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bad habits
By Diogenes (articles ) | Jan 12, 2004
All of us are somewhat chagrinned at telling the priest the same old sins time after time, right? Australian priest (and thinking Catholic) Father Mike McArdle says he confessed the mistake of inappropriate boundary crossing, with minors, on at least 1,500 occasions.
The Catholic Church today backed the absolute silence of the Confessional despite criticism the practice encouraged paedophile priests. A leading child protection group has called for the mandatory reporting of child abuse by clergy after a priest revealed he went to confession more than 1,500 times to admit sexually abusing children.
Former Catholic priest Michael Joseph McArdle claims he confessed his sins of paedophilia, sometimes weekly, to 30 fellow priests for more than 20 years. In an affidavit, McArdle said after each confession he felt "like a magic wand had been waved over me".
He was sentenced to six years' jail last year after pleading guilty to molesting 14 boys and two girls, over a 22-year period in several Queensland country towns.
In a word, I'm skeptical.
The political sub-text here is pretty obvious: priests make cynical use of the confessional to erase the tape of their burdened conscience, therefore the State must dispossess the Church of her privilege and monitor the sacrament. McArdle does his bit -- with a post-conviction affidavit, one notes -- to help put the boot in the ribs of the Church he served with unique, I hope, distinction.
All the more remarkable that McArdle should be the beneficiary of two miracles: first, that of finding the possibility in Australia to make 75 confessions a year (itself beyond the capacity of unaided human ingenuity); second, that of never having encountered a confessor who had anything but a magic wand in his pastoral pocket. Even put at its minimum, 7,500 Hail Marys should have cut into McArdle's recreational opportunities.
Methinks, in fact, that like his fellow Aussie (and thinking Catholic) Fr. John Gwillim, who blames mandatory celibacy for his miscues, McArdle understands he can buy himself a lot of sympathy by assailing the spiritual integrity of the sacramental system under whose he colors he sailed and which he worked so hard to betray.
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Posted by: -
Jan. 15, 2004 7:27 PM ET USA
I'm having a really hard time believing that he even once Confessed to his predatory ways to any priest. I'm sure if he had, his penace would have involved more than three Hail Mary's. As far as I know, one must be genuinely sincere in one's determination not to do the same sin over again in order to receive absolution and must have a firm purpose of amendment. Bragging about how many times you blew this off is pretty sick and only serves to further affect our trust in our clergy. For shame.
Posted by: shrink -
Jan. 13, 2004 10:09 AM ET USA
Does anyone not imagine that as a group--even INCLUDING the pederasts--that the totality of moral character of our priestly class is still superior to the lawyer class? So, if the lawyer/lawmakers in AussieLand see fit to remove the privilege of confessional communication from the priests because their moral status suggests that they are not to be trusted, me thinks they will have to start with themselves and withdraw the lawyer-client privilege for consistency's sake.
Posted by: -
Jan. 12, 2004 9:34 PM ET USA
This Fr Mike sounds so far out there how much you wanna bet he places a mirror in the confessional and confesses to some other personality he has conjured up for himself? I think that would count for at least a full third of the alleged confessions he's made. Unfortunately no one can ever prove he's a liar and perjured himself either And I guess the two girls means he's not really a homosexual?
Posted by: -
Jan. 12, 2004 7:23 PM ET USA
He certainly never confessed to any of MY confessors! Thank God for priests who forgive, yet call us to accountability, in Christ's name.
Posted by: -
Jan. 12, 2004 4:34 PM ET USA
A magic wand that spreads fairy dust would certainly explain why he continued to abuse children. He seemed to have missed the point that a confession is only valid if the intent NOT to repeat the sin is present. I suppose that he could have intended 1,500 times not to continue to abuse. However, the "magic wand" comment suggests that all he wanted was emotional release from guilt. A magic wand may dissipate emotional turmoil but it is very different from absolution.
Posted by: -
Jan. 12, 2004 1:09 PM ET USA
Anything to shift the blame. I am incredulous that never once did a confessor tell him that he must seek counseling or turn himself in to the authorities as part of his penance. They probably did, and he ignored it, which means he completely misunderstood the whole concept of reconciliation. And if that's true, he never really was a priest. Magic wand? C'mon!


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Peel employees show that Peel can Depend on them through United Way Day of Caring™
PEEL REGION (November 13, 2014) – On Thursday, hundreds of volunteers spread across Peel to roll up their sleeves to show that they care about community. Depend and United Way came together to promote healthy, active and independent living throughout at individual's life with a focus on volunteering.
A group of 200 volunteers from all over Peel spent the day picking up litter, planting trees, organizing donations, assembling craft kits and much more. With 22 project locations across Peel, there were hundreds of volunteers coming together to create a meaningful impact in Brampton, Caledon and Mississauga, while learning more about United Way of Peel Region's investment in the community.

subset: commoncrawl


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New dedicated website at hbbj.holiday!
Happy Birthday Baby Jesus 2015
Merry Christmas and a Blessed New Year to one and all.
—-> Download <—–
Happy Birthday Baby Jesus 2014
Toss out the gold box
it contains no pearl
Throw away all the books you will never read
Gather shards
flick slivers at the bin
tiny thinking
There is no comfort in heaven, because I cannot envision it.
If we don't use the earth, who will? Is simply a scorched earth the best we can do?
Why wait for the vultures; when we can be our own just deserts?
Damn this scrupulosity. But if God won't judge me, who will? I can't remember the last time someone found me lacking for all the things I want to found lacking for.
He loved you more than he loved his nature of holiness (though he hates your music, your irony, your stupid haircut).
I'm through running. Not because I'm brave but because I am worn out. Not because I've won; just that I'm the one. There was no where to go but here.
Even after all our promises, we rise not in flames, but groggily to another grande caramel macchiato.
If I could reach the stars
How long did he think they'd last,
the gold teeth years when you'd eat Cornish hen
and dabble in consumer electronics,
matte-black and Japanese?
He learned about intake manifold gaskets and
engine coolant temperature sensors and
did not go to college and was satisfied in
knowing what it took.
Spools of magnetic tape rewinding,
the analgesic backward burbles of brooks.
He knows that those
boring, storied glory days
will concede their distance.
As if their easy luxury was a thing that could
in fact roll back:
An automatic mini-van door.
Also then, a thing learned about the sun:
(In the dark, when I was twelve )
it would die
and convulsing, eat the earth.
Did it keep me up, buddy David, thirteen, wise and wired, wondered?
I could see his eyes were on their toes,
darting around in the dark. Couldn't actually see
but knew they were racing to put a back-up plan together.
Maybe we would fly to Alpha Centauri in a Lego spaceship.
It doesn't come back.
The 1980's, or this side of the sky.
I tremble for God's arrival, he doesn't come back either.
It's like living in a light bulb, with the leaves
Like filaments and the sky a shell of thin, transparent glass
Enclosing the late heaven of a summer day, a canopy
Of incandescent blue above the dappled sunlight golden
on the grass…
— From Sally's Hair by John Koethe
A mix for Summer 2014. Tap the bottle and twist the cap!


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Skype is a great technology and compelling product. However Skype has not set up the appropriate protections within their network to make it a safe place to do business (as viewed by multiple major financial institutions). It must address this if it wants to generate a large, recurring revenue stream.
Skype IS a great online conferencing service
Skype is a great online conferencing service. I use it daily to conduct online video conference calls with friends and colleagues all over the world. As long as they have a Skype account and a video camera and Skype software installed, I can see them, speak with them, send them files, and text chat with them—all free of charge. It is far easier to use than services other online teleconferencing services.
Skype COULD BE a great telephone conferencing service as well
Skype provides the ability to do call and conference with telephones as well (landline and mobile). This is where Skype has positioned itself to generate more than simple online advertising revenue. To make a Skype-to-Telephone call, I need to buy and use Skype Credits. Why would I want to do this (instead of using my mobile phone number)? For one major reason: Skype is VoIP-based. As such, I can make international calls much more cost-effectively—and in a more user-friendly fashion—than setting up a separate internationally dialing plan (or separate VoIP account). This prospect becomes even more use friendly as Skype be used from my Smart Phone (as long as I am connected to any Wi-Fi network).
Unfortunately, this theory does not execute well in practice…
It turns out Skype does not have a good reputation with major banks
I travel a lot and have many friends in Europe, Latin America and the Middle East. This week, I bought some Skype Credits so I could call them at a low rate and wish them Happy New Year. My plans did not work out well…
My first credit card (a major UK-based bank that I use when I travel outside the US) immediately denied the charge. My second credit card (a major US-based bank) also denied the charge. My third credit card (a regional US-based bank) correctly processed the charge and allowed me to purchase the credit. Within minutes, my test call to the France worked (at less than $0.03 per minute). I was a little miffed that it took three card attempts (I pay my credit card bills online monthly in full), but was relatively pleased with the service I purchased. Then I went to the supermarket 2.5 miles from my house…
At the supermarket, all of my cards were turned off due to a Fraud Alert (a rather embarrassing situation). When I called each company, every one said the exact same thing:
"You purchased something on a web site called 'Skype-dot-com';
this triggered a fraud alert and caused us to block your account."
I have been using ecommerce sites since 1997; I have never had this happen with any other web site.
This is a major problem
I immediately turned off auto-replenishment on my Skype account. I cannot risk having them repeatedly shut off my credit card due to a fraud alert. It would take a lot to get me to turn this back on. This is a major problem that limits Skype's ability to grow recurring revenue.
How Skype can address this
The new owners of Skype should invest in creating a broad human- and technology-based security infrastructure:
1. Enable member policing supported by a Community Action Team
Enable Skype Members to report suspicious or threatening behavior (e.g., all those "Contact List" requests from "SexyBettyXYZ") to a Community Action Team empowered to review and terminate accounts in response. In addition, Skype should automatically suspend accounts that receive a threshold number of reports within a time window.
2. Create a member security call center
Create a Call Center where Members can call and report problems, ask questions and check to ensure their account is secure. This immediately puts Skype on the level of any other telco. The beautiful thing is that Skype can do this with lower IT costs than any other business.
3. More aggressively monitor and block suspicious IP addresses
Skype probably already has many automated safeguards to protect against password phishing and intrusion detection. It should take this a step further and block suspicious IP addresses from their network. Yes, this is an endless "Chess Game." However, it will make Skype a less appealing target to many hackers and phishers.
4. Create security threat reporting relationships with "The Authorities"
Create business reporting and forensic information exchange relationships with authorities like the FBI and INTERPOL. Make it easy to escalate suspicious behavior (and electronic evidence) to these authorities to go after hackers, phishers and online-based abusers. This not only makes Skype safer; it also provides Skype access to a broader set of resources to resolve security issues.
5. Create fraud reporting and processing operations in conjunction with financial services institutions
Create business processes, virtual call centers, reporting frameworks, credit and debit processing operations and forensic information exchange frameworks to make it easy for financial services institutions to verify transactions, report fraud and take care of victims of fraud. Without this investment, many people will simply not be able to use Skype for recurring paid transactions.
None of these approaches are new. They were all pioneered in the early days of the Business-to-Consumer Internet where they were critical to establishing safe, online business environments.
Yes, these investments are expensive. However, they will pay off in the long run by enabling direct consumers, small businesses and large enterprises to use Skype as an all-in-one telephone and video conferencing provider.


