgoing signals onto communication link 120.
In operation, the incoming optical data signal on communication link 118 is received by the optical amplifier 202. The optical amplifier 202 amplifies the incoming signal and transmits the optical signal to the waveguide grating router 234, which subsequently divides the incoming optical signal into a set of channels. Each of the channels are then directed via communication links 238 to a corresponding optical carrier drop/add transceiver 112. As described above with reference to FIG. 2a, the optical carrier drop/add transceiver 112 receives the incoming optical data signal on communication links 238, removes the incoming data, and then transmit outgoing optical data signal on communication link 240.
The separate channels of outgoing optical data signals on communication link 240 enter the WDM, waveguide grating router 236, which combines the data into an outgoing data signal. The outgoing data signal then emerges from the WDM, waveguide grating router 236, onto communication link 120. The communication link 120 returns the optical data signal to the corresponding node 106, where the data can be sent across the optical network 100 on the corresponding carrier channel.
In this manner, numerous optical carrier drop/add transceivers 112 can be used at each of the nodes. Furthermore, as shown in FIG. 2b, numerous optical carrier drop/add transceivers 112 can share a single optical amplifier 202 which can often be both complex and costly when multiple optical channels are amplified.
FIGS. 3a-3 c are examples of plots of data signals at different stages as the data signal passes through the transceiver 112. FIGS. 3a-3 c each include a dark level 308 which represents the absence of light. FIG. 3a shows a data signal 302 as the signal is received at the node 106 on a channel which is assigned to the transceiver 112. This is the "data out" received modulated signal from receiver 206 after the background level is electronically suppressed.
FIG. 3b shows the nominally flat optical chalkboard 304 emerging from suppressing modulator 210. The optical chalkboard 304 shown in FIG. 3b is not perfectly flat due to imperfections in the receiver 206, electronic amplifier(s) 208, inverter 211 and the suppressing modulator 210. In order to create a perfectly flat optical chalkboard, the circuit comprised by these components must be capable of modulating the incoming signal on communications link 216 with its exact inverse. This requires both high fidelity and broad bandwidth. In this case, "high fidelity" refers to the flatness of the frequency response of this circuit over its operating band coupled with negligible added noise. A perfectly flat frequency response over the entire information bandwidth of the incoming signal on communications link 214, with no added electronic noise, would result in a perfectly flat optical chalkboard. Non-ideal frequency responses and/or matching of the incoming data and the modulator create undesired AC signal errors on the chalkboard which are directly imposed on the subsequent data and impairs its transmission.
FIG. 3c is an example of an optical data signal 306 after the subscriber has written onto the optical chalkboard 304. Once the data, "data in", has been written onto the optical chalkboard 304, the optical data signal 306 is created and is sent over communication link 120. The data present in the optical data signal 306 is the optical equivalent of the data input on said communication link 230 by the subscriber.
FIG. 4 is a block diagram of an experimental setup which has been used to create plots in FIG. 3 and to test the present invention. In the setup, light from two semiconductor lasers, with carrier frequencies separated by 100 gHz, enters the network ring 404 from node 1 402 through a waveguide grating router 406 which has a 50 gHz channel spacing. A first of the wavelengths (channel 1) is unmodulated, to test for crosstalk, while a second of the wavelengths (channel 2) is partially modulated with a pseudo-random bit stream (PRBS) of 223−1 length at 155 Mb/s, via a bit error rate test (BERT) set 401 which simulates traffic to be dropped to a subscriber at a node 2, 408, by the transceiver 410. As above, the partial modulation ensures that there will always be light that can be "reconstituted" for traffic to be added to the ring. That is, some of the time a "0" in inset 416 needs to be a "1" in inset 424 so that some light must always be present to ensure that there is enough light to make that "1" appear.
Light at the second wavelength is directed by node 2, 408, to the transceiver 410 over communication line 412. For convenience in our setup, the light was preamplified with an erbium-doped fiber preamplifier 414 and split into two optical chains however, since the preamplifier operated on only a single channel, it could also have been performed by a semiconductor optical amplifier. The lower optical chain detects the data, with a typical signal shown in the inset 416, to create the "Data Out" signal evaluated by BERT 1,442. (Electrical signals are represented by heavy striped arrows). The same detected electrical signal is applied to an electro-optic modulator 418 which enables suppression of the data in the upper chain by modulating the "1's" down to the same level as the "0's" to create a nominally flat "optical chalkboard" as shown in the inset 420. A second writing modulator 422 writes data from BERT 428 onto the newly formed optical carrier or optical chalkboard, inset 420, to create a new optical data signal, inset 424. The optical data signal, inset 424, is added to the network ring 404 on communication link 426.
The new optical data signal (originating from the BERT 428) can be received at BERT 1,422, on Node 2, or, if no data is added at Node 2, it can be received at BERT 1, 432, at Node 3. If data is dropped at Node 2, new data can be added at BERT 2 428 and transmitted to BERT 2,432, at Node 3. These BERTs are illustratively meant to represent users.
The third node would nominally be identical to Node 2, but here the third node has been simulated by the WDM device with a band pass filter to monitor its potential performance.
FIG. 5 shows the system performance results of the test described in FIG. 4. In particular, FIG. 5 shows a plot 500 of a series of bit error rate (BER) curves which demonstrates the operation of the transceiver and the add/drop technique. In the plot 500, the squares 502 are back-to-back BERs for 100% modulation depth, showing the receiver sensitivity while the triangles 504 are BERs for 67% modulation and show an intrinsic (3 dB) penalty for this level of incomplete modulation. The linearity of the squares 502 and triangles 504 indicates predominately Gaussian noise of the wideband (700 MHz) receiver used.
The circles 510 represent the BER for the fully implemented technique: data at an OC-3 rate of 155 bps is dropped at the transceiver 410 BERT 412, the feed-forward signal is turned on to suppress the dropped data, and an independent OC-3 is created with the second modulator by the data in signal 429. The subscriber at node 3,430, detects the new OC-3 created by BERT 428. These points exhibit additional intersymbol interference (ISI) due to imperfect operation of the suppressions circuitry (center inset 420 of FIG. 4).
One impairment observed by the experiment is due to the interaction of the clocks of the incoming and outgoing signals. Undesired chalkboard spikes due to imperfect suppression at the modulator 418 were more likely to occur at times corresponding to bit transitions. These spikes corrupt the optical chalkboard, and are indistinguishable from imperfect signals created by modulator 422, and therefore can be treated as conventional "inter-symbol interference" (ISI). Since this ISI is more pronounced near bit transitions of the incoming data signals, one can observe a variation in the BER performance of the system as the temporal separation between the residual bit transitions (spikes on the chalkboard 304) and the bit transitions of the newly generated data signals 306 is varied (assuming the clocks of the dropped and added data are locked to one another). With locked clocks, this performance impairment to the added data transmission can be measured as a function of the relative phases of the two clocks. It is expected that the BER performance will suffer most as the residual transition spikes on the chalkboard are brought into alignment with the mid-point of the digital ones of the added data (the decision point of the added data when it arrives at its intended destination). Conversely, it is expected that the BER performance will suffer least when the spikes are one half of a bit period away from the decision point of the added data.
