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Charles W. Calomiris is the Henry Kaufman Professor of Financial Institutions at Columbia Business School and a Professor at Columbia's School of International and Public Affairs. He graduated from Yale in 1979 with a B.A. in economics, magna cum laude, and received a Ph.D in economics from Stanford in 1985. After teaching at Northwestern, Wharton, and the University of Illinois, Urbana-Champaign, Professor Calomiris arrived at Columbia Business School in 1997. Professor Calomiris also works as a researcher at the Office of Finance Research of the U.S. Treasury. From May 2013-May 2014, he was on leave as a visiting scholar at the research department of the International Monetary Fund.
Professor Calomiris's primary research interests are in the areas of banking, corporate finance, financial history, monetary economics, and economic development. He is the author of numerous books and academic articles. He also writes articles in the popular press. For a complete list of his publications, see his curriculum vitae.
Professor Calomiris has taught courses on emerging financial markets, banking, corporate finance, monetary economics, entrepreneurial finance, and financial and economic history at the MBA, Ph.D., executive, and undergraduate levels. He co-organized (with Murray Low) long-term teaching and research collaborations focusing on entrepreneurship, finance and development between Columbia Business School and the Business Schools of the University of Dar Es Salaam, Tanzania, and the US International University in Nairobi, Kenya, and taught in those programs.
Professor Calomiris participates in various groups of scholars that apply the logic and evidence of economics to public policy questions.
Professor Calomiris's professional service includes his role as Vice President and President Elect of the International Atlantic Economic Society. He also serves as co-managing editor (with Murillo Campello) of the Journal of Financial Intermediation.
Professor Calomiris has served in various government initiatives. In 1999-2000, he was a member of the International Financial Institution Advisory Commission (also known as the Meltzer Commission), a Congressional commission to advise the U.S. government on the reform of the IMF, the World Bank, the regional development banks, and the WTO. In 2011, he was appointed by the EC as a member of the Advisory Scientific Committee of the European Systemic Risk Board, and he served in that role until the end of 2013. He also has served as a consultant or visiting scholar for various central banks and government agencies.
Professor Calomiris has received various honors, including fellowships and teaching awards. In November 2012, he was awarded an honorary doctorate from the University of Basel. In 2010, he was the Houblon-Norman Senior Fellow at the Bank of England and a Podlich Fellow at Claremont McKenna College. In 2012, he was named by Poets & Quants as one of the top 10 business school professors in the world; in 2011, Poets & Quants named him one of the top 50 thought leaders among business school faculty. In 2011, The Economist named him one of economics' most influential people.
"A Primer on Bank Capital Regulation: Theory, Empirics, and Policy" (with Shekhar Aiyar and Tomasz Wieladek), IMF Economic Review, forthcoming.
"Crisis-Related Shifts in the Market Valuation of Banking Activities" (with Doron Nissim), Journal of Financial Intermediation, 2014.
"An Assessment of TARP" (with Urooj Khan), Journal of Economic Perspectives, forthcoming.
"Does Macro-Prudential Regulation Leak? Evidence from a U.K. Policy Experiment" (with Shekhar Aiyar and Tomasz Wieladek), Journal of Money, Credit and Banking, 2014
"Identifying Channels of Credit Substitution When Bank Capital Requirements Are Varied" (with Shekhar Aiyar and Tomasz Wieladek), Economic Policy, 2014
"The International Transmission of Bank Capital Requirements: Evidence from the UK" (with Shekhar Aiyar, John Hooley, Yevgeniya Korniyenko and Tomasz Wieladek, Journal of Financial Economics, 2014
"The Housing Wealth Effect: The Crucial Roles of Demographics, Wealth Distribution and Wealth Shares" (with Stanley Longhofer and William Miles), Critical Finance Review, 2013
"The Foreclosure-House Price Nexus: A Panel VAR Model for U.S. States, 1981-2009," (with Stanley Longhofer and William Miles), Real Estate Economics, 2013
"Reforming Banks without Destroying Their Productivity and Value," Journal of Applied Corporate Finance, 2013
"How to Design a Contingent Convertible Debt Requirement That Helps Solve Our Too-Big-To-Fail Problem" (with Richard Herring), Journal of Applied Corporate Finance, 2013
"Volatile Times and Persistent Conceptual Errors: US Monetary Policy, 1914-1951," in The Origins, History and Future of the Federal Reserve, edited by M. Bordo and W. Roberds, Cambridge University Press, pp. 166-218, 2013
"The Effects of Reconstruction Finance Corporation Assistance on Michigan Banks' Survival in the 1930s" (with J. Mason, M. Weidenmier, K. Bobroff), Explorations in Economic History, 2013
"Seven Ways to Deal with a Financial Crisis: Cross-Country Experience and Policy Implications (with Luc Laeven and Daniela Klingebiel), Journal of Applied Corporate Finance, 2012
"Getting the Right Mix of Capital and Cash Requirements in Prudential Bank Regulation," Journal of Applied Corporate Finance, 2012
"Global Returns' Sensitivities to Crisis Shocks" (with Inessa Love and Maria Soledad Martinez Peria), Journal of International Money and Finance, 2012
"Financial Crisis in the US and Beyond" (with R. Eisenbeis and R. Litan), in The World in Crisis: Insights from Six Shadow Financial Regulatory Committees, edited by Robert Litan, Wharton Financial Institutions Center, pp. 1-60, 2012
"An Incentive-Robust Programme for Financial Reform," The Manchester School, 2011.
Fragile By Design: The Political Origins of Banking Crises and Scarce Credit (with Stephen Haber, Princeton University Press, 2014)
Sustaining India's Growth Miracle (co-edited with Jagdish Bhagwati, Columbia University Press 2008)
China's Financial Transition at a Crossroads (edited by Professor Calomiris, published in 2007 by Columbia University Press)
A Globalist Manifesto for Public Policy (Institute for Economic Affairs, 2002), Emerging Financial Markets (with David Beim, McGraw-Hill 2001)
U.S. Bank Deregulation in Historical Perspective (Cambridge University Press, 2000 and 2006)
"A Better Solution for Too-Big-To-Fail Banks," Wall Street Journal, May 29, 2014.
"Reforming the Rules That Govern the Fed," Economics21.org, March 17, 2014.
"A Tale of Two Countries" (with Stephen H. Haber), The Actuary, July 14, 2014.
"Making Central Banks More Resistant to Political Pressures and Fads," Economics21.org, April 14, 2014.
"The Next Banking Crisis" (with Stephen H. Haber), Regulation, Spring 2014, 32-35.
"The Housing Crisis: What's the Fed's Excuse?" (with Stephen H. Haber), PBS NewsHour Online, February 6, 2014.
"Strange Bedfellows at the Bank" (with Stephen H. Haber), National Review Online, Feb 4, 2014.
"Diversity Now," The International Economy, Winter 2014, 46-49, 83.
"Why Banking Systems Succeed—And Fail" (with Stephen Haber), Foreign Affairs, November/December 2013, 97-110
"Why It Matters Whether the Fed Targets Inflation or Unemployment" (with Peter Ireland), Economics21.org, December 2, 2013
"What Do We Learn from a Century of Fed History?" Economics21.org, Nov 4, 2013; "An Insurance Policy Against Inflation," Wall Street Journal, March 12, 2012
"The Mortgage Crisis—Some Inside Views," Wall Street Journal, Oct 27, 2011; "How to Regulate Bank Capital," National Affairs, Winter 2012, 41-57
"Is a 25% Bank Equity Requirement Really a No-Brainer?" VoxEU.org, November 28, 2013
"The Uncertain Dangers of the Volcker Rule," The American, July 22, 2013
"Managing the Risks of the New Macro-Prudential Regime," Borsa Istanbul Review, 13, 2013, 65-66, http://www.elsevier.com/journals/borsa-istanbul-review/2214-8450
"Interest Groups and the Glass-Steagall Act" (with Stephen Haber), CESifo DICE Report 4, 2013, December, 14-18
"A Fed Scorecard for the Past Decade, and Its Implications for the Future" Economics21.org, April 20, 2012
"Regulatory Uncertainty Hurts Bank Stocks, Stifles Economy" (with Doron Nissim), American Banker, April 23, 2013
"Meaningful Banking Reform and Why It Is So Unlikely," VoxEU.org, January 8, 2013
"Does Macro-Pru Leak? Evidence from a UK Policy Experiment" (with S. Aiyar and T. Wieladek), VoxEU.org, May 3, 2012
"The Big Flaws in Dodd-Frank: Interview with Gene Epstein," Barron's, April 14, 2012
"Economist.com Debate: Should Big Banks Be Broken Up?"Against the Motion, Postings May 14, 17, and 22, http://www.economist.com/debate/days/view/984
"Interview by Joseph Haubrich with Charles Calomiris," Forefront, Federal Reserve Bank of Cleveland, Winter 2011
Professor Calomiris currently is a member of the Shadow Open Market Committee (a group that tracks and evaluates Fed policy), the Financial Economists Roundtable (a group that opines on major public policy issues related to finance), the Federal Reserve Centennial Advisory Council (a group that is advising the Fed on how to celebrate its 100th Anniversary), and the Research Advisory Council of the Global Risk Institute (a Canadian-based group). He also is a Research Associate of the National Bureau of Economic Research. At Stanford's Hoover Institution, Allan Meltzer, Kenneth Scott and he currently launched the Program on Regulation and the Rule of Law. He is also a a Research Fellow at the Centre for Finance and Credit Markets, University of Nottingham, and a Senior Research Fellow at the Rimini Centre for Economic Analysis, University of Bologna. From 1997 until 2007, he co-directed the Project on Financial Deregulation at the American Enterprise Institute. He served from 1997 to 2012 as a member of the Shadow Financial Regulatory Committee, in 2000 as a Senior Fellow at the Council on Foreign Relations, in 2008-2009 as a member of the Task Force on Access to Financial Services at the Center for Global Development, in 2009 as a member of the Pew Trusts Task Force on Financial Reform, from 2008 to 2012 as a member of the Task Force on Property Rights at the Hoover Institution, and from 2010 to 2012 as a member of the World Economic Forum Global Agenda Council on Fiscal Crises.