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The adventures of Laura Ingalls and her family continue as they leave their little house on the prairie and travel in their covered wagon to Minnesota. Here they settle in a little house made of sod beside the banks of beautiful Plum Creek. Soon Pa builds a wonderful new little house with real glass windows and a hinged door. Laura and her sister Mary go to school, help with the chores, and fish in the creek. At night everyone listens to the merry music of Pa's fiddle. Misfortunes come in the form of a grasshopper plague and a terrible blizzard, but the pioneer family works hard together to overcome these troubles.
And so continues Laura Ingalls Wilder's beloved story of a pioneer girl and her family. The nine Little House books have been cherished by generations of readers and listeners as both a unique glimpse into America's frontier past and a heartwarming, unforgettable story.
Correlates to the Common Core State Standards in English Language Arts.
©1937, 1965 Little House Heritage Trust (P)2003, 2016 HarperCollins Publishers
There are no listener reviews for this title yet.
"Oh, How 'Naughty' Laura Can Be! :)"
Driven from Indian Territory, Laura and her family settle in Minnesota for "On the Banks of Plum Creek." Here Laura's independent spirit and restless nature really start to shine through. How naughty she is (or what passed for naughty way back when)! She'll dip herself into a raging creek (only because her skin, her very skin, NEEDS to feel the water), and she'll get back at that mean ol' Nellie Olsen, especially when nature provides such things as crabs! And leeches! And she'll save her beloved Charlotte, no matter who thinks it's wrong (But Ma is a kind woman, and she knows that Laura's heart is good and that it was the right thing to do).
A big girl, going on eight, Laura faces school for the first time, church, and is introduced to Sunday School where Teacher doesn't know just how well little Laura knows the Bible.
And always is the background of a life on the land, of living and buying, banking on the wheat crop. Of living through blizzards, of living through glistening clouds that drop grasshoppers like rain.
Cherry Jones does a stellar job, as usual, really bringing the family to life, the angst, the joy.
What wonderful books!
"I have loved these books since I was a child!"
Enjoyed listening as much as reading about the Ingalls family. Cherry Jones does a great job!
"leeches, grasshoppers, winter blizzards, oh my"
Cherry Jones brings all the adventures of the Prairie to life. listen to the Prairie fires, the grasshoppers went marching, swimming in the river, leeches, wild blizzards, and fireballs down the chimney. an exciting time is had by all when we listen to this audio selection.
"5 star"
loved it!! I had a hard time finishing it ! and I loved it so much
"A trip back in time"
This journey back to a different place and time is delightful. Here is a family with so little monetary means and hearts over flowing with gratitude. The work ethic and manners are lovely and I've enjoyed my daughter, who is five, mimicking them.
We started listening to the series on a road trip with my 6 and 8 year old daughters and have all gotten hooked on them!
This is another amazing book from Laura Ingalls Wilder read by the equally amazing Cherry Jones. Her readings of these books are a treasure.
Narrator Cherry Jones is excellent and makes this series come alive for our whole family. The Ingalls family is so happy and content with so very little...sounds like the secret to life wrapped up in this gift of a book.
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I'm excited to announce a partnership with Targetbase which has hired Customer Helix to help establish a consulting practice — Targetbase Element — to service existing and prospective Targetbase clients.
The goal for the new division will be to help firms develop an optimal customer relationship architecture. "Customer relationship" is a loaded term thanks to firms' history with CRM, but when Targetbase and I got together to discuss the idea of working together, we tried to strip away all the marketing-speak and acronyms and determine how we could collectively help firms. We reduced it all down to helping senior leaders to establish the right relationship for their specific company with their specific customers. We were in complete alignment that there isn't and shouldn't be a cookie-cutteer approach to customer relationships. So many elements affect the type of relationship that one can have — some of which are in a firm's control, and some of which are not. So we plan to help firms determine what the right strategy is for them and their customers; assess whether they are set up structurally to deliver against that strategy; and determine where to invest to either remove barriers or execute even more effectively.
Ultimately, we'll evaluate four things: the desired customer relationship strategy for the firm; how well it executes on that strategy; the consumer's expectation in a relationship with the firm; and how well those expectations are being met. Once we know the answers to some or all of these questions, we can help firms to align in the mutual interest of the consumer and the firm.
Going back to my Forrester days, I was always impressed with Targetbase's strategy offering, so I'm flattered to be brought on board to help them establish a more formal and standalone strategy consulting group. I look forward to bringing my thought leadership to the table and have begun by conducting a survey of 200 customer-facing professionals to better understand their current and desired approach to customer relationships.
To learn more, see the Targetbase Element site, their blog, or see my "consulting offerings" page here.


text:
9 Inspiring craft projects to sweeten up your home
Bedded Bliss: Ideas for Bedroom Decorating
From bold wall art to whimsical garlands, we've got inspiring craft ideas to brighten your home. But be warned: You'll want to make two — one to keep for yourself and one to share with someone special.More
If you like to paint, try your hand at this mini pallet from Design, Dining, and Diapers. Brush red and pearlescent paints over a dozen wood shims to create a shimmery, ombre effect.
Make a plain pillow stand out with just a snip of canvas, permanent marker, and hot glue gun. (This project, featured on Craftberry Bush, took less than 30 minutes to complete!) The subtle heart motif extends the shelf life of the pillow, so toss it on an armchair and show it off year-round.
6 Charming Winter Crafts


text: A 3 year position is now available in CSIRO Plant Industry, Canberra in the general area of seed development and apomixis. The approaches will be genetic and will use Arabidopsis as an experimental system. The candidate should have experience in Arabidopsis genetics and gene isolation as well as standard techniques of molecular Biology. If you are interested please send a CV to me ASAP. ---


