text:
"Intrafamily Femicide In Defence of Honour: The Case of Jordan"
by Fadia Faqir
1. The debate on harm
The concentration on harm to women has been criticised recently by many feminists, who argue that the debate focuses on violence, victimisation and oppression of women.[1] The Arab world, however, has not reached the stage where a similar debate is possible due to the fact that documentation and discussion about violence against women are still in the infancy stage. Such debates within the Anglo-Saxon context, therefore, do not seem relevant in their entirety to Arab women's experiences, most of whom are still occupants of the domestic, private space. Other western theories, models and analysis, however, can be transferred and applied (with caution) to the Arab experience of gender violence, which is still largely undocumented.
2. What is violence against women?
Violence is the use of physical force to inflict injury on others, but this definition could be widened to include improper treatment or verbal abuse. It takes place at macro-levels, among nation states and within communities, and at micro-levels within intimate relationships. The use of violence to maintain privilege turned gradually into "the systematic and global destruction of women"[11], femicide[111], with the institutionalisation of patriarchy over the centuries. Most women experience violence in one way or another in their lifetime. "Men's sexual violence is part of the backdrop of all women's lives and not something experienced by a minority who can be labelled as inadequate and helpless victims."[1v]
Violence against women can take the shape of rape both within and outside, beating, childhood sexual assault and incest, harassment in the workplace and even the killing of women. It cuts across all cultures.[v] "Just as the construction of gender differs across cultures, gender violence takes many cultural forms: ten centuries of foot binding in China . . . and bride burning in contemporary India."[vi] There is evidence that most manifestations of violence can be found in Arab countries, with few exceptions. However, most Anglo-Saxon studies of violence against women ignore the experiences of Arab women. For example, the extensive table provided by Margaret Schuler[vii] does not include 'honour crimes' as a type of intrafamily femicide in the contemporary Arab world.
3. Violence against Women in Jordan: facts and figures?
Most violence against women in general, and in Jordan in particular, takes place in the home, and is carried out by perpetrators who are directly related to the victims, making the home "one of the most dangerous places for women."[viii] According to a Labour and Unemployment Survey conducted in 1988, 22% of women in Jordan are students, 2% are other and no less than 76% are housewives. [ix]
Out of Jordan's 4.7 million population women constitute fewer than half at 2.2 million.[x] Although a few years ago the average of school enrolment was 26.6 for males and females was 23.1, the percentage of women who finish their secondary education averaged 33% in 1994, which is considerably lower than the completion rate among men.[xi] Additionally, the percentage of illiteracy among rural women was 33.6% in 1994 compared with 17.5% for men, and among urban women 17.3% for women compared with 9.9% for men for the same year. [xii]
A recent study sponsored by Women in Development Technical Assistance Project (WIDtech) and USAID, interviewing 5,445 women, over the age of 14 concluded that approximately 12.5 % of Jordanian women aged 15 and older, currently work in short-term/seasonal activities, micro enterprise, agriculture, or salaried employment.[xiii] Further, employment is not necessarily related to their level of education; about 40% of women in agriculture, for example, have no schooling.[xiv]
The majority of adult Jordanian women live with either their husband's or their parental families, about two thirds do not finish their secondary education, the majority get married at a young age, and, above all the vast majority of Jordanian women are economically dependent on male members of their families. This leaves them more vulnerable to potential violence within the home.
Available statistics show that violence against women in Jordan appears in different forms, ranging from wife abuse to incest, sexual harassment and rape. This article, however, will focus on the most extreme type of violence against women in Jordan, namely honour killings - the killing of women for suspected deviation from sexual norms imposed by society. A primary obstacle faced by any researcher of this subject, however, is the inadequate documentation of such practices within the conservative neopatriarchal Jordanian society, where gender, class, clan, ethnicity and power are key determinants of privilege and status.
4. The unreliability of data
Reliance on available data is difficult for a number of reasons. First is the problem of bias in public records. Recent feminist research "challenges traditional views of what counts as knowledge, raising complex discussions of epistemology including the questions of 'how we know' and 'who decides what we know'."[xv] Most, if not all, statistics on violence and crime in Jordan are recorded by men who have never been trained to be gender-sensitive, and whose prejudices influence the way each case is perceived and recorded. The statistics of the Public Security Directorate, for example, are not specific or disaggregated by sex. The only category which shows the gender of the victim is 'housewives'; for the rest of professions, the masculine is used such as 'male teachers'.[xvi] It is difficult, therefore, to rely on these statistics. Equally an alternative source of information to quantify the problem of violence against women in Jordan is difficult to find.
Second is the problem of under-reporting by victims of violence. Similar to women in countries like Britain and the USA, most domestic violence against women in Jordan remains unreported. "The bulk of violence to women, that which occurs in private, rarely comes to public attention and is scorned by the police, and the women who ask for police intervention are left neglected and often abused by the very system financed by the state to protect them."[xvii] The fear of retaliation and neglect discourages women from reporting abuse and harm. Jordanian women's rights activists argue that law-enforcement authorities compound legal bias with inadequate investigations and lenient sentences. Police officers, for example, do not normally conduct serious investigations or collect evidence from and pertaining to all parties involved in the crime or killing. [xviii]
5. Neopatriarchy and gender violence in Jordan
Despite the fact that the documentation of violence is not gender-specific, violence "used and acted out in relationships, encounters and institutions is specifically gendered and constructed by, as well as a reflection of, the power relations which constitute hetero-patriarchy."[xix] Arab society in general, and Jordanian society in particular, can be classified as 'neo-patriarchal' where power relationships are not only influenced by gender, but also by class, clan, and proximity to the regime. Such relations are based on the subordination of the disadvantaged and the disfranchised.[xx] "Sexual violence is used by men as a way of securing and maintaining the relations of male dominance and female subordination, which are central to the patriarchal social order."[xxi] Different types of abuse of the disadvantaged, including women, can be found in most Arab countries.
Preliminary data suggests that wife beatind, for example, is a wide spread phenomenon in Jordan and cuts across the boundaries of age, education, class and religion. The statistics of the Public Security Directorate's Family Protection Unit (FPU), which was established in February 1998 in the western side of the capital Amman, used to have a separate heading for domestic violence. Although twenty-three cases were dealt with within the first 10 months of its establishment the FPU decided to stop dealing with domestic violence.[xxii] Apparently, the FPU has found difficulty in handling this issue for many reasons including the lack of clarity of Article 334 of the Jordanian Penal Code, which makes it difficult to penalise the perpetrator without evidence of grievous bodily harm, resulting in the withdrawal of charges before the case went to court. The FPU decided to stop dealing with domestic violence cases as they were draining the limited resources. The statistics on domestic violence cannot be found in any of the FPU's 1999 reports. In addition, no figures on domestic violence could be found in the official statistical reports of the Public Security Directorate. The head of FPU said that the unit was dealing with around 60 cases each month involving abused children and women. He specified three types of violence: physical, sexual and emotional.[xxiii]
A report by the Public Security Directorate shows a rise in crimes against women, listed as family violence, from 313 in 1993 to 401 in 1996. 39% of those crimes are against women under eighteen years of age, 32% against women between at the ages of 18-27, and the rest against women of other age groups.[xxiv]
Between March and October, 1998, The Jordanian Women's Union received over 1500 complaints from victims of domestic violence. Most cases were neither taken to court nor followed through within the Jordanian legal justice system. Possible explanations are that houses are normally owned by the husband, and mortgages or rent contracts are in the husband's name. In addition, women refrain from pursuing their cases because they are financially dependent on their husbands.[xxv] "Keeping the relationship together, despite the violence, is also important for practical reasons - financial support, shelter, even access to the ability to earn a living many times rest with the husband."[xxvi] A man was accused of lashing his 29-year old wife over 100 times with an electrical cord because she disobeyed him. Defence lawyer Nur Imam said that her client is seeking financial compensation from her husband. Her husband was put in custody, but when he is released she will end up without a guardian or a place to live.
According to a study released in 15 May, 1999 entitled "Violence Against Women in Jordan: Demographic Characteristics of Victims and Perpetrators" conducted by the Human Forum for Women's Rights, a discrepancy exists between the official estimates of crimes of physical and sexual violence against women in Jordan, and the actual number of these crimes. There is a dark figure, which can only be estimated through interviews with the professionals who deal with violence against women. "The professionals believed that - in their own personal point of view - only 7.5% of the cases are reported. While the percentage of non-reporting was believed to be 92.5%."[xxvii] Embedded in those figures is one of the most severe types of domestic violence against women in Jordan, intrafamily femicide for family's honour, which claim the lives of about 25 women a year.[xxviii] For a population of about 4.7 million the rate is one of the highest in the world.[xxix]
6. Concepts of Honour
Honour killings are the killings of women for deviation from sexual norms imposed by society. This phenomenon is comparable to the emphasis on the chastity of wives in Victorian morality. "The honour ethic as it applies to women's sexuality is not specific to Islam, but exists in many other non-Muslim societies."[xxx] A man's honour is closely related to the behaviour of his female relatives not only in Muslim or Arab societies, but in western societies such as Spain and Portugal.
Although relating women's honour to their suspected sexual behaviour is a worldwide phenomenon, imposing a legal penalty for any deviation from the norm survived in Mediterranean societies and a number of Islamic countries such as Pakistan.[xxxi] Crimes motivated by honour are representative of, and deeply rooted, in the histories of Mediterranean societies. "One of the first entities linked with honour is the family. This is not unusual considering that the family has customarily been viewed as the most important and powerful institution in the organisation of Mediterranean societies."[xxxii] "This ethic is still deeply entrenched in most Christian Mediterranean societies."[xxxiii] While most countries, however, have abolished laws related to such crimes, a number of Arab and Muslim countries still maintain specific articles in their penal codes dealing with such crimes.[xxxiv]
Chastity can be achieved through purity of breed, which is seen as synonymous with the purity of females. "In Arab Muslim culture, the honour of the patrilineal group is bound up with the sex organs of its daughters and a specific term 'i'rid' combines the two."[xxxv] Girls or women can sully their family's honour and destroy their reputation until they get married and become the responsibility of their husbands. In Arab societies women should remain mastura (hidden, low-profiled) a term which implies physical and psychological confinement in the private and public space. [xxxvi]
The social boundaries of the group are defined by its honour and any act of transgression by the female members threatens the status quo. Families associate their honour with the virginity of their unmarried daughters and with the chastity of the married ones. "Female violators of the honor code face a different fate; punishment in some form is inescapable. Once the violation is made public, the male members of the family must take immediate action."[xxxvii] The family's honour is normally purged in public to restore the social status of the family, tribe or clan.[xxxviii]
The sum total of honour killings can never be established, and the above table is only the tip of the iceberg. A number of studies estimate a dark figure, which could be partially accounted for by the number of female suicides provoked or engineered to cover up an honour killing or the number of disappearance. In 1992 alone 16 suicides were recorded with a further 268 attempted suicides.[xl] In 1997 the number of suicides has risen to 27.[xli] The head of the FPU stated that many reported suicides among women are in fact crimes of honour where "the victims were forced to commit suicide."[xlii] Another possible explanation for the dark figure is that some killings never get reported or are registered or mislabled as other types of crimes.
7. The role of reputation and rumour
Reputation and rumour play an active role in instigating honour crimes and killings for to speak of a woman's reputation is to invoke her sexual behaviour.[xliii] "Therefore language (or the discourse of female reputation in particular) acts as a material practice with its own determinate effects, acting as a form of control over their emotions and passions and steering girls into a subordinate relationship with men."[xliv] The significance attached to sexual reputation is one method of policing women. Significantly women also police each other through the spreading of rumours.
The above arguments made about the reputation of young British women can easily be applied to Jordanian women whose reputation almost decides their fate. The penalty for not conforming to acceptable social norms in Jordan, however, is much higher than in Britain. Women who are suspected of "immoral" behaviour usually end up dead, even though most of those who get examined by forensic scientists are found to have been sexually inactive. A 28-year-old husband who claimed to have killed his wife for reasons of honour told investigators that family problems were the real reason behind the killing. He also said that he suspected that his wife was behaving immorally.[xlv] Another woman was stabbed, at least 50 times, by her brothers and husband in Salt for her alleged "involvement in immoral behaviours".[xlvi]
A look at honour killings, which took place in 1994, shows the important role of reputation and rumour. By October 1994, 15 honour crimes were reported in The Jordan Times most of them a reaction to rumours about the victims' reputation. For example, on 3 April a thirty-seven-year-old divorced woman and a mother of fourteen children was shot dead by her forty-two-year-old brother in Jarash, a town north of Jordan, because "someone told him that his sister was seeing a man."[xlvii] An autopsy of a teenage girl slain two weeks before by her "outraged" brother in a "crime of honour" revealed that the victim had not been sexually active. Her 15-year old brother caught her with her boyfriend in Swayleh and committed his crime.[xlviii] Most of these killings go unpunished because the Jordanian Penal Code provides a reduced sentence for such crimes (see section 10).
8. Feminine and masculine divides
A killing in defence of honour is an emotional activity governed by certain social rules affecting the mental state of the perpetrator and motivating him to defend the honour of family. This phenomenon prevails in tightly knit social units where social and economic activities are co-ordinated in the group. Within this context the individual has less importance than the community of the extended families. The conduct of the individual reflects on the whole community and any unacceptable behaviour is strictly forbidden. Brothers or fathers; therefore, kill any female members of their family if she does anything to sully their honour, and by this they conform to the social culture of their environment. Statistics show that honour killings are committed mostly by brothers (61.9%), followed by fathers (14.3%), then nephews (10%).[xlix]
The notion of honour is divided along feminine and masculine lines, with different meanings for each gender. Masculinity, on the one hand, in neopatriarchal Arab societies is often praised and exonerated. Popular culture is full of sayings, signals and proverbs, which glorify men, their masculinity and image. "Through ideologies and social constructs, through the lack of civil and criminal remedies and their interpretation, which often fail to give women adequate protection, we find that male violence is frequently, if covertly, legitimated."[l] Men in general, but specifically within Arab-Islamic culture, are considered to be guardians of their female relatives and are given the right to police and chastise them.[li]
Femininity, on the other hand, is socially constructed in such a way to favour "good sweet maids" who conform to appropriate gender models. They must be passive, selfless and "above all sexually pure or chaste."[lii] "In order to make certain of the wife's fidelity and therefore the paternity of the children, she is delivered over unconditionally to the power of the husband; if he kills her, he is only exercising his right."[liii] If women deviate from acceptable gender models and have sex out of wedlock the entire family's honour is threatened. To 'cleanse' his reputation the male usually kills his female relative, for this is where his 'honour' lies.
These ideas and images endure and remain powerful in contemporary Jordanian society mainly among the young, uneducated and those who live in densely populated areas. 72.3% of the perpetrators of violence against women are in the age-group 19-30, 32.4% are either illiterate or received a basic primary education, 46.3% live in traditional heavily populated areas, where housing lacks basic hygienic services and where families generally have little respect for the rule of law. Most of the crimes, however, were in defence of honour. [liv]
9. Reasons behind honour killings
About 40 professionals working in the various fields of criminal justice in Jordan have argued that violence against women is either attributable to the discrimination between the sexes, or to customs, traditions, social values, the physical weakness of women and to alienation from Islam.[lv] The prevailing social values of Jordanian society help normalise violence against women in general, and honour killings in particular. Both men and women believe that an unchaste woman destroys not only her own reputation, but also the name and honour of all her family and tribe. Further, a number of honour killings "are in fact economic crimes, committed against female family members with whom there is a dispute about inheritance."[lvi]
Honour killings are used to cover up incest. "Some of the women murdered in such honour killings had first been raped and impregnated by male family members."[lvii] Kifaya, a 16-year-old veiled woman, one of ten children, was stabbed to death by Khalid, her 32-year-old brother, because she was raped by her younger brother Mahmoud. Khalid received a seven-and-a-half year sentence for the pre-meditated murder, which was reduced to one year. Mahmoud received a sentence of 13 years for the rape and attempted murder of his sister.[lviii]
In many cases, women members of the family are the ones who put pressure on male members to kill other female members who are seen to be unchaste. It took six years for the Ghoul family to hunt down their married daughter Basma, who ran away with a man. Her husband divorced her and she got married to the man she ran away with, but in the town of Rusayfeh the contempt for her family kept spreading. Her family was ostracised, her eight sisters were deemed unmarriageable, and her brothers were mocked in the streets, even by their close relatives who argued that they should kill their sister to cleanse their honour. Her mother went looking for Basma to kill her, but could not find her. Her 16-year-old brother's manhood was questioned, so he finally tracked Basma down and killed her. Her 18-year-old sister said, "Now we can walk with our heads held high."[lix]
"Nobody really wants to kill his wife or daughter or sister", said Muhammad Ajarmeh, chief judge of the High Criminal Court in Jordan, "But sometimes circumstances force him to do this. Sometimes, it's society that forces him to do this, because the people won't forget. Sometimes, there are two victims - the murdered and the murderer."[lx]
10. The Legal Dimension
Although the Jordanian Constitution of 1953, article 6, guarantees the rights of all Jordanian citizens regardless of their gender, it is contradicted by article 340 of the Jordanian Penal Code, which states that "he who discovers his wife or one of his female relatives committing adultery with another, and he kills, wounds or injures one or both of them, is exempt from any penalty."[lxi] The second paragraph of the same article states that "he who discovers his wife, or one of his female ascendants or descendants or sisters with another in an unlawful bed, and he kills, wounds or injures one or both of them, benefits from a reduction of penalty."
Article 98, which is usually used to reduce the sentence, states that "He who commits a crime in a fit of fury caused by an unrightful and dangerous act on the part of the victim benefits from a reduction of penalty."[lxii] Furthermore "some families assign the task of honour killings to a male relative under 18 years of age, knowing that he would be dealt with as a minor by the criminal justice system and thus would receive the reduced penalties applicable to juvenile delinquents."[lxiii]
Significantly in the reverse situation was reversed and a woman finding her husband with another woman has no recourse in law. If she kills her husband she would not benefit from any reduction of penalty and would receive a minimum of three years.
Women and girls who commit adultery, get pregnant out of wedlock or become homeless, are normally threatened by their families for alleged violation of their honour. Article 7 of the Prevention of Crimes Law of 1954 gives the Administrative Governor licence to place the women in the protective custody of prisons or rehabilitation centres for periods ranging from a few months to three years. Although they are referred to as 'administrative detainees', they are kept in women's prisons or rehabilitation centres along with convicted criminals. In 1997 there were 25 female 'administrative detainees' in prisons and rehabilitation centres.[lxiv] In February 1999 the Ministry of Social Development announced that the first women's shelter in Jordan would be opened within a few months with the aim of separating women who are in prison for protective custody from the rest of the inmates. [lxv]
The Jordanian legislative system is based on and borrows from different sources such as German and Ottoman laws. Although a common belief is maintained that article 340 is either related to Islamic Shari'a law or tribal law it can be traced back to the old article 324 of the French Penal Code of 1810. During both the Ottoman rule and the French mandate in Lebanon the laws used were those of the Ottoman Empire. In 1944 the laws were changed, but a number related to family and public conduct remained the same such as article 188 of the Ottoman Penal Code which deal with honour killings. Ironically article 188 was based on article 324 of the French Penal Code of 1810, which states that the husband must be given a reduced sentence in the case of a crime of passion. In 1975 this article and other laws related to adultery were abolished in France.[lxvi]
Laws related to "honour" killings can be found in the Penal Codes of majority Arab countries, which are originally based on the Lebanese Penal Code: Article 562 in Lebanon, article 340 Jordan, article 548 in Syria, article 153 in Kuwait, 237 in Egypt, article 309 in Iraq, article 334 in the United Arab Emirates, article 70 in Bahrain, articles 418-424 in Morocco, article 252 in Oman. As for Saudi Arabia and Qatar they apply the rules of Shari'a (Islamic Law), especially the Hanbali Madhhab (school) which stipulates that the killer of an adulterer cannot be penalised.[lxvii] A number of Arab Codes, such as the Egyptian and Algerian, emphasise passion, while the Jordanian and Syrian codes emphasise honour.[lxviii]
All the above mentioned laws are in direct contradiction to the Universal Declaration of Human Rights and articles 2, 15 and 16 of the Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination Against Women (CEDAW), which entered into force on 3 September, 1981.[lxix] Bangladesh, Egypt, Iraq, Jordan, Morocco, Tunisia and Kuwait all entered reservations to article 16 before signing the Convention.[lxx] The gist of the arguments used by different countries for their expressed reservation is that Islamic Law, which most civil status laws in Arab countries are based on, ensures complementarity not superficial equality between spouses.[lxxi]
1. The position of Islam and Islamists
More than 92% of the 4.7 population of Jordan are Sunni Muslims and about 6% are Christians, who mainly belong to the Greek Orthodox Church.[lxxii] The Islamic religion is strict on what is halal (permitted) and what is haram (prohibited). A system of penalty has been devised for those who commit sins in this life and in the hereafter. Among the crimes forbidden by Islamic Shari'a Law is zina (adultery or sex out of wedlock). Both the Qur'an and the Hadith (the Prophet's sayings and deeds) made clear the penalty for such a crime is 100 'medium' lashes in public for unmarried women (and men) and stoning for married women (and men). What is clearly emphasised in the Qur'an, the Hadith and jurisprudence is the importance of establishing that zina has taken place. The evidence can be gained through repeated confessions, the testimony of four rational adult eye-witnesses, or pregnancy.[lxxiii]
Islamic Law is strict in this matter and zina has to be unequivocally proven for the penalty to be applied. Islam favoured discretion in the case of zina to making it public and carrying out the punishment. Clearly it is almost impossible for four witnesses to witness the intercourse. Therefore, the guardian (whether the father, brother or uncle) was not given the right to kill his female relatives, who are merely suspected of committing zina. The Islamic State has maintained that privilege, never having delegated the right to carry out sentences to particular individuals.[lxxiv]
Islamic law, however, is not followed faithfully whether it is applicable as a family, civil status, or civil law. Although Saudi Arabia and Qatar follow the rules of the Shari'a (Islamic Law), it is not applied consistently. In 1977, a young Saudi Princess was put to death in a public square in Jidah for falling in love with, and wanting to marry a young Lebanese man. Princess Mish'al, who was unmarried, was sentenced to death and beheaded.[lxxv] If Islamic law had been applied Princess Mish'al would have been alive today, after receiving 100 medium lashes in a public square.
A parallel value system seems to exist which is in action not Islamic. Islam abolished the femicide or the burying of young girls in the jahiliyya (pre-Islamic) period. However, the protection of honour now takes priority over Islamic teachings. Societal and political structures conspire to form a parallel value system, which is stronger than the Islamic religion.
The on-going debate concerning article 340 in Jordan in the past few months in the press, the Lower House and Upper House of Parliament, revealed a serious rift between the Islamists, who can be divided into two groups: the first argued for abolishing article 340, which is in direct conflict with the Shari'a, and the second argued for keeping 340 to stop promiscuity. "The Islamic movement basically rejects the changes [ to 340] . . . arguing that it will lead to moral disintegration in society and [abolishing it] will get rid of major social deterrents to relationships between young men and women."[lxxvi]
The Jordanian government came under fire from the Lower House when the majority of deputies rejected a draft bill aimed at overturning article 340. The majority Members of Parliament perceived the bill as an attempt to legalise obscenity and encourage women to act immorally. The Minister of 'Awqaf and Islamic Affairs, 'Abdul Salam al-'Abbadi, agreed with the draft which described killing unmarried women as unIslamic. "The Shari'a is clear that they should be given 80 lashes," he said. Another Islamist argued in the press for abolishing article 340 and handing over the matter to the state.[lxxvii]
On the other hand, other Islamists also voiced their objection to abolishing article 340. Sheikh 'Abdul Baqi Jammu, an Islamist senator, spoke against giving women the right to kill their husbands if they found them with another woman. "Whether we like it or not women are not equal to men in several aspects in Islam . . . female adulterers are worse than male adulterers because they determine the family ancestry and if they bear children [out of wedlock] then the right to inheritance would be lost."[lxxviii] Further, on 17 February, 1999, the scholars committee of the Islamic Action Front in Jordan issued a fatwa against the cancellation of article 340. It stated that "omitting item 340 of the punishment law is a violation of the Islamic Sharia and this might help encourage adultery."[lxxix]
12. Honour and tribal law
A number of tribal sheikhs echoed the arguments of the Islamists, considering the amendments "harmful" to Jordanian society and in contradiction to social values and norms.[lxxx] Within urban centres the honour of the individual is related to that of the family, but in rural areas the honour of the individual has wider connotations and is related to that of the family, clan, community and tribe. Tribal law or 'urf, however, considers honour as something that does not belong to one individual, but to the whole community. This honour of the females (and males) of the tribe has to be safe-guarded through the following measures: the protection and defence of the honour of all members, both male and female, and the imposition of serious penalty on those who threaten the honour of the tribe and all its members.[lxxxi]
Tribal law stipulates the killing of the male rapist or one of his relatives and the pillaging of his tribe's dwellings and property. The tribe might seek the advice of an established tribal judge, who usually imposes a high financial fine on the rapist's tribe. If the woman consents to sexual intercourse, then her tribe must kill her, but the perpetrator must also be killed by his tribe. Thus the penalty imposed on consensual sex is equal for males and females according to tribal 'urf .[lxxxii]
Honour and National Identity
The protection of 'ird or women's honour was perceived as the last resort against Western influence and modernisation during the British Mandate in Palestine and Jordan. "The involvement of an ulama to enforce the shari'a in defence of girls in distress or to rule against their self-appointed judges is rare."[lxxxiii] The ulama's silence was perceived to be an act of defiance against British colonialism. The ulama's prioritised resistance of colonialism over applying Islamic Law. These sentiments, which have survived the test of time, often come to the surface.
Some within the Jordanian society argued that the National Jordanian Campaign to Eliminate so Called 'Crimes of Honour' is instigated by western countries, like Holland, for example, who tied economic aid to Jordan with steps taken by the government to activate women's rights.[lxxxiv] "The most important question is why the West and the western media are launching holy campaigns to defend the oppressed outside their own countries?"[lxxxv]
In a discussion of rape and obscenity laws in the Lower House members argued that the number of such crimes in Jordanian society has risen. Adding that the legislative system is influenced by imported foreign laws and principles based on promiscuity and individual freedom. This influence will lead to chaos in sexual relationships and to the spread of sin and immorality.[lxxxvi]
When the Senate returned article 340, which gives leniency to perpetrators of honour crimes, in a draft amendment to its Legal Affairs Committee to reconsider the phrasing, the majority of senators were in favour of cancelling the article altogether. In 26 January, 2000, however, the Lower House rejected for the second time in two months the government's proposal suggesting the cancellation of article 340. "There is a unanimous acceptance by the deputies to reject this draft bill." The draft bill, which was discussed by the Lower House in November, 1999, faced stiff opposition by the deputies, who accused the government of "succumbing to the West, legalising obscenity and harming society and women's morals."[lxxxvii]
A violence or rape-prone society is one in which "sexual assault by men of women is either culturally allowable or, largely, overlooked."[lxxxviii] There are many types of violence against women in Jordan that go unchecked such as domestic violence. Most women withdraw their charges against their male relatives just before the case goes to court, afraid to be deprived of housing, custody and/or financial support. This failure works as an incitement to the killing of women for alleged sexual transgressions. Thus violence against women is normalised leading to the normalisation of femicide for the family's honour.
The notion of honour is divided along feminine and masculine lines, with different meanings for each gender. "There is growing evidence and recognition that gender-based violence as a social problem exists in Jordan. According to sociologists, this is a product of a broader trend of male resistance to changing patterns of social behaviour."[lxxxix] The changing role of women destablises societal structures within the private and public spaces. This unleashes periodic private violence as a response to the "emergent sexual types and practices."[xc] Honour killings are clear evidence that the role of men and women in Jordanian society are changing rapidly, and that traditional patriarchy, whether Islamic, nationalist or tribal, is resisting this change.
Traditional patriarchy does not only include those with Islamic or tribal affiliations it also includes the so called 'secular' nationalist elite. The post-colonial Arab elite, seeking to produce a new woman, who is not supposed to resemble her mother, but also must not be anything like a Western woman.[xci] Women's honour became a symbol of national 'purity' and identity. Therefore, resisting globalisation or the New World Order has become synonymous with preserving women's honour. Dr Abdul Latif Arabiyyat, the head of the Islamic Action Front, argued that the debate about honour killings in Jordan is instigated by western countries who are trying to superimpose their values and norms on Jordanian society.[xcii] Many Islamists, as well as 'progressive' socialists, pan-Arabists and tribal sheikhs are united on this issue perceiving it to be a symptom of 'westoxication' or western hegemony. Lama Abu-Odeh ends her contribution to Feminism and Islam with the following question, "What is the meaning of gender when the traditional, nationalist and fundamentalist texts intersect?"[xciii] The debate around article 340 proves that this intersection as Islamism and tribalism have adapted Arab nationalism to its discourse, contributing to the subordination of women.[xciv]
The issue of violence against Jordanian women, which occurs within the domestic sphere, is perceived to be both private and unimportant. Although journalists, women's groups and private lobbies, such as the National Jordanian Campaign Committee,[xcv] headed by pharmacist Basil Burqan, are pressing for the abolition of article 340 along with other related articles, many sections of society believe that the matter should be kept private. Domestic violence, grievous bodily harm and intrafamily femicide, however, are interconnected. Honour killings are an extreme form of domestic violence and if the latter is 'crimed down' the former is provoked.[xcvi]
Although many international laws and covenant were signed by the Jordanian government, most, especially those related to women's status, have not been ratified by parliament or published in the Official Gazette. "These agreements do not have any legal binding power and are not part of the current legal justice system. These international laws cannot be used directly in courts."[xcvii] As a result of lack of dissemination of information the majority of Jordanian citizens, including women, are ignorant of laws related to their personal status and of international agreements signed by their government.
Neither the Shari'a Law, family laws based on the Shari'a or civil status laws are systematically or consistently applied by most Arab countries. The legal process, which is influenced by social norms and values, is selective in its treatment of women. Women seem to be the victims of the selectivity of the socio-legal process. The male-dominated state structure, magistracy and judiciary apply a two-tier system and their decisions are strongly influenced by those in power, public opinion, social norms, and religious values. "There is also the issue of the legal justice system and the calibre of the judges. It is clear that this system is influenced by political power structures in society."[xcviii] An on going debate continues in the Arab world on the 'independence' and 'integrity' of the legal justice system. An independent judiciary is considered as one of the measures for creating a truly democratic state in which the rights of each citizen are respected by public and private institutions.[xcix]
The endorsement of article 340 as it stands by Islamists or those with tribal affiliations is not in harmony with either Islamic or tribal law. Tribal sheikhs, Islamic leaders and Members of Parliament, who rejected the draft law overturning article 340, do not want to offend the traditionalist element among their electorate. This 'ambiguity' aims to capture the consensus of wider social and political groups. This vagueness which aims to ensure re-election, might itself lead to loss of seats in future elections. In a country characterised by political apathy in only few months the National Jordanian Campaign collected over 15,000 signatures calling for the abolition of article 340, and on 6 February, 2000 five thousand Jordanians, including members of the royal family, marched against honour killings.[c] It is evident, therefore, that honour killings have become a yardstick against which to measure how traditional or modernist future candidates are.
The application of double standards due to a variety of historical, sociological, and political reasons is widespread in Arab societies in general, and Jordanian society in particular. In Arab societies punishment is normally feared and applying internal moral checks is less common. The Arab male applies in his behaviour and judgement "a moral system, which is directed towards the outside, where concepts of punishment and conventional rules are stronger than morals and internal values."[ci] The important factor is the 'respect' the individual is accorded by the group, rather than how true he/she is to his/her own values and beliefs. Therefore, the debate on article 340, which exposes the double standards of many Members of Parliament, journalists and public figures, who are not being true to their own beliefs will remain inconclusive.
Honour killings should be considered within a context of a neopatriarchal, tribal, and traditional society, based on the subordination of the poor, the working class and the weak. Honour killings are a symptom of a larger malady within Jordanian society namely the absence of participatory democracy and the unequivocal respect for human rights. "A significant part of women's problems will be solved by true democratisation."[cii] Within Jordanian society "the illusion of well-being and advancement that clouds the understanding of the status of women prevails as to the standing of democracy and human rights."[ciii] Under what Laurie Brand describes as 'managed liberalisation' there is serious confusion over not only the position of women in society, but also issues related to civil rights and civil society. The civil rights of Jordanian citizens (both men and women) depend on their status, class, tribal affiliations and proximity to the regime. This discriminatory culture effects all citizens especially women, children and ethnic and religious minorities. This debate cannot even begin if it were limited or confined to issues related to women's position in society, but has to examine wider issues related to social justice for all, democracy and respect for human rights of all citizens. If equality before the law, civil rights, human rights of all citizens regardless of their gender, class or race are safeguarded women, children, minorities and the disadvantaged will benefit by extension.
There is a need to carry out a comparative study of pre-Islamic and contemporary Muslim societies. During the pre-Islamic period Arab society was patrilineal, feudal and Bedouin, where the highest authority was the father or male members of the family. At the time, when slavery was rife, women were perceived to be the property of their family or tribe with the potential of bringing disgrace to her kinsmen.[civ] Significantly, therefore, "the Bedouins before Islam practised female infanticide as a safeguard against a girl's future misbehaviour or kidnap."[cv] Later, the Islamic religion attempted to regulate sexual relationships and transgressions: prostitution, zina and female infanticide were prohibited, and sex out of wedlock and adultery were penalised. Despite the attempted changes the pre-Islamic code of honour survived, creating a powerful value system parallel to Islam and the newer political ideologies. That value system is what decides the fate of women in the Arab world today if they are perceived to have violated the code of conduct of the family, community or tribe.
August, 2000


