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A- 29 years old officer presented to emergency department complaining of chills and breathing difficulty. He was a heroin abuser who was admitted in the same hospital 7 years ago because of drug over dosage. He had lost 10 kg of body weight since his last clinical visit.
On examination, he had multiple enlarged lymph nodes. Several red nodules were there on the chest and arms. His body temperature was 40oC, B.P. 170/50 mm Hg and respiration was shallow with a respiratory rate of 40 breaths per minute. The chest radiograph showed diffuse pneumonia.
Sputum smear revealed numerous Pneumocystis organisms while skin biopsy revealed Kaposi's sarcoma.
What is your presumptive diagnosis for this patient?
What is the biochemical basis for all the clinical manifestations seen in this patient?
How can the diagnosis be confirmed?
Case discussion
The Patient is suffering from AIDS. Intravenous drug usage seems to be the major causative factor. Patient's immune system has been collapsed to the extent of loss of resistance to ordinary viral, fungal and protozoal infections which could otherwise have been controlled easily. Kaposi sarcoma and Pneumocystis pneumonia are considered markers of AIDS since they signify the underlying collapsed immune system. Non specific Fever and weight loss of more than 10% body weight are also diagnostic of AIDS.
Acquired Immunodeficiency syndrome or AIDS, is a collection of symptoms due to underlying infections and malignancies resulting from specific damage to immune system caused by human immunodeficiency virus (HIV).
HIV (human immunodeficiency virus) infection has now spread to every country in the world. Approximately 40 million people are currently living with HIV infection, and an estimated 25 million have died from this disease. The scourge of HIV has been particularly devastating in sub-Saharan Africa, but infection rate in other countries remain high. In the United States, approximately 1 million people are currently infected.
The first indication of this new syndrome came in 1981 in homosexual drug addict males; they had two things in common- Pneumocystis pneumonia and Kaposi's sarcoma. Both these are markers of collapsed immune system, The affected patients appeared to have lost their immune competence, rendering them vulnerable to overwhelming and fatal infections with relatively avirulent micro-organisms, as well as to lymphoid and other malignancies. This condition was given the name Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome (AIDS).
In 1986, The International Committee on virus Nomenclature decided on the generic name of the causative virus as the Human Immunodeficiency Virus.
Human Immunodeficiency Virus
HIV, the etiological agent of AIDS, belongs to lentivirus subgroup of the retroviridae family. This family of viruses is known for latency, persistent viremia, infection of the nervous system, and weak host immune responses. HIV has high affinity for CD4 T lymphocytes and monocytes. HIV binds to CD4 cells and becomes internalized. The virus replicates itself by generating a DNA copy by reverse transcriptase. Viral DNA becomes incorporated into the host DNA, enabling further replication. Besides HIV, the related animal immunodeficiency viruses are also assigned to this group.
Structural Characteristics of HIV
HIV is a spherical enveloped virus of about 90-120 nm in diameter. (See Figure-1 below). There is a lipoprotein envelop, which consists of lipids derived from the host cell membrane and glycoproteins which are viral coded. The major virus coded envelop proteins are the projecting knob like spikes on the surface and the anchoring transmembrane pedicles. The spikes, gp 120 constitute the major surface component of the virus which binds to the cell CD4 receptors on susceptible host cells. These specific receptors, known as cluster of differentiation- CD4 are present on certain cells in the body, the cells possessing these receptors are called CD 4 + cells and these are -T helper cells, B lymphocytes, macrophages, monocytes and dendritic cells. Transmembrane pedicles gp 41 cause cell to cell fusion.
Interior to the envelope is an outer icosahedral nuclear capsid shell and an inner cone-shaped core containing ribonucleoproteins. The enzymes integrase p32, protease p10, reverse transcriptase p55/66 and 2 copies of single stranded genomic RNA are present inside the core. (The proteins and glycoproteins are indicated by their mass expressed as kilo Daltons)
The reverse transcriptase enzyme is characteristic feature of retroviruses. When the virus infects a cell, the viral RNA is transcribed by the enzyme first in to single stranded DNA and then in to double stranded DNA (provirus), which is integrated in to the host cell chromosome. The provirus can remain latent for long period though it influences the host cell functions. At times in response to viral promoters, the provirus initiates viral replication by directing the synthesis of viral RNA and other components.
Figure-1-A cross-sectional schematic diagram of HIV virion, showing lipid bilayer in the form of viral envelope, Nucleocapsid core, which includes a layer of a protein called p17 and an inner layer of a protein called p24. The HIV genome consists of two copies of the single stranded RNA, which are associated with two molecules of Reverse transcriptase p64, protease p10 and integrase p32. The outer viral proteins are gp 120 and gp 41.
Genome of HIV
There are two types of genes analyzed, (See figure-2)
a) Structural genes encode for products which participate in formation of functional structure of virus-
1) gag gene – encodes for core and shell of virus. The gene product is a precursor protein p55, which is cleaved into p17, p24 and p15. The p24 antigen (major core antigen) can be detected in serum during the early stages of infection till the appearance of the antibodies.
2) pol gene– encodes for the polymerase reverse transcriptase and other viral enzymes such as protease and integrase. It is expressed as a precursor protein, which is cleaved in to components like p64 which has reverse transcriptase and RNAse activity: p51 which has only reverse transcriptase activity: p10 is a protease that cleaves gag precursor and p32 is an integrase.
3) env gene – determines the synthesis of envelop glycoprotein gp 160 which is cleaved into gp 120 and gp 41 .Glycosylation occurs after cleavage. The antibodies to gp 120 are the first to appear after HIV infection and are present in circulation till the terminal stage of infection.
b) Non structural and Regulatory genes
1) vif (Viral infectivity factor gene) influences infectivity of viral particles.
2) vpr–stimulates promoter region of the virus
3) vpu (only in HIV-1) and vpx (only in HIV-2) enhance maturation and release of progeny virus from cells. Detection of the type specific sequences vpu and vpx is useful in distinguishing between infection by HIV type 1 and 2.
4) tat – (transactivating gene) – (2 copies) having stimulatory effect on synthesis of all viral proteins.
5) rev – (Regulator of viral genes) – (2 copies)–required for expression of structural genes.
6) nef (negative factor gene) down regulates viral replication. It may be responsible for the regulation of latent state of virus.
7) LTR – (long terminal repeat) sequences flanking on both sides giving promoter, enhancer and integration signals.
Figure-2 schematic representation of HIV genome
Antigenic variations in HIV
Based on molecular and antigenic differences, two types of HIV have been recognized. The original isolates of HIV and the related strains present all over the world belong to HIV type 1.The HIV strains, first isolated from West Africa, which react with HIV type I antiserum very weakly or not at all have been termed as HIV type 2. It has 40 % genetic similarity and is more closely related to Simian immunodeficiency virus than to HIV-1.It can cause AIDS but is less pathogenic and is less common. It infects mainly monkeys and other similar species and is largely confined to West Africa, though isolations have been reported from some other areas, including Western and Southern India. The envelope antigens of the two types are different though their core peptides show some cross reactivity.
HIV is a highly mutable virus and exhibits frequent antigenic variations as well as differences in other features such as nucleotide sequences, cell tropism, growth characteristics and cytopathology. Not only are there differences between isolates of HIV from different races or persons but also between sequential isolates from the same person and even between those obtained from different sites of the same person at the same time. This great variability is believed to be due to error prone nature of reverse transcription. Antigenic variation is most frequent in respect of the envelop proteins, but is also seen with other antigens.
HIV-1 strains have been classified in to at least ten subtypes base on sequence analysis of their gag and env genes. These subtypes have been are designated as A to J and constitute the Group M (For major), which cause the large majority of HIV-1 infections worldwide. A few HIV-1 strains isolated from West Africa do not fall within the major group and have been designated as group O ( For Outlier) Some later isolates of HIV-1 distinct from M and O groups have been called Group N (for new)
Modes of transmission
HIV is transmitted when the virus enters the body, usually by injecting infected cells or semen. There are several possible ways in which the virus can enter.
1) Sexual contact- In 75 % cases, transmission is by sexual contact. Most commonly, HIV infection is spread by having sex with an infected partner. The virus can enter the body through the lining of the vagina, vulva, penis, rectum, or mouth during sex. People who already have a sexually transmitted disease, such as syphilis, genital herpes, chlamydia infection, gonorrhea, or bacterial virginities, are more likely to acquire HIV infection during sex with an infected partner.
2) Parenteral- In 15 % cases, it is by blood transfusion or blood product transfusion. Blood products are now tested to minimize this risk. Sharing of unsterilized needles or syringes in drug addicts contaminated with blood from an infected person can also spread virus. HIV can be spread in health-care settings through accidental needle sticks or contact with contaminated fluids. HIV can also spread through organ transplantation. If tissues or organs from an infected person are transplanted, the recipient may acquire HIV. Donors are now tested for HIV to minimize this risk.
3) From mother to child : Women can transmit HIV to their babies during pregnancy or birth, when infected maternal cells enter the baby's circulation.30% of children born to infected mothers have the acquired infection unless virus is treated by antiviral drugs before pregnancy. In nursing mothers transmission can occur through breast milk.
The course of HIV infection is characterized primarily by latency. Unfortunately, profound immune suppression eventually develops and the illness appears to be almost uniformly lethal. More than 500,000 persons have died of AIDS in the United States.
Progression from HIV infection to AIDS occurs 8-10 years after infection without antiretroviral treatment. In the recent past, most patients would not survive more than 1-2 years following diagnosis of AIDS. However, since the introduction of highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART) and prophylaxis against opportunistic pathogens, death rates from AIDS have declined significantly. An HIV-positive patient older than 50 years with a nearly undetectable viral load and a CD4 count more than 350 now has less than a 5% chance of dying or progressing to full-blown AIDS within 3 years.
Most AIDS cases occur in adults aged 25-49 years (70% of cases). Adolescents and young adults (aged 13-24 y) represent 25% of new cases. Young children represent less than 1% of AIDS cases in the United States. Internationally, children younger than 15 years are estimated to account for close to 10% of all HIV cases.
Infection is transmitted when virus enters the blood or tissues of a person and comes in to contact with a suitable host cell, principally the CD4 lymphocytes. The virus may infect any cell bearing the CD4 antigen on the surface. Primarily these are the CD4 + helper T lymphocytes. Some other immune cells possessing CD4 antigens are also susceptible to infection, like B lymphocytes, monocytes and macrophages including specialized macrophages such as Alveolar macrophages in the lungs and Langerhans cells in the dermis. Glial cells and microglia cells are also susceptible. Follicular dendritic cells from tonsils can be infected by HIV without the involvement of CD4. The steps of viral entry in to the host cell are as follows-
- Attachment of virus into the host cell–Specific binding of the virus to the CD4 receptors is by the envelop glycoprotein gp120.
- Cell to cell fusion –For infection to take place the cell fusion is essential. This is brought about by the transmembrane glycoprotein gp 41. HIV-1 utilizes two major co-receptors along with CD4 to bind to, fuse with, and enter target cells; these co-receptors are CCR5 and CXCR4, which are also receptors for certain endogenous chemokines. Strains of HIV that utilize CCR5 as a co-receptor are referred to as macrophage tropic viruses. Strains of HIV that utilize CXCR4 are referred to as T cell- tropic viruses. Many virus strains are dual tropic in that they utilize both CCR5 and CXCR4.
The infected CD4 cells express a high level of gp 120 on their surface. The gp 120 on the surface of infected cells leads to fusion of these cells with CD4 protein of uninfected neighboring cells with formation of multinucleated syncytial cells. The lysis of fused cells finally occurs resulting in depletion of large number of uninfected cells from the circulation.
- Uncoating of the viral envelope and entry of nuclear capsid core into the cell –After fusion of virus with the host cell membrane, HIV genome is uncoated and internalized in to cell. Viral RNA is released into the core cytoplasm.
- Viral transcription– viral reverse transcriptase mediates transcription of its RNA; RNA-DNA hybrid is formed. Original RNA strand is degraded by ribonuclease H, followed by synthesis of second strand of DNA to yield double strand HIV DNA
- Integration into the host DNA as provirus- The double stranded DNA is integrated in to the genome of the infected host cell through the action of the viral integrase enzyme, causing a latent infection.
- Fate of provirus-From time to time, lytic infection is initiated releasing progeny virions, which infect other cells. The long and variable incubation period of HIV is because of the latency. In an infected individual the virus can be isolated from the blood, lymphocytes, cell free plasma, semen, cervical secretions, saliva, urine and breast milk.
- Transcription back into RNA – The viral DNA is transcribed into RNA and multiple copies of viral RNA are produced. There are only nine genes in HIV RNA and these code for the production of structural proteins, accessory proteins, and enzymes essential for the virus's replicative cycle.
- Virion assembly – With the help of viral protease, the new virions are assembled into the polypeptide sequences needed for HIV virion formation and infectivity.
- Cell lysis. The infected cell is made to burst open, presumably by the action of cellular proteins. (See figure-3)
Figure-3 showing the life cycle of HIV (Integration and excision of viral genome)
Causes of immunodeficiency
The primary pathogenic mechanism in HIV infection is the damage caused to the CD4+ T lymphocytes- The T4 cells decrease in numbers and the T4:T8 cell ratio is reversed. The infected cells do not release cytokines. This has a marked damping effect in the cell mediated immune response. Though the major damage is to cellular immunity, the humoral mechanisms are also affected. AIDS patients are unable to respond to new antigens. There is polyclonal activation of B lymphocytes leading to Hypergammaglobulinemia. These are non specific antibodies and are irrelevant to antigens.
Monocyte, macrophage system is also affected apparently due to the lack of the activating factors by the T4 lymphocytes. The activity of NK cells and Tc (T Cytotoxic) cells are also affected. The clinical manifestations are due to failure of the immune responses. This renders the patient susceptible to life threatening opportunistic infections and malignancies. The exceptions to this may be the neurological lesions seen in AIDS. Dementia and other degenerative neurological lesions seen in AIDS are due to direct toxic effects of HIV on the central nervous system.
Clinical Manifestations
AIDS is only the last stage in the wide spectrum of clinical features in HIV infection. The center for disease control (USA) has classified the clinical course of HIV infection under various groups.
- Acute HIV infection
- Asymptomatic or Latent infection
- Persistent generalized lymphadenopathy (PGL)
- AIDS related complex
- Full blown AIDS (Last stage)
- Acute HIV infection
Many people do not develop symptoms after they first get infected with HIV. Others have a flu-like illness with fever, sore throat, headache, tiredness, skin rashes and enlarged lymph nodes in the neck within several days to weeks after exposure to virus. These symptoms usually disappear of their own within a few weeks. The test for HIV antibodies appears negative while HIV antigenemia (p24 antigen) and viral nucleic acids can be demonstrated at the beginning of the phase. This phase is also called window period or phase of Sero conversion.
2) Asymptomatic or Latent infection
All persons infected with HIV, pass through a phase of symptomless infection (Clinical latency), which may last up to several years. The progression of disease varies widely among individuals. This state may last from a few months to more than 10 years. During this period, the virus continues to multiply actively and infects and kills the cells of the immune system. The virus destroys the CD4 cells that are the primary infection fighters.