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Rapid mood swing: PNAS issues Expression of Concern for controversial Facebook study
The Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences (PNAS) is subjecting a much-criticized study involving Facebook that it published just two weeks ago to an Expression of Concern.
From the abstract of the original study:
In an experiment with people who use Facebook, we test whether emotional contagion occurs outside of in-person interaction between individuals by reducing the amount of emotional content in the News Feed. When positive expressions were reduced, people produced fewer positive posts and more negative posts; when negative expressions were reduced, the opposite pattern occurred. These results indicate that emotions expressed by others on Facebook influence our own emotions, constituting experimental evidence for massive-scale contagion via social networks. This work also suggests that, in contrast to prevailing assumptions, in-person interaction and non-verbal cues are not strictly necessary for emotional contagion, and that the observation of others' positive experiences constitutes a positive experience for people.
In other words, the researchers manipulated hundreds of thousands of Facebook feeds to see what effect it would have.
Critics — and there were many online — said the study violated ethical norms because it did not alert participants that they were taking part. The standard for studies involving human subjects is that they be approved by an institutional review board (IRB). In a story titled "Even the Editor of Facebook's Mood Study Thought It Was Creepy," referring to Susan Fiske, who edited the paper for PNAS, The Atlantic reports:
…there seems to be a question of whether Facebook actually went through an IRB. In a Facebook post on Sunday, study author Adam Kramer referenced "internal review practices." A Forbes report, citing an unnamed source, said that Facebook only used an internal review. When I asked Fiske to clarify, she told me the researchers' "revision letter said they had Cornell IRB approval as a 'pre-existing dataset' presumably from FB, who seems to have reviewed it as well in some unspecified way… Under IRB regulations, pre-existing dataset would have been approved previously and someone is just analyzing data already collected, often by someone else."
The mention of a "pre-existing dataset" here matters because, as Fiske explained in a follow-up email, "presumably the data already existed when they applied to Cornell IRB." (She also notes: "I am not second-guessing the decision.")
Here's the Expression of Concern, signed by editor-in-chief Inder Verma:
PNAS is publishing an Editorial Expression of Concern regarding the following article: "Experimental evidence of massive-scale emotional contagion through social networks," by Adam D. I. Kramer, Jamie E. Guillory, and Jeffrey T. Hancock, which appeared in issue 24, June 17, 2014, of Proc Natl Acad Sci USA (111:8788–8790; first published June 2, 2014; 10.1073/pnas.1320040111). This paper represents an important and emerging area of social science research that needs to be approached with sensitivity and with vigilance regarding personal privacy issues. Questions have been raised about the principles of informed consent and opportunity to opt out in connection with the research in this paper. The authors noted in their paper, "[The work] was consistent with Facebook's Data Use Policy, to which all users agree prior to creating an account on Facebook, constituting informed consent for this research."
When the authors prepared their paper for publication in PNAS, they stated that: "Because this experiment was conducted by Facebook, Inc. for internal purposes, the Cornell University IRB [Institutional Review Board] determined that the project did not fall under Cornell's Human Research Protection Program." This statement has since been confirmed by Cornell University.
Obtaining informed consent and allowing participants to opt out are best practices in most instances under the US Department of Health and Human Services Policy for the Protection of Human Research Subjects (the "Common Rule"). Adherence to the Common Rule is PNAS policy, but as a private company Facebook was under no obligation to conform to the provisions of the Common Rule when it collected the data used by the authors, and the Common Rule does not preclude their use of the data. Based on the information provided by the authors, PNAS editors deemed it appropriate to publish the paper. It is nevertheless a matter of concern that the collection of the data by Facebook may have involved practices that were not fully consistent with the principles of obtaining informed consent and allowing participants to opt out.
In press materials, the journal adds:
Please note that PNAS is also preparing a correction to change co-author Jamie Guillory's affiliation on the original research paper from her current affiliation of University of California, San Francisco to Cornell University, where she was a graduate student at the time of the study.
The Expression of Concern is a bit difficult to parse. It seems to suggest that the authors didn't do everything they were supposed to in order to publish in PNAS, but that the journal allowed them to publish anyway. Now, after a lot of criticism, the journal is somehow suggesting that the authors should have given them more details. But it's not clear how those details would have changed the fact that the researchers didn't get IRB approval, which seems to be a requirement for publishing in PNAS.
There are apparently several buses under which various people are being thrown. Or PNAS has just raided Rick's Club American and is "shocked, shocked!" that there's something amiss.
It is radically unreasonable to:
1) Have performed this study without specific, individual, documented informed consent.
2) Claim that terms-of-use for an internet service can substitute for informed consent.
3) Have accepted and published such a paper without verification of informed consent.
But it should be noticed that businesses are not bound by scientific or medical ethics. So-called social media companies are particularly aggressive in claiming rights over everything you say, do, write, photograph, etc. It seems that most people are quite happy with this situation. But you should remember the old adage: If you are not paying for it, _you_ are the product.
Social science journals don't require verification of informed consent. I've been on an IRB committee for more than a decade and I've been following this situation with amazement. If I saw an ethics protocol with this design, I would required far more information and wouldn't have shrugged it off as 'secondary use of data'. If I had been a peer reviewer, I would have asked the editor to obtain verification of IRB approval.
It is not at all unreasonable that Facebook might have fed two sets of users different news feeds for purposes of finding out which style of feed generates more user interaction. This would be a pre-existing dataset obtained for internal purposes.
Having that dataset, and being able to connect the two different feed styles to specific users, it is not unreasonable that Cornell psychologists might mine that dataset to look more closely at subsequent user behavior. That is, examine the content, as well as the clicks.
In this case, they were not gauging interaction.They were purposely attempting to cause harm by eliciting negative emotions–this was, in fact, one goal of the study. That is not passive data collection/observation. It is the active introduction of a study variable into a human subjects research study.
I am not bothered by the potential 'harm' here because it probably isn't a major issue. I am very alarmed that corporate terms of service and privacy policies are being equated with informed consent, though. If you sign the privacy policy at your physician's office, you are not authorizing him/her to secretly alter your medications–without your permission or knowledge–and then publish the results as research. Even if the medication change was not harmful, no one would argue that this was a ethical study.
In terms of whether this was just corporate marketing practice or a human subjects study, Facebook and Cornell clearly thought of this as social science research. They published it in PNAS, not a business or marketing journal. They don't get to have it both ways.
Even if it had been published in a business or marketing journal, it would still be subject to IRB review as social science research. Publishing in business journals also requires IRB approval.
That's not what they did, according to the study itself. For selected participants, FB actively manipulated the algorithm that determined content presented to the participant. It wasn't a pre-existing dataset.
However, they could have conducted a very similar study using pre-existing data by searching for posted content with specific emotional tone and then examining the subsequent posts for the readers of those FB comments. That would have required far more work on the part of the researchers.
It appears to me that PNAS quasi-retraction notice is **intentionally** difficult to parse. Facebook is right that it has no obligation to secure consent before data mining; its (non)privacy policy gives a carte blanche. However, researchers commit fraud when they submit to journals like PNAS without complying with journal policies, such as IRB approval. And PNAS appears to have acted rather cravenly in discarding its policy in order to publish an attention-getting article.
I think the PNAS EIC is at risk of being terminated.
PNAS' policies obviously weren't written with this scenario in mind. For example, human research "must have been approved by the author's institutional review board" is difficult to apply if if the authors do not work at a research institution. The paper's claim that the terms of use provide informed consent seems questionable, but is it a journal editors' job to decide this, or an IRB's job?
IRB employee here. I don't work at a research institution–this is a private company. As a consent form editor, I work with a team of lawyers and the company's Board to determine whether the documents provided are legally appropriate/complete in terms of informed consent. Any researcher can submit materials (protocol, consent form, drug information, medical device information, etc.) to us and have their study reviewed by the Board. Our company then provides oversight for the duration of the study. There are a number of other private IRBs out there–if Facebook truly wanted this oversight, the powers that be could have found one and paid for the review.
Any study that is based on Facebook has to be a laugh. That is because only one type of personality trait joins Facebook. Same applies to Twitter. Admittedly, I did not see the sample size, but most likely that could be way better than these blitz polls that are always being published in the main-stream media, e.g. Gallop polls, etc. that rely on a few hundred or just over a thousand respondees and are somehow meant to be extrapolated to several million individuals. When we start to rely on Facebook or Twitter or any other social sites simply because they have the numbers and data mining is simple (at least way easier – and cheaper – than going directly to individuals), then we start to make science look like academic papers that reference Wikipedia as academic sources for their reference lists.
The laugh here is the idea that "only one type of personality trait joins Facebook." Assume that's true (for fun) – this study then can be *perfectly* applied to over 1 billion people – the number of people using Facebook. Not too shabby. Let's just admit the obvious – social media sites afford a fairly diverse sample for studies like this, and the results are probably often quite generalizable.
But the issue is still the same: the omitted variables. No matter how large the sample size is, if there are systematic biases that influence who get into the pool, we won't be able to generalize the estimations from this particular sample to general population. Anyone who takes probability sampling will know this. :p
I have yet to find a social science journal that requires proof of IRB approval from authors. Journals generally ask authors to check off on a box stating that the research complied with all required research ethics protocols and that's it. The journals do it to cover their legal bases and don't want to start demanding proof of IRB approval. Social science authors complain about bureaucratic 'ethics creep' (Haggarty, 2004) and providing proof of approval would be one more hurdle.
The "ethics creep" (Haggarty, 2004) paper is truly terrifying. Here's a snip from the introduction:
"Concerns about the ethical quality of research are characteristic of a society where anxieties about the unintended consequences of science and technology are increasingly common (Beck 1992)….As a regulatory system, however, the research ethics process now poses dangers to the ability to conduct university based research."
Actually, concerns about the ethical quality of research are characteristic of a society where human subjects have been repeatedly subject to gross mistreatment in various scandals where researchers, at best, thought they were acting for "the greater good" in the pursuit of their research. What we've learned is that a single ethical violation by one researcher can put off entire generations of a community from involvement in all forms of research, meaning that the consequences of an ethical lapse go far deeper than a single researcher and set of subjects.
Are there cases in which ethics review processes have become overly bureaucratic and inflexible? Absolutely. But Haggarty seems to think that anything a journalist does is fair game for an academic researcher, a comparison that flatly ignores the high position of trust and respect the academy aims to foster. He'd be far better served focusing on specific instances where the IRB process has failed (as the second half of his paper does in more depth) rather than taking such a negative tone to the idea that such review serves a valuable function.
The PNS Expression of concern states that study authors indicated that "[The work] was consistent with Facebook's Data Use Policy, to which all users agree prior to creating an account on Facebook, constituting informed consent for this research". One can debate whether merely accepting a 'terms of use', which may legally protect the company for using FB users' data, constitutes appropriate consent for purposes of research as defined by the US government. However, an article from the Washington Post (http://www.washingtonpost.com/news/morning-mix/wp/2014/07/01/facebooks-emotional-manipulation-study-was-even-worse-than-you-thought/?tid=hp_mm) raises questions about whether the terms of use agreed to by users at the time the study was carried out even covers 'research'.
