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Mirror position sensor and associated pivot suspension for improved track selection in optical data disk systemDownload PDF
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- H02K41/00—Propulsion systems in which a rigid body is moved along a path due to dynamo-electric interaction between the body and a magnetic field travelling along the path
- H02K41/02—Linear motors; Sectional motors
- H02K41/035—DC motors; Unipolar motors
- H02K41/0352—Unipolar motors
- H02K41/0354—Lorentz force motors, e.g. voice coil motors
- H02K41/0358—Lorentz force motors, e.g. voice coil motors moving along a curvilinear path
- G11B7/00—Recording or reproducing by optical means, e.g. recording using a thermal beam of optical radiation by modifying optical properties or the physical structure, reproducing using an optical beam at lower power by sensing optical properties; Record carriers therefor
- G11B7/08—Disposition or mounting of heads or light sources relatively to record carriers
- G11B7/085—Disposition or mounting of heads or light sources relatively to record carriers with provision for moving the light beam into, or out of, its operative position or across tracks, otherwise than during the transducing operation, e.g. for adjustment or preliminary positioning or track change or selection
- G11B7/08547—Arrangements for positioning the light beam only without moving the head, e.g. using static electro-optical elements
- G11B7/00—Recording or reproducing by optical means, e.g. recording using a thermal beam of optical radiation by modifying optical properties or the physical structure, reproducing using an optical beam at lower power by sensing optical properties; Record carriers therefor
- G11B7/08—Disposition or mounting of heads or light sources relatively to record carriers
- G11B7/09—Disposition or mounting of heads or light sources relatively to record carriers with provision for moving the light beam or focus plane for the purpose of maintaining alignment of the light beam relative to the record carrier during transducing operation, e.g. to compensate for surface irregularities of the latter or for track following
- G11B7/00—Recording or reproducing by optical means, e.g. recording using a thermal beam of optical radiation by modifying optical properties or the physical structure, reproducing using an optical beam at lower power by sensing optical properties; Record carriers therefor
- G11B7/08—Disposition or mounting of heads or light sources relatively to record carriers
- G11B7/09—Disposition or mounting of heads or light sources relatively to record carriers with provision for moving the light beam or focus plane for the purpose of maintaining alignment of the light beam relative to the record carrier during transducing operation, e.g. to compensate for surface irregularities of the latter or for track following
- G11B7/0925—Electromechanical actuators for lens positioning
The present invention relates generally to improved means and methods for optically recording and/or reading, data on disks, and more particularly to improved means and methods using reflector means for selecting and following data tracks thereon, for providing improved pivot-mount means for this reflector means, and for monitoring such pivoting.
In recent years considerable effort has been expended to develop improved methods and apparatus for optically recording and reading on a suitable medium because of the unusually high recording density Potential offered by optical recording. Examples of various known methods and approaches are revealed in the following references:
______________________________________U.S. Pat. No. Date Issued Inventor(s)______________________________________4,216,501 8/5/80 Bell4,222,071 9/9/80 Bell, et al.4,232,337 12/4/80 Winslow, et al.4,243,848 1/6/82 Utsumi4,243,850 1/6/81 Edwards4,253,019 2/24/81 Opheij4,253,734 3/3/81 Komurasaki4,268,745 5/19/81 Okano______________________________________
R. A. Bartolini, et al, "Optical Disk Systems Emerge", IEEE Spectrum, August 1978, pp. 20-28.
G. C. Kenney, et al., "An Optical Disk Replaces 25 Mag Tapes", IEEE Spectrum, February 1979, pp. 33-38.
K. Bulthuis, et al., "Ten Billion Bits on a Disk", IEEE, August 1979, pp. 26-33.
R. Michael Madden, "Silicon Position Sensing Detectors for Precision Measurement and Control",
SPIE, Vol. 153, Advances in Optical Metrology (1978).
Robert M. White, "Disk-Storage Technology", Scientific American, 243: 138-148 (August, 1980).
The subject matter of these references is to be considered as incorporated herein to the extent relevant.
One purpose of the present invention is to provide improved methods and apparatus over those disclosed in the foregoing references for optically recording and/or reading data from an optical storage medium.
One disk memory storage technique uses a system of lenses and mirrors to focus a laser beam onto a rotating disk D coated with a thin layer of metal as shown in FIG. 1. Data is recorded on the disk by forming microscopic holes along tracks in the metallic layer with a powerful, focused beam; data is read-back by passing a less intense beam over the data tracks and detecting intensity changes in the reflected light. This technique allows data densities many times greater than magnetic disk memories; however, the microscopic nature of the storage medium requires a correspondingly-precise technique for positioning the focused laser beams.
The final beam-positioning element in a lens/mirror system as here contemplated is a galvanometer (or "galvo", G), with an electromagnetically-pivoted mirror gm that can selectively scan the laser beam radially across the disk (while the entire galvo unit G is to be reciprocated across disk-tracks for "coarse seek" of track location--the tilting of mirror gm provides "fine-seek").
For "closed-loop" operation of the "beam position control system", it is necessary to communicate to the galvo control circuit (system) a feedback signal indicating the angular position of the galvo mirror. Such a galvo-control system should enhance the accuracy and response time of the beam position; also the effects of cross-coupling from nearby linear motors and other disturbance sources should be minimized. This invention is intended to provide such an improved control system.
One objective hereof is to provide better "control feedback", i.e., to teach the use of a position sensor to determine the angle a galvo mirror is pivoted (relative to the chassis on which it is mounted).
Such a position detector is preferably operated with a monitor beam reflected by the reverse side of the galvo mirror through a simple lens arrangement for detecting the mirror's angular position. This optical approach is advantageous over magnetic or capacitive transducers in that it is immune, in principle, to any electrostatic and magnetic interference from the focus motor; also the optical system can be isolated from the laser beam while also made an analog of the laser's optical system, wherein galvo mirror rotation results in a lateral shift of a focused spot on a flat detector surface.
In a particular preferred embodiment of the present invention, the reliability and accuracy of optical recording and reading (with respect to a rotating optical disk) is significantly enhanced by employment of such a position-sensor unit which functions in conjunction with a three-beam laser arrangement and associated read-signal-processing circuitry whereby to provide improved, more accurate control over recording and reading.
The specific nature of the invention as well as other objects, advantages, features and uses of the invention will become evident from the following description of a preferred embodiment taken in conjunction with the accompanying drawings.
FIG. 1 is a simplified block diagram showing an optical disk memory arrangement apt for using the invention;
FIGS. 2, 3 show a preferred mirror-monitor embodiment in side and plan simplified view respectively; while FIGS. 5 and 6 are simplified elevations indicating the optical array of this embodiment, these shown in enlarged section in FIG. 7; with relative aperture dimensions indicated in FIG. 8; FIG. 4 showing a like embodiment as adapted for adjustment;
Also FIGS. 9A, 9B indicate the magnet-motor subassembly of this embodiment in respective plan and side-sectional views, while FIG. 10 shows the associated coil and magnets in schematic exploded elevation; and
FIG. 11 is a photo-reproduction of the associated mounting flexure in plan view; and
FIG. 12 is a schematic of an alternative packaging of the optical elements after the manner of FIG. 5.
FIGS. 2 and 3 show a preferred embodiment of a (galvo) position sensor unit GU adapted to determine the angular orientation of a galvo mirror gm as it is pivoted relative to an associated galvo carrier ch (in phantom) and to provide a correlative feedback signal (sg) to related means for controlling mirror position. This arrangement will be understood as especially adapted for operational association with certain Optical Disk Memory (OD) units as known in the art. The galvo mirror gm will be understood as accommodating beam scanning (laser beam LB) radially across the disk for track selection/centering (e.g., "track-seek", "track-follow" in conjunction with translator means tm FIG. 1) as known in the art. These are typically controlled to compensate for variances in disk position (e.g., "runout correction").
And, except as otherwise specified, all materials, methods and devices and apparatus herein will be understood as implemented by known expedients according to present good practice.
Thus, unit GU will be understood as providing mirror gm positioned to receive and redirect laser beams (e.g., see beams LB, of 1-2 mm diameter) along a prescribed path to be controllably, selectably diverted by galvo unit GU e.g., via controllably-pivoted laser-mirror gm (see FIG. 2, where a 10×13 mm mirror gm is shown mounted on a magnet assembly M, forming part of the galvo unit GU).