Even though the person has no symptoms, he or she is contagious and can pass HIV to others through the routes listed above. The patients show positive antibody tests during this phase. The infection progresses in course of time through various stages, CD4 lymphocytopenia, minor opportunistic infections, persistent generalized lymphadenopathy, AIDS related complex, ultimately terminating in full blown AIDS.(Figure-5) The median time between primary HIV infection and development of AIDS has been stated as approximately 10 years. About 5-10 % percent of the infected appear to escape clinical AIDS for 15 years or more. They have been 'long term survivors" or "long term non progressors". The mechanism for such long time survivors is not exactly known, though many viral and host determinants are responsible.
During this period the host mounts an immune response against the virus, both humoral and cellular, which can only limit the viral load but cannot clear it completely. A chronic persistent infection with varying degree of multiplication is the result.
3) Persistent generalized lymphadenopathy (PGL)
This has been defined by presence of enlarged lymph nodes, at least I cm in diameter, in two or more non contiguous extra inguinal sites, that persist for at least three months, in the absence of any current illness or medication that may cause lymphadenopathy. These are diagnostic of HIV when blood tests are positive for antibodies.
4) AIDS related complex
This group includes patients with considerable Immuno deficiency suffering from various constitutional symptoms of minor opportunistic infections. The patients present with weight loss – of more than 10% of body weight, persistent fever, diarrhea, generalized fatigue and signs of other opportunistic infections may be apparent. The opportunistic infections are oral candidiasis, herpes zoster, salmonellosis or Tuberculosis and hairy cell leucoplakia. The patients are usually severely ill and many of them progress to AIDS in few months. The CD4 cell count decreases steadily when the count falls to 200, or less, clinical AIDS usually sets in. For this reason the case definition by CDC includes all HIV infected cases with CD4 + T cell counts of 200 or less, irrespective of clinical condition.
5) Full blown AIDS
This is the end stage disease representing the irreversible break down of immune defense mechanisms. In addition to the opportunistic infections the patient may develop primary CNS lymphomas and progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy, dementia and other neurological abnormalities. Kaposi sarcoma (Figure-4) and Pneumocystis pneumonia are almost always observed in a majority of patients.
Figure- 4-showing Kaposi's sarcoma- it is an indolent, multifocal non metastasizing mucosal or cutaneous tumor probably of endothelial origin, represented in the form of purple spots in the skin.
Figure-5 showing the disease progression through different phases in HIV infected cases.CD4 count comes down while the viral count goes high with the passage of time.
Laboratory Diagnosis of HIV infection
Laboratory procedures for the diagnosis of HIV infection include tests for immunodeficiency as well as specific tests for HIV.
1) Non Specific Tests– The following tests help to establish the immunodeficiency in HIV infection.
a) Total Leukocyte and lymphocyte count- to demonstrate leucopenia and lymphopenia. The lymphocytic count is usually below 2000/mm3
b) T cell subset Assays- Absolute CD4+ cell count is less than 200 /L.T4 T8 ratio is reversed. The decrease in CD4 is the hall-mark for AIDS.
c) Platelet count– shows Thrombocytopenia.
d) IgA and Ig G levels are raised
e) Diminished cell mediated Immunity as indicated by skin tests
f) Lymph node biopsy shows profound abnormalities.
2 .Specific Tests for HIV infection- These include demonstration of HIV antigen, antibodies. Viral nucleic acids or other components and isolation of virus-
i) Detection of antigen-Following a contact, as by blood transfusion, the viral antigen may be detectable in blood after about 2 weeks. The major core antigen p24 is the earliest virus marker to appear in blood. IgM antibodies appear in about 4-6 weeks, to be followed by IgG antibodies
If the infecting dose is small, as following a needle stick injury, the process may be considerably delayed. Afterwards free p24 antigen disappears from circulation and remains absent during the long asymptomatic phase to reappear only when severe clinical disease sets in. However antibody bound p24 antigen continues to be demonstrable, after dissociation.
The p24 Capture ELISA assay, which uses anti p24 antibody as the solid phase can be used for this. This test is positive in about 30% of the infected persons. In the first few weeks after infection and in the terminal phase, the test is uniformly positive. This test along with HIV ELISA is currently used for screening blood donors.
ii) Detection of antibodies
Demonstration of antibodies is the simplest and most widely employed technique for the diagnosis of HIV infection. However it takes 2-8 weeks to months for the antibodies to appear in circulation and during that period the person may be highly infectious. Once antibodies appear they increase in titer for the next several months. IgM antibodies disappear in 8-10weeks while IgG antibodies remain throughout. When immunodeficiency becomes severe following clinical AIDS some components of anti p24 may disappear. There are two types of serological tests- Screening tests and supplemental tests.
i) Screening tests include-
ELISA- ELISA is the most frequently used method for screening of blood samples for HIV antibody. The sensitivity and specificity of the presently available commercial systems approaches 100% but false positive and false negative reactions occur.
1) First generation – whole viral lysates
2) Second generation – recombinant antigen
3) Third generation – synthetic peptide
4) Fourth generation – antigen + antibody (Simultaneous detection of HIV antigen and antibody) – HIV duo
Antibody can be detected in a majority of individuals within 6-12 weeks after infection using the earlier generation of assays. But it can be detected within 3-4 weeks when using the newer third generation ELISA. Due to their ability to detect p24 antigen, the fourth-generation ELISA will be of value in detecting early infection. The window period can be shortened to two weeks using p24-antigen assay.
ii) Supplemental Tests
a) Western Blot Test
b) Indirect Immunofluorescence test
c) Radio Immunoprecipitaion Assay
iii) Rapid Tests
a) Dot Blot assay
b) Particle Agglutination tests
c) HIV spot and comb test
d) Fluorimetric micro particle technologies
Western blotting- Western blots are regarded as the gold standard and seropositivity is diagnosed when antibodies against both the env and the gag proteins are detected. The sensitivity of the test systems are currently being improved by the use of recombinant antigens.
Rapid tests – These are tests that can yield results in < 30 min. The results are read by naked eye.
Rapid HIV assays have proven particularly useful for testing pregnant women in labor who have not received prenatal care. These are also helpful in detecting HIV-2 infection which cannot be detected by ELISA.
3) Demonstration of viral Nucleic acid – this can be accomplished by probes or by PCR techniques. The latter may be useful because of its extremely high sensitivity. Although standard tests that measure antibody response to the HIV virus have become increasingly sensitive, cases of HIV are occasionally missed because individuals can have negative antibody tests during the early stages of infection. Also, a few people with long-term HIV infection may have false negative antibody tests or may be chronic carriers who are clinically asymptomatic.
PCR -In this the target HIV RNA or proviral DNA is amplified enzymatically in vitro by chemical reaction. It is an extremely sensitive assay because a single copy of proviral DNA can be amplified. Qualitative PCR is useful for diagnostic purposes.
Three different techniques namely RT-PCR, nucleic acid sequence based amplification (NASBA) and branched-DNA (b-DNA) assay have been employed to develop commercial kits.
4) Virus isolation– virus isolation is accomplished by the co cultivation of the patient's lymphocytes with fresh peripheral blood cells of healthy donors or with suitable culture lines such as T-lymphomas. The presence of the virus can be confirmed by reverse transcriptase assays, serological tests, or by changes in growth pattern of the indicator cells. However virus isolation is tedious and time-consuming (weeks) and is successful in only 70 to 90% of cases. Therefore virus isolation is mainly used for the characterization of the virus.
5) Alternative to classical tests
a) Oral fluid (saliva) HIV tests
b) Urine tests
Virtually all treatment for HIV infection and AIDS today focuses on arresting the progression of the disease within the body as measured by T cell counts and tests for viral load.
At present, a reasonable course of action is to initiate ARV( Antiretroviral)therapy in anyone with the acute HIV syndrome; all pregnant women; patients with symptomatic disease; and patients with asymptomatic disease with CD4+ T cell counts <350/L. In addition, one may wish to administer a 6-week course of therapy to uninfected individuals immediately following a high-risk exposure to HIV.
There are two principal approaches to treatment: immunotherapy and anti-HIV drug treatments
a)Immunotherapy– Immunotherapy is transfusion based treatment designed to replace lost immunoglobulins needed to fight HIV infection (passive immunotherapy), to provide cellular factors such as interleukins (IL-2) or to introduce selected or altered immune cells to attack cells harboring the virus (adoptive immunotherapy). The results of trials using this latter approach, however, have been inconclusive, and no group has yet shown a survival benefit.
b) Anti-HIV drug treatment-Treatment with anti-HIV drugs attempts to reduce viral load by blocking new infection in the host cell. The drugs used target two major enzymes of HIV which are needed for the infection cycle: reverse transcriptase and protease.
I) Reverse transcriptase inhibitors– Reverse transcriptase inhibitors act at the pre-integration stage – before the viral RNA has been converted to DNA and enters the host cell nucleus to integrate into the cell chromosome. These drugs block the reverse transcription of viral RNA into viral DNA. There are two types of reverse transcriptase inhibitors, both of which accomplish the same objective: nucleoside and nucleotide analogues, and non-nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors.
i) Nucleoside analogues,which constitute the most effective family of antiretroviral drugs, operate by mimicking nucleic acids normally incorporated into viral DNA. They interfere with reverse transcriptase and thus prevent infection. Nucleoside analogues can be placed in two groups, those replacing thymidine, such as AZT and d4T, which protect activated T cells from infection, and non-thymidine analogues such as ddI and 3TC, which protect resting T cells.
Nucleotide analogues have the same action but are based around a different sugar.
ii) Non-nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors directly inhibit reverse transcription and, unlike nucleoside analogues, do not have to go through chemical changes in the infected cell before beginning their action. The two main non-nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors are nivirapine, which can show toxicity and early resistance problems, and delavirdine, with which there is less clinical experience as yet.
2) Protease inhibitors –Protease inhibitors block HIV replication after integration. These drugs inhibit the function of the protease by acting as analogues for the peptide and non-peptide protease substrates needed to process the 'gag-pol' polypeptide into proteins. As a result, no infectious virus can be produced.
Since protease inhibitors act after integration, they can obstruct infectious HIV production in both acutely and chronically infected T cells and macrophages. (In contrast, reverse transcriptase inhibitors can only inhibit the acute infection of cells.). Protease inhibitors have also been shown to be less toxic than nucleoside analogues. So far only a few have been licensed for use, including saquinavir, ritonavir, indinavir, and, more recently, nelfinavir, although others are expected. (Figure-6)
3) Combination treatment -Because reverse transcriptase inhibitors and protease inhibitors address different stages of viral replication, using both families of drugs in combination has been shown to be more effective than monotherapy in impeding the spread of HIV in the body and reducing viral loads. Although the optimum combination of anti-HIV drugs is as yet unknown, AZT, 3TC, and a protease inhibitor are usually the first drugs given. This combination of two reverse transcriptase inhibitors, one of which is a thymidine analogue, and a protease inhibitor, blocks infection both before and after integration and in both activated and resting T cells. The aim of anti-HIV therapy has now shifted from simply delaying the progression of disease to finding a permanent cure. This combinational therapy is termed as highly active anti-retroviral therapy (HAART).
The current consensus is that one should give a potent combination of agents, HAART right from the start when treatment is indicated.
4) The future- In addition to the positive results shown by combination therapy trials, a number of developments may hold promise for the near future. These include genetically engineered killer T cells which attack HIV before it reproduces, and research into genetically deactivating the CXCR4 and CCR5 T cell co-receptors, which are a path for HIV entry into cells.
Figure-6 showing the mechanism of action of different drugs used for the treatment of HIV infection
The risk of contracting HIV increases with the number of sexual partners. A change in the lifestyle would obviously reduce the risk.
HIV-infected mothers are not recommended to have children at present and pregnancy itself would appear to be a risk factor for seropositive mothers. A recent clinical trial demonstrated the efficacy of AZT in preventing transmission of HIV from the mother to the fetus.
The spread of HIV through blood transfusion had virtually been eliminated since the introduction of blood donor screening in many countries. Blood products such as factor VIII now undergo routine treatment which appears to inactivate any HIV present effectively.
Development of vaccine
Development of vaccine is fraught with several problems unique to this virus. These include-
1) HIV can mutate rapidly, thus, it is not possible to design antibodies against all antigens.
2) Antibody alone is not sufficient, cell mediated immunity may also be necessary.
3) Virus enters the body not as free virions but also as infected cells, in which the virus or the provirus is protected against antibody or cell mediated lysis.
4) Virus readily establishes lifelong latent infection hiding from antibodies.
The main types of approaches to an AIDS vaccine are as follows:
- Live attenuated virus
- Inactivated virus
- Live recombinant viruses
- Synthetic peptides
- Recombinant DNA products (gp120, gp160)
- Native envelope and/or core proteins
- Anti-idiotypes antibodies
- Passive immunization
To-date, the best hope lies in an inactivated vaccine
Despite progress in dealing directly with HIV, however, the virus, by impairing the immune system, exposes the infected person to a range of opportunistic viral, bacterial, and parasitic infections and malignancies. It is these which are the actual cause of death in most patients with AIDS, it is still unclear whether HIV induced damage to the immune system can be reversed. New strains of HIV undetectable by current screening methods and resistant to the best antiretroviral drugs currently available have also now been discovered.
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Rachel Zoe serves up 'major' maternity style advice
It's an exciting time for Rachel Zoe! The fashion designer, celebrity stylist and former reality star is having a "major" moment, having just opened her very first retail space at popular Los Angeles mall The Grove on Feb. 23. She also recently launched her second collaboration with A Pea in the Pod, The Rachel Zoe Collection!
Wonderwall.com caught up with the busy style star and mother of two to talk all things fashion, including her best advice for what to wear when you're pregnant.
"I would say dark colors, drapey silhouettes, fabrics that have a lot of movement and give," Rachel explains, describing the best pieces to incorporate into an expectant mom's wardrobe. "Jerseys, things like that. Knits that can stretch and move."
The stylish mom to 4-year-old Skyler and 2-year-old Kaius has become an expert in the maternity fashion space: She launched her first line with A Pea in the Pod back in March 2015, and her second collaboration with the retailer debuted on Feb. 15, 2016. The collection -- which features hints of Rachel's signature bohemian style, off-the-shoulder frocks, peasant tops and maxi dresses -- came about after the star wanted to help pregnant women feel fashionable.
"It's a collaboration I've done with A Pea in the Pod for a couple of seasons," Rachel explains. "I just wanted to sort of dabble in trying to dress women through all the stages of pre, during, post, where women still need to feel really good about themselves, but don't have in their closets what it takes."
Rachel has two stylish sons with husband Rodger Berman. She says Skyler is developing his own sense of style already, but with one caveat: "I would say his biggest opinion, the thing he cares most about, is that he's comfortable. If I put something on him that's remotely itchy, it comes off within one second, literally."
Rachel's next foray in fashion just might be one Skyler approves of -- children's clothes! The designer was mum about the possibility of the venture, but sounds optimistic. "We'll have to just wait and see," she teases. "Maybe!"
While fans eagerly await the opportunity to deck out their little ones in head-to-toe Zoe, they can check out her pop-up shop at The Grove in Los Angeles.