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Group Info
A way of bringing parents and people who have autism together
We are young parents with a child who is on the Autism Spectrum. When we first learned that our son was on the spectrum, we quickly found that there were few, if not any, autism spectrum support groups in the area. We are posting this post to gather requests for a support group.
Autism Spectrum Disorder can be very isolating. Our mission is to put an end to silent suffering for parents, individuals, and anyone who is affected by the stigma and daily difficulties, etc of having or caring for someone with the disorder in the Brattleboro area.
Please let us know if you are interested in joining a support group or just interested in communicating with others about this disorder!
Any and all questions or comments are welcome! Our personal email is (email@example.com)
OOOOOPS!!!!!!! THE ORIGINAL EMAIL WAS INCORRECT - FIXED THE EMAIL ADDRESS PLEASE TRY TO EMAIL US AGAIN AT firstname.lastname@example.com
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I was hoping people could list some of their most trusted resoures for good information about Autism or Aspergers.
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Regular screening tests can find breast cancer early.
Breast cancer is the most common cancer among women in the United States except for skin cancer. The goal of preventative screening exams for early detection is to find cancers before they begin to cause symptoms, when treatments are most successful. Once breast cancer has formed, it can quickly spread to other areas of the body.
Mammograms: Just Do It
Although thousands of lives are saved each year due to mammograms and other screening tests, many women forgo their mammograms for a variety of reasons. "I'm too busy" is one common excuse, but here are five reasons why you should schedule your mammogram despite your hectic calendar. It could save your life!
- One out of every eight women will develop breast cancer in her lifetime.
- Mammograms can find breast cancer early, when it is most treatable. Earlier detection means more treatment options and better breast cancer survival chances.
- Technological advances mean that today's mammograms are more reliable than mammograms from even a few years ago.
- A screening mammogram usually takes just 20 to 30 minutes to perform.
- If you have noticed a lump or other change in your breast, getting a mammogram can help ease your anxiety. Breast lumps that are benign, or non-cancerous, are fairly common.
Women who are at average risk of developing breast cancer are generally advised to begin getting mammograms every year at age 40. Medical Center Arlington offers breast imaging services in a recently-renovated, state-of-the-art mammography suite. We are also pleased to offer $80 screening mammograms to patients who qualify. Visit us online or call (817) 472-4857 for more information or to schedule your appointment. For a physician referral, please call 1-855-868-6262.
Related Posts:
What You Didn't Know About Your Mammogram


