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Kentucky Derby notes: Zayat sells minority stake in Bodemeister; Liaison works
Both on and off the track at Churchill Downs on Wednesday, the Bob Baffert barn was the newsmaker, with a partial interest being sold in Bodemeister, the likely favorite for the May 5 Kentucky Derby, and Liaison, Baffert's other Derby runner, working six furlongs.
A minority interest in Bodemeister, the Arkansas Derby winner, was purchased Wednesday by Michael Moreno, who races as Southern Equine Racing Stables. Moreno has acquired a number of top-class broodmares in recent years and said he bought into Bodemeister as part of his desire to now move into the stallion game.
"We obviously spent a considerable amount of money," said Moreno, who declined to reveal the price he paid to Ahmed Zayat, who retains the majority interest in Bodemeister, "but we've been building up a quality broodmare band, so this is the next step. This is the first of what I hope will be a few more deals to buy a stallion prospect, or acquire an interest in one."
Zayat bought Bodemeister as a yearling for $260,000.
[DERBY WATCH: Top 20 contenders | Who's hot, who's not]
Bodemeister is by Empire Maker, a son of Kentucky Derby winner Unbridled, and he is out of a Storm Cat mare. Empire Maker was sold to the Japan Bloodhorse Breeders Association at the end of 2010.
"His Arkansas Derby showed he's arguably the most-talented of the 3-year-olds, and he's the fastest of the 3-year-olds, and he's got a wonderful pedigree," Moreno said of Bodemeister. "I wish Empire Maker's bloodlines were still in the United States. I wish he hadn't gone overseas. Bodemeister's pedigree combines speed and stamina. When you have speed and stamina, that's the ultimate for a stallion."
Bodemeister is the first horse Moreno and Zayat have owned in partnership. Zayat has finished second in the Derby twice in the last three years, with Pioneerof the Nile (2009) and Nehro (2011). He also had the early favorite for the 2010 Derby in Wood Memorial winner Eskendereya, who was scratched the week of the race and was subsequently retired without racing again.
Liaison, who has disappointed since his victory in December in the CashCall Futurity, arrived in Kentucky on Monday and worked six furlongs in 1:12.92 on Wednesday morning. He most recently was sixth in the Santa Anita Derby.
"He hated the track at Santa Anita," Baffert said. "It was too hard for him. He seems to be getting over the track fine here. He's healthy, looks good, and he wants to sit back and come running, so the race could set up well for him."
In other Derby developments Wednesday:
◗ Isn't He Clever, who had been the bubble horse, was taken out of consideration for the Derby, trainer Steve Asmussen said.
◗ Isn't He Clever's defection makes Optimizer the next horse in line to get into the Derby field, should any of the top 20 defect. Entries are taken Wednesday. There are four also-eligibles this year, though it is now unlikely as many as 24 horses will be entered.
◗ Trainer Doug O'Neill said that I'll Have Another, the Santa Anita Derby winner, had shock-wave therapy on his back.
"The legal, licensed machinery is great therapy for backs," O'Neill said. "We've done it with him a few times in the past."
The treatment, though legal and regulated in California, does require a horse to be placed on the state racing board's veterinarian list for 10 days, during which time he cannot race. According to Dr. Rick Arthur, the equine medical director for the California racing board, I'll Have Another was placed on the list April 21 and comes off the list May 1, four days before the Derby. As of Wednesday, there were 28 horses on the racing board vet's list for shock-wave therapy, including such well-known runners as Midnight Interlude and Richard's Kid.
I'll Have Another is scheduled to work at Hollywood Park on Friday, then fly to Kentucky on Saturday, O'Neill said.
◗ Hero of Order, the Louisiana Derby winner, is still under consideration for the Derby, according to trainer Gennadi Dorochenko.
"No decision yet. We have plenty of time," Dorochenko said.
Hero of Order was not nominated to the Triple Crown and must be supplemented to the Derby for $200,000. Because he was not nominated, he cannot knock out any horse who was nominated, so he essentially goes to the back of the line. But with fewer than 24 horses likely to be entered, Hero of Order could, at the very least, wind up on the also-eligible list if supplemented.
◗ At Belmont Park, a good-feeling Alpha reared up and unseated his exercise rider, Ricardo Ponce, coming off the training track after a 1 3/8-mile gallop. His groom had the reins, so Alpha did not get loose. Alpha remains on schedule to breeze at Belmont Park on Saturday. His connections, owner Godolphin Racing and trainer Kiaran McLaughlin, have not firmed up a rider and will likely wait until after the weekend to do so. One rider no longer under consideration is Eddie Castro, who has committed to ride Winter Memories in the Grade 3, $150,000 Beaugay at Belmont on Derby Day.
– additional reporting by David Grening, Marcus Hersh, and Mike Welsch


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Tag Archives: brazilian jiu-jitsu
Brazilian Jiu-Jitsu World Champ Gabi Garcia to Fight 52-Year-Old Japanese Politician for Some Reason (Video)
Five-time Brazilian jiu-jitsu world champion Gabi Garcia is 31 years old, stands 6″2″ inches tall, and weighs in at 244 pounds. In short, she is a beast who can snap most grown men (including yours truly) in half like twigs. So naturally her next MMA opponent is a 52-year-old, 5'7″ Japanese politician. Seriously. Garcia will […]
Ashton Kutcher vs. Conor McGregor? Brazilian Jiu-Jitsu Coach Rigan Machado Says Kutcher Would Win (Video)
Apparently all this talk of a Conor McGregor-Floyd Mayweather boxing match is getting a little old. So let's talk about a new hypothetical mega fight. How about Conor McGregor and, say, Ashton Kutcher in Brazilian jiu-jitsu? Yeah, that sounds fun! McGregor v Kutcher! Of course, I can't take credit for the idea myself. Renowned BJJ […]
Illegal Knee Draws A BJJ B*tchslap (Video)
When I think of Brazilian Jiu-Jitsu, I often tend to think of two fighters rolling around on a mat in an effort to gain a dominant ground position, while attempting to apply joint-locks and chock holds when the opportunity arises. Rarely, if ever, do I think of knees and slaps as part of a BJJ […]

subset: commoncrawl


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It must be sister week on the blog!? Yesterday, I told you about a huge closet organization project I worked on with my older sister. I'm the second oldest. And today I'm sharing a fun house accessory for moms with kids that my younger sister loves! (I love it, too). And of course, most of you know that my baby sister totally rocks and you've so sweetly offered to keep her precious family in your prayers – updates here.
Growing up in a family with three sisters was a lot of fun. From an early age, our favorite past time was rearranging furniture, throughout the house. I'm telling you where there's a will, there's a way…we moved some beastly furniture up and down the stairs! Total craziness at age ten! Fast forward some years and when we get together it's more of the same, but we do a lot more talking about design concepts and a little less actual rearranging.
The art above the crazy cool Ballard Design table was created by my three darling little nephews! (Yes, nephews. In preschool, the girls grabbed boy sketches and the boys went for the girls). Obviously, fine detail like hair length doesn't matter much to a three year old…painting trumps everything. I love the profile sketch idea. Perfect craft for lots of occasions.
And the way the artwork is stored is crazy cool! How fun to be able to keep up to 50 art projects in one frame…and totally genius to be able to switch the display depending on season or the latest masterpiece! I love this solution for Storing Kids Artwork!.
In case you're in the market for something like this, my younger sister said it came from Dynamic Frames ( I'm not an affiliate, just like the product LOTS! What I would like to do is try and talk Stud into making a similar piece for my house! So cool!
On one side there's a hinge and the other is a closure clasp.
How do you like to display your children's artwork!!? Tell me about it and/or leave a link in the comments below!!!


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Travel Concessions
Bus Passes for Older and Disabled Persons Information from Essex County Council on applying for, renewing and replacing a lost or stolen older persons or disabled persons bus pass. Senior Railcards Information on how residents aged 60+ can apply for a discounted senior railcard. BITE card - Proof of age card for young people aged 11+ Essex County Council's proof of age card for young people aged 11+. It helps young people prove their age on buses so they get the reduced fare they're entitled to. It also acts as proof of age when buying age-restricted goods and doubles as a library card.