A contributor to another forum provided a link to what appears to be the old terms of use vs. the newer policy: https://fbcdn-dragon-a.akamaihd.net/hphotos-ak-xpa1/t39.2178-6/851577_359286377517112_2039494561_n.pdf.
PNAS is becoming a journal that many will not publish in for this given article and many more. Why this is published in PNAS in the first place? Yes I know politics but we are talking about science,
PNAS isn't science. They don't have ethics, allow Natl Academy members to publish unreviewed hogwash. Several of them conveniently forget their conflict of interest statements on their papers. I've never published there (I publish in better journals) and never will.
I thought they changed this unique policy (termed euphemistically as "communicated submission") after the controversial paper by Lynn Margulis back in 2009.
True, they have now stopped. But the literature is filled with these non peer-reviewed papers from all over the spectrum.
I don't understand the problem here. In the early days of Facebook all updates were present on your news feed. Once it grew to the point that that was no longer feasible, they added filters, which they have undoubtedly experimented with. They have been collecting user data and using it to enhance their targeted adverts for a very long time, which is every bit as manipulative as the actions reported in the PNAS paper, if not more so. When I go to a supermarket, the data they extract from me, such as co-purchases, is integrated with data such as where the products are placed in the store, and used for research that is clearly intended to manipulate consumer behavior in the future. Consent is implicit, and I don't have to give permission to be used as a human subject in research. The store is free to move their products to different shelves to evaluate the consequences, just as Facebook is free to alter the filters on their news feed. To believe that your data isn't being used in research seems very naive.
The distinction here is that the scary Facebook study is openly being called an experiment, where the manipulations secretly imposed by your supermarket are for commercial gain. The threshold for outrage, in the context of free market profit, is much higher than the threshold for outrage in the context of improving society. And maybe it should be – if you're going to claim some kind of altruism in your motivation, then it follows that you should be ethical or altruistic in your methods. If your motivation is greed, then people already expect you to lie, cheat, and steal.
As I said above, I think the first question should be whether this feed manipulation was instigated by Facebook for business purposes and afterwards mined for social contagion, or whether it was a social science experiment from the start.
Worried, brilliantly said. You've hit the nail squarely on the head. The day when science became commercialized, and then disguised as a "marketing" coating, science started to lose its integrity. This is because science and scientists could be bought out, persuaded by the highest bidder, or by non-academic incentives. This is why the impact factor is gamed, and why Thomson Reuters turns a blind eye, this is why Springer became Springer Science + Business Media, and why so many other problems that are leading to retractions are taking place, I believe. Because science – and with it by association, scientists – have to some extent become corrupted. No longer is there an incentive to fight for knowledge unless there is a financial base, and while there is this financial base, there will always be incentives for greed and corruption. Even if there exist honest, non-profit minded scientists out there, ultimately the objective is to gain, get ahead, beat the competition and be one step ahead. If not, nothing can be published. Originality has a price, and a premium. I have noo doubt that this paper in PNAS was strongly motivated by the price and had a premium. However, it was the Facebookers who paid that price. If I was a FB subject of that study, I would definitely complain. The same way that if I were a subject of a medical study without verbal or written consent, I would demand a retraction of the paper that took advantage of my health. As long as corporations think of humans as dispensables and give us this legal bla-bla-bla about free markets, data use policies and all this other crap that accompanies marketing-driven capitalism, then science will just be driven deeper into the ground. The problem is that 99.99% of scientists are mining science financially for their own personal gain (probably before the good of science). Until they wake up and see what they are supporting, get ready for a total collapse of science publishing, as all of the vultures swarm in to take their piece. If you don't know what I'm talking about, don't worry, this message was most likely not for you.
Read the PNAS paper, it was a research experiment from the very start. They deliberately manipulated the emotional tone of user newsfeeds for research purposes.
I do not go to the supermarket for research.
I'm not 'social science' but Facebook is not science.
The original paper states: "Author contributions: A.D.I.K., J.E.G., and J.T.H. designed research."
If the academic researchers were involved in the design of the study, presumably that occurred before data were collected. But their IRB only approved their involvement as analyzing an archival data set. If they designed the study, and Facebook collected the data, they were still involved in the collection of data from human participants. It seems that the authors need to resolve this apparent discrepancy. Posting the IRB documents from Cornell would be a good start in trying to figure out whether all ethical obligations were met.
Even if authors are not involved in designing the study, data obtained using unethical methods should not be used for publishing research in journals. As Martin Kollner correctly points out, if researchers would avoid IRB oversight by outsourcing data collection to 3rd party organizations. A key element of informed consent is voluntariness and a key point in voluntary participation is the ability to withdraw at any time. The subjects in the Facebook study did not have the ability to withdraw from participation as they were not fully informed that they were participating in the research. The TOS is implied consent at most and not informed consent. The research also does not explain if or how they excluded vulnerable populations.
Hopefully there will be a retraction of the paper in the end – otherwise this would constitute a terrible precedent: Psychologists would not have to bother about ethical standards anymore if they aquire their data from external organisations/companies. The worst-case consequence of this would be that scientists could even actively assign their data collection to such companies if they want to conduct unethical research that would stand no chance to aquire IRB-approval.
I do hope that we either see a retraction, or at least for the authors to make a serious attempt to address these issues. This attempt might include:
1) A timeline of the academic researchers' involvement of the study and whether they were involved in the design of the study before it became an archival data set.
2) A posting of all IRB documents from all research institutions involved.
3) An attempt by the authors to contact research participants to allow them to with draw their consent from the study, and a reanalysis involving only individuals who were willing to participate.
and perhaps most importantly:
4) A guarantee by researchers involved that before any similar manipulations of negative affect are implemented, participants are screened with standard measures for clinical depression to make sure clinically depressed individuals are not included in an experiment that might harm them.
If the authors do not make an attempt to address these issues, PNAS should retract.
It's been mentioned repeatedly that Facebook, as a private self-funded company, is not bound by the Common Rule. Does this mean that private companies are free to perform human subject experimentation for their own purposes without informed consent, provided they don't violate other statutes? Please tell me there are laws out there preventing human experimentation without consent.
The article is co-authored with university researchers. Those researchers are obligated to follow the Common Rule. By publishing in a peer reviewed journal that states that it requires ethics approval for research it publishes, there is a strong and reasonable expectation that they would follow the Common Rule. Conducting research that includes vulnerable population participants, there is an expectation that they would follow the Common Rule. In the USA, the relevant laws are found in http://www.hhs.gov/ohrp/humansubjects/guidance/45cfr46.html#46.102
I understand that this paper had university researchers on it. I am asking about the larger issue: are private companies (who may have no interest in publishing the outcome of their research) that privately finance their research (no federal support) legally permitted to perform experimentation on human subjects without informed consent? The link you posted appears to concern only entities getting federal support.
Douglas, I have been on my institution's IRB for over 15 years and I am not aware of any United States laws against corporate behavioral research for internal purposes. I assume, for example, that having supermarket personnel systematically manipulate product placement to discern which types of placements are best to increase sales goes on all the time. That said, I also suspect that there are still small pockets (more like individual instances) far and wide of certain types of applied social science research within the US, even within academic settings, that are still carried out and perhaps even published, without the proper ethics oversight. The Flynn case at Columbia University, though somewhat dated now (2001), represents an example of this type of situation, http://www.nytimes.com/2001/09/08/nyregion/scholar-sets-off-gastronomic-false-alarm.html. Of course, that study was never published.
One has to wonder what levels of ethical oversight of this type of research, or even of medical research occur in different regions across the world.
Followers of this thread may be interested in reading the following article:
One has to wonder about the types of experimentation being carried out by the intelligence communities and other powerful entities around the world.
It depends on the type of research. It depends on how experimentation is defined.
§46.101(2) notes that (2) Research that is neither conducted nor supported by a federal department or agency but is subject to regulation as defined in §46.102(e) must be reviewed and approved, in compliance with §46.101, §46.102, and §46.107 through §46.117 of this policy, by an institutional review board (IRB) that operates in accordance with the pertinent requirements of this policy.
Private companies engaged in pharmaceutical research must follow regulations.
I expect the lawsuits that are being filed will determine whether or not Facebook's research falls within the scope of §46.102(e). There are privacy issues involved as well as consent issues related to minors.
Facebook, and other social media companies, are constantly revising the programming of their software in an effort to evaluate the responses of their users. That's not generally considered research.
Good point, Martin. The same must apply to the medical device industry and other similar entities. When I submitted my post I was thinking about possible experimentation by non biomedical, non health-related entities.
Thanks – that gets right to the heart of the question.
Some posts here (and on other blogs) suggest that a protocol for this study was scrutinized by Cornell's Human Research Protection Program as an 'exempt' protocol – that is, a protocol that, while 'exempt from full board review', is reviewed by an individual knowledgable about risks and ethics of human subjects research.
However, the 30 June media statement from Cornell states, "Cornell University's Institutional Review Board concluded that he [Professor Hancock] was not directly engaged in human research and that no review by the Cornell Human Research Protection Program was required." This suggests that the data analysis done by Cornell personnel was not reviewed by a Cornell IRB.
It is not uncommon for an IRB to conclude that work with or 'mining' of 'de-identified' data sets (i.e., data sets collected by others and for which the current researcher has no 'identifying' information about persons who contributed the data) does not require submission or review of an IRB protocol.
It may be important to note that if an academic researcher (whose institution has 'checked the box' to include all human subjects research under the institution's FWA) is going to work with such a data set without IRB review, s/he does not get the opportunity to design the data collection.
Participation in the design would mandate IRB review (perhaps exempt from full board review, but review) of the research. For work planned as research, this review is needed before work starts. If you conduct work for a non-research reason (common examples might be evaluating a new curriculum or course design, or making a business decision) and then decide to ask a research question about the data, you seek IRB review at that point.
It seems to be an open question whether or not the academic researchers participated in the design of the feed alterations and data collection. If they did, it appears IRB review (which seems not to have occurred) would have been needed.
According the the author contribution section of the paper: "A.I.K., J.E.G., and J.T.H. designed research."
This seems to fairly unambiguously suggest that the involvement of academic researchers went beyond analysis. I suppose there could be other interpretations, but this seems to be the critical issue that needs to be resolved first in order to understand whether ethical guidelines were followed.
PNAS should have never published this. What happen to this journal. This is supposed to be the high tier journal.
I strongly support the criticisms made by "Jph" and "failuretoreplicant". Shoddy details about the exact responsibilities of the authors reminds me of that joke of how many XYZ does it take to screw in a light bulb? 4: three to hold the roof and one to screw in the bulb. (XYZ corresponds to your culture of choice for humorous critique). Also, I would personally like the FB users who were "used" in this study to come forward and comment about how they feel.