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|Opportunity knocks, Lady Pirates respond
|Written by STEVE OSTERMANN
|Wednesday, 12 December 2012 20:39
Third-quarter rally helps Port girls take control in NSC win over Homestead
Opportunity knocked, and the Port Washington girls' basketball team answered.
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text: Home > Experts > Question Question Posted by: | 0001/01/01 Not what you were looking for? Try searching again, or ask your own question Have your say Your name (optional) Your comment Security × Thanks for commenting! Your comment will appear on the site shortly. Search health advice Find an answer × Thanks for commenting! Your comment will appear on the site shortly. Reply to Your name (optional) Your comment Security Close Submit comment Recently: Asked Questions Answered Questions Commented Questions Am I allergic to preservatives? Best formula for breastfed baby? Mourning Pacemaker Missed period Vi Syneral drops Best formula for breastfed baby? what can i drink before running so that i dont block Breathless all the time Athsma and Joging Hi im on depo for one month now and have gained 7kg despite of the fact that im using herbex slimming products.What can I di to stop the weight gain? Crazy fantasy Does my husband have an affair with another man? Cant have intercourse HIV+ but not on treatment advertisement From our sponsors Managing diabetes in the workplace Back-to-school with diabetes Discover treatments that can help reduce acne What can I do to reduce or remove acne marks?


