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|By Sea-dilemma
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|Chapter 36 (The Spirit Within, Part 1)
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Chapter 35 (The Spirit Within) [1]
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Chapter 37 (The Spirit Within) [2]
Iroh was also relieved that Prince Zuko had gone. Sometimes, the boy overwhelmed him. Iroh had forgotten what it was to be young – what it was to have a million different thoughts and concerns and desires and emotions rolling around in one's head, and he suspected that Zuko had more than his fair share.
Zhushou came in and took a seat in front of Iroh's desk. This was, in itself, odd, since Zhushou rarely sat in Iroh's presence. He always stood, as if to sit in Iroh's presence was either rude or disrespectful.
Iroh took off his reading glasses and looked at his secretary with concern. "What is it, Zhushou?"
Zhushou looked away for a moment, then re-focused his eyes on Iroh. "Well, Sir, I have had – word from one of my contacts."
"What word?"
"My – contact is involved with – transportation; I suppose that is the best way to put it..." he trailed off.
Zhushou sighed heavily, as if the effort required to be tactful was too great. "He heard someone discussing Lao Chuai going to the Earth Kingdom."
Iroh thought a moment, then shrugged. "So? He has gone to the colonies in the Earth Kingdom, as far as we know."
"Yes, Sir. But it is the source of this piece of information that is – interesting."
Iroh's brows furrowed. "What is the source?"
Zhushou's lips thinned. "The royal stables."
"The royal stables?" Iroh was confused.
"Yes. My – contact says that he overheard a driver from the royal stables say that Lao Chuai was taken to the port – taken to a ship going to the Earth Kingdom colonies."
A chill came over Iroh. Ozai knew. Ozai knew that he, Iroh, was looking for their father's secretary. He knew, and he had made certain that Lao Chuai was beyond Iroh's reach. But why? Why was Ozai trying so urgently to keep Iroh away from the old man? What did Lao Chuai know about their father's death that Ozai was so anxious to keep secret? Could it be true – what Iroh had suspected – what he had hoped so desperately was not true? Had Ozai killed their father to gain the throne? Had he then killed his own wife, perhaps because she had known, or had been involved?
"Find out all you can about all the ships leaving in the past week – all of them, not just those headed for the colonies. Find out if any of them had any passengers – any elderly, male passengers. We must find Lao Chuai – before he disappears permanently."
Iroh had no time to dwell on the mystery, however, for it was time for the war meeting. He gave all the information that he might need for the meeting to Zhushou to take to the war room for him, and he made his way there. His mind was overwhelmed: the mystery surrounding his father's death; the idea that Ozai might be involved; his worries over Ozai's reaction to Zuko's engagement to Lan Chi; his worries that Ozai might discover Zuko's engagement to Lan Chi before Iroh was ready; Zuko's headstrong ways and unpredictable temper; Guniang's unwanted presence in his home; and, of course, there was the war meeting to concern himself with, as well...
He was not certain that he could handle all the problems at once.
He hoped that he did not have to try.
Zuko left Iroh's office, irritated. His uncle had chastised him for speaking up – for telling the truth. What should he do? What else could he do? He should lie and dance around the truth and be false and diplomatic? He should be diplomatic to men such as Zhao? He did not know Zhao, but he knew men like Zhao. Opportunistic sycophants who glommed onto men of real power, who hung onto more successful men as they surged ahead in life.
He stopped at the end of the hall, and fisted his hands. What are you doing, Zuko? Do you think you're wiser than Uncle? He's only trying to help you. Zuko sighed. What kind of a Fire Lord would be if he could not take the advice of his own mentor – a man he respected above all others – well, all others except his father, of course. He needed to learn from Uncle, and from his father; he needed to observe them, and he needed to listen to them.
He needed to learn how to govern, so that, one day, he would be able to govern his country properly and well. And he needed to start learning now.
Lan Chi's day had been odd. Very odd. She had been prevented from training with Jiao Ao by her new lady's maid, and now she was seated at her vanity table while Guniang worked to straighten Lan Chi's hair with flattening tongs. The tongs, which the maid had brought with her, consisted of two metal plates held together at one end by a rod. The tongs, once placed in a bucket of hot coals, could then be used to straighten curly hair.
Lan Chi, leery of putting red hot metal against her hair, protested at first, but Guniang had laughed, and promised that she would allow the tongs to cool slightly before using them. So, she had, and, over the course of several hours, straightened Lan Chi's unruly mop.
"I think that you will like your hair like this, Lady Lan Chi."
Lan looked at herself in the mirror skeptically. "I don't know if you'll be able to do it, Guniang. My hair is pretty – wild."
"You should not wear it in a braid all the time. You are destroying it."
"How am I destroying it?"
"Well, you've made it all –" she lifted one of the curls derisively, "kinky."
"Maybe it would be like that anyway."
"I doubt it. Perhaps, if you wear it down more often, it will straighten of its own accord."
"I can't fight with it down. I told you."
Guniang smiled gently. "You should not think of fighting so much. You should be thinking of boys."
Lan blushed, and Guniang smiled widely. "Oh. Perhaps you are thinking of boys. Is there one in particular who has caught your fancy?"
Lan looked down at her hands. "No. Not really."
"There must be one."
Lan shook her head.
"Don't move, my lady. I don't want to burn you."
"Oh, sorry."
"So, who is it?"
"Who is what?"
"The boy you like."
Lan looked at the maid's reflection in the mirror. There was no way she was going to mention Zuko. "There is no one. Really."
Guniang looked at her sagely, then nodded. "Well, I'm sure there will be – someday."
"Yes." Lan agreed. "Someday."
Guniang worked on in silence, and finally pronounced herself satisfied with her work.
"There. This is the way your hair should look."
Lan Chi looked at herself in the mirror – and was astounded. Her hair fell in a sleek, shining curtain around her. She turned her head slowly from side to side, enjoying the sinuous slide of her hair over her shoulders. "It's – it's beautiful," she said finally.
"Yes. And so are you." Guniang gave her a small smile. "Whoever that boy is – he'll be like putty in your hands."
Lan's responding smile was lopsided. She could imagine Zuko's eyes lighting up when he saw her. She could imagine his fingers running through her hair, and imagine him bringing a luxuriant lock to his lips. "Yes. I think he will."
Zuko was determined. He had thought on it, and he was determined. Determined to attend the war meeting that he knew was about to start in his father's throne room. Determined to show his uncle that he could be diplomatic – that he could make good choices. Determined to show his father that he was a worthy heir.
He made his way to the throne room. Men in uniform filed through the curtains that led to the antechamber, and, with himself drawn up proudly, he approached the entrance, where two royal guards stood. He tried to pass through, but one of the men barred his way.
His hands clenched at his side, he glared up at the man. "Let me in!"
"Prince Zuko, what's wrong?" He felt his uncle's hands on his shoulders, and the older man turned him around.
Zuko indicated the guard. "I want to go into the war chamber, but the guard won't let me pass!" Although he tried to sound authoritative, his voice chose that moment to break.
With a hand on his nephew's shoulder, Iroh drew him a short distance away from the guards. "You're not missing anything, trust me. These meetings are dreadfully boring."
Zuko looked down at the floor briefly. "If I'm going to rule this nation one day," he looked at his uncle, his expression earnest, and Iroh noticed a lock of Zuko's hair had slipped free and was hanging on his forehead, making him appear very young. "Don't you think I need to start learning as much as I can?"
Iroh looked thoughtful for a moment. There were many things implicit in Zuko's words. You told me to prepare, Uncle. You told me to learn the ways of the Fire Lord. You told me to prove myself worthy of Lan Chi. Let me start here. Let me prove to you that I am ready. Iroh, despite a voice inside that urged him to deny his nephew, ignored his instincts. "Very well. But you must promise not to speak." He looked over his shoulder at the men entering the throne room. "These old folks are a bit sensitive, you know."
Zuko bowed. "Thank you, Uncle!"
Iroh put his arm around Zuko, and they passed into the throne room unmolested.
A number of men were already present, gathered around a huge map spread on the floor before the throne. Zhushou had stacked Iroh's papers at the top of the map, closest to the throne, and Iroh led his nephew there. They settled down, and Zuko sent his uncle an uncertain, excited smile. Several men came over to greet Iroh, and he introduced Zuko to each of them, so Zuko was obliged to stand and bow several times.
"Do you know all of these men?"
Iroh, shuffling through his papers, shook his head. "Not all. Most, though."
"Oh." Zuko looked around in wonder. He was actually in a war meeting! "What is the purpose of this meeting, Uncle?"
"Strategy for the next phase of the war in the Earth Kingdom, mainly. We may discuss the deployment of some of the divisions now guarding the homeland, if there is time. And some other business."
Zuko slapped his own thighs gently, excitement causing a burst of hyperactivity. Iroh patted his arm gently, hoping to calm him. "Self-control, Prince Zuko."
He smiled at his uncle. "Sorry. I'm – a little nervous, I guess."
"Just listen, Zuko, and you will learn much. Remember, you were given two ears and only one mouth – it is because you must listen twice as much as you talk."
"Yes, Uncle."
Feng, Ozai's secretary, entered and took his place on the dais next to the throne, and then, the flames before the throne came into life, and the Fire Lord entered. All in the room stood and bowed; he gave a nod, and settled himself on his throne.
One of the men, who Zuko took to be an admiral of the Navy, stood and gave a brief report on activities in the Mo Ce Sea. He was followed by an army general who gave a synopsis on a battle recently won near the town of Gaipan, a Fire Nation outpost. Earth Kingdom troops had been trying to take back the town for the past several months, and this victory was considered a success, since most of the Earth Kingdom troops had been either routed, killed, or imprisoned. A murmuring of approval from the officers followed this report, and the general gave a brief smile and nod before seating himself.
Zuko stole a glance at his uncle, who was busy scribbling on a sheet of parchment. Iroh felt his eyes upon him, and he smiled reassuringly at his nephew.
"Tell us, General Shu, of your army's progress in the northern Earth Kingdom." Fire Lord Ozai's voice came from the throne.
An older man, his gray hair swept up into a topknot, stood up. He bowed to the Fire Lord, picked up a croupier rake, and cleared his throat. "Thank you, your majesty."