There is nothing I can find in the study that indicates the FB users were aware they were participants in the study. The authors note "People who viewed Facebook in English were qualified for selection into the experiment." and "The experiments took place for 1 wk (January 11–18, 2012). Participants were randomly selected based on their User ID, resulting in a total of ∼155,000 participants per condition who posted at least one status update during the experimental period."
So anyone who viewed Facebook in English during the week of January 11–18, 2012 and posted at least one status update during that week was a possible, if not likely, participant. That criteria would have included me as a possible participant.
Unfortunately, that would also include minors as participants, as well as people experiencing serious mental health issues. Can you imagine someone with severe clinical depression being bombarded with mostly negative content from their friends and family for an entire week? Chilling.
and how many of them are fake email accounts. is it also possible that there more than one facebook accounts for one person.
From this discussion, it seems that PNAS, the authors and Facebook have as equally many questions to answer. It also allows us to rethink how freely (willingly or not) people are in having faith in "social" sites, whose main objective is market-driven. I have often claimed that the local populace is nothing but a giant pool of commodities that can be used or abused at will, provided that those who abuse it have the power, and the resources. Unfortunately, science is being dragged into the same cesspool. When someone creates an account at FB, thinking that they are simply creating an account so they can stay in touch with their friends, or follow their idols (aka Twitter), then think again. Every possible personal detail of theirs is being monitored, and mined. And it's not for charitable, or honorable reasons. It's ultimately to see how such mining can lead to profits, higher share value, and thus greater smiles on FB executives' faces. Those who blindly defend FB with their chameleon-like adaptation to the landscape, adjusting their privacy policies ae as brainwashed as FB wants them to be. And, if I may be permitted to make a bold claim: the same is happening with science. Flashy websites, functionality that elevates the super-ego is exactly what is behind sites like ResearchGate, BioMedLibrary, LinkedIn, Skill Pages, etc. It is the local populace (in the case of social sites like Twitter, FB, etc.) and scientists who actually think that they are benefitting (in the case of the sites I list above) who are responsible. If they hadn't created a profile, naively thinking that it would serve some personal purpose, then they wouldn't have been open to abuse. Not that I am saying that those who create such a system that could be open to abuse, or those that actually do abuse the system are right. Just that the fodder to be abused wouldn't exist in the first place. I guess that's why I have actively avoided creating an account on any of these sites, social, or science. If you avid the first step of the risk, then you can avoid the down-stream consequences, too, or at least minimize them.
"bombarded with mostly negative content" — it may be worth mentioning that this was not one of the experimental conditions. The intervention was much subtler.
Here is the response by the principal author of the FB study: https://www.facebook.com/akramer/posts/10152987150867796
Thanks Miguel, for providing that link. What an incredibly pathetic explanation by that principal author. Goodness gracious, that study should have been published in The Onion, not in PNAS. PNAS has really reached new lows. What were the editors at PNAS actually thinking? How did they actually "peer review" this study? I would love to see a public posting of the peer reports. Was this some popularity stunt meant to elevate their intellect to the level of contributions in Nature? If so, then they succeeded, and excelled in their mission. For the records, related to FB, I can state that thousands have contacted four individuals in Brazil and Portugal with the same/similar name as me on FB, and they are probably sick and tired of being contacted by scientists who want to befriend him. Worse yet, someone created a false account using my name on FB in late 2012 or early 2013. After formal complaints to FB, I notice that that account was erased (I checked today). This, however, indicates to me that false accounts seem to be easily created at FB. If ghosts exist on FB, then how confident are these authors that the emotions they were trying to study and monitor were also not by ghosts, or ghostly themselves? I reiterate, I believe that this is NOT a scientific study. It is some social assessment, made sloppily, without any control groups, no understanding of the cultural influence (or possibly origin) of the users, and used within a tiny window frame, "one week, in early 2012". Were most of the users from the US? I wish that my CV could also be padded with studies that just use data-bases created by websites, without the users' explicit permission, based on one week's work, and then published in one of the world's top science journals. The more I reflect on this case, the more circus-like it becomes. For example, the did the authors check whether maybe globally important events may have played a role on the emotions of FB users? I tried to find (very crude search) some events that happened in late 2011 or early 212, the time when FB user emotions were mined, and found some select events on the local (US) and global stage*:
a) Protests Intensify in Syria
b) European Union Agrees to Impose Oil Embargo on Iran
c) The Costa Concordia Capsizes off Italian Coast
d) Thousands Flee Nevada Wildfire
e) Protests Turn Violent over Austerity Measures in Greece
f) Report Exposes Assassination Plot against Putin (Feb) vs Putin Wins Presidential Election in Russia (March)
g) Fire Kills Hundreds at Prison in Honduras
h) U.S. Soldier Kills 16 Afghan Civilians
i) Assad Agrees to Cease-Fire
j) Goldman Sachs Executive Resigns and Writes Scathing Editorial
What I am trying to say is that local or international events can also likely have a strong influence on FB users' emotions. How can the authors guarantee that there was no "noise" from these extraneous variables?
Hi JATdS
The authors did use a control group to account for extraneous factors. Your critisism is invalid.
Iain, thanks for correcting me. Could you be so kind as to provide as much information as you can about the control group. That might actually resolve a few dangling factors.
The paper is freely available. If my memory serves me well, the sample was split randomly into control and non-control.
I have a couple of additional issues with this study.
Firstly: Am I wrong to say that besides this human experimentation problem there is a Conflict of interest problem.
How can authors working at Facebook declare that they have no conflict of interest for a research concerning the psychological effect of their own product… Does anybody else find this misleading.
Secondly, the premise of the paper is that there was growing concern in that looking at what other people do in facebook would make people sad about their own lives. That is to say that seeing people be happy would make one miserable.
According to the authors, this research proves the opposite. Showing that increase in the happy content of the feed makes people post more happy things. They say this proves a contagion of positive emotions. Why is this the only explanation? Isn't it still possible that seeing positive feeds makes one feel negatively anxious about their own life resulting in a "pretend" over expression of their positive news. Somewhat of a competition effect.
This second point ties together with the first one. If there is a controversy regarding the emotional effect of social media on people, should we trust Facebook to respond this question with a "pre-existing data-set"? Without informed consent? Without declaring a conflict of interest?
This is a very interesting interpretation. Could done use bloggers posts here at RW that are open and publically available, provided that the source is indicated, to do analyses? The relative power of expression of blogs that supercedes very often the power of information transmission of a regular scientific paper have brought us into an era of journallism and publishing with overlapping frontiers and where situations like this FB-PNAS study are new territory, with new challenges and problems. Advice, please.
Reblogged this on FlippinNora and commented:
For anyone tangling with ethics boards, a cautionary tale which highlights the importance of informed consent.
To sum it up: the research was flawed (lack of subject consent, conflict of interests). Lack of consent might even be illegal. The public outcry could possibly lead to loss of business opportunities (users, authors) for both PNAS and Facebook (yes, that is a rather theoretical possibility in the second case).
The question I can't resist asking is: why have they really done this experiment? For the sake of science? Business? Publicity?
It's worth pointing out that, besides all of the consent issues, the research itself is absolute garbage, with the tools they used being intended for analyzing emotional content of long passages of text, and useless at analyzing short texts. It's a simple count with "positive" and "negative" words. See a breakdown here: http://psychcentral.com/blog/archives/2014/06/23/emotional-contagion-on-facebook-more-like-bad-research-methods/
What is a "positive" or a "negative" word? This is a highly subjective view, so in that sense, I would have to support your characterization of this study as being "absolute garbage". Or at least not good enough for PNAS, but rather maybe tossed to one of Beall's listed OA publishers.
It's even worse. They used the Linguistic Inquiry and Word Count software (LIWC2007) for the study. That software was designed to analyze large amounts of text, not short status updates. Using It for short text messages leads to coding errors. For example, if a participant wrote "I am happy to receive an A in my course paper today" the LIWC2007 would code that as a positive message. If the participant wrote ""I am upset to receive an D in my course paper today" it would be coded as a negative message. More importantly, however, if the participant wrote – "I am not happy to receive an F in my course paper today" – it would have been coded as a positive message. LIWC2007 was not designed to deal with negations such as "not".
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Arlington Park: The Pizza Man, Coalport meet in Black Tie Affair
ARLINGTON HEIGHTS, Ill. – The Illinois breeding program has stagnated in the last decade, and there has been a decline in the quality of runners in many Illinois-bred stakes over the past couple of years. But a pair of emerging 4-year-olds, The Pizza Man and Coalport, are adding depth to the Illinois turf-stakes division, and the nine-horse field for Saturday's $100,000 Black Tie Affair Handicap makes it the best-looking Illinois-bred grass stakes in recent memory.
The Pizza Man, an English Channel gelding bred and owned by Midwest Thoroughbreds, has won seven of his nine grass races. One of those losses came in his most recent start on May 4 at Churchill, a race in which The Pizza Man had no chance after clipping heels and almost falling at the top of the stretch.
"Watching it happen, I was concerned," trainer Tom Amoss said. "But he cooled out well and never missed anything, and he's been doing really well since."
The Pizza Man, to be ridden for the first time since his debut by Florent Geroux, has logged five turf workouts since the May 4 mishap and should not lack fitness in his third 2013 outing. The Pizza Man has an explosive kick that was on display when he won the $111,000 Buck's Boy Handicap on Hawthorne's turf last fall. His only other grass loss came last summer at Arlington on a course rated good, and Amoss warns that a wet course might work against The Pizza Man.
Coalport, a Ken and Sarah Ramsey homebred trained by the red-hot Wayne Catalano, mainly has raced in open competition during his 11-start career and comfortably won his two turf starts against Illinois-breds. The most recent of those came at Arlington on May 24, when Coalport jogged to a 6 1/4-length score in a second-level allowance race that should have him well set for the Black Tie Affair.
The better-established Illinois-bred turfers are led by the 5-year-old Suntracer, who has regained his best form after suffering a serious eye injury two seasons ago at Fair Grounds. Suntracer, who still races in a bubble cup over his eye, finished a close fourth May 17 at Arlington while making his 2013 debut in a high-end turf allowance that, at one mile, fell short of Suntracer's best distance. Suntracer, though, is a dead closer who benefits from a legitimate pace, something he might not find Saturday.
Mr. Mischief has a chance to control the race's pace, as he did on the way to victory in the 2012 Black Tie Affair, but he is 8 now, and he faded to sixth after setting a moderate tempo while making his 2013 debut in the same race as Suntracer.
Tazz, who figures to show some speed from the rail, finished second by a nose in that same high-end allowance, but that only makes him less likely to improve than a horse like Suntracer, and his trainer, Christine Janks, is mired in a meet-long slump.
Lincoln Heritage: La Tia favored
While the Black Tie Affair runs deep, its sister race, the $100,000 Lincoln Heritage for fillies, should be all about La Tia.
La Tia was one of only six entrants in the Lincoln Heritage. She already has shown more raw talent than her rivals, and at 4, La Tia's best racing might still be in front of her. After dominating Illinois-breds early last summer, she won the Grade 3 Arlington Oaks on Polytrack, and in her first start this season, she showed an equal affinity for turf, leading throughout an open, third-level allowance race to win by 4 1/2 lengths.
Trainer Armando de la Cerda, a former assistant to trainers Noel Hickey, Mike Stidham, Moises Yanez, and Brian Williamson, took over La Tia's training from Williamson early this year, when de la Cerda went out on his own. He and owner-breeder Salvador Hernandez have designs on bigger game this summer – like the Modesty Handicap and perhaps even the Beverly D. – if La Tia does the expected and wins Saturday.
Goldway is the second choice on Arlington's morning line, but she was left in La Tia's wake in the allowance race last month, and With a Twist might have the best upset chance. The 5-year-old With a Twist has three wins and a second from four career starts, all on turf, and rallied sharply to win her 2013 debut, an Illinois-bred, second-level allowance, on May 26.


