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In recent decades there has been much interest in using cognitive–behavioural therapy (CBT) with children, young people and families. CBT is a collaborative approach, based on shared building of a hypothesis (the formulation) about causative and maintaining factors. When working with children, young people, their families and wider systems (e.g. a support network), therapy should incorporate interpersonal, family and systemic factors, together with developmental and attachment issues and phenomena more commonly expressed through other psychotherapeutic modalities. There is growing clinical experience that systemic cognitive–behavioural formulation can lead to systemic-process working on an individual, parent–child, family or wider-system basis. Formal evaluation of this approach is needed to consider where it fits among established psychotherapies in mental health work with young people and their families.
Cognitive–behavioural therapy (CBT) is fundamentally a collaborative, empirical process of shared discovery (Salkovskis 2002) in which client and therapist together derive a hypothesis, the 'formulation' (Persons 1989), about the aetiology and maintenance of the client's problem. This formulation encompasses the unique predicament and response of the client in their particular present and past life contexts. This hypothesis is continuously refined in therapy as the client tests its validity against their experience and uses it to select cognitive and behavioural interventions. Instead of 'giving solutions', the therapist's emphasis is on guided discovery using Socratic dialogue (Padesky 1995) and systematic use of case-specific and standardised ratings to promote self-help and problem-solving. Failure to appreciate that therapy is explicitly based on a shared formulation, rather than being a collection of 'bolt-on' techniques or a manual-based approach, has resulted in a disparate range of interventions, often purely behavioural or prescriptive, being used as 'CBT for children' (Stallard 2002). There is now widespread appreciation of the need to define CBT for children, young people and families and, in particular, to ensure that interventions are formulation-based through a collaborative reflection on not only individual but also systemic and developmental factors (an opinion confirmed at the inaugural meeting of the Child and Adolescent Special Interest Branch of the British Association for Behavioural and Cognitive Psychotherapies (BABCP) in 2001).
By 'children and young people' I generally mean individuals up to the age of 18. For conciseness in this article I will adopt the terminology of the UN Convention on the Rights of the Child, and refer to them simply as children.
The evidence base
A growing body of evidence supports the use of CBT to treat a wide range of child and adolescent mental health problems: depression (Harrington 1998; Lewinsohn 1999; March 2004), generalised anxiety (Toren 2000; Barrett 2001), conduct disorder (Henggeler 2002; White 2003), interpersonal problems (Spence 1998), phobias (Silverman 1999), social phobia (Spence 2000), school refusal (King 1998), sexual abuse (Jones 1999), pain management (Sanders 1994), eating disorders (Schmidt 1998), post-traumatic stress disorder (Smith 1998) and obsessive–compulsive disorder (March 1995; Barrett 2005). There is also evidence in favour of using family cognitive–behavioural interventions on their own or to augment standard treatments for childhood behavioural and emotional disorders (Northey 2003). More detailed process research is needed, however, to identify active components, individual or systemic, of CBT and indications for or against its use with specific disorders in younger populations. In adult work, limitations of CBT are becoming more well-defined (for example, it is appropriate only if problematic behavioural and cognitive responses are occurring frequently in the present), but it is less clear what the limitations of CBT may be in working with younger age groups or on a systemic basis. For reviews, see Stallard (2002) and Drinkwater & Stewart (2002).
A fuller evidence base is, of course, also emerging for use of longer-established psychotherapeutic approaches with children and families (Fonagy 2002). It is a pity, but understandable given the scarce resources and competing agendas, that debate about which psychotherapies should be provided tends at times to become polarised, although clinical experience and reflective observation suggest many have a contribution to make. Undoubtedly, a more complete picture of the evidence base on which approaches are most appropriate for particular disorders and contexts will emerge with time. In the UK, CBT has been less available than other psychotherapeutic modalities in mental health provision for children. However, it should at the very least be readily available alongside other psychotherapies as part of comprehensive child and adolescent mental health services (CAMHS). The strong evidence base for use of CBT with children and families and the growing body of clinical experience of the strength of its use with these groups have enormous training implications (Derisley 2004). Few clinicians working with children have received core training in CBT; opportunities for CAMHS clinicians to gain clinically relevant core CBT training are extremely rare and any training opportunities are heavily oversubscribed (Stallard 2007).
