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Much as it did with the Blu-ray release of Monsters University, bundling either a Mike Wazowski or Randall Boggs 'Disney Infinity' figure along with the 2D version of the film, Walmart has announced it will do the same with Frozen when it releases on March 18, 2014. Although no image is currently available (see the Monsters University items as a sample), separate listings for pre-orders have been put up for both Anna and Elsa.
As we previously mentioned, Walmart is also exclusively offering a 3D Blu-ray bundle which includes both the 3D version of Frozen as well as the original motion picture soundtrack. At this time, it is unclear if this means the 3D version will simply be exclusive to Walmart or if other retailers will be offering it without the soundtrack. As it is, Amazon.com has removed its listing for the 3D edition and canceled any pre-orders for it.
As a cautionary reminder, Walt Disney Studios Home Entertainment has yet to confirm the March 18, 2014 release date for Frozen.


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Thanksgiving Eve is one of the busiest nights for bars and restaurants across the country as people get together with family and old friends and toast to the start of the holiday season — the night before Christmas may promise a quiet evening where "not a creature's stirring, not even a mouse," but the night before Thanksgiving is a whole different story.
Philadelphia jump starts the holidays with tons of Thanksgiving parties for revelers to enjoy. Think '90s dance parties, a Gayborhood bar crawl, late-night bowling, karaoke nights and much, much more.
Put on your party hats and get out there, our picks for Thanksgiving Eve celebrations, below.
• James Murphy at The Lodge at Waterfront Winterfest: November 27, 8 p.m., Old City, 101 S. Columbus Boulevard. James Murphy of LCD Soundsystem and Dave P. of Philadelphia's Making Time events, rock the Lodge at Waterfront Winterfest as part of its opening night festivities. Celebrate the unveiling of the brand-new addition to the Delaware River Waterfront and the Blue Cross RiverRink — complete with a beer garden, craft market, holiday light show and a pop-up restaurant — at its opening night party.
• It's The Year 1997 at Johnny Brenda's: November 27, 10 p.m.-2 a.m., Fishtown, 1201 Frankford Avenue. After recently being ranked the number one bar in Philadelphia, Johnny Brenda's is participating in the fun that is Thanksgiving Eve. After hosting a 1988-themed party last Thanksgiving Eve, Johnny Brenda's takes us forward in time to 1997 for a party featuring hit songs of all sort from the year 1997. The party starts at 10 p.m. and runs until 2 a.m. Admission is $7 per person.
• Jive Turkey Dance Party and Thanks-A-Latke at The Trestle Inn: November 27, 7 p.m.-2 a.m., Callowhill, 339 N. 11th Street. Sip discounted Wild Turkey bourbon and groove to funk music at The Trestle Inn's part Thanksgiving Eve party and part Hannukah celebration. The Thanksgiving Eve party kicks off at 9 p.m., and before that, beginning at 7 p.m., Hannukah takes the spotlight with potato vodka specials and a screening of The Hebrew Hammer.
• Thanksgiving Eve at Yakitori Boy: November 27, 5 p.m.-2 a.m., Chinatown, 211 N. 11th Street. For those looking to drink, dine and sing karaoke, Yakitori Boy is the place to be this Thanksgiving Eve. The Chinatown haunt offers revelers pumpkin pie shots, a "pilgrim" punch and drink specials all night long. Doors open (for no cover!) at 5 p.m. and remain open until 2 a.m.
• Pink Pub Crawl: November 27, 9 p.m., Gayborhood, Starts at 1705 Chancellor Street. Don your finest pink apparel for the annual Pink Pub Crawl, an annual gay bar crawl to four of the Gayborhood's hottest clubs. The crawl kicks off at Stir at 9 p.m. and then makes stops at Tabu Sports Bar, Woodys and ends at Voyeur. Admission is $25 for those wearing pink and $30 for those not wearing pink. Tickets will be available at Stir and Tabu Sports Bar on Thanksgiving Eve. Tickets include three drinks and admission to the dance floors at Woodys and Voyeur.
• Pay-What-You-Wish Wednesday at The Philadelphia Museum of Art: November 27, 5-8:45 p.m., Fairmount, 2600 Benjamin Franklin Parkway. The Philadelphia Museum of Art keeps up its weekly pay-what-you-wish Wednesday promotion even on the night before Thanksgiving. Enjoy sips and bites from Stephen Starr events while taking in the exhibitions of the main gallery and taking part in art-centric crafts, discussions and more.
• American Sardine Bar's 2nd Anniversary: November 27, 4 p.m.-2 a.m., Point Breeze, 1800 Federal Street. Party until the wee hours of the night at American Sardine Bar's second anniversary bash. Beginning at 4 p.m., celebrate its namesake sardine sandwich as some of the city's finest chefs visit the Point Breeze haunt to put their own spin on the popular menu item. In addition to plenty of sardines, sip rare brews from Ommegang, Allagash, Dogfish Head and more.
• Late-Night Happy Hour at North Bowl: November 27, 9 p.m.-2 a.m., Northern Liberties, 909 N 2nd Street. Bowl to your heart's content at North Bowl's late-night happy hour every Wednesday night (including Thanksgiving Eve). With specials like $3 Philadelphia Brewing Company draughts, $3 shoe rental, discounted games and the bowling alley's well-loved tots, it's a super affordable pre-Thanksgiving evening.
• Xfinity Live! Fest 2013: November 27, 8 p.m.-2 a.m., South Philadelphia, 1100 Pattison Avenue. Located mere steps from the sports stadiums of South Philadelphia, XFinity Live! kicks off the Thanksgiving holiday with six parties under its roof. From a battle of the bands at Victory Beer Hall to a craft beer garden in Broad Street Bullies, Xfinity is the place to be for an assortment of events. Choose from four ticket options, all providing guests with different drinks and services. Ticket information and ticket sales are available online.
• Thanksgiving Eve with $tuntloco at Silk City: November 27, 10 p.m.-2 a.m., Northern Liberties, 435 Spring Garden Street. Get a workout in before your super indulgent Thanksgiving dinner as Silk City invites folks to dance the night away to the upbeat tunes of $tuntloco, a staple spinner of the Silk City scene, and his DJ accomplices.
More Thanksgiving Eve celebrations, below.
• DJ Deejay's Night Before Thanksgiving '90s Party at The Barbary: November 27, 10 p.m.-2 a.m., Fishtown, 951 Frankford Avenue. Party like its 1999 at The Barbary this Thanksgiving Eve as it brings DJ Deejay to the stand for an evening of '90s hits. Beginning at 10 p.m., get ready to sing and dance along to your favorite Boyz II Men, Backstreet Boys and TLC songs on the night before feasting.
• Groove Philly's Thanksgiving Eve at Voyeur: November 27, 9 p.m.-3 a.m., Gayborhood, 1221 St. James Street. The Gayborhood's ultimate late-night spot, Voyeur, presents an all-night dance party featuring three DJs, two dance floors and $3 drink specials from 9 to 11 p.m. Access to the nighttime haunt's music, drinks and merriment rings in at a $10 cover charge.
• Black Wednesday at Howl at the Moon: November 27, 4-10 p.m., Center City, 258 S. 15th Street. Philadelphia's newest dueling piano bar, Howl at the Moon, serves up drinks upon drinks at its Black Wednesday event. From 4 to 10 p.m., indulge in $3 Shock Top seasonal bottles, $4 Skyy cocktails, $5 American Honey shots and more all while singing and dancing to tunes from its ever-popular dueling pianos.
• Gobble Off at Kildare's Manayunk: November 27, 5 p.m.-midnight, Manayunk, 4417 Main Street. Can you gobble like a turkey? Prove it as Kildare's Manayunk hosts its annual gobble-off on Thanksgiving Eve. The best gobbler receives a grand prize of $100. Guests have three separate chances to gobble throughout the evening, at 6, 9 and 11 p.m. Also, from 5 to 7 p.m., sip $3 draught beer.
• Cooler By A Mile at Field House: November 27, 8 p.m.-2 a.m., Center City, 1150 Filbert Street. Gear up for all of the Thanksgiving football you can handle at one of Philadelphia's well-loved sports bars, Field House. On Thanksgiving Eve, enjoy discounted drinks including $4 Yards and Victory draughts and select $5 cocktails and shots. Cheers!
Honorable Mentions
• Hanukkah at Zahav: November 27, Society Hill, 237 St. James Place. For all of the foodies out there, two holidays come together on Thanksgiving Eve at Zahav with a combination of Thanksgiving and Hanukkah. Imagine classic Thanksgiving items with a Hanukkah twist at this one-of-a-kind dinner. Think hummus with braised brisket, green bean and lentil salad, honey baked lamb, cornbread and cranberry stuffing and fried challah donuts complete with burnt marshmallow and sweet potato. The meal is $39 per person, and reservations are required. How's that for Thanksgiving Eve?
• Low-Key Bars: While the revelry that is Thanksgiving Eve is appealing to some, it's not how everyone wants to spend their night. Philadelphia is full of countless bars that are keeping their doors open on Thanksgiving Eve — minus the dance parties and shot specials. Tons of neighborhood bars from Manayunk to South Philadelphia to Fishtown are great places to grab a drink (or two) with friends. Our picks? Head to Frankford Hall, Fette Sau or Garage for a low key evening in a top-notch environment.