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On websites like YouTube and Tumblr, you are able to get a full viewing of all of your followers. I think it's helpful because it makes interaction easier i.e reblogging, commenting, following back. I have yet to find out where that is, but I want to see exactly who are my followers. I think the Stats page is helpful, but it doesn't give me specifics. I know some come from websites I share, but I think it's important for me to know who followed me directly from wordpress. I have never received a single e-mail when I get a new follower, comment, message, etc. even though I chose to have that function. I only get notifications from my WordPress app. Is there something I'm missing here???
The blog I need help with is kelseycapoferri.wordpress.com.


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The right of everyone to have access to safe and nutritious food was recently reaffirmed by the Declaration International Alliance Against Hunger adopted at the World Food Summit - Five Years Later, which also invited the FAO Council to establish an Intergovernmental Working Group to elaborate voluntary guidelines on the realization of that right. FAO, in collaboration with relevant UN bodies, agencies and programmes, is to assist the Intergovernmental Working Group in its activities.
This study was undertaken by the FAO Legal Office within the broader context of FAOs activities to clarify the normative content of the right to adequate food. In particular, it builds on Legislative Study No. 68, which was published in 1999 and contains extracts from a wide range of international and regional instruments relating to the right to adequate food. The purpose of this study is to clarify the meaning of the right to adequate food with specific regard to emergency situations, including both natural and man-made disasters.
The study identifies and analyses the applicable principles, rules and standards of international law related to the right to food in emergency situations. In so doing, it draws on several branches of international law, including international human rights, humanitarian, refugee, economic and environmental law. This holistic approach, encompassing bodies of international law that are often treated in isolation, follows the philosophy of Legislative Study 68 and is one of the main contributions of the study. Reference is also made to some principles and standards embodied in internationally recognised codes of conduct, which are not legally binding and are not part of international law.
The study analyses the obligations and responsibilities of States, particularly those affected by natural or man-made disasters, and of non-State actors to realize the right to adequate food, and examines the principles and standards applicable to food and food-related aid programmes.
The target audience is primarily legal professionals and researchers working on human rights and humanitarian law. The study may also be of interest for practitioners involved in training and macro-planning, and may serve as a useful resource for field-oriented guides and training materials.
The study was prepared by Lorenzo Cotula, FAO Consultant, and Margret Vidar, Legal Officer. The authors of this study have sought and received advice and comments on its structure and contents at various stages in the process from a variety of colleagues within FAO and other international organizations, to whom the Legal Office extends its gratitude.
Lawrence Christy
Chief, Development Law Service
Legal Office