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A father and son go on the run after the dad learns his child possesses special powers.
Midnight Special or the buzziest title of this year's Berlin Film Festival. Still settled under a larger than life mysterious Southern sky, still lead by Michael Shannon, Jeff Nichols' cinematography welcomes sci-fi elements. Nichols new film is closer to Take Shelter as it went beyond the mysteries of the human heart and into a more cosmic enigma. Here Jeff Nichols pays transporting homage to the rich tradition, spanning the late 70s through the mid-80s, of intelligent sci-fi, emotionally grounded in relatable human dynamics. Midnight Special is the first movie of the director to be produced by a major studio (Warner Bros.); though this film is as stylish as all of his former pictures, even if this time around he must have been more aware of criticism and must have had to defend his ideas and choices to impose his point of view again and again.
What if there were something new in the world? And what if it was your son? The main theme of this movie is a father and son journey, literally on the road, with a father trying to understand where his son has to be and helping him to go there. I've been immediately interested by the title of this film and after some googling, I found the reference to the folk song covered by Creedence Clearwater Revival, which featured memorably in the opening scene of the 1983 Steven Spielberg big screen spin off of The Twilight Zone. There's a wave of young filmmakers brought up in the 70s and 80s blockbusters that changed the Hollywood system, who are doing their best to replicate them. J.J. Abrams already managed to work alongside Steven Spielberg himself for throwback fantasy Super 8 before taking charge of the rebooted Star Wars franchise - and others such as Gareth Edwards, Rian Johnson or Joss Whedon are clear students of the multiplex masters who birthed the event movie.
Characters are not superheroes, but looked upon as normal people. Once again, in constant collaborator Michael Shannon, Nichols finds the perfect engine to power this delicate story forward - was ever any actor so able to project an aura of utter conviction, even when faced with the impossibly wrenching eventuality that the only way to save his child might be to let him go? Alton embodies the never ending possibilities of the universe. No one ever experienced what comes after death (well, no one came back to tell us anyway), other dimensions or metaphysical appearances of God. None of these things are tangible, but men want them to exist. Alton is the personification of this need.
Moreover, Jeff Nichols did not forget that we as an audience are smart people. We've grown up with movies, we've been taught to pay attention to what was happening on screen; as soon as a new character emerged, we began instinctively to make supposition and hypothesis on his link and relationship with other characters and his environment. He relies on the ability of an intelligent audience to make sense of what is happening. This film is made almost entirely of mysteries and none of which are resolved by the final scenes. The bigger the questions you ask are, the less likely it is you can answer them in any satisfying, definitive way and the human, existential, metaphysical questions that Midnight Special poses, if you care to look for them, are enormous.
The visual effects heavy sequences raises more questions than it answers. Was Alton an alien, an angel, a more highly evolved human being? Was he going to heaven, or another dimension? The explanation is ultimately less important than what Alton's journey succeeds in illustrating about human nature - demonstrating just how desperately some people want to believe. In fact, the sci-fi elements of the film have an organic style, they look quite real, inspiration of movies like Close Encounters of the Third Kind, E.T. the Extra-Terrestrial by Steven Spielberg or even Starman by John Carpenter with their opaque dark night. Religious themes aside, though, Nichols draws on both the paranoia of those 1980s films - the feeling that the government is a largely faceless, monolithic force, out to control and suppress all forms of wonder - and on Steven Spielberg's blockbusters filmmaking rhythms. Plus, family is a central theme in all Jeff Nichols' movies as well as couple relationships. Always a contradictory love or even an impossibly love, a love that has to fight in order to survive. A real tragic dimension as well as romantic is present in this vision of love. And I like it, I grew up with Disney movies so I pretty much have messed up relationship goals. However, I really do believe in true love and soul mate. I've always wanted to know what happens after the happy ending of romantic comedies, because life doesn't end at that particular moment right? This always intrigued me. Yes I'm a romantic, but a realistic romantic and after all, I really do think that Jeff Nichols must be one too. It's this fundamental human component that ultimately makes Midnight Special such a fascinating ride.
The film also benefits from the formal elegance of its two acts structure. Cinematographer Adam Stone and composer David Wingo have helped give Nichols' films a cohesive look that goes beyond their consistently grim tones. Finally, the very last shot of Michael Shannon, a close up on his face, there's something in his eyes that is very clever from the part of the director, it somehow shows the evolution of his character from his role in Take Shelter to this film. It's the kind of wrap-up that doesn't provide closure so much as it unlocks a dozen new doors.
Overall, Jeff Nichols produced a richly structured story that's more about character emotions than about the life-or-death battles those emotions push them toward. A story that meant so much more than the things that happened within it.


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KENT -- When Gov. Dannel P. Malloy was in Kent in June, First Selectman Bruce Adams asked for his help meeting a town need.
Adams received his response last week when Malloy announced Kent would receive a $500,000 Small Town Economic Assistance Program grant to purchase a vacant, 1.6-acre lot on North Main Street.
Adams hopes to develop the parcel with municipal parking, public restrooms, a visitors center and a village green.
"I'd been working with Bruce to find the resources to put in public restrooms," state Rep. Roberta Willis, D-Kent, said. "The town has a strong tourist draw and the merchants were asking for public restroom facilities for them."
Adams had several STEAP grant requests in with the state and it was "the 11th hour," Willis said. With Malloy's support, Adams pulled two of the grant requests and submitted one $500,000 request.
"He made a case that it was urgent for the town to have these public facilities," Willis said. "We are grateful to the governor for his support."
Adams, who is on vacation this week, was unavailable for comment.
The property sits between the north and south entrances to the Kent Green Shopping Center. It once housed Town and Country Chevrolet.
The showroom and accompanying buildings were razed and contaminated soil removed several years ago. The asking price is $495,000.
Adams hopes to negotiate that price down, using the balance of the STEAP grant for site improvements, Willis said. The property is being appraised and Adams will seek approval for the concept Aug. 5 at the Board of Selectmen's meeting.
"I think it's fantastic," said Dave Fairty, Kent Chamber of Commerce vice president. "We've been working for some time to find a solution, and to have it come so quickly and efficiently is wonderful. Now we can move forward and be prepared for our next tourist season starting in the spring."
Last month, two portable toilets were placed on town-owned property by The Swift House on Maple Street. The portable toilets were Adams' temporary response to Chamber of Commerce members' concerns that no public bathrooms were available in the town center.
The bathrooms at Kent Village Barns were closed to the public earlier this year when the property came under new ownership.
firstname.lastname@example.com; 860-355-7322


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I'm sure it must be me, but I can't solve what seems like an easy problem.
I want to add the following code to my site:
<script type="text/javascript" src="http://adage.com/power150/badge-generate.php?id=768"></script>
I've added a text widget and copy/pasted the above code. However, it won't save. Am I wrong to try to put that type of code in a text widget?
Here's my site: eyecube.wordpress.com
As you can see, the widget is there (AdAge Power 150) but the dynamic code won't stick. Any help greatly appreciated.


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A BROUGHTY Ferry man will be taking the lead in an ambitious project to laser scan an Australian landmark.
Architect Chris MacGregor is in charge of the Scottish 10 team which will produce a digital recording of the Sydney Opera House.
The Scottish Ten project is a partnership between Historic Scotland and experts in 3D scanning and visualisation at Glasgow School of Art's Digital Design Studio, plus digital heritage organisation CyArk, and is using cutting edge technology to digitally record all five of Scotland's world heritage sites and five international sites.
The scanning project will allow unprecedented visual access to the Opera House and supply information for use in maintenance and conservation programmes. The Scottish 10 team has already produced digital recordings of Mount Rushmore, St Kilda, neolithic Orkney, New Lanark, Edinburgh's Old and New Towns, The Rani Ki Vav in India, and the team will shortly begin work at the Eastern Qing Dynasty tombs near Beijing.
Chris said: "I manage the Scottish 10 project and do some of the fieldwork, so I will be outside on top of the Sydney Opera House.
"It's going to be amazing and it ties in extremely well with our other projects.
"My background is as an architect and so my love of built heritage comes from there.
"Historic Scotland likes to have an extremely accurate and detailed record of their buildings and a very good and fast technique of doing this is to use a laser scanner.
"It's like one of those laser pointers people use for lectures."
The digital mapping uses a system called lidar which measure the time difference when bouncing light off an object.
Chris added: "Our scanners are doing that a million times a second. It's fantastically fast and fantastically accurate.
"Once we have the record we can then start to hang high resolution photos over the point map to create the 3D image."
The technology is very versatile and scans are taken from every conceivable angle. During the Qing Dynasty project Chris said that a member of the team will be riding a tricycle mounted with a scanner up and down the site.
Chris explained the mission statement behind Scottish 10. He said: "The idea behind Scottish 10 is basically that we are believed and recognised as leading the world in this type of survey work and so we should be telling the world what Scotland has been doing.
"We selected the sites by looking for partners and sites that would work with Scotland. We wanted good relationships with these centres and maintain that relationship over time."
Cabinet Secretary for Culture and External Affairs Fiona Hyslop said: "The Sydney Opera House is one of the most iconic buildings in the world and is a masterpiece of architecture and engineering.
"This is by far the most modern building to be included in the Scottish 10 project and is a contrast to the castles, mills, tombs, Neolithic settlements, wells and sculptures that have come before it - but it will be a fascinating addition, and will further push the team's skills and expertise."
Their next Scottish project will be to scan the Antonine Wall.
To find out more about the Scottish 10 project visit www.scottishten.org.


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For the first time in around a month:
I really do love this juice and will very likely buy a flacon soon.
Thread: SOTD: Friday, March 23, 2012
(Conservatively sprayed) Kouros (vintage)
For the first time in around a month:
I really do love this juice and will very likely buy a flacon soon.
Good morning all !. SotD is Bond No 9 Bleecker Street.
Clean Men
"Live in each season as it passes; breathe the air, drink the drink, taste the fruit, and resign yourself to the influences of each!" - Henry David Thoreau
SOTD: Creed Green Irish Tweed
SOTE: Xerjoff Richwood
Good morning! My SOTD is Guerlain Vetiver (vintage).
Please feel free to check out my Swap Thread - Patou pour Homme, L'Instant de Guerlain PH Extreme, Dior Homme Intense, Pure Malt, Pure Coffee and many more! Click Here For My Swap Thread
SotD - Bleu de Chanel
Tom Ford - Extreme
Eau de Parfum
inoubliable Elixir Patchouli
Have I told you about the scent of jasmine? Have I spoken about the smell of the sea? The earth is scented. And I perfume myself to enhance what I am. That's why I can not wear a perfume that bothers me. Perfuming is an instinctive wisdom. And like all art, it requires some knowledge of yourself..."
Clarice Lispector ( 1920-1977) - Perfumes da Terra / Earth Perfumes
Acqua di Parma Essenza
Eau de Patou pour Homme this morning
we have seen the enemy...and he is us.-Pogo
Rose 31 by Le Labo
Grasse rose, cumin, pepper, clove, nutmeg, olibanum, cedar, amber, gaiac wood, oud, cistus, vetiver and animalic notes
Five that I am enjoying right now
1) Sel de Vetiver by The Different Company
2) Spiritueuse Double Vanille by Guerlain
3) Bois des Iles by Chanel
4) Devin by Aramis
5) Coromandel by Chanel
Van Cleef & Arpels - Midnight in Paris (sample)
Happy Friday!
Grey Flannel. I forget how refreshing this one can be in temperate weather.
from sample
Tom Ford Private Blend Splits HERE
Encens Flamboyant - Annick Goutal
Armani Code Pour Homme
SOTD: Original Santal by Creed.
SotE - Creed Erolfa.
Cartier Declaration Cologne!
Arabie - Serge Lutens
... And do me a favor - don't disturb my friend. He's dead tired.
Welcome to the Bwahahaha! era...