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The path has been cleared for improvements at the Summit at Snoqualmie, according to a statement released recently by the ski area.
The U.S. Forest Service announced the approval of the ski area's Master Development Plan Nov. 13.
"Our goal has always been to continue to improve our resort while striking a balance between what best benefits both people and the alpine environment," said Trevor Kostanich, director of planning and development for The Summit, in a prepared statement.
"Ten years and countless hours of collaboration and hard work by the Forest Service, consultants, local conservation groups and The Summit, as well as comments by the public, have lead to this decision. This truly is an exciting time for us and our guests."
The ski area plans to erecting six new chairlifts, three new surface lifts, upgrading many existing lifts, lighting 25 new trails for night skiing, additional parking and a new mountain-top restaurant at Summit East.
As part of the agreement, The Summit will donate about 390 acres of land to the forest service for conservation. Another 100 acres near Alpental will be donated and added to the Alpine Lakes Wilderness Area.
"We are thrilled to have the go-ahead to implement many of these improvements and additions in the next several years," said Summit GM Dan Brewster in a prepared statement. "This decision, along with this season's new Silver Fir Express Chair, will help usher in an era of
remarkable improvements to our resort."

subset: commoncrawl


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Britney Spears and David Lucado: Going Strong, Going Tanning!by Free Britney at . Updated at . Comments
Britney Spears and her new boyfriend David Lucado were spotted out and about Monday, apparently going strong as a couple - and going tanning.
The pop star and her regular-guy BF, who she met through friends, have been keeping a low profile in Thousand Oaks, Calif., but are totally an item.
The star took advantage of the nice weather and rocked a blue tank top, jean shorts and shades, while Lucado wore shorts, a sweater and baseball cap.
Britney Spears and David Lucado were initially spotted in public together on Valentine's Day, when they stepped out for a sushi date together.
Spears called off her engagement to Jason Trawick earlier this year.
Britney and her former fiance/longtime agent and boyfriend amicably parted ways in January after being engaged for a year and together for about three.
Initially, a source said that Spears and Lucado were "just friends" but other insiders later confirmed that David is "definitely dating" the superstar.
Might be just what she needs right now.


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Hey I have a 91 ranger 2.3 liter, and the coolant sensor was not working at all, so today I replaced it myself and I idled it to see if it was working right and it read up to the center mark and as usual the thermostat kicked in and it went back down, well that was the last time it read that high. Now it barely reads anything and it barely goes up even when I drove it all over town and idled it until the engine got real hot and still it just read cold.I don't quite know what to do or whats wrong with the thing, can anyone help that knows something?
have the same problem?
Thursday, May 17th, 2007 AT 9:24 PM


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If your superbowl party was anything like ours, there was a lot of hugging. Lots of grown men hugging because of the Seahawks' blow out win over the Denver Broncos. Some men may have been crying. But mostly hugging.
Which is why we thought this series of mini-commercials of Bruce Willis hugs was so unbelievably awesome.
To start off the #hugfest before the big game, Bruce wants us to hug the people around us because that's who Honda keeps safe.
Then he wants us to hug because of that holding call because he "knows you didn't mean to do it."
And this one seems meant just for Peyton Manning: an interception hug.
Now this hug only happened once: a Denver touchdown/Seahawk consolation hug. 🙂
This Seahawk touchdown hug happened much more frequently.
And because that Seahawk touchdown hug happened MUCH more frequently than the Broncos touchdown hug, the Broncos got their very own "Second Place" hug.
And the Seahawks can celebrate with this big "congratulations" hug that Bruce just can't contain anymore.
From everyone here at Apple Valley Honda, Northwest Honda, and Sims Honda: Go Seahawks!


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Curious about the Institute? Sign up for a tour behind the scenes.
You will walk through stockrooms that are closed to the public and you get to see unique documents. An introduction to the Institute is displayed on video and a tour guide tells you all about the rich history of this institution. The tour lasts about 1.5 hours and is free of charge. It can be possible to focus on specific interests of the group, please contact us before.
Sign Up
For information about guided tours or to make an appointment, please contact Machteld Maris. E-mail: email@example.com
Guided tours are available for at least 4 persons.


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LONDON. — Guus Hiddink says Chelsea's slender hopes of challenging for a top-four finish in the English Premier League hinge on them enjoying a perfect record at Stamford Bridge.
After dropping two points at home already this week in a 2-2 draw against West Bromwich Albion, Hiddink's side have little margin for error ahead of Everton's visit to west London today.
But Hiddink, the club's interim manager, maintains that as long as there is a mathematical chance of claiming a place in next season's Champions League, that will be the club's target. And the belief Hiddink might oversee a dramatic transformation in Chelsea's fortunes during the second half of the season has been gathering pace during his first three weeks in charge.
Results have improved — Chelsea are undefeated in six games since Jose Mourinho was sacked before Christmas, five of those with Hiddink at the helm – and, more importantly, so too have performances. — AFP.


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https://www.w3.org/Bugs/Public/show_bug.cgi?id=18272 --- Comment #4 from Robin Berjon <firstname.lastname@example.com> --- (In reply to comment #3) > WHATWG bug 17651 was resolved with the following patch: > https://github.com/w3c/html/commit/f0f75059f0114710922357842bd84f6f4ed44c05 > > Would you like this applied to HTML5 or kept in a branch for HTML.next ? No, while the whole feature's rework is .next, any fix that can make it less broken is good to take now! -- You are receiving this mail because: You are the QA Contact for the bug.Received on Monday, 15 October 2012 08:40:13 UTC
This archive was generated by hypermail 2.3.1 : Wednesday, 7 January 2015 16:31:34 UTC


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Chap. 6. Outside of Great Pyramid
Pages 37 - 54
20. [p. 37] The materials available for a discussion of the original size of the base of the Great pyramid are:— (1) the casing in situ upon the pavement, in the middle of each face; (2) the rock cut sockets at each corner; (3) the levels of the pavement and sockets; and (4) the mean planes of the present core masonry.
Since the time of the first discovery of some of the sockets in 1801, it has always been supposed that they defined the original extent of the Pyramid, and various observers have measured from corner to corner of them, and thereby obtained a dimension which was — without further inquiry — put down as the length of the base of the Pyramid. But, in as much as the sockets are on different levels, it was assumed that the faces of the stones placed in them rose up vertically from the edge of the bottom, until they reached the pavement (whatever level that might be) from which the sloping face started upwards. Hence it was concluded that the distances of the socket corners were equal to the lengths of the Pyramid sides upon the pavement.
Therefore, when reducing my observations, after the first winter, I found that the casing on the North side (the only site of it then known) lay about 30 inches inside the line joining the sockets, I searched again and again for any flaw in the calculations. But there were certain check measures, beside the regular checked triangulation, which agreed in the same story; another clue, however, explained it, as we shall see.
The form of the present rough core masonry of the Pyramid is capable of being very closely estimated. By looking across a face of the Pyramid, either up an edge, across the middle of the face, or even along near the base, the mean optical plane which would touch the most prominent points of all the stones, may be found with an average variation at different times of only 1.0 inch. I therefore carefully fixed, by nine observations at each corner of each face, where the mean plane of each face would fall on the socket floors; using a straight rod as a guide to the eye in estimating. On reducing these observations to give the mean form of the core planes at the pavement level, it came out thus:—
[p. 38]
Here, then, was another apparently unaccountable fact, namely, that the core masonry was far more accurate in its form than the socket square. It is, in fact, four times as accurate in length, and eight times as accurate in angle. This forced me to the conclusion that the socket lines cannot show the finished base of the Pyramid.
The clue which explains all these difficulties is — that the socket corners vary from a true square in proportion to their depth below the pavement, the sockets nearer the centre being higher.
This means that the sockets were cut to receive the foot of the sloping face, which was continued right down to their floors, beneath the pavement. (See Pl. xi.)
Hence the sockets only show the size of the Pyramid, where it was started from varying levels, which were all under the pavement; and its true base upon the pavement is therefore 20 or 30 inches inside the lines of the sockets. This exactly explains the position of the casing found on the N. side, as it was found to be inside the line of the sockets.
The test, then, of this explanation, was to find the casing on the other sides, fix its position, and see if it was likewise within the lines of the sockets. The shafts were accordingly sunk through the rubbish, two or three feet inside the socket lines; and the casing was found on each side, just in the expected alignment. Without this clue, the narrow shafts might easily have missed the casing altogether, by being sunk too far out from the Pyramid.
Now having found the casing foot on each side of the Pyramid, it is settled that the faces must have passed through these fixed points, and when the casing was duly projected down at its angle of slope to the socket floors, it was found to fall on an average 4 inches inside the edges of the socket corners. This is what might be expected, as the socket sides are neither straight nor square; so that this margin would be much less at a minimum than it is at their corners; and it would be natural to allow some free space, in which to adjust the stone.
21. [p. 39] Having, then, four lines passing through the middles of the sides, what is to define the junctions of those lines at the corners ? Or, in other words, what defines their azimuth? Was each side made equidistant (1) from its socket's sides ? or, (2) from the core side at each of its ends ? Or was a corner made equidistant (3) from the sides of its socket corner? or, (4) from the sides of its core corner? The core may be put out of the question; for if the sides followed it exactly in any way, they would run outside of the sockets in some parts. Which, then, is most likely: that the sockets were placed with an equal amount of margin allowed on the two ends of one side, or with an equal margin allowed at both sides of one corner? The latter, certainly, is most likely; it would be too strange to allow, say, 6 inches margin on one side of a socket, and only 2 inches on its adjacent side. It seems, then, that we are shut up to the idea that the socket corners lie in the diagonals of the Pyramid casing.