With the rake, he indicated four markers on the map branded with the Earth Kingdom symbol, all clustered to the north of Ba Sing Se. "The Earth Kingdom defenses are concentrated here. A dangerous battalion of their strongest earthbenders and fiercest warriors, so I am recommending the forty-first division." He slid a marker topped by a Fire Nation symbol towards the Earth Kingdom markers.
The mention of the forty-first division set off alarms in Zuko's head. It was the one that he had learned about in the reports that he had read – the new division that consisted of seventy-five percent non-benders – a terrible, almost indefensible ratio.
Another man, seated across from Zuko, raised a hand. "But the forty-first is entirely new recruits. How do you expect them to defeat a powerful Earth Kingdom battalion?"
General Shu's voice was cold and a bit smug. "I don't. They'll be used as a distraction while we mount an attack from the rear." He gave an evil smile, and looked around at his colleagues in triumph. "What better to use as bait then fresh meat?"
Zuko's pulse jumped. No! He leapt to his feet. "You can't sacrifice an entire division like that! Those soldiers love and defend our nation! How can you betray them?" His expression was indignant and accusatory.
Every face turned to the prince, dumbfounded and silent. Zuko looked around in some shock, and turned slowly towards his father as the flames before the throne rose menacingly.
He saw the horror reflected in Iroh's face, and he realized his mistake. "F – Father." He took a step towards the throne. "I – I'm sorry. I – "
The flames shot up, and Zuko fell back a step. "Prince Zuko. Leave us."
"B – but, Father –"
Zuko bowed deeply to his father, and, with a meaningful look at his uncle, left the room, his shoulders high.
He passed through the curtain and into the hall with as much dignity as he could muster. Once outside, he put his head into his hands. What had he done? What had he done? Uncle had cautioned him to be silent, and what had he done? He had jumped up at the earliest opportunity and had spoken out against a general! A general! What had he been thinking?
What he had said was true, and he did not regret saying it – but, spirits! Did he have to say it during the war meeting? Did he have to chastise a general – in front of everyone, including his father? To have done that – what an incredibly disrespectful thing to do! What an absolutely idiotic thing to do!
He rubbed his forehead. What was Uncle going to say to him? What was his father going to say to him?
Sitting in the war room, Iroh could not concentrate. Zuko's outburst kept playing over and over in his mind, and, with each review, it became worse and worse. He could feel Ozai's ire manifested in the high, crackling flames at his own back, and he wondered at the consequences of his nephew's words.
The other men felt the disquiet in the room, as well, for they seemed restless and unsettled for the remainder of the meeting, and, when the Fire Lord finally dismissed them, they left with a briskness born of relief.
"General Shu. Please stay." The general bowed to his liege's request.
Iroh, too, remained.
"Iroh. You may go."
Iroh raised his chin. "I would prefer to stay, my lord."
"You will go. Now."
Iroh's lip rose fractionally, but he bowed, and left the room.
He found Zuko without, and the young prince ran over to him. "Uncle! What happened?"
Iroh looked at him with exasperation. "Zuko, Zuko. What were you thinking?"
He put a hand on his head. "I – I don't know. I – I just thought that – it is unconscionable for General Shu to sacrifice those men. I – I couldn't let that happen!"
"But was that the best way to express your displeasure? Or to accomplish your goal?"
"No. No! I didn't think. I meant no disrespect."
"Do you not recall the discussion we had only hours ago about humiliating people in public?"
"I know. I know! I'm sorry! What did Father say?"
"He said nothing. He is speaking with General Shu right now."
"What do you think they are discussing?"
"Repercussions, I assume."
Zuko looked off into the distance. "I'm in a lot of trouble, aren't I?"
Iroh sighed and shook his head. "I don't know, Zuko. I don't know."
Just then, a guard came out into the corridor. "Prince Zuko, the Fire Lord wishes to see you."
Zuko and Iroh exchanged looks, and Zuko, drawing himself up, nodded and followed the guard, with Iroh behind him.
The throne room was deserted but for General Shu, the Fire Lord, and Feng, forever in the shadows. The map on the floor was now gone. Zuko walked up the aisle on leaden feet, and prostrated himself before his father, his forehead on the floor. Iroh sank to his knees, as well, but his eyes remained on his brother. Ozai's eyes slid to his for a moment, then went back to his son.
"Prince Zuko. I am very displeased."
Zuko looked up at the Fire Lord. "Father, I am sorry."
"Silence!" The flames jumped. "You displayed shameful conduct. Conduct ill-befitting the crown prince of the Fire Nation. Conduct ill-befitting my son!"
After each sentence, General Shu's posture seemed to become more erect.
Zuko hung his head.
"How dare you challenge General Shu – in my war room? It was an act of complete and utter disrespect!"
Zuko remained silent, his jaw set.
Iroh looked between his brother and nephew, but remained quiet.
"Now you may speak, Prince Zuko! What have you to say for yourself?" Ozai slammed his fist onto the throne.
"My – my lord," Zuko began, and Iroh prayed that he had chosen his words carefully. "I – am sorry – truly sorry, that I disrupted the meeting. It was not my place to speak out. However, I do not – regret – or retract – my statement. You may think my behavior shameful, and perhaps it was – but I believe General Shu's behavior to be more shameful. He has displayed disrespect – disrespect towards men who are loyal and faithful Fire Nation citizens!"
"Prince Zuko!" Both Iroh and Ozai called the prince's name at the same time, and General Shu's face became slack with disbelief.
Ozai was red with rage, and, when he spoke, his voice shook. "Prince Zuko, you have given me no choice. Such an insult demands satisfaction."
Iroh's throat constricted with fear. "No." His voice was just a whisper.
Zuko drew in a deep breath, knowing now what the consequences were. "An agni kai." He looked at General Shu, and then at his father. "Yes, Sire. I accept your judgment. I am not afraid."
Iroh found his voice. "No! Ozai! No!" He pleaded with his brother.
"Silence!" The Fire Lord shouted at his only brother. "I see your hand in this, Iroh! I see how you have attempted to turn my son against me!"
"No, Father! He has not!"
"Do not defend him, Prince Zuko! I see his treachery! I have always seen it!"
Iroh was silent. He knew that his brother, in his fury, would accept nothing that he said – no protestations of innocence or avowals of good will.
Ozai stood. "Tomorrow night, Prince Zuko. At sunset. Be ready."
"Yes, my lord. I will be ready. And I will make you proud. I promise that I shall." He stood, and bowed deeply from the waist. "I humbly serve at the pleasure of the Fire Lord."
Zuko left the throne room, and Iroh was allowed to leave with him. Had Iroh thought that Ozai would be at all amenable to discussion about the proposed agni kai, he would have stayed, but, with his brother in such a state, he knew that anything that he said to the Fire Lord would only make it worse.
Iroh drew Zuko down the empty hallway with a firm hand on his elbow. "Come, Zuko. We must talk."
"Uncle, are you mad at me?" Zuko asked after they were out of hearing range of the throne room.
Iroh shook his head. "It would do no good to be angry with you, Zuko. I am certain that you will have learned your lesson after this – it is rather a difficult way to learn, but that cannot be helped now."
He steered Zuko to his room, and, when they were within, he sat his nephew down. "I am going to go to your father tomorrow morning, and try to talk him out of this. Have him impose a less harsh punishment – perhaps some penance or compensation to General Shu."
Zuko shook his head firmly. "No, Uncle. Do not. I meant what I said to Father; I am not afraid. I accept his decision; I deserve it. I was intemperate and spoke out of turn, and this is my punishment."
"Zuko, General Shu is a very experienced firebender at least fifty years your senior."
Zuko gave a smile that was surprisingly serene. "I am not worried. I just completed my genbuku, and I practice high-level firebending daily. I doubt that he can say the same."
Iroh saw the truth in that. "I suppose that is true."
"Besides, Uncle," Zuko sat up very straight. "I want to prove to you – and to Father – that I am true to my word. That I accept the consequence of my actions. That I am a man."
Iroh sighed. "Zuko, you don't have to fight an agni kai to prove that you are a man."
"But I will."
"And I cannot talk you out of it?"
He shook his head again. "It would be dishonorable for me to try to weasel out of it, or to have my uncle intercede on my behalf."
Iroh laid a heavy hand on Zuko's shoulder. "This is all my fault."
"How can you say that? You told me to keep quiet."
"I should not have allowed you into the meeting."
"The fault is mine entirely." Another smile, this one lopsided, came to his face. "And I guess that I should look at it as an opportunity to use the agni kai drape Lan embroidered for me." His eyes opened wide, and his jaw dropped. "Oh, no! I forgot about Lan Chi! She is going to kill me! The one thing she wrote when she gave me the drape was "don't ever use it!" And I've had it less than a month!"
Iroh stroked his beard thoughtfully. "She will not be happy, that is certain."
"Uncle, she cannot know! Please, don't tell her! I don't want her to know – or to be there! She cannot!"
He shook his head wildly. "I – I can't. I can't think of her in the audience. I – I won't be able to think of anything but making a fool of myself in front of her."
"She will want to know – and to be there."
"I don't care. She can't know!"
"Zuko, how do you propose that I keep this from her?"
"I don't know, Uncle! Send her away somewhere! Anywhere!"
"What? Tonight? Where would I send her?" Iroh thought that Zuko was overreacting a bit.
"I don't know. Ember Island, maybe."
Iroh gave that some consideration. That was a possibility. It was far enough that word would never reach her before the agni kai, but close enough that the journey would not be arduous. He nodded. "All right. I'll go to her now, and send her to Ember Island tonight."
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text:
What it is and how it works
- LDL is a type of lipoprotein. A lipoprotein is a combination of protein and lipid.
- LDL transports cholesterol to the cells of the body.
- Like all lipoproteins, LDL contains an inner core of cholesterol and an outer shell made of phospolipids and proteins.
- LDL has low density because the molecules have more cholesterol than protein. In comparison to HDL molecules LDL molecules are bigger.
- HDL is another lipoprotein in the body.
- HDL transports cholesterol to the liver from excess in the blood stream.
- HDL has more protein than cholesterol and fat, so it has a higher density. HDL molecules are smaller than LDL molecules.
Heart Disease Risks
- Too much LDL in the blood can cause cholesterol to build up in the arteries. -Plaque is what blocks the arteries. - This can lead to hardening of the arteries and heart attack or stroke.
How is LDL And HDL Monitored
- LDL and HDL can be monitored through lipidprotein analysis.
- Lipidprotein analysis also monitors: - Overall cholesterol - Triglycerides
Interpreting Cholesterol tests
How to Change levels of LDL and HDL
Different foods can lower your cholesterol
- Oatmeal
- Fish
- Walnuts and other nuts
- Olive oil
- etc.
Exercise can help lower your cholesterol
- People that are overweight tend to have high LDL levels
- Exercise can help maintain good weight and decrease LDL and cholesterol levels