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Did Darwin plagiarize his evolution theory?
Some historians believe that all of the major contributions with which Darwin is credited in regard to evolution theory, including natural selection, actually were plagiarized from other scientists. Many, if not most, of Darwin's major ideas are found in earlier works, especially those by his grandfather Erasmus Darwin. Charles Darwin rarely (if ever) gave due credit to the many persons from whom he liberally 'borrowed'. This review looks at the evidence for this position, concluding that much evidence exists to support this controversial view.
A common (but erroneous) conclusion is that Charles Darwin conceived modern biological evolution, including natural selection.1 An example of statements commonly found in the scientific literature indicating this would be the comment by Michael Fitch: 'Not until Darwin, did anyone draw the same conclusion … except Alfred R. Wallace. … But Darwin undoubtedly preceded him in the conception of the theory' of evolution by natural selection.2 A study of the works of pre-Darwinian biologists shows that, in contrast to this common assumption, Darwin was not the first modern biologist to develop the idea of organic evolution by natural selection.3,4
Furthermore, most (if not all) of the major ideas credited to Darwin actually were discussed in print by others before him. De Vries noted that some critics have even concluded that Darwin did not make any major new contributions to the theory of evolution by natural selection.5 A study of the history of evolution shows that Darwin 'borrowed' all of his major ideas—some feel plagiarized would be a more accurate word—without giving due credit to these people. A few examples are discussed below.
The pre-Darwin modern theories of biological evolution
The modern theory of biological evolution probably was first developed by Charles De Secondat Montesquieu (1689–1755), who concluded that 'in the beginning there were very few' kinds of species, and the number has 'multiplied since' by natural means.6 Another important evolutionist was Benoit de Maillet (1656–1738), whose book on evolution was posthumously published in 1748. In this book de Maillet suggested that fish were the precursors of birds, mammals, and men.7 Yet another pre-Darwin scientist was Pierre-Louis Maupertuis (1698–1759) who in 1751 concluded in his book that new species may result from the fortuitous recombining of different parts of living animals.
At about this same time the French encyclopedist, Denis Diderot (1713–1784), taught that all animals evolved from one primeval organism. This prototype organism was fashioned into all those types of animals alive today via natural selection. George Louis Buffon (1707–1788) even expounded the idea at length that 'the ape and man had a common ancestry' and, further, that all animals had a common ancestor.8 Macrone concluded that, although Darwin put evolution on a firmer scientific basis
' … he was hardly the first to propose it. A century before Darwin the French naturalist Georges Buffon wrote extensively on the resemblance among various species of birds and quadrupeds. Noting such similarities and also the prevalence in nature of seemingly useless anatomical features (such as toes on a pig), Buffon voiced doubts that every single species had been uniquely formed by God on the fifth and sixth days of creation. Buffon suggested in guarded language at least a limited sort of evolution that would account for variances among similar species and for natural anomalies.'9
De Vries noted that
'Evolution, meaning the origin of new species by variation from ancestor species, as an explanation for the state of the living world, had been proclaimed before Darwin by several biologists/thinkers, including the poet Johann Wolfgang Goethe, in 1795. Jean-Baptiste de Lamarck in 1809, Darwin's grandfather, the ebullient physician-naturalist-poet-philosopher Erasmus Darwin, and in Darwin's time anonymously by Robert Chambers in 1844.'10
Erasmus Darwin
One of the most important pre-Darwinists was Charles Darwin's own grandfather, Erasmus Darwin (1731–1802). He discussed his ideas at length in a two-volume work, Zoonomia, published in 1794. This work was no obscure volume, but sold well, and was even translated into German, French, and Italian. Darlington argued that Erasmus Darwin 'originated almost every important idea that has since appeared in evolutionary theory', including natural selection.11 While still a young man, Charles travelled to Edinburgh where his grandfather had many admirers.12 While there, Robert Grant explained to Charles Darwin at length Erasmus' ideas on 'transmutation', as evolution was called then. Darwin never once openly admitted that his grandfather had a major influence on his central ideas.
Some scholars even assert that Erasmus Darwin's view was more well developed than Charles Darwin's. Desmond King-Hele made an excellent case for the view that Charles Darwin's theory, even 'in its mature form in the later editions of the Origin of Species, is, in some important respects, less correct than that of Erasmus'.13 Both writers stressed that evolution occurred by the accumulation of small, fortuitous changes that were selected by natural selection. Erasmus wrote that
" … in the great length of time since the earth began to exist, perhaps millions of ages before the beginning of the history of mankind … all warmblooded animals have arisen from one living filament, which THE GREAT FIRST CAUSE endued with animality, with the power of acquiring new parts, attended with new propensities, directed by irritations, sensations, volitions, and associations; and thus possessing the faculty of continuing to improve by its own inherent activity, and of delivering down those improvements by generation to its posterity [spelling and punctuation modernized by author, emphasis in original]."14
Large sections in many of Charles Darwin's books closely parallel Erasmus' writings.15 King-Hele even claimed that the similarity between their works was so close that Darwin's grandfather 'had it all charted in advance for him'.16 Yet 'Charles persistently fails to note the similarity … an omission which sometimes leaves him open to criticism' of plagiarizing. It is not difficult to conclude that Darwin's plagiarizing was on a large scale because even the terminology and wording is remarkably similar to his grandfather's wording.17
Furthermore, in some ways the conclusions of Erasmus Darwin were more advanced than those of Charles Darwin. For example, Charles evidently accepted Lamarckian evolution to a greater extent than did Erasmus, a conclusion that proved to be a major blunder for him.18 In explaining the evolution of the giraffe's long neck, Darwin 'accepted the validity of evolution by use and disuse' although in this case he used natural selection as the major explanation of giraffe neck evolution.19 And last, for both Darwins, 'the theory of Evolution was no mere scientific hypothesis but the very basis of life'.20
Robert Chambers
Another important pre-Darwinian thinker was Robert Chambers (1802–1871). His book Vestiges of the Natural History of Creation was first published in 1844.21,22,23 In a summary of this work, Crookshank concluded that Chambers believed that the extant varieties of humans were a product of evolutionary advances and regressions. Vestiges not only advanced an evolutionary hypothesis, but argued that the natural world 'could best be understood by appeal to natural law rather than by flight to an intervening deity'.24
Without Chambers' book, Darwin admitted that he might never have written The Origin of Species.25 Millhauser claimed that Chambers' work was critically important in the Darwinian revolution for other reasons. One reason was that Chambers' popularizing of his evolution theory in Vestiges helped prepare the way for Darwin. Middle-class consumers 'took up the book with the same enthusiasm they felt for the latest novels …'.26 Vestiges went through four editions in only six months, and 10 editions only a decade later. It is still in print even today.27
Many radical reformers were especially enthusiastic about the book but, ironically, scientists 'quite generally dismissed its shoddy zoology and botany'.26 Nonetheless, Vestiges was read or discussed by most all segments of British society.28 Equally important was the fact that Robert Chambers' works were the stimulus for Thomas Henry Huxley, who became 'Darwin's Bulldog' and one of the most active and important of all of Darwin's disciples.29
Patrick Matthew
Yet another naturalist who discussed major aspects of evolution, specifically natural selection, long before Darwin was Patrick Matthew, whose priority was later acknowledged both by Charles Darwin and Edward Blyth.30,31 Matthew actually
' … anticipated Darwin's main conclusions by twenty-eight years, yet he thought them so little important that he published them as an appendix to his book … and did not feel the need to give substance to them by continuous work. Darwin's incessant application, on the other hand, makes one think that he had found in evolution and its related concepts, not merely a scientific theory about the world, but a vocation … .'32
Gould notes that: 'Matthew, still alive and vigorously kicking when Darwin published the Origin, wrote to express his frustration at Darwin's non-citation'.33 In response to Matthew's evidently valid concern Darwin only 'offered some diplomatic palliation in the historical introduction added to later editions of the Origin'. Darwin also responded to Matthew's ire in the Gardener's Chronicle for April 21 1860 as follows: 'I freely acknowledge that Mr. Matthew has anticipated by many years the explanation which I have offered of the origin of species, under the name of natural selection …'.34
This statement indicates Darwin's guilt. Nonetheless, Gould tries to justify Darwin with the excuse that Darwin was not aware of Matthew's views on natural selection because they only appeared in the appendix to Matthew's book on timber and arboriculture. This could well be, but does not justify the slight Matthew was given ever since. His priority should be acknowledged today but instead he is totally ignored.
Edward Blyth
Loren Eiseley spent decades trying to trace the origins of the ideas commonly credited to Darwin. He summarized his conclusions in a 1979 book titled Darwin and the Mysterious Mr. X. Eiseley reached the conclusion that Darwin 'borrowed' heavily from the works of others, and never publicly acknowledged many of these persons. According to Eiseley, one of these persons, English naturalist Edward Blyth (1810–1873), originated many of the ideas for which Darwin was given credit, and less-charitable evaluators may be inclined to label Darwin's many unacknowledged borrowing infractions as plagiarizing:
'No less a scientific giant than Charles Darwin has been accused of failing to acknowledge his intellectual debts to researchers who preceded him. Loren Eiseley, professor of anthropology and history of science at the University of Pennsylvania until his death in 1977, came across the work of Edward Blyth, a British zoologist and contemporary of Darwin. Eiseley argues that Blyth wrote on natural selection and species evolution in two separate papers published in 1835 and 1837, years before Darwin's Origin of Species was published in 1859. Eiseley details similarities in phrasing, the use of rare words, and the choice of examples between Blyth's and Darwin's work. While Darwin quotes Blyth on a number of points, he doesn't reference Blyth's papers that directly discussed natural selection.'35
Even Darwin's book, The Descent of Man (1871), Eiseley argues, was largely a repeat of the ideas of others such as Carl Vogt's 1864 book Lectures on Man. Eiseley states that Darwin's ideas on human evolution in this book were 'scarcely new' and 'could not have been new since the time of the Origin … . Nevertheless, the world wanted to hear what the author of the Origin had to say on the evolution of man'.36 Although the fact that many naturalists preceded Darwin is now widely recognized, some die-hard defenders of Darwin—such as the late Stephen J. Gould—have tried, unsuccessfully in this reviewer's opinion, to justify (or even deny) Darwin's lack of candour in acknowledging the origin of 'his' ideas.
Gould31 claims that Darwin was influenced by many people, and could have developed his ideas tangentially (as evidently happened with Wallace). Although Gould37 claims that 'all good biologists' discussed natural selection 'in the generations before Darwin' he argues that the charges of plagiarism are not entirely true because certain aspects of Darwin's theory were unique to him. This may well be, but a cloud of suspicion still hangs over Darwin. The very close similarity of Darwin's ideas to many of his forerunners—and even the wording Darwin used—argues that 'suspicion' is a very charitable interpretation of the situation. It is true that Darwin's and Blyth's ideas did differ in certain minor details, but, in this reviewer's opinion, Blyth's theory of natural selection was much closer to the findings of empirical research, both then and today, than was Darwin's. Specifically, Darwin saw natural selection as the creative force in evolution, a 'positive force for evolutionary change', whereas Blyth saw it more as a negative force that eliminated species.
Darwin's view has been carefully refuted by others and will not be reviewed here. Suffice is it to say that natural selection can only eliminate traits by eliminating those organisms with them and opening up new ecological niches. It cannot create new traits. This fact was recognized even in Darwin's day. For example, Richard Owen wrote much about this concern. For example, in one letter Owen used
' … the same analogy to restate figuratively the basic objections he had expressed when Darwin's Origin of Species was first published in 1859: that although natural selection is a valid mechanism to explain species diversification through time, it did not answer the more basic question of the origin of the inheritable individual differences subsequently "naturally selected" for survival in a surrounding and changing environment. Without an answer to the problem of inherited variations, Owen believed that the origins of species were not fully understood. Darwin himself confessed: "Our ignorance of the laws of variation is profound" [emphasis mine].'38
Others also charged Darwin with plagiarism
Although some feel that it is inappropriate to judge Darwin by today's ideas about plagiarism, accusations of plagiarism were first made by Darwin's peers only a few years after Darwin published his classic work Origin of Species:
'Eiseley is not the only critic of Darwin's acknowledgement practices. He was accused by a contemporary, the acerbic man of letters Samuel Butler, of passing over in silence those who had developed similar ideas. Indeed, when Darwin's On the Origin of Species first appeared in 1859, he made little mention of predecessors.'39
When essayist and novelist Samuel Butler (1835–1902) 'accused Darwin of slighting the evolutionary speculations of Buffon, Lamarck, and his own grandfather, Erasmus', Gould reported that Darwin reacted to these accusations with 'silence'.40 Evidently aware that these charges may have had some merit, in the third edition of his Origin book, Darwin gave a few more details about the sources of his ideas. Nonetheless, 'Under continued attack, he added to the historical sketch in three subsequent editions'40 of the Origin. This concession, though, was
' … still not enough to satisfy all his critics. In 1879, Butler published a book entitled Evolution Old and New in which he accused Darwin of slighting the evolutionary speculations of Buffon, Lamarck, and Darwin's own grandfather Erasmus. Remarked Darwin's son Francis: The affair gave my father much pain … .'41
One can certainly understand why the affair gave Darwin 'much pain'. Others have concluded that Darwin's plagiarism went well beyond copying sentences in books or even borrowing ideas without giving credit.
Alfred Russel Wallace
Even Darwin's commonly alleged major contribution to evolution, natural selection, had been developed earlier by others including William Charles Wells in 1813, and later Alfred Russel Wallace (1823–1913). In 1858, Wallace sent Darwin a copy of his paper describing his independently developed theory of evolution by natural selection. Although Leslie concluded that 'Darwin conspired to rob Wallace of credit for natural selection',42 others argue that Darwin was backed into a corner and was left with no choice but to co-author his first paper on natural selection with Wallace. Stent concluded that it was not Darwin's sense of fair play that required the simultaneous publication with Wallace, but rather Darwin's fear of getting scooped.43 Brackman claims that Darwin's putative plagiarizing from Wallace was 'one of the greatest wrongs in the history of science'. He adds that 'Darwin and two eminent scientific friends conspired to secure priority and credit' for the theory of evolution, and specifically the mechanism of evolution, natural selection, for Charles Darwin.44 Zoologist Williams uses even stronger words, arguing that Brackman demonstrated that 'Darwin stole (not too harsh a word) the theory from Wallace' [parenthetical comment his].45
Evidence for this includes similarities in phrasing, the choice of specific examples to support the theory and the use of certain uncommonly used words. Broad and Wade bring out that even contemporaries of Darwin such as Samuel Butler criticized Darwin 'passing over in silence those who had developed similar ideas' before he did.
Kenyon even concludes that the famous so-called joint paper by Darwin and Wallace was in fact presented without Wallace's prior knowledge!46
Regardless of whether Darwin appropriated some of Wallace's ideas, Darwin still managed to receive most all of the credit for the theory. Wallace is largely unknown today except among a small group of Darwinian scholars. Brooks relates that his interest in Wallace was aroused when he was preparing to teach a
' … course on evolution organized around the study of original scientific contributions on this subject. Each year began with a reading of Wallace's 1855 "law" paper, the joint Darwin-Wallace papers, and Darwin's On the Origin of Species. Over several annual cycles the similarities between the concepts, even the wording, in Wallace's papers and several chapters, but especially chapter IV, in Darwin's 1859 book had become increasingly apparent and disturbing. Were these really coincidences of two totally independent conceptions? Or did Darwin somehow profit from Wallace's papers and manuscript?—a possibility to which Darwin gave no recognition, not even a hint. A nagging doubt remained; there were too many similarities … but, as noted in the preceding chapter, there is no mention of Wallace's work anywhere in chapter IV' [emphasis mine].47
After his extensive study of Wallace and Darwin, Brooks concluded that 'Wallace's ideas emerged, without any attribution, as the core of Chapter IV of the Origin of Species, a chapter which Darwin himself cited as central to his work'.48
Rhawn is even more direct about Darwin's plagiarism, and concludes that the reason for Darwin's unethical behaviour was fame.
'As fame repeatedly escaped him, Darwin became increasingly withdrawn and depressed. He dabbled in this area and that, and then spent 15 years devoted to the study of barnacles, about which he wrote four short papers. And then, on June 8, 1858, Darwin received a letter from Alfred Russel Wallace, accompanied by a 12 page summary of Wallace's ideas on evolution, i.e. natural selection. Wallace was a renowned naturalist and had published a number of papers on evolution which Darwin had read and expressed interest in. From an island near Borneo Wallace had forwarded his monograph to Darwin. The paper was utterly brilliant! Darwin then claimed to have recently arrived at identical conclusions, and thus claimed Wallace's theory as his own.'49
Rhawn also concludes that as a result of this paper:
'Darwin immediately abandoned the study of barnacles and began feverishly working on a book, a synthesis of the words of Blyth, Wells, Pritchard, Lawrence, Naudin, and Buffon: On the Origin of Species by Means of Natural Selection which he published in November of 1859, almost 18 months after receiving the paper by Wallace.'49
According to Rhawn, Darwin relied heavily on the paper by Wallace in producing his work, and speculates that Darwin's motivation was the same as is often true today among scientists:
'As Darwin well knew, this "synthesis" and the theory of "natural selection" would garner him world fame. Darwin, his well connected friends in the scientific community, and his acolytes had gone to extraordinary lengths to rewrite history and to spin myths regarding Darwin's' utterly insignificant observations when as a youth he sailed on the "Beagle"—observations which were little different from numerous naturalists writing and publishing at the time.'49
Clearly, there remain many unsolved issues surrounding Darwin's most famous work that need to be resolved.
It is widely recognized that all of the major ideas on biological evolution that Darwin discussed predated his writings. As is noted by Kitcher:
' … creationists propounded a "creation model" of the origins of life on earth. Their story was based on a literal understanding of the book of Genesis. … The trouble with this proposal is that it was abandoned, for excellent reasons, by naturalists, virtually all of them extremely devout, decades before Charles Darwin wrote The Origin of Species' [emphasis mine].50