But there is another test of this arrangement, which it ought to satisfy. Given four diagonals, as defined by the socket corners; and given four points near the middles of the sides of the Pyramid, as defined by the existing casing: if we start from one diagonal, say N.E.; draw a line through the E. casing to S.E. diagonal; from that through the S. casing, to the S.W. diagonal; and so on, round to the N.E. diagonal again; there is no necessity that the line should on its return fall on the same point as that from which we started : it might as easily, apart from special design, fall by chance anywhere else. The chances are greatly against its exactly completing its circuit thus, unless it was so planned before by the diagonals of the socket corners being identical with those of the square of the casing.
On applying this test to the diagonals of the sockets, we find that the circuit unites, on being carried round through these points, to within 1 inch far closer, in fact, than the diagonals of the sockets and the line of the casing can be estimated.
This is, then, a conclusive test; and we only need to compute a square that shall pass through the points of the casing found on each side, and having also its corners lying on the diagonals of the sockets. This square, of the original base of the Great Pyramid casing on the platform, is of these dimensions:—
[p. 40] Thus the finished base of the Pyramid had only two thirds of the irregularity of the core masonry, the mean difference of which was 1.0 inch and 20"; this is what would be expected from a final adjustment of the work, after the rougher part was finished.
But it must always be remembered that this very small mean error of .65 inch and 12" is that of the sockets, and not that of the casing stones; these latter we can hardly doubt would be adjusted more carefully than the cutting of the sockets with their free margin.
Also it must be remembered that this result includes the errors of survey. Now the probable errors of fixing the plumb-lines in the triangulation were about .2 on E. side, .2 on S. side, .1 on W. side, and the casing .1 on N. side; the probable errors of the triangulation of the points of reference is in general much less than this; we may then say ± .3 for the absolute places of the plumb-lines. The exact amount of this is not of so much consequence, because the errors of estimating the original points of construction are larger. They are, on the N., ± .04; on the E., ± .2; but another less satisfactory estimate differed 1.1; on the S., ± .2; on the W., ± .5, taking the mean of two points that differed 1.1 inches. Besides this, the estimation of the socket diagonals cannot be put under ± .5 by the bad definition of the edges and want of straightness and orientation of the sides. If we then allow that the probable errors from all sources of our knowledge, of each of the original sides of the Pyramid amount to ± .6, we shall not over-estimate them. Hence it is scarcely to be expected that our determinations of the sides should agree closer than .65 inch, as they do on an average.
So we must say that the mean errors of the base of the Great Pyramid were somewhat less than .6 inch, and 12" of angle.
22. In computing the above quantities, I have used my final determination of the socket levels below the pavement; these, with the first approximate results, and Inglis's figures, stand thus:—
the level of the pavement being zero. The approximation was very roughly done, and it is strange that it should agree as well with the accurate determination as it does. From Inglis's measures I have subtracted 28.6, in order to reckon them from the pavement level; by the exact agreement of my two [p. 41] levellings at the S.E. (which was taken second in the series each time, and hence is checked by others), I conclude that Inglis is there in error by a couple of inches; and his other work, in measuring the steps, contains much larger errors than this.
The relations, then, of the core masonry, the base of the casing on the pavement, the edge of the casing in the sockets, and the socket edges, are shown in Pl. x., to a scale of 1/50. The position of the station marks is also entered. The inclinations of the various sides of sockets and casing are stated; and it is noticeable that the core masonry has a twist in the same direction on each side, showing that the orientation of the Pyramid was slightly altered between fixing the sockets and the core. The mean skew of the core to the base is 1' 33", and its mean azimuth – 5' 16" to true North. The diagram also shows graphically how much deformed is the square of the socket lines; and how the highest socket (S.W.) is nearest to the centre of the Pyramid; and the lowest socket (S.E.) is furthest out from the centre of the socket diagonals, and also from the mean planes of the core.
23. For ascertaining the height of the Pyramid, we have accurate levels of the courses up the N.E. and S.W. corners; and also hand measurements up all four corners. The levels were all read to 1/100 inch, to avoid cumulative errors; but in stating them in Pl. viii., I have not entered more than tenths of an inch, having due regard to the irregularities of the surfaces.1 The discrepancy of .2 inch in the chain of levels (carried from the N.E. to S.E., to S.W., on the ground, thence to the top, across top, and down to N.E. again), I have put all together at the junction of levelling at the 2nd course of the S.W., as I considered that the least certain point. It may very likely, however, be distributed throughout the whole chain, as it only amounts to 1.8" on the whole run.
These levels, though important for the heights of particular courses, have scarcely any bearing on the question of the total height of the original peak of the casing of the pyramid; because we have no certain knowledge of the thickness of the casing on the upper parts.
The zero of levels that I have adopted, is a considerable flat-dressed surface of rock at the N.E. corner, which is evidently intended to be at the level of the pavement; it has the advantage of being always accessible, and almost indestructible. From this the levels around the Pyramid stand thus:—
[p. 42]The pavement levels, excepting that on the N. side below the entrance, are not of the same accuracy as the other quantities; they were taken without an assistant, merely for the purpose of showing that it really was the pavement on which the casing was found to rest on each side. The differences of the 1st course levels, probably show most truly the real errors of level of the base of the Pyramid.
24. To obtain the original height of the Pyramid, we must depend on the observations of its angle. For this there are several data, as follows; the method by which the passage and air channels determine it being explained in detail further on, when the internal parts are discussed:—
In assigning the weights to these different data, the reason that no weight is given to the angles of shifted casing stones is that there is no proof that the courses did not dip inwards somewhat; on the contrary, I continually observed that the courses of the core had dips of as much as ½º to 1º so that it is not at all certain that the courses of the casing were truly level to 5' or 10', and occasional specimens showed angles up to 54º. The angle by means of the large steel square was vitiated by the concretion on the faces of the stones being thicker below than above, .1 inch of difference making an error of 6'. The small goniometer was applied to the clear patches of the stone, selected in nine different parts. These three casing stones in situ have not as much weight assigned to them as they would otherwise have, owing to their irregularities. One of them is 0.9 in front of the other at the top, though flush at the base –a difference of 4'. The datum from the air channel, though far more accurate than that by the passage mouth (being on a longer length), is not so certainly intentional, and is therefore not worth as much. (See sections 32 and 33 for [p. 43] details.) From all these considerations the above weighting was adopted. It is clear that the South face should not be included with the North, in taking the mean, as we have no guarantee that the Pyramid was equiangular, and vertical in its axis.
25. The staff which was set up by the Transit of Venus party in 1874 on the top of the Pyramid, was included in my triangulation; and its place is known within ± ½ inch. From this staff, the distances to the mean planes of the core masonry of the Pyramid sides, were determined by sighting over their prominent edges, just as the positions of the mean planes were fixed at the lower corners of the faces. Hence we know the relation of the present top of the core masonry to the base of the Pyramid. The top is, rather strangely, not square, although it is so near to the original apex. This was verified carefully by an entire measurement as follows:—
Now, at the level of these measurements, 5407.9 at N.E., or 5409.2 at S.W., above the base, the edges of the casing (by the angles of the N. and S. side found above) will be 285.3 ± 2.7 on the North, and 30I.6 on the South side, from the vertical axis of the centre. Thus there would remain for the casing thickness 60.8 ± 3 on the N., and 86.6 on the S.; with 77.6 for the mean of E. and W. Or, if the angle on the S. side were the same as on the N., the casing thickness would be 69.2 on the S. This, therefore, seems to make it more likely that the South side had about the same angle as the North.
On the whole, we probably cannot do better than take 51º 52' ± 2' as the nearest approximation to the mean angle of the Pyramid, allowing some weight to the South side.
The mean base being 9068.8 ± .5 inches, this yields a height of 5776.0 ± 7.0 inches.
26. With regard to the casing, at the top it must — by the above data — average about 71 ± 5 inches in thickness from the back to the top edge of each stone. Now the remaining casing stones on the N. base are of an unusual height, and therefore we may expect that their thickness on the top would be rather less, and on the bottom rather more, than the mean of all. Their top thickness averages 62 ± 8 (the bottom being 108 ± 8), and it thus agrees very fairly with 71 ± 5 inches. At the corners, however, the casing was thinner, averaging but 33.7 (difference of core plane and casing on pavement); and this is explained by the faces of the core masonry being very distinctly hollowed.
[p. 44] This hollowing is a striking feature; and beside the general curve of the face, each side has a sort of groove specially down the middle of the face, showing that there must have been a sudden increase of the casing thickness down the midline. The whole of the hollowing was estimated at 37 on the N. face; and adding this to the casing thickness at the corners, we have 70.7, which just agrees with the result from the top (71 ± 5), and the remaining stones (62 ± 8). The object of such an extra thickness down the midline of each face might be to put a specially fine line of casing, carefully adjusted to the required angle on each side; and then afterwards setting all the remainder by reference to that line and the base.
Several measures were taken of the thickness of the joints of the casing stones. The eastern joint of the northern casing stones is on the top .020, .002, .045 wide; and on the face .012, .022, .013, and .040 wide. The next joint is on the face .011 and .014 wide. Hence the mean thickness of the joints there is .020; and, therefore, the mean variation of the cutting of the stone from a straight line and from a true square, is but .01 on length of 75 inches up the face, an amount of accuracy equal to most modern opticians' straight-edges of such a length. These joints, with an area of some 35 square feet each, were not only worked as finely as this, but cemented throughout. Though the stones were brought as close as 1/500 inch, or, in fact, into contact, and the mean opening of the joint was but 1/50 inch, yet the builders managed to fill the joint with cement, despite the great area of it, and the weight of the stone to be moved — some 16 tons. To merely place such stones in exact contact at the sides would be careful work; but to do so with cement in the joint seems almost impossible.
The casing is remarkably well levelled at the base; the readings on the stones of the North side, and the pavement by them being thus:—
The pavement levels in brackets are on decidedly worn parts, and hence below the normal level, as shown in the fourth column. The average variation of the casing from a level plane of + 58.85 is but .02; and the difference to the core level, at the farthest part accessible in that excavation, does not exceed this. The difference of pavement level out to the rock at the N.E. corner is but .17 on a distance of 4,200 inches, or 8" of angle.