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Staff get on their bikes for charity
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Computer scientist and mathematician Professor Mike Thelwall has been named the number one expert in the field of 'informetrics'. This is the science of measuring information to assess the importance of a set of documents, and Mike specialises in the newest area – measuring the value of web pages.
Mike, a Professor of Information Science at the
School of Computing and Information Technology
, was ranked number one in a list of top publishing authors in the international Journal of Informetrics. Two of his colleagues were also included in the list - Dr David Wilkinson was ranked joint 18th and Dr Gareth Harries was listed at joint 21st.
Mike is Head of the University's Cybermetrics Research Group, which measures the value of online research information to help make sure that researchers are communicating with each other properly. The group is currently researching how jokes spread online around the world to see if there are differences in the sense of humour of different nations and cultures.
Mike, 43, of Penn, Wolverhampton, said: "It is wonderful to be at the top of a list of researchers in my area - I've been in previous similar lists before but this is the first time as number one. It is especially satisfying recognition for the School of Computing and IT and the University of Wolverhampton as a place that produces research of the very best international standards."
Last year, Professor Thelwall was named third most influential British researcher of all time in information science and librarianship, in the influential Journal of the American Society for Information Science and Technology.
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What little we know about the efficacy of the 12 Steps, the system at the heart of Alcoholics Anonymous, comes from a lengthy study called Project MATCH. As I mention in my Wired piece, Project MATCH confirmed that the Steps perform as well as other therapies when applied in a clinical setting—though, as critics like to point out, no alcoholism treatment produces especially laudable results.
One of the most provocative papers to make use of Project MATCH's data is "Are Alcoholism Treatments Effective?", which argues that clinical approaches may actually be no better than leaving heavy drinkers to their own devices. The authors' two most striking assertions are depicted in the chart above. First, they contend that subjects who had a single therapy session actually fared worse than those who had no treatment at all. And more importantly, they ask whether treatment need be any longer than a few days, an argument I summarized in an early draft of the Wired article:
The Project MATCH data also gave credence to an increasingly popular concept in addiction medicine: the usefulness of brief treatment. According to an analysis of the study conducted at the University of Miami School of Medicine, subjects derived virtually all of a therapy's benefits during their first week of counseling. "There is not a lot of evidence in the alcohol field that longer is better," says William R. Miller, an emeritus professor at the University of New Mexico's Center on Alcoholism, Substance Abuse and Addiction (CASAA). A simple statement of concern by a doctor, followed by a handful of therapy sessions, may actually be as effective as a lifetime's worth of AA meetings.
Re-reading this discard a few months after the fact, I now realize that the last line needs a disclaimer appended to the end—"…for some people." And that was the big challenge in tackling this piece: Just as there are many paths to becoming hooked on booze, there are many paths to recovery. What we need to figure out is a better way of determining who will benefit from what kind of treatment—and, by extension, who doesn't need treatment at all. I don't think we're particularly close to making that happen, alas.
Update As a commenter on an early post just pointed out, the Wired piece got picked up by The New York Times' David Brooks. Here's his take.