Galvanometer unit GU includes a small, high-performance servomechanism which controls the rotational position of front-surface laser mirror gm (which "steers" all Read and Write laser beams to traverse the related "Final Objective" and "find" the proper track on a subject OMM). This directing of beam LB facilitates operations such as "track-centering" (which may vary with disk-runout) and "track-seek", as workers well know. Preferred exemplary specifications for galvanometer unit GU are given in Table 1 below.
Another facet of galvo unit GU is an optical "angle-sensor" or mirror-position monitor stage for tracking such rotation of mirror gm. This stage, according to another feature hereof, is contained within the body of the galvanometer unit GU (within casting C, e.g., see FIG. 7 described below) and is implemented optically so that an electrical output from the angle-sensor is proportional to the angular position of galvanometer mirror gm (e.g., cf output from detector SD, described below). This angular position information can be used for servo control, of positioning and repositioning the galvano unit GU and the linear motor driving the entire associated translator assembly (carriage ch), as workers well know.
TABLE I______________________________________Galvo Unit GU: Sample Specifications______________________________________High Continuous AccelerationMirror: Angle Range: e.g., within 1-2° Size 12 mm × 7 mm × 2 mm Surface Flatness: λ/10 Reflectivity: order of 97-99% for λ concerned Maximum Allowable ≦±.1° Orthog. RotationNatural Frequency: controlledObjective Focal Length: prescribedMagnet Type Rare EarthCoil Resistance ≈.25ΩCoil Inductance ≈4.6μ Henr:esTotal Mass ≈50-60 gramsPhysical Size 50 mm long × 38 mm dia.Mechanical Rotation Stops: ±3°Linearity of Possible Monitor: better than 10%Bandwidth (Servo): ˜3 KH.sub.z______________________________________
Typically mirror gm is designed as a "good" reflector of the laser radiation (e.g., typically at about 6300 A i.e., 633 n.m.).
Now, workers will appreciate that there are various known or inferred, conventional ways to monitor the position of galvo mirror gm.
One is to attach magnetic flux means (moving-coil or moving magnet) at one or several points along the mirror and detect position-shifts thereof with associated fixedly-disposed "Hall Effect" sensors. More particularly, one can mount the laser mirror gm on a simple flexure-leaf pivot and attach a monitor coil to pivot therewith and monitor coil position. Another method is to mount mirror gm on a journaled pivot-axle (bearing problem, etc.).
Another way would be to dispose capacitor plates on mirror gm, together with confronting fixed plates coupled to electronic means, to detect mirror movement (inter-plate gap change) as a function of changes in inter-plate capacitance.
Another (distantly related) arrangement might use a "Reticon" optical detector with television camera means whereby a multi-segment monolithic opto-detector chip (i.e., a segmented detector) monitors the position-changes of an image moving across the segments and, using clock means, shift-out an image-produced signal as serial data, much as with a standard "shift register". This is very, very expensive however (see also optical monitoring of mirror position "NASA Tech Briefs", Spring '81, p. 58).
According to a feature hereof, a rear face of mirror gm is provided with optical reflector means OR (see FIG. 5 plus enlarged section in FIG. 7, optical-schematic in FIG. 6, aperture layout in FIG. 8) and associated beam/detect means for monitoring the angular position of OR (and thus of mirror gm). A preferred arrangement uses an IR source (LED), and associated IR detector (SD) and intermediate focus means (lens fc--e.g., see FIGS. 5-8).
Such a position detector array OM uses the LED beam as re-directed by reflector OR, rotated conjunctively with galvo mirror gm, through a simple lens arrangement fc to detect the angular position of gm at SD. This optical approach is advantageous in that it is immune (in principle) to optical, electrostatic and magnetic interference (--these can occur--e.g., in the region of the focus motor). Also, the optical system can function as an analog of the laser R/W system, wherein galvo mirror rotation results in a lateral shift of a focused spot on a flat surface yet be optically isolated from laser beam LB. (A short optical path is preferred, e.g., for compactness).
And preferably, reflector OR (and detector SD) can be adjustably pivoted during calibration, to assure proper alignment of the monitor beam--e.g., resetting angular offset of the position detector. With the laser beam aimed as described above (galvo coil-current being "zero"), reflector beam, or LED, or SD can be repositioned to yield ZERO detector output (Sg).
When array OM is properly aligned, light emanating from source LED (infra-red emitting diode or IRED), will be directed at reflector OR and sent through plano-convex lens fc to form an image of the IRED on the (active surface SD-a of) detector SD. Any pivoting of galvo mirror gm will change the wavefront relationships of the OR beam and shift the image laterally, in the direction of beam deflection (see FIG. 5).
The result of galvo mirror deflection (angle θ) is that the image is shifted laterally (distance d) in the direction of beam deflection. Thus, one may describe this as d=f (2 θ), where f is the focal length of the lens. Detector 31 is thus intended to detect shift of mirror angle as converted to linear position-displacement.
One preferred detector element 31 is a "segmented" ("bi-cell") position detector as further described below (also see description in publication by R. M. Madden, cited above; discussed further below).
FIG. 5 illustrates how, in such a galvo unit GU, an optical monitor arrangement OM can operate to indicate rotation of such a back-reflector OR, according to another feature. Here, the galvo mirror gm is modified so that a "back side" (opposite laser mirror gm) is provided with reflector means (surface OR) adapted to optimally reflect the monitor radiation beam M-b from a source LED (e.g., IR-LED at 900 nm, with built-in lens-collimator as known in the art). This illumination (beam M-b) is to be focused by focus means fc and detected at associated detector SD (e.g., a split-cell or bi-cell, detector as known in the art; alternatively a longer segmented cell may be used for larger beam-excursions).
No separate light shielding enclosure is needed with such an arrangement since the mirror-mount (casting C) incorporates them (see FIG. 7). Preferably the monitor-optics OM are adapted to enhance detect-signal amplitude as known in the art (e.g., larger lens; lens-enlargement of beam image; to decrease noise; e.g., by tight shielding from laser illumination and other stray light, also enhancing S/N).
FIG. 3 is a plan view, somewhat simplified, of galvo unit GU, showing the basic mounting-plate 1 carrying the galvo components. Plate 1 will be understood to be mounted in adjustably-positioned fashion on a translator carriage means ch (shown in phantom FIG. 2, see mounting slots S). A novel galvo-casting C (see FIG. 7) is mounted upon plate 1 and according to a feature hereof is adapted not only to mount the laser mirror gm but also to serve as a unitary mount for associated magnetic circuit means M (used to rotate laser mirror gm, details in FIG. 10) and for the associated "mirror-position-monitoring" means OM (comprising beam source LED, and associated reflector, detector and lens, etc. as explained below). Moreover, according to another novel feature, detailed below, mirror gm and the associated (opposed) monitoring reflector OR are both mounted on a single unitary torsion spring sp (plan view FIG. 11) along with parts of the associated pivot motor PM.
Other features will be recognized as conventional such as the connecting wire harness "w", the electronic and related components, ec, mounted below plate 1 on PC board 3, etc. FIG. 4 shows galvo unit GU in partial schematized cut-away view, as adapted for galvo-rotation, for mirror-rotation and for galvo-translation.
Workers will appreciate the advantages of the indicated galvo packaging arrangement; how simple and convenient it is, how light and compact. For instance (as described below in more detail) note that this arrangement readily accommodates using the reverse side of galvo mirror gm as a reflector for monitoring mirror position--especially via a radiation beam-detector combination like LED and SD in FIG. 6, where these can be packaged within a single casting, mounting the two mirrors and their pivot motor. Such a casting provides a light, compact unit that is inherently shielded from all ambient light and affords a safe, rigid, secure mounting--different from what has heretofore been conventional in the art.
Other associated advantages will be apparent to workers. For instance, heretofore when workers have attempted to monitor mirror position optically they have been forced to provide a light shield for the optical monitor system--this unnecessarily adding parts, mass, etc. Alternate packaging modes will occur to workers and a different kind of mirror-position-monitoring system can be accommodated in such a packaging arrangement.