subset: commoncrawl


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text: The drugs etc are why I said he was on the ledge. I think the character helped push him off it. Some of his friends said he just got darker and darker as filming went on. He may have been heading to the pit of no return anyway but I'm guessing he got there sooner.


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Betting Integrity
The DRA consider that it is essential to maintain the integrity of the sport.
And to this end work closely with the Gambling Commission and betting operators to monitor betting activity on matches. Where there are suspicious or unusual betting patterns in relation to a match the DRA will be notified before the match is played.
The DRA works in partnership with Quest who provide an Integrity Unit and confidential contact lines. The Integrity Unit will assess and analyse information received on a confidential basis, reporting to the DRA Disciplinary Committee chair any matters that it considers may require further investigation and regulatory action.
The DRA welcomes any information relating to corruption in Darts including information on match fixing, gambling in Darts by participating players, or any other information relating to attempts by potential corruptors to compromise the players or match officials in any manner. Such information can be passed to the Integrity Unit either through a confidential email: firstname.lastname@example.com or on the Darts Hotline: 020 7034 3402.
The identity of any person sharing information will be kept strictly confidential and will not be revealed to anyone outside of the DRA without the specific permission of the person providing the information.
The PDPA represented its members and the association at the 'House of Commons' as part of its commitment to the PPF ' Professional Players Association' and its involvent in educating the participants in our sports, with a review of the PPF Education Programme on Sports Intergity.
PDPA CEO Alan Warriner-Little & Chairman Peter Manley attended the function at the house of commons which was also represented by all UK sports and the betting industry, and Tracey Crouch the Minister for Sport. Brendon Bateson OBE and chairman of the PPF hosted the afternoon which also saw ministers expressing their support to the integrity programme.
The PPF is proud to have led the way on educating sports people against match fixing, with the support of betting partners the funding and expertise has allowed our members to develop and support some of the best sport specific betting industry education programmes in the world. Working with the player associations means that the education can be tailor-made for the players in each sport. It is delivered by people the players know and trust and the tutors will have often played in that particular sporting field.
The philosophy is based around face to face education delivered by each association with the help of E-Learning and further interaction with their members including dedicated website resources, specially designed videos and social media.
The PPF is a member of the UK's sports betting groups, the sports betting integrity forum and an expert group on match fixing. Looking into 2016, one of the challenges we continue to face is the high turnover of players which means the messages we give need to be fresh, entertaining and relevant in order to better engage players. Brendan
The PDPA will be introducing certain educational programmes for our members in 2016, including E-Learning packages which will be available on the website and sent directly to each of our members.
The PDPA