27. The works around the Pyramid, that are connected with it, are:— (1) The limestone pavement surrounding it; (2) the basalt pavement on the E. side; and (3) the rock trenches and cuttings on the E. side, and at the N.E. corner.
[p. 45] The limestone pavement was found on the N. side first by Howard Vyse, having a maximum remaining width of 402 inches; but the edge of this part is broken and irregular, and there is mortar on the rock beyond it, showing that it has extended further. On examination I found the edge of the rock-cut bed in which it was laid, and was able to trace it in many parts. At no part has the paving been found complete up to the edge of its bed or socket, and it is not certain, therefore, how closely it fitted into it; perhaps there was a margin, as around the casing stones in the corner sockets. The distances of the edge of this rock-cut bed, from the edge of the finished casing on the pavement (square of 9068.8) were fixed by triangulation as follows:—
From these measures it appears that there is no regularity in the width of the cutting; the distance from the casing varying 99 inches, and altering rapidly even on a single side. The fine paving may possibly have been regular, with a filling of rougher stone beyond it in parts; but if so, it cannot have exceeded 529 in width.
The levels of the various works around the Pyramid are as follow, taken from the pavement as zero:—
[p. 46] The Pyramid pavement must then have varied from 17 to 27 inches in thickness; it was measured as 21 inches where found by Vyse.
28. The basalt pavement is a magnificent work, which covered more than a third of an acre. The blocks of basalt are all sawn and fitted together; they are laid upon a bed of limestone, which is of such a fine quality that the Arabs lately destroyed a large part of the work to extract the limestone for burning. I was assured that the limestone invariably occurs under every block, even though in only a thin layer. Only about a quarter of this pavement remains in situ, and none of it around the edges; the position of it can therefore only be settled by the edge of the rock-cut bed of it. This bed was traced by excavating around its N., E., and S. sides; but on the inner side, next to the Pyramid, no edge could be found; and considering how near it approached to the normal edge of the limestone pavement, and that it is within two inches of the same level as that, it seems most probable that it joined it, and hence the lack of any termination of its bed.
Referring, then, to the E. side of the Pyramid, and a central line at right angles to that (see Pl. ii.), the dimensions of the rock bed of the basalt paving are thus:—
Next, referring this pavement to the trench lines:—
[p. 47] Hence the plan of the basalt pavement seems to be two adjacent squares of about 1,060 inches in the side; the N. trench axis being the boundary of them, and there being a similar distance between that and the Pyramid. The outer side of the paving was laid off tolerably parallel to the Pyramid base; but the angles are bad, running 15 inches skew.2
29. Next, referring to the rock-hewn trenches alone, the dimensions of the three deep ones are as follow:—
The slighter trenches are three in number:—
[p. 48] The subterranean passages are in one group:—
Hence it seems that the axial length of the E.N.E. trench outside the basalt paving is intended to be the same as the axial length of the North and South trenches.
The angles of the axes of these trenches are as follow:—
Thus the angles between the trenches are: S. trench to E.N.E. trench, 104º 1' 43" (or 2 X 52º 0' 52"); and E.N.E. to N.N.E. trench, 51º 36' 52."
With regard to the details of these rock cuttings, the forms of the ends of the N. and S. trenches were plotted from accurate offsets (see Pl. iiia.); and there is little of exact detail in the cutting to be stated. The axes at the ends were estimated by means of the plans here given, but on double this scale; and the rock is so roughly cut in most parts that nothing nearer than an inch need be considered. The position of the inner end of the N. trench is not very exactly fixed, an omission in measurement affecting it, mainly from N. to S. In this trench I excavated to 110 below the present surface of the sand, or about 220 below the rock surface, without finding any bottom. The S. trench is more regular than the N. trench; at the outer end its width is 205 to 206, and at the inner end 134.2: it has a curious ledge around the inner end at 25 below the top surface. At the outer end the rock is cut, clearly to receive stones, and some plaster remains there; also some stones remain fitted in the rock on the W. side of this trench. Built stones also occur in the N., E.N.E., and N.N.E. trenches. From the inner end of the S. trench, a narrow groove is cut in the rock, leading into the rock-cut bed of the basalt pavement; this groove was filled for a short way near the end of the trench by stone mortared in. It was evidently in process of being cut, as the hollows in the sides of it were the regular course of rock-cutting. The rock beside the trenches is dressed flat, particularly on the E. of the [p. 49] N. trench, and the W. of the S. trench, where the built stones occur. There is a short sort of trench, on the E. side of the S. trench (not in plan); it is about 25 wide, 70 long, and 50 deep, with a rounded bottom; the length E. and W.
The E.N.E. trench is very different to the others; it has a broad ledge at the outer end, and this ledge runs along the sides of the trench, dipping downwards until it reaches the bottom towards the inner end: the bottom sloping upwards to the surface at the inner end. There are stones let into this ledge, and mortared in place, and marks of many other stones with mortared beds, all intended apparently to make good the ledge as a smooth bed for some construction to lie upon. The bottom of this trench I traced all over, by excavations across and along it; looking from the outer end, there first came two ledges — the lower one merely a remainder of uncut rock, with grooves left for quarrying it — then the bottom was found about 200 inches below ground level; from this it sloped down at about 20º for about 200 inches; then ran flat for 300 or 400; and then sloped up for 300 or 400; then rose vertically, for some way; and then, from about 120 below ground level, it went up a uniform slope to near the surface, where it was lost at the inner end under high heaps of chips. At the outer end the width near the top is 152.8, and at 25 down 148.2; the lower space between the sides of the ledge widens rapidly to the middle, from the end where it is 43.0 wide above and 35.0 below. Towards the inner end the rock is very well cut; it has a row of very rough holes, about 6 diam., in the dressed rock along the N. edge of the trench, near the inner end. This dressed side of the trench ends sharply, turning to N. at 1603.6 from outer end of the trench axis; the width here is 170.I, or 172.3 at a small step back in S. side, a little E. of this point. The trench had not been clear for a long time, as many rudely-buried common mummies were cut through in clearing it; they were lying only just beneath the sand and rubbish in the bottom.
The N.N.E. trench was traced by excavations along the whole length of 2,840 inches, up to where it is covered by the enclosure wall of the kiosk. It is fairly straight, varying from the mean axis 2.1, on an average of five points fixed along it. The depth varies from 14 to 20 inches below the general surface. It is 38, 40, 39.2, and 36 in width, from the outer end up to a point 740 along it from the basalt pavement; here it contracts roughly and irregularly, and reaches a narrow part 18.2 wide at 644 from the pavement. The sides are built about here, and deeply covered with broken stones. Hence it runs on, till, close to the edge of the basalt pavement, it branches in two, and narrows yet more; one line runs W., and another turning nearly due S., emerges on the pavement edge at 629.8 to 633.4 from the N.E. corner of the pavement, being there only 3.6 wide. From this remarkable forking, it [p. 50] is evident that the trench cannot have been made with any ideas of sighting along it, or of its marking out a direction or azimuth; and, starting as it does, from the basalt pavement (or from any building which stood there), and running with a steady fall to the nearest point of the cliff edge, it seems exactly as if intended for a drain; the more so as there is plainly a good deal of water-weanng at a point where it falls sharply, at its enlargement. The forking of the inner end is not cut in the rock, but in a large block of limestone.
The trench by the N.E. socket is just like the N.N.E. trench in its cutting and size; and it also narrows at the inner end, though only for about 20 inches length. It has a steady fall like the N.N.E. trench; falling from the S. end 5.5 at 50, 8.5 at 100, 14.3 at 190, 21.0 at 300, and 27.0 at 400 inches. The inner end is turned parallel to the Pyramid, the sides curving slightly to fit it.
The rock cuttings by it are evidently the half-finished remains of a general dressing down of the rock; the hollows are from 3 to 6 inches deep, and so very irregular that they do not need any description beside the plan (Pl. ii.).
The trench beside the trial passages is slight, being but 6 deep at N. and 17 at S.; it is 29.0 wide at N., 26.5 in middle, and 27.9 at S. Its length is 289, with square ends. The sides are vertical at the N., narrowing 3.5 to bottom at S.; ends shortening 3.0 to bottom. The bottom dips slightly to the S., the levels from the N. running 0, – 1.7, – 2.2, – 3.2, and – 5.8.
30. The trial passages Pl. iii b. are a wholly different class of works to the preceding, being a model of the Great Pyramid passages, shortened in length, but of full size in width and height. Their mean dimensions — and mean differences from those dimensions — as against the similar parts of the Great Pyramid, are:—
The details of the measurements of each part are all entered on the section (Pl. iiib.). The vertical shaft here is only analogous in size, and not in position, to the well in the Pyramid gallery; and it is the only feature which is not an exact copy of the Great Pyramid passages, as far as we know them. The resemblance in all other respects is striking, even around the beginning of the Queen's Chamber passage, and at the contraction to hold the plug-blocks in the ascending passage of the Pyramid (see section 38). The upper part of the vertical shaft is filled with hardened stone chips; but on clearing the ground over it, I [p. 51] found the square mouth on the surface. The whole of these passages are very smoothly and truly cut, the mean differences in the dimensions being but little more than in the finely finished Pyramid masonry. The part similar to the gallery is the worst executed part; and in no place are the corners worked quite sharp, generally being left with radius about .15. The N. end is cut in steps for fitting masonry on to it; and I was told that it was as recently as 1877 that the built part of it was broken away by Arabs, and it appeared to have been recently disturbed; in Vyse's section, however, the roof is of the present length, so the removal must have been from the floor. By theodolite observations the plane of the passage is straight and vertical within 5' or less.
31. Having thus finished the statement of the outside of the Pyramid and the works surrounding it, the next subject is the connection of the outside and inside of the building.