text: When visiting Malanda, Malanda Lodge Motel is a great choice to consider. The restaurant is a perfect spot to grab a bite to eat, and you can unwind with a drink at the bar/lounge or visit the spa tub for a relaxing end to the day. An outdoor pool and a garden are other highlights, and rooms offer balconies or patios and refrigerators.


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Welcome back to Wine Down Wednesday where I review a vegan dish paired with two different wines.
To pair wines with a meatless dish we consider the spices and main flavors of the recipe. For black bean soup we need a wine that nicely compliments Bragg Liquid Aminos, chili powder and cilantro.
The wines chosen to pair.
PARES BALTA Ros de Pacs 2011, (Penedes, Spain)
PARES BALTA Ros de Pacs 2011, (Penedes, Spain), is a family owned organic winery about half an hour south of Barcelona. The winemakers are two young women, Maria Elena Jimenez and Marta Casas. Pares Balta has a National Park as part of its land holdings, the vineyard photo below is of a clearing in the park. Pares Balta has their own colony of bees to pollinate the vines and a flock of sheep to eat weeds in the vineyards and provide a natural compost. These vineyards have never seen chemicals. I have decided I must visit this winery. It is definitely right up my alley. You go Maria and Marta. Girl power!
A clearing at the winery – beautiful.
Parés Baltà
CRASTO Douro Red 2009, (Douro, Portugal)
CRASTO Douro Red 2009, (Douro, Portugal) is from Quinto do Crasto whose vineyard dates back to the 17th century. A few of their grape varieties are soon-to-be organic! The grapes are primarily farmed on these picturesque terraces.
The grapes are both fermented in this state of the art part of the winery and they also crush grapes the old fashioned way – by foot! Because the foot has padding whereas stainless paddles don't, it's a much gentler way to extract the juice.
My friend Gregg from Broadbent who is providing the wines.
A little yoga and wine. Tough day at the office, poor guy.
As an update to two previous wine posts, I actually had the privilege of meeting Adi, the wine maker of the BADENHORST 'Secateurs' Chenin Blanc 2011, (Swartland, South Africa) and BADENHORST 'Secateurs' Red 2010, (Swartland, South Africa). Gregg brought him to our yoga class and, amazingly, he held up pretty well – he didn't pass out or leave. We figure it's because he must wrestle lions in Africa.
Nothing like a photo after a 90 minute heated power yoga class.
Black bean soup is such a comfort food that you would never guess how healthy it is. It is filling and flavorful with the saltiness from the Bragg Liquid Aminos (tastes like soy sauce), creamy cool avocado, and super fresh cilantro. This is a SUPER simple recipe and, if using leftover rice, will take you less time than it takes to go get fast food. I love quick and easy meals!
Category #1 – How well my dish turned out.
Category #2 – How well I like the wine.
Category #3 – Pairing notes – How well this wine pairs with the dish.
Rating Scale
Bleck -This wine is pretty bad.
Ho Hum- I could drink it if I was at a football game and there was nothing else in the cooler.
Nice -Good table wine. I would keep this in the wine cooler if it was a good value.
Yum – This is good, I would pay a fair bit more and have it for a special occasion.
Damn that's Good – Self-explanatory.
** The same terminology will be used to rate the dish and how well it paired.
Category #1 – The Dish
Rating of Damn That's Good
After my last experience with an E2 diet recipe, I knew I needed to add a little bit of fat. I added a tablespoon or two of olive oil and added and amended a few ingredients. The result was absolutely delicious. I was unsure how the Liquid Aminos would taste in a black bean soup, but I loved the saltiness with the tang of soy. The avocados and cilantro really cooled the soup down. Next time I might actually make this spicy although this time I abstained because my three year old isn't too keen on cayenne. I added the forbidden rice because I had it on hand – it was perfect because it mirrored the hearty texture of the black beans.
Category #2 – The Wines
PARES BALTA Ros de Pacs
PARES BALTA Ros de Pacs -Rating of YUM. It both looks and tastes like strawberries. I LOVE the color – like cherry red lipstick. It has a very light body and would be perfectly refreshing on a hot day.
Crasto Douro Red
CRASTO Douro Red 2009- Rating of YUM (but possibly higher if I was a "red" girl like I used to be.) I loved the color of this one as well – a deep purple/burgundy. My first thought was a really light port and come to find out, it is made from the same varieties that are used in a Port wine, but it is fermented dry and not fortified.
Category #3 – The Pairing
Rating of Damn that's Good for the Pares Balta highlighted the avocado and cilantro flavors and, during the meal the berry flavor intensified. It was really refreshing.
Rating of YUM for the Crasto along with the black beans made me think of coffee, chocolate and mole sauce. If you like a rich red wine, this is perfect.
Where to buy
All the wines will be for sale locally at the Grotto in San Marco. You can contact Mitch Woodlief, email@example.com with questions and pricing and anyone outside the Greater Jacksonville area can contact E-MAIL: email@example.com PHONE: US +1 415-931-1725.
- 2 Tbsp extra virgin olive oil
- 1 onion, chopped
- 2 cloves garlic, chopped
- 2 cups cooked black beans (of using canned, be sure to rinse and drain well)
- 1 to 2 cups vegetable stock
- 1/2 cup canned, undrained fire roasted diced tomatoes
- 2 Tbsp braggs liquid aminos or gluten free tamari or soy sauce
- 1 Tbsp chili powder
- 2 cups cooked forbidden rice or brown rice
- 1 avocado, seeded and cubed
- Fresh diced tomatoes (from KYV farm)or extra fire roasted tomatoes
- Lots of fresh cilantro (from KYV farm)
- Fresh lime juice (about one lime)
- 1. Heat olive oil in a small pot, sauté onion about five minutes; add garlic, sauté an additional minute. Add black beans, vegetable stock, tomatoes, liquid aminos and chili powder. Bring to a boil, reduce heat and simmer about 10 minutes, or thickened to your taste.
- 2. Serve black beans over rice; top with 1/4 avocado, a dollop of diced tomatoes, fresh cilantro and a squeeze of lime.
- Vegan, Gluten Free, Dairy Free
Nutrition Facts
4 Servings
Amount Per Serving
Calories 394.5
Total Fat 16.0 g
Saturated Fat 2.1 g
Polyunsaturated Fat 0.7 g
Monounsaturated Fat 5.1 g
Cholesterol 0.0 mg
Sodium 566.7 mg
Potassium 362.6 mg
Total Carbohydrate 70.1 g
Dietary Fiber 23.1 g
Sugars 2.6 g
Protein 15.1 g
Vitamin A 13.7 %
Vitamin B-12 0.0 %
Vitamin B-6 7.3 %
Vitamin C 24.9 %
Vitamin D 0.0 %
Vitamin E 4.6 %
Calcium 8.4 %
Copper 2.1 %
Folate 2.6 %
Iron 20.4 %
Magnesium 2.1 %
Manganese 6.7 %
Niacin 1.2 %
Pantothenic Acid 0.7 %
Phosphorus 2.4 %
Riboflavin 1.6 %
Selenium 1.0 %
Thiamin 2.0 %
Zinc 1.1 %
*Percent Daily Values are based on a 2,000 calorie diet. Your daily values may be higher or lower depending on your calorie needs.


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5/13/2010 8:54pm, #21
- Join Date
- Apr 2010
- Posts
- 140
- Style
- muay thai, BJJ
I guess I am posting to ask what the attraction is?
As for paintball, if your not going to play at a high level competition wise it can be incredibly affordable. Though it has been a few years since I have played now, Tippmann has always been affordable.
If your looking for something a little more high end, check out www.pbnation.com and look at the B/S/T forums. You could buy a nice high end marker from 2-3 years ago for 300-400 bucks.
In fact so many people get into this sport prematurely that there is often a glut of nice equipment for cheap. You should be able to find a nice air setup, hopper, and marker for around 300. If you want higher end stuff you could get in for 500 or 600.
5/13/2010 9:01pm, #22
Consider taking that money and buying something that will travel at least 940fps and go BANG.
Yeah, you don't get to shoot people, but you can kill the hell out of cans, bottles and try to put rounds through one hole on a piece of paper.
It'll last you longer than any airsoft.Carter Hargrave's Jeet Can't Do
5/13/2010 10:22pm, #23
- Join Date
- Feb 2008
- Location
- shawnee kansas
- Posts
- 289
- Style
- TKD/karate/jkd noob
Believe it or not Wal-Mart carries a pretty damn good gas powered air soft pistol that actually beat the hell out of a $200 Steyr-Aug replica and onlly cost 30 bucks. It used CO2 and actually stung a bit through cloth. That and a Crossman battery operated fully automatic and I did fine against alot of $150 plus toys.
5/13/2010 10:48pm, #24
- Join Date
- Jan 2008
- Location
- Oceanside
- Posts
- 9,626
- Style
- MCMAP, Judo, sex appeal
PROOF that I'm not a completely useless poster:
Originally Posted by Cy Q. Faunce
5/14/2010 10:08am, #25
- Join Date
- Mar 2010
- Posts
- 844
- Style
- Aikido/JJJ/Judo/GoJu Ryu
It seems, to me, that Airsoft is geared more for LARPrs and people not wanting to get hit with an ouchy paintball.
I started playing paintball and HS and had a great time doing it. I preferred playing in woods, but at the same time I wore cleats...so I wasn't trying to pretend I was in 'Nam or some crap like that. I had a team and basically we would tease guys who didn't get out.
We had a buddy who thought he was in The **** and would low crawl by himself all day long. He would brag that nobody got him out all day...but at the same time everyone forgot he was even there. He was made fun of a lot and to this day someone who disappears during a paintball round to wage there own personal war with 'the jungle' is still considered to have 'pulled a Mark.'
To the Canadian reservist,
Perhaps Canadian reservists are tools, but in the US there really are no such things as pure reservists anymore. I'm a reservists and I have deployed four times and am getting ready for a fifth. As far as PT is concerned, our unit did a Personal Fitness Test last week and everyone ran the highest class score. Maybe its possible Canadian forces are different than US, oui?
**I recently watched the movie Role Models and afterward Googled LARPing. Wow! There are organizations organized at the state level...went to their website and watched some video clips....intensely gay.
5/14/2010 10:49am, #26
Check out
Click on the "news" page
Like what you see ?
Dave"To sin by silence when one should protest makes cowards out of men".
~Ella Wheeler
5/14/2010 10:52am, #27
Airsoft weapons, even the high end scale systems such as Systema and Inokatsu are long-term cheaper to use than blank ammunition, even the UK forces are begining to see the benefits of using these RiF's as a substitute (as sad as that actually is)"To sin by silence when one should protest makes cowards out of men".
~Ella Wheeler
5/14/2010 1:25pm, #28
Moose, I have an electric MP5 SD5 airsoft I'll sell you for teh cheap if you're interested in that model feel free to PM me. Used it when I worked in a cubefarm and got my workamtes into airsoft. Awesome CQB gun and stings like a bitch. You shoulod check out http://www.rap4.com/paintball/ . Seems like the better compromise between paintball spray and pray and airsoft LARPfests.
Oh and for cheap camo and such they have these places called Military Surplus stores. They should have pretty much anything you would want as far as camo and even possibly tactical gear depending on how big the place is.
Last edited by Hooded Justice; 5/14/2010 1:29pm at .
5/17/2010 1:38pm, #29
Airsoft BB's are so sad it's hard to even tell when you're hit. Play paintball. If you want to larp in paintball, go play with the "woodsball" mil-sim faggots or a scenario game.
5/17/2010 3:40pm, #30
- Join Date
- May 2007
- Posts
- 125
- Style
- BJJ, Boxing, Wrasslin'
moose you should check out http://evike.com they have a huge selection and some of it is really affordable. I got this http://www.airsoftpost.com/product_info.php?cPath=40&products_id=23858 for like 65 bucks and is still working. I personally just like running around shooting ****. Not really into the whole LARPing thing as much as i am into the realism of the guns and just shooting people with it.