Misperceptions about CBT
Much debate in psychotherapeutic circles (e.g. Milton 2001) and also at the level of service provision planning both in child and adolescent and in adult mental health services seems to be founded on a number of common misperceptions about CBT. In 2002, Paul Gilbert of the BABCP issued a statement addressing the most common of these (available from the BABCP on request). In Table 1⇓ I have summarised and interpreted this statement.
Incorporating systemic and developmental perspectives
A key difficulty in CBT with children and families has been the absence of a generic template for formulation and process that can incorporate wider interpersonal issues and systemic factors, a developmental perspective and insights more commonly associated with other psychotherapies, and in particular lead to a systemic process for working. Professionals in CAMHS have long appreciated the fundamental need to accommodate systemic, attachment and developmental factors into working with clients and have tended to work eclectically using perspectives from a range of different psychotherapies as clinically indicated. A systemic perspective is specifically required to look at major maintaining factors outside of the child that are in reciprocal interaction with surrounding individuals and are also often influenced by prevailing cultural narratives and the intentions of involved agencies or organisations.
Within the general cognitive–behavioural field, Tarrier & Calam (2002) have similarly called for explicit incorporation of systems theory and epidemiological and social context into cognitive–behavioural case formulation not only with younger people but also in general use with adults. Generic adult cognitive–behavioural formulation templates have been developed and refined into specific formulation structures for specific psychopathologies, but they assume a state of developmental maturity and autonomy in terms of how the individual meets their needs. It is simply not appropriate to 'extrapolate' such adult models 'downwards' for children since they are in a process of developing cognitive and other dimensions of functioning, they exist in and are dependent on the context of their families/carers and physical and cultural environments, and they are learning to meet their needs within the context of their major attachment relationships. The BABCP's new standards of conduct for the practice of CBT state that therapists 'should only practise in the areas in which [they] have appropriate education, training and experience' (British Association for Behavioural and Cognitive Psychotherapies 2009). It is therefore not recommended, for example, that CBT therapists without core professional training and experience in working with systemic and developmental issues work alone with children and their families.
There is growing clinical experience indicating that systemic cognitive–behavioural formulation (Dummett 2004, 2006; Dattilio 2005) can be used with children and their families to explore developmental, attachment, interpersonal, family and wider-system processes (e.g. care and support networks) using core cognitive–behavioural techniques. Although these approaches are yet to be formally evaluated, in clinical practice systemic cognitive–behavioural formulation provides a basis for understanding problems and tailoring a therapeutic package to address both individual and systemic factors relating to a particular child. Specifically, such formulation enables working not only with the child as an individual but also with the child and their parents/carers together, with families and with wider systems using core cognitive–behavioural techniques in the systemic context. Psychological phenomena more traditionally expressed through other psychotherapeutic approaches can be explicitly worked with within the systemic formulation by expressing them in cognitive–behavioural terms. Such phenomena include repression, projection, transference and the processes of experiencing, for example, the depressive or paranoid–schizoid positions. In day-to-day clinical practice, systemic cognitive–behavioural formulation can be used to tailor packages of therapy to suit a range of presentations, as required for generic use throughout CAMHS. This approach has also provided a useful integrative model for therapist training.
Concepts and processes fundamental to CBT
Cognitive–behavioural therapy aims to promote self-help by helping clients learn to find and evaluate their own solutions to both present and future problems (Box 1⇓). Formulation is a dynamic process undertaken jointly by therapist and client that promotes a collaborative (rather than expert-led) therapeutic relationship with sharing of the responsibility for change (Box 2⇓).