FIG. 7 shows how the aforementioned packaging feature can readily accommodate using such a dual-mirror array, mounting it on a flat flexure spring sp and juxtaposing an associated pivot motor (part M, etc.) with an optical monitoring system in a compact, secure, rigid packaging array, shielded from ambient optical interference, etc. That is, here, a single unitary casting C (a portion of which is shown here and also in FIGS. 2 and 3) is adapted to mount various elements of magnetic circuit M while also mounting and positioning source LED, detector SD and associated lens fc in reflective-communicating fashion relative to reflector OR (here, LED and mirror gm and reflector OR are shown in phantom as mounted on, and in, magnetic circuit M, also being shown better in FIGS. 9A and 9B, described below). Elements of magnetic circuit M will become more apparent on consideration of the details thereof described below relative to FIGS. 10 and 11.
Also, the electronics package ec (e.g., pre-amps) is preferably disposed to be magnetic-shielded, reducing interference by flux from coils of galvo mirror gm (cf flux can be strongest along coil-winding direction).
FIG. 12 is similar except that a related source LED' and detector SD' are disposed in relatively the same direction and a related lens fc' is used twice. Here, as in the arrangement of FIG. 5, use of a compact lens package and larger lenses can reduce any optical distortion that may occur (e.g., in the linearity of the system because the image of the IRED "vignettes" as the monitor-beam swings off-center).
FIGS. 6-8 will be recognized as detailing some facets of this optical monitoring system OM. Thus, FIG. 6 shows the optical monitoring array OM as including a solid-state beam source LED (e.g., Telefunken LED; model #CQY35NF is preferred; it operates at about 900 nm and delivers ample power for this type of arrangement; it emits a wavelength suitable for the preferred kind of available detector at maximum sensitivity). Array OM also includes an associated detector SD and focus lens fc. Detector SD should respond maximally to this wavelength; thus, here we prefer "bi-cell" unit by United Detector Inc.: model #UDT PIN-POT 2D. The lens fc can, of course, amplify beam movement on reflector surface OR and also concentrate the beam upon a relatively small active area SD-a of detector SD. Of course, in certain instances such a lens means might be eliminated, as workers know; (however, this would necessitate a longer detect-surface and other undesirable modifications).
Thus, as the mirror gm is rotated, its companion reflector OR will conjunctively rotate and cause the light beam from LED to accordingly move across active detector surface SD-a so detector SD will give a position output p-o as known in the art. Output p-o may be processed and used to verify R/W track location, and correct this location (e.g., center the laser R/W beam on a given track) with known feedback control, etc., as known in the art.
FIG. 8 shows the layout of this sensor with a rough indication of the relative size and spacing of the apertures of the elements of array OM. The dimensions are only suggestive, of course. The relative spacing of these parts here is the order of a few millimeters. As are the aperture diameters.
Several methods of suspending the rotating mirror assembly were considered: such as a flexure-blade pivot made of rubber and an axle-mounted array. But, with the extreme requirements postulated here (e.g., life of 10+years--many hi-impact "crashes"), life performance of rubber was gravely doubted. Also, we have found that rubber flexure pivots would allow hysteresis and excessive off-axis (orthogonal) rotation of mirror gm.
A "torsion bar" mount was favored as the simplest, least expensive method that could be used to meet (most if not all) performance requirements (see Table I). And the design of a simple rectangular cross-section torsion bar-spring was adopted (see FIGS. 9, 11; also see "Formulas for Stress and Strain", 5th Edition by Roark and Young. And, see "Machine Design", Jan. 8, 1981, pp. 114, 115 re "silicon torsion bar", its manufacture and use).
To optimize spring suspension performance, certain beryllium-copper was selected as the preferred flexure material. With proper heat treatment, the tensile yield strength of BeCu can be increased to approximately 180,000 psi; also BeCu was found to exhibit excellent fatigue characteristics and relatively low hysteresis.
And, as another advantage, it will be seen the preferred torsion-bar mounting spring sp (e.g., see FIG. 11) also provides galvo mirror gm with a natural mechanical "neutral" position--to be assumed when no current flows in the pivot-motor (coil C-M thereof). During alignment, mirror gm will be "set" so the laser beam is centered in its objective when the pivot coil C-M is unenergized. A related advantage is that angular position information will be developed at detector SD to be available for positive feedback control and associated reduction in spring constant.
Now, such a spring mount sp is superior to conventional practical approaches to this problem. It can co-act with novel moving-coil motor to enhance flux coupling, and improved magnetic efficiency (e.g., less stray flux) than known moving magnet/moving coil designs; and it can accommodate an opposed monitor-reflector like OR; it can readily accommodate alignment of the center-of-mass with the pivot axis; it can be made light-weight, responsive and easy to accelerate; it is rugged and stable (e.g., able to survive hi-impact crashes against stops); it presents no significant "field fix" problems, and it is well adapted for Optical Mass Memory (OMM) disk applications (e.g., as detailed below).
The basic magnetic circuit, with magnets, is shown in FIG. 10. The basic overall size of the circuit is fixed once the large front-mirror gm is specified. One may optimize the dimensions of the magnetic gap vs. coil volume, so that maximum drive-force is achieved consistent with no unreasonable waste of flux.
To take advantage of the strength of the rare earth magnets m-2, m-2' used in this galvo, it is important to keep flux levels within the (soft iron) magnetic circuit (m-1, m-3, m-4, etc.) at or below the saturation level of the circuit material. "Soft iron" with a saturation level of about 20,000 gauss is preferred as the circuit material. Maximum and minimum flux levels are affected by extremes in the cross-sectional areas (e.g., caused by tolerances in machining). The small center piece or core m-4 will typically exhibit over 20,000 gauss; it can be made larger to reduce this flux level, but this will reduce power to the angle-sensor (because increased volume of the iron would decrease the space for reflector OR located within the hollow center of core m-4, thus reducing beam size M-b and detector output).
To minimize resistance and coil inductance, a single layer coil may be used; this is preferred. Workers can see it is also possible to increase coil parameters to match common existing power amplifiers (e.g., 4-8 ohm hybrid audio-amplifiers).
As workers know, one of the problems in packaging (e.g., see FIG. 7) is how large to make reflector OR (to increase output signal amplitude from detector SD), consistent with the minimal volume-dimension allocated and yet leave enough of magnetic circuit M to rotate the mirrors effectively.
According to a related feature, better illustrated in FIGS. 9 and 9A, mirrors gm and OR are mounted in opposition (on opposing sides) of core (torsion-blade) 23 of flat flexure spring sp (plan view of sp in FIG. 11). Reflector OR is preferably mounted in the hollow center of magnet-core piece m-4 (of magnet assembly M), core m-4 being disposed facing blade 23 of spring sp and moving coil C-M thereon--thus application of current through the motor coil C-M will cause the blade 23, carrying the 2 mirrors and coil C-M, to pivot as known in the art.
Respective opposite-poled sides of core m-4 functions to couple the two working gaps about coil C-M. Each are confronted across a respective flux gap, by a respective pole shim m-3, m-3' of opposite polarity. The magnetic circuit is completed through the low-reluctance, rare earth magnets, or flux sources, m-2, m-2' and through flux return circuit (ring) m-1.
As workers will see, shims m-3, m-3' may be eliminated (this is preferred if feasible; the shims merely serve to accommodate off-size magnets without need to specially shape them); with magnets m-2, m-2'extended to occupy their position here. Also, core m-4 will be eliminated if flux is adequate without it.
The two sides of the outer circuit (ring m-1) may be chamfered as indicated in FIG. 10A and in FIG. 7 to conserve space.
Rare earth magnets m-2, m-2' will be rendered as known in the art, while the other parts of assembly M are preferably of soft iron or other ferromagnetic material. Shims m-3, m-3' (though not, in all cases, necessary) serve to extend the body of a respective magnet m-2, m-2' toward hollow rotatable core m-4 and so concentrate flux there as known in the art.
Coil C-M is attached, for rigidity, etc., to coil-form C-F which is bonded to pivotable center-blade 23 of sp at the base of C-F--C-F having 2 or 4 sides projecting from this base to connect with coil C-M.
When core m-4 is used, it is preferably annealed to increase flux density therethrough and lower its magnetic reluctance--a similar annealing may be given to the other soft iron pieces as necessary and desired (this will also make flux-saturation level more uniform from unit to unit; likewise for other ferromagnetic parts).