subset: commoncrawl


text: Quoting Jaromir Dolecek, > i have troubles running Linux guavac and JDK java package for Linux. Any idea > what's bad (ldd-linux says: > ldd-linux: can't execute guavac (Exec format error) > Is there any way how i can make it run ? > I have kernel 1.2_BETA, compat_linux option of course on. It could be that you are missing some shared libraries, and can't run ldd-linux because it is an older a.out version and the rest if ELF. But it might be something else. Where did you get the binary? Does anyone else see this? Btw: guavac is available in source and should compile mostly out of the box (that's what the authors say anyway). - Frank


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70℃ Braised Tender Pork
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Author Notes: A very tender braised PORK BELLY using a heavy lid pan or a Japanese Hot Pot. Simple to make but extremely delicious. —Chako
Serves 4
- 2~3 pounds Pork Belly
- 1 dash Salt and/or SANSHO PEPPERS
- 1 dash L'Herbes de Provence
- Marinate the pork belly with salt, herbs and pepper (as per your liking). Store in the fridge for one night.
- Allow the pork belly to return to room temperature before browning the meat at high heat with a frying pan. Once the meat is browned on most all sides, double wrap the meat with a plastic wrap. Place the meat in a Ziploc so the meat will not be exposed to water.
- Boil the water in the hot pot, reducing the temperature to 70C; inserting the meat in the hot pot for approximately 25 - 30minutes.Remove from heat and keep the meat warm until serving. Best eaten with salt and pepper OR if you can try SANSHO pepper salt OR French mustard.