To determine the exact place of the passages and chambers in relation to the whole Pyramid, a station of the triangulation was fixed in a hollow just on the end of the entrance passage floor and this was thoroughly connected with three main stations. Levelling was also carried up from the casing and pavement below, to this station, and to the courses near it. Thus the inside, as far as Mamun's Hole, is completely connected with the outside; and in the ascending passages beyond that, there is only 2' of azimuth in doubt.
32. The original length of the entrance passage has not hitherto been known, except by a rough allowance for the lost casing. But after seeing the entrances of the Third Pyramid, the South Pyramid of Dahshur, and the Pyramid of Medum, all of which retain their casing, there seemed scarcely a question but that the rule was for the doorway of a Pyramid to occupy the height of exactly one or two courses on the outside. That the casing courses were on the same levels as the present core courses, is not to be doubted, as they are so in the other Pyramids which retain their casing, and at the foot of the Great pyramid.3 The next step is to see if there is a course equal to the vertical height of the doorway; and, if so, where such a course occurs. Now the vertical height of the doorway on the sloping face of the Pyramid (or difference of level of its top and base) would be 37.95 if the passage mouth was the same height as the present end, or 37.78 if the passage was exactly the same as the very carefully wrought courses of the King's Chamber, with which it is [p. 52] clearly intended to be identical. On looking to the diagram of courses (Pl. viii.) it is seen that at the 19th course is a sudden increase of thickness, none being so large for 11 courses before it and 14 after it. And this specially enlarged course is of exactly the required height of the doorway, its measures running thus:—
Here the agreement is so exact that it is far within the small uncertainties of the two dimensions. Hence, if the passage emerged at the 19th course it would exactly occupy its height (see Pl. xi).4 Besides this, it will be observed that there are two unusually small courses next over this, being the smallest that occur till reaching the 77th course. The explanation of these is clear, if the doorway came out in the 19th course; an unusually thick lintel course was needed, so two thinner courses were put in, that they might be united for obtaining extra thickness, as is done over the King's Chamber doorway. These two courses are also occasionally united in the core masonry.
The crucial test then is, supposing the passage prolonged outwards till it intersects this course, how will its end, and the face of the casing, stand to the casing stones at the foot of the Pyramid? The answer has been already given in the list of determinations of the casing angle. It requires an angle of slope of 51º 53' 20" ± 1'; and this is so close to the angle shown by other remains that it conclusively clenches the result to which we are led by the exact equality of the abnormal course height with the doorway height.
The data for calculating the result are (1) levels of the 19th course by entrance 668.30 and 705.97; (2) floor of passage at station mark, level 611.2 (3) which is inside the edge of the base of the casing horizontally, 638.4; (4) entrance passage angle at mouth 26º 29' ± 1'; (5) entrance passage height 47.26.
33. By a similar method the air channels give a determination of the angle of the faces. It is true that the channels did not occupy a whole course like the entrance; but as they are uniformly cut out as an inverted trough in the under side of a block which is laid on a broad bed, it is almost certain that they similarly continued to the outside, through the one—or perhaps two—stones now stripped off; and also that their floors thus started at a course level (see Pl. xi.).5 If this, then, were the case (as the N. channel cannot by its position [p. 53] have come out in any but the 103rd course on the face, and the S. channel in any but the 104th), they would show that the casing rose on the N. face at 51º 51' 30", and on the S. face at 51º 57' 30", as before stated. The various data are entered on the diagram of the channel mouths. The levels were fixed by measuring several courses above and below the present mouths, and thus connecting them to the course levelling at the corners of the Pyramid. With regard to the main part of these air channels, the details are given further on in the measures of the King's Chamber (section 56); and it is disappointing that they vary so much in azimuth and altitude, that they are useless for connecting the measures of the inside and outside of the Pyramid.
34. The sloping blocks over the entrance to the Pyramid, and the space below them, were examined (partly by means of a ladder), and measured; but the details are not worth producing here, as the work of them is so rough. The large blocks are as follows, in general size:—
The measures in brackets are deduced from the angles and other measures. These blocks are much like a slice of the side of a casing stone in their angle; but their breadth and length are about half as large again as any of the casing stones. Their mean angle from 12 measures is 50º 28' ± 5'. The thickness of these blocks is only 33 inches, and there are no others exactly behind them, as I could see the horizontal joints of the stones running on behind them for some inches. On the faces of these blocks are many traces of the mortaring which joined to the sloping blocks next in front of them. These were placed some 70 inches lower at the top, and were not so deep vertically. By the fragment left on the E. side, the faces of these blocks were vertical. In front of these came the third pair, similar, but leaning some 7½º or 8º inwards on the face, judging by a remaining fragment. Probably a fourth and fifth pair were also placed here (see Pl. ix.); and the abutment of the fifth pair shows an angle of 70½º or 73º in place of 50º. The successive lowering of the tops, leaning the faces in, and flattening the angle of slope of the stones as they approach the outside, being apparently to prevent their coming too close to the casing. These sloping blocks were probably not all stripped away, as at present, until recently, as there is a graffito, dated 1476 (half destroyed by the mock-antique Prussian inscription) on the face of the remaining block where it is now [p. 54] inaccessible, but just above where the next pair of blocks were placed. The sloping blocks are of remarkably soft fine-grained limestone, about the best that I have seen, much like that of the roofing of the chamber in Pepi's Pyramid; and it is peculiar for weathering very quickly to the brown tint, proper to the fine Mokattam limestone, darkening completely in about twenty years, to judge by the modern-dated graffiti.
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LIVE: Gardiner rush hour commute
Reporter Tracy Tong is being driven from Dundas Square to the Gardiner Expressway to get to the Humber during rush hour.She'll be tweeting as her cameraman drives. Follow along with her tweets here.
We are now at Dundas and Brock... @CityTomHayes says we are beating Pete, who is still stuck by the Rogers Centre #totrafficby Tracy Tong via twitter 4/28/2014 10:11:43 PM
Reporter @TracyTongCity is being driven from #Toronto to Humber using Lake Shore. How long will it take? bit.ly/1k6oMp7 #TOtrafficby CityNews via twitter retweeted by RyanTay00592412 4/28/2014 10:18:58 PM
We are not moving. On Parkside going S to Lakeshore. #totraffic #cityrace http://pbs.twimg.com/media/BmV7pncIUAUPuiM.jpgby Tracy Tong via twitter 4/28/2014 10:36:40 PM
We lost, but now we know the quicker way! It was a blast racing on @CityNews and thanks for watching! #totraffic http://pbs.twimg.com/media/BmWAk38CIAArga3.jpgby Tracy Tong via twitter 4/28/2014 10:58:11 PM


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|© 2011 MLB Advanced Media, L.P. All rights reserved.
Germano signs with Samsung Lions08/05/2011 11:58 AM ET
Justin Germano has signed with the Samsung Lions of the Korean Baseball Organization, according to Dan Kurtz of MyKBO.net. He signed for $210K, including a $50K bonus, according to this Korean news story. The 28-year-old right-hander appeared in nine games for the Indians this year before they designated him for assignment in May.
In six seasons with the Indians, Padres and Reds, Germano has a 5.02 ERA with 5.4 K/9 and 3.0 BB/9. Last year may have been his best season; he posted a 3.31 ERA with 7.4 K/9 and 2.0 BB/9 in 35 1/3 innings for the Indians, pitching mostly in relief.
This story was not subject to the approval of Major League Baseball or its clubs.
Indians Homepage | MLB.com


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Hey all, just a quick note to let ya know that the production for Firestorm has been completed, so expect to see some visual effects posts soon! Have a look at Project Firestorm here.
Kind Regards,
BlenderMotion Studios
Hey all, just a quick note to let ya know that the production for Firestorm has been completed, so expect to see some visual effects posts soon! Have a look at Project Firestorm here.
Kind Regards,
BlenderMotion Studios
Seeing as we have been so busy with filming Project Firestorm and have not had much time to do any new work with Blender, I thought I'd share some old work I've done…like REALLY old! So here's the first thing I ever made in Blender!
And here's a few of my other old project when I was still getting my feet wet.
Well I'd say it's about time for an update. Although nothing has been happening on the blog lately, we have been busy with filming all the scenes except for one, and so we have (mostly) moved into post-production.
We will post more information here about the visual effects which will be done in Blender, once we get up to that, the schedule is for a month or so.
After about three months, we've finally gotten around to starting the actual filming of Project Firestorm. Production itself will take another couple of weeks, and then moving on to post-production.
Now that Fishing Reel is out of the way (see here), I have started working on a new project of mine, which I've been planning for a few months now. I will update the new blog site regularly with all the latest news. I will also continue to post updates on Blendermotion.com for major updates.
So far I've finally completed the script, so I'm having a short break now, then getting into pre-production. For more info about the movie, check the blog :).
This making of Fishing Reel post should give you an idea of how I finally finished this two-year project. It's as much for my benefit as anyone's (so I have a record of it), but you should hopefully find a tip or two as well, especially if you're interested in making your own short-film.
It all started about two-and-a-quarter years ago. I had an idea for another animated short-film, but I decided to do Fishing Reel first as a test, basically to improve my general Blender skills as well as my film-making skills. This was back when I was 14. I think my original deadline was for two months.
Deadlines are critically important, as well as difficult to judge. It's taken me almost two years to start giving myself more accurate deadlines, and I still often misjudge them.
If you've got any questions about Fishing Reel and how I made it, I'd be glad to try and answer them for you :).
The first thing I started off with was the script. This was originally written by my dad, and you can read the final version here.
So, after two years, many versions of Blender, and a lot of challenges and learning experiences, I am very happy to finally declare Fishing Reel finished!
Making-Of post: http://blendermotion.com/2012/11/27/fishing-reel-the-making-of/
Fishing Reel started as a test idea more than anything, as a way of improving both my Blender skills and film-making skills, but it's grown from that to be a full short-film in it's own right, and I'm glad I spent the time to try and bring it to life.