Although Charles Darwin was highly successful in popularizing the idea of organic evolution by natural selection, especially among the scientific community, he was not the originator of major parts of the theory as is commonly supposed. Nor was Darwin the originator of even those aspects of evolution for which he most often is given credit today, including natural selection and sexual selection. Yet, he implied that these and other ideas were his own creation. In a study of Darwin, Gould concluded that:
'Darwin clearly loved his distinctive theory of natural selection—the powerful idea that he often identified in letters as his dear "child". But, like any good parent, he understood limits and imposed discipline. He knew that the complex and comprehensive phenomena of evolution could not be fully rendered by any single cause, even one so ubiquitous and powerful as his own brainchild.'51
Good evidence now exists to show that Darwin 'borrowed'—and in some cases plagiarized—all or most of his 'dear child' from other researchers, especially his grandfather. They were not 'his own brainchild', nor his child, but that of others which he appropriated, evidently often without giving them proper credit.
I wish to thank Bert Thompson, Clifford Lillo and John Woodmorappe for their valuable insight and feedback on an earlier draft of this paper.
Related Articles
- Bowden, M., The Rise of the Evolution Fraud, Sovereign Publications, Bromley, Kent, p. 1, 1982. Return to text.
- Fitch, M., Universal Evolution, Gorham Press, Boston, p. 68, 1913. Return to text.
- Thompson, B., The History of Evolutionary Thought, Star Bible & Tract Corp, Fort Worth, 1981. Return to text.
- Glass, B., Temkin, O. and Straus, W., Forerunners of Darwin: 1745–1895, The Johns Hopkins Press, Baltimore, 1959. Return to text.
- De Vries, A., The enigma of Darwin, Clio Medica 19(1–2):136–155, 1984; p. 145. Return to text.
- De Beer, G., Introduction in the 1969 reprint of: Chambers, R., Vestiges of the Natural History of Creation, p. 11, 1969. Return to text.
- De Beer, Ref. 6, p. 12. Return to text.
- De Beer, Ref. 6, p. 14. Return to text.
- Macrone, M., Eureka! Barnes & Noble, New York, p. 150, 1994. Return to text.
- De Vries, Ref. 5, p. 145. Return to text.
- Darlington, C.D., The origin of Darwinism, Scientific American 200(5):60–66, 1959; p. 62. Return to text.
- Zimmer, C., Evolution: The Triumph of an Idea, HarperCollins, New York, p. 14, 2001. Return to text.
- King-Hele, D., Erasmus Darwin, Charles Scribner's Sons, New York, p. 81, 1963. Return to text.
- Darwin, E., Zoonomia: Or the Laws of Organic Life, J. Johnson, London, 1794; reprinted by AMS Press, New York, p. 505, 1974. Return to text.
- King-Hele, Ref. 13, p. 99. Return to text.
- King-Hele, Ref. 13, p. 89. Return to text.
- King-Hele, Ref. 13, p. 87. Return to text.
- King-Hele, Ref. 13, p. 81–82. Return to text.
- Gould, S.J., Leonardo's Mountain of Clams and the Diet of Worms, Harmony Books, New York, p. 312, 1989. Return to text.
- King-Hele, Ref. 13, p. 90. Return to text.
- Millhauser, M., Just Before Darwin, Wesleyan University Press, Middletown, 1959. Return to text.
- Chambers, R., Vestiges of the Natural History of Creation, John Churchill, London, 1844; reprinted by Leicester University Press, Leicester, 1969. Return to text.
- Chambers, R., Explanations: A Sequel to 'Vestiges of the Natural History of Creation', Carey, Hart, 1845. Return to text.
- Richards, R.J., Commotion over evolution before Darwin, American Scientist 89(5):454–456, 2001; p. 454. Return to text.
- Crookshank, F.G., The Mongol in our Midst, E.P. Dutton & Company, New York, p. 1, 1924. Return to text.
- Richards, Ref. 24, p. 455. Return to text.
- Richards, Ref. 24, p. 454. Return to text.
- Secord, J.A., Victorian Sensation: The Extraordinary Publication, Reception, and Secret Authorship of Vestiges of the Natural History of Creation, University of Chicago Press, Chicago, 2001. Return to text.
- De Beer, Ref. 6, p. 35. Return to text.
- Darlington, Ref. 11, p. 53 Return to text.
- Gould, S.J., Darwin vindicated! New York Review of Books 26(1):36–38, 1979; p. 38. Return to text.
- Huxley, F., A reappraisal of Charles Darwin, The American Scholar, Autumn, p. 489, 1959. Return to text.
- Gould, S.J., The Structure of Evolutionary Theory, Harvard University Press, Cambridge, p. 138, 2002. Return to text.
- Quoted in Gould, Ref. 33, p.138. Return to text.
- Garfield, E., From citation amnesia to bibliographic plagiarism, Current Contents 23:503–507, 1980; pp. 504–505. Return to text.
- Eiseley, L., Darwin and the Mysterious Mr. X, Dutton, New York, p. 201, 1979. Return to text.
- Gould, Ref. 33, p. 137. Return to text.
- Gruber, J., Owen was right, as Darwin's work continues, Nature 413:669, 2001. Return to text.
- Broad, W. and Wade, N., Betrayers of the Truth, Fraud and Deceit in the Halls of Science, Simon & Schuster, p. 31, 1982. Return to text.
- Gould, Ref. 31, p. 36. Return to text.
- Broad and Wade, Ref. 39 p. 31. Return to text.
- Leslie, M., Into the limelight, Science 294(5549):2059, 2001. Return to text.
- Stent, G., Paradox of Progress, W. H. Freeman, San Francisco, p. 84, 1978. Return to text.
- Brackman, A., A Delicate Arrangement: The Strange Case of Charles Darwin and Alfred Russel Wallace, Times Books, New York, from the introduction, 1980. Return to text.
- Williams, K., The origin of Darwinism, The New Republic 187(17):31, 1982. Return to text.
- Kenyon, A., Darwin's 'Joint Paper', Journal of Creation 14(3):72–73, 2000. Return to text.
- Brooks, J.L., Just Before the Origin: Alfred Russel Wallace's Theory of Evolution, Columbia University Press, New York, p. 239, 1984. Return to text.
- Brooks, Ref. 47, quoted from book jacket. Return to text.
- Rhawn, J., Astrobiology: The Origin of Life and Death of Darwinism, University of California, San Jose, pp. 223–226, 2000. Return to text.
- Kitcher, P., Should Evolution be Taught in Schools? Slate.msn online journal, p. 1, 1999. Return to text.
- Gould, S.J., Darwinian fundamentalism, New York Review of Books, p. 1, 12 June 1997;
. Return to text.
This reminds me of Watson and Crick deliberately failing to acknowledge the intellectual theft of Rosalind Franklin's research into the structure of DNA and all their lives basking in the glory of 'their' discovery. (Although I would never equate the the structure of DNA with one of the greatest lies perpetrated in the name of 'Science' )
Thank you for this excellent article. It's amusing reading the philosophical & semantic games used trying to 'catch you out' as folks respond to your presenting what is plain: hidden right out in the open, and 'not done in a corner' to those with eyes to see. It's not resisted because not defensibly, demonstrably true, but because of Romans 1 & 2 sin & hypocrisy. So consistent with the lies of the Serpent in Genesis 3...the false religions & philosophies of man in the world as archaeology increasingly reveals with a trail of evidence right back to Babel, & the prophecies of Scripture. It was indeed humbling to discover these things for myself, to see idols & excuses fall ---& for self to be stripped naked without covering excuse! ----But also oh so freeing & revealing of the love & gratitude owed our wonderful, long-suffering, merciful & holy Creator ---as He intervenes to salvation, or in legitimacy-confirming chastening: directing the saints & churches back to our true purpose as God's witnesses while it is yet called to day ---with a sustaining understanding of lingering corruption & God's long-suffering mercy & provision yet offered that we do not faint... And we have hope through the promises& infallible, lending itself to persevering in the faith for Christ, sharing in His suffering, & pointing others to Him & His word & the Spirit of Truth. That whosoever will may choose ---urging in love with truth salt & light. John 1,3 & 8. Romans 1&2. Romans 10:17. Colossians 2 --especially vs. 8. 2 Thess 2. 1 Tim 4. 2 Tim 3&4. 2 Corinthians 10&11. 2 Peter 2&3. Jude. Revelation! May God use your ministry mightily to open many eyes through the gentle, insistent & faithful proclamation of the offense of truth & the Cross as the Prophets of old & Christ in the new.
Darwin and those who went before him, with the same ideas, were so horribly wrong. Yet then as now, a lot of people who were church goers obviously didn't have a personal relationship with Jesus Christ, and did not really believe that God created all thing in just 6 days, they somehow could not believe that He is all-powerful, even though the Bible clearly gives many examples of His power and might, the same people would not believe that God parted the waters so that the Israelites could escape from the pursuing Egyptians. It is the same today. The deception has to start with someone and we know who that is. The devil will use anyone to try and turn people away from the Living God, and scientists being people of high intelligence are very susceptible, because generally they are much admired and many deserve to be. Thanks to CMI for the terrific work you do in presenting the wonders of God's creation in such detail and in truth.
It would appear that many scientists and not just Darwin believed in evolution. Not just a single person. I don't think that this helps the argument of creation. As today many scientists believe in evolution as it would also appear it did then
What it should do is cause the reader to investigate the history of evolutionary ideas more closely and critically than just adopting the popular impression of 'the virtuous scientist Darwin single-handedly destroying the creationists in 1859'. Moreover, Darwin is a character of interest in the origins debate, so facets of his biography have intrinsic interest.
Why is it relevant that Chatles Darwin plaigarized others work?
Because it shows the history of evolutionary thought is more complex than is typically thought, which should cause the reader to look into that history more critically.
What I find quite ironic about this article is that the origin of Darwin's theory of evolution, generally accepted to be incorrect by creationists, is disputed, as if this deeply flawed theory was actually something worth taking credit for. In my opinion, Darwin and those of his peers (and those who went before them) sought acclaim for these fallacious theories, not to advance scientific knowledge or truth, but because they knew that the majority of people in that time would not have sufficient understanding of the principles of science to catch them out in their lies. There may also have been an element of "sticking it to the religious establishment" which literally was THE establishment ie the Church of England the state church under which Darwin had studied for the clergy, and was rejected from when he lost his faith. Sadly, when Darwin's "scientific" theory became more widely accepted, those whose ideas he used to write his books felt left out of this burgeoning new "science". As the scriptures say, "seeking to be wise they became fools", scrambling for fame and credit for erroneous pseudo-scientific theories which have been proven time and time again by creationist scientists to be incorrect. Sadly, we live in an age where might triumphs over right, namely, the politics of science is far more important to those in the scientific establishment who have power, than truth itself. Only in the Judgement will many of these souls discover the truth. Fortunately, many have woken up and found faith in spite of the "powers that be" because they have found a higher Power in Jesus Christ.
I am a creationist. However, in my opinion, this article is of little persuasive value amongst evolutionists and unfortunately misinforms its intended audience. I took a Teaching Company Class on Darwin from one of the leading professors in the education community. In that class, I learned that evolution was known about and discussed as a minority scientific opinion preceding Darwin. However, it just didn't "take-off" because it didn't have any substantial evidence for quantifying the "natural selection" argument. That is what Darwin did. He collected vast amounts of physical evidence supporting the argument. His book was so well documented that what had been a minority position started to become popular among the scientific community. Unfortunately, it was also used by atheists for support. Of course, Darwin used the evolutionary ideas of the day, which you regrettably call "plagiarism." But he didn't plagiarize his data or his findings. Darwin suffered a great deal over what his findings revealed. His health mysteriously deteriorated and he was constantly taking radical treatments to maintain his body and mind. We can't criticize Darwin because of his findings. He delayed publishing for fear that he didn't have enough data to support his arguments. Apparently, because he was being scooped by Wallace, he published his findings. This also had an adverse effect on his marriage because his wife was a Unitarian Christian, but she did not let Darwin's opinions change her faith and she supported and nurtured him to the end of his life. Darwin apparently was grateful for that.
Concerning evolution, either one believes the Bible, the unerring Word of God, or they believe the religion of evolution. Both cannot find lodging in the mind of an honest and objective heart. The account of creation in Genesis is more than enough to refute the theory of evolution.
After recently reading Wallace's "The Malay Archipelago" and looking up related material, I am convinced that Darwin used much of Wallace's work while the poor man was trekking through jungles gathering samples and being constantly sick. I must add that I am a Creationist. Evolution pertains only to changing habits of physical characteristics to adapt to local conditions.
Thank you for this most interesting article. I am just wondering if the authors of the current article could not have mentioned with benefit, as regards the section on Alfred Russell Wallace, for not mentioning Gertrude Himmelfarb's "Darwin and the Darwinian Revolution", 1959! She goes into considerable and convincing arguments to support this exact case about Wallace losing the priority to Darwin, with Lyell's connivance. It is a most valuable "read".
This is not really surprising, isn't plagiarism the de facto basis of evolutionary belief? Is it not claiming credit for that which actually originates from the omnipotent God of all creation?
Dear CMI -
Jerry Bergman, as widely read as he appears to be, does not point out that many other scientific ideas, such as General Relativity, Newtonian Mechanics, some topics in human physiology, and in chemistry and physics, etc., were foreshadowed by others working in the field, in some cases predating the generally-credited promulgator of the mature theory by many years (or even centuries). Newton himself said "If I have seen farther it is by standing on the shoulders of giants." (a phrase which, in its earlier form, was originally attributed to Bernard of Chartres, hundreds of years earlier).
In many cases, credit for a mature discovery is given to the person who is able to synthesize previous knowledge into a coherent statement and to provide evidence that supports its cohesiveness. For better or for worse, this is how human intellectual endeavors work out.
And this process has no bearing at all on the actual validity and correctness of the theory. Are we to reject Einsteinian Relativity on the basis that some of its aspects were foreseen by Lorenz and others? Are we to reject the work of William Harvey or Marcello Malphigi because the Bible earlier said that "the life of the flesh is in the blood"? Bergman's essay does not give any reason to reject evolutionary theory – actually, by pointing out how many times such ideas were put forth prior to Darwin's work, it strengthens the likelihood that the theory has validity. Bergman's obvious motive in this article is to cast aspersions on Darwin and his work in hopes that the faithful will be even more likely to reject evolutionary theory.
However, the question the article addresses is whether Darwin's work can be pictured as merely 'standing on the shoulders of giants' like Newton, Einstein, and others, or 'stealing their thunder for his own glory'. There is a line, and it was a line acknowledged to exist when On the Origin of Species was written. Citing examples of 'standing on the shoulders of giants' in the history of science doesn't prove Darwin was doing the same thing. And the essay never says that accusing Darwin of plagiarism provides reason to reject evolution. But it does provide reason to re-examine the history of evolutionary ideas closer and more critically instead of adopting the popular fiction that evolution was a bombshell that hit the world fully-formed for the first time in 1859 and was solely Darwin's brainchild. The problem is that this popular fiction is also a convenient fiction for cementing the supposed truth of Darwin's ideas. Does Dr Bergman go too far in his conclusions? We leave that to the reader to decide, since this is a Journal of Creation article, in which "The views expressed in the papers are those of the authors and not necessarily those of CMI."
Can you explain how this article fits in with your ministry states found under the "about us" page?
So, in the article you say, "This could well be, but does not justify the slight Matthew was given ever since." I'm not saying that it is right to ignore those who had ideas before someone else, but science doesn't always work like that. Many examples of this can be seen in the book, "The disappearing spoon." Often, the person who take the research to completion is the one given the credit and often they don't list everyone who helped or everyplace they got ideas from. Darwin blended many ideas, some his own, some from others to create his large theory. This is what science does, isn't it?
In the end I just see this as an attempt at mud-slinging and deceptive to the many lay creationists who will read it. They will take this information in and when they attempt to use it, it will only make creationist as a whole look bad.
I have recently taken an independent study course with an evolutionary biologist where we had conversations regarding creation/evolution. The class was amazing and I highly recommend other creationists do the same, to get a better understanding of what evolutionists believe and to share your own beliefs with someone very influential. Articles like this were left out of the conversation because they only attempt to attack Darwin as a person, not his theory.
Isn't this Ad hominem? "marked by or being an attack on an opponent's character rather than by an answer to the contentions made" (webster)
Please help me understand what CMI is doing with this article and how it fits the ministries goals, thank you.
Since this is a Journal of Creation paper, it is meant as a piece of research offered for consideration for the creationist community. As such, per the writing guidelines of Journal of Creation: "The views expressed in the papers are those of the authors and not necessarily those of CMI." Darwin is a character of interest in the origins debate, so biographical details of Darwin, especially as they relate to his evolutionary ideas, are issues we will feature in the Journal of Creation. This article was published on the website to give the readership a look at what is published in Journal of Creation.
As always an interesting article. It should not be surprising Darwin plagiarised from others. Indeed the Greeks espoused similar ideas well before Darwin and the others. Lucretius espoused ideas almost identical to Darwin and his prdecessors, specifically to try to eliminate the Creator, just as Darwin tried.
Well researched. But how do you draw the line between plagiarism and "developing" other peoples material? After all we all have to learn and develop somehow, and it is always from those who have gone before. In the creation world Ken Ham might have inspired many creationists who came in on his coat tails, are they plagiarists if they copy some of his ideas etc?
Darwin had the good fortune (!) to be in the right place at the right time. Whether this was a direct act of God or a permission to the adversary to prosper this cause (we wont know until the end.) but he drew together all these other writers material into a concise thesis as a seemingly plausible counter argument to creation by God. This sort of challenge proved necessary in earlier centuries when God used various "scientists" to challenge the church which claimed the earth was flat and that the solar system revolved around the earth, this would appear to be the other way around, the church had creation right but was being sifted by the counter argument and it has had to dig in and defend, which your organisation does admirably.
A book worth reading on this subject is ' Darwin's Ghosts' by Rebecca Stott.
Whilst I am a creationist, plagiarism is not an argument worth our attention. Plagiarism is a modern crime. The rise of authorship is only a few centuries old. Narrative was traditionally a communal form albeit oral form of text. We all borrow ideas. Every sermon, indeed all of our knowledge is borrowed to some extent. That Darwin is credited exclusively with this fraudulent theory is a historical error not a scientific one, in my opinion.
The author acknowledges that the 'plagiarism' view is controversial, and cites evidence for it. As per the writing guidelines of Journal of Creation: "The views expressed in the papers are those of the authors and not necessarily those of CMI." This reflects one of the purposes of Journal of Creation: to provide a forum for discussion and debate for origins issues within the biblical creationist community. As such, we would welcome papers of differing points of view from the author; we do not regard this as the final word on this topic. This article, and all Journal of Creation articles we publish on our front page, are made available for our wider readership to expose them to the breadth of creationist thought out there and for them to make informed judgments on these issues for themselves.