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VHA Citizenship and Sustainability Scorecard Shows Progress in the Health Care Network's Earth-Friendly Business Practices
Jun 24, 2009, 09:05 ET from VHA Inc.
VHA Releases "Go Green" Principles to Change the Nature of Business Operations
"Over the past year, our family of companies - VHA, Novation and Provista - acted in ways that not only enhanced member services and supported our mission, but positively impacted our world," said
This year's CC&S Scorecard includes some of the names and faces of employees who have taken the citizenship and sustainability value to heart, leading efforts to be more efficient and create a positive business environment that is good for employees, hospital members and local communities.
"Our progress would not be possible without dedicated efforts by team members across the company and throughout our regions," said
Some of the employee stories included:
Donna Clutter, director of Business Development and Marketing at VHA Central in Indiana, and her team spearheaded a special program involving hospitals across the region - Indiana, Kentucky, Ohioand Michigan- that focused on sharing strategies to support and lead hospitals to sustainable operations. Jennifer Waddell, senior director of Contract and Program Services at Novation, led the team that launched Novation's Environmentally Preferred Purchasing (EPP) product catalogue. With more than 3,000 products and growing, the new catalogue helps VHA hospital members achieve green purchasing objectives. Derek Mims, service desk manager at VHA, pioneered a recycling program for outdated IT equipment that fulfills EPA regulations and keeps waste out of landfills.
- Robert Ayr, manager of Production Services at VHA, began utilizing new software, which allowed VHA to host multiple applications on a single server, reducing its carbon footprint and saving
$15,000in energy consumption a year.
Nonomaque also announced the company's new "Go Green Principles," which outline how the company strives to fulfill its mission to improve its health care members' clinical and economic performance while also shrinking its environmental footprint. The six principles range from seeking business partners that share VHA's commitment to the environment, to measuring and benchmarking performance, to communicating its environmental practices with employees and members.
To view the CC&S Scorecard, including the six Go Green Principles, visit www.vha.com.
About VHA - VHA Inc., based in
Contact: Lynn Gentry firstname.lastname@example.com (972) 830-0798
SOURCE VHA Inc.


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Is Channing Tatum The Man from U.N.C.L.E.?
Holy Crap!!! I was afraid something like this might happen. Director Steven Soderbergh has been having a rough time finding someone to slip into the 1960's shoes of Napoleon Solo in The Man from U.N.C.L.E., and now it looks like he's eying Channing Tatum for the role.
I distinctly recall asking the studio to not start scraping the bottom of the barrel out of desperation when I mentioned that Bradley Cooper had turned down the lead role. They obviously didn't listen to me. According to Deadline, Soderbergh is considering Tatum for the lead role in The Man from U.N.C.L.E., based on the popular TV show from the 60's. Tatum would play suave secret agent Napoleon Solo, who protects the world from the evil plans of THRUSH.
In addition to Cooper, George Clooney, Matt Damon, and Johnny Depp, and have all passed on the part so it's understandable that the production team is starting to sweat a little bit, but I don't see Tatum making this work. Remember G.I. Joe: The Rise of Cobra? Do you see that guy as a suave secret agent?
I think Soderbergh might decide to go in the same direction as 21 Jump Street, which also stars Tatum. The small screen version of 21 Jump Street was not a comedy; the big screen version is. That treatment will probably work with that particular film, but I don't see it being a successful formula for this one. The Man from U.N.C.L.E. was played as a serious (if slightly cheesy) TV version of James Bond. There's no need to go into the land of comedy or satire with a secret agent because it's already been done really well in the Austin Powers franchise. In a battle for laughs between Mike Myers and Channing Tatum, Myers will win every time.
An offer hasn't been presented to Tatum yet, but I don't really see him being picky enough to walk away so we probably have our guy. I'd prefer to see the project collect dust on a shelf.
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BOSTON (MyFoxBoston.com) – The Registry of Motor Vehicles made surprise inspections on vans and vehicles throughout the city of Boston Tuesday.
Operation Guardian Angel, which is in its 12th year, checked 129 vehicles and 82 violations were found. Common violations included improperly registered, improperly insured vehicles; unlicensed operators; too many occupants/unbelted occupants; failure to perform pre-trip inspections; and vehicle equipment problems/missing equipment.
The RMV, along with police and other state officials, check on buses and vans with the 7D vehicles used for transporting special needs children and small kids to and from school and day cares.
The goal is to make sure the vehicles meet all safety codes and state laws for transporting children.
"Our law enforcement partners are with us today and every day in our mission to protect the most vulnerable school children," said Registrar Rachel Kaprielian. "The Registry wants parents and educators to also feel empowered and to be part of this mission; if you see a problem with a school van, we want you to say something."
Drivers and schools can be fined or have their vehicles pulled off the road depending on the severity of the violation.
© 2018 Cox Media Group.


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Planned Parenthood Sues Texas Over Poor Women's Access To Health Care
On Wednesday eight Planned Parenthood organizations sued the state of Texas after lawmakers excluded Planned Parenthood and its affiliates from participating in the state's Women's Health Program which provides health care to low income women.
Planned Parenthood claims that a new state law banning organizations affiliated with abortion providers from participating in the program amounts to unconstitutional discrimination by association. The groups, none of which provide abortions, contend that the law has nothing to do with providing medical care and is simply intended to silence individuals or groups who support abortion rights. Texas law already requires that groups receiving federal or state funding be legally and financially separate from clinics that perform abortions.
"The government cannot condition your participation in the health services on giving up your free speech," said Pete Shenkken, the plaintiffs' attorney, citing past U.S. Supreme Court rulings.
The Obama administration has also cut off funding to Texas over the move because it violates federal law.
The plaintiffs are asking the federal court to block the state from enforcing the law before April 30, the date when those clinics will lose all funding under the new rule. Patricio Gonzalez, CEO of Planned Parenthood of Hidalgo County, said his organization currently cares for 6,500 women and would have to shut down two or three of its four clinics if the rule is enforced. South Texas is home to some of the poorest women in the nation.
"We are the largest health care provider for women in our region," he said. "We know there aren't any other providers in the region that can absorb 6,500 women as of May 1."
Given the 5th Circuits zeal for mandatory transvaginal ultrasounds, we should be cautious as this lawsuit works its way through the courts. However, Planned Parenthood had no choice. As an advocate for women's health they have to fight for the women the Perry administration seems all to willing to throw away.
Related Stories:
Texas Takes Away Health Care From 130,000 Poor Women
Texas Fights Back Against Attacks On Women's Health Care
Photo from Fibonacci Blue via flickr.


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I have already reached level 15, but will talk about that further once I reach 20 and my next post! If you're wondering what is happening in my screenshot, I ate a deviate fish, and it put me to sleep for 20 seconds or so. The worst part was that Mr.Chilly just stood there and […]
Posts tagged 'Mining'
Elaynna The Lock – Level 10
August 21st, 2010
What I've Been Up To . . .
August 15th, 2010
Gosh I have been playing a lot of WoW lately! I am still working away on my goal of reaching level 80 with a character of every class. So far I am done all the classes except for my warrior which is 75, my rogue which is 66 and my warlock which is 70, but […]


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Oprah Winfrey Interviewby Hilton Hater at . Comments
Oprah Winfrey talks OWN in this video. She's very excited about the launching of her network.
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The civil war which started in December 2013 changed the dynamics of the engagement of the UN and other development partners. With the setbacks for development following the conflict, the country was returned to rely on humanitarian assistance. In order to address the current context of the country, the United Nations Country Team has adopted a short term development strategy that will guide the delivery of support during the interim period between January 1, 2016 and December 31, 2017 which also corresponds to the transitional period under the peace period.
The Interim Cooperation Framework (ICF) provides a basis for for the UN to work with the government, and other development partners to address key challenges and issues, as South Sudan works towards achieving sustainable peace and development. It will be followed by an UNDAF based on the Sustainable Development Goals, once a national development plan is in place.