The measured variation of BER for sliding the phase of the locked clocks is shown in FIG. 6. For this experiment, the "dropped data" clock, generated by BERT set 401, served as the master clock. The "added data" clock, generated by BERT set 428, is locked to the master clock. The relative clock phases could easily be varied in the laboratory by varying the length of the clock cable between these two BERTs. In practice, the clock recovered from the dropped data would be used to generate the added data with the optimum alignment for lowest BER. There is little implementation issue with such a constraint, because clock recovery is necessary for receiving downstream data. The major source of the suppression impairment is the mismatch between the dropped data and feed-forward modulation, predominately at the bit-transition edges. This effect can be seen in FIG. 6, in which the clocks of the two BER sets were locked, with varying links of cable imposing different relative phases between the spike errors on the chalkboard and the decision point at 428. As phase is changed between the two clocks, the transition errors on the optical chalkboard successively slide on the imposed data of BERT 428. This creates more errors when they are near the decision point than when they are near the transition edges.
FIG. 5 shows that there are possible impairments associated with this technique in certain applications. The most obvious is the imperfection due to the mismatch of the cancellation of the downstream signal. Without the use of an effective cancellation technique, this add/drop scheme will have limited cascadability. To avoid needing a modulator with frequency response much greater than the data rate, optical techniques, such as the use of a limiting optical amplifier may be able to reduce the impairments. Another source of possible impairments that may limit the cascadability of the system is the build up of ASE noise in the amplifiers. This is a problem in all cascaded networks, but may be more severe in the present case because of the partial modulation scheme.
FIG. 7 is a flowchart outlining an exemplary process of adding and dropping data to and from an optical data network according to the present invention. As shown in FIG. 7, in step 702 an optical carrier signal is received from a network and the process ends in step 708.
Next in step 704, the process detects first data present on the carrier signal. Once detected, the first data may be further processed, such as for communication purposes.
In step 706, the optical carrier is adjusted to include second data. Once adjusted, the optical carrier transfers the second data to a destination on the network.
FIG. 8 is a flowchart outlining another exemplary process of adding and dropping data to and from an optical data network according to the present invention. As shown in FIG. 8, in step 802 a channel of an optical network is split into a first and second optical data signal. In step 804, the first optical data signal is monitored for data signals.
Once an optical data signal is detected, the process then proceeds to step 806 where the first optical data signal is received by a subscriber. The first optical data signal may be converted into an electrical data signal. After receiving the signal, the process proceeds to step 808 where the process removes the data portion of the second optical data signal from the second optical signal based on the data of the first optical data signal. Once the data is removed from the second optical data signal the second optical data signal becomes a nominally flat signal having no data present thereon.
After the data has been removed from the second optical signal, in step 808, the process proceeds to step 810 and writes new data onto the second optical signal carrier, creating the second optical data signal. Subsequently, in step 812, the process places the second optical data signal containing the new data back onto the optical network. The process then proceeds to step 814, where the process ends.
While this invention has been described in conjunction with the specific embodiments thereof, it is evident that many alternatives, modifications, and variations will be apparent to those skilled in the art. Accordingly, preferred embodiments of the invention as set forth herein are intended to be illustrative, not limiting. There are changes that may be made without departing from the spirit and scope of the invention.
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|Jul 5, 2016
|Cable Television Laboratories, Inc
|Optical communication systems and methods
|Dec 6, 2010
|Nov 1, 2016
|Treq Labs, Inc.
|Subchannel photonic routing, switching and protection with simplified upgrades of WDM optical networks
|Dec 18, 2013
|Jan 3, 2017
|Genesis Technical Systems Corp.
|Synchronization of communication equipment
|Mar 12, 2001
|Oct 24, 2002
|Heath Richard W.
|Method and apparatus for measuring and estimating optical signal to noise ratio in photonic networks
|Sep 9, 2002
|Apr 3, 2003
|Gunn Lawrence Cary
|Electronically biased strip loaded waveguide
|Sep 10, 2002
|Apr 10, 2003
|Gunn Lawrence C.
|Modulator based on tunable resonant cavity
|Sep 10, 2002
|Apr 10, 2003
|Gunn Lawrence Cary
|Tunable resonant cavity based on the field effect in semiconductors
|Sep 10, 2002
|Apr 10, 2003
|Gunn Lawrence Cary
|Tuning the index of a waveguide structure
|Sep 9, 2002
|Apr 10, 2003
|Gunn Lawrence Cary
|Strip loaded waveguide integrated with electronics components
|Sep 10, 2002
|Apr 10, 2003
|Gunn Lawrence Cary
|Structure and method for coupling light between dissimilar waveguides
|May 5, 2004
|Oct 14, 2004
|Gunn Lawrence Cary
|Tuning the index of a waveguide structure
|Nov 11, 2004
|Apr 28, 2005
|Gunn Lawrence C.Iii
|Strip loaded waveguide with low-index transition layer
|Nov 5, 2004
|May 5, 2005
|Gunn Lawrence C.Iii
|Tunable resonant cavity based on the field effect in semiconductors
|Jan 14, 2005
|Jun 9, 2005
|Gunn Lawrence C.Iii
|Strip loaded waveguide integrated with electronics components
|Mar 28, 2005
|Aug 11, 2005
|Gunn Lawrence C.Iii
|Electronically biased strip loaded waveguide
|Jun 7, 2005
|Oct 19, 2006
|Hochberg Michael J
|Segmented waveguide structures
|Oct 8, 2008
|Jun 11, 2009
|Frigo Nicholas J
|Method for operating transparent node for WDM shared "virtual ring" networks
|Jul 13, 2009
|May 12, 2011
|Genesis Technical Systems Corp.
|Synchronization of communication equipment
|Oct 26, 2010
|May 26, 2011
|At&T Intellectual Property Ii, L.P.
|Method for Operating Transparent Node for WDM Shared "Virtual Ring" Networks
|Jul 25, 2012
|Jan 31, 2013
|Knife with sound emitting means using the flow of air
|Dec 18, 2013
|Apr 17, 2014
|Genesis Technical Systems Corp.
|Synchronization of communication equipment
|Jul 2, 2014
|Oct 15, 2015
|Cable Television Laboratories, Inc.
|Optical communication systems and methods
|U.S. Classification
|International Classification
|Cooperative Classification
|European Classification
|Dec 27, 1999
Owner name: AT&T CORP., NEW YORK
Free format text: ASSIGNMENT OF ASSIGNORS INTEREST;ASSIGNORS:FRIGO, NICHOLAS J.;IANNONE, PATRICK P.;REICHMANN, KENNETH C.;REEL/FRAME:010492/0517
Effective date: 19991222
|Mar 28, 2006
|Fee payment
Year of fee payment: 4
|Mar 23, 2010
|Fee payment
Year of fee payment: 8
|Mar 26, 2014
|Fee payment
Year of fee payment: 12