The motor characteristics (that is, the number of turns of coil C-M, wire size, current applied, gap width and length, etc.) will be adjusted to provide the required pivoting force, e.g., giving the necessary acceleration and excursion consistent with how flexible torsion-blade 23 is. Leads LL-c are shown in FIG. 9A, lead to an appropriate current source for controllably activating coil C-M conjunctive with the influence of magnets m-2, m-2' to provide the pivoting action desired, as workers know.
Workers in the art will appreciate the uniqueness and advantages of such a torsion-spring mounting and how well adapted it is for accommodating the difficult high ambient acceleration (single axis rotation); for instance, no other system is known which affords such high unidirectional flexibility, while at the same time providing very high stiffness in all other directions, especially orthogonally. This is especially so given the subject requirements for minimum size and cost.
By comparison, an analogous axle/ball-bearing mounting would fail miserably in "unidirectionality" (orthogonal rotation)--while using a simple cantilevered flexure blade would certainly not be as truly uni-directionally-flexible.
An increase in the cross-sectional area of the core m-4 may be desired to drop the flux level closer to saturation-level. This will also require a smaller reflector OR (OR fits inside core m-4 and can limit the diameter of monitor beam M-b in the angle-sensor). A trade-off is possible here; balancing core size (cross-sectional area, or flux level and pivot efficiency) vs. reflector size (i.e., limiting beam power reflected to the detector SD). Once a minimum acceptable detector power is determined, this will fix reflector size; then the corresponding flux level in the core piece can be optimized. Of course, a change in reflector size also affects the C-O-G and moment of inertia of the assembly. And, as mentioned, core m-4 will be eliminated if feasible.
Increasing the resistance of the galvo coil c-1 can facilitate its use with "off-the-shelf" audio power amplifier modules. Although not a controlling factor in galvo design, the use of existing proven modules should reduce cost.
As mentioned, one can eliminate the small soft-iron shims m-3, m-3' (one between each magnet m-2, m-2' and its respective working gap). Shims m-3, m-3' act as a concentrator (funnel) of flux emanating from the magnets into the gap; if they are eliminated and their space filled by magnet material (enlarge m-2, m-2' accordingly), one might thereby reduce flux leakage and conserve working "gap-flux" (reduce path-reluctance). Contrary-wise, it is also possible that the "concentration effects" of shims m-3, m-3' predominates over leakage effects--whereupon gap flux might well decrease if the shims are eliminated (replaced by a larger magnet mass).
FIG. 11 is a photo-reproduction (plan view) of the actual torsion-bar spring part sp preferred for this embodiment. For convenience, spring sp is formed from a flat, 2 mil Be-Cu shim stock of the indicated size, being etched or otherwise cut-out, to exhibit a hollow fixed outer (rim) portion 21 and an inner relatively twistable center (core or blade) portion 23. Blade 23 is connected to rim 21 via a thin pair of opposed like upper and lower lands (arms) 25, 25' (arms 25, 25' thus form the actual torsion-bar springs). As detailed elsewhere, when the pivot-motor coil C-M is attached to blade 23, it will coact with the permanent magnet flux across the air gaps to cause blade 23--and mirrors gm and OR fastened thereon--to proportionally rotate relative to fixed rim 21 and the rest of the galvo structure (GU).
This galvo suspension spring sp will be recognized as well-suited for the indicated service, with the relatively rotatable blade 23 accommodating high flexibility in one twisting-axis, yet being very, very stiff in all other directions--this "uni-directional flexibility" nicely accommodating single-axis rotation of the mirrors and associated magnet parts mounted thereon.
According to a preferred construction, the material of spring sp comprises a single piece of "high tensile" strength/high yield strength stock such as 2 mil shim stock of Be-Cu #172 (for maximum tensile and yield strengths, on the order of 150-200,00 psi--choose thicker stock for increased stiffness, of course). This part may be etched-out to supply the given dimensions and configuration; preferably first being "heat treated" before etching (i.e., hardened, then aged to render a hardness of RC#40+--e.g., the aging may comprise heating for about two hours at 600° F. after hardening--and before etching).
Other materials and related treatments will, of course, occur to those skilled in the art, for instance, other similar Be-Cu alloys such as #Be-Cu 170 (though this is weaker), phosphor-bronze, various stainless steel alloys or the like.
Basic optical layout: The basic layout of the optical system used in the angle-sensor is shown in FIGS. 6-8. As the small mirror OR is rotated, the spot projected on detector SD is displaced. The distances between all the elements are basically determined by size and space limitations. For instance, one can achieve a spot displacement on detector SD of ±0.025 inches for a mirror rotation of ±1.5 degrees (±3.0 degrees of beam rotation), using a lens with a focal length of 0.5 inch (12 .fmm). Detector SD can be located at the focal length of the lens because the light from source LED is "close to parallel" ("nearly collimated").
As mentioned, the angle-sensor array C-M includes a small reflector OR which is attached to rear of flexure sp. It is highly important to properly balance the moving assembly. In order that the center-of-mass of this rotating assembly be kept close to (within 8 mils of) the actual axis of rotation, a thickness of reflector OR is selected which locates the center of gravity on the rotating axis of spring sp. A thickness of 2.54 mm was satisfactory for this embodiment.
The preferred arrangement features position sensors which are "segmented" (e.g., SD is preferably a bi-cell, as opposed to "lateral cells"; and in some form of silicon photodiode) as well known in the art. "Bi-cells" exhibit superior position-sensitivity and resolution; however their dynamic operating ranges are limited by the surface dimensions of the cell (and of size of the optical image focused onto the detector). Segmented cells require uniform illumination intensity in the spot to achieve good linearity; and they can operate at bandwidths well in excess of 10 KHz, as may be required in pulsed and high-speed tracking applications.
A "bi-cell" is a monolithic structure with two distinct separated active areas (anodes); and a "cathode" common to both regions. The bi-cell is arranged to indicate the position of a light spot with respect to the boundary between active areas.
The simplest use of a bi-cell detector involves imaging a uniform spot of light onto the detector in such a way that the center of the detector is included within the light spot. Photo-generated currents are thereby induced in both of the active regions and flow into the external circuit. The magnitude of the current flowing from each region is proportional to the integrated light flux falling on that region. Presuming a uniform light intensity, the difference between output signals from opposite regions (S1, S2) divided by the sum of currents from opposite regions (C1, C2) yields a normalized transfer function Ft specifying the position of the spot centroid as a fraction of the bi-cells overall operating span. (i.e., ##EQU1##
The operating span for the preferred mode of operation is proportional to the radius of the light spot. When the light spot is more than a radius away from center, both regions are no longer illuminated and the transfer function no longer represents the analog spot position.
The linearity of a segmented detector would actually be quite good if a light spot of perfectly uniform intensity were used. Most practically realizable light spots, however, have more of a gaussian intensity distribution and may exhibit any number of other abberations. Consequently, segmented detectors often deviate greatly from the ideal linear transfer characteristic. Segmented detectors are used most successfully in nulling applications where a very sensitive measure of small deviations about zero are required.
Now, the source LED is selected on the basis of its beam profile as well as its output power. Here, a preferred LED, with relatively high-intensity output and with a very narrow beam profile, is model CQY-35-N-F made by AEG-Telefunken. having a nominal radiant intensity of 36 mW/SR and a "half-power-angle" of ±5 degrees. One disadvantage of this Telefunken LED is that its emission, around 950 nm, isn't seen by the unaided eye.
The possible temperature variation and its effect upon "null point drift" would render certain detectors impractical (e.g., one will not want a detector giving a continuous position signal output that is dependent on temperature).
Three different and separate adjustments are usually undertaken to align the galvo GU on its translator/carriage ch in the Optical Memory apparatus. These three adjustments should be independent of one another and should be undertaken after the galvo is secured on its moving carriage assembly ch. As indicated in FIG. 4, the mounting fixture (see plate 1) which holds the galvo to the carriage ch is designed to allow adjustments I and II. The third adjustment (III) is made by applying a prescribed D.C. offset current to galvo coil C-M.
In addition to these three adjustments, two more adjustments should be made within the galvo unit GU itself. Due to a possible variation between mechanical and optical axes of each LED (e.g., about ±5° has been seen), an LED-SD alignment may be necessary--e.g., as the LED is mounted in the body of the galvo casting C, so that its optical axis (beam M-b) will be aligned with the axis of the angle-sensor optical path (e.g., within 1°-2° thereof).
