text: [Federal Register: March 30, 1998 (Volume 63, Number 60)] [Proposed Rules] [Page 15158-15164] From the Federal Register Online via GPO Access [wais.access.gpo.gov] [DOCID:fr30mr98-42] ----------------------------------------------------------------------- DEPARTMENT OF THE INTERIOR Fish and Wildlife Service 50 CFR Part 17 RIN 1018-AE76 Endangered and Threatened Wildlife and Plants; Proposed Threatened Status for Chlorogalum purpureum (Purple Amole), a Plant from the South Coast Ranges of California AGENCY: Fish and Wildlife Service, Interior. ACTION: Proposed rule. ----------------------------------------------------------------------- SUMMARY: The U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service (Service) proposes threatened status pursuant to the Endangered Species Act of 1973, as amended (Act), for the California plant, Chlorogalum purpureum (purple amole). One of the two varieties comprising this species, C. p. var. purpureum, is known only from the central south coast ranges in Monterey County, on lands managed by the Department of the Army at Fort Hunter Liggett. It is threatened by loss and alteration of habitat and direct loss of plants from construction and use of military training facilities, field training activities, and alteration of fire cycles due to military training. The other variety, C. p. var. reductum, is known only from two sites in the La Panza region of the coast ranges in San Luis Obispo County, on U.S. Forest Service and private lands. This taxon is threatened by illegal vehicle trespass into the population on Forest Service land. This proposed rule, if made final, would extend the Act's protection to these plants. Although this rule proposes Chlorogalum purpureum at the species level, each variety would be treated as a separate taxonomic unit for the purposes of applying the section 7 jeopardy standard and identifying recovery units, if this rule is made final. DATES: Comments from all interested parties must be received by May 29, 1998. Public hearing requests must be received by May 14, 1998. ADDRESSES: Comments and materials concerning this proposal should be sent to the Field Supervisor, Ventura Fish and Wildlife Office, U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, 2493 Portola Road, Suite B, Ventura, California 93003. Comments and materials received, as well as the supporting documentation used in preparing the rule, will be available for public inspection, by appointment, during normal business hours at the above address. FOR FURTHER INFORMATION CONTACT: Carl Benz, Assistant Field Supervisor, Listing and Recovery, at the address above (telephone 805/644-1766; facsimile 805/644-3958). SUPPLEMENTARY INFORMATION: Background Chlorogalum purpureum (purple amole) was first described by Brandegee in 1893 from specimens collected in the Santa Lucia Mountains by William Vortriede a year earlier (Brandegee 1893). In 1904, E.L. Greene (1904) published the new combination Laothoe purpurea when he discovered that the genus name Laothoe had been published earlier than Chlorogalum. However, R.F. Hoover (1940) conserved the name Chlorogalum through the rule of nomen conservandum. Hoover (1964) described the variety reductum, commonly known as Camatta Canyon amole, based on its shorter stature compared to the nominative variety. This nomenclature was retained in the most recent treatment of the genus (Jernstedt 1993). These two varieties comprise the entire species. Chlorogalum purpureum is a bulb-forming perennial herb in the lily family (Liliaceae). It has a basal rosette of linear leaves 2 to 5 millimeters (mm) (0.1 to 0.2 inches (in)) wide with wavy margins. A widely branching stem supports bluish-purple flowers with six recurved tepals (petals and sepals that have a similar appearance). The stems of C. p. var. purpureum are 25 to 40 centimeters (cm) (10 to 16 in) high, whereas those of C. p. var. reductum are only 10 to 20 cm (4 to 8 in) high (Hoover 1964, Jernstedt 1993). Chlorogalum purpureum is the only member of the genus with bluish-purple flowers that open during the day (Jernstedt 1993). Reproduction in Chlorogalum purpureum is primarily by seed. Hoover (1964) reports that clonal reproduction by longitudinal splitting of the bulbs is rare; some splitting has been noted in one population of C. p. var. reductum (Alice Koch, California Department of Fish and Game (CDFG), pers. comm. 1997b). Chlorogalum purpureum occurs in grassland, oak woodland, and oak savannah between 300 and 620 meters (m) (1,000 and 2,050 feet (ft)) in elevation in the south coast ranges of California. Chlorogalum purpureum var. purpureum is known from oak woodlands and meadows at three sites near Jolon in Monterey County on lands owned and managed by the Department of the Army (Fort Hunter Liggett). Historically, appropriate habitat may have existed east of the base, in Jolon Valley, but most of the flat areas in that valley have been converted to cropland, pasture, or vineyards. At Fort Hunter Liggett, the plant occurs on flat or gently sloping terrain with a gravelly surface underlain by clay soils, where other vegetation is sparse. Of the three localities of Chlorogalum purpureum var. purpureum, one is comprised of discontinuous and fragmented patches of plants scattered over an area 7 to 9 kilometers (km) (4 to 6 miles (mi)) long and about 5 km (3 mi) wide in the cantonment (housing and administration area), the Ammunition Supply Point and adjacent Training Area 13, and the boundary of Training Area 10 (U.S. Army Reserve 1997, map provided by U.S. Army Reserve 1997, Painter and Neese 1997). While some of the discontinuities in distribution are due to unsuitable intervening habitat, other patches have been fragmented by roads, the historical settlement of Jolon, and military training facilities. No population counts have been made at this site, but estimates of some areas within it suggest that it supports several thousand plants (U.S. Department of the Army 1997, Painter and Neese 1997). The second locality is about 4 km (2.5 mi) to the southeast in Training Area 25. The taxon is patchily distributed in an area of about 6 square km (2 square mi) that is laced with vehicle tracks and dirt roads. At one location there, 400 to 500 plants have been recorded (Painter and Neese 1997), but the entire site may support several thousand individuals. The third and southernmost locality is at the boundaries of Training Areas 23, 24, and 27. This is the largest known site and contains plants in high densities. Following a fire that may have promoted flowering, this site was estimated to support up to 10,000 plants (Painter and Neese 1997). The primary threats to Chlorogalum purpureum var. purpureum are the loss, fragmentation, and alteration of habitat and direct elimination of plants from construction and use of military training facilities, military field training activities, alteration of fire cycles due to military training, and potentially from grazing and associated habitat changes. About 110 km (70 mi) to the south, Chlorogalum purpureum var. reductum occurs in one region in the La Panza Range of San Luis Obispo County. It is known from only two sites. One is located just south of Highway 58; a smaller site is located approximately 5 to 8 km (3 to 5 mi) to the south. The [[Page 15159]] larger locality occurs on lands managed by the U.S. Forest Service (USFS) on Los Padres National Forest (LPNF), extending into a Caltrans right-of-way along the highway. This population is located on a narrow, flat-topped ridge or plateau surrounded by blue oak (Quercus douglasii) woodland. The plateau is probably the remains of an ancient elevated alluvial terrace, most of which has been eroded away by surrounding drainages that are now 90 to 120 m (300 to 400 ft) below the plateau (H. Ehrenspeck, in litt. 1994). The soils have been described as well- drained red clays with a large component of gravel and pebbles (Hoover 1964, Lopez 1992). The population is patchily distributed over the plateau and adjacent high areas and has been estimated to occupy just 2 to 3 hectares (ha) (less than 8 acres (ac)) (Lopez 1992; M. Borchert and K. Danielsen, USFS, pers. comm. 1997). A graded dirt road about 10 m (30 ft) wide bisects the population. The road leads to private inholdings and residences on the LPNF and is bounded on either side by a pipe barrier that was installed in 1989 or 1990 to prevent off-highway vehicles (OHVs) from using the site (David Magney, biological consultant, pers. comm. 1997). A removable portion of the barrier and a barbed wire section of fence are still routinely breached by OHVs. Such illegal use has increased in the past two years, particularly during the past year (A. Koch, California Department of Fish and Game (CDFG), in litt. 1997a). The population size at this site has ranged from 1,000 individuals to several hundred thousand individuals (Borchert 1981, Warner 1991, Borchert et al. 1997). This variability probably reflects changes in the above-ground presence of plants, since bulbs may remain dormant during years with unfavorable growing conditions. Monitoring along a 100 m (330 ft) transect showed that plant numbers were relatively stable between 1991 and 1997 (Borchert et al. 1997). This transect is not located in an area where vehicle trespass has continued to occur and is therefore not representative of the status of the population in areas subject to OHV activity. The second known locality of Chlorogalum purpureum var. reductum was first documented by botanists in the mid 1990s. It is located 5 to 8 km (3 to 5 mi) south of the LPNF population in an area with similar soils and topography (David Chipping, California Polytechnic State University, in litt. 1997). The taxon has been estimated to occupy less than 0.1 ha (0.25 ac) and consists of several hundred plants in two or more patches on private land. The landowner has expressed an interest in the plant and its protection (D. Chipping, in litt. 1997). Chlorogalum purpureum var. reductum is threatened by illegal vehicle trespass into the larger locality on LPNF. In addition, grazing by livestock may potentially pose a threat. Previous Federal Action Federal government actions on this species began as a result of section 12 of the Endangered Species Act, which directed the Secretary of the Smithsonian Institution to prepare a report on those plants considered to be endangered, threatened, or extinct in the United States. This report (House Doc. No. 94-51) was presented to Congress on January 9, 1975, and included Chlorogalum purpureum var. purpureum and C. p. var. reductum as endangered. The Service published a notice on July 1, 1975, Federal Register (40 FR 27823) of its acceptance of the report as a petition within the context of section 4(c)(2) (petition provisions are now found in section 4 (b)(3)) of the Act and its intention to review the status of the plant taxa named therein. On June 16, 1976, the Service published a proposed rule in the Federal Register (41 FR 24523) to determine approximately 1,700 vascular plant species to be endangered species pursuant to section 4 of the Act. This list, which included Chlorogalum purpureum var. purpureum and C. p. var. reductum was assembled on the basis of comments and data received by the Smithsonian Institution and the Service in response to House Document No. 94-51 and the July 1, 1975, Federal Register publication. General comments received in relation to the 1976 proposal were summarized in an April 26, 1978, Federal Register publication (43 FR 17909). In 1978, amendments to the Endangered Species Act required that all proposals over two years old be withdrawn. A 1-year grace period was given to those proposals already more than 2 years old. In a December 10, 1979, notice (44 FR 70796), the Service withdrew the portion of the June 16, 1976, proposal that had not been made final, along with four other proposals that had expired. Chlorogalum purpureum var. purpureum and C. p. var. reductum were included in that withdrawal notice. The Service published an updated Candidate Notice of Review for plants on December 15, 1980 (45 FR 82480). This notice included Chlorogalum purpureum var. purpureum and C. p. var. reductum as category 2 candidates. Category 2 candidates were formerly defined as taxa for which data on biological vulnerablilty and threats in the Service's possession indicated that listing was possibly appropriate, but was not sufficient to support proposed rules. The two Chlorogalum taxa were listed as category 1 candidates in the revised plant notices of review published in the Federal Register on September 27, 1985 (50 FR 39526), February 21, 1990 (55 FR 6184), and September 30, 1993 (58 FR 51144). Category 1 candidates were defined as those taxa for which the Service had on file sufficient information on biological vulnerability and threats to support the preparation of listing proposals, but issuance of the proposed rule was precluded by other pending listing proposals of higher priority. The two Chlorogalum taxa were listed as candidates in the Notice of Review published on February 28, 1996 (61 FR 7596), as well as in the Notice of Review published on September 19, 1997 (62 FR 49398). The definition formerly applied to category 1 candidates now applies to candidates as a whole. The processing of this proposed rule conforms with the Service's final listing priority guidance for fiscal year 1997, published in the Federal Register on December 5, 1996 (61 FR 64475). In a Federal Register notice published on October 23, 1997 (62 FR 55628), the guidance was extended beyond fiscal year 1997 until such time as the fiscal year 1998 appropriations bill for the Department of the Interior becomes law and new final guidance is published. The fiscal year 1997 guidance clarifies the order in which the Service will process rulemakings following two related events: (1) The lifting on April 26, 1996, of the moratorium on final listings imposed on April 10, 1995 (Pub. L. 104-6), and (2) the restoration of significant funding for listing through passage of the Omnibus Budget Reconciliation Act on April 26, 1996, following severe funding constraints imposed by a number of continuing resolutions between November 1995 and April 1996. Based on biological considerations, this guidance establishes a ``multi-tiered approach that assigns relative priorities, on a descending basis, to actions to be carried out under section 4 of the Act'' (61 FR 64479). The guidance calls for giving highest priority to handling emergency situations (Tier 1) and second highest priority (Tier 2) to resolving the listing status of the outstanding proposed listings. Tier 3 includes the processing of new proposed listings for species facing high magnitude threats. This proposed rule for Chlorogalum purpureum falls under [[Page 15160]] Tier 3, since C. p. var. reductum has a listing priority number of 3; the listing priority number for C. p. var. purpureum is 9. The guidance states that ``effective April 1, 1997, the Service will concurrently undertake all of the activities presently included in Tiers 1, 2, and 3'' (61 FR 64480). The Service has thus begun implementing a more balanced listing program, including processing more Tier 3 activities. The completion of this Tier 3 activity follows those guidelines. Summary of Factors Affecting the Species Section 4 of the Endangered Species Act and regulations (50 CFR part 424) promulgated to implement the listing provisions of the Act set forth the procedures for adding species to the Federal lists. A species may be determined to be an endangered or threatened species due to one or more of the five factors described in section 4(a)(1). These factors and their application to Chlorogalum purpureum Brandegee (purple amole) are as follows: A. The present or threatened destruction, modification, or curtailment of its habitat or range. Chlorogalum purpureum var. purpureum is known only from three localities on Fort Hunter Liggett, Monterey County. The northern site comprises discontinuous and fragmented patches over a 7 to 9 km (4 to 6 mi) area in the cantonment (housing and command center), several training areas, the Ammunition Supply point, and near the Jolon entrance gate. Habitat for C. p. var. purpureum