Core features of CBT
Formulation-based, empirical
Collaborative therapeutic relationship promoted through use of guided discovery by Socratic questioning style, with appropriate sharing of responsibility for change
Structured and problem-focused, teaches problem-solving
Integrates cognitive and behavioural strategies
Assumes that cognitions (not simply events) determine outcomes
The cognitive–behavioural formulation
A hypothesis or working model/representation of the major processes of cause and effect linking cognitions, thoughts, behaviours, moods and bodily symptoms in causing and maintaining problems
Usually written, but can be visual (imagery) or verbal – whichever has most relevance and utility for the client
Collaboratively derived on a case-by-case basis through a process of guided discovery
Testable, so that the client/family can confirm that this is an accurate reflection of their difficulties
A template from which to derive interventions and to predict consequences, positive and negative, of any change
Helpful in refocusing therapy and for exploring difficulties in therapy
The template for a cognitive–behavioural formulation for an individual client is based on the Beckian cognitive model and the premise that in any problem situation associated with dysphoric mood there will be four functionally distinct components of response (affective, cognitive, physiological and behavioural) that can be explored with the client (Fig. 1⇓). These four systems of response are interdependent (interacting also with the social and physical environment) through many mechanisms of cause and effect (Rachman 1978), including operant and classical conditioning, physiology, social learning and attachment processes.
The Beckian cognitive model (Beck 1979) postulates three levels of cognition: relatively unconscious 'core beliefs', which derive from early life experiences, lead to more consciously held 'conditional assumptions' and 'negative automatic thoughts', the latter being active at the 'four systems of response' level. Core beliefs and conditional assumptions are built up and reinforced, largely through social learning, within the context of the attachment relationships and family and cultural contexts of early life. They are therefore strongly influenced by dominant family and cultural narratives.
Core beliefs
Core beliefs are fairly absolute statements about the self (e.g. 'I am strong/weak/unlovable'), about the world (e.g. 'it is a dangerous place') and about others (e.g. 'they are stronger than me/will reject me') that constitute an internal working model of reality. Since core beliefs may be positive or negative evaluations of self, environment and others, they can serve both adaptive and maladaptive purpose, but reactions to negative core beliefs tend to be associated with problem situations.
Conditional assumptions
Conditional assumptions are expectations of the self or 'rules to live by'. They have a defensive function in relation to negative core beliefs and have often had an adaptive function at an earlier stage of life (e.g. they have led to submissive or pacifying behaviours that have reduced persecutory attack in a hostile environment), but are less suited to present circumstances. Conditional assumptions take the form of either sympathetic or complementary (e.g. opposing but reinforcing) reactions to experience. They are expressed in 'if …, then …' terms, for example: 'If I do everything perfectly, then I am worthwhile' or 'If I always keep other people happy, then I am lovable'. In day-to-day problem episodes, 'trigger situations' activate conditional assumptions, resulting in relatively conscious, here-and-now, situation-specific negative automatic thoughts that function at the four systems of response level. The thoughts are often distorted but are 'automatically' believed because they are mood congruent. They lead to the affective, physiological and behavioural components of problem response.
Vignette 1
A young person grew up with one parent who usually shouted when upset and one parent who (owing to underlying but unacknowledged mental health difficulties of their own) became rapidly overwhelmed by any upset in the family. She developed difficulties when, in adolescence, she was unable to advocate for her needs, particularly in peer relations. She discovered in therapy that she had unconsciously adopted the rule 'never get anyone upset, even if it means I don't get what I need'. She was able to make changes to this once she had consciously considered the origin and present functionality of this rule for living.
Collaborative building up of cognitive–behavioural case formulation
The case formulation is started at the very beginning of therapy and is built up in stages and refined collaboratively by client and therapist as assessment and therapy progress. It is achieved by means of recent-event (also called four-systems) analysis, a fundamental technique in CBT that uses Socratic dialogue (below) to explore the client's affective, cognitive, physiological and behavioural reactions during problem episodes and also, as therapy progresses, their less conscious underlying core cognitions. In recent-event analysis, clients are encouraged to identify and separate their four-systems responses in recent 'typical' examples of the problem and to explore whether and how these responses are causally linked. This is a powerful tool for engaging with children, since it allows them to relive recent problems in session in a powerful fashion and to feel 'heard' by the therapist.