Then, the detector SD should also be aligned so that its output signal will be zero at "null" for laser mirror gm.
FIG. 12 indicates an optical monitor array OMM' alternative to that of FIG. 5, etc. described above (all elements considered equivalent except as otherwise specified --e.g., source S, lens fc', reflector Mir on reverse side of laser mirror gm " and detector DL vs. FIG. 5 source LED, lens fc, reflector OR and detector SD). Here, the optical path will be seen as "reflexive", with lens fc arranged for possible dual-use, directing the detect-beam to and from reflector Mir. In some instances such a compact array will be preferred.
It will be understood that the preferred embodiments described herein are only exemplary, and that the invention is capable of many modifications and variations in construction, arrangement and use without departing from the spirit of the concepts taught. As an example, the means and techniques disclosed herein are also applicable to certain other analogous angle sensor or pivot-sensor systems and the like, as well as being applicable for other analogous optical data recording arrangements.
All variations of the invention being merely illustrative, the invention should be considered as including all possible modifications and variations coming within the scope of the invention as defined by the appended claims.
Claims (18)
Priority Applications (1)
|Application Number
|Priority Date
|Filing Date
|US06428929 US4560925A (en)
|Mirror position sensor and associated pivot suspension for improved track selection in optical data disk system
Applications Claiming Priority (1)
|Application Number
|Priority Date
|Filing Date
|US06428929 US4560925A (en)
|Mirror position sensor and associated pivot suspension for improved track selection in optical data disk system
Publications (1)
|Publication Number
|Publication Date
|US4560925A true US4560925A (en)
Family Applications (1)
|Application Number
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|US06428929 Expired - Lifetime US4560925A (en)
|Mirror position sensor and associated pivot suspension for improved track selection in optical data disk system
Country Status (1)
|US4560925A (en)
Cited By (12)
|Publication number
|Priority date
|Publication date
|EP0273071A1 (en) *
|Ibm Deutschland Gmbh
|Rotary access arm for optical disks
|US4919499A (en) *
|Sharp Kabushiki Kaisha
|Optical printer of scaning type
|US5110195A (en) *
|Massachusetts Institute Of Technology
|High bandwidth steering mirror
|US5408253A (en) *
|Eastman Kodak Company
|Integrated galvanometer scanning device
|US5563871A (en) *
|International Business Machines Corporation.
|Rotary actuator with a magnetic bias bearing configuration for rotating an optical element in an optical data storage system
|US5983720A (en) *
|Orbital Technologies Corporation
|Reflected light rotation sensor
|US6108118A (en) *
|Olympus Optical Co., Ltd.
|Optical deflector
|US6275326B1 (en) *
|Lucent Technologies Inc.
|Control arrangement for microelectromechanical devices and systems
|US6411751B1 (en) *
|Lucent Technologies Inc.
|System and method for training an optical cross-connect comprising steerable switching elements
|US6813055B2 (en) *
|Fiberyard, Inc.
|Optical beam steering device
|EP1948557A1 (en) *
|Agency for Science, Technology and Research
|Nano-positioning electromagnetic linear actuator
|DE102016112133A1 (en)
|Schwind Eye-Tech-Solutions Gmbh & Co. Kg
|A method for redundant monitoring a position of a movably mounted outside effective element of a device and apparatus
Citations (7)
|Publication number
|Priority date
|Publication date
|US2670660A (en) *
|William Miller Instr Inc
|Multiple reflection indication for moving mirror instruments
|US3011124A (en) *
|Ludwig Bolkow
|Light-beam deflector
|US3087373A (en) *
|Barnes Eng Co
|Oscillatory scanning system
|US3532408A (en) *
|Bulova Watch Co Inc
|Resonant torsional oscillators
|US3642344A (en) *
|Honeywell Inc
|Optical scanner having high-frequency torsional oscillator
|US4317611A (en) *
|International Business Machines Corporation
|Optical ray deflection apparatus
|US4421381A (en) *
|Yokogawa Hokushin Electric Corp.
|Mechanical vibrating element
Patent Citations (7)
|Publication number
|Priority date
|Publication date
|US2670660A (en) *
|William Miller Instr Inc
|Multiple reflection indication for moving mirror instruments
|US3011124A (en) *
|Ludwig Bolkow
|Light-beam deflector
|US3087373A (en) *
|Barnes Eng Co
|Oscillatory scanning system
|US3532408A (en) *
|Bulova Watch Co Inc
|Resonant torsional oscillators
|US3642344A (en) *
|Honeywell Inc
|Optical scanner having high-frequency torsional oscillator
|US4421381A (en) *
|Yokogawa Hokushin Electric Corp.
|Mechanical vibrating element
|US4317611A (en) *
|International Business Machines Corporation
|Optical ray deflection apparatus
Cited By (13)
|Publication number
|Priority date
|Publication date
|EP0273071A1 (en) *
|Ibm Deutschland Gmbh
|Rotary access arm for optical disks
|US4919499A (en) *
|Sharp Kabushiki Kaisha
|Optical printer of scaning type
|US5110195A (en) *
|Massachusetts Institute Of Technology
|High bandwidth steering mirror
|US5408253A (en) *
|Eastman Kodak Company
|Integrated galvanometer scanning device
|US5563871A (en) *
|International Business Machines Corporation.
|Rotary actuator with a magnetic bias bearing configuration for rotating an optical element in an optical data storage system
|US5983720A (en) *
|Orbital Technologies Corporation
|Reflected light rotation sensor
|US6108118A (en) *
|Olympus Optical Co., Ltd.
|Optical deflector
|US6275326B1 (en) *
|Lucent Technologies Inc.
|Control arrangement for microelectromechanical devices and systems
|US6411751B1 (en) *
|Lucent Technologies Inc.
|System and method for training an optical cross-connect comprising steerable switching elements
|US6813055B2 (en) *
|Fiberyard, Inc.
|Optical beam steering device
|EP1948557A1 (en) *
|Agency for Science, Technology and Research
|Nano-positioning electromagnetic linear actuator
|EP1948557A4 (en) *
|Agency Science Tech & Res
|Nano-positioning electromagnetic linear actuator
|DE102016112133A1 (en)
|Schwind Eye-Tech-Solutions Gmbh & Co. Kg
|A method for redundant monitoring a position of a movably mounted outside effective element of a device and apparatus
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GIS Solutions
Providing web-based Geographical Information System (GIS) solutions since 2005, TechnoNet Group is dedicated to creating, managing and hosting innovative web-based GIS solutions for both government and business.
TNG offers project, implementation, and industry-focused services to support customers and business partners. We provide:
- Distributed GIS solutions
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as well as a range of other services to meet your needs.
As a member of your project team, we will apply our extensive application development experience and the lessons learned through numerous years of building innovative GIS solutions.
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TNG's goal for designing clients' geospatial databases is to develop data models that will be easy for your GIS specialists to manage over the long run. Our databases provide reliable and expandable secure solutions to the management of your GIS data storage requirements.
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text: santababy 0 Posted February 19, 2014 Hi I've got a 53 2.0 tdci cmax, with a very very poorly gearbox. Have lost 5th, 3rd is dodgy, pops out a lot, and the whole gearbox feels very crunchy and clunky. Anyone know if it's possible to get gearboxes reconditioned? I've had a garage quote me about £1100 to put a 2nd hand one in. Anyone know if that sounds reasonable? Anything anybody knows about getting gearboxes replaced would be useful too. It's done 91k, so no spring chicken but not high mileage for age. Fingers crossed somebody will know something that might help me decide what to do with it! Don't want to shell out £1100 unless it's absolutely necessary. Also, have seen gearboxes on ebay for anywhere between £300 and £800, so am thinking is that the way to go, and then try and get someone to fit it? Will that save me some cash? But not knowing anything about gearboxes makes me slightly hesitant about that! Thanks in advance Ollie Share this post Link to post Share on other sites


text:
Click here to print the obituary below
In Memory of
Jane Seale Adamson
April 19, 1925 - August 17, 2011
Ethel "Jane" Seale Adamson, 86, passed away on August 17, 2011. Jane was born on April 19, 1925 in Teague, Texas to Fletcher Franklin Seale and Delma Izora Manning Seale. Jane grew up in the Teague and Jewitt area before later moving to Houston. Jane worked at Humble Oil in Houston where she met her husband, Charles "Kelley" Adamson. Kelley and Jane married on April 8, 1958 and resided in Houston. Jane continued to work as an accountant for various oil companies until her retirement.
