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Friday's CPI data is going to make it harder for Ben Bernanke to argue inflation is "transitory."
Headline CPI rose 0.5% and is now up 2.7% on a year-over-year basis, the fastest pace since December 2009. Core CPI ticked up just 0.1% in March but is up 1.2% on an annual basis, double its all-time low from October.
Despite today's data, and separate reports of rising inflation in China and Europe, Bernanke is right to resist the temptation to tighten policy, says David Levy, chairman of the Jerome Levy Forecasting Center.
"It's still fair to say we're in the midst of a dis-inflationary not an inflationary trend," Levy says. "If wages are not growing very fast — and they're growing more and more slowly — then the ability of people to pay those process is simply not there."
In a report that got less attention than CPI but is arguably more important, the Labor Department reported Friday that average hourly earnings fell 0.6% in March, the biggest drop since June 2009. On a year-over-year basis, average hourly earnings are down 1%, the biggest drop since September 2008 and yet another sign of America's growing income inequality. (See: The Rich Are Back! Luxury Spending Jumps As Income Disparity Widens)
In addition to the lack of wage growth, Levy notes the vast majority of the CPI increase is due to higher energy prices. The CPI Energy Index is up 15% in the past year but Levy does not believe the global economy can sustain oil prices above $100 per barrel for very long, predicting "a break" in energy prices by year-end.
Food prices are also rising -- the CPI Food Index is up 2.9% in the past year. That, plus higher gas prices are putting a crimp in the purchasing power -- and pocketbooks -- of low- and middle-income Americans.
"I'm not minimizing the impact [but] it's very different from starting an inflationary process," he says. "An upward blip [in inflation] is very different from an upward blip which is telling us we're going up more and more; that's what the Fed has to worry about. "
In sum, Levy believes the lack of wage growth means Americans won't be able to pay higher prices for very long, and the higher cost of food and energy will cause them to cut back on spending for discretionary items, like vacations and eating out.
What do you think: Is inflation here to stay or just a fleeting phenomenon?
Aaron Task is the host of The Daily Ticker. You can follow him on Twitter at @atask or email him at email@example.com


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Addis Ababa - African leaders on Thursday called for an end to Nato airstrikes on Libya to pave the way for a political solution to the conflict.The leaders made the call after a summit dedicated to the Libyan crisis held at the African Union headquarters in Addis Ababa."As far as Nato airstrikes are concerned... you will see [in the summit declaration not yet made public] a clear call by heads of state and government for those airstrikes to come to an end," said Ramtane Lamamra, the AU's Peace and Security Commissioner. "This is part of the requirement for political solutions to become possible," he said, adding: "The African Union shares the belief ... that what is taking place now goes beyond the scope of [UN resolutions] 1970 and 1973."The AU is opposed to the military campaign against Muammar Gaddafi's regime and called for a ceasefire and a peaceful means to resolve the fighting that followed mass anti-government protests in mid-February.But the head of the Libyan rebels' Transitional National Council delegation to the AU summit said the Nato strikes had prevented mass civilian killings by Gaddafi's regime."If it were not for the Nato, we would have had massacres in Libya similar to those that happened in Rwanda," said Abdalla Alzubedi."They have been mainly targeting military positions to protect civilians. Civilians are still under attack by the regime in so many cities all over Libya," he added, also calling for a peaceful solution to the crisis.The pan-African bloc also sought a stronger say in the crisis."Some international players seem to be denying Africa any significant role in the search for a solution to the Libyan conflict," the AU Commission chief Jean Ping said Wednesday at the start of the summit."Africa is not going to be reduced to the status of an observer of its own calamities."
So who started killing his own citizens. Tha Mad Dog Gaddafi. So now the AU wants to force Nato to leave citizens at their own mercy in Libya. AU sucks.
Sounds like Gaddafi is paying them. If he stopped his attacking then there would be some grounds for this but he continues with his attacks, so no, Nato must continue.
Everyone who have mind can see what is the sinking Europe did and doing in Libya, the axis of evil tried to sell the rubbish arguments that Kaddafi COULD DO crime to his people, the irony is that the ones who said this are the ones killed millions in Iraq, Afghanistan, Pakistan and still killing countless number of innocents up to now and holding thousands innocents in prison for over ten years without any trail or fair judgments. And stand with Israel who is killing thousands. They first exaggerated and exacerbated on this all over their political media day & night until now they have nothing to add.
You're being a fool. This is absolute nonsense. Anyone in their right mind can see this.
Ibo, you, your leader, his sons and his daughter are going down. You're violent abusers of human beings.
Accusing Gaddafi on his citizens? Yes they say. Please remember that this same Kaddafi is the one who refused to gave up one Libyan person who was accused by the same west.
Kaddafi was ready to be bombard and then get sanctions but not betray 1 Libyan person, later this same Kaddafi accepted to pay over 1.5 billion dollar to rescue the release of this one Libyan citizen, a recent released wikileaks cable confirmed to us what many had expected, the cable said Kaddafi had threaten the almighty English and told them that if 1 Libyan citizen die in the English jail the whole English will pay for that. No country, no president or king in the last century ever stood for his/her citizens and was ready to go that far as Kaddafi did, and I dare anyone to prove me wrong. So is this Kaddafi is the one who were about to kill his citizens??? Please tell me something else.
Empyreal west is looking for ways & places to get wealth & quench their thirst of economic hardship they are going through and worsening by the day.
More rubbish. You don't know what you're talking about. Gadhafi is a egomaniac who has killed thousands of innocent civilians, and jailed thousands more just because they texted they want free and fair elections. This is your hero.
I salute the strong African leaders for standing for the right. NATO believe me are killing women and children in Tripoli, Libyan people will never forgive them . 2.5 Million people in Tripoli have also said no to the traitors who want the west to try their latest bombs on terrifying and killing our babies while peacefully sleep at night ((MADNESS)) Good Bless Africa
African Eunuch leaders are not strong; I am calling for them to stop talking and start acting on arming Kaddafi the peaceful, legal Libyan leader and active African leader. Kaddafi is good for the citizens of Libya as he doesn't save trillions of the Libyan oil money in western Banks as other Arab & African leaders are doing.
We needs leaders like Kaddafi in African, so I am calling for Africans particularly the South African government to help meaningfully to arm Kaddafi to quell those western rebels. If you look at the 4 axis of evil who are leading the aggression in Libya, they (Obama, Cameron, Sarkozy & Berlusconi) none of them have majority supporters even 50% in his country, so this tells us that majority of the citizens don't like them, will this legalize for anyone who can financially and technically back those oppositions to remove those criminal leaders & warmongers? And if that happen, what those leaders could do if groups of people pick up arms to remove the leaders by forces? What Sarkozy, Obama & Cameron could reply?
Jack and Ibo, thankfully you have no power, no say in this. You're both being delusional fools. You have no idea what is really going on.
Look,I'm the first one to say that what Gaddafi has done and still doing should get him the same treatment that any war criminal deserves,but and here is the but....what the US,NATO and UN is doing is just plain criminal,you impose a no fly zone and then you sent in your own air forces to bombard buildings and in the process not only killing family of the man but civilians as well.Now maybe I got the wrong end of the story and please correct me if I have,but doesn't a no fly zone mean no military or civilian aircraft and were does bombing of buildings and ground forces fit into this
NATO is going to great lengths to avoid harm to civilians. They have done well. Gadhafi and his sons are using the state machinery, including the military, which belongs to the Libyan people, for their own aims. They want to stay in power.
This all started with peaceful demonstrations for free and fair elections, a basic human right. Gadhafi and his sons attacked these unarmed civilians, killing thousands of them. Gadhafi said he would show no mercy and kill everyone who opposed him "like rats".
With actions and words like these, the freer world should really have given them time to surrender, and gone after them directly if they did not.
10, 20,30,42 years on power? That's greediness, he must give chance to some other people to prove to the people on what they got.
Libyans have the right for a modern constitution that guarantees free and fair elections periodically, the rule of law, a free media and other basic human rights.
Some seriously inarticulate, yet verbose people commenting here. Whew.
This western aggression is really bizarre; we are told that rubbish resolution 1973 is to protect civilians, so on the process they need to bombe armed persons and places to stop them from attacking, now since when arm rebels are become civilians? Why NATO doesn't bomb the rebels we see the TV around the streets with weapons?
Axis of evil said: they are having embargo on Libya to stop them from getting weapons, and there is another article here on news24 which the title is the "LIBAN REBEL CAPITAL FULL OF GUNS" the question is where those rebels are getting the weapons while the embargo is on going? we know the billions is been already spent to buy weapons to the rebels, the money comes from the gulf oil Arabs and the arms is been supply by the axis of evil. The French has just sent attacker helicopters to the rebels, so what is really going on?
Thank your lucky stars. In Libya under Gadhafi you'd be dead for expressing yourself, unless you praised the magnificent leader and kissed his feet.
This is all happening in North Africa right... I mean Libya is on the otherside of the continent who cares if they blow themselves into bite size chunks... Surely as Saffas we have more important things to worry about, like our faltering democracy, growing one party state dictatorship, calls for genocide, assults on press freedom, corruption , crime... etc etc etc ...
This is highly irresponsible
Libyans have the right to do with their country what ever they wish , even if they want Qaddafi out,however inviting blood thirsty powers to kill people in Libya would only make the suitation worse. The west is doing this becuase they love you or even care less about you , it's done because Libya is such an Important country with economic and strategic position , hence any pretext would be used to get into it. The bad news for the west is Libyans specially in Tripoli will never accept the naive and politically shortsighted guys in Benghazi, mark my word
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subset: commoncrawl