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Piano sheet music of "In the Hall of the Mountain King" in level 4
About this sheet music and what it includes:
- In the Hall of the Mountain King from Peer Gynt by Edvard Grieg
- Level 4: Intermediate (See other levels of this song)
- Pages:
- 4 pages of music
- Cover sheet
- Key of this arrangement: A minor
- Fingerings: None
- Instrumentation: For piano solo
- Complete audio sample: Always free to listen to on our website
- Downloading file: PDF
- Arranger & music editor: Mizue Murakami
- Publisher: Galaxy Music Notes
More about this Level 4 "In the Hall of the Mountain King":
"In the Hall of the Mountain King" from the play, Peer Gynt is an orchestral work written by a Norwegian composer, Edvard Grieg (1843 - 1907). This particular arrangement is in intermediate level (Level 4). Grieg wrote this piece in key of B minor. However this arrangement is written in key of A minor to accommodate intermediate piano players. It's a very fun piece. Enjoy !!
To learn more about the play, Peer Gynt, please visit our About Peer Gynt page. To learn more about its composer, Edvard Grieg, please visit our About Edvard Grieg page.
Download, Print (or see it on your tablet) & Practice !
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Background assessment of emotional reactivity, defined as rapid emotional responses to salient environmental events, has been neglected in mood disorders. This article reviews data showing the relevance of using emotional reactivity to better characterize bipolar mood episodes. Method We reviewed clinical data on emotional reactivity during all phases of bipolar disorders (euthymic, manic, mixed and depressive states) and brain-imaging, neurochemical, genetic studies related to emotional reactivity disturbances. Result Euthymic bipolar patients show mild abnormalities (hypersensitivity to emotional stimuli and higher arousability) in comparison to controls. Both manic and mixed states are characterized by a significant increase in emotional reactivity. Furthermore, emotional reactivity may discriminate between two types of bipolar depression, the first being characterized by emotional hypo-reactivity and global behavioral inhibition, the second by emotional hyper-reactivity. Brain-imaging studies can help to identify the underlying mechanisms involved in disturbances of emotional reactivity. Conclusion Emotional reactivity can be used to refine more homogeneous pathophysiological subtypes of mood episodes. Future research should explore possible correlations between biomarkers, response to treatments and these clinical phenotypes.
Little is known about the interaction between mood and emotional reactivity in people who suffer from major affective disorders (major depressive disorder or bipolar disorder). Mood is a diffuse feeling state that lasts hours, days, or longer, while emotions are short-lived responses to stimuli that elicit adaptive responses (1). Emotional reactivity refers to the threshold for, and magnitude of, emotional responses to these salient stimuli. These emotional responses typically involve changes in several response systems, including perception, feelings, expressive behavior, and peripheral and central physiology. Emotional regulation may be part of an individual's coping style, while emotional dysregulation may impair functioning and be associated with a psychiatric disorder. However, the diagnostic criteria for mood disorders only center on sustained mood disturbances i.e., sadness in depressive episodes and elevated, expansive, or irritable mood in manic episodes (2).
Historically, most studies of affective disorders focused on mood characteristics; the study of emotion is only a recent development in this area, fostered by tremendous advances in understanding the basic science of emotion (3). Moreover, the advent of neuroimaging techniques has made it possible to examine the neural circuitry mediating emotional responses and emotion regulation. An increasing number of studies show that mood disorders are associated with specific structural and functional abnormalities in the neural systems regulating emotion (4). Ironically, then, researchers use fMRI to study the pathophysiology of mood disorders, but to do so they use paradigms that rely on evoking emotional responses, rather than moods, because the time frame of emotions is particularly well-suited for study within the fMRI environment. Therefore, when interpreting the results of functional brain-imaging studies in mood disorders, it is important to understand the links between mood episodes and emotional reactivity. As a corollary, more research is needed on the nature of emotional reactivity in patients with mood disorders.
Moods and emotions appear to be interconnected in that moods may potentiate emotions of a similar type (e.g. sad mood exacerbates emotional reactivity to negative stimuli). However, some data do not support this hypothesis (5), and the relationship between mood and emotional reactivity in bipolar disorder is complex since some episodes are associated with both depressed and elevated mood (mixed states, dysphoric mania).
The purpose of this review is to better understand interactions between mood episodes and emotional reactivity. First, we review the clinical data on emotional reactivity in all phases of bipolar disorder (euthymic, manic, mixed and depressive states) and in major depressive disorder. We have classified data as those obtained using clinical tools (mostly self-reports) and those obtained from mood induction experiments or tasks exploring the interference of emotional information with cognitive processes. Second, we review results from brain-imaging, neurochemical, and genetic studies that can help to elucidate the pathophysiology of the disturbed emotional reactivity in bipolar disorder. Finally, using emotional reactivity as a key dimension, we propose a new model to better define bipolar disorders that could be useful in guiding both pathophysiological and pharmacological studies by providing more homogeneous sub-groups.
Many studies indicate that, even during remission, most bipolar patients continue to display symptoms, including sleep disturbance (6), impulsivity (7), or cognitive impairment (8). Here we review studies demonstrating that emotional dysregulation may also be characteristic of this inter-episodic period.
In a review, Johnson (9) reported that sensitivity to incentive stimuli measured with the BAS (10) in euthymic bipolar patients is greater than that of healthy controls. He also suggests that emotional reactivity and instability are robust predictors of relapse after life stressor.
To test the sensitivity of euthymic bipolar patients to daily life-events, we evaluated euthymic bipolar patients (type I and II) and control subjects using two self-rating scales, the Affective Lability Scale (ALS) (11) and the Affect Intensity Measure (AIM) (12). ALS items assess the subject's perception of their ability to shift from what they consider to be their normal (euthymic) mood to affective states such as anger, depression, elation and anxiety over a short time frame (a day, a few hours or even a few minutes). It measures the rapid instability of mood. AIM, more focused on the intensity of emotional responses, assesses individual differences in emotional reactivity regardless of the hedonic tone of the stimuli. Items include statements such as, "When I solve a small personal problem, I feel euphoric" and "When I do feel anxiety, it is normally very strong". The two scales were built to assess affective dimensions as traits independent of clinical status. Although they assess different aspects of emotional responses, these two scales are highly correlated since the higher the reactivity, the higher the lability (13).
We found that affective intensity and lability of emotions in response to daily life events were markedly higher in euthymic bipolar subjects (n=179) than controls (n=86) (respectively p=0.006; and p<0.0001) (13). Compared to controls, bipolar patients report being more reactive in daily life to both pleasant and unpleasant emotional stimuli.
Using an experience sampling method, Myin-Germeys et al. (14) found that bipolar patients differ from those with major depression in their emotional reactivity to daily life stress. Specifically, they found that, compared to controls, patients with history of major depressive episodes had increased negative emotional reactivity and, surprisingly, patients with bipolar disorder had decreased positive affect (14). However, in this study bipolar patients in partial remission were included, meaning that sub-syndromal depressed symptomatology might have influenced the results.
Several studies have assessed the relationship between personality and bipolar disorder. Two personality dimensions, neuroticism and extraversion, have received particular attention. Neuroticism is characterized by proneness to anxiety, emotional instability, and self-consciousness, whereas extraversion involves positive emotionality, energy, and dominance (15). Thus, these two personality traits encompass emotional reactivity, focused on the negative side for neuroticism and on the positive side for extraversion. Taken together, these studies have reported inconsistent findings with bipolar patients having higher, equal or lower neuroticism or extraversion scores than control subjects (16). When compared to unipolar patients, patients with bipolar disorder have had higher, lower, or equal neuroticism scores, and equal or higher extraversion scores (16). These mixed results might be explained in part by the fact that subsyndromal symptoms, which are very common in patients with bipolar disorder, can influence self-reports of personality dimensions. It is possible that examinations of more focused traits, such as emotional reactivity, might yield more consistent results.
In addition to self-report, emotional responses can be measured with standardized behavioral paradigms. In the experimental setting, emotions may be triggered by emotional induction tasks e.g., those including exposure to images or films with different valences (positive, negative or neutral). Patients' responses to stimuli can be assessed through their self-reported perception of the stimuli (typically, valence and arousal) and through the measurement of autonomic nervous system (ANS) responses. Measures of ANS responses include variations in skin conductance or cardiac vagal tone, and startle eyeblink modulation.
Other tasks, such as the affective go/no go or the emotional Stroop, assess the impact of emotion on cognitive function. During the affective go/no go, an adaptation of classic go/no go paradigms, subjects have to respond as quickly as possible to target stimuli and withhold responses to distracter stimuli. In affective go/no go paradigms, some of the distracter stimuli have emotional content. The emotional Stroop task requires subjects to name, as fast as possible, the printed colors of both neutral and emotional words. In both tasks, differences in response time between trials with neutral vs. emotional stimuli can be used to measure the degree of interference from the emotional stimuli.