subset: commoncrawl


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Watching this documentary about Daniel Ellsberg reminded me of his rather extraordinary life that has not yet stopped. With the recent WikiLeaks sensation its worth reminding America how powerful documents can change people and governments.
I read Ellsberg's book Secrets: A Memoir of Vietnam and the Pentagon Papers back in 2006 (review here) and realize its better than the movie.
However for today's Gen Y its more than enough to get them visually interested in events as old as Vietnam, Watergate and Nixon.
Movie Website


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With the goodness of nature and blimey of landscape, tomato is one of the most nutritious and the healthy food that is regarded as the vegetable but surprisingly it is a fruit. Juicy red in color and tangy in flavor, there is probably two or three dishes that are completed without tomatoes.
Tomatoes are considered to be the gift of nature by its lovers and the blessing of the season by its admirers. Tomatoes are having numerous varieties and also the numerous health benefits that make this fruit one of the most used and loved fruit in the world.
If you also love tomatoes and want to seek the unlimited benefits out of them, then you need to turn them into the quick and simple recipes that will make you to enjoy these pleasures of every season:
10. Pasta with Tomato Cream Sauce
One of the best recipe that you ca try with tomatoes is the Italian recipe that includes lots of tomatoes for your health and to tantalize your taste buds. This is the quick and the easy recipe that needs only two main ingredients and some time to prepare. With the drizzling of the creamy tomato sauce over the tender pasta makes this recipe unique and worth trying.
9. Tomato Crostini with Whipped Feta
This is another amazing and the tempting recipe that use the goodness of tomatoes with the addition of some other healthy ingredients that make your mouth to water. Tomatoes when assembled over the whipped feta along with the cream cheese topped on the baguette breads gives the most pleasure full experience that you never ever had.
8. Tomato Feta Pasta Salad
For the love of tomatoes and pasta, you need to try this amazing pasta salad that is full of cream and sun kissed tomatoes. Just prepare a sauce of tomatoes with the addition of olive oil and some seasonings and drizzle this sauce over the pasta along with the cheese and parsley.
7. Homemade Tomato Soup
Try this amazing and the really homemade tomato soup that is really easy and quick to prepare. With the tangy flavor of tomatoes and some herbs, this soup is really the best remedy for cold and fever.
6. Stuffed Tomatoes
Tender tomatoes are hollowed and filled with the amazing filling of the rice, chickpeas, and mix of spices, these stuffed tomatoes are really the amazing gateway to get the flavors of tomatoes and the nutrition of rice and chickpeas.


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Back in time 01-22-12
Published 8:44 am, Tuesday, January 24, 2012
Jan. 21, 1942: Philippine army drives Japs back. The War Department said today American and Philippine troops in savage fighting on the Bataan peninsula drove back the Japanese with heavy losses by the enemy.
•Photos show a woman exercising using suspenders hooked to a curtain tie-back, swinging between two chair backs and pedaling with telephone books tied to her feet.
Jan. 22, 1942: Mother's Oats advertisement: Ask your grocer for Mother's Oats with China, which is a box of oats with a piece of "smart, lovely china" in each box.
•The honor roll at Price School included Charlotte Wimp, first grade; Marguerite Wimp and Dale Street, third grade, Billy Street and Willie Mae Wright, sixth grade; and Dorothy Fay Pool, ninth grade.
Jan. 22, 1962: Oather Londell Dale, 21, was killed instantly and Thurman Clay, 26, was injured when their 1962 model Chevrolet went out of control just outside the northwest Plainview city limit and sideswiped a tree. Both lived near Hart.
•Edwin L. Vadder of Sun Vue Nursery gave landscaping suggestions to members of the Newcomers Club at their meeting at Women's Clubhouse which included a luncheon and an afternoon of bridge.
•Buddy Trimmier of Hale Center and Connie Popejoy of Hart were named Players of the Week by the Herald for their roles in basketball games this week.
•United States' plans to send astronaut John J. Glenn Jr. around the earth were postponed a second time today, this time due to a faulty oxygen system.
Jan. 22, 1972: Dr. Wayne Blankenship, pastor of College Heights Baptist Church, is president of the new Plainview Area Ministers Association.
•Mrs. F.E. Blasingame and Bill Hollars were elected to serve on the board of the Plainview Cemetery Association.
•Grand champions at the Briscoe County Livestock Show were John Burson, barrow; Brenda Payne, lamb; and Ty McMurtry, steer.
Jan. 23, 1972: Wayland Baptist College has been approved for a franchise for the Miss Wayland Pageant by the Miss America pageant.
Jan. 22, 1992: Gary Ott, Plainview native and former staff writer and news editor of the Herald, has been named managing editor of the Midland Reporter-Telegram.
•Funeral services for the Rev. Walter Griffin, 78, civic leader and Baptist minister, will be at United Baptist Church. He died Monday, Jan. 20.
Jan. 23, 1992: U.S. Rep. Larry Combest is singing the praises of Buddy Holly in hopes that the U.S. Postal Service will put their stamp of approval on the rock and roll legend.
•Runningwater Draw Arts & Crafts Festival raised $23,000 for community projects.
To comment:


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|Exam Code
|Exam Name
|C.P.M. Module 2: Supply Environment
|Questions and Answers
|Updated On
|February 21, 2018
|PDF Download Mirror
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21. A. Yoshida, S. Nonaka, I. Aoki, A. Nishino, J. energy Sources
60(1996) 213.
22. S. Shiraishi, H. Kurihara, A. Oya, Carbon Sci. 1 (2001) 133.
23. M. Endo, Y.J. Kim, T. Takeda, T.H.T. Maeda, k. Koshiba, H. Hara,
M.S. Dresselhaus, J. Electrochem. Soc. 148 (2001) A1135–A1140.
24. R.L. McCreery, k.okay. Cline, P.T. Kissinger, W.R. Heineman
(Eds.),Laboratory thoughts in Electroanalytical Chemistry, 2
ed., Marcel Dekker, new york, 1995, p. 293.
25. D. Lozano-Castell´o, D. Cazorla-Amor´os, A. Linares-Solano,
S.Shiraishi, H. Kurihara, A. Oya, Carbon forty one (2003) 1765.
26. Ue, M. J. Electrochem. Soc. 1995, 142, 2577.
27. Ravdel, B.; Abraham, ok. M.; Gitzendanner, R.; Marsh, C.prolonged
Abstracts of the 200
Electrochemical Society assembly,San
Francisco, CA, Sept 2-7, 2001; summary No. 97; Electrochemical
Society: Pennington, NJ.
28. Xu, W.; Angell, C. A. Electrochem. solid State Lett. 2001, four, E1.
29. Hossain, S. instruction manual of Batteries, 2nd ed.; Linden, D.,
Ed.;McGraw-Hill: ny, 1995; Chapter 36.


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Security forces in Afghanistan were targeted by Taliban suicide bombers in three separate attacks Sunday.
Four members of the security forces and one civilian were reportedly killed in the attacks.
The Taliban claimed responsibility for the attack in Jalalabad which targeted a building used by the country's main intelligence agency. Two intelligence agency guards died in the attack.
The terror group also claimed responsibility for the attacj in Logar province, south of Kabul, during which a suicide bomber tried to storm a police post. He was killed by police but was able to detonate his explosive vest.
In what Afghan forces believe to be a coordinated attack in Logar, a suicide bomber detonated himself near a group of police officers, killing one and a civilian, authorities said.


text: On this episode of The Muppet Show the late Ethel Merman displays the talent that made her into the musical legend she is. The highlight of this episode is her first appearance when she sings a medley of her most well known show tunes with Kermit and the gang. The story of Fozzie trying to renegotiate his contract with the help of his (rather small) agent is also well done. The jokes are a little cornball, but they work regardless. The episode also has a satisfying finale with Ms. Merman lifing Fozzie's spirits with a rendition of a classic showtune.