Vignette 2
A young person in care questioned following overdose initially gave blocking 'Fine' or 'Don't know' answers, since in her experience, 'Adults usually don't really want to know what it's been like for me'. However, when asked to go through in detail the sequence of what she had been thinking and feeling about her situation at the time of the overdose, she felt more inclined to speak. She felt further encouraged as she and her interviewer shared an overt acknowledgment that her behaviour might be in some way understandable. She also reported that she was surprised that her interviewer 'kept checking with me that they'd understood what I really meant rather than just assuming they knew'.
More important than simply giving the client a voice, recent-event analysis enables therapist and client to start to build together a formulation of the main links (usually circular) between the different components of the problem and any external (triggering or maintaining) factors. The formulation needs to be represented in a form that has most salience for the client. It is usually diagrammatic, but it may be narrative or expressed in symbols or imagery. The client's own language, images and experiences are used to represent elements of the formulation (Fig. 2⇓). The degree of complexity reflects the shared understanding at the time and does not go beyond what is meaningful for the client (according to their developmental level and emotional state). Amplifying and maintaining cycles are collaboratively identified and predictions made about the possible consequences of change in any of the components.
If an incomplete formulation does not yet account fully for a client's experiences (e.g. the persistence of a problem), this will be acknowledged collaboratively and further joint exploration embarked upon, as appropriate. With children, it is often evident at such times that a more systemic formulation (below) needs to be derived, perhaps necessitating incorporation of the experience of parents or members of the wider system. However, it may simply be that key cognitions or affects have been missed or undue emphasis has been given to those that, although present, are not intensely held but have been consistent with an overvalued therapist hypothesis, for example. Routine and regular use of case-based ratings of belief and affect intensity can greatly clarify which maintaining cycles predominate and regularly refocus collaborative attention. Specific links are made with past experience and these are integrated into the formulation. Helpful historical questions include 'Can you remember the first time in your life this ever happened?' and 'Have there been other times in your life that have reminded you of this?'.
Therapy promotes skills of self-observation and monitoring and is effectively an invitation for the client, from within a supportive therapeutic relationship, to try out cognitive or behavioural change that empirically tests and further refines predictions from the formulation. Cognitive and behavioural interventions to address problems are selected collaboratively in accordance with the formulation. For example, the validity of cognitive deficits and distortions may be tested by encouraging the child to re-evaluate conclusions through guided self-discovery (below) that looks at the full breadth of their life experiences, rather than the narrow (mood-congruent) perspective taken at times of stress. Through this, the client is encouraged to create and evaluate more adaptive and functional explanations for themselves that reflect a 'fuller picture' of their experience. For example, 'I'm useless' might become 'Although I often feel useless and that I can't do something I need to do, there are lots of times when I've done better than I predicted but not noticed!'
Vignette 3
A boy who repeatedly became overwhelmingly anxious before speaking in class developed a strategy of asking to be excused whenever he feared he might have to speak. (Removing himself from class had previously been condoned through a parent–school agreement for a known medical condition.) Although this defused his immediate anxiety, he came to think of himself as 'completely useless', because he could no longer imagine himself ever being able to speak in class, and also as 'a dishonest person', because of his deception. In therapy, an early piece of work on engaging him in behavioural change was to identify these self-beliefs and to compare them with wider evidence from his life (for example, the fact that he was usually uncomfortable about using dishonesty as a strategy and also that he was still able to talk assertively in other settings and had previously done so in class). From this wider evidence he was helped to construct an alternative belief that his strategy was not helpful, rather than that he was pervasively 'useless or dishonest'.