Using an emotional induction task, we have shown that euthymic bipolar patients assigned the same valence and arousal to positive and negative pictures as did control subjects. However, bipolar patients perceived neutral images as more pleasant and arousing than did controls. The startle reflex was concordant with self-assessment, as neutral pictures triggered a stronger startle reflex in euthymic bipolar patients than in controls (17). The same responses between bipolar and control subjects, in the case of positive and negative pictures, might represent a ceiling effect.
Using both a classical and an emotional Stroop tasks, attentional deficits and emotional bias were reported in manic, depressed and euthymic bipolar patients when compared to healthy subjects since all patients were slower on neutral, positive and negative conditions (18). These findings suggest that bipolar patients demonstrate impaired performance on emotionally salient attentionally demanding tasks.
These data, though admittedly limited, suggest that, relative to controls, euthymic bipolar patients may exhibit increased reactivity to emotional stimuli, when reactivity is measured by self-report, response to emotion induction, or the impact of emotional stimuli on cognition. More studies are needed, and one challenge for such studies is that, even during euthymic periods, many patients with bipolar disorder experience mild depressive or manic symptoms that may impact on the dependent variables being measured. Moreover, the cross-sectional design of these studies does not allow investigators to test the stability of these measures, and no studies have examined the impact of pharmacological treatment. Studies in unaffected relatives could help to rule out the impact of treatment while also identifying possible risk markers. However, there is a major lack of studies including first-degree relatives or subjects at risk for bipolar disorders to clarify whether a mild emotional hyperreactivity can be considered as a marker of vulnerability.
Manic episodes are characterized by euphoric or irritable mood, accompanied by symptoms such as distractibility, increased impulsivity and a decreased need for sleep (1). Patients in this acute mood state often engage in behaviors with such an intensity that the potential for harmful consequences is high. These disturbed behaviors can be in part linked to increased emotional reactivity.
As there was no clinical tool in use for the assessment of emotional reactivity in mood states, we developed and validated the dimensional MATHYS (Multidimensional Assessment of Thymic States) self-rated scale. This scale was built a priori, with five clinically relevant quantitative dimensions (emotional reactivity, cognition, motivation, psychomotor agitation or retardation and sensory perception), which vary from inhibition to activation. Using this scale, all bipolar mood states (manic, hypomanic, mixed and depressive episodes) can be evaluated as a function of a total score measuring global levels of behavioral activation/inhibition and a sub-score assessing emotional reactivity (hyper/hyporeactivity) (19). The scale is a visual analog scale including 20 items related to how the individual felt during the previous week. The English version of the scale can be found at this link: (http://www.biomedcentral.com/content/supplementary/1471-244X-8-82-S1.doc).
Using the MATHYS, we have observed that manic and mixed episodes are characterized by a high global level of behavioral activation and high emotional hyperreactivity. Patients reported experiencing all emotions with a greater intensity than usual (20). Although no differences in the level of emotional reactivity are reported by manic vs. mixed patients on the MATHYS scale, mixed patients complain more about negative affect (20).
In an emotion induction study, we compared 33 manic patients with 33 matched euthymic patients and 33 healthy control subjects. Subjects rated the arousal and valence of pictures extracted from the International Affective Picture System. The level of arousal in response to positive, negative, and neutral pictures was higher in manic patients than in euthymic patients and healthy subjects (21). These data suggest that manic episodes may be characterized by emotional hyper-reactivity to variables of all valences, rather than simply as over sensitivity to positive stimuli.
Elliot and al. (22) used an affective go/no go task during a brain-imaging study to assess how affective valence of words can modulate cognitive processing in patients with mania. Manic patients compared with controls showed differential neuronal responses associated with emotional targets relative to neutral targets. This effect was present for both happy and sad stimuli. Second, using a recall task with emotional words, Lyon et al (23) also reported slower responses for both positive and negative words in manic patients, compared to controls. Finally, Besnier et al (2010), using an emotional Stroop task, found that manic patients showed more interferences with both negative, as well as positive, valence words (24).
All together, these data support the conclusion that manic patients are hyperresponsive to negative as well as positive stimuli.
Currently, the same criteria are used to diagnose unipolar and bipolar depressions (1). However, depression is not a homogeneous condition and it is important to distinguish sub-groups in order to choose the most appropriate treatment. In this section, we review studies on emotional reactivity in bipolar and unipolar depression to explore whether this criterion might usefully discriminate them.
We used the MATHYS scale to characterize bipolar depression on the basis of global levels of behavioral activation/inhibition and emotional reactivity (19). All patients met DSM-IV criteria for bipolar disorder in an acute depressive phase and did not meet criteria for a mixed episode. Using all the MATHYS items, we performed a cluster analysis, which discriminated two types of bipolar depression. Using as a comparison the mean for euthymia, one type is characterized by behavioral inhibition and emotional hypo-reactivity (n=38/60). The second type of bipolar depression is characterized by mild behavioral over-activity and high emotional reactivity (n=22/60). This dimensional analysis indicates that bipolar depression is not a homogeneous group.
Using a Likert scale (never to constantly), the MATHYS scale can also be used to assess the frequency of the emotions reported by the patient (sadness, joy, irritability, panic, anxiety, anger, exaltation) during the last week (25). Compared to depression with emotional hypo-reactivity, depression with emotional hyper-reactivity was associated with higher irritability (p<0.0001), panic (p<0.0001), anxiety (p<0.0001), anger (p<0.001), and exaltation (p<0.0001). Globally, these patients are more sensitive to their environment and have more affective lability than those with depression with an emotional hyporeactivity. Thus one subtype of bipolar depression is associated with emotional hyporeactivity (patients are less sensitive, whatever the valence of stimuli), and the other with emotional hyper reactivity (patients frequently report negative affects but are still able to react to positive stimuli).
Data from the Systematic Treatment Enhancement Program for Bipolar Disorder (STEP-BD) indicates that: i) two-thirds of bipolar depressed patients had concomitant manic symptoms; ii) compared to patients who did not experience concomitant manic symptoms during depression, those who did had more severe illness with onset at an early age, more bipolar I subtype, more rapid cycling in the past year, and a more frequent history of suicide attempts;, and iii) bipolar depression with concomitant manic symptoms is associated with antidepressant treatment-emergent mania or hypomania (26,27). These findings highlight the clinical need for improved assessment of the differences between pure bipolar depression and that associated with manic symptoms, which may help in predicting short-term prognosis and in selecting appropriate medications. To compare our results with those of the STEP-BD, we categorized bipolar depression according to the presence or absence of manic symptoms and assessed these two sub-groups with the MATHYS (28). Depressive episodes with manic symptoms had higher levels of activation and showed emotional hyper reactivity, whereas major depressive episodes without manic symptoms showed emotional hypo-reactivity (28). Thus, both our dimensional approach and the categorical model of STP-BD find that bipolar depressions are not homogeneous.
Rottenberg's Emotion Context Insensitivity (ECI) model states that depressed individuals show reduced reactivity to all emotional cues, regardless of valence (5). The ECI model is derived from the evolutionary hypothesis that describes depression as a defensive motivational state which fosters environmental disengagement (29). According to this hypothesis, depressed mood states evolved as internal signals to bias organisms against action in adverse situations where continued activity was potentially dangerous.
In a meta-analysis of 19 studies, Byslma et al. (30), evaluated the emotional reactivity of healthy individuals and individuals with major depressive disorder. This meta-analysis only included studies that used DSM criteria for major depressive disorder (MDD) and elicited emotion in a well-controlled manner. The meta-analysis included studies that assessed positive and negative emotional reactivity using self-reported experience, expressive behavior, and/or peripheral physiology. The authors found that MDD was characterized by reduced emotional reactivity to both positively and negatively valenced stimuli, although this reduction was larger for positive stimuli. The authors concluded that the findings of the meta-analysis did not support the concept of mood-congruent processing bias, in which depression would tend to bias stimulus processing towards negative information (31).
Mild emotional hyperactivity may be characteristic of bipolar patients during euthymia and could be considered as a marker of vulnerability, although data regarding the latter are limited. During manic and mixed states, there is consistent emotional hyper-reactivity and patients experience all emotions with a greater intensity than in the euthymic state. Intuitively, it makes sense that emotional reactions are stronger when they are congruent with a pre-existing mood. However, contrary to this intuitive idea, even during euphoric mania, patients can become irritable and even violently aggressive. This is contrary to the idea of mood-congruent processing bias and instead supports the notion of global emotional dysregulation during mania. In bipolar depression, the characterization of patients according to emotional reactivity allows the identification of two subtypes: one associated with emotional hyporeactivity and the other with emotional hyper reactivity, the latter probably belonging to a broad spectrum of mixed states.