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F1 Career Challenge announced
Electronic Arts announced today F1 Career Challenge (working title) for all console platforms. Gameplay is stated to be revamped and EA now boasts that players will be able to create their own character as they venture through the game. In the career mode, players will begin as a rookie driver who must earn a super license before entering the F1 circuit. Spanning through the 1999-2002 seasons, players will have four seasons to become a world champion.
"Consumer feedback told us that real innovation was needed in the Formula 1 space," said executive producer Matt Webster. "In our desire to deliver the strongest Formula 1 experience to date, we have stepped up to the mark and are now developing the first ever multiyear licensed Formula 1 game where you can build your racing career across four seasons."


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Local governments in Indiana would no longer be able to set their minimum wage higher than the state level under a bill passed by the Indiana House Wednesday.
Opponents of the bill say counties, cities and towns should be able to make the decision on local minimum wage. Muncie Representative Dennis Tyler said it is simply a bad bill.
"Again," he said, "we're telling local units of government they don't have enough sense to set the standards for their own community."
Indianapolis Representative Mike Speedy, the bill's author, said the minimum wage set by a local unit of government could affect people outside of that city or town, and so the state needs to make that decision.
Lizton Representative Jeff Thompson said higher minimum wages could lead to unemployment.
"I'm a fan of having people employed," he said. "I want them to work. There's a big advantage to having someone employed. And this is the kind of bill that keeps people employed."
The bill now moves to the Senate.