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Information taken from Wikipedia - view license
Harland and Wolff Heavy Industries is a British diversified heavy industrial company specialising in shipbuilding, ship breaking, offshore construction, modular construction, civil and marine engineering, renewables and associated project management, located in Belfast, Northern Ireland.
The shipyard has built many types of ships; among the more famous are the RMS Titanic, Royal Navy ship HMS Belfast and P&O's SS Canberra.
Harland and Wolff was formed in 1861 by Edward James Harland (1831–1895) and Hamburg-born Gustav Wilhelm Wolff (1834–1913, in the UK from age 14). In 1858 Harland, then general manager, bought the small shipyard on Queen's Island from his employer Robert Hickson. Harland and Wolff has 500 employees.
After buying Hickson's shipyard, Harland made his assistant Wolff a partner in the company. Wolff was the nephew of Gustavus Schwabe, a financier from Hamburg, who was heavily invested in the Bibby Line, and the first three ships that the newly incorporated shipyard built were for that line. Harland made a success of the business through several innovations, notably replacing the wooden upper decks with iron ones which increased the strength of the ships; and giving the hulls a flatter bottom and squarer section, which increased their capacity.
When Harland died in 1894, William James Pirrie became the chairman of the company until his death in 1924. Thomas Andrews also became the general manager and head of the draughting department in 1907. It was during this period that the company built the RMS Olympic and her sister-ships RMS Titanic and HMHS Britannic between 1909 and 1914, commissioning William Arrol to construct a massive twin gantry and slipway structure for the project.
In 1912, the company acquired another shipyard at Govan in Glasgow, Scotland. It bought the London & Glasgow Engineering & Iron Shipbuilding Co's Middleton and Govan New shipyards in Govan and Mackie & Thomson's Govan Old yard. The three neighbouring yards were amalgamated and redeveloped to provide a total of seven building berths, a fitting-out basin and extensive workshops. Harland & Wolff specialised in building tankers and cargo ships at Govan. The yard was eventually closed in 1962, when the company opted to consolidate its operations in Belfast.
During World War I, Harland and Wolff built monitors and cruisers, including the 15-inch gun armed "large light cruiser" HMS Glorious.
In 1918, the company opened a new shipyard on the eastern side of the Musgrave Channel which was named the East Yard. This yard specialised in mass-produced ships of standard design developed during the First World War.
The company started an aircraft manufacturing subsidiary with Short Brothers, called Short and Harland Limited in 1936. Its first order was for 189 Handley Page Hereford bombers built under license from Handley Page for the Royal Air Force. During the Second World War, this factory built Short Stirling bombers as the Hereford was removed from service.
The shipyard was busy during World War II, building 6 aircraft carriers, 2 cruisers (including HMS Belfast) and 131 other naval ships; and repairing over 22,000 vessels. It also manufactured tanks and artillery components. It was during this period that the company's workforce peaked at around 35,000 people. However, many of the vessels built during this era were commissioned right at the end of World War II, as Harland and Wolff were focused on ship repair during the first three years of the war. The yard on Queen's Island was heavily bombed by the Luftwaffe in April and May 1941 causing considerable damage to the shipbuilding facilities and destroying the aircraft factory.
With the rise of the jet powered airliner in the late 1950s, the demand for ocean liners declined. This, coupled with competition from Japan, led to difficulties for the British shipbuilding industry. The last liner that the company built was the SS Canberra in 1960.
In the 1960s, notable achievements for the yard included the tanker Myrina which was the first supertanker built in the UK, and the largest vessel ever launched down a slipway (September 1967). In the same period the yard also built the semisubmersible drilling rig Sea Quest which, due to its three-legged design, was launched down three parallel slipways. This was a first and only time this was ever done.
In the mid-1960s, the British government started advancing loans and subsidies to British shipyards to preserve jobs. Some of this money was used to finance the modernisation of the yard, allowing it to build the much larger post-war merchant ships including one of 333,000 tonnes. However continuing problems led to the company's nationalisation as part of British Shipbuilders in 1977.
The company was bought from the British government in 1989 in a management/employee buy-out in partnership with the Norwegian shipping magnate Fred Olsen; leading to a new company called Harland and Wolff Holdings Plc. By this time, the number of people employed by the company had fallen to around 3000.
For the next few years, Harland and Wolff specialised in building standard Suezmax oil tankers, and has continued to concentrate on vessels for the offshore oil and gas industry. It has made some forays outside of this market. The company bid unsuccessfully tendered against Chantiers de l'Atlantique for the construction of Cunard line's new Queen Mary 2[1].
With the shipyard being situated in the mainly Protestant area of east Belfast, for most of its history the workers at Harland and Wolff were almost exclusively Protestant. At certain times, Catholics working in the shipyard did report discrimination and occasionally violent and threatening behaviour. While there is little concrete proof of this (except in the case of Maurice O'Kane who was shot by the Ulster Volunteer Force), some Catholic workers insist on its accuracy.[citation needed] The O'Kane case, while occurring within the shipyard, was not carried out by any of Mr O'Kane's co-workers, and indeed a number of workers from both sides of the divide have claimed that the mainly working class status of the yard's workers united them, regardless of political and religious affiliation.
In the late 1990s, the yard was part of the then British Aerospace's team for the Royal Navy's Future Carrier (CVF) programme. It was envisaged that the ship would be constructed in Belfast. However in 1999 BAe merged with Marconi Electronic Systems. The new company, BAE Systems Marine, now own the former Marconi shipyards at Barrow and on the Clyde and will likely construct the ships at one of these.
Faced with competitive pressures (especially as regards shipbuilding), Harland and Wolff sought to shift and broaden their portfolio, focusing less on shipbuilding and more on design and structural engineering, as well as ship repair, offshore construction projects and competing for other projects to do with metal engineering and construction. This led to Harland and Wolff constructing a series of bridges in Britain and also in the Republic of Ireland, building on the success of its first foray into the civil engineering sector with the construction of the Foyle Bridge and others such as the restoration of Dublin's Ha'penny Bridge.
Harland and Wolff's last shipbuilding project (to date) was the MV Anvil Point, one of 6 near identical Point class sealift ships built for use by the Ministry of Defence. The ship, built under sub-contract from German shipbuilders Flensburger Schiffbau-Gesellschaft, was launched in 2003.
Belfast's skyline is still dominated today by Harland and Wolff's famous twin Gantry cranes, Samson and Goliath, built in 1974 and 1969 respectively. There is also speculation about a resurgence in the prosperity of the shipyard thanks to the company's diversification into emerging technologies, particularly in renewable energy development, such as offshore wind turbine and tidal power construction, which may provide an opportunity to further improve the company's fortunes in the long term. For example, the United Kingdom planned to build 7,500 new offshore wind turbines between 2008 and 2020,[2] creating great demand for heavy assembly work. Unlike land-based wind turbines, where assembly occurs on site, offshore wind turbines have part of their assembly done in a shipyard, and then construction barges transport the tower sections, rotors, and nacelles to the site for final erection and assembly.
In recent years the company has indeed seen its ship-related workload increase slightly. Whilst Harland & Wolff has no involvement in any shipbuilding projects for the foreseeable future, the company is increasingly involved in overhaul, re-fitting and ship repair, as well as the construction and repair of off-shore equipment such as oil platforms. In late 2007, the 'Goliath' gantry crane was re-commissioned, having been moth-balled in 2003 due to the lack of heavy-lifting work at the yard.
In March 2008, the construction of the World's first commercial tidal stream turbine, for Marine Current Turbines, was completed at the Belfast yard. The installation of the 1.2MW SeaGen Tidal System was begun in Strangford Lough on the third of April 2008. [3].
In June 2008, assembly work at the Belfast yard was underway on 60 Vestas V90-3MW wind turbines for the Robin Rigg Wind Farm.[4] This was the second offshore wind farm assembled by the company for Vestas.
Ships built by Harland and Wolff include: [5]
See also Category:Belfast-built ships
The archives relating to the Harland and Wolff Heavy Industries are maintained by the Archives of the University of Glasgow (GUAS).
RMS Olympic
Information taken from Wikipedia - view license


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Suite 700
Wilmington, Delaware 8033
United States
|Areas of Practice
|1) Litigation
|Law School
|University of Pennsylvania Law School, Penn Law
|Georgetown University (B.A., cum laude, 1969)
|Most recent firm
|Archer & Greiner
|Relevant Jobs
Litigation Paralegal
Litigation Paralegal The candidate will serve in personal injury practice, interact with clients, interact with insurance adjustors, obtain police reports, medical records, draft lawsuits, subpoenas,...
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Paralegal Responsibilities: For a personal injury/medical malpractice law firm; Interact with clients and insurance adjustors. Assist with the drafting and reviewing of legal documents including plea...
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|+ View more jobs
Benjamin P. Smith is a partner in Morgan Lewis's Litigation Practice. He is a trial lawyer with a particular focus on high-stakes disputes in the biotechnology, medical device, and internet industries.
Brian M. Jazaeri is a partner in Morgan Lewis's Litigation Practice. Mr. Jazaeri represents clients in complex commercial litigation, with a particular emphasis on class action matters and financial services, healthcare and technology litigation.


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"I have searched online and can't find anything about this, so naturally I am freaked out. I am 30 years old and have been on bcp's for 14 years. This has been continuous, as I never took q break and never even missed a pill. Now, my husb..."
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Colour: White Additional Info
Lightweight and sheer cup lining fabric in white. This cup lining is almost invisible under fabrics and provides great support & stability. It can be used to line the bra bridge (also known as cradle or frame). It's also perfect for power bars, or to line sheer or delicate cups.
Content: 100% Nylon
Width: 145cm / 57"
Colour: White
Care: Delicate cycle or hand wash
Note: We recommend that you pre-wash / pre-treat your fabric in the manner you intend to wash your finished garment.
Sold by the half meter. Select qty: 1 for .5 meter, qty: 2 for 1 meter, qty: 3 for 1.5 meter, etc.