Most functional imaging studies in bipolar disorder have used behavioral paradigms that study emotional processing. In particular, the most frequently used designs in brain-imaging studies involve either facial affect recognition tasks (32) or response to emotional stimuli. Neuroanatomic investigations implicate a network of both cortical and subcortical anterior limbic structures in emotion processing. These include the amygdala, ventral striatum, subgenual (ventral) cingulate, ventromedial prefrontal cortex, anterior hippocampus, and anterior insula (33). The prefrontal cortex and amygdala, are two major components of emotion regulatory networks; the former negatively modulates the amygdala response when subjects identify emotional facial expression.
Functional brain-imaging studies in euthymic bipolar disorder patients demonstrate abnormal responses to emotional stimuli and dysfunction in emotional processing circuitry, especially the anterior limbic regions (32). However, neural responses to emotional challenges in euthymic bipolar patients as a function of stimulus valence have been examined in only a few studies. Lawrence et al (34) investigated neural activation in response to emotionally salient stimuli in bipolar and MDD patients, and healthy control subjects. Euthymic bipolar patients had elevated subcortical (ventral striatal, thalamic, hippocampal) and ventral prefrontal cortical responses, particularly in response to mild and intense fear, mild happy, and mild sad expressions. Thus, compared with healthy controls and MDD patients, euthymic bipolar patients had increased subcortical and ventral prefrontal cortical responses to both positive and negative emotional expressions. The authors concluded that these results might indicate an enhanced salience of both positive and negative emotional stimuli in euthymic bipolar patients, which may be associated with the increased mood lability observed in these patients. However, there is no study that explores directly the link between emotional reactivity and brain imaging patterns.
To examine the interference of emotional information with cognitive processes, euthymic bipolar patients and healthy comparison subjects underwent functional magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) while performing an emotional go/nogo task. Bipolar disorder patients, compared to healthy controls, exhibited an over activation in ventral-limbic, temporal and dorsal brain structures when they have to inhibited responses to emotional stimuli compared with neutral stimuli (35) However, there was no behavioral difference between groups.
All these results are consistent with the conclusion that increased emotional reactivity is characteristic of euthymia patients with bipolar disorder.
Studies during mood states in bipolar disorder patients have also demonstrated increased subcortical limbic activity to emotional stimuli. Chen et al. (36) report that depressed and manic patients overactivate brain regions in response to facial expressions of happiness and sadness, and both groups showed increased neural responses to facial expressions of fear. The pattern of increased subcortical limbic activity to positive emotional stimuli may distinguish bipolar from unipolar depressed patients. Indeed, abnormal amydala-prefrontal effective connectivity to happy faces may distinguish bipolar depression from MDD (37). However, since, as noted above, bipolar depression is unlikely to be a homogenous group, there is a need to better characterize which kind of bipolar depressed patients were included in the study in order to be able to properly compare them.
Future studies should subtype individuals with bipolar depression, as described above, in an effort to ascertain whether these two subtypes of bipolar depression are associated with different neural activation patterns in response to emotional stimuli.
A number of abnormalities within the amine neurotransmitter systems have been identified in bipolar disorder. However, little is known about relationships between these abnormalities and emotional reactivity, since this feature has not typically been characterized. Nonetheless, potential clues may be derived from data concerning anhedonia and the dopaminergic system. Anhedonia is defined as loss of interest and pleasure, with lack of reactivity to positively valenced emotional stimuli. Anhedonia might be considered to be a component of emotional hypo reactivity, in that the latter involves globally blunted responsiveness. Studies show associations between anhedonia and dysfunction in the brain reward system, which is mediated primarily by dopaminergic mechanisms (38). Thus, reduced ventral striatum activity during performance of a reward task is associated with anhedonia in depression (39,40).
Conversely, the post-partum blues may be a potential model to explore transient emotional hyper-reactivity. This specific period is characterized by minor mood disturbances affecting many women a few days after delivery (41). The pattern of symptoms and their time course, peaking between the third and fifth post-partum days, suggest that the underlying causes include biological determinants. Although the post-partum blues have often been considered to be a mild depressive state, it is better defined as a transient period characterized by emotional hyper-reactivity and affective lability (42). We performed a study designed to evaluate the possible role of the serotonin system during this period by assessing brain tryptophan availability. Post-partum blues were associated with a decrease in brain tryptophan availability, and the intensity of symptoms correlated significantly (p<0.05) with tryptophan availability (43).
Turning to genetic data, the association of the serotonin transporter (5-HTT) gene with bipolar disorder has been investigated in a series of studies because the initial studies showed a positive association between the short allele and the disorder. However, recent meta-analyses have shown no or only a small association between bipolar disorder and this polymorphism (44,45,46). However, three recent independent meta-analyses have demonstrated a significant association between the short allele of the gene and neuroticism or harm avoidance (47,48,49). The 5-HTT gene therefore may be more strongly linked to affective instability rather than to a specific disorder.
Many others genes can be involved in emotional regulation and the purpose of this section is not to be exhaustive. The findings on 5-HTT illustrate the possible evolution in genetic studies, showing first an association between a gene and a disease that turn out to be likelihood an association with a trait.
In this review, we have highlighted the importance of emotional reactivity in the characterization of all phases of bipolar disorder. Self-report and brain imaging studies suggest that euthymia may be characterized by hypersensitivity to emotional stimuli. Major increases of emotional reactivity are a key component of manic and mixed mood states, as patients are more likely than controls to respond with exaggerated intensity to emotional stimuli of all valences.
Hasler et al. (50) have tried to explain the limited success of studies on mechanisms underlying major depression and have raised questions concerning the definition of relevant phenotypes. They propose a dissection of the depressive phenotype into key components to allow the more precise definitions of putative psychopathological intermediate phenotypes. They also suggest the development of a new classification system to reduce the heterogeneity of depression, as this has been a major barrier to understanding the mechanisms of the disease. Our model of assessing emotional reactivity together with a global level of behavioural activation is a step in this direction. When developing a new classification system, it is important to avoid including criteria with opposing states (e.g. insomnia and hypersomnia, psychomotor agitation and retardation, or decrease and increase in appetite) under the same definition because doing so increases the probability that research studies will include patients with heterogeneous clinical features that are mediated by diverse mechanisms, leading to false negative results.
Thus, pathophysiological research and clinical trials have to take into account the heterogeneity of depression, and bipolar depression can no longer be considered to be a single entity. In terms of research on mechanisms, one important issue is to know if both phenotypes are stable across episodes in patients. Currently there are no data available. Large longitudinal data sets are needed to address this question.
Improved clinical characterisation through the definition of more homogeneous groups could help identify the most effective class of pharmacological treatment for each subtype. Current guidelines for treatment of bipolar depression propose, without any specification, a mood stabilizer, antidepressant or antipsychotic (51,52). It is unlikely that these different medications have the same efficacy in all types of depression. To go further, we need to assess if different clinical phenotypes respond differently to specific treatments. Currently, there is no study using clinical characteristics as potential predictor of response to the various pharmacological treatments. One can hypothesized that pure depression, close to the characteristics of unipolar depression might respond to an association of a mood stabilizer plus an antidepressant. Conversely, hyperreactive depressions might be worsened by antidepressant because they belong to a broad spectrum of mixed states and have a better response to atypical antipsychotics. This point is purely speculative and need to be explored.
Finally, there is also a need to study the impact of medicine on the level of emotional reactivity. Patients under mood stabilizer often complain to become less sensitive. Is it the price they should pay to avoid relapses? Conversely, what are the links between long prescription of antidepressant in bipolar patients, emotional reactivity and rapid cycling or chronic major emotional instability?
As suggested by the research agenda for DSM-V, there is a clear need to translate basic and clinical research findings into a new classification system for psychiatric disorders based upon etiological processes (53). For this reason, we need to: a) define clinically relevant homogeneous groups; b) have appropriate clinical tools to assess these groups; c) establish correlations between biomarkers and the clinical measures for reclassifying the current DSM-IV categories of mood disorders across a continuous spectrum of affective pathology; and d) use these biomarkers and their clinical correlates to guide personalized treatments for individuals across the spectrum of affective disorders.
Our dimensional model for defining mood episodes based on the assessment of emotional reactivity and behavioural activation/inhibition level can help improving characterization of bipolar mood states. We now need to further explore the mechanisms involved in such disturbances using this model.
PubMed Central Canada is a service of the Canadian Institutes of Health Research (CIHR) working in partnership with the National Research Council's national science library in cooperation with the National Center for Biotechnology Information at the U.S. National Library of Medicine(NCBI/NLM). It includes content provided to the PubMed Central International archive by participating publishers.