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Melody Music Shop
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The LTD MH Series takes the carved-top body and neck feel of the ESP Horizon, and combines it with the edgy in-line headstock of the M Series.
For over 25 years, Stephen Carpenter of Deftones has been credited for exploring his own textures with the guitar, and, in the process, becoming one of the foundations of the alternative metal musical genre.
Lead guitarist in Tennesse death core giants WhiteChapel, Ben Savage makes full use of his signature 7-string guitar.
Baritone guitars are coveted in the metal and progressive music world for their longer 27" scale, and the resulting ability to handle down-pitched tunings.
Extend your range in a big way with the LTD H-408B FM! 8-string guitars are the new way of taking your music to extremes.
Zach Householder's LTD Signature Series ZH EC-7B is a powerful and unique guitar that's appropriate for this Whitechapel guitarist.
When you choose an LTD V Series guitar, there's no doubt: you're ready to rock.
Guitarist and songwriter of Tennessee deathcore giants Whitechapel, Alex Wade is known for his massive tone and high-energy performances.
Stephen Carpenter is the guitarist in California alt-metal gurus Deftones. From 6- to 7- to 8-string guitars, Stephen has never been afraid to push the limits of what a guitar is meant to sound like.
A 7-string baritone V? What are you waiting for; this is the metal guitar you've always dreamed of, with excellent LTD value!


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Set in the beautiful County Meath countryside, Bellinter House stands on the banks of the River Boyne. It offers luxurious rooms, a bathhouse spa and the Eden Restaurant. Individually designed bed... read more
Other boutique hotels near Navan
Owned by Bono and The Edge of U2, The Clarence boasts sumptuous rooms with super king-size, wrought-iron beds and velvet drapes. On the River Liffey, the hotel is situated right in Dublin's centre.... read more
Immerse yourself in The Morgan Hotel in Dublin City Centre. The Luxury Morgan Hotel is located in the very heart of Temple Bar. Risqué design that is provocative, contemporary and unique holds ... read more
Brooks is a 4-star designer boutique hotel in Dublin city centre, 5 minutes' walk from Grafton Street, St Stephen's Green and Trinity College. The beautiful rooms feature en suite bathrooms. Franc... read more
The luxurious 5-star Westbury Hotel has spacious and sumptuously furnished bedrooms with en suite bathrooms. On Dublin's Grafton Street, the Westbury has fantastic restaurants, a bar and a fitness ... read more
In central Dublin, The 5-star Fitzwilliam Hotel offers luxurious accommodation. Guests can enjoy the restaurant and bar There is a gym, and the hotel's interior design is by Sir Terence Conran. Ro... read more
The Dawson Hotel & Spa is set in Dublin's city centre, a short distance from St. Stephen's Green and Grafton Street, where guests will find the city's main shopping district. With an elegant decor... read more
Stunning, chic decor and spacious rooms with Italian marble bathrooms are offered at this 5-star boutique hotel. Dylan is located just a 10-minute walk from the RDS and the Aviva Stadium. With Bos... read more
The boutique hotel offers luxury accommodation and is close to the RDS, the National Concert Hall and fine restaurants. The property offers informal bistro dining and 24 beautifully styled guest b... read more
The boutique Beacon hotel featuring stylish bedrooms with bathrooms designed by Philippe Starck. In Sandyford, just off the M50, the Beacon Hotel has a My Thai Restaurant. Huge bedrooms feature de... read more
Boutique-hotels. And great places nearby
We help you find the best boutique hotels in Navan. We guide you to cool design hotels, hip and trendy hotels and small five-star luxury hotels. These hotels might often be so unique and romantic that you do not want to leave your room. But still - you should! Therefore, we also help hotels guide you to the greatest places nearby - be it coffeeshops, restaurants or museums.Here are some recommended places nearby boutique-hotels in Navan:


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My grandfather is getting old. He's 95, cute and still very funny. He still has a girlfriend. She is quite the spring chicken, 80 something years old. I have always been really close with him and I remember him sitting with my grandmother at the table making Pelmeni.
Pilmeni is a Siberian ravioli, usually filled with ground meat. My grandparents would talk about money, business or whatever came to mind while folding dumplings one a time. It was their relationship time and I watched them in a trance as they communicated while investing all their love in the process of cooking. When my grandmother got sick, she told him how to cook her recipes. She would sit in her chair and yell out the recipe to him. I am not sure if my grandfather enjoyed
taking her orders but he basked in the last precious moments they had together.
Thursday, I attended a Russian cooking class at Cook's World.
The teacher had a sweet warm smile and told us stories about her life on a farm. She let us into her world, sharing all the stories of her heritage.
We made Seledka Pod Shuboy , herring under a coat, a salad with layers of cooked vegetables such as beets, potatoes and carrots and a creamy sauce that covered the herring.
We made Okroshka a cold soup, made with vegetables, smoked sausage, eggs and a homemade soup base.
We made Yagodniy, a dessert made of homemade cottage cheese, berries and Russian rye bread.
The highlight of the class was the Pelmeni. I would take the whole class over again just to learn how to make these. As the teacher made these, memories unfolded, it was like watching a video through her eyes of the way things used to be in her household. We all joined in to fold are Pelmenis, assembly line style.
We varied in age and in culture but here we all worked together. One person rolled the dough, one person folded and one person examined the Pelmenis to make sure that each dumpling was firmly sealed and the edges were crimped so that they would not fall apart in the boiling water.
We talked about our roots and shared our personal stories of the grandmothers or mothers in our life.
I pictured my grandchildren doing the same thing. What would they say was their own? The Asian spring rolls, the Italian Pasta, the French sauces or the 30 minute meals that I whip up. Times have changed, we have access to so many cultures. We can eat foods from all over the world in one day. The choices keep us from making the same recipe again and again. Are we losing our grip on the beauty of simplicity?
Homemade cottage cheese
A berry Dessert


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- Details
- Written by Angela Pallatto Hockabout Angela Pallatto Hockabout
- Category: Fried Gold Fried Gold
- Published: 19 October 2010 19 October 2010
There's been a lot of talk about these $500 crocheted socks by Rodarte. Knitters are beside themselves, thinking "how can I get my friends and family to pay ME $500 for hand knitted socks?"
The NY Post has it, as well as Jezebel.
What would you buy for $500? Let me know in the comments. (You may have to log in if you've previously commented)
Thanks Susan for the heads up!