I originally started working on it when I was 14, as you can see from the earlier scenes like the office. This was my very first attempt to animate a character as well, which you can see from how my first attempts on the street (like the walk-cycle) improved dramatically on the bridge scenes (IMHO anyway :)).
So, I hope you like it, and maybe get something out of it. 🙂
After a surprisingly short time, I've finished the animation for scene 5, rendered it out, and added the soundtrack. I'm so stoked that the end of this two-year project is finally in sight! I'm not completely happy with the animation, but I think the soundtrack is awesome, so I'm not going to cry. 🙂
The complete final version of Fishing Reel will be finished in a week or two. The ONLY thing left to do is record and add the sound effects.
I've finally been able to get back into Blender again (yay), and I am in the middle of finishing the animation for scene 5! Once that's finished (in a matter of days), all I have to do is edit it together with sound effects, add the soundtrack, and this two-year project will finally be complete!
I haven't had the chance to upload the animations that I've completed so far, so instead I've put up a picture of scene 5 with the updated lighting for the evening. Changing the lighting was very simple, just a matter of changing the colour of the lights, re-angling them, and adding a sunset picture of the sky in the background.
Instead of working on my short film, Fishing Reel, I've been madly working on a Certificate III course in animation that I've been trying to get finished ASAP. As part of the course, I have had to create a couple of short films. To clarify, all work in these clips have been created using 3ds Max. I would have preferred Blender, and I honestly favour the Blender user interface, but 3ds Max was the only software I could use for the course. Now that it's finished: Blender, here I come! 🙂
Factory Production Line was created in the middle of the course, and was a result of the tutorials throughout the course. Futuristic Pod Race was created at the end of the course, and was mostly designed and created by myself.
Comments, questions, ask them below. 🙂


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Briefings Part 4: Your Business is Exposed: Avoiding API Security Vulnerabilites
APIs are quickly becoming the hacker's new favorite attack vector. Why wouldn't they? They offer a direct path to critical information and business services that can be easily stolen or disrupted. And your private APIs can be exploited just as easily as a public API. So what measures can you take to strengthen your security position? During this webcast, Francois Lascelles, Chief Architect, CA Technologies, will discuss recent API data breaches, the top 5 API security vulnerabilities that are most impactful to today's enterprise, and the protective measures that need to be taken to mitigate API and business exposure.
Dec 18 2014
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(ISC)2 Security Briefings
Part 2 – Time's Up! Ready or Not, Here Comes GDPR
Mar 27 2018
5:00 pm
75 mins
Speakers - Chuck Gaughf, Sen Mgr, Infosec, (ISC)2; Graham Jackson, General Counsel, (ISC)2; Bruce Beam, Dir of Infrastructure
In Part 1, we examined what GDPR is, what the requirements are and how organizations will be impacted. In Part 2, our panel will discuss more on the potential impacts of GDPR across a typical organization (including assessments, encryption, audit & controls and the impact to each department, from finance to marketing) and what the organization should be doing to plan for GDPR. Join (ISC)² on March 27, 2018 at 1:00PM Eastern, as (ISC)² discusses these topics and answers questions from the audience about this important and looming regulation.
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Part 1 - Time's Up! Ready or Not, Here Comes GDPR
Mar 13 2018
5:00 pm
75 mins
Speakers - Chuck Gaughf, Sen Mgr, Infosec, (ISC)2; Graham Jackson, General Counsel, (ISC)2; Bruce Beam, Dir of Infrastructure
May 25, 2018 is coming like a freight train. The General Data Protection Regulation (GDPR) goes into effect on that date, and organizations of all sizes (that collect data from EU residents) need to be ready for this new regulation. With the new regulation, the definition of personal data has been expanded and it applies to wherever data is sent, processed or stored. On March 13, 2018 at 1:00PM Eastern, (ISC)² kicks off the 1st part of the 2-part webcast where we will focus on what is GDPR, what the requirements are and how organizations will be impacted. Part 2 will expand on potential impacts and examine what organizations should be putting into their planning for GDPR.
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Briefings Part 2: Top Three Ways To Tackle API Security
Mar 8 2018
6:00 pm
75 mins
Speaker: Ryan Potter, Director of Cloud Strategy and Alliances, Imperva; Brandon Dunlap, Moderator
Security is an essential element of any application and increasingly critical for API-driven architectures in hybrid and public cloud environments. New threats and vulnerabilities emerge constantly, and enterprises find themselves struggling to protect these APIs from attacks. Join Imperva and (ISC)2 for Part 2 of our Security Briefings series on March 8, 2018 at 1:00PM Eastern where we will discuss proven approaches to making API security a priority through understanding how common types of attacks such as distributed denial of service (DDoS) can target APIs, what are the steps to proactively secure development frameworks, and how to enforce identity across enterprise environments.
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Briefings Part 2: The Hunt for IoT and it's Threat to Modern Life
Mar 1 2018
6:00 pm
75 mins
Sara Boddy, Director of F5 Labs Threat Research, F5; Brandon Dunlap, Brightfly (Moderator)
Our modern world depends on healthy, functioning, IoT devices. Unfortunately many of them are terribly insecure. Cyber attackers know this and have been aggressively compromising IoT devices for years. For the past two years, F5 Labs has been tracking cyber attackers as they hunt, infect, and build "Thingbots" - botnets made from IoT devices. This hunt has developed sizable thingbots like the infamous Mirai, and many others that have the capability to launch globally destructive attacks. These attacks can significantly impact modern life because of IoT's presence within power systems, transportation systems, airport monitors, emergency warning systems, and security cameras. Join F5 and (ISC)2 on March 1, 2018 at 1:00PM Eastern for the 2nd Part of our three part Security Briefings series where we'll explore the threat actors behind these attacks, the geographical targets of their attacks, how they are evolving their attack methods, and the types of devices impacted. We'll include tips on how to start protecting yourself personally, and what you should be doing to protect your businesses.
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March of the Bots: How to Deal with the Onslaught
Feb 8 2018
60 mins
Dvir Shapira, Dir. Prod mgmt, Imperva; Robert Hamilton, Dir, prod mktg, Imperva; Brandon Dunlap (Moderator)
Bots. They generate over half of the internet traffic and over half of the bots are malicious (or of questionable value). Bots can make your systems vulnerable to scraping bots, account takeover bots, impersonators, spammers and hackers. On February 8, 2018 at 1:00PM Eastern, Impreva will share data gathered from their security research team about the most recent bot trends, how bot traffic is changing, where it's coming from, and the top actions you should be taking to mitigate the effects of bad bots on your websites. Join us for Part 1 of a 3 Part Security Briefings series and understand how commercial services take a multi-layer approach to bot mitigation and management and whether one of these services may be appropriate for you.
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Don't Get Stung! Examining the OWASP Top 10 & Getting the Most from Advanced WAF
Feb 1 2018
59 mins
Nathan McKay, Solutions Marketing Manager, F5; Brandon Dunlap (Moderator)
Web application security is complex, difficult, and costly. These issues are well known, but remain prevalent out in the real world. Most development teams do not have the time or resources to sufficiently protect against the myriad of attacks that are relevant to each vector, while the level of expertise required to address these issues are difficult to come by even if your project has the time and budget for it. The good news is that advanced WAF technology is more accessible and affordable than ever before. With the right tools, comprehensive WAF coverage can not only reduce your exposures and give you better control over your applications but also help optimize your resources and reduce overall operating costs. Join F5 and (ISC)2 for Part 1 of a 3 part Security Briefings Series on February 1, 2018 at 1PM Eastern where we'll discuss the OWASP Top 10, defenses for everything it addresses and how to use WAF to optimize and filter unwanted traffic to cut costs in the cloud.
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CA Briefings Part 2: How to Control Risk & Enable Trust in the Digital Economy
Jan 11 2018
61 mins
Speakers - David Duncan, VP, Security, CA Technologies; Brandon Dunlap, Moderator
The application economy is altering the way we live, work, and interact. As a result, organizations are transforming the way they provide services to customers, employees, and partners. But no matter how these services are accessed, a fundamental concern remains: How does an organization protect sensitive data, while still allowing a frictionless and enjoyable user experience?Join David Duncan, VP, Security of CA Technologies and (ISC)2 on Thursday, January 11, 2018 at 1:00PM Eastern for examination of the cybersecurity risks that can result from application development and what it takes to future-proof business trust.
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CA Briefings Part I: Privileged Access Management in a DevOps environment
Dec 7 2017
59 mins
Steven McCullar, Advisor, Solution Strategy, CA; Scott Willson, Product Marketing Dir, Release Automation, CA; B. Dunlap,
Access to and within DevOps environments have proliferated over the past few years, with both users and scripts (with embedded credentials). This privileged identity sprawl poses significant risks that need to be addressed.Join CA Technologies and (ISC)2 on December 7, 2017 at 1:00PM Eastern. In this session, we'll look at the technology and approach that CA takes to secure such environments.
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Briefings Part 2: Email at the root of problems? Cyber Resilience is the answer
Dec 1 2017
56 mins
Bob Adams; Brandon Dunlap (Moderator)
Do you have a minute? 1 minute 40 seconds to be exact? That's the median time-to-first-click in most phishing expeditions. While we celebrate all that humans can accomplish with the help of technology, we must also be cognizant of the dangers affiliated with humans and technology. How can you as a leader educate your people? How can you encourage them to take a minute to THINK before clicking? Join Mimecast and (ISC)2 as we explore how email is being used as entry point for multiple types of attacks, the negative impact these attacks have on organizations and how to enhance your email security and overall cyber resilience.
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Briefings Part 2: Effectively Exposing Hidden Threats and Malware
Nov 28 2017
54 mins
Tom Clavel, Senior Manager, Security Product Marketing, Gigamon; Brandon Dunlap, Moderator
As the volume and variety of network data increases, security tools in high-speed networks are unable to keep pace with the explosion of encrypted threats, from malware incursion to data exfiltration. The standard approach of decryption of traffic by each security tool no longer works. Additionally, this approach can result in performance degradation, massive inefficiencies and unnecessary expenditures by security teams. In this webcast, we'll examine how to eliminate tool overload and high latency as well as how a "decrypt once and inspect many" approach to managing SSL traffic effectively detects hidden threats and provides greater security infrastructure resiliency.