has been destroyed and patches of plants have been isolated and fragmented by the historical settlement of Jolon, roads, and the construction and use of training facilities over the past several decades. In the 1980s, a large group of plants near the Jolon entrance gate was isolated by the addition of a new road (Matthews 1988). Bounded on all sides by roads, this area was used as a vehicle parking area. Representatives from Fort Hunter Liggett and the Monterey Chapter of the California Native Plant Society (CNPS) cooperated in constructing barriers to reduce impacts to the area (Matthews 1988). Although the military has committed to maintaining these protective barriers, this site remains vulnerable due to its proximity to roads. For example, in 1996 a vehicle mishap resulted in a large piece of earth-moving machinery entering the site; its tracks through the population were still evident in September 1997 (Painter and Neese 1997; D. Steeck, U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, pers. obs. 1997). In another portion of this northern locality, the Army is expanding training facilities (Holmann 1996). Since 1996, a new obstacle course and two small parking areas have been placed in habitat occupied by Chlorogalum purpureum var. purpureum. Although the obstacles themselves were placed to avoid some individual plants, foot traffic and use of the training facilities will likely degrade the habitat and eliminate a portion of the population. In addition to the obstacle course and parking areas, the Army has in the past 3 years constructed a confidence course and upgraded a firing range along the stretch of dirt road adjacent to the locality. The existence of some training facilities made this area more attractive for additional construction because the facilities could be located within walking distance of one another (Hormann 1996). For the same reason, this area is likely to be attractive for the siting of future training facilities. The second locality is in Training Area 25, which is used for bivouacking and is crossed by numerous dirt roads and tracks. Large areas where substantial bivouacking occurred in 1997 were denuded, with much of the herbaceous grassland vegetation among the oaks destroyed. Dirt tracks were evident throughout the site (D. Steeck, pers. obs. 1997). Bivouacking in these areas apparently occurs in summer. Although soils are not as susceptible to compaction at that time, fruiting stalks are destroyed and the loss of vegetation, especially on vehicle tracks, may lead to erosion and the consequent loss of existing seeds and bulbs in the soil. Vehicle tracks were also evident in the third locality of Chlorogalum purpureum var. purpureum at the boundaries of Training Areas 23, 24, and 27. In 1997, the vegetation of this area appeared to be the least affected by training activities, although military training the previous year had caused a spring fire that burned the site and destroyed most of the year's seed crop (Painter and Neese 1997). The larger site of Chlorogalum purpureum var. reductum, located on LPNF and estimated to occupy less than 3 ha (8 ac), is bisected by a dirt road that is currently about 10 m (33 ft) wide and runs the length of the population. Although this road has existed for many decades, grading during the past 5 years has widened it toward the bounds of the pipe barrier fence that lines it, causing direct loss of some individuals of C. p. var. reductum and additional habitat loss (D. Magney, pers. comm. 1997). Because the roadbed is graded and highly compacted, the loss of habitat due to the roadbed is relatively permanent, barring extensive restoration efforts. In addition, the roadbed is now below the level of the surrounding soil, creating the potential for it to alter local drainage patterns. In the 1970s and 1980s, most of the LPNF locality of Chlorogalum purpureum var. reductum was used as a staging area by OHV enthusiasts (McLeod 1987). An established 4-wheel drive route still runs near the population (USFS 1993). A portion of the population was fenced in the early 1980s by the CNPS with help from the USFS to protect it from OHV use. In 1989 or 1990, due to continued OHV use in the area, the USFS installed a pipe barrier along the dirt road to exclude vehicles from most of the population. Two areas, one a gap between the pipe fence and the barbed wire fence and the other a removable section of the pipe barrier, currently allow access by vehicles. Repeated vehicle trespass occurs on the site; vehicles, broken fencing, and recent vehicle tracks have been reported (A. Koch, CDFG, in litt. 1997; D. Steeck, pers. obs. 1997). The extent of trespass appears to have increased during the past two years (A. Koch, in litt. 1997). Repeated vehicle passes cause soil compaction, altering the soil's water-holding capacity and interfering with the ability of roots to penetrate the soil (Webb and Wilshire 1983). The existing scars of older vehicle tracks in the population are probably partly the result of soil compaction. Biologists attempting to establish seedlings of C. p. var. reductum in old OHV tracks in the LPNF population found that only 36 percent of the seeds planted in untreated tracks germinated and survived through their first 1.5 years. Survival was 66 percent for seeds planted in old tracks where the top 10 cm (4 in) of soil was scarified (loosened) prior to planting to reduce the effects of soil compaction. Bulbs in unscarified soil of old tracks also had a lower survival rate compared to those in scarified soil (Koch 1997). The sites of Chlorogalum purpureum var. reductum on private land are reported to be extremely small (less than 0.1 ha (0.25 ac) with several hundred plants), compared to the population managed by USFS. Because this taxon is so narrowly distributed, the degradation of even an acre or two of the habitat in the LPNF population constitutes a significant portion of this taxon's range. Most localities of Chlorogalum purpureum are, or have been, subject to cattle grazing. Potential negative effects of livestock use of habitat occupied by C. purpureum include soil compaction, soil disturbance, introduction or spread [[Page 15161]] of nonnative aggressive weedy species, direct crushing of the above- ground portion of plants, loss of flowers or fruit, and diminished seedling establishment. It has been suggested, however, that light grazing may benefit C. purpureum var. reductum by reducing competition from annual grasses (The Nature Conservancy 1987, CDFG 1990). Predation by cattle is discussed below under factor C of the ``Summary of Factors Affecting the Species.'' B. Overutilization for commercial, recreational, scientific, or educational purposes. Overutilization is not known to be a factor affecting this species. C. Disease or predation. Nearly every locality of Chlorogalum purpureum either is or has been subject to cattle grazing. The potential negative effects of grazing in the habitat include the loss of flowers or fruit, which could result in reduced reproduction. All three localities of C. p. var. purpureum at Fort Hunter Liggett were grazed prior to 1991. A recent grazing assessment of Fort Hunter Liggett states that documented overgrazing occurred there from 1963 to 1977, after which a study of grazing was begun (Stechman 1995). During this time, cattle stocking rates continued to exceed the capacity of the habitats to support them, especially when combined with the drought of the late 1980s and early 1990s (Stechman 1995). No specific information is available on the condition of the localities of C. p. var. purpureum during the period of overgrazing, as no basewide surveys for sensitive plant species had been conducted and the status of populations was not tracked. Grazing on Fort Hunter Liggett stopped in 1991 (Stechman 1995), but is scheduled to be resumed in the future, although no date has been set. If the recommendations in the grazing assessment are followed, cattle grazing leases would include most of the extended northern locality of this taxon and all of the second locality in Training Area 25. Only the southernmost locality, at the boundaries of Training Areas 23, 24, and 27, would be completely excluded from cattle use. Chlorogalum purpureum var. reductum is within an active grazing allotment on the LPNF that cattle use from February through May (USFS 1997). The permitted level of use of the allotment by livestock is moderate (USFS 1997). The effects of grazing on this taxon are not known. In 1986 livestock use became a problem when cattle congregated within the population behind a fence built to block vehicle access (The Nature Conservancy 1987). A pipe barrier with low sections was later installed to permit cattle movement over the barriers. Because the period of cattle use coincides with that of growth and flowering of C. p. var. reductum, it is likely that reproduction would be negatively affected if cattle congregated on the plateau within the locality containing the population for extended periods. In 1995 and 1996, cattle appeared to move relatively rapidly from the locality into lower areas (A. Koch, pers. comm. 1997). In 1997, fecal evidence suggests that they spent relatively more time within the locality (D. Steeck, pers. obs. 1997; A. Koch, pers. comm. 1997). Although current monitoring data are insufficient to evaluate the effects of grazing on C. p. var. reductum, grazing has the potential to negatively affect reproduction and seedling establishment, and may exacerbate damage already caused by vehicles. D. The inadequacy of existing regulatory mechanisms. Pursuant to the Native Plant Protection Act (Div. 2, chapter 10 sec. 1900 et seq. of the California Department of Fish and Game Code) and the California Endangered Species Act (Div. 3, chapter 1.5 sec. 2050 et seq.), the California Fish and Game Commission listed Chlorogalum purpureum var. reductum as rare in 1978. California Senate Bill 879, passed in 1997 and effective January 1, 1998, requires individuals to obtain a section 2081(b) permit from CDFG to take a listed species incidental to otherwise lawful activities, and requires that all impacts be fully mitigated and all measures be capable of successful implementation. These requirements have not been tested; it will take several years before their effectiveness can be evaluated. Chlorogalum purpureum var. reductum occurs primarily on Federal lands managed by the LPNF. State listing provides no consultation or other requirements for protection on Federal lands, although it is USFS policy to work with the State in the conservation of such taxa. The management of sensitive resources on the LPNF is guided by various policies and regulations, including the National Environmental Policy Act (NEPA) of 1969 (Pub.L. 91-109, 42 U.S.C. 4321-4347, 83 Stat. 852), National Forest Management Act (16 U.S.C. 1600 et seq.), and the Land and Resource Management Plan for the Los Padres National Forest (1988). The NEPA requires that the USFS disclose and consider potential environmental impacts of a proposed project. Under new regulations, 10- year grazing permits are subject to the NEPA process. The USFS recently produced an Environmental Assessment (EA) for the grazing allotment where Chlorogalum purpureum var. reductum occurs (USFS 1997). This EA states that the USFS will monitor the effects of grazing on this taxon. Although NEPA requires disclosure of potential effects of Federal actions, and allows for comment by agencies and the public, it does not, of itself, provide additional protection. The Land and Resource Management Plan for LPNF (1988) directs the USFS to ensure the viability of sensitive plant species and to emphasize the improvement and protection of habitat for sensitive species in their management activities. These regulations appear to be adequate, but their implementation by the USFS has not been consistent. Unless the points of access are blocked by more permanent means, illegal trespass by vehicles into the habitat of Chlorogalum purpureum var. reductum is likely to continue. Since the construction of the pipe barriers, it appears that staff and funding have not been adequate to monitor trespassing, repair fencing, or bolster barriers in a timely manner, particularly during the past two years. Chlorogalum purpureum var. purpureum occurs solely on Federal lands managed by Fort Hunter Liggett. The Department of Defense has various policies and directives to guide the management of sensitive natural resources. Army Regulation 200-3 provides for environmental review of projects that might affect sensitive and listed species. Fort Hunter Liggett has had an environmental review process since 1994. Chlorogalum purpureum var. purpureum is included in this process. In some cases, projects are being modified to reduce impacts to this taxon. For example, an alternative site for a planned bayonet course is being considered to avoid placing it within or directly adjacent to the locality of C. p. var. purpureum. In other cases, such as the recent construction of the obstacle course and parking areas, projects continue to be sited in occupied habitat and to affect this taxon. In addition, environmental review only occurs for projects that require excavation; bivouacking and vehicle impacts are not covered by this process. The environmental review process does not always allow for assessment surveys to be conducted at the time of year when the plant can be identified (H. Hormann, in litt. 1997). For example, surveys for the proposed bayonet course occurred in late summer 1997, when the above-ground portions of the plants were dry and difficult to locate. Under Army Regulation 200-3, a Species Management Plan for Chlorogalum purpureum var. [[Page 15162]] purpureum has been developed (Hazebrook and Clark 1997). While some of the goals will benefit the taxon if achieved, the actual protection it affords is minimal and based primarily on avoiding impacts to populations ``when feasible.'' To date, no areas where C. purpureum var. purpureum occurs on the base are off-limits to training. The Service concludes that Army directives, while improving the consideration that this taxon receives on the base, have not yet altered activities to sufficiently reduce the threats posed by military activities. E. Other natural or manmade factors affecting its continued existence. Other factors affecting individuals of this species include military training and changes in fire frequency. Training activities that involve trampling, camping, or driving through occupied habitat are likely to directly crush flowers, fruits, and vegetative parts of Chlorogalum purpureum var. purpureum and result in diminished reproductive success, lower seedling establishment, and reduced plant vigor. Training activities increase in the spring, around April, and peak in the summer (U.S. Dept. of Army 1997), a period that coincides with flowering and fruiting of the taxon. Seedling establishment may be reduced by direct crushing and also due to changes in soil bulk density and water-holding capacity. Training activities lead to soil compaction and soil disturbance which also encourages the invasion of weedy, nonnative plant species that may compete directly with C. p. var. purpureum. Burning at too frequent intervals or during seasons of growth and reproduction may threaten Chlorogalum purpureum var. purpureum at Fort Hunter Liggett. A spring burn at the southernmost locality on Fort Hunter Liggett in 1995 may have stimulated increased flowering in the spring of 1996. However, the fire destroyed most of the seed crop because it occurred in May, rather than August, when most seeds would have been dispersed (Painter and Neese 1997). Burning at too frequent intervals may damage a population due to the slow growth rate of seedlings, which take from 8 to 15 years to reach reproductive maturity (Judith Jernstedt, University of California at Davis, pers. comm. 1997). In addition, immature plants with small bulbs located near the soil surface may be particularly vulnerable to fires. The Service has carefully assessed the best scientific and commercial information available regarding the past, present, and future threats faced by this species in determining to propose this rule. Based