Change can occur relatively rapidly at the level of negative automatic thoughts, but usually takes weeks or months at the deeper levels of conditional assumptions or core beliefs. Behavioural interventions include graded exposure to feared situations (or other anxiogenic stimuli) and identification and targeting of escape, avoidance and safety behaviours.
Socratic questioning
The Socratic questioning style (Box 3⇓) is not by any means unique to CBT, but it is fundamental and indispensable in the practice of this intervention. As a therapist skill, Socratic questioning needs time, training and reflective practice to develop and is based on the observation that people change their thinking more readily if the rationale for change comes from their own insights, rather than from the therapist's (Dattilio 1990). It establishes a collaborative therapeutic relationship and the process of guided discovery, in which curiosity is shared by therapist and client. It involves frequent summarising to reflect back what the client is reporting and to give opportunity for feedback on the accuracy of the therapist's understanding. Through self-reflection and evaluation, the client remains the acknowledged 'expert' in their own experiences and the therapist functions much more to assist memory retrieval, posing empirical questions to prompt self-discovery and self-suggestions for future interventions, rather than imposing hypotheses.
The basics of Socratic questioning
Questions are asked that:
the client has the knowledge to answer
draw attention to relevant information outside the client's present focus
generally move between concrete/specific and more abstract/general
apply new information to client's beliefs so client can: evaluate a previous conclusion construct a new idea
Systemic CBT formulation
In CBT with children, the formulation must encompass not only a four-systems perspective and the Beckian cognitive model, but also interpersonal and family factors, including attachment issues and systemic and cultural influences (Box 4⇓). Furthermore, it must take into account developmental and biological factors and pragmatic factors such as the hierarchy of children's needs (primacy of physical and emotional security and nurturance, for example) that need to be satisfied before 'higher-order' therapeutic interventions are attempted. The formulation must be comprehensive but sufficiently succinct to be 'user friendly' and readily built up with the child or family from first principles.
Specific models incorporating systemic factors have been proposed for one or two specific presentations, for example eating disorders (Fairburn 1999), but not for more universal use with a wide range of presenting conditions. There were a number of early attempts at predominantly cognitively based family formulation models (Schwebel 1992; Smith 1995; Dattilio 2005), but these did not explicitly incorporate all of the other (affective, physiological and behavioural) interacting components of response fundamental to cognitive–behavioural formulation. In clinical practice, clients (as individuals or families) often find great difficulty focusing on cognitive process (owing to the immediate dysphoria induced when bringing to mind distressing active thoughts) but are much more readily engaged in four-system exploration as an engaging way of reliving both positive and adverse individual and interpersonal experiences.
Additional criteria for formulation with children
Incorporating interpersonal, family, attachment, systemic, cultural and developmental factors and intrinsic difficulties
Being simple and understandable as a basis for communication between child, young person, family, therapist and other key persons or bodies, while still being comprehensive enough to include and make understandable all major processes of cause and effect that trigger and maintain difficulties
Testable, so that the client/family can confirm that this is an accurate reflection of their difficulties
A template from which to derive and select interventions and predict consequences, positive and negative, of any change (i.e. also predicts difficulties in treatment and likely timescales for change)
Helpful in refocusing therapy and for exploring difficulties in therapy
Structure for systemic CBT formulation
Figure 3⇓ shows a structure for systemic CBT formulation that can be used in clinical practice as a basis for collaborative exploration of a formulation with children and, when appropriate, families and wider systems such as support networks (Dummett 2004, 2006). It should be noted that a structure such as the one shown here is never simply 'presented' to those involved: it is a template or potential framework for a systemic formulation that can be built up collaboratively with them, principally through four-systems analysis, to the level of complexity clinically indicated as assessment and therapy progress. As with an individual CBT formulation, therefore, it is necessary for ease of communication and understanding to keep the level of complexity of the formulation appropriate to the clinical situation. Key maintaining cycles are identified collaboratively in sessions through repeated Socratic recent-event analysis of both problematic and positive events and by ensuring that all key people involved in maintaining a problem are represented around the child by slowly building up the picture to include as many of the elements illustrated in Fig. 3⇓ as is clinically appropriate. Clinical experience is required to ensure that priority is given to exploration of the elements of the formulation that are most significant in problem maintenance and to judge with the child when the experience and perspectives of other members of the system need to be sampled and incorporated, and also when such persons need to join the collaborative formulation process.