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How to recover Windows password on Toshiba Satellite
Q:What's the simplist way to reset my Toshiba laptop password?
I have a Toshiba (Satellite 1805) laptop but I forgot the new password that I JUST put on it!!! There's only one user account, which is the administrator, i.e. the password I can't remember. I don't want to have to reinstall Windows 7 onto it. What can I do to log onto my computer!!!!!!!!!!!?!?
It is a question collected from Yahoo Answer. For Toshiba Satellite laptop data security and personal privacy, you may have to create a strong password that is easy-to-remember yet difficult-to-guess. But have you ever met with the similar trouble? How to recover lost Windows password if it happens to you? Should you know if you installed Windows 7 as the user asked above question on your computer, it's indeed difficult to recover Windows7 password. In this case, you need to recover lost Windows password with Windows password recovery tool.
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2.Create a bootable CD/DVD driver or USB flash driver. (USB flash driver is recommend)
3.Restart locked computer and set it boot from CD/DVD device on BIOS.
4.Insert the burned CD/DVD or USB flash drive into the locked computer.
5.Select a user account to reset its password and click"reset password" on the user list.
Note: Your Windows 7 Admin password has been reset as blank, so you should not input the admin password when you login computer with Admin account.
Ander Winger - About Author:
As a Toshiba Satellite laptop user, it's ever been my trouble torecover lost Windows 7 password. However, I overcome my trouble. I wish my way to recover lost Windows password is helpful for you.
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Banks Are Getting Nervous About Future Floods in Calgary
Posted by Joe Samson on Tuesday, July 23rd, 2013 at 5:35am.
Due to the heavy floods that hit Calgary at the end of June, more and more lenders in the region are reviewing all new and refinancing transactions on properties affected by the floods.
(Photograph by: Dean Bicknell , Calgary Herald)
According to enviromental experts, the flooding was the combined result of heavy rain and oversaturated soil. Nevertheless, the consequences of the June flooding are far from being over. The real problem comes from those banks which are demanding new inspections and appraisals before renewing existing loans or providing new mortgages for homes in Calgary and other properties affected by the floods.
Because banks are being more and more careful when providing loans, lenders are increasingly concerned with their properties that act as collateral. Will they be able to find customers eager to rent or buy their properties if they have to foreclose in the client in the future? Since with the flood, very few people have moved in to the affected areas. As a matter of fact, in High River, there have been only three sales since the flood hit, compared to an astounding 31 sales that took place in the same period last year. REALTORS® and lenders are getting ready to face a depressed market that will certainly have a negative impact on many companies and businesses.
In my humble opinion, Calgary's real estate market was one of the strongest in the entire country. However, since with the flood, I am extremely concerned with property values decreasing in flood affected areas.
It's still too early to measure what the true impact is going to be because there have been so few sales in the flood zones. Even if not all areas and neighborhoods have been affected by the floods, most banks have quickly changed their practices to protect their interest. Some of the banks are now pulling financing, even if the property is not damaged but located inside the flood zone. This might translate into a lower market value for all homes in some neighborhoods, regardless of their status.
According to Mike Boyle, a mortgage broker in Calgary, most banks will soon ask for additional security or could even refuse financing if a property is considered "high risk". In other words, getting a loan from the bank could become increasingly difficult in the following months. Since the market values of properties in almost all areas of Calgary have gone down, a lot of lenders will get blindsided. To make things even harder, all refinancing and purchase transactions in southern Alberta are individually reviewed based on their locations.
One of the cautions that the banks are taking is having every single homeowner in the affected area will to complete a statutory declaration to confirm that his property was unaffected by the floods. In case a homeowner is unable to complete the form, the bank will send someone to inspect the property. For houses placed in a potential impact zone, following through with this procedure is a must.
This whole process of assessing which properties have been affected by the floods is normally paid by the banks. However, in case a property has been affected, the homeowner is the one who will have to put the property back in its original condition. In other words, he will have to pay for cleaning debris, restoring the façade and rebuilding those parts of the house damaged by water.
I am a licensed member of the Real Estate Council of Alberta since 2005 - proudly representing CIR REALTY, Calgary's largest real estate brokerage. I enjoy keeping my readers up to date with real estate related information that they can easily understand and use for their own benefit. I welcome feedbacks and comments equally from first-time visitors to my blog, past clients and also from my fellow REALTOR® colleagues. Thanks for stopping by!


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By utilizing skills via high integrity and combine it with a proven customer excellence, Web On Site is able to bring you the best possible value for money when it comes to website design and building an online presence.
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Rickey Minor News
Jazz For Japan
Jazz gabangaskornare ... Virgin flight performance in "", "so what"). Society and continues to support jazz. �I'm really happy ' m can be part of this wonderful project to support relief efforts in Japan. ""Little Ricky" (leader of bassist and music Tonight.and more�.
April 2011
Isotopes Outfield Gets Call From Dodgers
Dodgers ' "Rickey minor campus player of the year in 2010 to hit 35 homers and 93 RBIs among category a Great Lakes sand wedobla Chattanooga is hit .421 (8, 19) this season. He was 2 for 3 with a Homer and three RBIs on Monday.
April 2011
Marvin Gaye Classic About To Turn 40
Marvin Gaye classic about to run a music 40Undercover ' noosa ' s "go in" ' music "will greet also Hollywood Bowl" in 24 July featuring Stevie and Ricky minor joniel. 40 th anniversary edition from ' what ' s ' "go" will be released on 17.40th may "Marvin Gaye" ' s ' s what milestone "go in the album" celebrated ...PR Newswire (press release) all 10 news articles�.
April 2011
Powerful Sands Slugs His Way to Albuquerque
6-foot-4 220 pound Slugger hit 35 home runs between the Lakes first joint weshatanogha dupla last season, good for third in total best minor league baseball. For his efforts gained sand Dodgers ' "branch Rickey minor league".
April 2011
Classical labels unite for Japan
Meanwhile, recorded a number of jazz artists, including George Duke slightly Ricky and Bob James, Japan's benefit album entitled "Jazz to Japan". Registration was held over two days in the Capitol studios in Los Angeles last week.
April 2011


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In 2005, Thomas J. Espenshade and Chang Y. Chung published an article in Social Science Quarterly on "The Opportunity Cost of Admission Preferences at Elite Universities" that has gained renewed relevance in light of recent conversations concerning the future of racial preferences in college admissions. The findings are dated, not just because the article was published eight years ago but because its simulations were based on data from the late 1990s. Moreover, they apply to a very small number of elite private research universities, as opposed to one of the selective state universities that enroll very different student populations. But the results are interesting all the same:
The result of eliminating admission bonuses for African-American and Hispanic applicants would be dramatic. Acceptance rates for African-American candidates would fall from 33.7 percent to 12.2 percent, a decline of almost two-thirds, and the proportion of African-American students in the admitted class would drop from 9.0 to 3.3 percent. The acceptance rate for Hispanic applicants would be cut in half—from 26.8 percent to 12.9 percent, and Hispanics would comprise just 3.8 of all admitted students versus an actual proportion of 7.9 percent. If admitting such small numbers of qualified African-American and Hispanic students reduced applications and the yield from minority candidates in subsequent years, the effect of eliminating affirmative action at elite universities on the racial and ethnic composition of enrolled students would be magnified beyond the results presented here.
White plaintiffs in Gratz v. Bollinger (2003) and Grutter v. Bollinger (2003) argued that they were unfairly denied admission while some less qualified minority students were accepted. Our results show that removing consideration of race would have a minimal effect on white applicants to elite universities. The number of accepted white students would increase by 2.4 percent, and the white acceptance rate would rise by just 0.5 percentage points—from 23.8 to 24.3 percent. Many rejected white applicants may feel they would have been accepted had it not been for affirmative action, but such perceptions probably exaggerate the reality. It would be difficult to tell from the share of white students on campus whether or not the admission office was engaged in affirmative action.
Asian applicants are the biggest winners if race is no longer considered in admissions. Nearly four out of every five places in the admitted class not taken by African-American and Hispanic students would be filled by Asians. We noted earlier that Asian candidates are at a disadvantage in admission compared to their white, African-American, and Hispanic counterparts. Removing this disadvantage at the same time preferences for African Americans and Hispanics are eliminated results in a significant gain in the acceptance rate for Asian students—from 17.6 percent to 23.4 percent. Asians, who comprised 29.5 percent of total applicants in 1997, would make up 31.5 percent of accepted students in the simulation, compared with an actual proportion of 23.7 percent. Other aspects of admitted students, including the distribution of SAT scores and, especially, the proportions of students who are athletes or legacies, are hardly affected by affirmative action.
Espenshade and Chung characterize Asian applicants as "the biggest winners," yet if one embraces the mismatch hypothesis, one could argue that African American and Hispanic students admitted without preferences would also be winners, as there is some reason to believe that they would be more likely to graduate and they would no longer be forced to labor under the impression that they benefited from admission preferences. Another view, however, is that because we are talking about a small number of elite private research universities, graduation rates are less of a concern, as mismatch operates at the level of the major, i.e., "mismatched" students who intend to complete a degree in the hard sciences will switch their major to a less demanding discipline, and graduation rates will remain fairly high, thanks to a combination of resources and peer effects.
My take is that the problem is not with racial preferences for members of underrepresented groups per se, but rather with large racial preferences, as large racial preferences raise the risks associated with mismatch. Yet rather than simply defer to selective colleges and universities, I would embrace the policy recommendations of Richard Sander and Stuart Taylor Jr.: (1) make sure that preferences are transparent, so that students who benefit from them are aware that they are being given a boost; (2) provide students with data concerning educational outcomes for students admitted with similar academic track records, so that they can make an informed decision; (3) require that racial preferences be no larger than preferences based on household income or some other indicator of economic deprivation.