on this evaluation, the preferred action is to list the species as threatened. Chlorogalum purpureum does not appear to be in danger of extinction throughout all or a significant portion of its range at this time. Threats to the species are primarily associated with unauthorized activity (i.e., vehicle trespass) on USFS lands and military activities due to its location in active training areas and the housing and administration area of an Army base. However, because the Army's environmental directives are increasing the consideration afforded this and other rare plant species on Fort Hunter Liggett and because the USFS has implemented some management actions for this species, the Service determines that threatened status is currently appropriate. The species is not currently in danger of extinction, but is likely to become so if trends of increasing use of its habitat for military training activities continue and if OHV activities increase on USFS lands. Critical Habitat Critical habitat is defined in section 3 of the Act as: (i) The specific areas within the geographical area occupied by a species, at the time it is listed in accordance with the Act, on which are found those physical or biological features (I) essential to the conservation of the species and (II) that may require special management consideration or protection and; (ii) specific areas outside the geographical area occupied by a species at the time it is listed, upon a determination that such areas are essential for the conservation of the species. ``Conservation'' means the use of all methods and procedures needed to bring the species to the point at which listing under the Act is no longer necessary. Section 4(a)(3) of the Act, as amended, and implementing regulations (50 CFR 424.12) require that, to the maximum extent prudent and determinable, the Secretary designate critical habitat at the time a species is determined to be endangered or threatened. The Service finds that designation of critical habitat for Chlorogalum purpureum is not prudent. Service regulations (50 CFR 424.12(a)(1)) state that designation of critical habitat is not prudent when one or both of the following situations exist: (1) The species is threatened by taking or other human activity, and identification of critical habitat can be expected to increase the degree of threat to the species, or (2) such designation of critical habitat would not be beneficial to the species. The largest sites of Chlorogalum purpureum are located at Fort Hunter Liggett military base. Military training and support activities comprise the primary threat to the three localities. The Army is aware of the plant's location and is developing a monitoring program. Designation of these areas as critical habitat would provide no additional protection against threats to the species. On Federal lands managed by the LPNF, suitable habitat for Chlorogalum purpureum occurs in a discrete, well-defined area. The primary threat to this population is illegal trespass by OHVs. The USFS is aware of the plant's location and has implemented active management, including construction of fences and barriers as well as monitoring. Designation of this area as critical habitat would add no additional protection against the threats faced by the species. The other known localities of Chlorogalum purpureum are small and occur only on private lands where there is very little likelihood of Federal involvement. Designation of critical habitat for this species is, therefore, not prudent because of lack of benefit. Available Conservation Measures Conservation measures provided to species listed as endangered or threatened under the Endangered Species Act include recognition, recovery actions, requirements for Federal protection, and prohibitions against certain activities. Recognition through listing encourages and results in conservation actions by Federal, State, and local agencies, private organizations, and individuals. The Act provides for possible land acquisition from willing sellers and cooperation with the States and requires that recovery actions be carried out for all listed species. The protection required of Federal agencies and the prohibitions against certain activities involving listed plants are discussed, in part, below. Section 7(a) of the Act, as amended, requires Federal agencies to evaluate their actions with respect to any species that is proposed or listed as endangered or threatened and with respect to any proposed or designated critical habitat. Regulations implementing this interagency cooperation provision of the Act are codified at 50 CFR part 402. Section 7(a)(4) requires Federal agencies to confer with the Service on any action that is likely to jeopardize the continued existence of a species proposed for listing or result in destruction or adverse modification of proposed critical habitat. If a species is listed subsequently, section 7(a)(2) requires Federal agencies to ensure that activities [[Page 15163]] they authorize, fund, or carry out are not likely to jeopardize the continued existence of the species or destroy or adversely modify its critical habitat, if any is designated. If a Federal action may affect a listed species or its critical habitat, the responsible Federal agency must enter into formal consultation with the Service. Although this rule treats Chlorogalum purpureum at the specific level (i.e., it is proposed as one species rather than as two separate varieties), each of the varieties would be treated as a separate taxonomic entity for the purposes of section 7 consultation and the recovery process, if the species is listed. In other words, the jeopardy standard could be applied to either C. p. var. purpureum or C. p. var. reductum as separately identified recovery units. Federal agencies that may affect the species proposed in this rule through activities they fund, authorize, or carry out are the USFS (at Los Padres National Forest), the Department of the Army (at Fort Hunter Liggett) and, to a much smaller extent, the Federal Highway Administration through funds provided for State highway construction or maintenance. Chlorogalum purpureum var. purpureum occurs wholly on Federal lands managed by the Department of the Army. Activities the Army funds, authorizes, or carries out that could affect this taxon include, but are not limited to, construction and use of training facilities, field training exercises, road construction and maintenance, prescribed burning, fire suppression activities, livestock grazing, and hunting. Chlorogalum purpureum var. reductum occurs primarily on public lands managed by the USFS on Los Padres National Forest. Activities that the USFS funds, authorizes, or carries out that could affect this taxon include grazing, OHV activities, road maintenance, and special use permits authorizing use and the development of management plans for special use areas. Listing Chlorogalum purpureum as threatened will provide for the development of a recovery plan. The plan will bring together Federal, State, and local efforts for the plant's conservation, establishing a framework for cooperation and coordination. The plan will set recovery priorities and describe site-specific management actions necessary to achieve the conservation of the species. Additionally, pursuant to section 6 of the Act, the Service will be more likely to grant funds to affected states for management actions promoting the protection and recovery of the species. The Act and its implementing regulations set forth a series of general prohibitions and exceptions that apply to all endangered or threatened plants. All prohibitions of section 9(a)(2) of the Act, implemented by 50 CFR 17.71 for threatened plants, apply. These prohibitions, in part, make it illegal for any person subject to the jurisdiction of the United States to import or export, transport in interstate or foreign commerce in the course of a commercial activity, sell or offer for sale in interstate or foreign commerce, or remove and reduce the species to possession from areas under Federal jurisdiction. In addition, for plants listed as endangered, the Act prohibits the malicious damage or destruction on areas under Federal jurisdiction and the removal, cutting, digging up, or damaging or destroying of such plants in knowing violation of any State law or regulation, including State criminal trespass law. Section 4(d) of the Act allows for the provision of such protection to threatened species through regulation. This protection may apply to this species in the future if regulations are promulgated. Seeds from cultivated specimens of threatened plants are exempt from these prohibitions provided that their containers are marked ``Of Cultivated Origin.'' Certain exceptions to the prohibitions apply to agents of the Service and State conservation agencies. The Act and 50 CFR 17.62, 17.63, and 17.72 also provide for the issuance of permits to carry out otherwise prohibited activities involving endangered or threatened plant species under certain circumstances. Such permits are available for scientific purposes and to enhance the propagation or survival of the species. For threatened plants, permits are also available for botanical or horticultural exhibition, educational purposes, or special purposes consistent with the purposes of the Act. It is anticipated that few trade permits would ever be sought or issued because this species is not in cultivation or common in the wild. Information collections associated with these permits are approved under the Paperwork Reduction Act, 44 U.S.C. 3501 et seq., and assigned Office of Management and Budget clearance number 1018-0094. For additional information concerning these permits and associated requirements, see 50 CFR 17.72. Requests for copies of the regulations on listed species and inquiries about prohibitions and permits may be addressed to the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, Endangered Species Permits, 911 NE 11th Avenue, Portland, Oregon 97232-4181 (telephone: 503/231-2063; facsimile: 503/231-6243). It is the policy of the Service, published in the Federal Register on July 1, 1994 (59 FR 34272), to identify to the maximum extent practicable those activities that would or would not be likely to constitute a violation of section 9 of the Act if a species is listed. The intent of this policy is to increase public awareness of the effect of the listing on proposed and ongoing activities within the species' range. Chlorogalum purpureum occurs on lands under the jurisdiction of the USFS and Department of the Army. Collection of the species on Federal lands is prohibited, although in appropriate cases a Federal endangered species permit may be issued to allow collection. Such activities on areas not under Federal jurisdiction would constitute a violation of section 9 if conducted in knowing violation of California State law or regulations, or in violation of State criminal trespass law. The Service is not currently aware of any otherwise lawful activities being conducted or proposed by the public that will be affected by this listing and result in a violation of section 9. The Service believes that, based upon the best available information, the following actions will not result in a violation of section 9, provided these activities are carried out in accordance with existing regulations and permit requirements: (1) Activities authorized, funded, or carried out by Federal agencies (e.g., grazing management, military activities, road construction and maintenance, prescribed burning, fire suppression activities, hunting, or other land use activities that would significantly modify the species' habitat), when such activity is conducted in accordance with any reasonable and prudent measures given by the Service according to section 7 of the Act; (2) Casual, dispersed human activities on foot or horseback (e.g., bird-watching, photography, camping, hiking); and (3) Activities on private lands (without Federal funding or involvement), such as grazing management, residential development, road construction, pesticide/herbicide application, residential landscape maintenance, and pipelines or utility lines crossing suitable habitat. Questions regarding whether specific activities would constitute a violation of section 9, should this species be listed, should be directed to the Field Supervisor of the Ventura Fish and Wildlife Office (see ADDRESSES section). [[Page 15164]] Public Comments Solicited The Service intends that any final action resulting from this proposal will be as accurate and as effective as possible. Therefore, comments or suggestions from the public, other concerned governmental agencies, the scientific community, industry, or any other interested party concerning this proposed rule are hereby solicited. Comments are particularly sought concerning: (1) Biological, commercial trade, or other relevant data concerning any threat (or lack thereof) to Chlorogalum purpureum; (2) The location of any additional populations of the species and the reasons why any habitat should or should not be determined to be critical habitat pursuant to section 4 of the Act; (3) Additional information concerning the range, distribution, and population size of the species; and (4) Current or planned activities in the subject area and their possible impacts on this species. A final determination of whether to list this species will take into consideration the comments and any additional information received by the Service. Such communications may lead to a final decision-making document that differs from this proposal. The Act provides for a public hearing on this proposal, if requested. Requests must be received within 45 days of the date of publication of the proposal in the Federal Register. Such requests must be made in writing and be addressed to the Field Supervisor (see ADDRESSES section). National Environmental Policy Act The Fish and Wildlife Service has determined that Environmental Assessments and Environmental Impact Statements, as defined under the authority of the National Environmental Policy Act of 1969, need not be prepared in connection with regulations adopted pursuant to section 4(a) of the Endangered Species Act of 1973, as amended. A notice outlining the Service's reasons for this determination was published in the Federal Register on October 25, 1983 (48 FR 49244). Required Determinations This proposed rule does not contain collections of information that require approval by the Office of Management and Budget under 44 U.S.C. 3501 et seq. References Cited A complete list of all references cited herein is available upon request from the Ventura Fish and Wildlife Office (see ADDRESSES section). Author: The primary author of this proposal is Diane Steeck, Ventura Fish and Wildlife Office (see ADDRESSES section). List of Subjects in 50 CFR Part 17 Endangered and threatened species, Exports, Imports, Reporting and recordkeeping requirements, Transportation. Proposed Regulation Promulgation Accordingly, the Service hereby proposes to amend part 17, subchapter B of chapter I, title 50 of the Code of Federal Regulations, as set forth below: PART 17--[AMENDED] 1. The authority citation for part 17 continues to read as follows: Authority: 16 U.S.C. 1361-1407; 16 U.S.C. 1531-1544; 16 U.S.C. 4201-4205; Pub. L. 99-625, 100 Stat. 3500, unless otherwise noted. 2. Amend Sec. 17.12(h) by adding the following, in alphabetical order under FLOWERING PLANTS, to the List of Endangered and Threatened Plants: Sec. 17.12 Endangered and threatened plants. * * * * * (h) * * * -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- Species -------------------------------------------------------- Historic range Family Status When listed Critical Special Scientific name Common name habitat rules -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- * * * * * * * Flowering Plants * * * * * * * Chlorogalum purpureum............ Purple amole........ U.S.A. (CA)........ Liliaceae--Lily.... T ........... NA NA * * * * * * * -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- Dated: March 17, 1998. Jamie Rappaport Clark, Director, Fish and Wildlife Service. [FR Doc. 98-8050 Filed 3-27-98; 8:45 am] BILLING CODE 4310-55-U