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Fil Press Release – PR Submission With Social Media Integration
Crafting the perfect press release submission in the Philippines can be hard. You need to create a document that sells your newsworthy business event to a reported without actually selling your event or product. For many people this can be hard. Fil Press Release is here to help. On the Fil Press Release blog you can find a wide variety of resources to help you craft the perfect press release for the Philippines.
The blog features articles from how to format a press release to unique differences between different types of press releases. When it comes time to write your press release take a look at our different articles and you will find that the process becomes a lot easier. You will be able to quickly produce that next press release and breathe easier because it was done right.
Now, once you have crafted a press release the job isn't done. The press release doesn't magically find its way into the hands of media outlets. You have to complete a process which is called press release distribution or press release submission. No matter which name you call it by this is a process that is performed around the world, not just in the Philippines.
The process of submission sounds easy in theory. You send your press release into a variety of media outlets that you find through Google. These media outlets read it, and then decide if they want to write about your press release. While this sounds easy, it typically isn't.
Many media outlets have specific contact procedures for receiving press releases. They will have physical addresses in the Philippines or email addresses. Finding these won't be as simple as using the generic contact information on their website. Sometimes websites will have a page just for press releases, other times you will need to contact the agency to find out how to submit a press release the proper way.
To make this process easier you can hire a Philippines press release company like Fil Press Release that was created to make the process of distributing press releases easier. Press release companies like this have databases of contact and formatting information for the various press agencies out there. That means that as long as the media outlets you want are in their databases, they don't need to do any of the research that you would have to do. This can significantly speed up the process and make it easier for you.
One of the things that makes Fil Press Release different from other Philippines press release companies and press release companies around the world, is the social media integration. Fil Press Release takes every press release that is sent out and posts it on their Facebook and Twitter pages. Both of which are constantly growing in views and likes.
This social media integration means that your press release will gain extra attention. Fil Press Release's pages are regularly visited by media outlets both major and small. That means that they see your press release in addition to the ones that you sent it to and they might opt to craft an article about it. This is one reason why having a catchy headline is so important, that will be the first thing they see when they see your press release on social media. Once your press release has been on the Fil Press Release's social media for a while it also becomes searchable. That means that when people search your companies name they will be able to see your website and your press release will also come up, gaining you extra attention.
All Fil Press Release clients have the right to opt not to use our social media integration feature but it is highly recommended that you do. If you don't use the social media feature, you will be losing out on some of the potential for your press release.
Contact Fil Press Release today to get your press release sent to various media outlets in the Philippines and around the world without any work from you. The staff at Fil Press Release will make sure that you are well taken care of. And if you have any questions please, do not hesitate to contact Fil Press Release to have them answered.