Jane was a loving and devoted mother and wife. She was a true servant helping her former co-workers and neighbors at every opportunity. She spent many hours in her kitchen cooking and providing meals to those in need. In her spare time, she was found on the golf course striving to improve her game, tending to her lovely flowers or performing her own household repairs.
Jane is preceded in death by husband, Charles Kelley Adamson; her parents Fletcher and Delma Seale, brothers Franklin Odem "Buck" Seale of Victoria, Billy Sidney Seale of LaGrange, and Fletcher Franklin (Junior) Seale and sister, Sarah Frances Seale Dickerson.
Jane is survived by her son, Kelley Seale Adamson and his wife, Carla Williams Adamson of College Station; granddaughters Adrienne Diane Adamson and Brynne Parker Adamson of College Station. Jane also leaves her two sisters, Margaret Elizabeth Seale McCollum of Beeville and Mary Louise Seale Simms of Houston and her brother, Donald Ray Seale of Lubbock. Jane also leaves numerous nieces and nephews all of whom she loved dearly.
Funeral services will be held at the A&M Church of Christ Chapel at 10:30 a.m. on Saturday, August 20, 2011. In lieu of flowers, her family asks that donations be made to the
Kelley and Carla wish to express their appreciation to the entire staff at Hudson Creek of Bryan, Texas and to Texas Home Health Hospice for their undying love and care shown to Jane during this time.
Fuernal Service
Saturday, August 20, 2011 | 10:30am
A&M Church of Christ
College Staition, Texas
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College Station, Texas
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text:
Top court to weigh sentencing guide
Maine case among 2 to be considered
By Shelley Murphy Globe Staff / August 3, 2004
- |
The US Supreme Court agreed yesterday to take two cases, from Maine and Wisconsin, to resolve questions about the constitutionality of federal sentencing guidelines that have created confusion in the nation's courts. (Full Article: 568 Words)
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text:
Drum Circles
Drum Circle
Drum Circles,
Drum Circle Events,
Drum Circle People,
Drum Circle Topics,
- that is what
Drum Circle Magazine
is all about!
We are posting a few questions on Facebook and will be using some responses for inclusion in our print magazine. You may become famous and have a chance to win prizes if you respond!
Main Menu
Social Network
|Drum Circle Links
|Add Entry
Starting Your Own Drum Circle in a Music Store
Great article on REMO's website with step-by-step instructions, inclusing Top Ten Tips for a successful Drum Circle, and links to resources to help promote your event.
By Arthur Hull
|Date added: 13.6.2010
|Powered by Sigsiu.NET
Share on Facebook
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We've developed the most robust event listings application we could find so that YOU will have the ability to easily add your drum circles and drum circle events, rhythm festivals, and other drumming related activities.
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Do you have a DVD on Amazon you'd like us to recommend? Contact Rob to get it listed.
Featured Drum Circle Facilitators
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text:
CHICAGO -- Wilson Staff mini-tour player Meghan Hardin returns to the Golf Channel®'s popular show, Big Break®, for a reunion series with former NFL® stars in Puerto Rico. The sequence brings together past show's charismatic personalities returning for their second chance at qualifying for the world's top tours.
Hardin's dream is to compete on the LPGA Tour, and the competitive show qualifies her for an exemption to do just that in 2014.
Two years ago, she gave up her amateur status and the ability to compete collegiately at Palomar College in California to compete on Big Break Atlantis. Since then, she joined the Cactus and Grasshopper mini-tours in the Southwest and continued her quest to obtain her LPGA Tour card.
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The show premieres Tuesday, October 8, at 9PM ET on Golf Channel.
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Wilson Golf is a division of Chicago-based Wilson Sporting Goods Co., one of the world's leading manufacturers of sports equipment by Amer Sports.
Log onto wilsonstaff.com or call (800) 622-0444 for more information.


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Drifter Jack's is passionate about hosteling. We know that hostels have the potential to create lifelong friendships and unforgettable memories.
Our favorite hostels around the world made it fun and easy to connect with other travelers while experiencing the city like a local and that is exactly what we strive to do. At DJ's our focus is on community, cleanliness and comfort.
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Visit our photo gallery to view some samples of our work. We stand behind our work and we won't rest until your satisfaction has been met. Read some customer testimonials from satisfied customers who have hired Custom Hardwood Flooring Inc. to install their wood floor.
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Posted by mrsimonelliott on July 2, 2009 at 8:05pm
Start:2009-09-01 (All day) - 2009-09-05 (All day) UTC
Event type:
First of all a BIG THANK YOU to everyone who has helped us so far with preparing, organizing and spreading the word about DrupalCon Paris 2009, all over Europe and even internationally.
This is your event! You are the community. You are the ones who represent Drupal and we want to have you, the representatives, join us in Paris.
So we need your help to spread the word even "louder" and make the DrupalCon even more Drupalicious, for you.
- you, the community, are the core!
- you, the community, make the decisions
- you, the community, decide where Drupal is going.
Here some carrots, that will lead your way to Paris in September:
- Sessions and keynotes: Variety, excitement, learning.
- Job fair: Yes, we think about your future. Pitch yourselves! :)
- Day care: Your little ones can be part of the Drupal experience.
- Healthy food: We try to make it tasty for your taste buds.
- T-Shirt contest: The ultimate Drupal tradition. (get ready for this!)
and there will be more to come, so keep checking the site!


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WordPress Plugin – My Wish List
This plugin allows you to create wish lists for your website, and display them on any post or page with simple shortcode. Include Item names, prices, sizes, colors, links, and photos so everyone knows what you want/need.
WordPress Repo: http://wordpress.org/extend/plugins/my-wish-list/
Direct Downloads:
Version 1.4.2 – 4/13/2015
Version 1.4.1 – 9/10/2014
Version 1.4 – 9/5/2014
Version 1.3.1 – 2/11/2014 ** Bug Fix
Version 1.3 – 2/10/2014
Version 1.2 – 2/10/2014
Version 1.1 – 8/27/2013
Version 1.0 – 9/5/2012
Version 0.0.3 – 5/8/2012 ** Bug Fix
Version 0.0.2 – 4/30/2012 **Bug Fix
Version 0.0.1 – 12/30/2011
Contributors: kionae
Donate link: http://www.nlb-creations.com/donate
Tags: item lists, wish list, wishlist
Requires at least: 3.2.0
Tested up to: 4.0
Stable tag: trunk
- Upload plugin .zip file to the
/wp-content/plugins/directory and unzip.
- Activate the plugin through the 'Plugins' menu in WordPress.
- A new post type called "Wish Lists" will appear in the admin menu. Use this to create your wish lists.
Frequently Asked Questions
How do I display my wishlist?
There are two ways.
1) Simply link to it. A new page exists on your site for each list you create. If you want to customize how your list is laid out, this is the option for you.
Copy the template file /my-wish-list/templates/single-wishlist.php into your active theme's directory and edit away.
2) Use the shortcode [wishlist id=xx] in any page or post, where id is the post id of the wishlist you created.
Can visitors reserve items to purchase from my wishlist?
Yes. This can enabled in the Wishlist settings box in any wishlist you create. Information about promised items will appear in the edit page for the wishlist.
Can visitors purchase items through this plugin?
No. This is not an e-commerce plugin. It only allows you to list items you need/want, and tell people where they can buy them for you.
Can I change the CSS styles for the wishlist?
Yes. Just copy the my-wish-list/styles/wishlist.css file into your active theme's directory and make all the changes you like.
- Initial release
- Bug fix for wishlists save with no items added
- Fixing jQuery conflict Wish List was having with other plugins
- Moved all CSS to external file
- Added code to allow override of default CSS
- Added ability for donors to reserve items
- Added additional settings to each wishlist created to make them more customizable
- Fixed some compatibility issues with WordPress 3.6
- Added a template file for Wishlists that can be customized
- Plugin now sends an email to the site admin when an item is promised
- Minor fix in the single-wishlist.php template file
- Added item name to emails
- Fix for admin emails
- Fixed a bug that would not allow users to display links that start with https://
- Verified compatibility with WordPress 4.0
- * Fixed a minor PHP error that occurred with no list items were present when a list is saved
- Fixed a minor PHP error that occurred with no list items were present when a list is saved
- Security vulnerability fixes


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Welcome to Bears Den!