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Do you remember being a teenager? What things were most important to you? Did you care about the things your parents valued?
Parenting teens can be a fun and memorable part of raising kids. So many parents and teens that I meet are just not having a good time with each other. Here are just a few of the tips I have used and taught folks. I am committed to helping parents find and express the love and appreciation they have for their almost adult family members.
* First, decide that you like teens and plan to have a positive relationship with them.
* Leave room for them to be experimenting and finding out who they are. Remind yourself that they are still growing and changing.
* Reframe their "rebellion" in positive terms such as, individuation and exploration of values.
* Make contact with some twenty somethings you like and ask them what they were like in their teens. Find out what they think is helpful.
* Let go of YOUR expectations and find out what is going on for them, their goals, challenges and dreams.
* Learn to empower teens to make changes in their lives. Get clear about the difference between empowering and enabling.
If you think your teen has a problem with substance abuse, share your concern from a place of love and caring. Don't jump to conclusions out of fear. Spend time with your teen talking and finding out about their current challenges. Offer to be a listener and then listen!
Threats, ultimatums and traps don't build connection. Help troubled teens find ways to help themselves without cutting off communication. Offer and support treatment when appropriate. And remember to take good care of yourself and nurture your other relationships.
Remember that, when they come out the other side of the challenges of adolescence, you want to have a loving connection. Avoid the pitfalls of dehumanizing them. Make sure the message of love gets through! Remind yourself that we are all human beings, deserving of dignity and respect.