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Devils host Hurricane Sandy Tribute Nightby Staff Writer / New Jersey Devils
Newark, N.J. - The New Jersey Devils are paying tribute to the first anniversary of Hurricane Sandy today when they play the Tampa Bay Lightning at Prudential Center at 7:30 PM.
In addition to the $50,000 donation made on behalf of the team's ownership, 50% of all tickets purchased online using the code SANDY as well as through the sale of mystery pucks signed by alumni and officials who participated in April's Global Hockey Legends game are raising money to support the cause. All funds raised will be donated to the Hurricane Sandy NJ Relief Fund, created by New Jersey First Lady Mary Pat Christie.
As well during Tuesday's game, there will be a number of events taking place throughout the evening including:
• The donation of tickets to local first responders and emergency service personnel who have assisted in the relief efforts over the last year
• Honoring members of the community through that evening's Hero of the Game presentation
• Naming of the night's honorary captain who is a Devils season ticket holder affected by the Hurricane
• A special Hurricane Sandy tribute video that will be aired prior to the puck drop
More details on the night can be found at newjerseydevils.com/sandy.


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Duty Calls: Averill Park High grad earns another star
Published 4:13 pm, Saturday, October 19, 2013
Scott W. Jansson of Averill Park has been promoted to major general in the U.S. Air Force.
Jansson is a program executive officer for weapons and director of the Armament Directorate, Air Force Life Cycle Management Center, Air Force Materiel Command, Eglin Air Force Base, Fla.
The major general, son of Wesley and Eileen Jansson of Averill Park, has served in the military for 29 years.
He is responsible for the planning and execution of all life cycle activities for air-delivered munitions, including the advanced medium-range air-to-air missile; hard target void sensing fuze; joint air-to-surface standoff missile; joint direct attack munition; joint programmable fuze; miniature air launched decoy and small diameter bomb.
He has held a number of acquisition and sustainment engineering, program management, staff and command positions for Air Force air and space systems. He has served as a group commander and system program manager for the F-16 program, a wing commander for two wings and as a vice commander for the Ogden Air Logistics Center.
Prior to his current assignment, Jansson served as the commander of DLA Aviation, a field activity of the Defense Logistics Agency.
Jansson earned his commission upon graduation from the U.S. Air Force Academy, Colorado Springs, Colo., with a bachelor of science degree in astronautical engineering in 1984. He also earned a master of science degree in astronautical engineering from the Air Force Institute of Technology, Wright-Patterson Air Force Base, Ohio, and a master of science degree in national resource strategy from the Industrial College of the Armed Forces, National Defense University, Fort McNair, Washington, D.C.
He is a 1980 graduate of Averill Park High School. In 2010 and 2011, he served as director of Iraq Security Assistance Mission, United States Force-Iraq in Baghdad, Iraq.
Jansson has earned a Defense Superior Service Medal, two Legion of Merit Medals, a Bronze Star, three Meritorious Service Medals, three Air Force Commendation Medals, and an Air Force Achievement Medal.
Guard soldiers advance
Four New York Army National Guard soldiers have been promoted to captain.
They are Douglas Berinstein of Clifton Park, Headquarters and Headquarters Detachment, 104th Military Police Battalion; Christopher Fobare of Rotterdam, Joint Force Headquarters; Adam Kemp of Ballston Lake, Headquarters Combat Aviation Brigade, 42nd Infantry Division; and Ronald Shepard of Rock City Falls, Headquarters and Headquarters Combat Aviation Brigade, 42nd Infantry Division.
Other Army National Guard soldiers promoted include:
Staff sergeant: Matthew Clairmont of Cohoes, Intelligence and Sustainment Company, 42nd Infantry Division; Michael Herbst, Glens Falls, Medical Command; Griffin Hafensteiner, Schenectady, and Joint Force Headquarters; Michael Powell, Albany, 222nd Military Police Company; Anthony Smith, Gansevoort, Operations Support Airlift Command; and William Valenza, Queensbury, Headquarters, 106th Regiment (Regional Training Institute).
Sergeant: Justin Baker, Waterford, 152nd Engineer Support Company; Nicholas Cook, Scotia, Company A, 3rd Battalion, 142nd Aviation; Peter Clum, Hudson, Headquarters and Headquarters Company, 2nd Battalion, 108th Infantry; Kenneth Durkee, Clifton Park, Headquarters and Headquarters Company, 2nd Battalion, 108th Infantry; Donald Gale, Queensbury, Intelligence and Sustainment Company, 42nd Infantry Division; Mark Giordano, Albany, 42nd Infantry Division Band; Kattie Holt, Gansevoort, 152nd Engineer Support Company; and Nathan Pfeiffer, Elizaville, 827th Engineer Company.
Also, Nicholas Rankin, Cohoes, Headquarters and Headquarters Company, 2nd Battalion, 108th Infantry; Casey Rosiak, Scotia, Company B, 2nd Battalion, 108th Infantry; Dominic Spucches, Mechanicville, Headquarters Service Company, 642nd Support Battalion; Christopher Travis, Colonie, Headquarters and Headquarters Company, 2nd Battalion, 108th Infantry; and Lucrecia Wells, Clifton Park, Medical Command. Army aviator
Army 2nd. Lt. Nicholas J. Coronato, son of Christopher and Dale Coronato of Albany, has graduated from Aviation School in Fort Rucker, Ala.
Coronato will be stationed at Wheeler Army Airfield in Hawaii in November and will fly UH-60M Blackhawk helicopters.
He graduated from Christian Brothers Academy in 2008 and with honors in engineering management from the U.S. Military Academy at West Point in May 2012.
New Marines
Marine Pfc. Nicholas C. Bonafede, son of Tonya M. Schlekat of East Greenbush, and Pvt. Cody M. Ragone, son of Pamela I. Ragone of Troy, have graduated from basic training at Marine Corps Recruit Depot, Parris Island, S.C.
New airmen
Air Force Airman Michael J. Ambesi, son of Tracey Ambesi of Schenectady, and Theodore Ambesi of Pattersonville, Air National Guard Airman Ryan A. Burkhardt of Clifton Park, Air National Guard Airman Patrick A. Cotnoir of Clifton Park, Air National Guard Airman 1st Class Lydia J. Gerardi of Voorheesville, Air Force Airman Joshua J. Gillham of Delmar, and Air National Guard Airman 1st Class James A. Staines of Ballston Spa have graduated from basic training at Joint Base San Antonio-Lackland, San Antonio.
New soldier
Army National Guard Pvt. Ryan C. Haswell of Averill Park has graduated from basic combat training at Fort Jackson, Columbia, S.C.
News of your troops and units can be sent to Duty Calls, Terry Brown, Times Union, Box 15000, Albany, NY 12212 or email@example.com.


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Our Farmers Markets are supported by "Market Community Groups". A Market Community Group is a cluster of people who care about and work to support the farmers market as a "town hall" style space and as a community institution.
Market Community Groups (MCGs) are an excellent way to get to know your neighbors, become more involved in your community, and help shape your favorite local farmers market! Being an MCG Member is a chance to delve into your local food community and build connections for you and the market. Not to mention, you get to share in good food and fun events!
Interested? Read on!
If you are interested in joining a Market Community Group, fill out this form and we will be in touch!
What do you get?
What do you do?
The MCGs bring neighborhood stakeholders' points of view to the table and shape the direction and culture of neighborhood markets. The MCGs support market culture through community engagement, promotion, fundraising, and vendor support.
Build Community
MCGs help expand awareness and presence of the farmers market in the community. They do this by attending other community events, fairs, and special events. They organize exciting events to bring new people to market. They invite friends to meetings and events, and recruit new members to join the MCG.
Get to Know the Vendors
MCG Members regularly attend the market and make a point of getting to know vendors. These connections help you to support vendors through market events and planning, and to knowledgeably share about your market and all that it has to offer.
Attend and Participate
MCG members attend a potluck get-together every two months (minimum 75% attendance required to serve) and an annual full-day symposium in Jan/Feb. MCG members serve as ambassadors for the markets, regularly attending markets and community events (at least one event annually required) as well as assisting with market promotion to member's various networks and neighborhoods.
Build Philanthropic Community Support
MCGs help to organize market and community events that bring more people to the market. MCGs are encouraged to secure partnerships and/or sponsorships from local businesses.
When and Where do I show up?
The MCG Meetings are potluck meetings at community members homes, every other month. Contact us to find out more.