In the systemic case formulation, the child's individual formulation is central, together with a chronological list or time line (from bottom upwards, to allow linking with appropriate levels of cognition) of major life events from early on (age 0–5 years), later on (over 5 years), recently (since onset of symptoms or distress) and as present day-to-day situational triggers of acute difficulties. Surrounding this is a structure long valued in CAMHS practice – a genogram representing the key family relationships around the child. In addition, all other relationships involved in and possibly maintaining the child's problem(s) (for example, peers and other helping agencies, including the therapist(s)) are represented. Ideas of proximity are incorporated, since the child (and family in family working) will be asked to decide on the positioning of individuals in deriving this initial 'sculpt' of key relationships. The child's individual formulation is represented complete to the degree they have agreed in advance to share with the family (this may be very much simplified in the case of younger children). A key simplification is that only key (maintaining) components of the four systems of response (just key thoughts, emotions and behaviours) of other individuals are represented. Such key components are identified by repeating detailed recent-events analyses with the family on several occasions to see which elements occur and contribute most consistently and are reflected in the formulation as, for example, carer behaviours, thoughts and affects preceding, during and following problem episodes. Often, family influences need to be labelled in the formulation as carer core beliefs, commonly reflecting dominant family or cultural narratives and relating to their life experience. Major life events are therefore listed for the individuals most involved in maintaining the child's problem or most critical to the child for support, to hint at underlying influences on their cognitive processes.
Each key individual is asked early in therapy to give a prioritised problem list with their perception of severity for each item and to say which key changes or aims they wish for. These are included openly for each individual as a list of complaints and wants in the shared formulation (as shown in Fig. 3⇑). They are also represented on the formulation as thoughts or as reflected in behaviours and emotional responses. This information has been found to be indispensable in making explicit to those involved differences in problem perception, desires and motivation for change, thereby helping family members to look at wider motivational issues and conflicts.
Cultural influences (e.g. culturally condoned emotions and behaviours, and cultural values, illness models and expectations) are listed in the formulation either in the surrounding environment or as cognitions of key individuals (if articulated as an account of their own thinking).
Use of systemic cognitive–behavioural formulation in practice
Components of a systemic formulation can be speculated on during treatment planning and supervision, on the understanding that this is hypothesising that will require subsequent testing against the client's experience and does not replace the collaborative process of formulation carried out with them. The template for systemic formulation offers a useful structure to represent often complex systems, allowing an at-a-glance overview highlighting major maintaining processes. This can be useful in supervision and focus case conceptualisation in therapist training.
The location and nature of major maintaining processes in the formulation will have implications for which interventions to prioritise and will also have prognostic importance: where symptom amplification is predominantly in the 'here and now' problem situation through positive feedback cycles between the four systems of response, change can occur relatively rapidly between weekly sessions. However, where key maintaining processes involve core beliefs, longer-term working will be required since change at these levels of cognition is much slower, often taking months or even years.
Where individual (intra-psychic) maintaining factors predominate, individual CBT will be the treatment of choice. However, in many CAMHS cases, maintaining and exacerbating processes are clearly predominantly interpersonal or even interagency, and systemic CBT will need to be offered in parallel with (or in preference to) individual therapy. Where parent or carer cognitions and consequent behaviours or affect are powerfully involved, the systemic intervention of choice is often to offer parallel parent/carer sessions to re-explore their cognitions, link them with past life experience and, through use of standard cognitive therapy techniques, consider their present functionality and accuracy.