subset: commoncrawl


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I'm sure you have big visions and dreams, things you want to achieve in our life. But when you look at the reality, you're stuck in a rut, working in a cubicle for hours and waiting for time to pass by. Click here to learn more!
Home » Affiliate Marketing » Discover The Hidden Secret The Gurus Have Been Using To Earn Massive Commissions!


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John Zawahri News
Homemade Guns: Legal, Unregistered and Can Kill
Weapon kits bought online are increasingly becoming more popular and dangerous.
California Mass Shooter Left Farewell Note
John Zawahri, who shot to death five people, left a note expressing remorse
Calif. Gunman Left Apology Note, Police Say
John Zawahri, 23, expressed remorse for the killing of five people in Santa Monica.
Santa Monica Shooter Armed with 1,300 Rounds
Police killed John Zawahri after he allegedly opened fire in Santa Monica, Calif.
Death Toll Rises in California Shooting Rampage
Marcela Franco, 26, died of injuries from the Santa Monica, Calif., shooting spree.
John Zawahri , 23, Identified as Suspected Santa Monica Shootings Gunman
Surveillance video footage released today shows fearful Santa Monica, Calif., restaurant-goers ducking under tables as a man, whom ABC News has identified as 23-year-old John Zawahri, opens fire outside, part of a shooting rampage in which four people were killed. "He shot 16 shots," restaurant


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Girls Bravo Second Season
Title: Girls Bravo Second Season
Genre: Comedy
Company: Fuji TV/Girls Bravo Production Committee/Kadokawa Shoten
Format: 13 episodes
Dates: 27 Jan 2005 – 21 Apr 2005
Synopsis: Though he still tries to cope with his gynophobia, life goes on for Sasaki Yukinari. As Yukinari grows closer to the girls around him, they all frequently get into more messed-up situations and adventures.
The Highlights
Fanservice: Back again and better than ever.
Comedy: Significantly more funny than the vast majority of other harem comedies.
Characters and story: See my review of the first season.
As far as a coarse recommendation for Girls Bravo Second Season is concerned, the best piece of advice I can give is that if you enjoyed the first season, you'll enjoy the second. But a finer analysis is in order and a finer analysis shows that the second season takes much of what made the original a success and improves upon it. This is still the fanservice-laden harem of the first series, but it's better – the comedy is more witty, the fanservice is more daring and the characters and story are more… well, it is a harem anime.
It's a tad ironic that Girls Bravo manages to do with its humour what many of the biggest name and biggest budget comedies have failed to do before it – remain consistently funny for the course of the entire series. Admittedly, most of the jokes are as low brow as one can find, but the shameless nature of the humour is where a lot of the charm is. What works greatest in Girls Bravo's favour is that it doesn't allow its gags to get stale. Even the recurring jabs at character flaws and idiosyncrasies are constantly given a new spin to keep them fresh and, most importantly, funny. And, oh boy, the fanservice reaches a new pinnacle. Things got so risqué at stages, I began expecting a censor message saying "oops, can't show this in a TV series" to pop up on screen.
My worst fears for Girls Bravo were almost confirmed in the final two episodes when the plot made a serious turn. Fortunately though, even this was done tongue-in-cheek. It may have been the weakest part of the series, but Girls Bravo stayed true to its inconsequential (and, in a sense, pure) nature right up to the last episode. It's this fervent loyalty to its harem comedy roots that has always impressed me the most in this franchise. Girls Bravo spells out quite explicitly what it tries to be, and never tries to be anything more. However, if you come into this series expecting something deep or mature, you will be burnt.
Ultimately the second season of Girls Bravo is a harem anime, and this is a genre with flaws that have been showcased over and over again, so they almost go without saying. With that said, provided you're prepared for a bigger and better dose of the low brow humour and unrestrained fanservice that made the first season so much fun, you won't be disappointed.
The Rating: 5
Reviewed by: Sorrow-kun


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FORT WAYNE, IN. (WANE) – Week three of the high school football season means the start of conference play in the NHC and another chapter to the East Noble and Homestead rivalry. Sure, the Spartans have won 8 of the last 10 meetings between the two programs, but history shows the winner of this meeting more often than not goes on to challenge for the conference crown.
This season figures to be no different with Homestead's offense already in high gear after a 2-0 start. The Spartans set new school records for passing yards, passing touchdowns and receiving yards in a 49-6 week one win over Huntington North, before smoking Valparaiso 39-12 on the road in week two. Logan Ormsby and Ben Skowronek have been keying the aerial attack which shows no signs of slowing down.
East Noble meanwhile is coming off a 25-24 loss at Warsaw last week in which the Knights offense went quiet in the second half. Veteran quarterback Harold Wolfe says limiting turnovers will be the key to avoiding another slump in this NHC opener. The East Noble defense will also have to be on alert. The Knights proved they have what it takes, forcing nine turnovers in their opener versus Northrop.
Kickoff is set for 7 p.m. Friday night from Walter Memorial Stadium.