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Bainbridge Symphony Orchestra presents SYMPHONIC METAMORPHOSIS
Wesley Schulz, Music Director & Conductor
Violinist Marianne Martinoli, BSO's 2013 Young Artist Competition 1st Place Winner
Performances: May 31 & June 2, 2013; Friday @ 7:30 p.m. & Sunday @ 3:00 p.m.
Pre-concert chat: Sunday @ 2:15 p.m.
WEBER – Turandot: Overture and March
BARBER – Essay No. 1
CONUS - Violin Concerto in E minor
KROENING – TBA, world premiere
HINDEMITH – Symphonic Metamorphosis
In celebration of the Bainbridge Symphony Orchestra's 40th Anniversary the BSO has commissioned a new work by composer Brett Kroening. This work will make its world premiere in our final concert of the season. Also featured on this concert is Violinist Marianne Martinoli, winner of the BSO's 2013 Young Artist Competition Winner. Bookending the program is Carl Maria von Weber's Overture and March from Turandot and the work it inspired, Paul Hindemith's 20th century masterpiece, Symphonic Metamorphosis. This concert will surely bring down the roof with its highflying energy and orchestral color! Don't miss a minute of the BSO's 40th anniversary season finale!
Please join us in thanking our generous Corporate Sponsor Kitsap Bank; BSO is also supported, in part, by Bainbridge Island Parks Foundation, Fletcher Bay Foundation, and Kitsap Community Foundation.
Ticket Information
- Adults - $19.00
- Senior, Students, Military & Teachers - $16.00
- Youth 18 and under - Free with paying adult
Please call (206) 842-8569 or visit our box office for these complimentary tickets provided under the "Youth in Music Initiative" generously sponsored by Wicklund Dental
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Even TNA Wrestling is getting their dose of CM Punk. Punk, who has become an Internet darling over the past few weeks, is currently advertised on TNA's website with the headline, "Exclusive: CM Punk is coming to TNAOnDemand.com". In the article, they note that they will be broadcasting a few of his 2003-2004 matches beginning next week, which you can view on the aforementioned website.
For those of you that don't know, Punk was part of the company during the Asylum years as part of Raven's faction along with Julio Dinero and Mickie James, who left for WWE shortly and then recently returned to TNA,
Below is the full story:
In the first of our new "TNA Archives" Superstar Series, next week CM Punk is coming to TNAOnDemand.com – the official online video provider of TNA Wrestling! Watch CM Punk's rare 2003-04 matches from our Nashville "Asylum" Pay-Per-View events, the beginning of TNA Wrestling!
Nearly three hours of matches, never before have these bouts from Punk's early career been rebroadcast in their entirety – UNTIL NOW! Watch as CM Punk battles Abyss, Raven, Terry Funk, Sabu, Shane Douglas and more – including 2003 TNA appearances by Mickie James! Check back to IMPACTWRESTLING.com on Thursday to watch it, plus details on more upcoming "TNA Archives" Superstar Series specials.


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Originally posted by verb1der:
Considering the offense was missing our main weapons, I felt Smith and offense played better than I expected and was productive, especially with clock management. I believe they owned TOP in the 2nd quarter. And btw, Delanie Walker is a luxurious threat for a backup TE.
I am not concerned at all with the defense. Pre-season comes with no game-planning and once Manusky and this defense is focused on a game plan. They can frustrate QB's such as Peyton Manning last season where they had to go to a trick play to get a score. But I can't lie, M. Lewis is starting to concern me.
Do you have time to explain? As far as I remember Lewis was beat on one play and that was against Zach Miller. Zach Miller is a very good player and was the Gaiders leading reciever last year. Lewis was in position, he just got out muscled by a very big TE. Who would you say is a better option? Reggie "I just got burned with 40 seconds left on the clock" Smith or Taylor "Still raw rookie looking for a big hit, but hasn't done squat" Mays? Lewis in my opinion is the least of our problems until his next concussion.


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Operating Dates
- May 20 - September 18, 2018
Located beyond Savage River, Teklanika RV & Campground provides a unique park experience for those wanting more time in the park and a truly remote camping experience among the backdrop of Cathedral Mountain and Teklanika River. Because the Teklanika Campground is located within the restricted section of Denali Park Road, there is a minimum 3-night stay for anyone wishing to drive his or her RV or private vehicle to this campground. This rule does not apply during the Denali Road Lottery, typically held annually in mid-September. Once parked at your campsite, all travel must be on foot or by shuttle bus until you depart. So be sure to bring everything you need to make your stay an enjoyable one.