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- Svengali syzygy hegemon repugnant white nationalist, white supremacist
be wild about
Definition of be wild about
: to like (someone or something) very much She's wild about her new boyfriend. He is absolutely wild about baseball. She's not wild about the idea.
Word by Word Definitions
: living in a state of nature and not ordinarily tame or domesticated
: growing or produced without human aid or care
: related to or resembling a corresponding cultivated or domesticated organism
: a sparsely inhabited or uncultivated region or tract : wilderness
: a wild, free, or natural state or existence
: in a wild manner: such as
: without regulation or control
: off an intended or expected course
Seen and Heard
What made you want to look up be wild about? Please tell us where you read or heard it (including the quote, if possible).


text: >> INSIDER WIRE —Bruce Weber popped up Tuesday to be honored alongside Liya Kebede at a gala in memory of former Vogue photographer Gordon Parks, marking his first time in New York after an extended absence. "I've been traveling on the road a lot and this is my first time back in the city, so I'm a little in shock. I have six dogs so we're traveling and I've met some real American characters." He was apparently in a jovial mood, and expressed his adoration for Kate Moss: "I photographed her when she first came here. It was her first job, and we've traveled a lot together. I really love her as a friend." [Modelinia]


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About the Book
This book contains photographs taken mainly underwater in the seas around the Philippines. An area known as the 'Coral Triangle', the global epicentre of marine biodiversity. This is just a small glimpse of that biodiversity, focusing mainly on the macro life.
Features & Details
Large Format Landscape, 13×11 in, 33×28 cm
64 Pages
- Publish Date Jun 03, 2010
- Tags underwater, scuba, photography, fish, fauna, mollusc, Philippines, orient, travel, adventure, coral, reef, life, macro, camera, seahorse, nudibranch
About the Creator
Coming back into education after nearly 35 years could have been quite daunting, but it has turned out to be one of the best decisions that I have made. My interest in photography stretches back nearly four decades, and I am now able to combine it with my other passion, Scuba Diving, which I have been teaching for the last couple of years. As a consequence, the vast majority of my photographs tend to be in, on or centered around water. As well as taking pictures in and around the waters of the UK, I have been lucky enough to travel to exotic locations around the world and record the rich diversity of flora and fauna under the sea. However, I have recently been inspired closer to home, taking photographs of people in the water, and the creative opportunities that this gives me is very satisfying, and I hope to explore the commercial possibilities of this in the near future. I am inspired by colour, light and natural beauty, and I hope that my photographs convey this.
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Guiter Hero lets you play drums or guitar to your heart's content on almost every system. With all the different systems it can be a little bit frustrating trying to get this guitar to work there, and those drums to work here. Getting the drums to work on the PC can be a bit tricky, but with some work it can be done.
Things You'll Need
- Drums
- Wireless receiver
- USB cable
Download the latest update for Guitar Hero World Tour. The update can be found at the official Red Octane site. The latest update will allow the game to function properly and give you the best chance to recognize USB devices.
Set up and plug in your drums. Plug in and connect the wireless USB receiver for the drums. You need to be using the PS3 or the Xbox 360 drums, as the Wii drums are not currently supported with the PC.
Install necessary drivers. When you plug in the drums Windows may come up with a message prompting you to install new drivers for your drums. Click "accept" and install the drivers. Restart your computer if necessary for the drivers to take effect.
Download PS360 MIDI drummer. This program allows the drums to work with Guitar Hero. Install the program and re-sync the drum set to the wireless receiver.
Download LoopBe1. This software allows the drums to communicate with the PC. Install LoopBe1 and restart the computer. When you restart the computer click on the new icon in the bottom right of the computer to confirm the drums are recognized by your computer.
Configure the PS360MIDI program for the drums. Open the program and enter data for each drum piece. This involves a little trial and error in finding the right sensitivity frequency. The frequency will vary a little bit, but generally the numbers are around 30 to 50. Start with 30 for each drum piece and make adjustments as necessary.
Tips & Warnings
- Ps360MIDI drummer can be found by running a simple Internet search.
- Be careful when downloading programs. Avoid suspicious sites.
Related Searches
- Photo Credit drum image by Byron Moore from Fotolia.com
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We propose an all-optical switch that utilizes the technique of storage and retrieval of light pulses. A single photon (probe pulse) switched by another (switching pulse) is feasible, and the on–off ratio can be as large as . We have experimentally demonstrated that the energy of the retrieved probe pulse is reduced to about 10% because of the presence of a switching pulse with an energy per unit area of one photon per . The achieved result does not depend on the coupling intensity, the atomic optical density, or the width and shape of the switching pulse.
© 2006 Optical Society of AmericaFull Article | PDF Article
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Opt. Lett. 30(23) 3207-3209 (2005)
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Our Mount Washington White Christmas wreath and garland are the epitome of excellence in white holiday foliage. This festive wreath and garland perfectly match the stunning Mount Washington White Christmas tree and are so luxurious they are the first white foliage line to be featured in one of our Signature collections.
The stunning Mount Washington White wreath and garland represents the ultimate in luxury for white Christmas foliage with high amounts of our realistic True Needle™ branch tips mixed with tapered Pine Needle and Classic Needle foliage.
Each needle type on this wreath and garland lends its own beauty and special look. The ultra-realistic True Needle foliage provides a look of unparalleled realism with elegant pronged branch tips. In addition, realistic Pine Needle foliage is mixed in to lend an authentic woodsy look and Classic Needle foliage is used to provide overall fullness and depth.
At Balsam Hill™ we design all of our foliage to be beautiful as well as long lasting and convenient. The Mount Washington White wreath and garland come pre-lit with UL ® approved outdoor rated lights so that you can share Christmas warmth inside or outside of your home. The wreath features an extremely strong wire frame for support to keep it looking fresh for years to come.
Adorned with clear lights, this gorgeous white wreath and garland sparkles like newly fallen snow and we are sure they will lend an awe inspiring festive touch to your holiday decor.
The Mount Washington White Wreath and Garland feature elaborate, varied foliage in a beautiful, classic forms. Crafted from flame-retardant materials and free of tree related allergens.
The Mount Washington White Wreath and Garland are offered prelit with premium UL® approved clear indoor/outdoor lights. Prelit Wreaths and Garlands use a 30-inch electrical cord unless battery power is specified. The Garland features "end to end" plugs for connecting several together.
We take great pride in the craftsmanship of each of our Balsam Hill™ products and we stand behind their quality. This product is covered by the following warranties:
For more warranty information, please see our WARRANTY FAQS »
All orders qualify for FREE STANDARD SHIPPING to the continental USA.
All items are in stock and ready to ship (except any marked "out of stock").
We offer multiple shipping options in the Continental US to meet your needs:
For more detailed shipping information, including information about shipping to Alaska, Hawaii, and Canada and estimated arrival times for Standard shipping in the continental U.S., please see our Shipping Information FAQs.
Balsam Hill™ is dedicated to providing exceptional customer service. Please call us at 888-55-BALSAM or contact us via email at firstname.lastname@example.com. International callers can reach us at 336-419-0960. For current customer service hours, see our Contact Us page.


text: Telecommunications is a general term for a broad range of technologies used to convey information over distances both great and small. The public switched telephone system, mobile telephony, satellite communications, computer networks, the Internet, and radio and television brodcasting services all fall under the general heading of telecommunications. Although most of us tend to associate the term with modern technologies, telecommunication has been around in some form or another since ancient times. The discovery of electricity in the nineteenth century led to the invention of the telegraph, and later the telephone, enabling communications to occur in real time over great distances. Immense strides in the development of communications technology in just the last few decades have changed our leisure activities, the way we work, and the way we perceive the world in which we live. An understanding of these technologies, how they work, their impact on society, the economic implications they engender, and where they will lead us in the future are therefore of considerable importance to us.


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F-L-A-S-H-Y 9yr Reg Appendix mare 15.2 . This horse is a great ALL AROUND horse. "Apple" rides Western and English Jumps 2ft2'6. She is kind and gentle…SOLD
Bloomfield, NY (14469) Priced low 4 figures. Owners are willing to negotiation to a great home. Transportation available at an additional cost. No…SOLD
Sally is great with kids and adult riders. Sally has been used for camp as well. "Sally" Is a simple straight forward ride to enjoy. Picks up leads with…SOLD
This big pretty gelding measures all of 16.2 and is still filling out. He walk, trot, canters, goes into a frame, and jumps bravely around a small course…SOLD
Black Tie Affair, or Tyler as we call him is a 14 year old, 16.3 hand, seal brown Appendix QH cross gelding in need of a new home. PLEASE READ THE WHOLE…SOLD
Tucker is a sweetheart. I love this horse but unfortunately do not have time for another horse. He is 11 years old and broke to ride but to an experienced…SOLD
Offered For sale Noah 5 yr old grey Appendix, (has QH papers) stands 15.2 hands. Jumping and showing 2'6 courses with flying lead changes, plenty of room…SOLD
Walker(his barn name) is a english and western (AQHA) horse. he can ship, trailer, vet etc. He has joint problems and arthritis and would make a good walk…SOLD


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D P Photo Photographer
MilanogirlModel Female Milan, Lombardy, Italy
Mayhem # 1500408
About MeHi,
my name is Corinna, I´m from Austria and I am 23 years old.
I made some experiences with fotoshoots in Austria (just for fun) and I would like to continue my hobby in Milan.
I prefer TfP-Shootings.
I am puncutal, interested in new ideas, I try to insert my own interests.
I don´t make nude-shootings!
If some of you is interested to make a shoot, pleas write me a message
nice greets
Have you worked with Milanogirl? Add Credits for Milanogirl! >>
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Long before I called myself a photographer, I was struck by the beauty of light seeping into buildings.
Street scenes such as Afternoon Chat by Fan Ho or Grand Central Terminal by Hal Morey have been etched in my mind, and as much as the scene is interesting in itself, it is the dramatic shafts of light that contribute to the striking beauty of the portrait. I love to dream about how this light must have been a regular occurrence in olden days, when cities were filled with smog or buildings were thick with smoke from cigarettes, which I'm imagining are the types of environment in which Fan Ho and Hal Morey created their beautiful pieces of work.
So how can we create the perfect conditions in our own homes for capturing life's moments in some magical shafts of light?
1. The Light
For any image, light is everything. For images with dramatic rays, it helps to seek light with special qualities.
Look for hard light shining through windows and creating harsh shadows on floors and walls. Note how the light changes around your house, depending on the time of day and season. Capturing this type of dramatic light will be easier towards the start or end of the day, when the sun is lower and will be shining directly through your windows.
Light changes so much in my own house as the seasons evolve. I captured many of the images shown in this article around autumn and winter. Now we are entering spring and summer here in Australia and the sun rises so quickly in the morning that it's hard for me to capture the morning rays in this room now. However, the rooms at the back of my house receive some gorgeous golden sunset light at this time of year, so I turn my focus to that part of the house.
2. The Haze
There are many ways to create the haze that helps to capture these beautiful rays. For these images I used a little fog machine, which I bought from a local homeware store for $40. These machines give off quite a bit of smoke fairly quickly, so I let it puff away with the door shut for a little while, and then I wait for the wispy smoke to settle into a soft haze. Once I am happy with the haze, I ask the kids to come in and play! Here's a fun behind-the-scenes video I recorded to show you…
I have also seen images where the photographer has burned food, sometimes accidentally and others intentionally! Make some pancakes, burn toast or sizzle some bacon in the morning and watch as the stunning early light of the day is captured in shafts of hazy light. I've seen other images where the photographer has shaken dusty old rugs or thrown flour into the air so that the particles sparkle in the path of the rays. There's also water spray, so if your bathroom window catches some beautiful rays, get your kids (or yourself!) in the shower/bath at the right time of day for the light and capture it in water droplets and steam.
3. The Shadows
You will also need to consider the shadows. Capturing shafts or rays of light is more effective when the light is contrasted against a darker background. Shooting straight on to a window won't result in an abundance of dramatic light rays as they will blend with the general light from the window. You need to position your camera at an angle that will capture light on dark.
4. Getting Playful with Patterns
Playing with different shapes in front of the light source can be fun. I used shutters for most of my images shown in this article, as I loved the long rays created through the slats. However, I used a patterned blind for the below image of my son playing with a rocket as it added more texture and interest to the image. Play around with different patterned net curtains/fabric in front of the window. Venetian blinds with thin strips will give a different effect to the wide slats on my plantation shutters. One large window with no inner grid will produce one large shaft of light, spotlighting your subject.
Above all, have fun!
My kids loved playing in the fog (although it can get a bit thick so I didn't let them play in it for too long), and I fell in love with the dramatic light that it captured, so we all made some sweet memories together!
Would you like to win a 16×20 Acrylic Print from Color Inc.?