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ST. IGNATIUS - Anna Ruth-Bird-Ahtanum-Jobey was born on July 5, 1925 in
St. Ignatius, Montana. She passed away on Saturday, April 21, 2007 at
Emerald Circle Convalescent Center in Wapato, WA.
Anna was a member of the Salish and Kootenai Tribe
the Catholic Church. She has resided in Ronan, MT, Wapato, Darrington,
Puyallup and Tacoma, WA. She met and married Kenneth Jobey. Anna
enjoyed gardening and her pets. If she had to go anywhere, she would
put on her Cadillac shoes and she was gone.
The family would like to thank the staff at
Emerald Care
Convalescent Center, Merritt Funeral Home, Yakama Agency,
Salish/Kootenai Tribe, Puyallup Tribe, Tulalip Tribe, Yakama Tribal
Police, the medical staff of the Yakama Tribal Clinic and to Dr. Mark
Kozakowski of the Puyallup Tribal Health Authority. A special thanks to
Tina Owens, Sandra Celestine, Jenny Celestine, Val Wahpat and all the
cooks. We apologize if we left someone out. Your support for Anna's
family is greatly appreciated.
Anna is survived by her daughter Dorothy John of
her brother Gene and his wife Charlotte of Polson, MT, her
grandchildren Debbie Pierre, Marry Anne John (Joe), Margaret John, Leo
John, Jr., Delores Johnson (Tony) all of Tacoma, and Michel John
(Becky) of Taholah, WA. She is also survived by 16 great grandchildren,
Traci, Maria, Theresa, Beatrice, Regina, Susan, Joe, Angel, Angelica,
Angela, Kortney, Kameron, Toni, Derek, Lewis and Wyatt, 6 great-great
grandchildren, Tony, Amelia, Nicholas, Angeline, Isiah and Kayleona,
numerous nieces and nephews and many dear friends. Anna was preceded in
death by her husband Kenneth Jobey, her brothers Charlie, Joe, and
Frank, her sister Helen, her sisters Helen, Mary and Ida and her
parents Nancy Larose and Henry Bird.
Steven Walchuk
RONAN — Thomas Steven Walchuk passed away to be with the Lord
April 30, 2007. He was born in a sod house to Peter and Pearl Walchuk
on January 31, 1926 in Whitewater, MT.
During his childhood, Tommy's family left the
and relocated to a farm West of Ronan in 1936. In 1948, Tommy married
Evadene Marie Bilile. They raised their family in Round Butte, where he
enjoyed raising horses and Hereford cattle.
He was a retired farmer/rancher, businessman,
drove the
Senior Citizen bus, and welcomed many to the RV Park from around the
world. He enjoyed playing music at dances and extended care facilities
and water dousing. He enjoyed meeting and visiting people. He kept in
close touch with families throughout the U.S. and Canada.
His wife, infant daughter Mary, a brother and his
parents preceded him in death.
His sister Lillian Pablo, brothers Leo, Joe and
Walchuk, daughters Diane and Theresa, sons Laurence, Marvin and Stan,
16 grandchildren and 14 great-grandchildren, survive Tommy.
Arrangements are under the direction of Grogan
Home in Polson. Condolences may be sent to the family at
RONAN — Melvin L. Brown, 82, of Ronan, MT. died on April 26,
2007 at his home in Ronan.
Melvin was born on Dec. 20, 1924 at the family
home near Polson. He was raised and grew up in the Polson area.
As a young man Melvin worked in Hanford, WA. as a
truck driver for a few years and eventually returned to Polson.
He married Helen Bisson on July 23, 1945.
He worked in the timber industry in various
for several years. He then started his long career as an ironworker and
worked for Montana Power Company and Culbertson Steel in Missoula. He
also owned operated Brown's Conoco Station at Post Creek during the
early 1960's. Melvin retired in 1983.
He and Helen took a three-month vacation to Alaska
after his retirement.
Melvin especially loved hunting and fishing.
Melvin was
a longtime supporter and fan of the Mission Valley Speedway and built
several roll cages for local drivers.
Melvin was a member of the Confederated Salish and
Kootenai Tribe.
He is preceded in death by his wife Helen, an
infant daughter Mary Regina Brown and 2 brothers Harry Brown and Ronald
He is survived by his children- Melvin and Lynda
of Pablo, Cammie and Fred Ross of Ronan and Natalie and Ron Melvin of
Polson and numerous grandchildren and great grandchildren. He is also
survived by six sisters- Dorothy Webster of Ronan, Lenore and Henry
Padilla of Ronan, Laura and Dale Decker of Puyallup,WA, Phyllis Lester
of Ronan, June and Dave Conner of Tacoma, WA and Irma and Ballard
Olquin of Portland, OR and is also survived by numerous nieces, nephews
and other relatives.
The family would like to give a special thank you
to Ann and Herb Sias for their care and friendship shown to Melvin.
Condolences may also be sent to the family at www.groganfuneralhome.com
Louise Couture Lefthand
POLSON — Our beloved wife, mother, sister, grandmother, aunt
and friend, Mary Louise Couture Lefthand, passed on, Sunday April 22,
2007. She was born on November 27, 1931 in St. Ignatius, at the Holy
Family Hospital to Madeline Phillips and Alexander Couture.
Mary attended school at the Ursiline School for
eight years and worked as a nurse's aide. Mary graduated from
the Flandreau Indian School in 1951. She married Victor Lefthand on
June 7, 1954 and had two daughters, Verna Leann and Lauren Gail
Lefthand. During the following years she had numerous jobs including
cooking in Libby, while Vic worked on the Libby Dam. She also worked
with the Homemakers, then Lake County Homemakers and the elders program
in Elmo. She served as a tribal court judge, and served as a State
Social Service employee, which led her to work in this same field and,
following her good friend Edie Adams, through the circuit of social
service work for the BIA at the Flathead, Browning, Fort Peck and Wind
River reservations.
She came back home and worked with Social Services
and then ran for the Elmo District Tribal Council representative where
she served the community for 12 years.
Mary loved Christmas treeing, picking apples and
huckleberries. And more recently, she enjoyed gambling and traveling
with her daughter Lauren to places such as Las Vegas, Nevada; Bonners
Ferry, and Coeur d'Alene, Idaho.
Mary is preceded in death by her parents Madeline
and Alexander; her sister, Madeline; grandparents, Louis and Sophia
Phillips; and John and Josephine (Sapine) Couture; aunts, Madeline
Mathias, Mary Eneas, and Agatha Phillips; aunt and uncle Susie and Joe
Couture; and Elizabeth and Pete Couture; cousins, Richard Nichols; Roy
Couture; and Regina Matt; nephew Darren Couture; great-great nieces,
Tia and Rashaunda Denton; and many other beloved family and friends.
She is survived by her husband Victor Lefthand of
Elmo; daughters, Verna Leann Lefthand of Phoenix, Arizona; Lauren Gail
Lefthand of Pablo; Aunt Helen Charlo of Elmo; sister, Agnes Caye
(August) of Polson; brothers, Wayne Couture (Barbara) of Dog Lake;
Ignace Couture of Elmo; Edward Couture (Earline) of Elmo; grandson,
Brandon James of Polson; great grandchildren, Elijah; Tyrel; and
Keaton; and many nieces, nephews and friends.
All will greatly miss her.
Arrangements were under the direction of Grogan
Funeral Home in Polson, MT. Condolences may be sent to the family at
Genevieve "Jennie" Matt-Eder
POLSON — Jennie went home to be with the Lord, surrounded by
her family and the caring medical staff of St. Luke Hospital in the
early morning hours of April 18, 2007. She was born August 29, 1914 in
Ronan, MT to Jule Matt and Louise Poquette-Matt and was the 7th of 10
children. Jennie was a proud member of the Confederated Salish and
Kootenai Tribe and held her culture close to her heart, willingly
sharing her knowledge of her traditional lifeways with her family and
close friends.
At the age of 5, she and her older brother Woodrow
(Woody), and younger brother Wilfred were sent away to Flandereau
Indian School, where she received her education until she was 12 years
of age. Jennie returned to the Flathead Reservation and lived with her
family in the Jocko for many years. Eventually, in her true
independence, Jennie embarked on a life that was filled with hard work,
but a life she found to be extremely rewarding. She worked in the woods
for several years starting out as a tree skinner, and was later
promoted to a sawyer where she worked side by side with her male
counterparts, much to their astonishment. Jennie went on to master the
operation of the skidstear and logging trucks for her employer, taking
on these positions with great pride for it was unheard of for a woman
to hold such jobs during that time.
Jennie's love for the outdoors was very
profound and it is because of this love she was led to seek work as a
ranch hand on a homestead in Helmville, MT. Upon meeting the owner of
this ranch, she had informed him that she needed a job, and he needed
her. After two years of working along side this man, it became evident
to them both of them that they were well suited and had developed a
bond that would last a lifetime.
On April 12, 1954, Jennie married Otto Eder. They
lived together on the 160-acre homestead that had been originally
settled by Otto's parents. Together they built the homestead
into a thriving 1,400-acre ranch. When they had time between raising
crops and working their cattle, Jennie and Otto would take off into the
wilderness for weeks at a time, enjoying the wildlife and picking
huckleberries. Both were avid hunters, but only hunted for the food
they needed, as they were strong believers in being good stewards of
the blessings of nature. Jennie was known for her hunting abilities and
her great skill with a rifle. She was listed in Boone and Crocket for
taking one of the largest bull elk out of the Bob Marshall Wilderness.
Her love of nature and all it had to offer is a legacy she has passed
on to many.
During the past 10 years, after the death of her
husband, she became increasingly close to her niece, Betty Margquart.
Jennie thought of Betty as more of a daughter than anything else. These
two formidable women shared a very strong and loving relationship. As
Jennie's health needs became more prevalent, Betty brought
her to her home to care for her. This relationship spilled over to
Betty's children and grandchildren, who also spent many years
sharing in Jennie's stories and memories.
Anyone who knew Jennie could not help but be
touched by her loving nature and generosity, which knew no bounds. She
leaves behind many special family members and close friends, who will
miss her smiling face and sweet spirit.
Jennie was preceded in death by both parents, the
love of her life and soulmate, Otto Eder, her brothers John, Tony,
James, Eli, Woodrow and Wilfred, and her sisters Mary Florence, Theresa
and Lillian, newphews Andrew Matt, Don Matt, Camille
"Sonny" Matt, Duane Delaware and her special friend
Harmon of Phoenix, AZ.
Jennie is survived by her nieces, Betty (Clark)
Marquart, Charlo; Bernice Tallant and family, Seattle, WA; and Sandra
Stevens and family, Monroe, WA; special nephew Leonard Delaware, Hot
Springs; nephew, Russell (Linda) Matt, Pablo; niece, Louise (Tweetie)
Matt, Pablo, great nieces, Stacey Kiehn and her family, Ronan; Cheryl
Colacurcio and Denice (George) Goodale, St. Ignatius; and great
nephews, John "Duffy" (Cora) McQuade, Federal Way,
WA; Curt (Patti) Matt, Auburn, WA; DuWayne (Denice) Matt, Federal Way,
WA; and Jeff Matt, Seattle, WA; her special friends, Don and Julie
Potcha and family; Norma and Charlie Hughes; Mike and Linda Willis all
of Helmville, MT; and special friend Kathy of Phoenix, AZ, and numerous
great-nieces and nephews and their families living in and around the
Seattle area and the Flathead Reservation.
Pallbearers were her great-great nephews: Jordan
Espinosa, Tylar Espinosa and Westyn Kiehn, Rick Kiehn, George Goodale
and Don Potcha. Honorary Pallbearers were Clark Marquart, Leonard
Delaware, Cheryl Colacurcio and the Potcha boys.
Officiating the services was Jennie's
pastor, Lockley Bremner.
Funeral services provided by Grogan Funeral Home.
Ann Cummings
ST. IGNATIUS — Tehya was born April 3, 2007 and died
April 15, 2007.
Pastor Lynn Lapka will be officiated. Burial was
at the Lake View Cemetery in Polson immediately after the funeral.
Parents are Mark and Sherry Cummings of Ronan.
Grandparents are Alan and Naomi Cummings of Polson
and Sharon Cain of Polson.
Jo Staggs
BLUE BAY — Billie Jo Staggs, 41, died at St.
Patrick's Hospital of a
brain aneurism on Saturday, April 7, 2007. She was born September 17,
1965 in Missoula to Glenn Henry and Mary Madeline (Pierre) Umphrey. She
graduated from Two Eagle River High School and went on to graduate from
Missoula Vo-Tech. She worked in the Financial Aid Department at the
Vo-Tech for many years; she also worked for the city of Missoula.
While in Whittier Grade School she met the love of
her life Don Staggs. They married April 18, 1987 in East Missoula.
Billie was a very compassionate person that always
put others before herself, she centered her life around her family and
the time she spent caring for, teaching and loving her children. Billie
rarely missed a race at the Mission Valley Speedway where she was the
biggest fan of Don and son, Edward. Billie Jo also loved to play darts,
and go to Nascar races. She loved to have fun and her friends enjoyed
being around her and will always remember her contagious laughter.
Billie Jo was preceded in death by; beloved
father, Glenn Umphrey; her step-father, Rennal Bramsen; her
father-in-law, Robert Staggs; brothers, William Hawkins and Owen
Hawkins; sisters, Julie Hawkins and Betty Umphrey; and two nieces,
Tambi Weinberger and Tina Staggs. She is also preceded in death by her
son's father, Edward Truman.
She leaves behind her soul mate Don Staggs,
children Edward Truman, Benny and Mary Jo of the family home at Blue
Bay, her best friend and daughter, Bessie from Albuquerque, New Mexico
and step-daughter Katelynn; her mother, Mary Bramsen; her
mother-in-law, Sally Staggs; her sisters, Cindy Umphrey and Gwen (Kurt)
Bautch; brother, Calvin Hawkins; brothers-in-law Robert (Robin) Staggs,
Ted (Tina) Staggs, Ron Staggs, sister-in-laws Bessie (John) Evans and
Rose Minnis, her niece and nephew, Glenda and Matthew Hawkins, which
she raised after the death of their mother. A very large extended
family of aunts, uncles, cousins, nieces and nephews and many, many,
friends who loved her.
The funeral service was held on Wednesday April
11, 2007 at Grogan Funeral Home. Rev. John Payne officiated.