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Time Schedule:
Carolyn Pinedo-Turnovsky
Seattle Campus
Sketches the ethnoracial systems operating in American society. Studies these systems as systems and examines their institutional and interpersonal dynamics. Compares ethnoracial systems in order to arrive at empirical generalizations about race/ethnorelations in the Americas. Offered: jointly with SOC 461.
Class description
Please see below about readings and course expectations.
Student learning goals
General method of instruction
Recommended preparation
Class assignments and grading
A course reader will be required for purchase. Additional readings will be sent via email, posted in library reserves or via catalyst (collect-it tool). Books required books for purchase will be posted later this summer.
Your overall course grade will draw from some or all of the following: two exams, two short papers, weekly reading responses, and a final paper.


text:
Effective product management balances long-term strategy and planning with day-to-day tactical execution. Vantelo's experienced team can act as your interim or start-up product management team, manage specific projects or help optimize your existing tools and processes.
What if you didn't need traditional sales and marketing to acquire new customers? Successful products today sell themselves. Customers become engaged, spread the word to new prospective customers and the cycle continues. Let your products do the work for you.
Some of the Places We've Been
Let's connect and see. You'll be amazed at how fast we deliver results. We'd love to share details about our process, examples from our portfolio and references from our clients.


text:
It is not a surprise that Jeff Fisher's name quickly surfaced in regard to some of the NFL's recent coaching vacancies.
According to reports in both St. Louis and Miami, the former Tennessee Titans head coach will interview with the Rams and is a leading candidate in the eyes of the Dolphins. Also open are positions with the Tampa Bay Buccaneers, Jacksonville Jaguars and Kansas City Chiefs.
St. Louis fired coach Steve Spagnulo on Monday, a day after the Rams finished 2-14. He was 10-38 in three seasons on the job.
Miami fired Tony Sparano with three games remaining in the season. Sparano was 29-32 in fewer than four seasons. The Dolphins won two of their final three games under interim coach Todd Bowles, who will interview for the position.
Fisher was the longest-tenured head coach in the league when he was fired last January. He was 142-120 in 16-plus seasons and led the franchise to its only Super Bowl appearance, where it lost to the St. Louis Rams.
He spent one year (1991) as an assistant coach with the Rams. Plus, Fisher's agent is Marvin Demoff, and Demoff's son, Kevin, is St. Louis' chief operating officer.


text:
Thank you to everyone who entered the $100 Sam's Club Gift Card giveaway! A winner has been randomly chosen and notified.
Congratulations to Kymi A.! I hope you enjoy your next shopping excursion to Sam's Club with your fabulous gift card!
Enter my current giveaway for a $25 JCPenney's Gift Card. Hurry! It ends August 19th at midnight!


text:
April 22, 2013
Drury is named to the Princeton Review's Green Guide for the 4th straight year
SPRINGFIELD, Mo., April 22, 2013 — Drury University is one of the 322 most environmentally responsible colleges in the U.S. and Canada, according to The Princeton Review. The education services company profiles Drury in the fourth annual edition of its free downloadable book, The Princeton Review's Guide to 322 Green Colleges.
"Being included in this ranking four years in a row is a testament to our solid progress on our sustainability initiatives," said Dr. Wendy Anderson, director of campus sustainability. "Drury's LEED Gold O'Reilly Family Event Center and other major renovations have incorporated established green building standards. Moreover, we remain committed to helping create a more sustainable region by offering three environmentally oriented majors and connecting students to regional organizations for service learning, research and internships."
The Princeton Review chose the schools for this guide based on a 50-question survey it conducted in 2012 of administrators at hundreds of four-year colleges. The company analyzed data from the survey about the schools' course offerings, campus infrastructure, activities and career preparation to measure their commitment to the environment and to sustainability.
The 215-page guide can be downloaded at www.princetonreview.com/green-guide and www.centerforgreenschools.org/greenguide.
The 322 school profiles in the guide feature essential information for applicants – facts and stats on school demographics, admission, financial aid – plus write-ups on the schools' specific sustainability initiatives. A "Green Facts" sidebar reports on a wide range of topics from the school's use of renewable energy sources, recycling and conservation programs to the availability of environmental studies and career guidance for green jobs.
In the guide's profile on Drury, The Princeton Review writes, "The elimination of trays in the university's dining commons has served to conserve food, water and energy, thereby reducing environmentally damaging chemicals and detergents and reducing food waste by 25 to 30 percent per person. Bicycle rentals are available for students for $25 per semester as an environmentally friendly alternative to driving."
Media Contact:
Dr. Wendy Anderson, Director of Campus Sustainability, Office: (417) 873-7445, Email: email@example.com


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Originally posted by gandhi
I always wondered why when i would walk past any radio it would go either fuzzy or clear. This is great stuff, S&F and Can't thank you enough. This is like a new zeitgeist movie for me lol.
Originally posted by Dagar
Originally posted by Lasheic
Quantum Mysticism. *yawn*
.... and you lost me right there
Anyone who comes to a discussion with such a loaded opening statement is going to be wearing a pair of blinkers you could fit on an elephant.
Originally posted by Kaytagg
Read about QM before listening to youtube videos on it.
It's not that these documentaries are bad, or inaccurate (although since I haven't watched them all, I can't vouch for this), but rather there is not enough time in a day to explain QM even at a layman's level.
I read that when I was a kid, and trust me, it's great having a little knowledge about something that most people don't understand AT ALL!
After you educate yourself a little, you'll occasionally find threads about QM by people who don't have a freaking clue what they're talking about, and you'll be laughing your butt off at what they have to say.
Seriously.. It'll make you feel superior for having knowledge and a clearer understanding of what others struggle immensely with.
[edit on 18-12-2009 by Kaytagg]
Dr. Bruce Lipton is an American geneticist, who attempts to "bridge the gap that was formed some 150 - 200 years ago, when the French biologist Jean-Baptiste de Lamarck and later Charles Darwin published, amongst other writings The Origin of Species". Lipton promotes the idea that genes and DNA can be manipulated by our beliefs
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Swanson, Ashley Terese.....Economics, year G
Swanson, Christopher J.....MIT Affiliate
Swanson, Eric A............Laboratory for Information and Decision Systems
Swanson, Gary J............Lincoln Laboratory
Swanson, Ian J.............MIT Affiliate
Swanson, Kimberly M........MIT Affiliate
Swanson, Torre M...........Management, year 2
William A. Tiller, Ph.D. is professor emeritus of Materials Science and Engineering at Stanford University.


text:
Megan Phelps-Roper Leaves Westboro
An article by Matt No Comments
It takes courage to step up and do something you believe to be the right thing, while knowing that it will cost you dearly. Megan Phelps-Roper knows something about this. Megan recently left Westboro Baptist Church… yeah, those guys, leaving behind her family, and the only community that she has known for the last twenty-seven years. This morning, Todd and I discuss her story, and the significance of her situation.
Click below to check out the story, let us know what you think, and pray for Megan and her sister, Grace:


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Posted by René on 2/8/2009, 1:13:00, in reply to "Re: Some additional clues..."
1. Walburga Countess Douglas née Archduchess of Austria
2. Archduke Karl of Austria (Karl Habsburg)
3. Dr. Otto Habsburg
4. Franziska Thyssen-Bornemisza
5. Fiona Thyssen née Campbell Walker
6. Alexander Onassis
7. Athina Onassis née Livanos
8. Aristoteles Onassis
8a. Jackie Onassis Kennedy née Bouvier
8b. John F. Kennedy 35th Preident of the United States
8c. John jr. Kennedy (JohnJohn)
9. 11th Duke of Marlborough
10. Rosita Duchess of Marlborough née Countess Douglas
11. Elizabeth Duchess in Bavaria née Countess Douglas
12. Max Duke in Bavaria
13. Bavaria
14. Jacobite succesion to England, Schotland and Ireland
15. Prince Joseph Wenzell of Liechtenstein
16. Count Archibald Douglas
--Previous Message--
: Sorry, no.
: It's continental Europe where I'm not so
: clued up as for UK.
: PS - I was going to say England but can
: never be sure these days what is acceptable
: to all royal boardsters.
: PPS - after midnight now so I must withdraw,
: and check in the morning expecting someone
: will have solved it.
: --Previous Message--
: Well done!
: 13 is Bavaria, 14 is, strictly speaking,
: England and Scotland (I guess the Jacobites
: refuse to recognise the concept of the UK,
: or even Great Britain, as the Act of Union
: took place during the reign of the
: "usurper" Queen Anne... ).
: But once you have solved this, you should be
: well on your way towards solving the rest.
: As you say, no. 12 is the heir, i.e. the
: next in line, to the former kingdom of
: Bavaria and to the Jacobite claim to the
: English and Scottish thrones. And you know
: who that is, don't you...?
: --Previous Message--
: I'm astonished to have got something right
: there !
: No 12?
: So is 13 Bavaria and 14 the UK?
: --Previous Message--
: Yes, that is correct. Any idea where?
: --Previous Message--
: What a puzzle.
: I think Jacobites are in it somewhere.
: --Previous Message--
: It may be difficult to find a starting point
: for solving this. I thought I might provide
: a couple of additional clues - hoping that
: they may be of help rather than adding to
: the confusion...
: Back to our no. 8: after divorcing his first
: wife (no. 7), he went on to marry the widow
: (8a) of a very famous head of state (8b) who
: had died under circumstances that are still
: a matter of much debate. Incidentally, 8b
: had a son (8c) who would later die in the
: same way as his "step-brother",
: no. 6.
: Does this make it any easier to crack this
: quiz open?
: --Previous Message--
: I wanted to have a go at a different kind of
: quiz this time:
: Our starting point is a politician (1) with
: a very impressive blue-blooded pedigree.
: This politician has a brother (2) who is now
: formally the head of their house, although
: their father (3) is still alive. This
: brothers wife (4) is the daughter of a
: woman (5) who once had a rather scandalous
: affair with a man (6) who was a lot younger
: than her. That man, in turn, was the son of
: a woman (7) who, after divorcing her first
: husband (8) went on to marry a nobleman (9)
: from a very well known family with several
: royal connections. They were later divorced,
: but the nobleman then went on to marry
: another woman (10) - whom he also later
: divorced. Number 10 has a sister (11) whose
: husband (12) is the heir to the throne of a
: defunct kingdom (13), and who is also, in
: the view of some people, the true heir to
: another, still existing throne (14) which is
: today in reality occupied by an entirely
: different family. 11 and 12, by the way,
: have a grandson (15) who will one day be a
: reigning sovereign.
: And then we get to the point where our story
: turns full circle: the two sisters, 10 and
: 11, have a first cousin (16) who is married
: to none other than number 1.
: So your task is to identify the people and
: places in this quiz...
Message Thread
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