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Briefings Part 1 Using Metadata Generation to Supercharge your Incident Response
Nov 27 2017
48 mins
Greg Mayfield, Senior Director, Product Marketing, Gigamon; Brandon Dunlap, Moderator
Managing the increasing volumes of network data across expanding physical, virtual and cloud networks is a growing challenge for Enterprise IT organizations. Likewise, the increase in malware, data breaches and ransomware challenges SecOps teams to build a stronger, scalable security posture while mitigating risk. This effort overloads network security, monitoring and analysis tools, as well as the Infosecurity staff. How can an organization access and utilize critical network information and use the metadata generated to turbo charge incident detection and response? In this webcast, we'll examine how to reduce time-to-threat detection by analyzing metadata traffic, using proactive, real-time traffic monitoring vs. reactive forensics, to protect increasingly complex networks.
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Briefings Part 3: Extending Your Security Posture to the Public Cloud
Nov 21 2017
47 mins
Diana Shtil, Senior Manager, Cloud Security Product Marketing, Gigamon; Brandon Dunlap, Moderator
Organizations continue to move to the public cloud in large numbers, but they often do not understand the implications of the shared responsibility model. The question is: "who is responsible for security of the cloud versus security in the cloud"? This webcast will address this question, look at SLAs for mission-critical workflows to the cloud, as well as how to assure compliance and accelerate the on-boarding of critical applications.
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Briefings Part 2 - How Government Agencies Can Harness the power of A. I.
Nov 17 2017
39 mins
Ian Doyle, Executive Security Advisor, U.S. Govt, IBM; John McCumber, Dir, Cybersecurity Advocacy, (ISC)2 (Moderator)
With the eruption of connected devices and the Internet of Things, cybersecurity professionals have a lot on their plates. More connected devices equates to more traffic, more attack routes, more attempts at cybersecurity breaches, and a lot more data that needs to be analyzed. As the volume of intrusions and breaches multiple, Artificial Intelligence (A.I.) may be able to provide a tool to gain defensive advantage for government agencies. Join John McCumber, (ISC)2's Director of Cybersecurity Advocacy and Ian Doyle, IBM's Executive Security Advisor for the U.S. Government as they discuss how to leverage these collaborative and cognitive solutions to help prevent, detect, and respond to today's cybersecurity threats impacting your agency.
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Briefings Part 1 - Using A.I. to Find the Needle in the Federal Haystack
Nov 17 2017
41 mins
Ian Doyle, Executive Security Advisor, U.S. Govt, IBM; John McCumber, Dir, Cybersecurity Advocacy, (ISC)2 (Moderator)
A recent research study conducted by Meritalk on the use of Artificial Intelligence (A.I.) asked federal cybersecurity professionals to share their views on the use of AI to enhance a cybersecurity analyst's ability to identify and understand sophisticated threats, by tapping into unstructured data and correlating it with local cybersecurity offenses. What are the cybersecurity implications within the Federal Government for the rise of A.I.? What role can A.I. play in incident response? Can it help prepare agencies for real-world cyber attack scenarios? Join John McCumber, (ISC)2's Director of Cybersecurity Advocacy and Ian Doyle, IBM's Executive Security Advisor for the U.S. Government for an examination of the recent study and results.
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Briefings Part 1: Anatomy of a Large Scale Email-borne Attack
Nov 16 2017
59 mins
Bob Adams; Brandon Dunlap
Your organization and people are being targeted by cyber criminals, hackers and even state-sponsored threat actors and learn how email is a key vector at the heart of this new threat. Join Mimecast and (ISC)2 for an intriguing presentation when you'll discover and view examples of the various tools attackers leverage to expose your organization with a combination of technology, psychology, and the simplest of methods to "Hack a Human." We'll also examine the current threat landscape using email attacks and how social engineering has become "malware-less".
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Security Briefings Part 3: Compliance Checkup - HIPAA & the Cloud
Nov 2 2017
61 mins
Rich Campagna, CEO, Bitglass; Brandon Dunlap, Brightfly
Organizations in the healthcare industry handle data more sensitive (and valuable) than that of companies in perhaps any other sector. Because of this, those organizations need to demonstrate a heightened standard of data security and privacy. To ensure this, the U.S. has enacted the Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act of 1996 (HIPAA). While use of the cloud affords organizations greater efficiency, it also complicates issues of security and regulatory compliance. But the good news is that solutions that enable cloud and security are available. Join Bitglass and (ISC)2 on November 2, 2017 at 1:00PM Eastern to learn about the requirements of HIPAA and the specific security capabilities that healthcare firms need in order to meet compliance requirements.
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Security Briefing On Demand - Redefining Security: Data Protection On Demand
Oct 26 2017
50 mins
Gary Marsden, Senior Director, Data Protection Services; Gemalto; Brandon Dunlap (Moderator)
Faced with more stringent compliance requirements, driven by GDPR and other regulations, coupled with the difficulties to maintain an effective security profile in dynamic threat environment, many organizations are looking for a new way to manage their data protection. Guided by the ease of use and affordability of as-a-service offerings, organizations are looking to the cloud for answers. Proven efficient for a range of solutions from authentication to networking, the next cloud-based security frontier is revolutionizing the way companies and their service providers manage complex key management and encryption solutions. Simpler, more cost-effective, on-demand options that allow the organization to focus on its business, knowing that their data is securely under control, and only they have the keys to their kingdom, is set to redefine the way organizations do data protection today.
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Briefing on Demand Part 3 - Talking to Your Developer about Security
Oct 18 2017
51 mins
Ryan Potter, Director of Cloud Strategy and Alliances, Imperva; Brandon Dunlap (Moderator)
More and more enterprises are moving their applications into public and private cloud infrastructure. The cloud is becoming more appealing for enterprises as it facilitates business growth due its agility, resiliency and scalability. The advent of a variety of technologies and processes such as containers, micro-services, and DevOps has made rolling out new applications into the cloud very quick and desirable for development teams. Join Imperva and (ISC)2 for an examination of how enterprises move applications to the cloud without forgetting to put security first.
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Briefings On Demand Part 2 - Security Across Cloud Platforms
Oct 18 2017
59 mins
Nabeel Saeed, Imperva; Brandon Dunlap (Moderator)
With the proliferation of cloud deployment options and platforms, management of application security across platforms has become a major problem for security teams. In this webinar, we address challenges posed by cloud proliferation, and how to approach development of a consistent security posture across platforms to better manage risks.
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Briefing On Demand Part 1 - Rethinking Security for Hybrid Environments
Oct 17 2017
58 mins
Bo Kim, Sr. Director of Information Security, Imperva; Brandon Dunlap (Moderator)
As more workloads are moved to cloud infrastructure, unique security challenges arise. Join Imperva and (ISC)2 for this webinar where we'll discuss some of the tradeoffs for on-prem and cloud app security, strategies for approaching security in hybrid environments, and the importance of flexible deployment models.
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(ISC)2 Security Briefings - In-depth examination of infosec topics.
(ISC)2 Security Briefings brings attendees multi-part series on cutting edge infosecurity topics that gets deeper into the subject matter and technologies presented by subject matter experts.
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Title: Briefings Part 4: Your Business is Exposed: Avoiding API Security Vulnerabilites
Live at:
Dec 18 2014 6:00 pm
Presented by: Francois Lascelles, Chief Architect, CA Technologies
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Briefings Part 4: Your Business is Exposed: Avoiding API Security Vulnerabilites
Francois Lascelles, Chief Architect, CA Technologies
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57 mins
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Briefings Part 4: Your Business is Exposed: Avoiding API Security Vulnerabilites
Francois Lascelles, Chief Architect, CA Technologies
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57 mins


text:
August 28, 2013 — UFC 164: Henderson vs. Pettis 2 lands in Milwaukee, Wisconsin for a lightweight championship rematch between Benson Henderson and Anthony Pettis. Also on the main card will be former titleholders Frank Mir and Josh Barnett facing off in the co-main event.
Main Card (Pay-Per-View):
Benson Henderson vs. Anthony Pettis:
BIG reception from his home crowd as the challenger gets set to try to take the lightweight title. Henderson comes out and immediately closes the distance but he eats some big Pettis punches in the process. Benson begins to work some knees in close, but Pettis doesn't seem too concerned, and he's not wasting any energy trying to fight Henderson off of him. They break briefly before Benson ties him up again and continues the mauling against the fence. Not much action going on as Henderson is mostly just trying to stifle his offense. They break and Pettis looks eager to trade. Benson is willing and he eats a big kick to the body. Pettis follows up with three more hard ones that the champ absorbs well. Pettis goes for a crazy roundhouse kick that Henderson was waiting for and he lands in Pettis' guard. Pettis adjusts to a high guard and doesn't stop working until Henderson's arm is trapped. It looks like he's almost out before Pettis lets go of it and that's the fight! WE HAVE A NEW CHAMPION AT 155!
Pettis defeats Henderson via armbar @4:31 seconds into Round One to become the NEW UFC LIGHTWEIGHT CHAMPION!
Josh Barnett vs. Frank Mir:
Round One: Barnet storms out the gate and pushes Mir into the fence. They break and collide again in close. They trade uppercuts and Mir looks to have stunned Barnett. Barnett gains his whits and keeps moving forward with power strikes. Barnett has Mir along the fence and starts landing big knees to Mir's abdomen. Barnett gets like a half thai clinch and uses it to click Mir's jaw with a nice knee. He's unable to get any good follow up shots to seal the deal as the ref has stopped the bout already. More of those were well on their way, though. Flash knockout….