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Alright we continue busy and seems as the days keep ticking towards the summer….yes I said summer, we work that far in advance and it sounds so wierd when I think about it. Well with SDCC 2010 just around the corner we start to gear things up and still find that no matter how early of a start you get it still won't be enough time. You can never prepare enough for the biggest convention of the year. There is just so much to do like what books will you release and have for con, hotels, transportation, schedule creator signings, booth set-up, marketing and promotion for books going to SDCC, scheduling meetings, badges, …..AHHHHHHH!!!!!!!! is there no end…but all in all we love it its that time of year we get to go out and meet readers and aspiring talent.
And on that note we love meeting creators, whether artists or writers in person and getting feedback from readers is awesome. We love good and bad feedback we're not perfect always looking to improve things.
Ok so I leave things with saying PREPARE, PREPARE, PREPARE…never enough preparation for SDCC.


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Hello, I'm Peter. I'm married, with two young kids. If you're my friend, you already know me. If you're not, that's more than you wanted to know. :-)
My wife, Christy, has released the second Trinka book, Trinka and the Hundred Languages. You can find out more about her book at www.joneschristy.com.
I studied electrical engineering at Bradley University in Peoria, Illinois from 1993-1997, and graduated with a B.S.E.E. That summer, I began my career as a test development engineer at Maxim Integrated, where I've worked ever since.
With two young children, much of my free time involves building LEGOs® and watching lots of kids shows. (Odd observance: our kids' favorite shows are almost all Canadian.)
My favorite genre is speculative fiction (fantasy and science fiction).
One of my favorite authors is Stephen Lawhead. While I was in college, I co-founded and provided technical support for a Lawhead mailing list. With such lists being out of vogue, it has been shut down, but I still maintain a list of his books, with back-cover blurbs; that list also includes his collaboration with musical artists Jeff Johnson and Brian Dunning, and his son Ross's books as well.
I'm a geek, an engineer, and a dad. My "geeky dad" pages are some of the things that come about because of one or more of those attributes. :-)
page look-and-feel inspired by lifehacker.me


text: My mom's a personal trainer, and she says exercise is only about 20% of it. The rest is diet. Make sure you're eating right. A high protein diet helps build muscle mass. However, muscle definition doesn't show up without extremely low body fat, which isn't health for extended periods of time. Focus on being health, don't worry about your attractiveness.