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Jonah, Trump has responded to Stewart, sorta:
"A lot of people are asking why am I using plastic forks and knives that the pizza parlor gave. Well, I don't walk around with forks and knives, and frankly, it was very comfortable. Plus, this way you can take the top of the pizza off so you're not just eating the crust. I like to not eat the crust so we can keep the weight down at least as good as possible."
Is it just me or does this sound like it was transliterated from Ukrainian? And I'm not sure what the hell it means to just eat the "top" of the pizza. Does he mean just the mozz and the sauce? On the average orange-grease-tinged New York utility slice that's hardly a recipe for weight loss — but I do know it just makes him sound even more clueless. Trump could have used a second take.
But while we're on the topic of New York City street cred and pizza, I think this Famiglia's atrocity illustrates a point I've been making for years and years to anyone who'll listen. Namely: If you took two blindfolded tourists and dropped one in a random location in New York and the other in a random location in North Jersey and told them to go find a slice of pizza, the one in North Jersey would, on average, find a better slice. What I mean is, when you take away the outliers — the legendary joints like Totonno's and DiFara and Grimaldi's, and the biggest of the lowest common denominator national chains — the median slice in Bergen, Passaic, Essex, Hudson and Union counties is better than the median slice in the five boroughs. I bet the disparity would be even greater if you pitted North Jersey against just Manhattan. I say this not just because I'm a Jersey boy from a proud family of pizza-makers (five uncles who tossed dough for beer money at Vinnie's Pizz-a-rama and Brother Bruno's in Wayne, NJ!), but because anyone who's ever seen me can tell you I've eaten a lot of pizza in my day. And in my ample experience, it's obvious.
How'd this come to pass? Think about it. Both New York and Jersey are drawing from the same immigrant tradition and the same broad customer base, meaning that both the talent for excellent pizza making and the demand for excellent pizza are there. But the economic exigencies of the city mean that middle of the road joints there are far likelier to have changed ownership a number of times (Famiglia's is Albanian!), bleeding some of that knowhow each time. New York joints also have to pay New York rent, raising their fixed costs and pressuring them to skimp on things like ingrediant quality. Moreover, the average New York joints is catering not to the epicurean, but to the tourist and the transient. Pizza shops are rarely food destinations, they're the place you duck into for a slice on your way from A to B, and a lot of tourists just don't know any better. All these things act to suppress pizza quality in the city, even in once great establishments (see the sad decline in quality at the various "Ray's" shops). By contrast many pizza joints in Jersey are, in my experience, still owned and operated by the same family that opened them, and many of these owners are emigres from the five boroughs. So are many of their customers, and these ex-New Yorkers have the automobiles, disposable income, and a taste for authenticity to go to the joint the next town over if they do a better Sicilian pie or a fatter calzone.
I would argue pretty much along the same lines with respect to bagels and deli sandwiches, but I guess I should get back to actually doing what they pay me to do.


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Franchise news
Water Cooler World attracts interest at the Northern Ireland Franchise Show.
Water Cooler World has announced that its recent attendance at the franchise show in Londonderry and Belfast proved to be a huge success. The first day was spent at the Millennium Forum with the franchise's stand busy from the time the doors opened to the public at 10.00 am.
Managing Director Mike Webb said, "We were delighted with the response and had some fantastic candidates, who were very interested in what we had to offer. The calibre and number of enquiries was remarkable, and it was really good to see the entrepreneurial spirit is alive, well and flourishing in Northern Ireland."
On the second day, the show then moved to the Europa Hotel in Belfast, where once again, the company says, the turnout and standard of enquiries was overwhelming.
"One of the things that I found really refreshing was that the candidates really understood the benefits of our franchise, in respect that we don't charge royalty fees or monthly management fees. A lot of them had run their own business before and so appreciated the fact that in order for Water Cooler World to make any money, they had to make the franchisee successful first, otherwise there would be no income for Water Cooler World," said Mike.
He concluded, "I don't think it will be too long before the Water Cooler World brand will be a common feature in Northern Ireland, and the businesses and public alike will discover the benefits of dealing with a company that believes in old fashioned values like service and quality and really does put the customer first." (kbp)
Water Cooler World (UK)
Water Cooler Franchise
» to the franchisor
All news
02.12.2011 »
Water Cooler World attracts interest at the Northern Ireland Franchise Show.
13.10.2011 »


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Theme description
'My body is my journal and my tattoos are my story' – Johnny Depp. Creating a tattoo website may be a challenging task as it has to fulfil 3 main aims: it has to be informative, visually appealing and trustworthy. Whenever you need to create a website for a tattoo salon, a responsibility of creating a trustworthy design, easy layout, color scheme which would be a decent online presentation of a tattoo artist. What makes this tattoo WordPress theme outstanding? Firstly, it's a powerful imagery. You may place the images which would reflect the work of the artist. Secondly, it's the color scheme which the theme has. Not surprisingly, dark colors are basic colors here as they are the first color association you get when someone says 'a tattoo salon website'. Thirdly, it's a Parallax effect. This is a web design trend which 'transforms' a 2D screen of a viewer into a 3D one, evoking interest in a person and, thus, impacting a user's mind. Moreover, ghost buttons, drop down menu, social buttons used in the theme design, all these things improve the website perception. A map at the bottom of the website will be a great compass pointing at your tattoo salon.


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This summer has proved to be a busy one baby girl, filled with lots of firsts. And in all that time this post just sat here. Your list of firsts were completed months ago, so I wouldn't forget anything. Yet this post sat here as we continued on with parties and milestones. Relishing all that life with you, as a family of four has to offer. So without further introduction, here is a look at your 9 & 10 Month milestones.
Photo Cards: Milestone Baby Cards
Monthly Stickers: AppleEyeBabyShop
{Update 9 Months}
- April 10 – You pulled yourself up to a sit-up position by pulling up on the activity seat.
- April 13 – You did it! Your FIRST word was MAMA! Yay! I was holding you in my lap and you said it loud and clear!
- April 15 – Your first snack of Gerber Apple Puffs were a hit!
- April 20 – Watermelon was a deviously new discovery.
- April 21 – Pineapple was a funny/sour faced introduction, but that didn't stop you from chowing down!
- April 24 – Today was met with several firsts. Eggs and peanut butter were two new delicious foods added to your platte. It was also your first time in the baby Einstein Jumper. You think it's ok, but you prefer your freedom. It was a nice sunny day, which also required your first use of both sun screen and sun hat.
- April 26 – Cucumbers were NOT a welcomed new taste.
- April 28 – Beef Stroganoff was a delicious new dinner option. You could not get enough!
- April 29 – You have officially joined our Saturday pancake breakfast! It warms my heart to have us all together for Saturday morning breakfast!
- April 30 – Who loves Chicken!? This bundle of cuteness!
- May 1 – I woke up to this little girls voice coming over the monitor saying Mama, while in her crib. Be still my heart! <3
- May 5 – Italian Beef is a true menu winner!
- May 6 – Your SECOND word was Dada! Daddy is definitely thrilled, but you prefer to say Mama!
{Update 10 Months}
- May 7 – Blueberries and homemade fries are a delicious new treat!
- May 26 – You clapped your hands together for the first time as I was loading you up into the car this morning.
- May 31 – You went to bed at the same time as big sister. I simply gave you a bottle, burped you, and laid you in the crib. You went right to sleep!
- June 5 – You pulled yourself up to a standing position for the first time! You pulled yourself up on the bath tub while big sister was talking a bath.
- June 6 – You little copycat! When we sneeze you mimic us, its beyond cute!
Copyrighted By: Boldly Bravely You


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Psychology major Tara Martin felt a deep solitude amid the abandoned outdoor lunch tables, the deserted paseos, and the vacant lawn in front of the Oviatt Library. Susan Abram in the Daily News.
Squirrels, it seemed, outnumbered people at Cal State Northridge.
"It's dead," said Martin, 23. "I was talking to my fiance just now, telling him, 'I'm the only one here."'