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Anabelle's Guest House
At Anabelle's Guest House you will find Clean rooms, welcoming atmosphere, two minutes walking from the city centre: we are the ideal location for people looking for a cheap accommodation with all the facilities and the attraction of the city of Bath in a walking distance.
At Anabelle's Guest House you will find Clean rooms, welcoming atmosphere, two minutes walking from the city centre: we are the ideal location for people looking for a cheap accommodation with all the facilities and the attraction of the city of Bath in a walking distance.
Our guest house at only three minutes' walk from main attractions like the Roman Baths, The Pump Room, The Abbey, The New Thermal Spa and 1 minute from the bus and railway stations.
We offer both ensuite and standard rooms. Wi-fi available and free of charge.
All rooms have colour TV, Radio, Alarm clock, Hair dryer and Tea/Coffee making facilities.
A rich self service Continental breakfast(Orange juice, Tea, Coffee, Cereals, Organic milk, Toasts,free range eggs, ham, cheese, fresh fruit, muffins, pancakes, warm croissants) is included and served in our dining room.
Verfügbarkeit & PreiseWähle bitte die Termine aus und klicke auf "Daten aktualisieren", um die Verfügbarkeit zu sehen
B & B Ausstattungen & Richtlinien
- Frühstück inbegriffen
- Kinderbetten verfügbar:
- Zahlung per Kreditkarte möglich
- Kostenloses WLAN
- Haartrockner
- Reinigung
- Internet-Zugang
- Kein Rezeptionsschluss
- Nichtraucher
- Steuern enthalten
- Möglichkeit der Tee- und Kaffeezubereitung
- Handtücher im Preis inbegriffen
ReiserücktrittsversicherungDiese Unterkunft hat eine 3 Tage Stornierungsfrist. Ergeht innerhalb dieser Zeit keine Stornierung, wird eine Stornogebühr in Höhe der ersten Nacht des Aufenthalts in Rechnung gestellt.
AnfahrtKarte anzeigenKarte verbergen
We are 2 minutes walk from the Bath Spa train station and main bus station, on the way to the city centre.
From the bus station
Walk to the train station (only 1 min) and turn left: Anabelle's is situated at 2 min walk. That's really easy!
From the train station
Keep walking straingt, in front of you for only 2 min and you'll see Anabelle on the left side.
From Bristol Airport to Anabelle or from Anabelle to Bristol Airport in Taxi at only £30 and at any time and any day!
From the M4 Motorway Junction 18
Take the A46 signposted Bath.
After 8 miles the road becomes a dual carriageway – stay in the nearside lane. Take the first major exit signposted Bath.
Go around the roundabout (turning RIGHT) onto the London Road (A4) into Bath. Once you have passed the turning (on the LEFT) at the traffic lights to the Morrisons superstore, stay in the LEFT lane and turn LEFT at the major junction with traffic lights - keep following the signs for the Railway Station and Sports Centre.
At the first road junction with traffic lights turn RIGHT
Now follow 'All Directions'
From Warminster South
Follow the Warminster Road into Bath until you reach the first roundabout. At the traffic lights at the bottom of the hill turn LEFT.
Now follow 'All Directions'
All Directions:
At the second round about go straight ahead. As you approach the next set of traffic lights, under the railway bridge, position yourself in the outside lane in order to turn RIGHT into North Parade. Turn LEFT at the traffic lights at the end of the street and Anabelle's Guest House is just past Comet on the right.