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Ben's Week In Review: July 5
Happy belated 4th, everyone. :) I think I ate a bit too much, which means I'm gonna have to row a little extra this week, but whatever.
When I read the latest NPD study, I began to wonder: although they attribute the rise in female gamers (up to 28%) to the Nintendo Wii, I'm wondering if the Wii could act as a "gateway console" to heavier gaming. I think we all know that any studies that say females comprise half the gaming population are completely inaccurate; they're calling the chicks who play a little Flash game at work "gamers." But this latest study utilizes stricter requirements and I certainly believe that many girls out there love playing the Wii. For the most part, this doesn't really help the hardcore guy gamer, who still interacts with his favorite hobby in a very different way. The cute Wii chick isn't going to identify with the hardcore RPG fanatic. At the same time, I'm thinking that besides the fact that the Wii is essentially "gaming Lite," it's still somewhat related to stuff like MGS4 and FFXIII. Sure, it may be a distant relation, but the interactive video aspect is still there. So I ask, might this ever-increasing population of girl gamers also include a healthy portion of hardcore followers?
I've received several e-mails in the past from girls who very much love gaming and are kinda sick of guys refusing to believe that love. Now, while that does - perhaps indirectly - prove that such girls are still in the minority, at least it also proves that they exist. Therefore, there may come a day when women will enjoy the most intricate, advanced pieces of gaming technology available. You watch; when MGS5 comes out, there will be just as many girls waiting in line as guys. ...okay, probably not, but I'll bet there will be more than there were in the MGS4 line!
Don't sleep on Shadow of Destiny PSP
I tried to get people interested in the recent announcement of Shadow of Destiny for the PSP (you can sense my appreciation of that game in the article), and I'm repeating my plea. For those of you who really gravitate towards fresh, unique titles, and for gamers who list designers like Team ICO amongst their favorites, you really shouldn't miss this game. It was one of my most memorable experiences of the PS2 era, and to this day, I want to put it back in and try for another ending. The concept is just fantastic: someone is hunting you, and although you don't know who or why, you know you have to stop your own death. The Homunculous (sp?) will take care of you in the world between worlds but in reality, you must find a way to keep the killer from striking. It may be one of the last true examples of an adventure game, as it requires only your noodle; success relies on solving the immediate problem (how you died, and how to stop it) and the ultimate problem (who is trying to kill you and why). It's really worth a look and when it releases later this year in handheld form, I urge you to pick it up. You won't be disappointed.
I'm just wondering what Konami might add. There's every chance in the world that they'll toss in some upgrades or enhancements of some kind, and I'd be interested to see if there are gameplay updates. Perhaps new branching storylines...? If you're one of those people who always complain about too many sequels on the market, do yourself a favor and play Shadow of Destiny.
Personal gaming update
I'm in sort of a dry spell right now after beating inFamous. I will play RE5 after getting it for my birthday and the only other game I had intended to play was Virtua Tennis 2009, but as you can see, it turned out badly. I love Top Spin 3 but I'm bored with it now and as some of you know, I'm currently in the process of replaying Final Fantasy VIII. However, I've not surprisingly lost my momentum after stopping to play inFamous and now I have a brand new urge: replay Final Fantasy X. I always swore I'd play it again after finishing way back in 2002, but I never have and I've been kinda craving it... I'd like to think I can play and finish it before next month, and I really can't think of anything else I want to play right now. All the stuff I really want doesn't arrive until the fall or later (Uncharted 2: Among Thieves, Assassin's Creed II, God of War III, Gran Turismo 5, Heavy Rain, White Knight Chronicles, Modern Warfare 2, etc.).
Nothing else, really. Oh, and as for my latest editorial, I'm really enjoying reading the responses. Good stuff. :) Just please, don't think I'll ever tell you who the singer was...some files will forever remain confidentially sealed. As for my own semi-sticky situation in terms of personal stuff, that too must remain quiet. It's just too...sensitive.
7/4/2009 Ben Dutka
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Saturday, July 04, 2009 @ 11:00:53 PM
Glad to hear you're playing FFX again, whatever happend with VIII?
Last edited by LimitedVertigo on 7/4/2009 11:01:26 PM
Sunday, July 05, 2009 @ 6:01:58 PM
My wife and I are both Hardcore gamers, though of different types. On the consoles, she loves the SOCOM series (where she plays with her all female clan) Motorstorm series, as well as the Final Fantasy games. She was into COD4 for about a year but hasn't been back to twitch fps since. On the PC she loves to play the sims, especially at 1080p and max AA, heh. So she supports me in my PC hobbying, because it has really benefited her Sims2/3 experience.
Sunday, July 05, 2009 @ 6:27:02 PM
John Shoemaker
Saturday, July 04, 2009 @ 11:00:54 PM
Saturday, July 04, 2009 @ 11:42:03 PM
Saturday, July 04, 2009 @ 11:59:11 PM
Saturday, July 04, 2009 @ 11:28:49 PM
Saturday, July 04, 2009 @ 11:29:29 PM
Sunday, July 05, 2009 @ 6:27:47 PM
Saturday, July 04, 2009 @ 11:51:28 PM
Saturday, July 04, 2009 @ 11:49:59 PM
Saturday, July 04, 2009 @ 11:53:18 PM
Sunday, July 05, 2009 @ 4:07:59 AM
Sunday, July 05, 2009 @ 5:38:23 AM
Sunday, July 05, 2009 @ 12:47:49 PM
Sunday, July 05, 2009 @ 4:13:07 AM
Sunday, July 05, 2009 @ 4:43:50 AM
they did a study recently went for 2 years and they came out with a result saying 78% of people who are subjected to violent video games become more violent.
thats a complete load of tripe.
me and my cuz were playing duke nukem 3D before we could walk.
well mayb not that early but still.
Sunday, July 05, 2009 @ 6:01:09 AM
Couldn't agree more.
This girl took my phone,navigated to the games section and started playing something, i was like:
Me: What game is that?
She:its called 'something-something'(i don't remember the name)
Me: I've never checked out the games on my phone
She: Wow, your own phone and you don't even know the games on it?
Me: Ya cause am too busy with real game consoles
She: Oh okay, and i also prefer the games on phones.
Me: Oh so you love games.
She: Yea in a way, i just love the ones on phones or gadgets or something but not actually sitting behind consoles and playing.
SO i would not call her a gamer but like Ben said, the media would.
Personal Gaming Update:
Playing RE5 on veteran, Ben hope you get yours, am enjoying it better than i did with Gears 2 though that game ruled.
Playing Community Levels on LBP, wow i thought i was a creative person but i've not really had a time to create a good level. Sometimes you see other people's levels and you give up.
Looking to squeeze more trophies on inFamous.
GTAIV Online is still great, its so so hilarious. GTAIV Online always makes my day.I was in this GTA Race mode when the last/loser in the race got outta his car, stood at the check flag and gunned down the rest of us busy racing cause he had lost hope LOL. Not forgetting those accents the mobsters have in the 'Deal Breaker','Hangman's Noose' keep me laughing.
Sunday, July 05, 2009 @ 10:32:55 AM
Sunday, July 05, 2009 @ 12:23:28 PM
Sunday, July 05, 2009 @ 6:39:15 AM
Sunday, July 05, 2009 @ 9:44:56 AM
Sunday, July 05, 2009 @ 12:53:03 PM
Sunday, July 05, 2009 @ 10:19:21 AM
Sunday, July 05, 2009 @ 3:10:35 PM
Sunday, July 05, 2009 @ 4:29:50 PM
Ben Dutka PSXE [Administrator]
Sunday, July 05, 2009 @ 9:38:29 PM
This, however, very much would be. And I won't do that. It's enough to know I effed up, isn't it? ;)
Last edited by Ben Dutka PSXE on 7/5/2009 9:39:28 PM
Monday, July 06, 2009 @ 5:37:16 AM
Sunday, July 05, 2009 @ 12:54:37 PM
Sunday, July 05, 2009 @ 6:29:28 PM
Ben Dutka PSXE [Administrator]
Sunday, July 05, 2009 @ 9:39:03 PM
Sunday, July 05, 2009 @ 9:39:27 PM
Sunday, July 05, 2009 @ 10:11:59 PM
Monday, July 06, 2009 @ 4:18:54 AM
Sunday, July 05, 2009 @ 7:34:25 PM
I feel you Ben(No Homo :P)After beating inFAMOUS I've had nothing to play. I have thought about buying BlazBlue, however the lack of characters(only 12) is preventing me from doing so, if they add around8 more through DLC I might consider it. Anyways, I would really like to get back and play FF X-2 and get to level 99(it's the only one I didn't get to 99 in) but I have the newer model 80 GB PS3 without BC.
I can only hope that Sony does implement BC via a firmware update.
Sunday, July 05, 2009 @ 8:52:01 PM
Monday, July 06, 2009 @ 3:48:51 AM
Monday, July 06, 2009 @ 11:01:25 AM
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4We, sir, have a similar thing across the pond.
The Magna Carta is an English legal document written in 1215 CE which had a huge influence on the developing legal system of England. Because England's legal system was used as a model by many former colonies when they developed their own legal systems, the Magna Carta also had an impact on many other governments. Many legal historians believe that the Magna Carta is one of the most important documents of all time, and several copies of it are on display around the world for interested parties to examine.
The proper name for the Magna Carta is the Magna Carta Libertatum, the Great Charter of Freedoms. The document is usually abbreviated as the Magna Carta, or Great Charter. It could be considered a bill of rights for medieval England, although it was not heavily enforced for several centuries. More importantly, it set a precedent which changed the face of England forever, by establishing that the King was not above the law.
King John of England signed the Magna Carta after immense pressure from the Church and his barons. The King often lived above the law, violating both feudal and common law, and was heavily criticized for his foreign policy and actions within England. The Barons, with the support of the Church, pressured King John to spell out a list of their rights and guarantee that those rights would be enforced. The Barons provided a draft, and after some negotiation, King John put his seal to the Magna Carta in Runnymede in June of 1215.
Many of the rights in the Magna Carta actually appeared in older documents, such as the Charter of Liberties published by Henry I. However, the Magna Carta also contained several clauses which were very influential on the development of similar bills of rights, such as the first 10 Amendments to the United States Constitution. Among these were the right to habeas corpus, a clause protecting the freedom of the church, and other clauses which spelled out the rules for due process of law.What's your reason to report this comment?
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Robin Kelsey has some great photos of new graffitti on the "Tech Wall" -- the park at the old Technical High School near Bronson & Slater.
(Also: make sure you check out another pic by Robin called "Oh no!" We've been meaning to recommend this fun pic for a while!)
For more pics of graffiti in Ottawa, try a search on Flickr for "Ottawa Graffiti". There are some great recent galleries uploaded by MK_Escobar and ravensview. Ravensview also has a great web site all about graffiti.
Related: Ottawa Photography Guide


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Hotel Burj-Al Dubai (AE)
Canadian Mayor
This video is unbelievable about an 88 year old mayor in Canada. She's been mayor for 11 Terms, the city is "debt free" with $700 million in reserve ! http://www.youtube.com:80/watch?v=fY79KbCptTo
Thought for the Day
T-bone steaks & Yellow Roses
I walked into the grocery store not particularly interested in buying groceries. I wasn't hungry. The pain of losing my husband of 57 years was still too raw. And this grocery store held so many sweet memories. He often came with me and almost every time he'd pretend to go off and look for something […]
Posted in Heartwarming Stories, Spiritual


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Preoccupation of South African parties with the political issues of the war, especially the neutrality question, has left less time for anti-Semitic agitation, it is pointed out in the monthly report of the South African Board of Deputies.
The attempt to drag the Jews into the neutrality controversy is cited in the report, as well as Dr. D.F. Malan's anti-Jewish references at the Bloemfontein Congress of the Nationalist Party and the resolution of the Transvaal Congress reaffirming the exclusion of Jews from membership in the party.
Discussing reported negotiations for a reunion of followers of General Hertzog, former Prime Minister, and of Dr. Malan, the report makes appreciative reference to General Hertzog's staunch upholding of the principle of national unity and of the equality of all European citizens of this country.
"It is difficult to believe," the report comments, "that General Hertzog and his principal supporters should now depart from those principles and adopt any sort of anti-Semitic program. The occasion of the reunion of the Nationalist Party provided an opportunity — if the leaders had foresight and statesmanship — to remove a blot upon South African politics.


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Best Nursery: Renken's Nursery
March 29, 2011 at 4 p.m.
Updated March 28, 2011 at 10:29 p.m.
Best Nursery: Renken's Nursery
Renken's Nursery has been in the plant business since it opened in 1985. Through all of their years in business, owner Dina Polland said that it's their customers who make the nursery great.
"It's not us, it's our customers. We have a great clientele, and most of our customers are our friends," Polland said.
She said they strive not just to educate their customers, but to help them through the years as they turn plots of lands into gardens.
"Our goal is to not only educate our customers about plants and the environment," Polland said. "It's about helping them and how to best serve them. We're not just something you pick up off the shelf. We're there to watch their garden grow every year and turn into a beautiful oasis."
She said being voted the best nursery in Victoria was a wonderful feeling.
"It's very humbling, because we put so much effort into our business. It's humbling to know you're appreciated out there," Polland said.
Renken's Nursery
2701 Salem Road
First Runner Up
Four Seasons Gardening Center
1209 Salem Road
Second Runner Up
Earthworks Nursery
102 E. Airline Road


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CA DFG Announces Two Public Meetings to Discuss Lobster Hoop Net Regulation Changes
The Department of Fish and Game (DFG) will hold two public meetings in Southern California to review options for potential hoop net regulation changes. Hoop nets are commonly used along the Southern California coast by sport fishermen to catch California spiny lobster.
The two meetings, to be held next week in San Diego and Newport Beach, will allow the public an opportunity to provide comment on potential regulation changes related to the to the physical dimensions of hoop nets and how many hoop nets may be used at a given time. The changes are under consideration by the Fish and Game Commission.
The first meeting will be held Tuesday, Sept. 22 at 7 p.m. at the Outboard Boating Club at the Shelter Island Boat Ramp facility, 2210 Shelter Island Drive in San Diego. This is an outdoor venue. Parking is available at the boat ramp facility and along Shelter Island Drive.
The second meeting will be held Thursday, Sept. 24 at 6:30 p.m. at the Upper Newport Bay Ecological Reserve, 600 Shellmaker Road in Newport Beach. Parking is available on the premises and adjoining streets, and participants are encouraged to bring their own lawn chairs.
Participants are encouraged to bring their hoop nets to both events.
The specific changes under consideration can be found online at www.fgc.ca.gov/regulations/new/2009/29_80isor.pdf.


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Free Case Evaluation by a Local Lawyer!
Ask a Local Attorney. 100% Anonymous. Free Answers.Free Case Evaluation by a Local Lawyer: Click here
Jackson White, PC | Jeremy Geigle
Unfortunately, I am unaware of any jurisdiction in the greater Phoenix area that offers diversion for a DUI. Arizona has some stiff penalties for the crime of DUI. If your BAC was above a .08 you were likely charged with 2 counts of DUI and any traffic violations that may have occurred. The statutory minimum penalty for a 1st time DUI above a .08 BAC or breath test is 10 days in jail. 9 days may be suspended if you complete court ordered treatment and counseling.
Answer Applies to: Arizona
Replied: 3/6/2011


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waterfront (*****)
Nice app
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Excellent design, wish people shared more useful tips.
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Sharing wisdom's what it's all about. Too cool!
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really nice!!! Useful tips
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This is a really hepful app
Nick (**)