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Monica Rose for Lovers + Friends jumpsuit and belt / Givenchy clutch (similar HERE) / Gianvito Rossi mule shoes / Longines watch / Malvensky diamond ring
Looking at my blog home page lately, I get the vibe that "The Golden Diamonds" is a seriously ironic name, as i've been in a monochrome mood for a while. And worst thing is, my latest purchases have actually been limited to black and white colours. Shall have a look at some more rainbow drops to add to my wardrobe.
Photos: Daniel Dykes


text: タグ「 possible 」の記事 1件の投稿 201802/13 Pieces of paper Assist. Post My Study Papers. Everyone knows that scholars can see his or her self hidden within mountain / hill of tasks and this oftentimes, anything needs to give. Pieces of paper Assist. Post My Study Papers.12th grade …READPOST 未分類analysis, authoring, bibliography, certain, effective, guidance, however, possible, producing, structure, university, usually


text: digital Saturday, 02/04/12 06:08:27 PM Re: None 0 Post # of 26715 Ethiopia Africa has a Crisis in Water. Similar to many African countries, parts of Ethiopia face water shortages, poor sanitation, and a lack of access to clean water sources. Access to drinking water has not improved, the World Bank estimates that 31% of communicable diseases are related to unsafe water. In Ethiopia, diarrhea alone causes more than 1,600 deaths daily—the same as if eight 200-person jumbo-jets crashed to the ground each day. Hygiene practices also continue to be a problem in Ethiopia. Every 20 seconds, a child dies from a water-related illness GO TO LINKS:River Water Harvesting in Ethiopia http://youtu.be/s5FHyDJEzhc http://bit.ly/AdOYiz http://youtu.be/UdV4V2fb1Mg


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Talk about an introduction.
After tonight's debate, Gravel is going to be a Netroots favorite.
[Update: In a DailyKos poll, Gravel is tied for third with Hillary as the debate winner.] Angry works for him. He's cleaning Kucinich's anti-war clock. And for a strong segment of the Democratic base, I bet his attempts at making the frontrunners look like war enablers will sell.


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WFIU's 2012 fund drive ended Monday, October 29, at 4 p.m. with more than $365,000 raised from individual contributors by phone, by mail, and online in support of public radio for Southern and Central Indiana. We truly wouldn't be here for you without you.
Many thanks go out to our corporate challengers who contributed an additional $15,000 to WFIU, plus our individual challengers, food donors, phone volunteers, and thousands of listener-contributors for your help and support.
Did you miss your chance to give during the drive? You can give online, securely and easily, here.
And thank you again!


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John and Jan (real people but not their real names) are some friends of ours who started out as a happy couple, but over the years they fell in to a rut. Their laughter started fading and their words to one another went from kind and compassionate to harsh and critical. Most their conversations turned into arguments. They talked badly about each other when the other wasn't around. They'd even vent online about each other's shortcomings.
John and Jan were in a cycle of negativity that's hard to break. They weren't sure how they got into it and there weren't sure if there was a way out. Their frustration and exhaustion with each other seemed overwhelming, but they decided that they didn't want to keep living that way. They knew their only two options were divorce or making massive changes in their marriage. They thankfully opted for the latter and over a period of time, by applying the principles below, they've managed to reimagine their relationship and create the marriage they both wanted and needed.
I talk to so many couples who are stuck in a cycle of negativity. All their conversations seem to lead straight to arguments, and the tone of their marriage has become negative, sarcastic or mean-spirited.
Here are four keys to help you and your spouse STOP arguing and START building a stronger marriage (in no particular order)…
1. If you're always "keeping score" of each other's faults, BOTH of you will lose.
Be quick to forgive and move forward. Let grace flow freely in your marriage. Apologize openly and wholeheartedly for anything you've done and also give wholehearted forgiveness when you spouse needs it.
This leads right into #2…
2. Remember that nobody "wins" an argument in marriage.
You're on the SAME TEAM so you'll either win together or lose together. Work together to find solutions. Don't try to make your points or demand your way. Instead, make it your mission to understand your spouse's perspective. If you'll both take this approach, it will revolutionize your relationship.
#3 is difficult BUT it could instantly change your communication…
3. Refuse to speak with a negative, nagging or sarcastic tone.
Without even realizing it, you might be speaking with a harsh or negative tone. The tone of your words will shape the tone of your marriage. Be intentional about speaking with kindness and compassion even when your spouse is responding with negativity. You can either be a thermostat or a thermometer. A thermometer adjusts to the climate but a thermostat CHANGES the climate. Your positive tone can start to change the climate in your communicate and improve your marriage.
#4 might be the single most important way to improve a marriage…
4. Give each other your best; not your leftovers.
Be consistent. Stop fighting against each other and start fighting for each other! Don't give up. It may take time, but it's well worth the effort.