text: U.S. Army Corps of Engineers Army Corps of Engineers says it can't speed cleanup of West Lake Landfill By Eli Chen • Jun 7, 2016 File photo | Véronique LaCapra | St. Louis Public Radio Transferring authority for the West Lake Landfill in Bridgeton to the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers will not speed up removal of radioactive waste from the site, a corps official told federal lawmakers recently. Army Corps to Coldwater Creek residents: One park clean, more work to come By Stephanie Lecci • Feb 17, 2016 Paul A. Huddleston A north St. Louis County park is now clean of radioactive material from the nearby contaminated Coldwater Creek, now that remediation by the Army Corps of Engineers is complete. Waterways Council: President's budget request 'disappointing' By Maria Altman • Feb 12, 2016 Maria Altman | St. Louis Public Radio A barge and transportation industry group is sharply criticizing the president's budget request for river infrastructure and upkeep. Waterways Council Inc. called President Barack Obama's fiscal year 2017 budget request for the U.S. Army Corps the "most disappointing to date." The budget proposes $4.6 billion for the Corps' civil works program, nearly 30 percent less than the current appropriation by Congress. Mississippi set to crest at St. Louis Friday as wave of high water rolls through area rivers By Tim Lloyd & Jason Rosenbaum • Dec 30, 2015 Carolina Hidalgo | St. Louis Public Radio Updated at 9:57 a.m. - More than a dozen people have died as a result of historic flooding throughout Missouri. And the state isn't out of the woods just yet. In a briefing with local officials in Franklin County, Gov. Jay Nixon said that 14 people have died as a result of flooding. Most of the deaths occurred after people tried to drive through floodwater. "If we could say anything over and over and over – it's don't drive into water," Nixon said. Corps of Engineers Shares Historic Flood of '27 Photos Online By Mary Delach Leonard • Feb 10, 2015 Photograph courtesy U.S. Army Corps of Engineers / St. Louis District Two years after the Great Flood of 1927 devastated the lower Mississippi River Valley, blues singers Kansas Joe McCoy and Lizzie "Memphis Minnie" Douglas shared the pain in their classic "When The Levee Breaks:" If it keeps on rainin', levee's goin' to break If it keeps on rainin', levee's goin' to break And the water gonna come in, have no place to stay ... Rising Water Slows Mississippi River Navigation By Wayne Pratt • Jul 8, 2014 Camille Phillips/St. Louis Public Radio Flooding along the upper Mississippi River is affecting navigation, according to the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers. "High river levels have forced us to close two of our locks and dams. Lock and Dam 24 and 25 are both closed right now," said Mike Peterson, chief of public affairs. "But there's not a lot of river navigation going on along the upper river right now because upstream of us there is a whole lot of closed locks and dams." Flood crests on the Mississippi are expected over the next week, but Peterson is not expecting much higher levels. Mississippi River Is Ranked Third Most Endangered In The Country By Nora Ibrahim • Apr 9, 2014 (Flickr/The U.S. Army Corps of Engineers) The Mississippi River, one of the hallmarks of American landscape, is no longer the expansive, grand river it once was. Decades of constructing levees, dams and other systems for managing floods have whittled it down to a series of pools, dramatically altering its ecosystem. EPA To Contract With Army Corps To Build Fire Break At Bridgeton Landfill By Véronique LaCapra • Mar 21, 2014 Sarah Skiold-Hanlin, St. Louis Public Radio The U.S. Environmental Protection Agency says it is contracting with the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers to build a fire break to keep an underground fire from reaching radioactive waste at the landfill complex in Bridgeton. McCaskill Touts Bipartisan Effort To Tackle Landfill, Fix Roads And Bridges By Jo Mannies • Mar 17, 2014 Nora Ibrahim/St. Louis Public Radio The Environmental Protection Agency and the Army Corps of Engineers are talking about what's best for the Bridgeton landfill and the World War II-era radioactive material stored at the neighboring West Lake landfill. So says U.S. Sen. Claire McCaskill, D-Mo., who was among four Missouri members of Congress – two Republicans and two Democrats – who cosigned a recent letter asking the EPA to work with the Corps, which previously dealt with similar radioactive sites elsewhere in the St. Louis area. Trumpeter Swans Flock In Record Numbers To St. Louis-Area Bird Sanctuary By Véronique LaCapra • Jan 23, 2014 Véronique LaCapra, St. Louis Public Radio & The Beacon Every winter, hundreds of trumpeter swans migrate from their breeding grounds in Wisconsin to the Riverlands Migratory Bird Sanctuary, just across the Mississippi River from Alton. This year there are about 900 of them, a record for our area. On a recent cold, blustery St. Louis morning, I got up well before dawn to drive the 20 miles north to the sanctuary and record this audio postcard. Corps Pushes To Finish Levee Fixes By Maria Altman • Dec 11, 2013 (Véronique LaCapra/St. Louis Public Radio) Upgrading the Metro East's aging levees is finally on Washington's radar, according to officials with the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers. Yet they warn that the push for more federal funding must continue if the Corps hopes to bring the levees back to 500 year flood protection standards by 2021. That's the Corps' latest projection for completing the work. Corps To Discuss Metro East Levee Upgrades By Maria Altman • Nov 13, 2013 (Véronique LaCapra/St. Louis Public Radio) The U.S. Army Corps of Engineers is holding open houses Wednesday and Thursday evenings to discuss federal levee projects in the Metro East. The Corps says it's spent $134 million in federal money for upgrading the levees and more projects are underway. Yet some in the Metro East worry the Corps may not move fast enough. Flooding Forces Evacuation In West Alton, Communities Fight Rising Waters Across The Region By Rachel Lippmann, Marshall Griffin, Tim Lloyd & Kelsey Proud • Jun 3, 2013 (Chris McDaniel/St. Louis Public Radio) Developing Story, will be updated Updated at 10:35 a.m. Thursday, June 6: MSD says the Mississippi River has dropped enough to turn the pumps back on at Watkins Creek, ending the discharge of untreated wastewater into the river. The agency is asking that residents continue to avoid floodwaters in the area of the station, which is in the 11000 block of Riverview in Spanish Lake. Updated at 2:30 p.m. with information from MSD: Durbin, Kirk push for public-private partnerships in big river projects By Robert Koenig • Mar 14, 2013 This article first appeared in the St. Louis Beacon: WASHINGTON – With federal funds shrinking but river commerce rising, Illinois lawmakers want to jump-start major infrastructure projects – such as rebuilding key locks and dams on the Mississippi River – by allowing public-private partnerships. Report: 2011 Flood "Exposed Vulnerabilities" On Mississippi River By Bill Raack & The Associated Press • Feb 25, 2013 The U.S. Army Corps of Engineers says the near-historic Mississippi River flood of 2011 caused $2.8 billion in damage and tested the system of levees, reservoirs and floodways like no other flood before it. Army Corps Tamps Down Barge Worries On Mississippi By The Associated Press & Rachel Lippmann • Jan 4, 2013 UPI/Bill Greenblatt Updated at 2:20 pm with comments from Gov. Jay Nixon. Federal officials say they're confident that they'll be able to keep a crucial stretch of the drought-starved Mississippi River open to barge traffic and avoid a shipping shutdown that the industry fears is imminent. Mississippi Levels Drop, Barge Traffic Could Halt Mid-January By The Associated Press & Adam Allington • Dec 28, 2012 via Flickr/TeamSaintLouis (Army Corps of Engineers) Updated 3:13 p.m. Dec. 28 The Mississippi River's water level is dropping again and barge industry trade groups warn that river commerce could essentially come to a halt by mid-January. The U.S. Army Corps of Engineers reports ice on the northern section of the Mississippi is reducing flow more than expected. Despite that fact, the Coast Guard remains confident that the nation's largest waterway will remain open. Illinois Leaders Meet In Alton To Discuss Mississippi Drought By Adam Allington • Dec 17, 2012 Adam Allington / St. Louis Public Radio Illinois politicians and business leaders met in Alton on Monday to discuss ongoing efforts to keep shipping open on the drought-stricken Mississippi River. The meeting coincides with work by the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers to remove rock formations from the riverbed just south of Cape Girardeau. Illinois Senator Dick Durbin called the drought situation "a historic challenge," saying that additional measures may have to be taken to keep commerce functioning. Army Corps Moving Forward With Plans To Reduce Flow On Missouri River By Adam Allington • Nov 16, 2012 Adam Allington / St. Louis Public Radio Businesses that work and ship on the Mississippi River are seeking a presidential declaration keep water flowing out of reservoirs on the Missouri River. The U.S. Army Corps of Engineers closes dams in South Dakota at this time every year to store water to maintain levels later in the spring and summer. The Missouri River accounts for roughly 60 percent of the water flowing by St. Louis. In a drought-year like this year, George Foster of St. Louis' J.B. Marine says reducing river levels would risk closing the shipping channel. Study Examines Missouri River After Last Year's Flooding By The Associated Press • Oct 16, 2012 (Via Flickr/USACEPublicAffairs/Photo by Maj. Gen. David Sprynczynatyk) A Corps of Engineers study says more research and monitoring are needed to reduce the likelihood of damage along the Missouri River in future floods. The study released Monday focuses on remaining vulnerabilities after the Missouri River rose to record levels last year. The flooding began after the corps released massive amounts of water from upstream reservoirs filled by melting snow and heavy rain. Most repairs to damaged levees in Nebraska, Iowa and Missouri are expected to be finished before next spring. Work on the river's dams expected to take longer. Corps Sued Over Access To Information About Metro East Levee Repair Project By Véronique LaCapra • Oct 4, 2012 (Véronique LaCapra/St. Louis Public Radio) A Metro East environmental advocacy group is suing the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers over access to information about the Southwestern Illinois levees and plans to repair them. In the suit filed today in the U.S. District Court for the Eastern District of Missouri, the American Bottom Conservancy (ABC) said the Corps had repeatedly failed to respond to federal Freedom of Information Act (FOIA) requests. The suit is seeking an injunction from the court to compel the Corps to comply with the Act. Army Corps says low river levels not going away any time soon By The Associated Press & Adam Allington • Aug 17, 2012 Officials with the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers were in Alton Friday as part of their annual low-water inspection. The Corps has stepped up emergency scouring and dredging operations in response to the unprecedented low water levels in the Mississippi River Basin. Marty Hettle works for the barge operator, AEP. He says the river forecast is not expected to trend upward any time soon. Rebuilt Birds Point levee to reach original height by end of year By KRCU • Jul 24, 2012 Jacob McCleland of KRCU reported for this story. The Army Corps of Engineers will restore the Birds Point-New Madrid levee to its original height by the end of the year. The Mississippi River Commission made the decision last week, according to Army Corps spokesperson Jim Pogue. "Our level of confidence in our ability to finish this work this year is real high," Pogue said. "We've had good weather, good river stages and assuming that the contractor continues to make good progress and our other work in the confluence area goes well, we'll be right on track." Farmers and environmentalists at odds over plans to dump sediment into Missouri River By Marshall Griffin • Jun 11, 2012 Marshall Griffin/St. Louis Public Radio Farmers and environmentalists faced off at a hearing today in Jefferson City over a water project on the Missouri River west of Boonville. The U.S. Army Corps of Engineers wants to build a new chute at Jameson Island designed to protect the pallid sturgeon and other native fish species. Building it would involve dredging along the Missouri River, and the Corps wants to dump the sediment back into the river. The move is strongly opposed by farm interests. Dale Ludwig with the Missouri Soybean Association says up to a million cubic yards of sediment could be dumped into the Missouri River. New report calls the Missouri River 'endangered' by poor flood management By Véronique LaCapra • May 14, 2012 (Diana Fredlund/US Army Corps of Engineers) A new report calls flood management on the Missouri River "outdated" and says it's putting the public at risk. The report by the environmental advocacy group American Rivers identifies the Missouri River as one of the ten most endangered in the country. Corps gives green light for Metro East levee upgrades By Véronique LaCapra • May 1, 2012 (Véronique LaCapra/St. Louis Public Radio) The US Army Corps of Engineers has given the green light to start levee upgrades in the Metro East. The Southwestern Illinois Flood Prevention District Council will start the first phase of levee construction next month. The project supervisor for the council, Les Sterman, says the goal is to get the levees to a 100-year flood protection level by the end of 2014. That would meet the Federal Emergency Management Agency's accreditation standard. Army Corps says more reservoir space would not have prevented 2011 record floods By Marshall Griffin • Apr 13, 2012 (via Flickr/USACEPublicAffairs/Jay Woods) An increase in free space within reservoirs would not have made much of a difference in last year's record flooding along the Missouri River, according to a report released today by the Army Corps of Engineers. Jody Farhat, the Corps' Chief Water Manager for the Missouri River, says a higher amount of free space would have only reduced last year's flooding, not prevented it. "Due to the tremendous volume of water, we still would have had very high record releases from the reservoirs," Farhat said. "We still would have had a significant flood event in the Missouri basin." Morning headlines: Friday, April 13, 2012 By The Associated Press • Apr 13, 2012 (via Flickr/IndofunkSatish) Parks again rejects Durbin's call for earlier night club closings East St. Louis mayor Alvin Parks is again rejecting a call from Sen. Dick Durbin to institute an earlier closing time for the city's night clubs and liquor stores Durbin was in his hometown on Wednesday encouraging area ministers to push Parks for a 1 a.m. closing time. Durbin believes it would help curb the killings in a city that a federal prosecutor has called the nation's most dangerous. Council warns Corps over delays in Metro East levee project By Joseph Leahy • Feb 23, 2012 St. Louis Public Radio The Southwestern Flood Prevention District Council says too much is at stake for any more delays in fixing levees in Metro East. Les Sterman, the project's supervisor for the Council says the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers has so far taken too long in approving plans to work on the levees. He said their latest plan approval was six months late. "Essentially we're doing our part," Sterman said. "All we're asking is for the federal agency to do its part in helping us get this project moving." Levee repairs, flood recovery to be discussed in Columbia this weekend By Marshall Griffin • Feb 10, 2012 (Atchison Co. Emergency Management) State and federal leaders are gathering in Columbia Saturday to talk about ways to prevent last year's devastating floods that plagued northwest and southeastern Missouri. Heavy snow and rainfall led to record releases from South Dakota dams along the Missouri River –and as a result 200,000 acres of farmland in northwest Missouri sat flooded for months, along with a significant stretch of Interstate 29 in Missouri and Iowa. Around 130,000 acres were flooded in the southeast part of the state when the Army Corps of Engineers blew a hole in the Birds Point Levee along the Mississippi River in order to protect the town of Cairo, Illinois. Pages1 2 next › last »