text:
The community for developers to achieve coding mastery. http://codewars.com
Yesterday, I had an opportunity to meet with some of the senior staff at…
via Muzli design inspiration
January. After Christmas is over I am so going red. It is pretty much just some petty change not some stupid price so it is worth a shot. Ha my name is not Rudyard Kipling, It is not __TomFoolery__ either. I like making goofy names. Anyway CW is efin' awesome
Love your platform. Guys can you get the badge to show the rank, instead of points :)
This sounds like an incredible feature. I like the name as well. Would you happen to offer military discount towards Red?
Today we are introducing a product which carries with it a new concept that we hope will touch the lives…
Nice! It seems so satisfying to watch your website grow and develop. Here is hoping for a promising future.
Thank you very much for this awesome feature! :) The more codewars, the more fun :D Going back to solvin' some katas, best regards, gabbek.
By Phil DeJarnett

subset: commoncrawl


text:
Fresno City College Art Space Gallery will feature "Apparently Random," the intriguing works of Southern California artists, Lisa Diane Wedgeworth and Stacey R. Wexler, from March 13 – April 14.
The exhibition achieves innovative and energizing ways of applying a narrative to their respective artwork. Both bodies of work, through segmentation, offer the audience an opportunity to twist/enhance the story beyond a simple plot constructed with a conventional timeline. The artists engages visitors with the art of storytelling through vivid displays of imagery, text and tactile materials that compels the audience to repeat their stories to one another.
A public reception at the gallery for the artists will be held from 5 p.m. – 8 p.m. on Wednesday, March 15. The Art Space Gallery is located at 1101 E. University Ave. on the first floor (#101) of the Art/Home Economics Bldg., immediately northeast of the main quad and the circular fountain.
Admission is free.
Art Space Gallery is open Monday & Tuesday from 10 a.m. – 4 p.m. and Wednesday & Thursday from 10 a.m. – 7 p.m.
For more information contact Art Space Gallery Coordinator Catherine Payne at firstname.lastname@example.com or 559-442-8241.
State Center Community College District
About Us | Getting Started | For Students | Courses & Programs | Online Learning | Faculty & Staff | Site Map | Contact Us
SCCCD | Reedley College | Madera Center | Oakhurst Center | Clovis Community College
Fresno City College - 1101 E. University Avenue Fresno, Ca. 93741. (559) 442-4600
©2009-2010 State Center Community College District. All Rights Reserved. This site meets Section 508 Accessibility Standards. Technical Assistance: Help Desk. System errors: Webmaster. Campus Information: Contact Us, Terms of Use, Accessibility and Privacy Policy


text:
(603) 387-6081
Commercial Agent for Mount WashingtonValley
Share Broker Profile
My name is Greydon Turner and I am the commercial agent for Pinkham Real Estate, a small but well established firm in Mount Washington Valley. I grew up in the area and raised my family here while being very involved in my community. I serve on many local boards including the Conway Budget Committee and the Mount Washington Valley Economic Council. I work with several community members to promote job growth, improve infrastructure, provide affordable housing and increase education levels for thirteen surrounding towns through a collaboration of regional boards. I have owned/operated a few businesses in the area and have extensive knowledge of the restaurant business although I work with all types of groups and business owners including local oil companies, medical offices and local governments.
Established Businesses For Sale
Fryeburg, ME
A mainstay in the community bolstered with accolades from Down East Magazine, glowing reviews on Yelp, Open Table, Trip Advisor, Google and far beyond, this restaurant and inn has earned its sparkling reputation. The current owners have expanded the...
Real Estate For Sale
Ossipee, NH
Vacant, fenced and level lot with frontage on busy Rt 16. Behind is a foundation for a home or office space. Foundation has septic and water.
This parcel includes three buildings with various uses. The first contains a retail store front of roughly 2700 square feet and 35 storage units built in 1988. The second is a 40 seat restaurant built in 1980. The third a one bedroom apartment, a...
Large lot with a repair shop on site. 50x75 wood structure with two out buildings on the side. Concrete slab, wood construction and metal roof.
Individuals and companies listed here claim to be an authorized business transaction intermediary. While BizBuySell does not doubt these claims, BizBuySell has not verified them and makes no guarantee, warranty or representation about them. It is your responsibility to independently confirm the claims made by individuals and companies listed here.


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Galway man who sleeps in coffin on why it sucks to be a vampire
"I might be a vampire but I just want to be treated like everyone else", says Galway born blood-sucker Darkness Vlad Tepes.
6 ft 6ins Darkness, who drinks blood and sleeps in a coffin, says he is bullied for his alternative lifestyle.
The occult fan, who changed his name by deed pole from Jack to 'Darkness' says he has been a vampire for 13-years.
"My life was always a secret until I came out two years ago," Darkness said.
Darkness Vlad Tepes
"I first learnt about vampires when I was 13 and growing up in Galway. I was taking my dog for a walk through the woodlands and I saw a group of girls dressed up and I thought they were zombies.
"I ran home because I was scared at first, but then I became really curious," he continued.
"One day I found them again, and they initiated me into their coven, and I have been a vampire ever since."
Darkness says he's drank cows' and pigs' blood as well as human blood substitute.
Darkness Vlad Tepes
However, contrary to popular belief, the 25-year-old insists that garlic has no effect on him and he can happily be out in the sun.
"To be a vampire is to believe that I have a living body but a dead soul," says Darkness.
"But I think there are a lot of preconceptions about being a vampire from films and books like Twilight or Dracula.
"Garlic doesn't affect me and I can quite happily walk around in the sunlight."
Not content with just slurping down bags of blood, Darkness sleeps in a custom made 6 ft 7ins wooden coffin.
Darkness Vlad Tepes and pals
"The coffin is purely a choice option to being a vampire; it's one that I do because it feels right.
Darkness also opened up about an incident of bullying in an English pub.
"I went into the pub with two mates and a lad piped up and asked if I was abused as a child when I was young because of the way I look."
"I felt so ashamed and embarrassed that I would get asked such a personal question based on my choice of lifestyle.
"I might be a vampire but I just want to be treated like everyone else. "
The vampire, who moved to Blackburn, UK, in 2012 says he was high up in an East Lancashire coven of vampires called 'Underworld'.
"Being a vampire is difficult and of course there are some struggles in everyday life. But I'm happy to stand by my choice," admitted Darkness.


text:
|DR400G-HD2+16GB microSD [Japanese correspondence] Latest Ver 】
- Product one year guarantee - belonging to
■Change from DR-400G-HD・Change to a high-resolution lens
・Improvement (high compression technique) of the recording time
・Change of the design
|■Product image
■Main function
| ○I correspond to a Japanese sound guide
○High-resolution Drive recorder of 1920 Full HD x 1080(30FPS)
○It is with a built-in GPS and plays an image and a map in the same period
○Possess the front mirror part at weight only 86 g smartly
○2 megapixel CMOS sensor adoption
○It is with a built-in G sensor and saves it as an event file at shock perception
○Parking mode correspondence
○I cope with the photography with the motion sensor at parking
○At the time of a run, pictures at the time of the parking are usually stored as the file which I can distinguish easily each at the time of shock perception
○Using Andorid free application BlackVue, image restoration is possible with a smartphone
※I do not perform support about the indication in Android application BlackVue in us. I ask to be performed by the responsibility of the visitor about installation of BlackVue to a smartphone, the operation.
○It is guidance by a sound (Japanese) by a recording start, the end
○Sound automatic recording
○I set the G sensor sensitivity details in software BlackVueHD for PCs
○Plain LED indication
○It supports various reproduction apparatuses with MP4/AVI format
※The SD card just after the arrival to the product is in condition that nothing is written in. Necessary information (setup file, reproduction installer) is automatically written in when I insert an SD card in the main body of DR400G-HD.
■Exclusive software
| The <daytime>
The <night>
<dense fog>
<cloudy sky>
<rainy weather (in the daytime)>
<rainy weather (by night)>
|■Attention in the use
| DR400G-HD II is not a thing to guarantee an image record under all situation. We are not things taking responsibility in any disadvantage that picture data corruption, quality by this plane use or a user, a third party took.
This plane avoids installation, the hitting the brakes definitely according to an instruction manual, and, please keep safe driving in mind.
In addition, blinking may produce an LED signal at the time of photography with this product.
About MicroSD card of "DR400G-HD II ,"
In the state that inserted MicroSD card in the main body the power supply of the main body of GPS
A file is made in a card by turning it on.
The contents of the card which is in condition not to turn on a power supply are in an empty condition.
Stock: ◎There is it. After receipt of money confirmation, I can send it out.
≫≫The large-capacity set with the 32GB micro SD of doubling it is this one capacity
|Staff 'ochinomizu' comments
DR400G-HD II will become no. 1 most popular recorders have been since launch!
There is the secret of the popular variety,a beautiful image quality is the No. 1 thing!
And is one of the attraction also can display the path GoogleMap GPS built in.
To those who are lost in the drive recorder recommend want dish!
|■ specifications
(Size and weight)
■ size :102.8 X 32.0 mm
■ weight: 86 g
■ camera 2,073, 600 pixel CMOS sensor, megapixel IR lens
■ view angle diagonal 120 °, horizontal 98 °, vertical 55 °
■ resolution Full HD (1920 x 1080) @ 30 fps
■ Full HD (1920 x 1080) @ 15 fps
■ HD (1280 x 720) @ 30 fps
■ HD (1280 x 720) @ 15 fps
■ D1 (720 x 480) @ 30 fps
■ Video compression: H.264, Audio: AAC LC
■ G sensor built-in
■ built-in GPS
■ microphone built
■ built-in speaker
■ LED recording situations, GPS, mode switching
■ MicroSD memory (32 GB up )
■ battery built-in 130 mA
■ operating temperature-20 ° c to 60 ° c
■ input voltage V-24 12 V DC
■ power consumption up to 3 W
■ video output NTSC/PAL
■ certification KC, FCC, CE
■ warranty: 1 year
* Numeric precision, satellite tracking, numbers in many cases GPS chip maker has published each GPS manufacturers still uses. Antenna is actually built, structural noise, environment, numbers differ as adopted value each GPS manufacturers announced at IDA. It is not one IDA to ensure this number in any environment.
This product cannot be shipped to United States from the store.
Please contact the store for further information.