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by Brian Tomasik
First written: April 2009; last edited: 28 Jul. 2017
Do bugs suffer? Does a fly caught in a spider's web consciously experience fear and pain? This piece aims to shed some light on that question by presenting quotations and references from a variety of sources. My personal conclusion is that we should give some weight to the possibility of bug suffering, especially until more evidence is available. Thus, considering the 1018 insects that exist at any given time, there is a huge amount of (potential) suffering in nature due to insects alone. We may also want to consider the ways in which humans impact insects, such as through insecticide use, although insecticides could potentially prevent more suffering than they cause if they avert vast numbers of future offspring that would have mostly died, possibly painfully, soon after being born. (Whether insecticides reduce or increase insect suffering on balance seems unclear. And of course, reducing insect habitat permanently would be more humane than simply spraying pesticides.)
See also: "How to Avoid Hurting Insects". One of the easiest tips is to avoid buying silk, since its production boils silk worms alive.
- 1 Summary
- 2 Suggestions of pain
- 3 Nociception vs. pain
- 4 Learning and intelligence
- 5 "Emotion"
- 6 "Consciousness"
- 7 Sleep-like states
- 8 Non-stereotyped behavior
- 9 Cognitive generalization
- 10 Neural oscillations
- 11 Social behavior
- 12 What about tissue damage?
- 13 Benefit of the doubt?
- 14 Further reading
- 15 Footnotes
Suggestions of pain
Ask An Entomologist: Can an insect percieve its surrounding or feel pain?:
Do insects experience pain? Yes. Well actually, this concept has been disputed, but I think recent evidence suggests that they do experience what is defined as pain.
- References on this page note that substance P, a neurotransmitter causing pain in humans, has been found in fruit flies. This post states that some insects share some mammalian-type neurotransmitters, like serotonin, dopamine, and acetylcholine. Earthworms have endorphins.
From Joan Dunayer's Speciesism (p. 128):
In any case, abundant evidence indicates that all invertebrates with a brain can experience pain. Like vertebrates, numerous invertebrates produce natural opiates and substance P. These animals include crustaceans (e.g., crabs, lobsters, and shrimps), insects (e.g., fruit flies locusts, and cockroaches), and mollusks (e.g., octopuses, squids, and snails).
However, endogenous opioids seem to play roles apart from mediating pain processing, such as reproduction-cycle regulation, midgut function, and movement.
Joan Dunayer continues:
Also, crustaceans, insects, and mollusks show less reaction to a noxious stimulus when they receive morphine. For example, morphine reduces the reaction of mantis shrimps to electric shock, praying mantises to electric shock, and land snails to a hot surface.
One example study is "Morphine analgesia, tolerance and addiction in the cricket Pteronemobius sp. (Orthoptera, Insecta)," which found reduced escape reaction times by crickets from a heated box when they were injected with morphine.
Thomas Eisner and Scott Camazine,
Spider leg autotomy induced by prey venom injection: An adaptive response to 'pain'?:
Field observations showed orb-weaving spiders (Argiope spp.) to undergo leg autotomy if they are stung in a leg by venomous insect prey (Phymata fasciata). The response occurs within seconds, before the venom can take lethal action by spread to the body of the spiders. Autotomy is induced also by honeybee venom and wasp venom, as well as by several venom components (serotonin, histamine, phospholipase A2, melittin) known to be responsible for the pain characteristically elicited by venom injection in humans. The sensing mechanism by which spiders detect injected harmful chemicals such as venoms therefore may be fundamentally similar to the one in humans that is coupled with the perception of pain.
Nociception vs. pain
- From Jane A. Smith's "A Question of Pain in Invertebrates":
Invertebrates, it seems, exhibit nociceptive responses analogous to those shown by vertebrates. They can detect and respond to noxious stimuli, and in some cases, these responses can be modified by opioid substances. However, in humans, at least, there is a distinction to be made between the "registering" of a noxious stimulus and the "experience" of pain. In humans, pain "may be seen as the response of the whole awake conscious organism to noxious stimuli, seated.., at the highest levels in the central nervous system, involving emotional and other psychological components" (Iggo, 1984). Experiments on decorticate mammals have shown that complex, though stereotyped, motor responses to noxious stimuli may occur in the absence of consciousness and, therefore, of pain (Iggo, 1984). Thus, it is possible that invertebrates' responses to noxious stimuli (and modifications of these responses) could be simple reflexes, occurring without the animals being aware of experiencing something unpleasant, that is, without "suffering" something akin to what humans call pain.
[...] What evidence might help in distinguishing between nociceptive "responsiveness" and the perception of pain? [...]
In mammals, responses to painful stimuli often persist beyond a simple reflex withdrawal, so that, for example, the animals may become immobile, limp or "guard" the affected part, show aggression when approached, reduce or stop feeding and drinking, and show decreased sexual activity (Morton and Griffiths, 1985). The animals may also learn in the future to avoid situations similar to the one in which the pain occurred. Such responses, while not proof that the animals have experienced pain, can indicate that something more than a simple nociceptive reflex is involved. Together, they may help the animal to recover from damage caused by the painful event and avoid being harmed in the future.
Learning and intelligence
A 1986 paper,
Invertebrate Learning and Memory: From Behavior to Molecules,reviewed studies on a number of invertebrates, including bees, slugs, molluscs, snails, leeches, locusts, and fruit flies. The conclusion included the following remarks (pp. 473-76):
The progress achieved over the last 10-15 years in studying a wide variety of forms of learning in simple invertebrate animals is quite striking. There is now no question, for example, that associative learning is a common capacity in several invertebrate species. In fact, the higher-order features of learning seen in some invertebrates (notably bees and Limax) rivals that commonly observed in such star performers in the vertebrate laboratory as pigeons, rats, and rabbits.
[... W]e have reason to hope that the distinction between vertebrate and invertebrate learning and memory is one that will diminish as our understanding of underlying mechanisms increases.
- Perry et al. (2013), p. 570: "Besides feats of navigation, some invertebrates have shown other forms of complex learning. One well-studied example is contextual learning in which an animal must learn that the value of a stimulus depends on other (contextual) conditions[...]. Crickets and cockroaches can learn that different and conflicting odor–food associations apply under different light conditions. Ants, bumblebees, and honeybees have all displayed contextual learning using specific places, direction of flight, time of day, distinct odors, or sides of the body as contexts."
Georgia J. Mason,
Invertebrate welfare: where is the real evidence for conscious affective states?:
[...] jumping spiders (Portia spp.) plan routes towards their prey [10]; and hermit crabs (Pagurus berhnardus) show evidence of motivational trade-offs during shell choice [11]. Furthermore, if their brains are implanted with electrodes, garden snails (Helix aspersa) will learn to displace a lever, an action new to their behavioural repertoire, to stimulate those neural regions involved in sexual behaviour [12]. None of these represent concrete evidence of conscious emotion, but they at least suggest that if cephalopods are to now be protected across Europe, then arachnids, decapod crustaceans and gastropods should be too.
For stressed bees, the glass is half empty:
"We have shown that the emotional responses of bees to an aversive event are more similar to those of humans than previously thought," said Geraldine Wright of Newcastle University. "Bees stressed by a simulated predator attack exhibit pessimism mirroring that seen in depressed and anxious people." [...]
But, they say, that isn't the same as saying that bees consciously experience emotions in the way that we do. On that point, the jury is still out.
- The summary of The Ancient Origins of Consciousness reports that the authors "find that arthropods (including insects and probably crustaceans) and cephalopods (including the octopus) meet many of the criteria for consciousness."
In response to Edge's World Question Center 2005 topic,
What Do You Believe Is True Even Though You Cannot Prove It?, Alun Anderson, Editor-in-Chief at New Scientist, made the following remarks:
Strangely, I believe that cockroaches are conscious. [Moreover, ...] I believe that many quite simple animals are conscious, including more attractive beasts like bees and butterflies.
[... What I mean by consciousness is] the feeling of
seeingthe world and its associations. For the bee, it is the feeling of being a bee. I don't mean that a bee is self-conscious or spends time thinking about itself. But of course the problem of why the bee has its own
feelingis the same incomprehensible
hard problemof why the activity of our nervous system gives rise to our own
But at least the bee's world is very visual and capable of being imagined. Some creatures live in sensory worlds that are much harder to access. Spiders that hunt at night live in a world dominated by the detection of faint vibration and of the tiniest flows of air that allow them to see fly passing by in pitch darkness. Sensory hairs that cover their body give them a sensitivity to touch far more finely grained than we can possibly feel through our own skin.
[...] And as for the cockroaches, they are a little more human than the spiders. Like the owners of the New York apartments who detest them, they suffer from stress and can die from it, even without injury. They are also hierarchical and know their little territories well. When they are running for it, think twice before crushing out another world.
From a 2007 Discover Magazine article,
Consciousness in a Cockroach:
To Nicholas Strausfeld, a tiny brain is a beautiful thing. Over his 35-year career, the neurobiologist at the University of Arizona at Tucson has probed the minute brain structures of cockroaches, water bugs, velvet worms, brine shrimp, and dozens of other invertebrates. [...] From this tedious analysis Strausfeld concludes that insects possess "the most sophisticated brains on this planet."
Strausfeld and his students are not alone in their devotion. Bruno van Swinderen, a researcher at the Neurosciences Institute (NSI) in San Diego, finds hints of higher cognitive functions in insects -- clues to what one scientific journal called "the remote roots of consciousness."
"Many people would pooh-pooh the notion of insects having brains that are in any way comparable to those of primates," Strausfeld adds. "But one has to think of the principles underlying how you put a brain together, and those principles are likely to be universal." [...]
"Attention," says van Swinderen, "is a whole-brain phenomenon. A thing is not purely visual, not purely olfactory. It's a binding together of different parts that for us signify one thing. Why couldn't the fly's mechanism [of attention] be directed to a succession of its memories?" he asks. "That, to me, is just a short hop, skip, and a jump away from what might be consciousness."
In the article, Christof Koch adds:
We have literally no idea at what level of brain complexity consciousness stops. Most people say, 'For heaven's sake, a bug isn't conscious.' But how do we know? We're not sure anymore. I don't kill bugs needlessly anymore. [...]
Probably what consciousness requires is a sufficiently complicated system with massive feedback. Insects have that. If you look at the mushroom bodies, they're massively parallel and have feedback.
Koch tries to avoid stepping on insects when walking.
- Goldman (2016) quotes Antonio Damasio as saying: "Feeling implies the presence of a mind and a mental experience, [or] consciousness. I have every reason to believe that invertebrates not only have emotions but also the possibility of feeling those emotions."
Sleep-like states
- "Neuronal correlates of sleep, wakefulness and arousal in a diurnal insect" (1983) reports that forager bees display neuronal oscillations similar to sleep-wake patterns in mammals and birds.
- "Do insects sleep?" discusses further examples of insect cycles of activity and rest. That said, circadian rhythms are present even in plants, fungi, and cyanobacteria, so this fact alone is not conclusive.
- "Do Bugs Sleep? Why They're Surprisingly Similar to People"
Non-stereotyped behavior
In his 1984 Animal Thinking, Donald Griffin presents complex behaviors on the part of various species of insects that he feels suggest consciousness. He concludes chapter 5 with the remark (p. 116):