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The latest news from academia, regulators
research labs and other things of interest
|Posted: December 22, 2009
Spider web glue spins society toward new biobased adhesives
|(Nanowerk News) With would-be goblins and ghosts set to drape those huge fake spider webs over doorways and trees for Halloween, scientists in Wyoming are reporting on a long-standing mystery about real spider webs: It is the secret of spider web glue. The findings are an advance toward a new generation of biobased adhesives and glues green glues that replace existing petroleum-based products for a range of uses. A report on the study was published in ACS Biomacromolecules ("Spider Web Glue: Two Proteins Expressed from Opposite Strands of the Same DNA Sequence").
|A sticky substance in spider webs may lead to the development of a new generation of biobased adhesives and glues that could replace some petroleum-based products. (Image: Randolph Femmer, National Biological Information Infrastructure)
|Omer Choresh and colleagues note that much research has been done on spider web silk, which rivals steel in its strength. However, scientists know comparatively little about web glue, which coats the silk threads and is among the worlds strongest biological glues. Past studies revealed that spiders make web glue from glycoproteins, or proteins bits of sugar attached.
|The scientists analyzed web glue from the golden orb weaving spider, noted for spinning intricate webs. They identified two new glycoproteins in the glue and showed that domains of these proteins were produced from opposite strands of the same DNA. Once the cloned genes are over expressed in systems such as insect or bacterial cell cultures, large-scale production of the glycoprotein can be used to develop a new biobased glue for a variety of purposes, the report notes.
|Source: American Chemical Society


text: Hi all. I'm teaching an Adobe Lightroom class for Noisebridge's Class-a-Thon on August 10th at 20:00 in the Church classroom. https://noisebridge.net/wiki/Adobe_Lightroom Adobe Lightroom is an all in one photo management and editing tool. If you've decided to make the jump from iPhone instant upload photography to taking your time shooting with a nicer DSLR or mirrorless camera, it might be time to also upgrade your processing workflow. Lightroom allows you to organize your photos, non-destructively edit them, and eventually manage publishing your photos online or to be printed. If you're interested in attending the class, please RSVP so I know how many folks are coming, and also try pre-installing the trial version of Lightroom before you come in. Having demo photos to play with would be smart. -- Rubin rubin at starset.net -------------- next part -------------- A non-text attachment was scrubbed... Name: signature.asc Type: application/pgp-signature Size: 473 bytes Desc: OpenPGP digital signature URL: <http://www.noisebridge.net/pipermail/noisebridge-announce/attachments/20140728/de6c94f9/attachment.sig>


text: I agree with you and Lucas on this. You cannot have a main charachter (and actress too for that matter) who you will never see again simply walk off camera and only be mentioned with a throw away line it doesn't work. There are many things to criticise with the PT, this was not one of them


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Fun Walls
Fun Walls are interactive climbing walls that engage both children and adults in the challenge of climbing and the fun of play. Colourful and dynamic, they bring participants to a world of climbable medieval castles, labyrinths, beanstalks, spider webs, dark chimneys and many more. Fun Walls are a great attraction for FECs, shopping centers, schools, playgrounds, adventure zones, amusement and leisure parks, various sports facilities and many more.


text: Sofia Vergara: Her Allure Photo Shoot\\nCarter Smith shot a sexy Sofia Vergara for her first Allure cover at a mansion in Yonkers, New York. See these exclusive behind-the-scenes photos, plus find out what she had to say about being a bottle brunette, her ideal weight—and yes, we asked her about her bra size.\\nSofia Vergara has no qualms about revealing her bra size: 32F, or 34DD when the larger cup isn't available. \\"Nobody with real boobs usually has those measurements,\\" she says. Here, the actress poses in a silk lace dress by Dolce & Gabbana.\\nVergara is also candid about her ideal weight—130 pounds—and the unwelcome effects when stress or poor diet cause her to drop below that. \\"My ass gets smaller, and my boobs get smaller,\\" she says. \\"I don't mind when the boobs get smaller. I don't like when the ass gets smaller. In Latin America, if you don't have a big ass, you're nothing.\\"\\nFor \\"a '60s feel without going too retro,\\" hairstylist Serge Normant created volume at the crown using a blow-dryer and a medium-size round brush. He added loose waves throughout with a one-inch curling iron.\\nMakeup artist Gucci Westman drew inspiration from a 1963 photo of Sophia Loren in the Italian countryside. To create the sexy, relaxed look, Westman painted a black liquid liner on Vergara's top and bottom lids and dusted on a matte brown shadow. Next, the makeup artist blended on a stick foundation, then brushed a little peach blush on the apples of the actress's cheeks. As a final step, Westman added a combination of sheer brown and pink shades to Vergara's lips.\\nUnlike her *Modern Family* character, Vergara is a natural blonde. And she frankly discusses the implications of being a bottle brunette. \\"If you see me without mascara, my eyelashes are completely blonde,\\" she says. \\"I'm very, very fair-skinned.\\" Lately her hairdresser has been putting a few honey-colored highlights in her hair, which she's happy about, since they are closer to her natural color. Vergara gestures to the region below her waist. \\"I mean, this is completely blonde,\\" she says with a throaty laugh. \\"It's really weird. So now it matches a little more.\\"\\nFor the character of Gloria—and in her own life—Vergara draws on the physical ease and demonstrative femininity that she says is common among women in Latin countries. \\"You grow up not thinking about it—it is part of your life,\\" she says. \\"Dressing sexy, or doing your makeup in the morning, or dancing and singing and doing all that—you don't even question it.\\"\\nSexiness comes naturally to her, says the actress, and the response she gets is sufficient encouragement. \\"The guys I know love it,\\" she says with a laugh. \\"You don't have to win Miss Universe, but you have to feel attractive, and you have to feel wanted. I have so many friends that are Latin, and they're not Miss Universe, but they have something, and they get more guys than the really tall, blonde, perfect model that is just standing there. So I think sexy is the attitude of you believing that you can get whatever you want.\\"\\nWhen did she first realize she could get whatever she wanted? \\"I always knew,\\" she says. \\"I've always been getting it, so I don't know anything else.\\" She laughs. \\"Hopefully, I'll still be like that for a long time.\\"


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Customer Commitment
Since Glendale Designs was founded in 1999, our number one goal and priority has been making sure that our customers are happy with the service they receive from us. Glendale Designs emphasis on individualized customer care, because we know that every business is different and unique. We help you understand everything the Web has to offer, and encourage you to explore the wide range of applications and technologies that can support your site's productivity. Furthermore, as your online business grows, we work with you to make sure your site is as effective as it can be.


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The St Lucia Rugby Football Union (SLRFU) plans to make history, when the National Under-19 Team plays in the North America and Caribbean Rugby Association's (NACRA) 15-a-side tournament to be held in Trinidad and Tobago from July 6 -13.
It will be the first time a St Lucia youth team will be participating in an international tournament. The SLRFU plans to give a good account of themselves. The team has been in training for some weeks now, as the players were taken through their paces to adequately prepare them physically, mentally, tactically and technically for the road ahead.
A management team consisting of Chantel John (manager,) Jerry Charles (coach) and Mc Garret Magloire (assistant coach) organized practice and classroom sessions for the young men. Several parent meetings were organized to cement the bonds among the rugby union, players and their families.
Some members of the squad are: Elvin Joseph, Ervin Joseph and Kendroy Simon (Laborie); Jahson Louison, Kensley Sonson and Lornelle Doxey (Micoud); Zayvon Augustin, Yan Augustin, Kyvon Alexander, Stephon 'Jack' Marquis and Valus Melius (Babonneau); Larry Eugene (Soufriere); Brandon Mathurin, Narjym Edward, Junior Hunter, Denio Phillip and Jamal Naitram (Castries).
In Trinidad, the team will play against Guyana, Bahamas and Turks and Caicos.


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Nap Nanny recliners recalled by retailers
Infant deaths, injuries blamed on defects in design and instructions
Updated 8:42 pm, Thursday, December 27, 2012
WASHINGTON — Four national retailers agreed to recall more than 150,000 Nap Nanny baby recliners after at least five infant deaths and dozens of reports of children nearly falling out of the recliners, the Consumer Product Safety Commission said Thursday.
The recall covers Nap Nanny Generations One and Two, and the Chill model infant recliners. All were sold between 2009 and 2012. The Nap Nanny was designed to mimic the curves of a baby car seat, elevating an infant slightly to help reduce reflux, gas, stuffiness or other problems.
The CPSC warned parents and caregivers that the Nap Nanny contains defects in its design, warnings and instructions. The four retailers — Amazon.com, Buy Buy Baby, Diapers.com and Toys R Us/Babies R Us — agreed to voluntarily participate in the recall of the Nap Nanny because its manufacturer is unable or unwilling to participate, the government agency said in a statement.
The manufacturer, Baby Matters LLC of Berwyn, Pa., said earlier this month that it had gone out of business. At the time, the company's website carried a statement from owner and founder Leslie Gudel that the company didn't believe the CPSC complaint had merit and that its products were safe when used as instructed.
The first two versions of the foam recliner were recalled in July 2010 after the agency became aware of one death. Since then, the agency learned of four more deaths. Four were linked to the first versions of the recliner, and one to the newer model.
Five thousand Nap Nanny Generation One and 50,000 Generation Two models were sold between 2009 and early 2012. About 100,000 Chill models have been sold since January 2011.
The CPSC advised consumers seeking more information about the recall to review the return policies of the retailers participating in the recall.
Recall information is available at Amazon.com: http://www.amazon.com, Buy Buy Baby: 877-328-9222, http://www.buybuybaby.com/productRecalls.asp,Diapers.com: 800-342-7377 and Toys R Us/Babies R Us: 800-869-7787, http://www.toysrusinc.


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N/ARead about Los Angeles crimes, criminal law trends, and changes or events related to law enforcement officers, prosecutors, defense attorneys, and others involved in the L.A. justice system.


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By far, the biggest news last week from Cisco's channel event, Partner Summit, was the Intercloud announcement, where the company outlined its vision for a world of interconnected, federated clouds.
Part of the overall cloud strategy for Cisco involves building its own cloud services that could be bought by businesses directly and potentially compete with its channel. That caused some to wonder if Cisco will stick it to its resellers and take the business direct, effectively cutting its channel partners out of the loop. It seems like every year that I hear rumors that Cisco would become more aggressive with its channel partners, but this year it seemed the noise was louder than ever. In fact, I had a conversation with another analyst, whom I'll leave unnamed, who was convinced that Cisco had been building a secret group inside the company that would enable Cisco to become its own, global systems integrator that would obviate the need for such a large partner organization. Think of it as Star Wars Attack of the Clones meets IBM Global Services.