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Deciem The Ordinary Coverage Foundation
77 reviews
41% would repurchase
Package Quality: 4.1
Price: $$$
Package Quality: 4.1
Price: $$$
INGREDIENTSAqua (Water), Coconut Alkanes, Dimethicone, Isodecyl Neopentanoate, Caprylyl Methicone, Methyl Methacrylate Crosspolymer, Glycerin, Trimethylsiloxysilicate, PEG-9 Polydimethylsiloxyethyl Dimethicone, Caprylic/Capric Triglyceride, Dimethicone/PEG-10/15 Crosspolymer, Coco Caprylate/Caprate, Cetyl Diglyceryl Tris(Trimethylsiloxy)silylethyl Dimethicone, Sucrose Laurate, Dipropylene Glycol, Polysilicone-11, Tocopherol, Polyglyceryl-3 Diisostearate, Polyglyceryl-3 Polyricinoleate, Disteardimonium Hectorite, Hectorite, Dimethicone/ Bis-Isobutyl PPG-20 Crosspolymer, Dimethyl Isosorbide, Sodium Chloride, Trisodium Ethylenediamine Disuccinate, Phenoxyethanol, Chlorphenesin. May Contain [ /-]: Titanium Dioxide (CI 77891), Iron Oxides (CI 77491, CI 77492, CI 77499), Tin Oxide, Aluminum Hydroxide, Bismuth Oxychloride (CI 77163), Mica, Triethoxycaprylylsilane.
Where to Buy
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Start your review
on 10/11/2017 3:58:00 PM
Age: 19-24
Skin: Very Dry, Fair, Not Sure
Hair: Blond, Other, Other
Eyes: Hazel
I was surprised how similar this foundation is to Estee Lauder Double Wear Light foundation. I have extremely dry skin, so both do initially feel quite drying as they settle. This foundation did feel fine though, getting a little dry toward the end of the day (happens with every foundation for me) I'd say it felt better than double wear. It's still not perfect for my skin type but none are so this was a pleasant surprise that it is only £5 and fared better than Estee Lauders which is way more expensive! I find the packaging really cute, I like the simplicity and although plastic can feel a little cheap, it makes it easier for traveling. And I love a pump! I apply all foundations with a damp real techniques sponge as it's best with my skin, the coverage with this is probably light-medium, but buildable. Overall, I'm impressed, especially for the price.
on 10/8/2017 12:51:00 AM
Age: 30-35
Skin: Combination, Medium, Not Sure
Hair: Black, Other, Other
Eyes: Brown
This pains me, as I LOVE The Ordinary and generally find that they are well worth the hype, but I do not understand the adoration for this foundation. It's even thinner than DoubleWear but in what I would consider an annoying, hard to manage way. Think of spreading water across your skin. Also, there is absolutely no way I would consider this full coverage. Medium, yes. But I have a couple dark spots of post-inflammatory hyperpigmentation and this barely covered them, let alone my other minor pigmentation issues. I needed quite a bit of concealer. Even with their high adherence silicone primer AND a setting spray, this stuff did NOT set or settle. It felt kind of tacky throughout the day and rubbed off easily, even when blotting. When I buy full coverage, I expect some staying power, too. Giving this a 3/5 because I think the price and formulation are pretty good, and I can see this working for someone with dry, mostly even toned skin.
on 10/2/2017 6:55:00 PM
Age: 19-24
Skin: Combination, Fair, Warm
Hair: Brown, Wavy, Medium
Eyes: Brown
I was very excited to try this foundation. Coverage-wise, it's comparable to Estee Lauder Double Wear. It is quite full, but not FULL full. You will still need a concealer with this if you have scarring or hyperpigmentation, however, what I tend to do it make my own concealer from the foundation itself. I squirt out a bit into a little put and leave it open so the foundation dries out. I tend to do this before i go to bed, and in the morning the consistency has become thicker, like that of a concealer. I've done this with multiple foundations and it always works, and gives you a concealer that is the exact same shade as your foundation, because it IS your foundation, just thickened up.
Staying power: On oily skin, like mine, with no primer and no powder, this will stay on for about 4 hours until you look like a complete grease ball. If you blot with blotting sheets or some powder, it will stay on another 4 hours, but if you don't blot, it will slide off. I find this foundation doesn't ever set, it feels tacky if you touch it and it transfers very easily if there's no powder to keep it in place. With primer (I use their high adherence silicone primer), I find it stays on a slight bit longer, but it also tends to look better. And if I prep my skin well, use primer and blot a couple times or powder a couple times through the day, it will stay looking good for about 9 hours. Beyond that it just starts to disappear or too much has transferred off and it doesn't look good anymore.
Shade: I have pale skin with yellow undertones. I'm a part-time model but I have acne scarring, and I needed something to replace the Bourjois Healthy Mix foundation I had been using for years because it just didn't give enough coverage. I couldn't find a shade close enough to the 51 (Vanilla Clair) that I wore. I had got a bit tanned over summer so I got the shade 1.2Y, because it was the lightest yellow shade they have, but I found it slightly too dark. It works if you blend it a bit down your neck, and if the rest of your body isn't any paler than your face, but it will definitely not match me when my tan disappears. I'm going to try the 1.1N, since it's the next lightest that might work. It is annoying that they have 1.0 and 1.1 shades with pink and neutral undertones but the yellow undertones don't start until 1.2.
Application: I apply this with a Real Techniques sponge. It looks good with the sponge either wet or dry. I've tried applying this with a stippling brush and it somehow made it look really dry and not well blended, I don't know why that was. As for applying with fingers, given how full coverage this is, I don't manage to do a good enough blending job with just fingers.
Look/finish: Finish is always dewy on me unless I powder it. I find that for the time that it lasts, it does look good. It was important for me that it looked good in photography and studio lights and it does. It looks very natural, especially if you apply it on in two very light layers with a sponge. It looks good in day light as well.
Packaging: no complaints. I like foundations with pumps. I do wish the pump had some sort of cap, since little drops left on the nozzle can smear, but I can't complain, especially for the price. That said, I also have the Serum foundation from The Ordinary in the same shade, and the pump on that malfunctioned from the first use, even though it's the exact same packaging. It would seem some are faulty.
Overall, I'm kind of stuck with this foundation. I can't afford to buy high-end foundations yet, and so far I haven't found a foundation at this price point that is as full coverage as this, doesn't break me out, looks natural (if applied well) and gets me by in my modelling jobs. When The Ordinary comes out with something not so super-dewy, tacky-feeling and transfer-y, I will definitely try it.
on 9/29/2017 10:34:00 AM
Age: 44-55
Skin: Dry, Fair-Medium, Warm
Hair: Brunette, Straight, Fine
Eyes: Brown
Oh YES...... This is amazing. I wasn't sure what to expect and it blew my mind... It's all I have been wearing for the last month and I'm totally in love with it. I have normal/dry skin. I apply this after serums and moisturizer AND sunscreen. The finish it leaves is beautiful. The packaging is travel friendly, stays on my skin all day. I brush a light powder over it in the t-zone... It's lovely... Great job DECIEM and so very affordable.... I'm a huge fan!! Can't wait to see more makeup products from this brand! <3
on 9/28/2017 11:11:00 PM
Age: 56 & Over
Skin: Very Dry, Fair, Not Sure
Hair: Brown, Other, Other
Eyes: Brown
Well shame on me. I fell for the hype. Bought a variety of colors as they were cheap and there was no place I could see in person. Mixing 1.0N and 1.0P was a good color match. I tried with different primers (including the Ordinary) and without primers. Tried different moisturizers. It never really set. Slipped off and settled in dry areas. I have dry skin and it looked awful. I'm so very disappointed.
on 9/25/2017 10:14:00 AM
Age: 18 & Under
Skin: Dry, Fair, Not Sure
Hair: Brunette, Other, Other
Eyes: Hazel
I have such a love hate relationship with this foundation. I'm currently on the quest for the right foundation for me, because my skin in a nutshell is:
- Dry
- Very fair with cooler undertones
- Susceptible to rosacea
I got the colour 1.0 NS and it's a perfect match for me and so beautiful. The price is right too. Upon first application, at the end of the day on top of a bit of concealer, this looked so ugly and dry. After some experimentation, I discovered that this is best worn without primer on moisturised skin. This foundation never really sets, but does have good buildable coverage. I prefer my coverage to be light-medium, and you can achieve it with one pump of this foundation, but full coverage can be attained without cakiness, so that's an A+ right there. But now the formula; it never really sets, and will slip off quickly if you do not set this with powder. Be light handed with powder as if you apply too much, it will coagulate because the foundation stays wet, so a C- there. After setting with powder, a setting spray helps melt this into the skin, and it looks natural but really pretty. I live in Australia so it's really hard to get a hold of cheap drugstore foundations. This is definitely the cheapest one I've ever found (at $12 AUD a bottle) and I think it does a good job for the price. The price is definitely right on this one. Though you do have to go to some extra steps to get a good result, it ultimately is a great option for people on tight budgets and gets the job done well and you can rely on it if you need a good go-to foundation.
on 9/22/2017 6:11:00 PM
Age: 19-24
Skin: Acne-prone, Fair, Neutral
Hair: Brown, Wavy, Medium
Eyes: Brown
This is less liquidy than the serum foundation. It has twice as much coverage, that being medium to almost full. I consider full coverage something that could cover a tattoo. It also oxides darker and to a different undertone than it should be like the serum foundation (see pictures). The finish is dewy, yet it clings to texture and dry patches, making your skin look kind of bad. You will need to set it because it doesn't really set/dry down. Even though I set it with powder, after 2 hours, it starts to slide around my face and transfer so easily. I don't consider my skin oily, but oil comes out though the day like anyone. So that's a huge downside.
I will rebuy this because it's cheap and appropriate for running errands. I have acne 'scars' and this is better then nothing. I don't like to use expensive foundation when i'm getting some eggs :)
It's worth trying out. I recommend this over the serum foundation because it covers better, but many people seem to like the serum foundation. Maybe pick up both.
Before and after pictures on blemished skin shown in my video and/or on my blog.
on 9/20/2017 1:45:00 PM
Age: 36-43
Skin: Dry, Fair-Medium, Not Sure
Hair: Red, Other, Other
Eyes: Blue
I love The Ordinary foundations! I think for day-to-day, running around when you don't want to wear your Armani or Koh Gen Do $70 foundations, this fits the bill perfectly. Would I wear it on my wedding day? No. But for everyday it's amazing.
I apply mine right after moisturizer and then a light diffusing primer. Currently loving the Becca Backlight. This is a fairly flat finish foundation, so the glow primer helps give it more of a satin finish, which I prefer in my 30's. The combination of the light diffusing and applying it right after moisturizer helps it become more of a medium coverage vs. a full coverage look.
I set with powder and a setting spray and get all day wear. I have dry, sensitive skin and this doesn't cling or get patchy. The Fair shades didn't oxidize on me much, but the Light shades did, as I got into the level 2 shades. I have been using a combination of 1.1N and 1.2N. I think if you are trying to decide between shades, go with the lighter one, because these do oxidize somewhat and dry a bit darker than when first applied.
It should be noted that I typically hate drugstore foundations. Not because I'm a beauty snob (quite the opposite, I think there is a thrill in finding affordable products that deliver). The finish is always too dewy or too matte. As a makeup artist, I need the base to be flawless, or else the rest of the look will be a hot mess - I typically use Armani, Koh Gen Do, and RCMA. Again, not trying to be a snob, just illustrating that I'm really picky about my foundations. Also, there must be an ingredient in most drugstore foundations that makes my skin burn and breaks me out the next day so badly. I usually avoid drugstore foundations altogether.
So I approached The Ordinary foundations with some skepticism that they'd actually work. The serum foundation was ok for me, but the Full Coverage has really become a go-to for me. No burning, no breakouts, and a nice, natural skin-like finish. It also doesn't feel heavy at all, which I love. I think The Ordinary really did a nice job with this foundation.
I did a swatch video of all the shades I purchased, because I did have some trouble deciding from their site:
on 9/19/2017 10:30:00 AM
Age: 25-29
Skin: Combination, Fair-Medium, Warm
Hair: Brunette, Wavy, Fine
Eyes: Brown
I started wearing foundation at the age of 27. I could get away with concealer and powder for the longest, but my skin is aging and I've always had a quite a bit of redness. I haven't tried a lot of foundations. I took a chance on The Ordinary Coverage foundation and am really pleased with it. I've repurchased it once. I had the lightest color (1.0N) which was too light for me but still worked out. I repurchased and picked 1.2N and it's perfect.
On hot days, it does separate a bit when I sweat. I can't actually see the separation on my face. I just notice it when I touch the oily parts of my face. One lippie off for that. I am so pleased with the flawless base that it gives me that I can't really find any other issues to gripe about with this product. It also doesn't look like a mask, which is important to me.
on 9/16/2017 11:07:00 PM
Age: 19-24
Skin: Oily, Fair-Medium, Neutral
Hair: Black, Other, Other
Eyes: Brown
Damn. I wanted to love it so much because of the perfect color match and the price... unfortunately, the formula was just too thin and instantly wiped off no matter how long you let it set with powder. It settled throughout the day, clung to dry patches and aged your skin. Super disappointing.
Personally, I realized that the best way to make this foundation work was to mix it with another high coverage foundation. I mixed it with the taste's sea foundation and it lasted much longer without caking and running off and mild oiliness throughout the day. So if you do have other foundations at your disposable, I suggest trying to experiment with it If you really want it to last.
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You are hereBlogs / Louis Trapani's blog / Atari's Greatest Hits Universal iOS App 99-Game Pack is Free for a Very Limited Time
Atari's Greatest Hits Universal iOS App 99-Game Pack is Free for a Very Limited Time
If you are of my generation, you saw the rise of the video arcade and home video gaming while growing up. Suddenly we noticed dust gathering on the old pinball game machines in the arcades as they were being replaced by these upright video game machines in the late 1970s and early 1980s. Many of them bore the name "Atari" on them. At the same time, a little machine called the Atari 2600 (actually at the time, I believe it was simply called the Atari VCS (Video Computer System)) which allowed you to play video games with your home television set (be it color or black and white).
You can play many of those titles from the arcade and Atari 2600 on your iOS device with the universal app called Atari's Greatest Hits - Atari (App Store affiliate link). For a limited time, you can get the complete 99-game pack (in-app purchase) for FREE. It is only available on August 31-September 1, 2012 in your local timezone. So act fast if you want it (I just discovered it myself now).
As a youngling, I only had a few of the 2600 game cartridges. I was more into Intellivision at the time for home video gaming followed by Colecovision… I did return to Atari video games some years later with more advanced systems. So the arcade games here interest me more. Not included in the 2600 game pack here is the Superman title that I played all the time with a friend who I recently lost. It would had been nostalgic it play that again. The Atari 2600 games won't win any awards for eye-candy, but I suppose they have a certain charm about them.
Unfortunately the flat glass of an iOS device doesn't compare to the physical controllers of the arcade or the 2600 and I believe that plays an important factor in gameplay.
Also to my understanding, these games you download now for free are only there while you have the game installed in your device. If you were to reinstall the app, the free games will not be carried over. That is how I understood the disclaimer when I read it, I could be wrong. The 99-game pack is normally $9.99, so you may want to think twice before deleting the app now.