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Bono Mack Joins Rep. Blumenauer and Sens. Harkin, Cornyn to Reintroduce Healthy Workforce Act
Congressional Leaders Join with the U.S. Workplace Wellness Alliance to Highlight Importance of Worksite Wellness Programs
In an effort to make wellness and prevention a part of the national discussion on health care reform, Congresswoman Mary Bono Mack (CA-45) today joined Congressman Earl Blumenauer (D-OR) and U.S. Senators Tom Harkin (D-IA) and John Cornyn (R-TX) to reintroduce legislation aimed to fight the growing prevalence of chronic disease and improve the quality of life for the 135 million full-time and part-time workers in the United States. They were joined at a press event on Capitol Hill by representatives from the U.S. Workplace Wellness Alliance, who applauded the introduction of the bill.
The Healthy Workforce Act would provide a tax credit to companies that offer effective and comprehensive wellness programs. The legislation would permit businesses to receive a credit for incorporating sound employee health management practices into their plan design, and would significantly ease barriers for both small and mid-sized employers to make a sound investment. To receive this credit, programs are required to include components such as health risk assessments, health awareness and behavior change programs, meaningful incentives for program participation and an employee committee that tailors programs to meet workforce needs.
"Employer spending on wellness programs and prevention is a good investment for our nation's economy and our nation's health," said Bono Mack. "As we look to reform our health care system, it is essential that we take proactive measures that will encourage Americans to live healthier lives, which will help reduce health care costs, improve quality of life and increase productivity in the workplace. I am proud to join my colleagues in this bipartisan effort and hope that this preventative approach will be incorporated as a part of broader health care reforms this year."
"Investing in wellness and prevention is an important part of comprehensive healthcare reform," said Blumenauer. "Americans spend over half of their waking day at work, leaving them little time to pursue measures to promote a healthy lifestyle. With this bi-partisan, bi-cameral legislation we can help encourage companies to do the right thing. The answer doesn't have to be complicated and with many companies struggling to cover rising health care costs, preventative health care is an easy way for companies to cut down on those costs, while increasing employee productivity and general workplace satisfaction."
"Health reform will not be complete without prevention and wellness being a center piece for fixing this broken system, the lifesaving and cost-saving benefits have been proven in study after study," said Harkin. "With healthcare costs quickly increasing, it is no surprise that some companies report spending more than 50 percent of their profits to cover these expenses. Employer spending on health promotion and chronic disease prevention is a good investment. Studies have reported a proven rate of return on investment within 12 to 18 months, ranging from $2 to $10 for each dollar invested. . It simply makes sense to partner with employers and leverage the place where Americans spend the majority of their waking hours - the workplace."
"This legislation helps businesses provide a range of opportunities to help their workers lead healthier lives, particularly small businesses that otherwise may not have the resources to provide wellness programs to their employees," said Cornyn. "Public health experts unanimously agree that people who maintain active and healthy lifestyles dramatically reduce their risk of contracting chronic diseases. I'm pleased to join with my colleagues, the American Heart Association and all other organizations in this effort to help employers promote physical activity and disease prevention."
An estimated 145 million American adults are overweight and 74 million are obese, placing more than a third of the working-age population at risk for chronic illnesses. The estimated cost of obesity and overweight related health conditions is $117 billion per year. Health care costs in the United States doubled from 1990 to 2001 and are expected to double again by 2012. And just three chronic conditions, asthma, diabetes and hypertension, are associated with 164 million lost work days per year at a cost to employers of $30 billion.
Worksite wellness programs are an important means of addressing the nation's rising obesity rates, increasing prevalence of chronic disease and escalating health care costs, according to the American Heart Association. A comprehensive wellness program can bring value and savings to employers in different ways through reductions in direct health care costs, proper healthcare utilization, increased performance measures, lower rates of absenteeism and lower prevalence of chronic disease or illness.
The U.S. Workplace Alliance, co-chaired by the U.S. Chamber of Commerce and Partnership for Prevention, is dedicated to the vision that a healthier U.S. workforce produces a stronger and fiscally healthier U.S. economy poised to compete in the global marketplace. It includes more than 75 businesses, health care advocates and nonprofit organizations, including the American Heart Association, American Hospital Association, National Business Coalition on Health and The Dow Chemical Company.
"Research demonstrates that healthy employees have fewer medical claims, are less absent, have less disability and have greater on the job productivity when compared to employees who have less healthy conditions and lifestyles such as obesity, physical inactivity and tobacco use," said Randel Johnson, an Alliance spokesperson and Vice President, Labor, Immigration & Employee Benefits, U.S. Chamber of Commerce.
National Workplace Wellness Week is April 5-11, 2009. During the week, the U.S. Workplace Alliance is asking its members and private and public employers across the country to showcase how workplace wellness programs have succeeded in reducing employer health care costs and producing healthier and more productive employees.
For more information, visit www.uswwa.org or www.americanheart.org/workplacewellness.
Source: http://bono.house.gov/News/DocumentSingle.aspx?DocumentID=117607


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Our sexual response is different from men's in a number of ways. We're more responsive than spontaneous. We're more easily aroused by sexual stimuli if we start from a place of emotional intimacy. Sex after menopause can be more satisfying when emotional intimacy is the foundation for our sexual experiences.
Midlife can give us the opportunity to rediscover that intimacy, or to engage emotionally for the first time. Within those relationships, we can have satisfying sex after 40, fantastic sex after 50, and stay sexually active as long as we like. The suggestions below will get you started.
Practice Mindfulness
Mindfulness—non-judgmental, present-moment awareness—has been shown to help people manage stress, pain, depression, and more.
Bonding Behaviors
The intimacy created by bonding behaviors can lead to a fulfilling sex life after menopause and beyond. We humans are attachment-forming creatures.
Alternatives to Intercourse
We may age, and our sexual abilities may change. But our need for physical affection, playfulness, and emotional intimacy never leaves us.
Testosterone Therapy
Many women are discovering that sex after 50 can rival their experiences from decades before. Testosterone therapy has led to restored sexual function, including sexual fantasies and libido.
Body Image
High Stress
Low Libido
No Partner
Physical Limitations
Physical/Emotional Distance
Sexual Confusion
Sexual Trauma
Unsafe Relationship
Worry about STI
See list of all conditions
Why We Love Rosemary
Date Night Makes a Comeback
Think Outside the Heart-Shaped Box
What Subtracts More than It Adds?
Q: Is emotional intimacy really necessary to good sex?
Understand the recipe
Seeking care and advice


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Looking For Advice
Hello there, I hope someone out there will read this and maybe give me some advice on my situation.
I am a whole-hearted Christian but still pro-choice. My boyfriend and I have been talking about marriage for a little while now, but nothing is planned yet. Dispite being on the pill, I found out Saturday that I am pregnant. I will admit, with everything going on this past month, I had forgotten to take it a couple times. Never again. Anyways, that's hind sight. We live seperately (both renters) but in the same town. I am in college yet, and he works fulltime. I have at least 1.5 years left of school. I am 22. I am very worried about our finances if we decide to have the child, as well as my education. Money is an important issue for both of us, as we are not well-off and have worked for what we have. I want children in the future, after we are married and have a home and stable finances. I also have a lot I wanted to do before having children, as my career has always been important to me. Another worry I have is that I have been on depression medication since high school. I tried going off of it, but I couldn't handle it. I don't want to take too much more of your time, just want some advice. My boyfriend is the only on who knows right now, I am concerned my friends will judge me if I tell them and let them know I am concidering abortion. So, I could sure use some outside advice.
Have your baby. Forget all the other things that stand in your way. I was in your spot once. My son is 25. Gorgeous and the love of my life. I named him Seth.
Hello. I understand every situation is different and every person will react differently, but was facing the same choice two short weeks ago. There are details and "buts" and "what ifs" in my story, but none of them matter because the bottom line is I REGRET MY ABORTION MORE THAN WORDS CAN EXPRESS. I can hardly stand mirrors because I hate the sight of myself. I have honestly thought that being dead would be better than having to live in this private hell forever. I would NEVER EVER do it again if faced with the choice again. I am catholic, I went to church last night at 1:30 am to sit and be with God, to beg him to forgive me in his house because I had been screaming and crying for too long everywhere else and I couldnt feel the forgiveness. I spent nearly two hours sitting in a church crying and praying. Sometimes just sitting in silence, its the most peace I have felt in weeks. I know God has forgiven me, I am working ono forgiving myself and my boyfriend for his part in the choice, but I dont know if thats ever really going to happen. I dont feel like I can tell you what to do because it doesnt help when people give you opinions, what helps is experience and honesty and for me that means I have to tell you I hate myself for what I did, having a baby would be hard...no doubt about it, but killing one and trying to live after is the hardest way out. It is not as cut and dry as some people will try to tell you. Having an abortion has changed my life, my person, my relationships with my boyfriend, family and self, it has hurt me on a level I didnt know I had. The pain is the greatest pain I have ever felt and I have not had a pain free life by any means. Please really think about what you are considering, do not just research for a few days and make a choice. REALLY THINK ABOUT IT. Can you handle that blood on your hands? Is adoption an option? When is it ever the perfect time to have a baby? We are never really ready, but its done all the time. I would take it back in a second, that was true the moment the dr took away what she sucked out of my uterus to examine and make sure she got it all. I knew that quickly I regreted it and I would give ANYTHING to have it to do over. Please hear me. Im so sorry you are facing this situation, it is the hardest thing in the world....you will be in my thoughts.
A "whole-hearted" Christian is someone who follows Christ. Going to church or calling yourself one does not make it so. The Bible is clear that sex is for a husband and wife. The Bible makes it clear that "the fruit of the womb" is God's blessing and that God loves children and forms us in our mothers' wombs.