text: On Sun, 2 Dec 2007 22:19:25 +0100Andi Kleen <email@example.com> wrote:> > > > Until now users had little direct recourse to get such problems> > fixed. (we had sysrq-t, but that included no real metric of how> > long a task was > > Actually task delay accounting can measure this now. iirc someone> had a latencytop based on it already.I have written a latencytop tool, but it's not based quite on the taskdelay accounting (it doesn't provide the right information to make sucha tool). I've not released the tool mostly because I'm not quite happyabout the kernel side yet... but if there's real interest I'll fix itup soon and release it.-- If you want to reach me at my work email, use email@example.com development, discussion and tips for power savings, visit http://www.lesswatts.org


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. More early spring wildflowers! Yes, it was a rainy day. These flowers like the upper bank over the creek. I have found them nowhere else in the park.
. Most of these flowers actually like the area just over the edge of a steep of the bank. One has to watch their footing when viewing these pretties, lest they end up in the water below!
. Ah, the bird that started my whole bird photography hobby! Unlike most birds, I think the bronze fall plumage of the species is far more spectacular than the all-black mating plumage of the spring. (Of course, being shot in the rain doesn't help the picture, either.)
According to Cornell's Birds of North America, "The Rusty Blackbird, perhaps the least well known of North America's blackbirds, breeds north to the tree line in wet forests of Alaska, Canada, and the northeastern United States. No other North American blackbird breeds as far north." Since this makes their breeding sites hard to get to, we don't have a good handle on the size of the breeding population, or how it is changing (or not changing) over time.
. Birds of North America continues with "Also unlike other blackbirds, this species is seldom a nuisance depredating crops or at roosts." So, they are not the trouble makers grackles and crows can be. As a result, no one pays a lot of attention to them and, hence, they have not been studied very closely.
. So, what studies of their population sizes do we have? We have Christmas Bird Counts (CBCs) that suggest a marked decline in their numbers. However, Birds of North America is a bit circumspect of the CBC data. The most they will commit to is the need to pay closer attention to this species. Fair enough!
Species Seen
Canada Goose
Turkey Vulture
Mourning Dove
Belted Kingfisher
Red-bellied Woodpecker
Downy Woodpecker
Northern Flicker
American Crow
Black-capped Chickadee
Tufted Titmouse
Carolina Wren
Golden-crowned Kinglet
American Robin
Chipping Sparrow
Field Sparrow
Song Sparrow
Northern Cardinal
Red-winged Blackbird
Rusty Blackbird
American Goldfinch


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Steam Coffee Bar opens at Greens Farms station
Updated 7:20 am, Friday, August 9, 2013
Chris Barrett earned money throughout college at the University of Connecticut's Stamford campus by working in restaurants, but opening his own place took him into a previously untapped territory: coffee.
Barrett, a Stamford native, opened the Steam Coffee Bar last week with his step-sister, Briana Pennell, a pastry chef from Norwalk. The coffee shop is tucked into the newly renovated Greens Farms train station, a historic building that's mostly a rush of bleary-eyed commuters during Steam's hours, 5 a.m. to noon.
"We're also trying to get people who aren't specifically getting on the train, but the bread and butter for us is the commuters," Barrett said. "We really want to accommodate them."
The motto of Steam Coffee Bar is "locally acquired, chef-inspired," which speaks to both the provenance of its coffee and the experience of the shop's owners.
Hot and iced coffees are made from Raus Coffee, a brand started by another Stamford native, Donny Raus. It's the first retail outlet for Raus, a fellow University of Connecticut Stamford student and one-time Starbucks barista.
For those who prefer their hot drinks infused rather than brewed, Steam will also offer teas from Westport's Arogya Teas.
Pennell, a trained pastry chef, worked as executive chef at Chocopologie in South Norwalk before devoting her time to Steam. The pair of entrepreneurs beat out several other bidders for the space at the Greens Farms station, including Cocoa Michelle, a shop near the Westport train station. Steam plans to expand to another spot in the Westport station in the fall.
"We actually didn't have any background in coffee," Barrett said. "But we both have strong restaurant and food service experience. It's been good so far. We're getting busier every day."
Phil Brown has been commuting to New York City from the Greens Farms station for 16 years, and until a few months ago he and his wife, Lynn, had a morning routine. Lynn would pull the car up in front of the station, and Phil would go inside and buy them both coffee from George Russo, former proprietor of the Greens Farms C&P coffee shop.
But Russo closed earlier this year, and the Browns have had to find alternatives -- Dunkin' Donuts, Starbucks, a Mobil gasoline station -- to get their morning java.
Not anymore.
"It's nice to have a local place back again," said Phil Brown, who lives in Westport and works in media sales. "It looks really nice. They did a great job in here."
Staff writer Cameron Martin contributed to this story.


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|Rediff India Abroad Home | All the sections
Ballistic report nails Pravin
May 08, 2006 23:17 IST
In a development that spells more trouble for Pravin Mahajan who shot his brother Pramod Mahajan, a ballistic report says the three bullets extracted from slain Bharatiya Janata Party leader Pramod Mahajan's body are the ones fired by Pravin from his imported pistol, police sources said on Monday.
Pravin, who has been charged with murder, surrendered his Browning pistol to police with four live cartridges after he shot the BJP leader.
The pistol, the empty shells seized from Pramod Mahajan's house and the three bullets extracted from his body during post-mortem were sent to ballistic experts as part of the routine examination.
The report that reached police last week has confirmed that the extracted bullets matched with the empty shells and had same markings on each of them as the bore of the imported firearm of Pravin, the sources said.
Worli police sources said the ballistic report was a vital evidence in the case being prepared against Pravin.
Police has already sent for forensic tests, the blood samples collected at Mahajan's residence and the blood-soaked clothes of the leader while the BJP leader's wife Rekha has also told police that she was present when Pravin fired the third shot at her husband.
Pramod Mahajan was shot at by Pravin at the politician's Worli residence on April 22. Mahajan died at Hinduja Hospital on May 3 after battling for life for 12 days.