We provide a gateway connecting people to the "rollercoaster" section of the Appalachian Trail. Bears Den is owned by the Appalachian Trail Conservancy and operated by the Potomac Appalachian Trail Club. The historic stone mansion sits on 66 acres and is 150 yards from the AT and a beautiful, westward-facing overlook of the Shenandoah Valley and Blue Ridge Mountains. We offer an array of services including a drop-in long-distance backpacker hostel with full services, accommodations for group or private party rentals, a primitive campground, a rustic cottage and a contact for all your hiking, shuttle, and slackpack needs.
------- Check out the 2015 ATC Biennial !!! -------
(click on image below)
Like us on Facebook!


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Alternate Reality: The City (DOS)
Published by
Developed by
Also For
Critic Score
100 point score based on reviews from various critics.
User Score
5 point score based on user ratings.
3 out of 3 people found this review helpfulwrite a review of this game
read more reviews by Apparatchik
SummaryThe dawn of realistic computer role playing.
The GoodThis game had much going for it. First the scenario while a bit cliched(being abducted by aliens and transported to a fantasy world) in our time, works well here making you more sympathetic with the character you play. It was like you yourself was sucked into another world. This made the game both interesting and hard. You are a stranger in a strange land and must find your way through. There are no guides, friends to help you as you start.
The realism in the game was astounding. Not only do you get hungry, thirsty and tired, but if you do not eat enough good, and expensive, food, or get enough sleep, your effectiveness suffered. If you drank too much beer or wine, you staggered around the screen blinking, simulating a drunk trying to walk home. Realism was also present in the people you met, who may or may not be hostile. You could also try out for jobs and position, such as the wizard's guild and may or may not be taken in.
Other bits made this a gem of a game. In the taverns you could hear songs (or rather the words were displayed while from your speaker came a simple tune, that gave clues to your predicament. You could tell if you were getting close to the smithy by the loudness of his hammer banging, and of course the bank kept strict hours. You only saw people if you met them; otherwise the streets seemed deserted with a low sun in the sky and howling wind. This is effective in conveying the mood of the game. There is a lack of overt action and most conflict is resolved quickly. You can attack, hopefully with a weapon (they can be expensive), trick, or charm an opponent. You can even attack those who are not hostile, but this is noted by the game. There is a moral element here not unlike the Ultima series and the world does react differently whether you are being naughty or nice.
The BadThis game is hard. Money runs short; you run out of food. Its hard to keep from preying on the innocent in the interests of self-preservation. Even worse is running into an enraged noble you attacks you with his magic sword, while all you have is a stilleto (which cost me nearly 200 gold pieces). Surprisingly I won the fight, but the sword I got was cursed. This is not an easy world.
Also I could never understand why rain storms brought out the muggers and cutthroats. If you had rain, better stay indoors.


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I had never heard of UEFI before yesterday. So I carefully followed the guide here, using 64 bit Ubuntu: https://help.ubuntu.com/community/UEFI
It just boots straight into Windows as if Ubuntu doesn't exist.
When I enter my BIOS settings, there is no way to turn UEFI off. The PC came with Windows 8, but no reinstall CD, and as it's a work computer my boss wouldn't be too pleased if I ruined Windows.
I tried the Boot-Repair option, it ran successfully. However the last screen that mentions something about an EFI file and reminds us not to forget to do something about the file (but never really specifies what). I looked in the BIOS and there are no options that touch the file.
What should I do?
Thank you


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This darling door garland is made of recycled cereal boxes! We cut three tall, skinny heart shapes out of the front and back panels of two cereal boxes. Because this project should have a rustic feel, the hearts do not need to be perfect. Freehand it! Paint one or two hearts red or just leave them plain. Once dry, wrap each heart with yarn, securing in back with tape as needed. Tape a long strand of yarn to the backside of each heart then tie the top ends together in a loop for hanging.
"Real Crafts" are created for RAK by Bettijo B. Hirschi and Aimée Lowry, the Arizona moms behind family-style blog PagingSupermom.com.
◀ How to make baby food || JOHN ELLIOTT: Providing a "blueprint" for high-risk pregnancy ▶


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- Amazing Charts EHR
- Dragon Medical Español
- Dragon Medical for Mac
- Dragon Medical Practice Edition 4 - NEW
- Headsets
- Macintosh Products
- Microphones
- NaturallySpeaking Español
- NaturallySpeaking Premium
- NaturallySpeaking Pro
- Olympus Accessories
- Philips Accessories
- Recorders
Dragon NaturallySpeaking Premium Version 13 - Voice Recognition Software
Dragon NaturallySpeaking 13 Premium ignites new levels of productivity by letting you interact with your PC by voice, now with even greater freedom and flexibility. Dictate or modify documents, spreadsheets and presentations, send email, search the Web, and more. Even capture notes on the go using a digital recorder and Dragon will transcribe the audio files back at your PC. Breeze through your "to-do" list faster than ever before – just by talking - whether at home, in the office, or on the go!
What's New in Dragon NaturallySpeaking 13 Premium?
NOTE VERY IMPORTANT: Dragon Premium 13 No longer supports Windows XP, or Windows Vista. You must have at least a Windows 7 Operating System that meets all other system requirements. RAM for these supported Operating Systems: Minimum 2 GB for 32-bit Windows 7, 8 & 8.1; 4 GB for 64-bit Windows 7, 8 & 8.1 and Windows Server 2008 R2, Windows Server 2012
Even More Accurate
- Improved Accuracy: Dragon 13 delivers up to a 15% improvement in out-of-box accuracy compared to Dragon 12. This means that Dragon gets you, and you get things done, faster than ever. And when you do need to make a correction, Dragon learns, making it more accurate the more that you use it.
Faster Than Ever
- Faster Processors Yield Faster Performance: If you use Dragon on a computer with multi-core processors and more than 4 GB of RAM, Dragon 13 automatically selects the BestMatch V speech model for you when you create your user profile in order to deliver faster performance.
- Better performance: Dragon 13 boosts performance by delivering easier correction and editing options, and giving you more control over your command preferences, letting you get things done faster than ever before.
Easier Than Ever to Setup
The entire profile creation process is now shorter than Dragon 12 due to the improved out-of-the box accuracy in Dragon 13:
- For the first profile, it simply assigns the profile name rather than asking you to enter a name – you can always rename the profile later.
- Reading four minutes of text is no longer necessary – Dragon 13 is already accurate right out of the box. You can also go back later to read text to further train Dragon if necessary.
- Dragon 13 no longer asks you to adapt its vocabulary based on documents and e-mails during profile creation. If you wish to launch the analysis later you have that option.
Simplified Audio Setup
- Dragon 13 automatically detects the best audio devices available – you simply select one of the recommended devices that you wish to use.
- The microphone check takes a few seconds with just one screen of easy-to-read text -- that is much better than the two-step 30 second to 1 minute process that it used to take in Dragon 12 and previous versions.
Enhanced Web Mail
- Enhanced Experience with Gmail and Hotmail: Dragon 13 enhances the experience of using your voice with two of the most popular web-based email applications — Gmail and Hotmail — offering Full Text Control and commands for the most frequent actions in Internet Explorer 9, Mozilla Firefox 13 or higher, and Google Chrome 16 or higher.
Interactive Tutorial
- Interactive Tutorial: Proposed at the end of profile creation and available any time from the Help menu, the Interactive Tutorial in Dragon 13 offers short progressive simulations to help you practice good dictation, correction and editing habits so that you can create text efficiently within just a few minutes. Even experienced Dragon users can benefit from the Interactive Tutorial.
Click HERE for more information on Dragon NaturallySpeaking 13 Premium
Further Available reading: Download the Dragon Premium 13 Data Sheet
Key Benefits of Dragon NaturallySpeaking Premium 13
- Say words and watch them appear on your computer screen — three times faster than typing — with up to 99% recognition accuracy right out of the box.