I realize this post is old and you've had your abortion but i could not read your post without addressing the obvious irony of stating that you are a "whole hearted" Christian and yet doing things that grieve the heart of Christ. I am praying for you that you repent and seek a REAL relationship with Christ and experience the vibrancy of His love and forgiveness. If you are indeed a Christian then you know that you are "bought with a price". That price was the blood of Christ! And you also know that "ye are not your own". Doing what you "feel" is right is wrong when it is contrary to God's Word.
VEry sad that you made this choice when so many people are wanting children and can't have them.
I feel ashamed for those criticizing you for having the abortion and not adoption. For trying to make you feel guilty because they themselves cannot have children. Even if they meant well in the first place. You are not responsible for them

I respect you for being able to make the decision and you seem sure of it. Only you and your boyfriend know what is right. It will be hard afterwards and you will question whether it was right, but keep strong. Don't let it ruin you. You will accomplish so much.

Please don't let anyone make you feel small with their comments. It is your body, your life and your right.
Haha. Funny thing is, when I wrote my comment. I was so upset. It was around when I would have had the baby so I was very upset, but now that time went on, I don't regret it anymore. I now share the same views as Bon2phly.

As time goes on, you realize everything you've accomplished is because you know it wasn't your time to have a child. Everyone may say go for adoption, but even just being pregnant can hold you back and the agony you will feel by carrying this child for 9 months and having to give the child up will probably kill you. I've also read a lot of horror stories about people who were adopted and committed suicide, have trust issues, and empty spaces. No one can replace real parents no matter how much love adoptive parents can give.
Thats so sad. My husband and I have found out we cant have a baby. and yet there's people out there,,,,,,,,,,,,, Adoption would have been a better choice.
i wish you hadn't. :( This makes me cry. I want a child so badly and have not been able to have one. I lost a life when I had a miscarriage and still am not over it. There are so many people who want children but can not have them. They would have loved your child. Given it a chance.
i dont think it is fair that we judge or start sharing in how DISAPPOINTED you guys are. I know im late and its probably done... but i would like to share my 2cents worth of opinion as i went through an abortion 9months ago as well.

Im 21 and am left with only two exam papers to complete my degree, i started working a month after the test was positive and had the abortion same day i found out (5weeks). The pregnancy was not due to me being irresponsible or careless either... but thats a story for another day.

The point i want to make is that it all starts with US (the one carrying the baby). If you feel you are not ready but you KNOW that you are going somewhere in life then i see no problem with the abortion. The next thing to be done now is that you make sure that it doesnt happen again and that you work on your dreams. I look at my experience and consider it to be a reason for me NOT TO FAIL IN EVERYTHING i do. Emotionally it gets frustrating at times, i wont lie...but it is not a feeling of regret. Its rather a confused feeling that i cant explain.

Look ahead to the future and make sure you reach all your goals and dreams... thing will fall into place with time. God bless you

It's a real shame you went ahead and got it. I regret my abortion whole heartedly and I'd do anything to take it back and find a way to have made it work. There's always people in worse situations. You may be semi hurt at first, but you're also numb to what just happened... but then, when the fact sinks in, it hurts. A lot. Maybe you should read my story about my abortion.
hi, i know that it may be late to say this, but i hope im not being rude in still saying a little. Im sure you know that many people would love your baby. In fact, i wish that i knew you so we could set up an independent adoption and not just be a random stranger who says strange things like that on the internet. I know your not ready. But so many people are and...im so sorry, i just know that when i read that you chose to have the abortion i started to shake. Im not the overly emotional kind so it really hit me. I am a mother of 3 and 1 year old boys and my husband and i are hoping to adopt in the comming years. I just know that some one would be overjoyed if you would give them this baby. It is the most wonderful part of my life. again, im sorry for intruding, and i hope the very best for you and your boyfriend.
Darby & whbeachbum really gave good advice. There is always the option of putting your baby up for adoption. There are a lot of childless people in this world.

Only YOU and your boyfriend can decide what's best for you. IF you decide to not have this child, that's your right and you shouldn't feel the need to have to justify your decision or even tell anyone else about it. Good luck.
Hi looktothefuture, Sorry you and your boyfriend have found yourselves in this situation. I too am pro-choice and was a single mother at the age of 19. I wouldn't dream of advising anyone of what direction they should go in while in your shoes, especially not someone I don't know. My son and his girlfriend have recently found themselves in this situation and although they had already made up their minds to keep the baby. If asked, this would of been the advise I would have given them. No one can make the right choice for you, no matter what path you choose they "ALL" have life long consequences you (no one else) will have to face and deal with every day. There's no easy out, no quick fix, they are all emotionally and mentally tormenting to say the the least and only you can decide which is the right decision for you. Make a list of your options, look in to the kinds of effects each has had on the women that have chosen them, make a list of the pros and cons for each option and decide for yourself which one you feel you could face for the rest of your life and hope and pray you're right. I'd also advise you might want to include a councilor while going over the options and making your decision. I wish you the very best no matter which path you choose.


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Motel Overview
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Posted: Sunday, January 21, 2018 6:24 AM
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Your password reset has been submitted to the address provided.
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We have to get moving, the epidemic has already gain widespread across the entire internet that MCA is a scam which is not true, however, we must continue to debunk these lies that has gained more attention than the benefits of actually having a membership of your own. The point of this post is to expose some of those annoying reasons a negative light has shinned upon the service so brightly. The MCA Scam claims started under the illusion by those who deeply represent the service in a bad way for good intentions.
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- Bad Marketing Methods & Representation – I admit it, MCA is a good way to start earning money from offline and online by sharing good benefits, discounts and roadside assistance services through marketing, but calling the service a scam in order to get traffic is a negative impact and impression on the company in the long run. Although I understand the tactic, people love drama so that brings in more traffic by having a title stating, "MCA Scam", "Is MCA a Scam", or "Don't Buy Motor Club of America, it's a Scam". You don't have to make false statements to get the attention of people. Negative statements only attract negative minded people, remember that.
- Burnt By Bad Offers – The original idea for skepticism of the online buyer being frightened to purchase anything from online is being scammed from previous services. Many who have not purchased a membership from Motor Club of America will immediately follow the masses who claim something is a claim without proof. The sad dilemma is most scam busters don't have clear proof of these claims if they don't have access to the system itself. A scam would is when someone swindle you out of money or something of value without providing an actual trade or service in return. MCA, just like the rest of the well known Motor Clubs provide a real service indeed.
- Blogger's Claim to Fame – Remember those days in history class, the teacher would share information from the past that was 75% of the information proven false. After you've done a deeper investigation by going to the actual source, you get the right answers. The same goes for bloggers, they only know 25% of the truth and the the rest is rubbish. Ask each blogger if they've actually been involved with the trade they claim to be scams and they'd either not answer back or block you for asking a question that they cannot answer. Take their opinions in with a grain of salt.
- Jealousy – I've seen a spike in amount of jealousy spreading throughout the internet about the sales agents of Motor Club of America. This spike comes from the negative energy of blogging experts who've made it a daily job to spawn hate against those who wok hard towards the integrity of the company and themselves. For instance, that is no different than bloggers spreading hate against sales agents who make huge commissions in Apple, Microsoft, Sprint, Verizon, or any other giant company that caters to their sales representatives, these are all network marketers. These people who against MCA, are also attacking the bigger companies too. So, don't allow jealousy to cloud your mind, if you study and train really well, you too can sale good products.
In conclusion, we have to study the dynamics of the human mind to understand why we make the decisions that could alter the destiny of our future. We must create great financial opportunities in our life that will better our future. If we continue to follow in the footsteps of others through their obnoxious opinion and non open-mindedness, you could suffer hugely. Now, I'm here to let you know, MCA Motor Club of America is definitely not a scam, it's a great chance to earn big while enjoying magnificent services.


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Product Features
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INDIANAPOLIS (WISH) — Indianapolis Mayor Greg Ballard joined Indianapolis Metropolitan Police Department Thursday to release a crime reduction plan for this summer. Police are calling this a coordinated and pro-active effort to make Indianapolis neighborhoods safer this summer.
Already this summer, IMPD has conducted curfew sweeps. Officers looked for anyone under the age of 17 who was out past the city's 11 p.m. curfew. Then on Tuesday, IMPD coordinated a sweep operation called C.L.E.A.N. The acronym stands for Coordinated Law Enforcement Activity Network. During that sweep officers arrested 60 people and shut down two businesses.
Then on Wednesday Indianapolis Council Democrats released a plan to place officers in rehabbed homes in troubled communities rent-free for two years.