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Civil War Heritage
The Muscle Shoals National Heritage Area (MSNHA) was the site of many skirmishes and the launching point of major raids during the civil war. It was the site of the first Union raid in Alabama and was prized by both sides because of its location on the Tennessee River and its other transportation routes. The war caused division among its people and caused destruction in its cities.
A State Divided
During the nation's Civil War, another civil unrest took place between north and south Alabama, as well as amongst citizens within the same counties. Although a minority, many North Alabamians opposed the decision to secede and supported the Union during the war. Union supporters joined the First Alabama Cavalry a Union cavalry as well other Union forces camped throughout North Alabama.
The division of support pitted neighbors and even family members against each other during the war. It would also have a lasting effect on the government, including the formation of a new county, Colbert County. Franklin's residents were primarily Union supporters, where Colbert County's loyalties lay with the Confederacy.
A Dividing River
A physical separation also occurred during the Civil War, as Union and Confederate troops tried to use the Tennessee River. The natural barrier that the shoals created made boat travel on the river difficult and also made it harder for troops to cross the river. Sometimes troops from opposing armies would face each other from opposite banks of the river, unable to cross. The rocky shoals area also kept the Union Army from controlling the entire Tennessee River and forced the army to create separate naval forces – one to operate above the Muscle Shoals and a second to operate downstream from Tuscumbia.
The shoals made North Alabama's established railroad system an even more valuable and attractive asset to both sides. The Union's ability to maintain control in North Alabama, helped to cut off supply routes to the Confederate armies in the North. This control over the railroads in North Alabama, led to the establishment of iron foundries in central Alabama, including the Selma foundry, which produced more than 100 Brooke rifled cannons.
Minor Battles in the Region
Two of the more significant skirmishes in the region took place at Athens and Decatur. The biggest fight in Athens was on September 24, 1864, when Confederate General Nathan Bedford Forrest seized the town and fort. His troops captured 1,300 Union soldiers and large amounts of supplies. They also destroyed railroad bridges in the area.
In Decatur, the Battle of Decatur occurred from October 26-29, 1864. Fighting ensued between Union troops stationed in Decatur and Confederate troops who were advancing north toward Nashville in an attempt to take over the Union depot, cutting off the supply route to Union General William T. Sherman's troops in the deeper south. Confederate General John Bell Hood chose to cross near Decatur because of the river's shallow point there and because of its close proximity to the railroad and the National Road. The Union army held off the advance and forced Hood's army to move westward to a cross the river near Florence. Flood conditions in Florence, along with a decision to wait for Forrest's cavalry and time needed to gather supplies, would delay Hood's crossing by three weeks, providing enough time for Union troops to prepare for the attack near Nashville.
A Starting Point for Raids
Though many of the skirmishes in the Muscle Shoals National Heritage Area were not major, the region was a starting point for some of the war's better known raids. In 1862, Florence was the site of the first invasion into Alabama by Federal troops when three gun boats traveled the Tennessee River to the city. Later in the war, Union General James H. Wilson camped at Gravelly Springs in Lauderdale County before embarking on a raid in central Alabama, which would destroy the University of Alabama, iron furnaces in Jefferson and Bibb Counties, and the Selma industrial complex. Additionally, Union Colonel Abel Streight left Tuscumbia with his troops riding mules to attempt a raid on the Chattanooga-Atlanta railroad.
The Effects of War on the Cities
The cities would also feel the brunt of the war, with many city buildings and homes being looted and burned during raids. Nearly two years prior to the Battle of Athens, the city was taken over by Union troops led by Colonel John Basil Turchin, who allowed his soldiers to ransack the city. Many homes and buildings were burned during the raid. In Decatur, the city was also burned during the war, though it is thought by many that the buildings were used for firewood for the occupying forces rather than burned out of spite. Both Union and Confederate forces occupied buildings such as Old State Bank in Decatur, Wesleyan Hall in Florence, and a former courthouse in Moulton, among others.
Key People from Region
The Muscle Shoals region would also contribute leaders to both sides of the war. Confederate General John Gregg graduated from LaGrange College in Colbert County, and graduates from Florence Wesleyan College (now the University of North Alabama) included Confederate General Lawrence Sul Ross and Union General Daniel McCook, Jr. Additionally, many of the region's men (both white and black) fought in the armies of both sides.


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I have never thought of myself as particularly good at languages. This despite my reputation in my workplace as someone who can read anything. Indeed, on lection, in the past
Recently The American Book Review released an article titled "Top 40 Bad Books," in which a host of literary critics were invited to identify "bad books." Some of the contributors
Much as I hate to plaster my post over Tim's diverting discussion of academic bureaucracy, it is time for me to report back on another "Neglected Classic," which this time
Last year, in an article for the New York Times lamenting the lack of appreciation many American readers have for the short story, Stephen Millhauser said, "…here in America, size
As promised in my last post, I am making my way (very slowly) through the nominations for "neglected classic" made by ten contemporary authors for the radio 4 program Open
Who Would Have Thought It?, indeed. María Amparo Ruiz de Burton's novel was published (anonymously) in 1872 to dismissive notices from the few reviewers who bothered to discuss it. In


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The History of Art program, which has grown in size and scope in recent years, offers courses of study leading to both undergraduate and graduate degrees. Our energetic and committed students make art history one of the most popular undergraduate majors in the School of Liberal Arts. Enriching the scholarly environment, our graduate students prepare for advanced study and careers in teaching, and professional positions in museums, auction houses, galleries and elsewhere in the wider world of the fine arts.
The discipline of art history imparts visual and intellectual skills for apprehending and understanding art works past and present. It opens up historical and cultural contexts for critical readings of works of art and architecture. It discloses how objects and spaces were conceived, produced and functioned, as well as how they were discussed and valued over time, and how they themselves became active agents of culture. In reading and thinking critically about art objects, our students learn how to conduct research, analyze visual and written sources, and develop cogent arguments delivered orally and in writing.
Art history at Tulane focuses largely on Europe and the Americas, the latter including the United States, the Caribbean, and Latin America. Art history shares many scholarly pursuits within the humanities, including history, language and literature, film, theatre and dance, and architecture.
In a tradition going back to 1972, the Art History faculty each year awards the Henry Stern Prize to the undergraduate who has written the best paper on an art historical topic. The highlight is the winner's presentation of the paper to the university community at the end of the academic year. Previous winners and their topics are listed here.
Courses | Degrees | Faculty | Graduate Admissions | Graduate Program | Graduate Students | Henry Stern Prize | Joyce Frank Menschel Art History Wing | Smart Classrooms | Undergraduate Program | Visual Resources Center
Tulane University, Newcomb Art Dept., 202 Woldenberg Art Center, New Orleans, LA 70118 504-865-5327 email@example.com