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The Best Child Massacre Movie Scene Ever
This scene from the extremely crappy 1989 film Beware: Children at Play is the best (or worst) child massacre movie scene I've ever seen…not that I go out looking for child massacre scenes from movies and then compare them to one another, because I don't do that. Anyway, I'd normally shy away from posting any child massacre scenes on this site, but this is easily the most hilariously awful child massacre movie scene I've ever encountered, and it might actually be one of the worst movie scenes I've ever seen, period. Check out this climactic scene from the 1989 Troma film Beware: Children at Play and see for yourself. Keep in mind that this is a Troma film (they're the same guys who did all the Toxic Avenger movies), so some crapiness is to be expected, but this scene is so ridiculous that you just have to laugh at it, even if it's about a bunch of adults murdering children.
Speak Your MindTell us what you're thinking... and oh, if you want a pic to show with your comment, go get a gravatar!


text:
Gary Copland Photographer
theresa bondModel Female
Mayhem # 1439121
About Mequite experienced, used to promotional work at car shows, done a few studio shoots. prepared to work upto implied, payment is negotional depending on type of work. will travel, very flexible and reliable. xx
Have you worked with theresa bond? Add Credits for theresa bond! >>
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text:
Are Your Customers and Fans Different People? (with Josh Shipp)
http://fizzle.co/sparkline/audience-fans-different If you're like us, your audience and potential customer are one in the same. If you listen to our podcast, you could be a Fizzler. But what if your audience/readers/fans and customers are different people? What if the people that visit your website aren't the people that eventually help pay your bills (and vice versa)? In this video Josh Shipp, Youth Speaker and Teen Expert, shares how he found out the difference between the two in his business and what he does to cater to each of them. (Hint: the kids he speaks to aren't his customer.)


text:
Definition Edit
Onion routing is a method of sending encrypted messages using various proxies ("onion routers") and only supplying limited information to each proxy. This method is useful when the security of each proxy is questionable or to confuse the link between the sender and the recipient.
How it works Edit
The message is wrapped in layers of encryption and, Like someone peeling an onion, each proxy strips a layer away after receipt to determine the next address to send the message. The result is that while each proxy knows where the message came from and where it was going, no one proxy has information about the original sender or ultimate destination and may only have information on one step in a very long chain.
Outside parties with the ability to monitor all the proxies may still be able to determine the original sender and intended recipient, especially if the person monitoring is able to employ timing analysis to compare the timing or incoming and outgoing messages to determine the email's path. Timing analysis can be frustrated by buffering several messages before sending or bundling several messages together ("garlic routing").


text:
Target: Sergeant Fernando Zurita
Goal: Praise police officer for saving injured dog from busy street.
A poodle named Salma was almost killed in a hit-and-run in Arica, Chile. Sergeant Fernando Zurita was driving down a road when he noticed that that there was a ruckus up ahead. He saw Salma in the street while the driver who struck her was trying to get away. Zurita took action and demanded that the driver take the dog to the vet. Without the incredible actions from Zurita, this dog would not have had a second chance at life. Thank Sergeant Zurita for saving Salma's life.
When Sergeant Zurita arrived at the scene, the cars were not even moving at this point because there was so much traffic. He stepped out of his car to go investigate what was causing this traffic jam. When he saw the poodle, Sergeant Zurita leaped into action. He managed to stop the driver and then went to the dogs side so she would not get hit again. Sergeant Zurita then instructed the driver to bring Salma to a nearby veterinary clinic so she could receive medical attention. Sergeant Zurita followed him all the way to the clinic.
Salma was treated for two broken legs. She is now reunited with her owner and is doing well. The story has received much attention and Sergeant Zurita received special recognition from the governor. Sign this letter and thank Sergeant Zurita for going above and beyond to save this dog's life.
Dear Sergeant Zurita,
You came across a small dog that was hit by a car. The small poodle, Salma, was laying in the street hurt while the driver who hit her was trying to get away. You did not waste any time and leaped into action. You were able to stop the driver from getting away and then stood by Salma's side to prevent further injury from other drivers.
Then you came up with a plan. You instructed the driver to bring Salma to a nearby veterinary clinic while you followed. Salma then received the medical care that she needed. Salma was treated for two broken legs. Thankfully, she is now reunited with her owner and healing well from her injuries.
I would like to thank you for going above and beyond the call of duty to save this dog's life. You understand that all life is precious and worth saving. Your actions do not go unnoticed. I am very appreciative that there are people like you in the world. Thank you again for risking your life to save another.
[Your Name Here]
Photo credit: Sephora Arica