Barnett beats Mir by TKO @ 1:56 of Round One
Chad Mendes vs. Clay Guida:
Round One: They both come out to trade some leather early. Mendes hauls a right hand over the top and Guida counters nicely with a left. Guida looks to shoot bu Mendes shrugs it off and starts working for a guillotine choke that Guida escapes. Mendes gets Guida down and lands some grazing elbows. Guida grabs on to Mendes and gets his back taken in the process. Round ends.
Round Two: They start the second the same as the first – both using footwork and quick movement to setup their shots. A kick by Guida lands low and the fight continues on. Guida lands on Mendes and goes for a takedown that is stuffed by Mendes and he serves the carpenter a knee for his troubles. Mendes attempts a takedown that doesn't work, Guida does the same. Mendes finally gets the takedown he's been looking for and works to get Guida's back again. Guida finds his way to his feet and wings some punches and kicks before the round ends.
Round Three: Mendes looked winded between rounds as he has not been out of the first frame in his past four fights. He still charges forward and blasts Guida along the fence. Guida looks hurt and Mendes keeps the shots coming. Big right uppercut by Mendes puts Guida down and the follow up shots are academic! First man to KO Clay Guida!
Mendes via TKO @ :30 seconds into Round Three
Brandon Vera vs. Ben Rothwell
Round One: Rothwell comes forward and puts Vera on the defense right away. Vera snaps off some kicks to the leg of Rothwell. They trade kicks and punches and Vera continues moving backward to try to counter Rothwell's attack. Vera lands a nice left hand that seemed to have stunned Rothwell for a moment, but Big Ben is still coming straight at him. A clean kick to the nads from Rothwell lands clean as the round comes to an end.
Round Two: Vera begins with kicks to the leg and Rothwell ignores them all and presses forward. They briefly work against the fence before they break apart. Vera thinks about a takedown and it looks like he's slowing down. He's gonna have to keep up this pace if he wants to last all three round. Ben blasts Vera with more punches and Vera again goes on the defense and moves backward. Rothwell needs to keep the pressure on and follow up on his landed power strikes. The round ends as Rothwell presses him back some more.
Round Three: Big Ben lands again and this time it has Vera hurt. Rothwell begins to move around anxiously and Vera is looking bewildered at this point as he puts his own back on the fence. Rothwell closes the distance and lands a clean uppercut followed by a knee and Vera goes down. More punches land and the referee rescues Vera from any further punishment.
Rothwell by TKO @ 3:15 of Round Three
Erik Koch vs. Dustin Poirier
Round One: Round One: Poirier pushes forward and Koch circles around before a big shot from Poirier floors Koch. Poirier pounces on him and Koch immediately goes for a triangle. It's tight! Poirier tries to fight out of it, but Koch is all over it. Koch almost flips to mount and Poirier prevents it. Koch locks it in even tighter and Poirier gets out! Koch tries it again but Poirier is too high. They're up and Poirier presses him against the fence to work some knees. Big left from Poirier plants the home town kid on his ass! Poirier continues to put the hurt on him and nearly gets a d'arce choke before the round ends.
Round Two: Both fighters come out more hesitant after that quick first round. Poirier plodding forward and he lands a nice takedown and starts working some ground-and-pound from top position. Poirier looks to advance and Koch makes his way to his feet. They break and Poirier is still pushing forward and leading with the harder punches. Koch lands a nice left before Poirier looks to take him back down. He doesn't get it and the round comes to an end.
Round Three: Poirier again pushes Koch back and starts where he left off in round two. Poirier goes for a poorly timed takedown and Koch defends nicely and ends up on top. Poirier begins to work from guard and Koch is having none of it. Koch raises above him and thinks about dropping bombs on Poirier, but instead he looks to pass guard. Poirier tries to make his way up and Koch gets his back in the final minute of the fight. A rear naked choke looks locked in, but it's way too late in this high-paced fight to keep a decent lock in to force the tap out. The round ends!
Preliminary Card (Fox Sports 1):
Kyung Ho Kang vs. Chico Camus
Camus defeats Kang by unanimous decision
Pascal Krauss vs. Hyun Gyu Lim
Lim defeats Krauss via TKO @ 3:58 of round one
Louis Gaudinot vs. Tim Elliott
Elliott by unanimous decision
Jamie Varner vs. Gleison Tibau
Tibau wins by split decision
Facebook/YouTube Prelims:
Jared Hamman vs. Magnus Cedenblad:
Cedenblad wins by guillotine choke @ :57 seconds into round one
Ryan Couture vs. Al Iaquinta
Iaquinta defeats Couture via unanimous decision
Soa Palelei vs Nikita Krylov
Palelei by TKO @ 1:34 of round three


text:
CVAC – Criminal Victims Advocacy Council – is dedicated to preventing crime and assisting crime victims and their families and communities in Georgia through quality education, advocacy, counseling, and legislative initiatives.
Want to support our organization ?
Your donation helps support Georgia crime victims everywhere.
We Fight For Crime Victims
On May 24, 2010, Georgia's Governor Purdue signed the amended Crime Victims' Bill of Rights into law. The photo to the left is from the signing ceremony. CVAC's Founder Bruce Cook is on the far left in this photo. Board members Bruce, Claudia and Kellie worked diligently to achieve the passage of this important legislation.
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text:
Previous Challenge Entry (Level 3 - Advanced)
Topic: Life (06/15/06)
TITLE: Life Neverending
By Shanon Hinkel
One nurse came over to her side. "Well, look who's awake. It's okay, we cleaned you up just fine. We've been waiting for you to wake up."
Abigail could barely take in what the nurse was saying. She opened her mouth to reply but found that her voice was hoarse and raspy. She couldn't say anything that made sense to anyone.
"That's all right, Sweetie. I'll get you on to your room and get you hydrated, and you'll be able to talk in no time."
Abigail shuddered, realizing she was in a recovery room. She'd been operated on, then? No! They couldn't know what she'd done. But she knew looking around that they did know. Something had gone wrong, and they'd fixed her. Why did they have to do that? She didn't deserve it, and she didn't want to be fixed.
Anger began to creep up her body and she wanted to shout at anyone who'd listen. How dare they do this. The nurse took her into a big elevator and then down a floor or two. Abigail's head still throbbed. Her body ached. She felt so empty. The pain was at least something. She wished for more of it. She knew she deserved as much pain as she could get.
The nurse wheeled her into a room with a big picture window. It was nighttime. Abigail could see the night sky and the city lights. It was beautiful… in perfect contrast with her pain.
"You're gonna rest now, Honey. You sure need it," replied the nurse as she attached an IV drip. Abigail wished she wouldn't bother. The nurse left the room quietly.
Abigail ran her hands over her stomach, closing her eyes. Just twenty-four hours ago there'd been a baby in there. She had felt such despair, such hopelessness… sheer desperation. As she remembered, tears began to fall.
She hadn't felt right the night before. Should she still have been bleeding? She couldn't afford to have gone to anyone reputable. It had to be done like it was. Cheap, quick, and simple. And then she could forget.
She wasn't counting on wanting to die… such complete emptiness and shame. And here it was again, in this hospital room, overtaking her like a black bottomless pit. She was falling, falling, and didn't care to be pulled out. She deserved it, after all. And as she drifted off to sleep, Abigail hoped she would never wake up.
The arms that draped over Abigail at that moment couldn't have been human. They began to pick her up and cradle her. Abigail could feel the despair and shame leaving her body, as if it were being pulled from her. She was being rocked, nestled very close.
Abigail's eyes opened and she saw herself as a teenager, kneeling at her own bedside. She'd asked Jesus to take her life into his hands… to be her savior… to forgive her sins and set her free. Abigail could feel the same love as she felt at that very moment in her life. She didn't understand it then, and couldn't begin to comprehend it now. What had she done to deserve such perfect love?
Abigail then saw a baby, a beautiful little girl smiling at her happily. "Mama!" Abigail could still feel the huge arms cradling her. She knew then that this baby was too being cradled, in the arms of Jesus. Abigail felt such elated joy that she couldn't contain herself, and let out a wail of relief.
Abigail's eyes flew open and it was still nighttime. She was still on the hospital bed, connected to the machine. There were tears streaming down her face, and she still had no baby in her stomach. Her body ached. Her sin consumed her, but yet she knew she was forgiven. She had to learn to forgive herself.
At a loss for what to do, she raised her hands, closed her eyes, and began to sing praises to God. He had not only forgiven her, but had given her the gift of seeing her baby girl and giving her comfort. And how He could do that, Abigail knew she'd never understand.
No chattering was necessary now as the nurse peered in the doorway, thanking Jesus for the new life he gives continually. Despite our choices.
The opinions expressed by authors may not necessarily reflect the opinion of FaithWriters.com.
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text:
NEW YORK (Apr. 23)
Congregation Rodeph Sholom of New York one of the nation's largest Reform synagogues, has announced plans to establish the first all-day school in the United States under Reform auspices. Support for day schools in the Reform movement, which initially was one of the most vigorous foes of such schools, has been widening in recent years but Rodeph Sholom's proposed day school will be the first in the movement.
Rabbi Louis Newman said that the day school will be an extension of the 127-year-old congregation's present nursery school and kindergarten, which were started in 1957. He added that the congregation owns a large plot behind and adjacent to its present Temple and Temple House on which the congregation hopes to build a cultural and recreation center in which the day school would be housed.
Rabbi Newman reported that the Temple board votes last week to organize a group of pilot classes in September, 1970, in the Temple House, pending collection of funds to build the proposed center. He added that the interest of parents who want a Jewish-sponsored grammar school in the mid-Manhattan area was an "active stimulus" to creation of the pilot classes.
He said the curriculum of the planned grammar school classes, and of a projected high school, would be in keeping with state educational requirements and that registration would be open to all applicants, regardless of affiliation. He emphasized that the Rodeph Sholom day school would be a "parochial school" and that such subjects as Jewish history, Hebrew and similar subjects would be optional and not mandatory for pupils. He said also that pledges by individuals for the building fund were now being made for the project but that the organized effort for the "large sum" needed had not yet been started.