- Correcting or revising your dictated text is fast and simple, too. Natural-sounding Text-to-Speech reads editable text for easy proofing or multi-tasking. Dragon adapts to your voice and the words you use to deliver better recognition results over time.
- You can even personalize Dragon with your own custom vocabulary of acronyms, proper names and other unique phrases that you frequently use.
- Dragon can even adapt its format rules by detecting your format corrections – abbreviations, numbers, and more — so your dictated text looks the way you want it to every time.
- Thanks to the new interactive tutorial's simulations, you can learn and practice good dictation, correction and editing habits so that you can create text efficiently within just a few minutes.
- The Dragon Help system contains a Tip of the Day window and other easy ways for you to quickly learn what interests you.
- The Dragon Sidebar puts important voice commands and tips in one convenient desktop location.
- And on-screen help means information is always available when you need it.
- Say goodbye to repetitive stress injuries. Use your PC in a comfortable, ergonomic way without being tied to your keyboard and mouse.
- Open applications or folders, select menu items, click or move the mouse, press keys, switch from one window to another and more using simple voice commands.
- Use the free Dragon Remote Mic app and use your Apple® iPhone®, iPad® or iPod® touch (4th gen) or your Android device as a wireless microphone over Wi-Fi for optimal convenience. Wideband Bluetooth support delivers outstanding wireless performance with no training required.
NaturallySpeaking Premium
Dragon NaturallySpeaking Premium Version 13
Dragon NaturallySpeaking 13 Premium...


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The characters are the property of the Tolkien estate.
Written for the There and Back challenge
S - like a sordid Sauron
Phoenix Rising
Written for the There and Back challenge
S - like a sordid Sauron
Phoenix Rising
Head bowed, the young Steward picked this way through the rubble. Mithrandir had advised against it, yet he felt he must see where his father had died. He swallowed hard. It was such a sordid way for a great lord to perish.
"It was Sauron's doing. He destroyed your father's mind."
Faramir started at the King's voice. "How can you be so certain, my lord?" he enquired.
"I too, encountered the Dark Lord in the palantír. Merry later told me that it seemed I had aged twenty years in one night. It was a bitter struggle, ere I bent it to my will."
"You triumphed, though, unlike my father."
"Do not forget that I am Isildur's heir. I used the stone but once," Aragorn said gently.
"Alas, that my father ever touched the cursed stone!" Faramir said bitterly. "Our House now lies in ruin, our honour shattered like these walls."
"I think not," Aragorn replied, placing a comforting hand on the distressed young Steward's shoulder. "Your father acted unwisely, yet 'twas out of love for Gondor and her people. Sauron's sordid schemes did not prevail."
"You restored our hope," said Faramir.
"Together we will build Gondor anew," the King smiled.


text:
Jun S. Huang and Dong H. Tseng
Institute of Information Science
Academia Sinica
Taipei, Taiwan, Republic of China
Given a static or dynamic series of noise corrupted observations {Xt, t is time}, the main problem is the detection of whether some meaningful parameters associated with {Xt} have changed, and if these parameters have changed, then estimate the time of the change and the size of the change. A typical example is the regression update (or the least square estimation) where the values of regression coefficients may have been changed during the time of collecting data. In this paper we discuss several statistical methods for solving this main problem. The Bayesian approach and the maximum likelihood method are emphasized in the discussion. Experiments of edge detection and detection of singular points on smooth bent surfaces in image processing by using some of the discussed methods have been run and some good results are shown here.
Keywords: change point, regression, test of shift, statistics, edge detection, singular point
Received May 16, 1988; revised February 13, 1989.
Communicated by Lin-Shan Lee.


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This link to the U.S. Chamber of Commerce website provides resources on education and workforce.
The International STEM Education Association is a professiona lasosciation supporting STEM educators in the K-12 classroom.
This link to the Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development website provides information on the skills necessary to be successful in the 21st century. Though the content is oriented towards an international audience, the general content is applicable to students and educators as well.
This link is to an Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD) follow up report to the previously released the findings of the international Survey of Adult Skills, a product of the Programme for the International Assessment of Adult Competencies (PIAAC). Following the release of the initial study, the U.S. Department of Education asked the OECD to examine the U.S. data in depth. The resulting report examines at the background of the U.S. low-skilled population, identifies policy implications, and offers recommendations that could provide a framework to on U.S. strengths and systemically address skill weaknesses.


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- Tickets >
- Concerts Tickets >
- Pop / Rock Tickets >
- Blue Scholars Tickets
Blue Scholars Tickets
Get ready for Blue Scholars, all the way live. Blue Scholars is playing this year in many cities . Buy premium Blue Scholars tickets and experience the thrill of a live concert with Blue Scholars at affordable prices.
Related Cities
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Blue Scholars News
Viper Creek Club's Latest Music Video is Admirably At Odds with Its ...
Viberlost, new rimixtabi featuring takes hip-hop songs such as blue scholars, local wasberso new rad craze, and Sol State artist is dark letters.
March 2011
New York State Federation Class B girls basketball preview
Almost all the cheer in Rockaway at sioolvis on Sunday at the College of St. Francis, and they expect to be a great wearing blue powder Friday morning in the Centre of Union hits. Try Student Academy scientists glas Jessica.
March 2011
The Current: What you should be listening to
Blue simibolitikal one of the scientists, and has already released two critically acclaimed albums. Knoomads is another group of intellectual music reflect the spirit that comes from Seattle, and they evolve slowly.
March 2011
The 'blue national soil' of China's navy
This courtesy of America s leading maritime strategic.
March 2011
DX News Bits: Snoop Dogg, Slaine, Blue Scholars
SLINN works with Brad Pitt and James Gandolfini, rwastes spy Donald Trump and "scientists" to collect funds for a new album. A Snoop Dogg khslet in latest "Comedy Central roast", featuring celebrity businessman Donald Trump.
March 2011


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Could the Pittsburgh Steelers have QB Ben Roethlisberger back in the lineup this week against the San Diego Chargers? It seems as if that possibility is getting closer to a reality. In his weekly press conference, head coach Mike Tomlin stated that Roethlisberger is the Steelers starting quarterback and if he's healthy he'll start. The Pittsburgh Post-Gazzette cites a team source as saying that Roethlisberger will start against the Chargers this week.
Roethlisberger has been inactive for the Steelers last three games after suffering what was described as a "Unique" shoulder and chest injury. Roethlisberger has resumed throwing and will practice on Wednesday in order to determine to see if he is capable of making all the necessary throws.
Charlie Batch will start if Roethlisberger is unable to go. Tomlin told reporters, "Charlie is our guy and build our plan around him and see what Ben will prove to us this week."Byron Leftwich is not expected to suit up on Sunday against the Chargers.
The Steelers pulled off a win against divisional opponent, the Baltimore Ravens on Sunday but have dropped two of their last three games without Roethlisberger in the lineup. Their win on Sunday helped to keep the Steelers' playoff hopes alive, moving them into the sixth seed in the AFC. The Steelers own the head-to-head tie breaker over the surging Cincinnati Bengals, also at 7-5, but have an all-important game in week 16 against the Bengals.
Filed under: NFL, Pittsburgh Steelers
Tagged with: Ben Roethlisberger, Byron Leftwich, Charlie Batch, Pittsburgh Steelers
Sorry, comments are closed on this post.


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Scheduled Service Disruption - System Maintenance - VoIP Phone System
Computing and Communications (C&C) is currently working with Cisco, its VoIP phone vendor , to resolve issues reported earlier today affecting the phone system on the St. John's campus. In order to accommodate necessary system maintenance clients can expect a service disruption affecting the phone system from 11:30 p.m. on October 24 until 2:00 a.m. on October 25. Updates regarding this issue will be posted here.
Clients having questions or concerns about this scheduled service disruption are encouraged to call the C&C Service Desk at 864-4595 or email@example.com
Update: October 25th
Computing and Communications (C&C) is reporting that service issues reported yesterday affecting the VoIP phone system on the St. John's campus have been resolved and that the system is now functioning normally. As a result of last night's maintenance, VoIP phones across campus would have been restarted. Clients may notice that call history and call forward settings may be reset to default as a result of the restart. As always, clients are encouraged to contact the C&C Service Desk at 864-4595 or email@example.com for VoIP phone or any computer related issues.