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Dr. Manu Tiwari
Doctor Detail :
Dr. Manu Tiwari is a Psychiatrist (MBBS, Diploma in Psychological Medicine ) in Okhla, Delhi
- MBBS, Diploma in Psychological Medicine
Total Experience
8 Years
Fortis Hospital, B-22 Sector 62, Noida
Consulting Timing :
Tue, Thu, Sat 10:00 am - 1:00 pm
Phone No.: +918470876768.
Fortis Escorts Heart Institute, Okhla Road, New Delhi
Consulting Timing :
Mon, Wed, Fri 11:00 am - 1:00 pm
Phone No.: +918470876768.
Share your genuine experiences and reviews about the doctor!
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A lovely member of the mint family with a mildly peppery taste, a hint of clove and mint, basil is at the same time spicy and sweet, warm and fresh.
Botanical name: Ocimum basilicum L. , Ocimum basilicum
There are over twelve varieties of Basil grown for culinary use, the most common of these is Ocimum basilicum. ("Basileus" is Greek for "king") Alternative names include herb royale, St. Joseph's wort, and sweet basil. Basil is an annual, herbaceous plant with greenish or whitish flowers, the leaves range in color from dark to light greens (and even purplish hues) with a grayish-green underside. These leaves turn dark quickly after they've been cut, so fast drying at low temperatures is important to preserve color and flavor.
A fresh green color, strong sweet flavor and high volatile oil content indicate quality dried basil. Wildly popular in ethnic and American kitchens, basil's warm, sweet, mildly minty/peppery flavor is enjoyed with vegetables (especially tomatoes), in dressings and sauces, soups and stews, and with meats, beans, and grains. It's even earned a place next to oregano on pizzas.
Depending upon the culture, basil has historically been both revered and reviled. In Italy, where it's a symbol of love, a sprig of basil in the hair of a man announced his intentions to wed his sweetheart; a pot of basil on her balcony indicated her willingness. In India, basil was a symbol of hospitality, and it was often given as a gift. Hindus were buried with a leaf of sacred basil, Ocimum sanctum, on their breast. Basil is also said to have been found near Christ's tomb, hence the European custom of placing it in the hands of the dead to insure a safe journey to heaven. On the other hand, the Greeks believed that basil's aroma could drive one insane, and in the Middle Ages people believed that scorpions bred under pots of basil rendered the brain of anyone who ate the savory herb susceptible to scorpions! Ancient Greeks and Romans were convinced that shouting and cursing were prerequisites during the sowing of basil seed, to insure a good crop. (In fact, the French idiom "sowing the basil" means raving.) Sweet basil is the name for the common cooking basil, though there are several kinds of basil, sweet basil is the most common in culinary use. It is very popular in Italian and American kitchens, but Basil is also prominent in French cuisine-- where it's an essential ingredient in the blends Fines Herbs and Herbs de Provence. You'll also find it in recipes from the Mediterranean, Thailand, Vietnam, China, and Taiwan.
Suggested Uses
- Try basil with fish, poultry, beans, pasta, rice, eggs, and vegetables like zucchini, eggplant, potatoes, carrots, cauliflower, and spinach.
- Use it in soups, stews, vinegars, and salad dressings (or sprinkle it directly on salads).
- Lay fresh leaves of basil over sliced fresh or buffalo mozzarella and drizzle with olive oil for a quick, light salad.
Organic Basil
View All Simply OrganicView All Food > Herbs, Spices & Seasonings > Organic Herbs & SpicesView All Food > Herbs, Spices & Seasonings


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Medieval Classic Shirt Natural Flax Linen
Medieval Classic Men's Shirt
Long-sleeved fine linen shirt
This classic medieval tunic is a great part of your garb. It's made of pure flax linen fabric, which looks really beautiful and authentic and lasts in average 2-3 times more then cotton. Great selection of colors and custom size makes this purchase a great deal.
- Thin natural linen
Shirt features:
- Drawstring casing on the neckline
- Loose poet sleeves
- Side slits
- Knee length
Please note, that original grey color shown in photos is not available.
To check how to measure yourself please click here.
Please contact us if you have any additional questions.
Medieval Classic Shirt Natural Flax Linen - can this be maid full length? like a long night shirt?
Yes, this is possible for $25.00 extra. If that works for you, please place the order through the website and mention the desired overall length from the shoulder seem to the bottom hem and also the length of the slits you`d like to get.
I was wondering if i could get the medieval classic shirt in Red.
Fine linen is not available in Red, unfortunately. We can recommend you our Eastern Europe Medieval Flax Linen Tunic. This one is made of thicker linen and can be made in Wine red or
Can this come in cotton, and if so what would the price difference be?
Yes, the shirt can be made out of cotton, but the price will be the same as listed. Simply add a comment to your order.
Hi there! How often do you restock your fixed sized items? I've notice there isn't much for those around the Large category and was hoping to know when to look out for them. Thanks
Fixed size items are restocked with varying periodicity. Please let us know which size you're interested in, and we'll inform you when it's available again.
Great site and product. Great material.
Hello! I have always liked this tunic. I have a couple questions about it. 1. Is there elastic in the sleeve cuffs? 2. Do you have any idea when the grey linen will be available again? Thanks for your time.
The shirt has drawstrings on the cuffs.
Gray linen is not available anymore, sorry.
I noticed in on of the pictures that the sleeve cuffs appear to be either elastic or gathered. Would a straight cuff be available as well?
Can be made with straight cuffs, simply add a comment to your order.
are there strings to tighten the neck hole?
Yes, there are strings to tighten the neck hole.
I am THRILLED with my shirt, it is beautiful and fits perfectly, thanks!!!!!!!!!
Wow, thanks for the review!
Post your comment / Ask question
Your comment will be published on site only if it is a general question about item or purchase rules. Personal questions about orders or specific options will be answered privately.


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Getting a good night sleep is really important, so we had to find the right equipment. We've tried a few different sleep mats, and finally found one not only but acceptable, but exceptional!
We found the right camp pad for us. Besides being really comfortable and helping us have a good night sleep, the camp pads we found are the right price and the right size.
At Colman, we found the Self-Inflating Camp Pad with Attached Pillow. It can be rolled up to be a bit bigger than a sleeping bag. They are light enough and compact enough to fit in the van with all the other stuff.
The kids are happy and so are the parents!


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Go ahead and judge a book by its cover—your readers will, too.
In the modern book publishing world, the objective of a good book design is not only to beautifully represent your work but also to attract readers to pick it up and leaf through it. A brilliantly designed cover and well-composed interior layout requires detailed planning and precise execution. Trafford's expert team of designers incorporates your photos, graphics, sketches, and ideas to create a professionally designed book.
Interior Page Layout
Careful planning and execution of the layout of your book is very important. Our experienced book publishing layout team ensures that your manuscript is customized exactly to your needs.
Cover Design
The cover is your first opportunity to connect with potential readers. That's why at Trafford we make sure that your cover meets the professional standards for commercially successful books.
Stock Images
When you publish your book via any Trafford standard publishing packages, you receive custom-designed covers, produced in full color. Within the realm of this custom-designed cover, you have the option to choose two images, free of charge, from the millions found through Thinkstock. Authors may also add stock images for $12 each.
Illustration Services
Make your work come alive with Trafford's new Illustration Services for your published book. We offer you a choice between black and white or full color illustrations, as well as a variety of art styles and levels of detail. Our experienced team of designers and illustrators work closely with you to create work exactly the way you envisioned.
If your book is not one of the eight standard formats offered by independent publishers then we encourage you to visit our Custom Publication Service. This service includes the core Scribe package and puts you on the phone with both design and print experts to create a fully customized solution. This service is listed at $4999, with $4000 of the list price bring credited back to your first print-run.
Call 1-888-232-4444
©2017 Author Solutions. All Rights Reserved.


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Fully renovated in 2011, there are 52 units in total at this apartment hotel, where facilities include a lobby with a hotel safe, wired and wireless Internet access (for a fee), a car park and bicycle hire (for a fee).
The hotel is 400 metres from the dark sandy beach, where there is a good selection of bars and restaurants. The bus stop to Arrecife and Puerto del Carmen is just 500 m away. There are many shops and restaurants in the immediate vicinity of the complex. Lanzarote Airport is about 12 km away.
The apartments are all one-bedroom with twin beds and each comes with a living area with a sofa bed. There is free wireless Internet access in the rooms, a extra fee 32-inch flat-screen satellite TV, and a kitchen with a fridge, microwave, kettle, toaster and coffee maker. The en suite bathrooms have a bathtub, shower and hairdryer. The modern apartments also come with a private balcony and safe
The complex offers an outdoor pool with children's swimming area. Sun loungers with parasols are laid out on the sun terrace and on the nearby sandy beach (for a fee on the beach). Diving, surfing, windsurfing, pool/snooker, golf and biking are also available for additional fees.
The hotel accepts MasterCard and VISA as payment methods.
The reception opens from 8 am to 2 pm and from 5 pm to 8 pm, Monday to Sunday. Guests are asked to confirm their arrival time with the hotel.
Room Facilities:
Internet access
Tea Coffee