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This is impressive: the American Institute of Architects today announced 11 award-winning sustainable buildings nationwide — and four are in the Bay Area, all by San Francisco firms.
We'll start with the AIA's Committee on the Environment's 2013 COTE Top Ten Green Projects. One winner is the new headquarters of the S.F. Public Utilities Commission, located a block north of City Hall and designed by KMD Architects with Stevens & Associates. The jury was most impressed not by the wind turbines facing Golden Gate Avenue but the "pioneering ambition" of reusing water on-site, "which for a large urban commercial office building is quite significant."
In Oakland, the Merritt Crossing Senior Apartments designed by Leddy Maytum Stacy was praised by the jury as "social housing that also has strong environmental goals," with easy-to-see details like a double wall facing east to provide shade and noise insulation and, in the process "educate the broader community" about the tools of green design.
The third local hero was the Marin Country Day School Learning Resource Center by EHDD. Beyond such sustainability touches as the re-use of concrete slabs to make new pavers, "we just thought this would be an absolutely delightfully environment for learning," the jury said.
This year also saw the debut of COTE Plus, an award to a prior Top 10 winner that has lived up to its promise of living lightly on the earth. The honoree? It's 355 11th St. in San Francisco, designed by Aidlin Darling Design for Matarozzi/Pelsinger Builders. The touch I like best is that the warmth generated by the kitchen of Bar Agricole downstairs is used to heat the offices upstairs.
Congratulations all around. And to the Bay Area design community in general for taking sustainability issues so seriously.


text: So I noticed that the drydown for bleu de chanel and chanel allure homme edition blanche are very very similar. I can't quite figure out how to describe it. What are the notes in the dry down? and i feel like theres something else that i've smelled that has a very similar drydown note, can anyone help me pinpoint this?


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resting in schooner for sherry glass.
glass schooner sherry lily of the valley
Just wonderful in its softness and reluctance……….. beautiful work!! :-)
P. S.: Welcome to RB ! :-) -——- You could add this picture to the Simply White Artwork Gallery :-)
Thanks for your visit, I'm just learning my way around here and it's good to have such a friendly response.
this is nice, the word pure comes to mind!
Lovely mood and softness. Welcome!
Gorgeous! Minimalistic but lovely..
Simply beautiful!!!!!!!!!
wow!!! pure beauty!! =)
Love the simplicity of this. Well done.
Yes. Simple, elegant, soft… very pretty…
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Wenling Sanmu Machine Electricity Co., Ltd.
The Central Industry Zone
Chengnan Town, Wenling city
317515 Zhejiang
Phone: +86(0)576.8626-8888
Fax: +86(0)576.86268020
Wenling Sanmu Machine Electrity Co.,Ltd. Is a manufactory specialized in the research, development ,producing external rotor motors and fans, manufacture of export-oriented enterprises, located in East Coast-Zhejiang wenling City, famous for its scenic beauty, employs over 200 people, more than 20 senior technicians,15 years of production history. We now unite with a well-known university to found a joint Research Center. Meanwhile, we have gained a glorious title of "A Technical Canter of Zhejiang Province Medium and Smail Sized Enterprise" and "High-tech research and Development Centre" .We have professional assembly lines, and complete testing equipment, and a complete set of production control procedures and inspection program, strictly in accordance with ISO9001:2000 quality management system, and we have successively obtained, CCC, CE and ROHS certificate.
In the spirits of a strict quality policy and a new business concept, We are services continue to improve and perfect the technology of production, to always carry out scrupulously adiding by the "standard management, integrity, excellence, pragmatic innovation"business philosophy the guidance of "small but better is our feature; and upscale location is our pursuit", always follow the quality first, reputation first, with with our sincere post-sale service make our users feel relieved, the company increased new product research and development capability, and strive to improve the quality of the staff, to strengthen cohesion, thus enable the company to obtain the fast development.
Company specialized in the production of new external rotor motors, external rotor axial-flow fan, duct fans, centrifugal fan, condenser fan, air-conditioning fan, etc. And cooperate with the European manufacturer of high-end professional motors, products are exported to Europe, America, the Middle East , South-East Asia and other parts of the world , both at home and abroad enjoy a high reputation and market.
We are looking forward to cooperation with you for our mutual benefits!
SANMU general manager of the Electrical and Mechanical Co., Ltd.


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The year so far
By Ian Tanner
Offbeat take on the first six weeks of 2013
Happy New Year, one and all. Ex Gooner Abu Ogogo, now captain of League 2 Dagenham & Redbridge, did not enjoy his New Year, though. As on December 1st, he put through his own net; another Ogogo OG, no less! On 12th January, I saw him score an equaliser at the right end as the mighty Daggers beat Rochdale 2-1, courtesy of a winner deep into Fergie-time. I remember Ogogo as a left-back but hes moved to central midfield. Dagenhams current LB is Gavin Hoyte.
The next time Arsenal win a league match despite yet another display of hapless defending, you can amuse your Gooner mates by describing the performance as Chris Huhnesque. Answering quizzical looks, say that Arsenal tried to give away the three points but were ultimately unsuccessful. We got out of jail, you may wish to add in an apparent ad lib (geddit?). Last season, such was the doom and gloom that many predicted Arsenal would be relegated, a full 15 places below our eventual third or, given that it was Olympics year, should I say the bronze medal position (trophy)? Unlike Huhne, Arsenal are not going down.
Huhne was beaten to the Lib Dumb leadership by Thick Clegg, a mere 500 votes separating these two political pygmies. Clegg is sending the fruits of his loins to a fee-paying school but denies hypocrisy. It was all his lovely wifes idea and, as befits a man who has bedded 30+ women, or so he claims, he just couldnt say no. Another case of innocence due to marital coercion?
Stuart Pearce wants to take Jack and The Ox to the Under-21 Euros in Israel. Hopefully Roy Hodgson will overrule Psychos psychosis.
Lots of talk these days of Laurent Koscielnys predilection for a most Unholy Trinity: red cards, penalties and Ogogos conceded. Laurents worst OG never gets mentioned, predictably. Last year the official website showed him fawning all over Francois Hollande, the new socialist president of his native France, a man who hates the rich and despises the likes of Koscielny for moving abroad in preference to paying tax at the penal (geddit?) rate of 75% back home. Rather than deferentially shaking Hollandes hand, our CB should have stuck to his gunners and wrestled him to the ground.
Hollandes self-defeating policy led to a crowded Eurostar last month as Premier League wannabies left Gare du Nord to begin the first leg of their journey to Newcastle. Didnt Alan Pardew once criticise Arsene for fielding too many Frenchmen?
China sent a monkey into space. Answering to the name of Gareth, the primate was returned unharmed to his cage in N17, though how long hell remain happy in such a confined environment is vexing many of the local community.
15th February 2013 09:00:00
Comments and Reaction
User comments on this article are now closed. If you want to continue the debate, why not do so on the Gooner Forum.
Dorothy 11:52am 15th Feb 2013
Talking of Gareth Bale it was my uncle the Harley Street specialist who pinned back his ears.The only trouble is that unlike nose surgery they are not permanent and they can ping back at any time when least expected.Lets hope it's during the NLD as we could earn a penalty kick. - Post No. 34466
CanadaGooner 17:07pm 16th Feb 2013
the funny thing about arsenal is that there are still some fans who support wenger. several weeks ago when i said arsenal hasnt got a chance in hell in the FA cup i had a few folks taking me on (what would it take for you lot to wisen up and face the reality? as long as wenger is in charge, we wont get anywhere or win anything - that's guaranteed). that's got nothing to do with what he's done in the past, credit to him for that, but as far as the future goes, we are going nowhere with him at the helm and that's a fact. He's washed out, deluded, foolish and way too arrogant to be successful in modern day football (even mourinho (mr arrogance) knows when to draw the line); but there's simply no limit to Wenger's stupidity. Bradford, Blackburn and Bayern? 3 B's. I dread the humiliation that lies ahead - Post No. 34478
16th February 2018
Frozen North Provides Relief For Arsenal
Rare comfortable away win for Gunners v Ostersunds


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Exclusive Mix: House And Bass Music Star Rising One Over
20-year-old One Over is the newest house and bass producer from across the pond to tickle our fancy. The Northamptonshire-based lad has been making riddims for a little over three years now, and mixing for a little bit less. And already his debut release, "Comin To Ya," a collaborative effort with his mate Scullious, has hit the top spot on Juno's Bass Chart. Not bad for a newbie, eh?
Along with support from the big dawgs, MistaJam, Skream, and Benga, this kid's musical journey has started off in the best way, and he'll no doubt be causing critical damage to speakers across the land in coming months.
We wouldn't big up One Over without getting him to make an exclusive mix for our loyal readers to get down to, now, would we? Check out 25 minutes of dopeness below.
One Over – The Days
One Over – 666
One Over x Missy Elliot – Lick Shots (Bootleg)
One Over – B.Shine
One Over – 2 Below
One Over – Dangerous Edit
One Over – Jungle Fever
One Over – When It Starts
Scullious & One Over – Comin' To Ya
One Over – Find Your, Power


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They Made Me a Criminal (1939)Boxer Johnny Bradfield (John Garfield) knocks out a rival in a postfight brawl. Thinking he committed murder, he flees to an Arizona ranch run by hard-as-nails Goldie (Ann Sheridan) and her feisty mother(May Robson) and staffed by Leo Gorcey and the Dead End Kids.
Back to the East Side Kids Library
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