Explaining instinctive behavior in terms of conscious efforts to match neural templates may be more parsimonious than postulating a complete set of specifications for motor actions that will produce the characteristic structure under all probable conditions. Conscious efforts to match a template may be more economical and efficient. [... Of course] it is not necessary to suppose that animals [including insects] are consciously aware of all their neural templates; perhaps only a few are important enough that the animal thinks consciously about them and considers alternative ways of realizing them.
On p. 105, Griffin elaborates an example:
The workers of leaf-cutter ants are tiny creatures, and their entire central nervous system is less than a millimeter in diameter. Even such a miniature brain contains many thousands of neurons, but ants must do many other things besides gathering leaves and tending fungus gardens. Can the genetic instructions stored in such a diminutive central nervous system prescribe all of the detailed motor actions carried out by one of these ants? Or is it more plausible to suppose that their DNA programs the development of simple generalizations such as
Search for juicy green leavesor
Nibble away bits of fungus that do not smell right,rather than specifying every flexion and extension of all six appendages?
Page 111 gives an example with spiders:
W. S. Bristowe (1976) describes how orb-weaving spiders sometimes vary their stereotyped behavior in dealing with small insects caught in their webs. If an experimenter holds a struggling fly with forceps close to such a spider, she omits the earlier stages of normal behavior (running along the web to reach the fly) and bites it immediately. If the fly is already dead, she wraps it in silk without biting it first. In constructing their elaborate webs, spiders are often said to follow a rigid series of behavior patterns which are presumably instinctive since a female spinning her first web does so almost perfectly. But she will make some alterations in structure when the surrounding vegetation or the space to be spanned is irregular. Bristowe describes how a spider whose web is ordinarily symmetrical builds a highly asymmetrical web when the opening between leaves makes such a shape appropriate. At the web's hub from which strands of silk radiate out to the surrounding vegetation, the spider ordinarily leaves a hole so she can quickly move from one side of the web to the other when an insect strikes it. In one web this hole, instead of being at the center, was close to one edge of the opening between the leaves of a lilac bush, and the strands formed a semicircle instead of a circle.
Many ethologists dismiss variability in structures such as spider webs as meaningless
noisein a basically invariant system and deny that a spider could consciously adjust the structure of her web according to the shape of the available opening. But the end results are so efficiently adapted to their function of catching small flying insects that it seems possible that spiders anticipate the likely results of their web spinning.
- This video shows a bee pulling a nail out of a wall in order to get inside the hole that the nail was filling. The bee pulls the nail out bit by bit, seeming to have a sense of what it's trying to accomplish. As the nail is almost out, the bee seems to brace itself for flight, as if it knows that the nail will fall. Of course, this is my interpretation of the bee's behavior, but at least it seems clear that this isn't an inflexible, pre-programmed routine.
Cognitive generalization
Menzel and Giurfa (1999), p. 718:
Liu et al. report their results on visual learning by Drosophila and its underlying neuronal substrate. They show that individual flies can do quite complex tasks. The authors first conditioned flies to associate visual patterns (the 'conditioned' stimulus) with the presence or absence of heat (the 'unconditioned' stimulus). The idea is that the animals should fly towards the appropriate patterns to avoid dangerous levels of heat. Their behaviour is 'operant', because the flight course that they choose determines delivery of the heat. The experiments were done under particular illumination conditions, which form part of the general 'context' in which the associations are established.
The authors next showed that the flies could 'generalize' this trained response to several other, different environmental contexts. As contexts are ill-defined stimuli, comprising individual features from many modalities, the change in context that the authors introduced was a change in the illumination between training and test: between white and monochromatic broadband light; between two monochromatic broad-band lights; and between constant white light and white light interspersed with 'dark flashes' (light is switched off for 200 ms). These changes did not affect the performance of the flies. These results show that context generalization — rather than context specificity — guides the insect's learning. But when the authors impaired the fly's normal brain function by eliminating the mushroom bodies (a central brain structure), they found that retention of the trained pattern was strictly bound to the context during learning, and that the flies did not generalize to other contexts.
Exploring Consciousness through the Study of Bees by Christof Koch:
Insects, in particular, were long thought to be simple, reflexive creatures with hardwired instinctual behaviors. No more. Consider the amazing capabilities of the honeybee, Apis mellifera. [...]
In humans, the short-term storage of symbolic information -- as when you enter an acquaintance's phone number into your iPhone's memory -- is associated with conscious processing. Can bees remember task-relevant information? The gold standard for evaluating working memory is the delayed matching-to-sample (DMTS) paradigm. The subject looks at a picture for a few seconds. The test image then disappears for five or 10 seconds. Subsequently, two pictures are shown next to each other, and the animal has to choose, by pushing a lever or moving its eyes, which of the two images was the test picture. This test can be carried out correctly only if the animal remembers the image. A more complex version, the delayed nonmatching-to-sample (DNMTS) task, requires one additional processing step: choosing the opposite image from the one previously shown.
Although bees can't be expected to push levers, they can be trained to take either the left or the right exit inside a cylinder modified for the DMTS test. A color disk serves as a cue at the entrance of the maze, so that the bee sees it before entering. Once within the maze, the bee has to choose the arm displaying the color that matches (DMTS) or differs from (DNMTS) the color at the entrance. Bees perform both tasks well. They even generalize to a situation they have never previously encountered. That is, once they've been trained with colors, they "get it" and can now follow a trail of vertical stripes if a disk with vertical gratings is left at the entrance of the maze. These experiments tell us that bees have learned an abstract relation (sameness in DMTS, difference in DNMTS) irrespective of the physical nature of the stimuli. The generalization to novel stimuli can even occur from odors to colors. [...]
Although these experiments do not tell us that bees are conscious, they caution us that we have no principled reason at this point to reject this assertion.
Neural oscillations
Prieto-Godino and de Polavieja (2010):
Electroencephalogram and local field potential (LFP) oscillations generally indicate periodic coherent synchronization of neuronal assemblies [1]–[3]. Oscillations have been found in systems as disparate as mollusks [2], moths [4], locusts [5], [6], rats and mice [7], [8], suggesting a fundamental role in computations carried out during higher-order processing. Oscillatory and synchronized activities in the mammalian brain have been correlated with distinct behavioural states or the execution of complex cognitive tasks, and are proposed to participate in the 'binding' of individual features into more complex percepts [3], [9]–[11]. Similar oscillations have been observed in LFP recordings from the first and second relay centers for olfactory information in insects. [...] However it is not known whether and how the oscillations observed in insect sensory systems and the ones recorded from mammals during the execution of complex cognitive tasks are functionally and computationally related. A first step in this direction is to find out whether oscillations occur in higher brain structures of insects during the performance of complex cognitive tasks, involving processes such as selective attention [14], contextual generalization [15], or formation of 'sameness' and 'difference' concepts [16]. Recently two reports have correlated in flies LFP oscillatory activity recorded centrally in the brain with different behavioural states, as it happens in mammals [17], [18]. These studies found that conspicuousness of different visual objects modulates the oscillatory activity recorded from central brain structures in the 20–30 Hz range. [...]
The fruit fly's LFP responses share several key features with physiological correlates in the 40–60 Hz range of visual selective attention in monkeys and humans [31]. For example, amplitude increases with salience, which can be increased by either an unconditioned stimuli or by novelty. [32]. Furthermore, a recent study in rats reported that, during difficult odour discrimination tasks, strong synchronous oscillations appeared in the olfactory bulb field potential. These oscillations were not present when the task was easy and could reflect an increased attention [33]. Therefore in flies, as it has been suggested before in mammals [31], neural synchronization may be a common neural mechanism involved in complex cognitive tasks like arousal, perceptual integration, and attentional selection. Our findings in the olfactory system, together with the findings of others in visual attention [18], indicate that despite the fruit fly's lack of neuroanatomical homology with primates, Drosophila might have analogous mechanisms of establishing salience and directing selective attention to its environment.
Social behavior
In his 1987 piece,
The moral standing of insects and the ethics of extinction,Professor Jeffrey Lockwood, an entomologist and philosopher, summarizes arguments for self-awareness based on social interaction:
Another theoretical consideration of insect consciousness, is an extension of the work by Humphrey (1978) (who derived his work from that of Jolly (1966)) on the evolution of societies (Griffin 1984). The basic concept states that a critical step in the evolution of animal societies is the establishment of efficient interactions, and these interactions depend on group members' abilities to understand each others' thoughts, intentions, and feelings. Therefore, social insects must correctly judge the frame of mind, as it were, of one another. [...]
Social insects behave so as to meet the communicated needs of the colony. One can construct a system which awkwardly explains social interaction such as food begging and tropholaxis or behaviors such as grooming, without including self-awareness. However, few would argue that social insects, and probably all insects, demonstrate an awareness of outside events; they behave according to environmental conditions and, as discussed earlier, they demonstrate the ability to communicate information about these conditions. Allowing that an insect has awareness of external events but does not have self-awareness is somewhat ridiculous--it is rather implausible to contend that through sensory mechanisms an insect is aware of the environment, other insects, and the needs of conspecifics but through some neural blockage, the same insect is selectively unconscious of sensory input about itself.
The Evolution of Social Behavior in Insects and Arachnids, edited by Jae C. Choe, Bernard J. Crespi:
'Social' insects and arachnids exhibit forms of complex behaviour that involve cooperation in building a nest, defending against attackers or rearing offspring. [... Some chapters from this book] are as follows:
Post-ovulation parental investment and parental care in cockroaches
The spectrum of eusociality in termites
Maternal care in the Hemiptera: ancestry, alternatives and current adaptive value
Evolution of parental care in the giant water bugs (Heteroptera: Bolostomatidae)
The evolution of sociality in aphids: a clone's eye view
Ecology and evolution of social behaviour among Australian gall thrips
Interactions among males, females and offspring in bark and ambrosia beetles: the significance of living in holes for the evolution of social behaviour
Morphologically 'primitive' ants: comparative review of social characters, and the importance of queen-worker dimorphism
Social conflict and cooperation among founding queens in ants (Hymenoptera: Formicidae)
Social evolution in the lepidoptera: ecological context and communication in larval societies
Sociality and kin selection in Acari
Colonial web-building spiders: balancing the costs and benefits of group living
From the abstract of Lihoreau M, Brepson L, Rivault C,
The weight of the clan: even in insects, social isolation can induce a behavioural syndrome:
Here we report that gregarious cockroaches (Blattella germanica) reared in isolation showed (i) stronger exploration-avoidance, (ii) reduced foraging activity, (iii) reduced willingness to interact socially, and (iv) reduced ability to assess mating partner quality than conspecifics reared in groups. We demonstrate the occurrence of a behavioural syndrome induced by social isolation, similar to syndromes described in vertebrates, revealing the importance of social interactions and group-living in this non-eusocial insect species.
Why cockroaches need their friendsby Matt Walker:
Scientists are discovering that these supposedly crude, and creepy automatons are much more sophisticated than we thought.
By unveiling the secret lives of these insects, they are finding out that cockroaches are actually highly social creatures; they recognise members of their own families, with different generations of the same families living together.
Cockroaches do not like to be left alone, and suffer ill health when they are.
And they form closely bonded, egalitarian societies, based on social structures and rules. Communities of cockroaches are even capable of making collective decisions for the greater good. [...]
Cockroaches that do not hang out with one another suffer
isolation syndromes. For example, young German and American cockroaches left alone take longer to moult into new larger forms and eventually become adults.
Their later behaviour is also severely affected; young isolated cockroaches find it harder to join a community and mate later in life.
Young cockroaches, it seems, need to be around and in constant physical contact with one another to properly develop.
What about tissue damage?
See also: "Which Stimuli Are Painful to Invertebrates?"
As Eisemann et al. note in
Do insects feel pain? A biological view(1984), many insects lack nociceptors and so perhaps would not find tissue damage to be aversive. The authors add:
No example is known to us of an insect showing protective behavior towards injured parts, such as by limping after leg injury or declining to feed or mate because of general abdominal injuries. On the contrary, our experience has been that insects will continue with normal activities even after severe injury or removal of body parts.
That said, according to Wikipedia's article on nociceptors:
Nociception has been documented in non-mammalian animals, including fish[9] and a wide range of invertebrates, including leeches,[10] nematode worms,[11] sea slugs,[12] and fruit flies.[13] Although these neurons may have different pathways and relationships to the central nervous system than mammalian nociceptors, nociceptive neurons in non-mammals often fire in response to similar stimuli as mammals, such as high temperature (40 degrees C or more), low pH, capsaicin, and tissue damage.
The Wikipedia article on Pain in invertebrates explains more:
The first invertebrate in which a nociceptive cell was identified was the medicinal leech, Hirudo medicinalis, which has the characteristic segmented body of an Annelida, each segment possessing a ganglion containing the T (touch), P (pressure) and N (noxious) cells.[17] Later studies on the responses of leech neurones to mechanical, chemical and thermal stimulation motivated researchers to write "These properties are typical of mammalian polymodal nociceptors".[4]
There have been numerous studies of learning and memory using nociceptors in the sea hare, Aplysia.[18][19][20] Many of these have focused on mechanosensory neurons innervating the siphon and having their somata (bulbous end) in the abdominal ganglion (LE cells). These LE cells display increasing discharge to increasing pressures, with maximal activation by crushing or tearing stimuli that cause tissue injury. Therefore, they satisfy accepted definitions of nociceptors. They also show similarities to vertebrate Aδ nociceptors, including a property apparently unique (among primary afferents) to nociceptors -- sensitization by noxious stimulation. Either pinching or pinning the siphon decreased the threshold of the LE cells firing and enhanced soma excitability.[21]
Sonetti et al. (1999) found that a snail species (Planorbarius corneus) and a mussel species (Mytilus galloprovincialis) showed increased levels of endogenous morphine following tissue damage. The animals were damaged as follows (p. 138):
[in] a set of 20 adult specimens of P. corneus, a cut of few millimeters was made in the foot edge with fine scissors. After this surgical incision, that never caused death, the animals were sacrificed 24 and 48 h later. [...] A group of 20 mussels, M. galloprovincialis, were traumatized by cutting with a fine lancet the shell posterior adductor muscle. All animals survived this treatment for up to 24 and 48 h.
Sonetti et al. (1999) conclude (pp. 145-46):
Taken together, the data demonstrates that endogenous morphine is present in specific tissues of these animals and appears to be involved in the response to physical trauma.
The biochemical data obtained from Planorbarius are in accordance with those obtained from M. edulis by Stefano et al. [24,25]. They also detected, between 24 and 48 h, the highest level of morphine in the hemolymph and the pedal ganglia following stressful situation [24,25]. In the present study traumatized snails had significant morphine increases in the ganglia, hemolymph, aorta, immune cells and foot, supporting the idea that morphine may play multiple roles inside nervous, immune and vascular systems. [...]
In conclusion, invertebrate neural and immune cells appear to contain morphinergic signaling processes. Based on past studies, we surmise this molecule may serve to calm or terminate the state of alertness and activation of immune and neural cells created after neural stimulation and/or trauma [17,23,25]. Furthermore, morphinergic signaling appears to resemble classical chemical messenger systems that are referred to as neurotransmitter, neurohormonal, as well as neuro-immune and neuro-vascular. In this regard, it also appears that morphinergic-signaling processes evolved earlier than formerly envisioned.
- This page reports: "Macrobrachium americanum prawns treated with lignocaine (a local anaesthetic in mammals) prior to eyestalk ablation show less rubbing, flicking and sheltering than those not given the anaesthetic.[7]" While prawns are not insects, they are invertebrates. Like prawns, some terrestrial "bugs", such as woodlice, are malacostracan crustaceans.
Moreover, not all forms of suffering are due to direct tissue damage. Insects are still motivated to avoid certain things and seek others. Perhaps they can feel the agony of starvation, or dehydration, or internal organ failure? Indeed, insects have plenty of other sense organs, as the Wikipedia entry on insect physiology explains:
Chemical senses include the use of chemoreceptors, related to taste and smell, affecting mating, habitat selection, feeding and parasite-host relationships. [...] Chemoreceptor sensitivity related to smell in some substances, is very high and some insects can detect particular odours that are at low concentrations miles from their original source (Triplehorn & Johnson, 2005).
Mechanical senses provide the insect with information that may direct orientation, general movement, flight from enemies, reproduction and feeding and are elicited from the sense organs that are sensitive to mechanical stimuli such as pressure, touch and vibration (Triplehorn & Johnson, 2005). [...]
Pressure on the body wall or strain gauges are detected by the campiniform sensilla and internal stretch receptors sense muscle distension and digestive system stretching (McGavin 2001; Triplehorn & Johnson, 2005,). [...]
A number of insects have temperature and humidity sensors (McGavin, 2001)
In her 2001
Animal Suffering: An Invertebrate Perspective,Jennifer A. Mather notes:
the physiological systems that control responses to what we call pain mostly are universal across the animal kingdom, and snails often are used as models for such responses. Can we treat them as having sensations that resemble ours without being concerned for their welfare when they do?
Still, it is less easy to take that leap of faith and presume parallels with how you feel when the animal concerned is completely unlike you. Insects, for instance, can walk normally with a couple broken-off legs and survive with apparent unconcern as a parasite is eating them up inside, when presumably we would be in excruciating pain. Does that mean they cannot feel pain? I asked a friend who works with ants what she thought about this apparent inability to feel the pain we do. She said that she spilled a drop of acetone on an ant by accident one day and that it had recoiled and tried to wipe the substance off its abdomen. Maybe it is still pain, just responding to different stimuli. Alternately, maybe it is just an automatic grooming reaction. Because nuclear radiation can kill us without our feeling a thing, humans too do not always respond with pain to possible tissue destruction.
Lauritz S. Sømme concludes a report to Norwegian Scientific Committee for Food Safety on
Sentience and Pain in Invertebrateswith this statement about insect sentience:
The nervous system and senses of insects appear to be better developed than in crustaceans since an active life on land may be more demanding. With the great diversity of insects, there are great differences in the organization of the central nervous system and senses. In general, insects are equipped with numerous sense organs. The brain is particularly well developed in social insects, and the size of certain neural centers can be correlated with learning capacity. Learning is also known from many solitary species of insects. Insects do not react to damage of their bodies, but may show strong reflexes to constraint. With our present knowledge, it is usually concluded that insects cannot feel pain. Still, doubts have been raised. Among invertebrates, social insects represent a high level of cognition, and their welfare should be considered during handling.
Benefit of the doubt?
From entomologist Jeffrey Lockwood, "Do bugs feel pain?":
So, given that we can't be sure whether insects experience pain, how should we treat these creatures? When I was teaching insect anatomy and physiology I insisted that the students anesthetized insects before conducting experiments that we would expect to inflict pain on a mouse. [...]
[One reason is] it seems ethically obligatory to guard against the possibility that insects feel pain. If we use anesthetic and it turns out that insects don't experience pain, the material cost of our mistake is very low [...]. However, if we don't use anesthetic and it turns out that the insects were in agony, then the moral cost of our mistake is quite high.
In general I agree with this sentiment. As a matter of detail, I would not use exactly this "precautionary principle" approach of giving insects the benefit of the doubt. I would instead multiply possible insect suffering by a probability of sentience; this makes the ethical tradeoffs between insects, which may or may not suffer, more fair against animals we know can suffer. However, given that insects have a probability of sentience that isn't too small, their potential suffering still tends to dominate calculations even when multiplied by 50%, or 10%, or even 1%. My own probability for sentience is ~40%.a Considering how easy it is to avoid causing harm to so many insects, on a macro scale and even in our daily lives, any reasonable sentience probability will imply significant consequences for our actions.
Further reading
I highly recommend Section 2.1 - 2.4, pages 15-36 (PDF pages 62-84), of
Aspects of the biology and welfare of animals used for experimental and other scientific purposes,a lengthy document summarized here. In particular, section 2.3 is organized in a similar fashion to the current document. The information presented is too much to summarize, so I encourage readers to take a look at the original source.
Another excellent review article is Jane A. Smith's
A Question of Pain in Invertebrates.
- A multi-author discussion of insect consciousness in the journal Animal Sentience.
I now don't believe that whether insects are sentient is an objective factual question, so talking about probabilities isn't quite accurate. Fundamentally, whether we care about insects is a moral choice. However, facts are very relevant in informing us about (a) what abilities insects actually have and (b) what types of abilities in humans correspond to conscious emotion. For instance, we might have thought that a given cognitive trait was important for human emotional experience but later learn that it's completely irrelevant, and in that case, the fact that insects have it would not be as pertinent as we had presumed. And the same could be true in the opposite direction. So one way to continue using probabilities is to ask "How likely would I be to care about insects if I learned and thought more about the topic for a long time?"
Beyond this, I think sentience should be seen to come in gradations, in which case the question is less whether insects matter or not in a binary fashion but how much they matter. I think it's very likely I would care to some degree about insects upon further reflection, but whether I would care a little or a lot remains uncertain. At the moment I would guess that I value preventing one dog from suffering at around the same as preventing ~100 insect from suffering in an analogous way. This assessment is likely to change over time.