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International stars set to fight for wins at historical Belgian venue
The Teams and Drivers of the Superstarsworld are ready to go back on-track in Zolder this weekend and two brand-new drivers are set to join the GTSprint International Series ranks.
On one of Europe's most fascinating circuits, they aim to follow in the footsteps of the F.1 stars that ignited legendary battles at the venue in the past.
The Lamborghini brand will make a stellar return to the SWR-promoted championship with a Gallardo LP 600 model fielded by Kox Racing. World-famous ace Peter Kox will be lining-up alongside fellow Dutchman Nico Pronk, but another tough contender is already eager to make his way to the front. Belgian Laurens Vanthoor will be joining Team Audi MTM on an Audi R8 LMS racer, and after losing a last-gasp battle with Kox in the FIA GT at Zolder, he will be looking forward to take full revenge.
Vanthoor, who was born in 1991 in Hasselt, has a successful open-wheel history including a championship title in the 2009 German F.3 Championship. He will share the ride with young German Thomas Schöffler, aiming for a repeat after cruising to win Race 1 at Bratislava.
Everything is set for the green lights to give way to a spectacular Race Day. The two GTSPRINT runs, scheduled for the 23rd of June, will provide an exciting show for the SUPERSTARSWORLD-style crowd expected on-track.
Andrea Ialongo | SUPERSTARS Press Office
e email@example.com | e email@example.com
m +39 3384857484 t +39 0690283848
PRESS AREA: http://www.superstarsworld.com/Press-Area/HomePage.aspx
The GTSPRINT INTERNATIONAL SERIES is a motor racing series promoted by SWR and featuring cars from the GT2, GT3 and GTCUP categories. Six international car brands are currently lined-up in the Championship. An EXCLUSIVE SET OF RULES guarantees a full BALANCE OF PERFORMANCE between cars and HIGHLY-SPECTACULAR RACES. The INTERNATIONAL, FIA APPROVED CALENDAR features 8 rounds set to take place in the most renowned racetracks of Europe. The RACES ARE BROADCASTED in 195 territories, while live coverage of the events is provided in 61 of them. The MEDIA VALUE of SUPERSTARS and GTSPRINT is 68 Million EUROS (as certified by Sport&Markt).