text:
238 Pennbrook Trail, Battle Creek MI, 49017
Sold Price:
4 beds , 2 Full/1 Half baths
2,865 sqft
Status: Closed
Last Updated: 8/23/2017 10:37 AM
Description for 238 Pennbrook Trail Battle Creek, MI 49017
Great new listing for the whole family. Several renovations including the kitchen. Soft close cupboards and cabinets, nice newer wood grain. How about waking up in the morning having your RADIANT HEATED floors for a calm cozy morning. As you walk thru your new home and notice brand new wood floors and new renovations in your bathroom. A full basement and double lot backyard. As you move your family thru your spacious back yard you also have a great big pole barn 30x40, with Internet, phone gas, and water and bathroom in pole barn, for those of you who like to entertain, Perfect for graduations and family get togethers. Hot tub is negotiable. Please call Noris Lindsey to set up your showing 269-589-8667
Sold Price:
Sold Date:11/04/2015
Pennfield Twp
2 Full/1 Half
2,865 (approx)
Listing Information
Pennfield Twp
Softener Own
Public Sewer
Natural Gas
School Information
Room Information
Living Room
Interior Features
Oven Built-in, Cook Top Range, Refrigerator
Central Air, Ceiling Fan(s)
Gas Heat, Forced Air
Basement, Full
2, Wood-burning
Wood Floors
Exterior / Lot Features
Attached Garage, 2 Car Garage
Paved Road, Public Roads, Acreage
Driving Directions
Proceed north on north ave, take a right east onto primrose trail. Primrose is pennbrook after 900 ft, house is on your right.
Financial Considerations
Listing Price History
Battle Creek Real Estate
Battle Creek is located in Michigan. Battle Creek, Michigan 49017 has a population of 51,589.
The median household income in Battle Creek, Michigan 49017 is $37,885. The median household income for the surrounding county is $43,199 compared to the national median of $53,482. The median age of people living in Battle Creek 49017 is 36.3 years.
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text:
Hello Spiceworkers in the Netherlands! I'll be in Amsterdam Tuesday, June 16, meeting with press and business partners around the upcoming Spiceworks 4.0 launch.
Is anyone interested in having a beer (Spiceworks gift!) that late afternoon/evening? We can chat about Spiceworks, 4.0, IT, ... or whatever else we come up with.
Let me know if you are interested.
Co-founder & VP Marketing, Spiceworks
11 Replies
Jun 5, 2009 at 3:29 UTC
1st Post
Hi Jay,
I'm definitely interested, but where exactly in Amsterdam will the meet-up take place, or is this more of a spontaneous thing and don't you know yet where you'll be?
Jun 5, 2009 at 8:48 UTC
Glad to hear you are interested! Definitely more spontaneous... as I wouldn't even know where to suggest to meet. I was hoping we could get a discussion going and we'll leave it to the local experts.
Jun 7, 2009 at 2:24 UTC
Absolute. I am always in for a beer. Heineken prefered. :-)
If you like, we can setup a demo / meeting with an IT branche organisation which I am joined to. They are also in Amsterdam area.
Send me a PM or drop me a call, if you like to more know and I can ask around if they are interested.
Jun 10, 2009 at 3:52 UTC
Jay, what about that beer?
Jun 11, 2009 at 8:41 UTC
Hi Jay,
Nice to hear tha t you come to Holland (Amsterdam). I'm sorry to say that i can't come because i live on the East side of Holland. But have fun in Amsterdam and maybe see ya a next time.
Jun 11, 2009 at 11:41 UTC
Erik VL - I understand. Maybe next time I can do a tour of Holland! I spent a few years in Belgium when I was young and got to many places such as Delft, Eindhoven, etc. and have many good memories!
ObieOne and Mahz -- yes I am still up for the beer. Do you have any suggestions on where to meet? ObieOne -- I think you are in the Rotterdam area, is that right? I saw your IT Service Provider profile. That's a long way to come for a beer... so maybe some Rijstaffel as well?
Jun 12, 2009 at 1:38 UTC
1st Post
Hi Jay,
Good idea, like to come too. I live in Aalsmeer, nearby Amsterdam maybe we can meet you in your hotelbar? In which hotel are you staying? When we meet there, we can go later into the city and take a snac and a drink. Specially a drink offcourse... :)
Jun 12, 2009 at 6:32 UTC
I still need to book my hotel ... I'm flexible. Is it best for you to meet me at a hotel near the train station or further out. We can meet for a beer around 5pm or 6pm.
Let me know what works best for you and I will book a hotel on Saturday. Thanks!
Jun 13, 2009 at 2:22 UTC
OK, here is the plan: let's meet at Golden Tulip Amsterdam Centre Hotel at 6pm on Tuesday, 16 June. It's at Nieuwezijds Kolk 19. It looks fairly near the Central Train station, so hopefully that is convenient for you.
Jun 23, 2009 at 9:05 UTC
1st Post
Next time on a friday or the weekend ..... !!!!!!!
During the week is dull.
Jun 23, 2009 at 10:13 UTC
I'll keep that in mind! I did find some good bars however to try the Dutch beer by myself though.
This discussion has been inactive for over a year.
You may get a better answer to your question by starting a new discussion.


text:
Fresh Development
Typical budget:
Headquartered in Los Angeles
FreshDevelopment Company is engaged in developing and implementing a comprehensive Internet strategy. We are working on a "problem - solution - result" principle. After defining the basic goals that you want to achieve through the Internet, we will find a set of methods that are best suited to achieve them - from development of tech specs and making a review of the current state of affairs and to website development, its promotion and optimization, content management, SMM.
Contact Us
Screenshot of one of our best works, www.WedNavigator.com


text:
How good looking do you think you are? And would you want to date someone's who's as good looking as you, less good looking or more good looking?
From what I've heard, many girls feel insecure about dating a guy who they perceive as better looking than them.
I'd happily date a girl who's more attractive than me, but allegedly I'm pretty good looking myself anyway.
Most Helpful Girl
I'd say I'm a solid 6. According to science, I should then be looking for guys who are 5-7. Which is fine. I actually prefer average-above average looking guys to gorgeous hot ones.00|00|0


text: All I am looking for troubleshooting experience or perhaps just some reassurance in the Inspire 1 platform. I purchased the original Phantom 1, self installed the gimbal and video transmitter and have flow that platform for years with zero issues. My new Inspire 1 V2 has had two failures right out of the box. I received a new Inspire 1 V2 on Monday only to discover it had a bricked TB47. The seller replaced the battery and of course I was excited for my first flight with the Inspire. I fully charged all the batteries, powered on the controller, powered on the Inspire, took it out of travel mode, powered down, installed the gimbal and repeated the power on process. The controller comes on line, the Inspire boots, calibrates the gimbal and the status indcators change to green flashing. I then started the latest version of DJI Go, connect the USB/lightning cable and I get no connection. An hour later I have tried 4 different lightning cables, an iPhone 6, an iPad Pro and a iPhone 5s and none of them will connect. Tried a controller reset as well. At this point I am left to assume the USB port on the controller is bad. Am I missing anything? Any suggestions?


text:
United Kingdom producer "Sub Focus" will be touring in select cities around the U.S. this December to promote his new album "Torus". The UK heavyweight rarely tours in the U.S. so this is a treat for many drum n bass fans everywhere. The tour will only be a dj tour and will not consist of his new live set up.
Sub Focus - Tidal Waves ft. Alpines
Torus Tracklist:
1. Torus
2. Safe In Sound
3. Endorphins Feat. Alex Clare
4. Out The Blue Feat. Alice Gold
5. Twilight
6. Close Feat. MNEK
7. Turn It Around Feat. Kele
8. Out Of Reach Feat. Jayelldee
9. Falling Down Feat. Kenzie May
10. Turn Back Time
11. You Make It Better Feat. Culture Shock & TC
12. Tidal Wave Feat. Alpines
13. Until The End Feat. Foxes


text:
This tune is heavy on the street right now VERY HEAVY, had to go look for it and fortunately the video just dropped online some hours ago too . Listen to this monster hit single from vDJ Bobbi, the official video dj of the prestigious intercontinental hotel and radissonblu hotel LAGOS. "SANGELE" features the highly talented SYM1.
Listen to the tune Below and also watch the video. Share your thoughts
Also Download
Submit your comment
2 total comments on this postSubmit yours
Nice track n da video is da bomb, keep it up
Alade sunco


text:
The place met my low expectation as I just needed a place to sleep before going to Indy speedway. The room was ok, bathroom needs maintenance. Several good restaurants in the area a easy access to the highway.
Getting you more information on this room
Getting you more information on this room
"Go find a different hotel if you are looking for a CLEAN place to stay. It does take pets. Very noisy."