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This is discussion archived from a time before the current discussion method was installed.
Nezumi: It's been a long time since I read the novel, but I could swear that in that, it wasn't actually from outer space. It came back on a satellite... but they ultimately realized that the satellite must have been contaminated in the upper atmosphere, rather than bringing it back from space — meaning it was an organism of highly exotic, but ultimately terrestrial original, hence why it could infect Earthly life despite biochemical barriers.


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Have you had a chance to check out Tamera Mowry's website? Over the next several weeks I'll be a guest blogger on her site. My first blog titled, "Design Tips for Creating a Pretty in Pink Nursery" was posted a few weeks ago. Truthfully these tips will come in handy for any room that you're designing in your home so I wanted to make sure I shared it with you.
There's way more to come and of course I can't wait for you to see the reveal of this fabulous celebrity nursery. It's going to be beautiful!!


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In the early 1800's M. Navier in France and G.G Stokes in England derived this equation. Including the effects of viscosity of the moving fluid, these equations are extension to the Euler's equation.
The Navier-Stokes equations consist of three equations. They are
-Conservation of mass- a time-dependent continuity
- Conservation of energy- time dependent equation.
-Conservation of momentum- three time dependent equation.
The four independent variables used in the equation are the x, y, and z spatial coordinates of some domain, and the time t.
Pressure p
Density r
Temperature T
Three components of the velocity vector; the u component is in the x direction, the v component is in the y direction, and the w component is in the z direction,
The set of equations are:
Continuity: r/t + (r * u)/x + (r * v)/y + (r * w)/z = 0
X - Momentum: (r * u)/t + (r * u^2)/x + (r * u * v)/y + (r * u * w)/z = - p/x
+ 1/Re * { tauxx/x + tauxy/y + tauxz/z}
Y - Momentum: (r * v)/t + (r * u * v)/x + (r * v^2)/y + (r * v * w)/z = - p/y
+ 1/Re * { tauxy/x + tauyy/y + tauyz/z}
Z - Momentum: (r * w)/t + (r * u * w)/x + (r * v * w)/y + (r * w^2)/z = - p/z
+ 1/Re * { tauxz/x + tauyz/y + tauzz/z}
Energy: Et/t + (u * Et)/x + (v * Et)/y + (w * Et)/z = - (r * u)/x - (r * v)/y - (r * w)/z
- 1/(Re*Pr) * { qx/x + qy/y + qz/z}
+ 1/Re * {(u * tauxx + v * tauxy + w * tauxz)/x + (u * tauxy + v * tauyy + w * tauxz)/y + (u * tauxz + v * tauyz + w * tauzz)/z}
Where: Re is the Reynolds number The q variables are the heat flux components and Pr is the Prandtl number which is a similarity parameter that is the ratio of the viscous stresses to the thermal stresses. The tau variables are components of the stress tensor.
The team of Transtutors.com is having incomparable credentials and also brilliant academic background. The team is available 24X 7 to provide email based assignment help, homework based assignment help, project help and online tutoring sessions to the students. The company understands that the submitted work is important for the students' academic record. So the company has a wide group of tutors having experience in all domains of E-education.
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The truth is that neither. Not everyone wants to be your friends but not everyone wants to hurt you. It will always be a mid-point, with a very pronounced inclination towards the goodness of the people. So it is important to always consider a couple of safety tips for traveling to Europe, Asia, Africa […]
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Best Travel Recommendations for you – Must see places around the globe
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Article: Deeper Into XLR
Article: Noise-induced Hearing Loss
Article: The Human Ear
Article: Article: Active and Passive Preamplifiers
Article: Tweaking Headphones
Article: Sound Noise
Article: Balanced and Unbalanced Signals
Article: Time and Frequency Domain
Article: Sound Signals
Article: Audiophilia
Article: What is Sound pt. 2
Article: What is Sound pt. 1
Listening with headphones at home / Listening with headphones in studio


text: I am a big dog stuck in a little dog's body. I am very full of myself and use my cuteness to get out of trouble. I love to chew on anything in sight and can destroy a huge bone in a matter of hours. I love my mommy and daddy more than anyone else in the world and am very skittish of strangers.Add to Favorites


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After our recent trip to the beach and the aquarium there, Elise is deep in mermaid and ocean mode. Today, she was 'swimming' on the living room floor next to her jellyfish, dolphin and octopus. She was, of course, a mermaid.
So here I am with a very quick craft using leftovers from the rainbow mermaid dress up apron I made for Elise.
Confession: I am actually still working on the mermaid dress up apron and I needed a distraction that wasn't a Tinkerbell apron or fairy wings, because the mermaid dress up apron was my distraction from those…
This was a very simple – like embarrassingly simple – bag I put together for Elise. Wouldn't you know it? She loves it!
When I go into the craft store, I try to swing by the clearance section to check out the offerings and sometimes I strike gold! Case in point: months ago, I came across these little craft bags in white and khaki. Each pack had 6 bags in it and the packs were tagged at $0.97. Obviously, I spent the $2 and got all 12, and because I used a 10% off coupon on top of that, each bag was only $0.15.
We've had quite a bit of fun with these bags. We used cookie cutters and stencils and dressed one up with fabric markers for July 4th. They make great place settings for an Independence Day play date or party!
I've also pulled one out when we needed an "oh my goodness, we're in need of a craft, STAT!" kind of craft. She thinks she is such a big girl when she gets to use the fabric markers, or as she calls them: "careful markers."
I might have warned her a time or two to be careful and not draw on her clothes with them. The stars, name and a flower were {obviously} drawn by me to help get her started, but once she saw me do it, there was no stopping her. Both sides are covered.
She pulls this bag out of her dress up box and tells me about the drawings she made. Do you see the apple tree?
Earlier today, I spent 45 minutes cutting scalloped felt strips while Elise was supposed to be napping. We weren't lucky enough for a nap, but at the end of that time I had enough scalloped felt strips to make the rainbow mermaid apron and this bag.
In advance, I apologize for the quality of the pictures. It was 9:30 at night and I was working in the kitchen, under the vent hood's lights no less.
- Scalloped felt strips (2 of each color which works out to about 1/2 a sheet of craft felt for each color)
- Craft bag (ours are 8″ long x 1″ deep x 4″ high)
- Felt scraps (for embellishments, but could use anything)
- Hot Glue, scissors
Stuff the bag with tissue paper / foil in case any hot glue gets through the side of the bag you are gluing. This also lets you see where the true bottom of the bag is because it open it fully.
Identify where you want your bottom scallop to sit and then hot glue the edge of one side to the bag's seam edge. Note in the picture I originally left the bottom of each scallop piece open, but added a piece of felt in the same color later.
Glue down the scalloped felt piece all the way until the edge of the bag. Snip off the excess.
Repeat adding layers until you can line up a scalloped felt piece with the top of the bag. Turn the bag over and apply the scalloped pieces to the other side.
I took to my sewing machine to add a bit of embellishment: a starfish and a jellyfish. These are easily made by cutting out one piece of felt in the shape you want and pinning it to another roughly cut piece of felt. Hard to see in the picture, but the cut starfish is sitting on top of another piece of the same color felt.
Take the bundle to your sewing machine and top stitch the perimeter of your design. Cut strings and use small scissors to closely cut the bottom rough-cut piece of felt to match the top. Once cut, you can apply the design to the bag with hot glue.
Elise's favorite side is the one with the jelly fish. Because the tentacles are sewn into the body of the jelly, she likes to tickle the jelly and feed it by putting items into the bag. I just love when she makes up stuff like that!
In related news, I should probably only use a low-temperature glue gun from now on.
This would be a great favor bag for an ocean or mermaid themed party. If I were going to use these for such an event, I'd probably only decorate one side with the felt. It would save time and the kids could decorate the other side with some fabric markers or just take it as-is.
If this is too girly for the young men at such a party, one could flip the felt scallops upside down, layering them only along the bottom of the bag as waves. It would be a very fun bag if one added a pirate ship or skull and cross bones.
Before you go, could you share this to your friends or followers on social media? Those little buttons to the left have made the journey with you all the way to the end of this, and I'd love it if you shared Ruffles and Rain Boots with your friends.
Because I made this to go along with the rainbow mermaid dress up apron, click on through to see the tutorial to make an impressive looking costume in no time!
Tutorial for Mermaid Dress Up Apron Costume
Tutorial for Princess Anna Dress Up Costume
Tutorial for Princess Queen Elsa Dress Up Costume
Tutorial for Tinkerbell Dress Up Costume


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Ferry-Morse has been serving up the best in seed and gardening supplies for over 100 years, and we-footre proud to still be innovating and improving. Whether you-footre looking for the finest in flowers or gourmet garden vegetables, you will find all your answers here. Take a minute and explore the product categories to the right for planning and inspiration, or visit the Gardeners Corner for over a century-foots worth of wisdom. At Ferry-Morse we want you to enjoy your best ever gardening experience. Ferry-Morse Seed Company offers gardener's over 350 varieties of flower, vegetable, and herb seed. Ferry-Morse Seeds can be found in retailers across the United States.
Ferry-Morse Seeds 1348 Pumpkin – Jack-O-Lantern 4.7 Gram Packet
Posted March 2nd, 2014 by Halloweenish
2 Responses to "Ferry-Morse Seeds 1348 Pumpkin – Jack-O-Lantern 4.7 Gram Packet"
TR Graham
March 2nd, 2014 - 3:35 AM
very disappointed 0
March 2nd, 2014 - 3:54 AM