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AAAS Annual Meeting On Engaging Science, Sustaining Society
Seattle, WA
February 14, 1997
I am very pleased to participate in this year's AAAS meeting. It's especially nice to be invited back; I hope that is some indication that I wasn't too much of a bore last year. Or, perhaps the organizers simply want to give me another chance. In any case, I am anxious to get your reaction to a few thoughts.
My three plus years in Washington have, taught me a new appreciation for the job of politicians and policymakers. These positions demand diverse and detailed knowledge. It doesn't come through in the media, but the issues are highly technical and most of the solutions require complex compromises. I will say more about this later.
This meeting is an excellent opportunity for me to catch up on the latest thinking across the many disciplines of science, a time to further marvel at the pace of discovery, and a chance to interact with, and listen to, the researchers and educators who are the foundation of U.S. science. I would be dishonest if I did not also say that it is refreshing to travel from political Washington to picturesque Washington.
The theme of this AAAS meeting, Engaging Science, Sustaining Society, is closely connected to some issues I have recently been discussing with other groups of researchers and educators. The title of my remarks, Science: Stepchild Or Superstar, is perhaps a bit more dramatic and will obviously require some explanation on my part.
The issues that I pose today are, I believe, important to the future of American science and technology. And, if properly addressed, they can also favorably impact the long-term support for science. Let me be very clear at the onset. It is apparent to me and to many others that past federal support for research, particularly in universities, has been a critical element in our nation's position of unquestioned world leadership and of continuous high standard of living. With the goal of perpetuating that strong record, today I want to discuss the issue of not only sustaining, but expanding, the role of science. And, here I include all fields of science and fundamental engineering.
By being provocative and posing the choice of "stepchild" or "superstar" as a view of science, I hope to impress upon all of us that science in our society is at neither extreme. It is neither a peripheral stepchild to what happens in the nation nor is it an almighty superstar for our nation's success and prosperity. Rather, it is something else--a significant and integral enabler of what America's future will be. We cannot do everything with it, but we cannot do anything without it!
I have spent the last two years speaking to groups of scientists about the necessity to actively engage in dialogues with voters and policymakers about the valuable contributions of research to our national welfare. I have, in fact, characterized the projected cuts for federal R&D over the coming years as a "very risky national experiment" In today's budget balancing/government downsizing environment, any agency just holding its own is doing well. Any agency that receives even a modest increase is being described as a great success. I am pleased that in the President's budget proposal to the Congress, the National Science Foundation received a three percent increase. And science overall went up over two percent.
In the President's State of the Union address, and earlier in the Presidential campaign, we heard strong messages about the importance of education, science and technology, and the environment. The President's Inaugural address noted major scientific and technological advances as milestones defining the 20th century. In it he also indicated that moving from the Industrial Age into the Information Age would mean increasing reliance on science and technology. I am cautiously optimistic that all of this will be favorably translated in the final budget that emerges from Congress many months down the road. We must keep in mind, however, that the final budget will also reflect the commitment on the part of both the President and the Congress to balance the budget by the year 2002 and there are a lot of competing priorities. As I suggested a moment ago, "most solutions require complex compromises," and this will be no exception.
What we do know is that all R&D agencies and programs will not be treated equally, for better or for worse. And for NSF, like its other government counterparts, the lengthy budget process is complicated at best and torturous at worst. And this is just the beginning.
How well science and technology can weather the budget wars is, in large part, up to the commitment of you, the hard working research community, the universities, research institutions and industry. These three groups are, after all, comprised of the individuals who best understand research and its benefits. The task will be to articulate how scarce taxpayer dollars allocated for research in science and technology can translate into goals for the society as a whole.
It is easy to blur the distinction between the means to reach a goal and the goal itself. A budget, for science or anything else, must be understood as only a means to a larger goal. In fact, Einstein, in his clairvoyance, cautioned us of just such a dilemma. He said, "Our age is characterized by perfecting the means while confusing the goals."
The goal for the taxpayer-supported-science-budget is to uplift and improve the nation and its citizenry through the discovery and application of new knowledge. A viable budget is a necessary part of the means to that goal. Equally important is the understanding on the part of the research community--scientists and engineers-- that public funds support public goals. These dollars are intended to leverage solutions to problems common to our society. They must be viewed by the public as investments that pay big dividends, not as costs incurred in order to keep smart and curious people happy. That is our challenge.
I think I have come to understand more about the public and political perception of science and scientists from the vantage point of the NSF directorship. At least I face this issue often in my job. I am struck by the disconnect between some of those perceptions and the reality that I know. One hears a great deal about the dogma, and sometimes rivalry, of the disciplines, coupled with the sense that there are categories-even classes-of scientists, ranging from the most elite to the most pedestrian, depending on their work--a kind of pyramidal structure.
I find this a very disturbing portrayal of a community of professionals I both respect and know to be among the most capable, hard working and right-thinking individuals on the planet.
Not infrequently, policymakers, perhaps reflecting a public's perception, express the view that "more money with fewer strings attached" represents the real "goal" -even the expectation-of the research community. I do not believe that to be the case, but such perceptions must be faced, and they must be changed in order for the reality to emerge. This task suggests that science in America must realize a new role and reflect a new image.
I am frequently confronted with questions about why we are able to do increasingly outstanding, even breathtaking, science at the same time that many societal disparities and problems are also increasing. We in the research community would all agree that our long-held professional goals of teaching and research are surely of paramount importance, but perhaps they are not sufficient. Rather, a further goal I believe we should contemplate is to understand better what science can offer in addressing the many physical and social problems that hold our civilization in the grip of numerous contradictions.
Many of us old timers reminisce about the "golden age of science in America," the period after World War II through the 50s and the 60s. It was a time when public funding for science was almost open-ended and an agenda for science was rarely discussed. That was a unique period for America within the context of world history and world war. Our economic rivals were severely weakened by the war, and we had only one behemoth political/military rival whose foreboding omnipotence helped fill the coffers of science. All science was good. More science was better.
That economic era is long gone, but it took our nation and its businesses and industries almost fifteen years to come to grips with the new economic era, with competition from a rejuvenated and robust Europe and Asia. The political/military period of so-called "peaceful co-existence" has more recently ended with the close of the Cold War in 1989. With it has gone the Cold War rationale for generously funding scientific research, primarily to keep us safe. We can debate just how strong this rationale really was, but I think we could agree it was substantial.
Many of us in government, industry, and academia know that investments, public and private, in research and development pay off handsomely in economic benefits. It has worked that way for decades, but until the last several years we primarily had anecdotal evidence. Now economists confidently note that industries as diverse as agriculture, aeronautics, computers, biotechnology, and medical equipment grew strong and dominant as a result of federal investments in science and technology. In fact, economists now estimate that over the past fifty years innovation has been responsible for as much as half of our nation's economic growth. Even using conservative annual rates of return, like 20 percent consistently over decades, we are talking about a stockbrokers fantasy. So there is increasing recognition that science has never been a peripheral stepchild to the process of societal progress.
But we must be pragmatic in recognizing that science is also not the superstar--by definition--the only player in that process.
The significant contributory role that science plays is often difficult to portray to the public. It does not matter that we know that research is a high-value investment. What matters is convincing those who pay our bills. The taxpayers are, in fact, the ultimate stockholders in this valuable venture. And so it is incumbent on the research community to neither portray science as a single-handed super-achiever, nor to portray itself as a community detached from or above the fundamental concerns of our society. We are, in fact, a critical partner in America's comprehensive enterprise needed to achieve our diverse national goals. That proper portrayal is our job for now and for the future.
And in that near future, it seems to me that despite the threat of some more-than-dismal budget scenarios, science will rise on the cusp of a new, albeit different, "golden era" in America. It will almost assuredly be an era that will break some of the old canons, but it will also expand beyond the limits of our traditional conceptions of a research enterprise. It will, I believe, be an era that resolves some of the contradictions of science in America today. Let me elaborate a bit on some of those contradictions.
There is no question that the pace of scientific advances has accelerated, almost exploded, in the last decade. Our capability to tackle problems of global and universal nature has progressed dramatically with advanced instrumentation, computing power, and communication. But, in spite of dramatic breakthroughs in almost every discipline, we have not as yet convinced the electorate, and those they elect to represent them, that federal research programs are critical "investments" and should be increased even under the constraints of balancing the Federal budget.
Perhaps one reason for this disconnect is that the electorate does not perceive science with the possible exception of health as concerned with society's problems but rather with abstract questions of nature and the universe.
Jacob Bronowski, the renowned chronicler of science said more than two decades ago, "The world today is made; it is powered by science." But we have not been able to comprehend ourselves, let alone convince others, that a science degree--Bachelors, Masters, or Ph.D.--really is, or ought to be, an enabling degree for a vast spectrum of tasks that our society needs.
We educate and inspire our scientists to reach the very pinnacle of their disciplines. But we have not as yet been able to see that a society predicated on science and technology needs its scientists and engineers not only in universities and research laboratories but in every facet of leadership in the life of the nation.
In fact, sometimes we have failed to properly appreciate or credit one of our own who chooses to move beyond our strict definition of "scientist.' I am thinking particularly of Carl Sagan who was, in many respects, a pioneer and real American hero. He recognized early-on the importance of public understanding of science and contributed considerably toward that goal in his lifetime.
His life and his work should serve as a cautionary tale for all of us as we enter the "new era for science." I believe that era will be a time in which scientists and engineers will move naturally throughout the society, leading with their unique skills. We must respect and encourage those who choose these new paths. We must value their contributions in present, as well as posthumous, perspective.
Sagan himself said of the teaching and learning of science, "When, through indifference, inattention, incompetence, or fear of skepticism, we discourage children from science, we are disenfranchising them, taking from them the tools needed to manage their future."
But here we have yet another contradiction. In light of such comments it should seem ironic to us that we take for granted that a law degree is a good background and foundation for doing almost anything in our society. And yet, that very society is totally infused with, and driven by, science and technology. Why then do we rarely think of a science degree in the same way?
Logic would almost surely suggest that the "enabling degree" of the 21st century should be one in science or engineering. I say this not to mollify science Ph.D.s, who are understandably frustrated, bouncing from one post doc to another but, rather because I believe it is what America will need increasingly in the coming century.
Why then is this not happening? Why do we not envision ourselves in this very way? To begin, we have not been educated to think that we are needed as leaders in other parts of the society. In fact, there has been a certain isolationism inbred in our training, a certain expectation that the university or prestigious research laboratory is the only truly valued place for Ph.D. scientists. There aren't so many of these jobs in today's downsizing environment.
Many departments are currently cutting back on their graduate enrollments. I believe this is a prudent step in the short term. However, taking the larger view for our society in the 21st century we must not focus on educating fewer scientists but rather on educating scientists to see themselves on broader career horizons. It is primarily a matter of attitude. We must also teach our students not to wait to be asked but to step forward and propose the challenges. And we who are their mentors need to work with our university administrators to help open new doors.
Does this mean that today's Ph.D. degree already prepares graduates for those possibilities? In some cases we know from experience that it does. Although as the larger societal role for scientists evolves, there will need to be more elasticity in the configuration of science Ph.D. degrees. This does not mean that every Ph.D. experience must be different from the past. We will always need gifted scientists, totally focused in their research quest, to make the great discoveries.
However, the future graduate degree experience must take into account the large number of graduates who will make other important contributions in education, business, government, and elsewhere in our society. And have no doubt, the society needs them in these tasks. We need to think of scientists and engineers in that larger role and teach our students how to envision themselves there.
In the end, the system must encourage those who aspire to be the next Albert Einstein or Linus Pauling to go for it. The world will need them. But, we must be sure that those who choose other career directions are aware of the opportunities, have access to broader experience and skills while still in school, as well as the career advice and mentoring they need. The latter will require new institutional responsibility and commitment on the part of the university and the department. Perhaps these have not been the tasks of the past forty years, but almost assuredly they will be part of the agenda for the next forty years.
Some of this is already happening on campuses and in collaborations across the country. There are many pockets within science departments that are bubbling with, what my generation might characterize as, "unconventional activity." Although these examples of innovation and change are still the exception and not the norm, they are exciting, diverse, and growing . They indicate a willingness on the part of the research community to move into new territory, try different approaches.
I think it is important to acknowledge and understand the direction of these efforts because, I believe, they are leading us to a future, "much broader golden era" for science.
As the role for science expands, the funding base for science will also expand and further diversify. We have already witnessed a substantial shift in the last twenty years of support for science. In 1976, the federal government funded 50 percent of all R&D performed in the nation. Ten years ago, that figure was 45 percent, and today it is less than 35 percent. The combination of balancing the budget and the goal of smaller government suggests a continued decline in the federal percentage and amount of R&D funding, including support for academic research.
In what I think of as a future "golden era" of science, the federal government will be much more a partner with industry, academia, state governments, and other parts of society. This unprecedented degree of partnership will be part of the continuing evolution of science in American society. And, increasingly, the doers and the users of science will be connected by yet to be established networks, through collaborations as individuals, groups, and centers. And those doers and users will perhaps at times even switch roles.
The face and the foundation of science is being pushed in this expanded, collaborative, and much more fluid direction by two powerful and diverse forces. The vast explosion of information technology and learning tools is one force. The dynamism of the global economy is the other. Let me just close with a quick snapshot of each.
We are living in the infancy of what scholars and song writers all term the "Information Age." Everyone seems to recognize the significance of this shift from an industrial era to an information era. There are, however, no adequate definitions of what an information age means. It is more than computing power, digital transmission, global communication, and multimedia integration.
It is perhaps useful that definitions and descriptions currently escape us. Information systems and learning tools are powerful but still somewhat enigmatic mechanisms. We know what they can do today but we cannot actually imagine what they will enable us to do tomorrow.
I am not exaggerating. I will only remind us of two prominent misjudgments of the future. Thomas Watson, chairman of IBM in 1943 said, "I think there is a world market for maybe five computers." And Ken Olsen, president, chairman, and founder of Digital Equipment Corporation said in 1977, "There is no reason for any individuals to have a computer in their home."
No one would question the intelligence or capability of either of these corporate giants, leaders, and visionaries. What their comments teach us is our own limited ability to imagine in an almost unimaginable way. The few who sometimes can are the science fiction writers and we never cease to marvel at their foresight, clairvoyance, and income.
This new information era, whatever it turns out to be, without doubt calls for a new form of leadership and vision from the academic science and engineering community. We know from the history of medical imaging systems, the Internet, the World Wide Web, and countless other technological marvels that academic science and engineering has helped us develop the most visionary applications of the new tools and technologies.
The convergence of insights from studies in human cognition, linguistics, neurobiology, the science of computing, and communications and other fields will contribute to and will shape what we do with these new capabilities. I think few would doubt that these integrated information forces will have a powerful impact on both the economics and the sociology of the nation.
We must move with clarity and imagination to use them toward productive ends. We must also imagine what futures we do not want and take appropriate preventive action. We must use them in ways to consciously eradicate the divisions in society between the "haves" and the "have nots. We must be acutely aware of the danger that they could work in the opposite way, creating deeper divides in our population.
At the National Science Foundation we are using a multidisciplinary approach that we have initially termed Knowledge and Distributed Intelligence (KDI) to stretch our horizons in this still amorphous area.
The second force changing the face of science in America is the dynamism of the global economy. There are myriad examples of how this is happening. I have chosen one in information technology to highlight the collective power of these two forces.
In a summer issue of New Technology Week (July 29, 1996) the lead story began as follows, "Mushrooming manufacturing infrastructure combined with strong technological leadership demonstrated by companies in China, South Korea, Singapore, Malaysia, and Taiwan poses a formidable threat to many American companies, ...East Asian electronics manufacturers collectively are becoming nothing less than a juggernaut propelled by exploding growth that shows no signs of easing anytime soon. ...Information technology is a major driver behind the growing technological and manufacturing capabilities of East Asian countries."
In information systems alone, the numbers from China for example should alert us to be very attentive.. There are 350,000 information technology engineers in China, right now as we speak. They are employed in research institutes, state companies, and universities. A software park is planned for the city of Shanghai that will employ 30,000 such engineers. And the pipeline of professional talent has even stronger implications for the future. In 1995, China had more than 44,000 students in U.S. universities and more than 24,000 in Japanese universities.
I use this single illustration of electronics and information technology to portray the determination, skill, and dynamism that is indicative of the global economic environment. We know that this is far from an isolated example. America will be confronted with aggressive competition in every field of knowledge, every industry, and every technology.
Economies in East Asia are currently growing at average annual rates approaching 10 percent. The U.S. economy in the 1990s has grown an average of just under 5 percent. In order for this nation to compete, to retain and attract new corporate investment, to maintain and improve its standard of living, we must forge a flexible and innovative critical mass of knowledge, skill, and infrastructure. It must include public and private schools, colleges and universities, industry and small business, government at all levels, and the talented personnel from each sector. It must be guided by a collective vision of where we need to go and a collaborative spirit of how we can get there.
Science and scientists and engineers will be neither a stepchild nor a superstar in this critical mass. Rather, they will be the consistent enablers on a team for the 21st century. Vannevar Bush, in his report Science: The Endless Frontier said, "Science can be effective in the national welfare only as a member of a team." I think his words become increasingly prescient. The new role and image of science is vastly larger than the World War II generation of scientists could envision. The world has changed since then and science in society must be science in this new, changed society. It will not necessarily be an easy transformation for many institutions, including many universities. Much of the reward system is rooted in ground that will be shifting. Many of my generation will not agree with the new direction and directives. Many in my children's generation will be the reconnaissance scouts.
But the hallmarks of this change will be a much more expanded role for science, and scientists and engineers, throughout the society, because the nation is increasingly dependent on their expertise and the fruits of their work. The competition from foreign economies, the global social and societal problems, and the continuous evolution of national security will demand of science new knowledge and solutions.
I believe that this new engagement of scientists in the mainstream of society will not damage their creativity, dull their insight, or destroy their focus. On the contrary, I suspect it will have an energizing, invigorating effect. Scientists will be in the thick of turmoil, in the forefront of seeing how societal problems evolve and escalate, and in the center of managing the dynamics of disparate forces.
With the inherent capabilities of a scientist's education and training--critical thinking, research skills, analysis, reliance on the facts--there can only be better insights and larger benefits to the nation. It will require some risk-taking on the part of those of us who have operated in the same comfortable framework for a long time--probably an adventure like trying flying lessons at age 58; it may be a bumpy journey for those of us heavily grounded in the status quo. And for those younger and still timid of challenging the system, it will pose the dissonance of being caught between present and future, a tense change (no pun intended). But I believe that these hesitations or vacillations will be short-lived.
The more permanent result will be refreshing and stimulating to science and scientists in every field. Realizing a new role and reflecting a new image will raise science and engineering to a much more prominent and responsible position in America in the 21st century. A new golden era for science will open more opportunities for our nation among nations, and more opportunities for scientists and engineers in every facet of our national life.
Neither the peripheral stepchild nor the omnipotent superstar reflect the enduring and creative role of science in our society.
We in science know that we are at a crossroads. There is an old road where the signposts and signals are familiar. They have guided us successfully for several decades. We have always done excellent work, and many times extraordinary things. But there is a new road where the altitude is higher, the visibility greatly expanded, and the signposts and signals as yet undetermined. I know we can master its challenge.