text:
'Cholesterol' Inspires a Mixed Response
Published: December 23, 1990
I am responding with anger to the column by Barbara Klaus. Perhaps it was meant to be funny. It wasn't. It was offensive.
Ms. Klaus article was no more than a compendium of hackneyed vignettes devolving from the very damaging sexual stereotypes that were once pervasive in our society -- and that most of us are working very hard to eliminate. I take umbrage at the implication that I, as woman, am responsible for a loved male's elevated cholesterol count -- to which I am somehow contributing by speaking to him through the bathroom door. I deeply resent the implication that I shop in a department store like a blithering idiot, while my male partner does the same chore with efficiency and dispatch. What rubbish!
As a lifetime Long Island resident and a practicing psychotherapist, I happen to be acquainted with many long-married local women. None of them behave as described by Ms. Klaus. I know a lot of long-married men as well. They don't appear to be suffering in quite the way Ms. Klaus would have it. Such erroneous descriptions, based on poisonous stereotypes, are damaging. SHARI NOCKS GLADSTONE Dix Hills


text:
We help you search for a Buckley flugel horn teacher. Flugel Horn lessons are a great method to begin an entertaining new hobby, acquire a new talent and gain confidence with flugel horn. Try our site to search for Buckley flugel horn teachers and determine which best suits your needs so you can begin your flugel horn tuition in Buckley today!
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right for you india nuts with plenty of time under your belt as it were, i have traveled SEasia from top to bottom and usaully find the process of picking locations/itinerary fairly strightforward with the normal organic changes on route. until now!, i am planing 3-4 weeks in india around christmas time (a little premiture but i bored) my initial vague idear was to travel down part of the east coast as i asumed it was a more off the trail than the west, im a sucker for the beach so it needs to be costaly baced in the main. i have not been able to find a great deal of good quality reports on the east coast and what i have found has been not all that complimentary.
SO what i would like is some rough plans for the time scale, either coast. i have i dont want to rush around like a mad man but at the same time i feel the need see a few different side to such a diverse land. im 31 like to dive in to the history and anthropology of a place but on a social level people make the place and all that, l would like to take in some places of natural beauty but also have a steady in take of beer and local tiple i am on holiday.
thanks for reading this guff any help would be grand


text: All right, I did WAY too much posting on FictionAlley. With its automatic disclaimer.*Sigh* Why do I get the feeling this site does not like me? Having to edit every fic you post twice. Disclaimer (borrowing from FA): This story is based on characters and situations created and owned by JK Rowling, various publishers including but not limited to Bloomsbury Books, Scholastic Books and Raincoast Books, and Warner Bros., Inc. No money is being made and no copyright or trademark infringement is intended.


text:
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To do a "WHOIS" search with this site, you must go to , which could be the registry lookup for domains ending in "cn". If about to catch insured, or choose to self-pay, call several labs and compare costs. The pharmacist must record many of these 10 hours using the PTCB Universal Continuing Education Form found for the PTCB website. Surveys were conducted on outpatients leading with a trend showing consistent decline in physical well-being when analysis was conducted on three different groups of SREs including pathological fractures, radiation, as well as other SREs. Take benefit from free health screenings for breast cancers, other varieties of cancer, cholesterol screening, hypertension tests, diabetes screening, as well as any others in the area.
We'll try good to explain it to you personally, but we sometimes don't even understand it. Some fields, like journalism, lamisil-cream medicijn shipped ups require constant intensive writing attending school and inside the field. The larger ones have 2 or 3 doors as the smaller ones just have one. For some individuals it is seen as being a way to afford pricey medicine being sold within the traditional drug stores. 'The pharmacy should offer a full range of prescription pharmaceuticals.
(The same individuals who think that teaching kids about std's is the same as telling a teenager to have sex. org has some study resources and tips just for this certification exam. Pharmacy agency may be the agency which enables you to have suitable in this sector. Saying all this, most college students will finance their pharmacy university training through three key strategies. Any profits from the insurance or another payment will likely be reinvested in to the non profit pharmacy.
This will assist you lamisil-cream medicijn shipped ups to take your regular dose without leaving an undesirable aftertaste within your mouth. Bureau of Labor Statistics, "The middle 50 % of all pharmacists made between $83,180 and $111,000 annually as of 2010. It is clear medical treatments play an important role in preventing SREs along with other complications. If your medications are not an emergency provide staff plenty of time for it to fill your prescription. Some employers appear to get noticed that their workers should feel financially rewarded along with some cases add a bonus on each year.
There are wide kinds of companies that offer this solution. Licensed educative programs tend to become more popular for your reason that pharmacy technicians prefer to possess a theoretical starting. In this article, we're going to cover potential risk of opening e-mail attachments in operation environments--but let's first find out what is the global spam threat report by security vendor, Message - Labs. Although not essential by all employers, there is an voluntary national certification exam that have to be passed in order to become a Certified Pharmacy Technician (CPh - T). If you are living inside the United States, you must ensure that this pharmacy degree program you obtain enrolled into is accredited through the American Council on Pharmaceutical Education (ACPE).


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One of the disputes centers on claims made by Richards that he and his associates own large stock holdings in Keryx and Aeterna. Richards often cites those holdings in his Seeking Alpha articles as proof that perifosine is an effective cancer therapy. Private Wealth Fund isn't a shareholder of Aeterna or Keryx, according to Bloomberg data that compiles such information on publicly traded companies. In fact, Private Wealth Fund doesn't show up at all as a stock fund, according to Bloomberg. It's not known if Richards owns stock in the companies through a personal account. Aeterna has no information on Private Wealth Fund as an investor in the company and its executives don't know Richards, according to Aeterna spokesman Paul Burroughs. Keryx didn't respond to questions about Richards or Private Wealth Fund. In the March 2 article, Richards says his biotech consultant, "Dr. Williams" -- no first name or affiliation are disclosed -- owns 1.2 million shares of Aeterna. "We value his opinion immensely and his track record is impeccable," Richards writes of Williams. Williams doesn't show up as an Aeterna investor, according to Bloomberg. Any holder of 1.2 million shares of Aeterna today would be its second-largest shareholder, right behind RCM Capital Management's 1.4 million Aeterna shares, Bloomberg data show. Richards, in his March 2 article, claims that another of his consultants, "well-respected" surgical oncologist Dr. Fred Wurlitzer, owns about 1 million shares of Aeterna because "he firmly believes in the success of perifosine." Wurlitzer doesn't show up as an Aeterna shareholder, per Bloomberg. "Whether Williams or Wurlitzer own
Aeterna shares or not is not for us to comment on. We wouldn't know them unless they were 5% holders and they aren't," Aeterna's Burroughs says. As further support for his articles touting the cancer drug perifosine, Richards claims that Williams owns 800,000 shares of Keryx. If true, the stake would make him the 13th-biggest investor in the company. When asked for confirmation by Seeking Alpha, Richards said neither Williams nor Wurlitzer own more than 5% of Aeterna or Keryx, which explains why they're not listed as shareholders lists compiled by Bloomberg or Thomson Reuters, Moriarty said.


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Over 100 firefighters battle huge blaze that completely engulfed a commercial building in Echo Park, Los Angeles. Over 125 firefighters were needed to fight the blaze that had totally consumed the building which housed a car loan office and a print shop.
Local media reported that the building had been evacuated, and there were no reports of injuries. The fire broke out in the Echo Park neighborhood of Los Angeles near the Hollywood freeway. Firefighters closed two lanes of traffic causing congestion that backed up for several kilometers. It was not immediately known what caused the blaze.