text: I came back to reality when I went to Rodeo Beach at Fort Cronkhite to shoot some surfers at sunset. I'm still in the Hawaii's Pipeline frame of mind, thinking every wave has to be the size of a large apartment building. I quickly got out of my snobby attitude and realized these waves will do just fine.


text:
Rat-Bite Fever
Patient Education
- Spirochetes
- Bejel, Pinta, and Yaws
- Leptospirosis
- Lyme Disease
- Rat-Bite Fever
- Relapsing Fever
Rat-bite fever is caused by either Streptobacillus moniliformis or Spirillum minus. Symptoms of the streptobacillary form include fever, rash, and arthralgias. The spirillary form causes relapsing fever, rash, and regional lymphadenitis. Diagnosis is clinical and confirmed by culture and sometimes rising antibody titers. Treatment is with penicillin or doxycycline.
Rat-bite fever is transmitted to humans in up to 10% of rat bites. However, there may be no history of rat bite. Rat-bite fever is most commonly caused by rat bites but can be caused by the bite of any rodent or of a carnivore that preys on rodents. Both the streptobacillary and spirillary forms affect mainly urban dwellers living in crowded conditions and biomedical laboratory personnel. In the US and Europe, rat-bite fever is usually due to Streptobacillus moniliformis; in Asia, it is usually due to the spirochete Spirillum minus.
Streptobacillary rat-bite fever
Streptobacillary rat-bite fever is caused by the pleomorphic gram-negative bacillus S. moniliformis, an organism present in the oropharynx of healthy rats. Epidemics have been associated with ingestion of unpasteurized milk contaminated by S. moniliformis(Haverhill fever), but infection is usually a consequence of a bite by a wild rat or mouse. Other rodents and weasels have also been implicated.
The primary wound usually heals promptly, but after an incubation period of 1 to 22 (usually < 10) days, a viral-like syndrome develops abruptly, causing chills, fever, vomiting, headache, and back and joint pains. Most patients develop a morbilliform, petechial, or vesicular rash on the hands and feet about 3 days later. Polyarthralgia or arthritis, usually affecting the large joints asymmetrically, develops in many patients within 1 wk and, if untreated, may persist for several days or months. Fever may return, occurring irregularly over a period of weeks to months.
Bacterial endocarditis and abscesses in the brain or other tissues are rare but serious. Some patients have infected pericardial effusion and infected amniotic fluid.
Haverhill fever (erythema arthriticum epidemicum) resembles percutaneously acquired rat-bite fever, but with more prominent pharyngitis and vomiting.
Diagnosis of streptobacillary rat-bite fever is confirmed by culturing the organism from blood or joint fluid. Measurable agglutinins develop during the 2nd or 3rd wk and are diagnostically important if the titer increases. PCR or enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) tests may be helpful. The WBC count ranges between 6,000 and 30,000/μL. Nontreponemal syphilis serologic tests (Venereal Disease Research Laboratory [VDRL] or rapid plasma reagin [RPR] tests) may be falsely positive. The streptobacillary form usually can be differentiated clinically from the spirillary form.
Treatment of streptobacillary rat-bite fever involves one of the following given for 7 to 10 days:
Erythromycin 500 mg po qid may be used for patients allergic to penicillin. Doxycycline 100 mg q 12 h for 14 days is an alternative.
Patients with S. moniliformis endocarditis require high-dose penicillin G plus either streptomycin or gentamicin.
Untreated, rat bite fever has a case fatality rate of about 10%.
Spirillary rat-bite fever (sodoku)
S. minus infection is acquired through a rat bite or occasionally a mouse bite. Ingestion of the organism does not cause disease. The wound usually heals promptly, but inflammation recurs at the site after 4 to 28 (usually > 10) days, accompanied by a relapsing fever and regional lymphadenitis. A roseolar-urticarial rash sometimes develops but is less prominent than the streptobacillary rash. Systemic symptoms commonly accompany fever, but arthritis is rare. In untreated patients, 2- to 4-day cycles of fever usually recur for 4 to 8 wk, but febrile episodes rarely recur for > 1 yr.
Diagnosis of spirillary rat-bite fever is by
Direct visualization is required because S. minus cannot be cultured on synthetic media. The WBC count ranges between 5,000 and 30,000/μL.
The VDRL results are false-positive in half the patients. The disease may easily be confused with malaria or Borrelia recurrentis infection; both are characterized by relapsing fever.
Treatment of spirillary rat-bite fever is the same as for the streptobacillary form.
- Spirochetes
- Bejel, Pinta, and Yaws
- Leptospirosis
- Lyme Disease
- Rat-Bite Fever
- Relapsing Fever


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