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Investment is a process in which you are investing money for you to gain profit or a material result. If you are a first time investor, things at first may seem to be complicated especially when there are terms used that is not familiar to you and there will be a lot of numbers involve which will turn out to be more confusing. Understanding what is a property investment market can be very challenging in your part but as you are able to deal with it, everything will turn out pretty well for you. The one issue that you are going to face is in dealing with property market.
A healthy property market consist of many assets wherein you can invest your money in one of the many properties that you can choose from. It is important that you know where to begin and invest for you to gain so much profits. A guide will be provided in terms of knowing what to do rather than waiting. Decision making should not only rely on what others think but it should also be based on how you think as well. For example, if there is an increased in the demand, there would be also be an increase with the supply and this would mean that the property market is in good competition making it as healthy market.
Good signs of a good property market depends on how it has increased its value in the business market. If you are a property investors, you need to see to it that the property you are investing is growing in its demand. You would know if a property market is healthy when they manifests positive signs of a peaked market. There is movement in the stock market, the more it is showing a market up value, that would be the time that you need to invest.
In this area of business, you should deeply understand that the market is not always known to be in its marked up state but when it does, do not hesitate to make your first investment as long as you are guided well but it all boils down to whatever you have decided as you risk to invest. Property market are said to be healthy when things in the first place are increasingly stocking up due to the demand. Most investors are always in the look-out for any changes that is going to happen and it would be a delight to see how this has helped the economy.


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Entertaining message
After attending a Wiggles concert with his family and seeing how inspired the audience was, Blair Dale decided to create his own group of child entertainers.
Mr Dale, the mastermind behind Zoo Boogie, had a "lightbulb above the head" moment and left Vector Arena imagining what could happen if the songs were about important values and morals rather than just hot potatoes.
The Howick resident says Zoo Boogie, a charitable trust, aims to send a positive message to children as well as entertain.
"Zoo Boogie's mission is to help strengthen families and communities by shaping the characters of young children," Mr Dale says.
"In a nutshell the songs teach and demonstrate particular principles and values that we think are very important for children to know."
The five characters making up Zoo Boogie are Dale the zookeeper, Levi the lion, Ella the elephant, Max the monkey and Boris the polar bear.
Each of the animal characters has an area of weakness in their personalities that Dale the zookeeper, played by Mr Dale, helps them to grow and nurture.
Mr Dale says reducing family violence in the community is the force driving him to make Zoo Boogie a success.
"What stirred this up was the chance to help break the cycle by getting through to the next generation and passing good values down the line," he says.
Zoo Boogie is on a mission to become a leader in children's entertainment both nationally and internationally.
"When the time is right we want to move off shore."
Mr Dale says his three young children are Zoo Boogie's biggest fans.
Visit zooboogie.com to buy Zoo Boogie's debut album, find out about upcoming performances or play games.
Eastern Courier


text:
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text:
Red Hat Bugzilla – Bug 268661
Add procedure for adjusting heartbeat (RHEL 4)
Last modified: 2015-04-19 20:47:19 EDT
Description of problem:
The cluster administration guide (Configuring and Managing a Red Hat Cluster for
RHEL 4.x) should provide a procedure for adjusting heartbeat_rate and
allowed_misses/dead_node timeout.
Version-Release number of selected component (if applicable):
How reproducible:
Steps to Reproduce:
Actual results:
Expected results:
Additional info:
This is extracted from Bugzilla Bug 166721.
Information on this is for CMAN is available under the heading "Adjusting Heartbeat Rate" in these release notes:
For GULM, field configurations are established; also, GULM is now deprecated. No further action will be take to update documentation for this.


text: Leapfrog ( LF) ($8.58) has been trading below its 200-day SMA at $9.40 since Oct. 8. The hold rated maker of tech-based educational toys for children traded as low as $8.42 on Sept. 4 with a semiannual pivot at $8.57 and weekly risky level at $8.75. Mosaic ( MOS) ($46.10) set a multi-year low at $39.75 on Aug. 6 and is above its 50-day SMA at $44.71 pre-earnings. The hold rated fertilizer company has a monthly value level at $42.19 with a weekly risky level at $49.06. Marathon Oil ( MRO) ($35.27) is trading just above its 50-day and 200-day SMAs at $35.17 and $34.56. The hold rated integrated oil and gas company has a weekly value at $34.85 with a monthly pivot at $35.73 and semiannual risky level at $38.02. OPEN) ($68.59) is trading between its 200-day SMA at $64.42 and its 50-day SMA at $71.88. The buy rated Internet based restaurant reservation service has a quarterly value level at $61.08 with a semiannual pivot at $69.33 and a monthly risky level at $76.88. Tidewater ( TDW) ($59.99) set a multi-year high at $63.14 on Oct. 22. The sell rated operator of fleets that serves the offshore energy industry has a semiannual value level at $56.82 with an annual pivot at $59.59 and annual risky level at $63.31. Tesla Motors ( TSLA) ($162.17) set a multi-year high at $194.50 on Sept. 30 and begins the week below its 50-day SMA at $173.08. The hold rated designer of luxury electric vehicles has a quarterly value level at $129.44 with a weekly risky level at $183.45. Zillow ( Z) ($79.83) has been below its 50-day SMA since Oct. 3. The hold rated real estate information website has a weekly value level at $75.01 with a monthly risky level at $99.23. At the time of publication the author held no positions in any of the stocks mentioned. Follow @Suttmeier This article is commentary by an independent contributor, separate from TheStreet's regular news coverage.


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Roe v. Wade. Will the Supreme Court Overturn It?
A recent Harris Interactive poll shows that support for the Roe v. Wade decision has reached its highest level in nine years. A majority now favors the decision, at 56 percent, a full 7 point increase from last year.
The fact that strikes me most from the study is this: a 69 percent to 24 percent majority of all adults do not think it is likely that this Supreme Court will overturn Roe v. Wade.
Abortion holds such a controversial spot in the political landscape, with some voting for candidates based on this issue alone. Since the Supreme Court is nominated by the President and is confirmed by the Senate, it seems like a hard prediction to make. What do you think?


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"Fractured Fibular not diagnosed"
About: George Eliot Hospital George Eliot Hospital Nuneaton CV10 7DJ
Posted by Limping Lady
Anything else?
I attended A&E with severe swelling and ankle pain. The doctor who saw me told me that I had not broken anything before I had lifted up my jeans and was incredibly dismissive. I tried to tell him that I had been to a Physio who had examined it in detail and suspected a stress fracture but he just cut me off. I was sent for an X-ray which I was not shown and told nothing was broken. Yesterday (18/03/13) I paid £200 for an MRI scan so convinced was I that there was something seriously wrong. The radiologist confirmed that my fibula is indeed fractured. Now I need to try and get an appointment with my GP for treatment after nearly a month since I incurred the injury. I have since rung NHS direct who were shocked to find that there was no radiologist report on my records which contravenes procedure. Apparently a radiologist should have reviewed my A&E X-ray to stop this exact situation from occurring.
Response from George Eliot Hospital 3 years ago
I am sorry that your experience was so poor and this certainly does not reflect a satisfactory standard of care. Please will you contact PALS on(024) 7686 5550 so that your concerns can be looked into in detail and the appropriate action taken.
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text: On Mon, 2008-09-22 at 23:30 +0000, Miloslav Trmač wrote: > Hello, > the attached patch modifies auparse not to handle timestamp 0.x > specially by using out-of-band information (parse_state == EVENT_EMPTY) > instead of assuming (au->le.e.sec == 0) has a special meaning. As far > as I can see, this the two conditions are equivalent if no event has a > timestamp 0.x. > > The patch also decreases the assumed minimal length of a timestamp. > > I have tested this only minimally - I have checked that (make check) > succeeds, and that audit-viewer doesn't crash on startup. > > This patch fixes handling of the following Lenny's audit record: > > > node=hugo type=AVC msg=audit(0.000:6760): avc: denied { recvfrom } > > for pid=2589 comm="lockd" saddr=127.0.0.1 src=687 daddr=127.0.0.1 > > dest=111 netif=lo scontext=system_u:system_r:initrc_t:s0-s15:c0.c1023 > > tcontext=system_u:system_r:kernel_t:s15:c0.c1023 tclass=association > > I'm curious how this audit record could have been created (notabile is > that the previous record has a sequence ID 6758 and a reasonable > timestamp). Lenny, Steve, any ideas? > > Thank you, > Mirek Steve, Mirek - This patch didn't make it into the 1.7.9 code? I have been running with it since its release. Even if the kernel was patched I thought this was good. Thx, LCB. -- LC (Lenny) Bruzenak lenny magitekltd com


text:
You can remove a user's access to a client's Hubdoc account in two places: from the 'Manage Users' page on the Partner Portal and from the 'Profile' page inside a client's Hubdoc account.
From the Manage Users page in My Hubdoc
1. Login into Huboc
2. On the Partner Portal, click on the 'Manage Users' button
3. Select the name of the user whose access you wish to revoke
4. Hit the 'Revoke Access' button next name of each client
From the Profile page in Client Account
1. Login into Hubdoc
2. Select a client's name to view their Hubdoc account
3. Click on the 'Accounts' button (top right)
3. Navigate to the 'Profile' page
4. At the bottom of the page, there is a list of 'Current Collaborators' who have access to that Hubdoc account. Click the 'Remove' link next to the user's email address. This user will no longer have access to this client's Hubdoc account.


text:
Let's Play Spore (Modded Playthrough) - Part 16 - X-TERMITRON-SPACE-X-PLORER-1000 MP3
Welcome to Part 16 of my heavily modded Spore Let's Play Series! Today we take over the rest of the cities in the civilization stage and create our spaceship!
Space-X-plorer - Mix 2012 (T.R.A.X.) MP3
Space-X-plorer - Mix 2013 (T.R.A.X.) MP3
Space Xplorer Gameplay Video MP3
Space Engineer: Veicolo Da esplorazione Planetaria: Land X-Plorer MP3
Ed eccoci, dopo un sacco di tempo, una nuova creazione!!!! Cingolato da trasporto planetario! L'X-plorer!!! Questo bambinone è stato costruito per muoversi con ...
Space Engineers: Ships: Xplorer Rifle! MP3
Ecco cosa sono riuscito a creare dopo l'ultima patch. Spero sia gradito :) Link Workshop all' Xplorer: ...
Swarm Xplorer - Space Apps Challenge 2014 - Paris MP3
The Swarm Xplorer project offers to launch in space a vast group of mini satellites, built with hacked and repurposed mobile phones, and designed to collect a ...
Bangladeshi Flag at the doorsteps of Space MP3
We sent a little representation of our National flag to the doorsteps of Space. Maximum altitude reached 32.45km or 1 lac 6 thousand feet. This was our little effort ...
Royalty Free Music:[Contemporary] Kevin MacLeod - Space X-plorers MP3
Royalty Free content CAN be used on your MONETIZED videos!!!!!!! (as long as you provide the necessary licensing/crediting as requested by the creator of the ...
Xplorer Space Forces MP3
Kevin MacLeod ~ Space X-plorers MP3
Music by Kevin MacLeod. Available under the Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 Unported license. Download link: ...
Xplore 304 caravan - my favourite space MP3
This is a review of the Elddis Xplore 304 caravan. It features the original version of this caravan, with no window above the small dinette/bottom bunk bed.
Hepco & Becker Xplorer MP3
Made of anodized 1.5mm thick aluminium sheet and highly impact-resistant moulded plastic parts - absorbs impacts and ground contact • Wear-resistant ...
Minecraft Moon Mod MP3
Likes are greatly appreciated! Moon Mod Here!
Space X plorers - Kevin M. - Tale By Rhymusound MP3
It's so nice to gaze at the stars at night with someone. If only I could explore the universe and be with an alien man who will love me more than I wanted to.
Space X-plorers - Kevin Macleod MP3
Space X-plorers - Kevin MacLeod (incompetech.com) Licensed under Creative Commons: By Attribution 3.0 http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0/ .
First flights: XIRO Xplorer UAV Drone Quadcopter with 3 Axis GoPro Gimbal - B01233RV12 MP3
Read the full article at http://www.mediahalo.com/articles/xirofirst/?you I was asked to evaluate the Xiro/Zero quadcopter and have been doing so for a short time.
Swarm Xplorer MP3
Swarm Xplorer : Présentation MP3
One small jump for a Kerbale MP3
Recreation of Kerbal Space Program with animated vector graphics Yes, it's "Kerbale", it would be the french word for a she-Kerbal Kerbal Space Program ...
1997 Xplorer 230 Class B Motor Home / Camper Van, Generator, 39K Miles, $18,900 MP3
The Class B or Camper Van is one of the rarest and most desirable type motor homes out there . I go through hundreds of Class A and Class C 's every year but ...
Creeperz Space Program #4 - Sun Xplorer MP3
I continue gathering science and crashing rockets. Music by Kevin Macleod.
Pharrell Williams - Happy (played by 10 famous metal bands) MP3
This is how would sound "Happy" if it was played by 10 famous metal bands! Don't forget to share and comment which part you prefer! Get this MP3 FOR FREE ...
Whale Underfloor Heating in the Xplore Caravan Range MP3
Caravan Times talks to Elddis' Homologation Manager David Whitehead about the Space-saving Whale Underfloor Heating in the Xplore caravan range.
EPIC GoPro Race From Space to Sea [2015] HD MP3
This is the most EPIC tribute to extreme sport athletes and to GoPro EVER!! Take a vicarious glimpse of these amazing people's insane experiences pushing the ...
Gungnir 36M Sniper Flyer Walker Bot MP3
My Sniper Bot. Gameplay may follow. "Ossuary 4 - Animate", "Space X-plorers" Kevin MacLeod (incompetech.com) Licensed under Creative Commons: By ...
FUGUITA 5.0 (OpenBSD LiveCD) MP3
http://kaw.ath.cx/openbsd/?en/LiveCD More info: http://distrowatch.com/table.php?distribution=FUGUITA ...
Caravan te koop: ELDDIS XPLORE 304 MP3
Prijs/status Prijs € 12.950,00 Status Occasion Bovag Ja Model Merk Elddis Type Xplore 304 Bouwjaar 2011 Modeljaar 2011 Maten en gewichten Totale...


text:
Cleanse and purify with the Purity Face Toner from AromaWorks. A luxurious blend of essential oils combine to visibly normalise the size of pores, whilst removing any traces of dirt and makeup that your cleanser may have left behind, leaving skin even cleaner.
Enriched with Aloe Vera and Marshmallow Extract, the toner seeks to visibly calm irritations, deliver hydration and condition skin. Anti-oxidant rich, the toner also works to tackle skin conditions such as eczema, psoriasis and acne by thoroughly cleaning skin. Suitable for even the most sensitive of skin types.
If ordered before 9pm, delivered by courier next working day. Available on orders placed before 9pm (2pm weekends and Bank Holidays) for delivery next business day. Applies to most delivery addresses within mainland UK.
Please remember to add postal time (2-3 working days) to obtain a complete estimate of delivery to your door.
You will receive an email to confirm when your item has been sent.
You can also check the status of your order and individual items by accessing My Account details and following the prompts.
Please allow 10 working days from dispatch of your order before notifying us of any late deliveries.
It may be advisable to check with your neighbours to see if a parcel has been left with them, check any outhouses you might have where it may be left if it cannot fit through your letterbox and contact your local sorting office to see if the item has been returned to the depot as undelivered and awaiting collection.
Please see our returns policy.
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