Rating of belief levels (e.g. 'I believed this 75% at the time' on a 0–100% scale from 'not believed at all' to 'absolutely believed with 100% certainty') and affect-level ratings (e.g. 0–100% or 0–10, from 'feeling not present' to 'the strongest I've ever felt it') are very helpful in clarifying which processes are most active in problem situations.
Vignette 4
In a family four-systems analysis of recent difficult family times a teenager and her parents were individually asked to rate their emotional distress and belief levels for the thoughts that had most upset them during times they had identified as difficult.
What emerged was that the parental levels of distress had been consistently very high during times of difficulty. The parents' most intensely believed cognitions did include worry that their daughter was getting upset but far more consistent and intensely experienced than these worries were parental perceptions that their partner was misunderstanding their intentions or criticising their behaviour. In contrast, the teenager's distress in situations had been low, but she had a chronic irritation with her parents' arguing.
The rating of cognitions and affect enabled the parents to see which distressing thoughts (of the wide variety of cognitions active in the problem situation) had been most active in leading to their emotional responses in the situation. Instead of being linked to accurate perception of their daughter's emotional state, they were most intensely linked to relationship difficulties, which they subsequently chose to address in marital therapy.
A systemic perspective can be used when working on an individual basis, in carer–child or family sessions, or in wider meetings with involved agencies and support networks. Whichever form of working is used, however, it is always explicitly based on systemic cognitive–behavioural formulation and uses the Socratic questioning style and processes of empirical exploration such as recent-event analysis to encourage self-reflection and guided discovery.
As implied above, the principle of sufficiency is important: detailed work needs to be focused only on those areas necessary for positive change, although all areas of the potential template need at least to have been considered so that important processes are not missed. This requires therapist and supervisor skill and experience.
In building up a systemic formulation in an individual session with a child or in a family session, the area of the formulation most salient to the material being explored in the room should be built up to a degree of complexity and level of communication appropriate to the clinical setting. The formulation can be developed in a greatly simplified form, starting with a blank piece of paper or simple self-statement, with the child and/or family slowly building it up from reflections on their own experience. Ideally, it should be revisited and repeatedly re-derived through recent-event analysis for subsequent similar problem situations over time to clarify which processes usually predominate. For example, in individual session with a child who has come to understand 'I shout because I'm afraid', further exploration might be restricted to adding 'Dad gets cross if I shout'. More insightful wider work around this basic formulation can then be explored with the wider family or, for older children, with the children themselves, to yield more complex systemic processes of cause and effect and inform an evolving systemic formulation.
A wider exploration with the family of Billy, who suffered panic attacks, might yield a much fuller picture (Fig. 4⇓) than individual formulation (Fig. 2⇑) alone. Interpersonal recent-event analysis using Socratic dialogue either with the whole family or just with central players is carried out to tease out and represent on the formulation not only the experience of all individuals involved in a recent problem situation, but also to explore with the whole family system how the family or wider system in its entirety is functioning. Thus, Socratic recent-event analysis of both problem and positive events can form the foundation of a collaborative systemic process wherein the family (and/or wider system agencies, as required) can explicitly explore systemic processes without undue emphasis on any individual and consider systemic possibilities for change.
In individual sessions, it is often helpful to encourage children to look outside themselves because they often come to therapy with a predominantly internal (e.g. self-blaming) focus. Looking at the history and interactional processes of their family and also at the helpfulness or otherwise of others' present reactions provides not only a broader understanding of difficulties but also an interactional understanding of what is necessary for change (for example, where they have expected too much of themselves when others need to change too).
Vignette 5
A boy had been labelled by himself and his family as 'a liar'. There were indeed concrete examples of times when 'things he had told his father' had led to intense family distress. Faced with this partial picture of the family situation, he and his family had concluded that he was indeed 'responsible for all upset at home'.
In individual sessions, he was encouraged to describe the wider family situation in four-systems terms, highlighting the behaviour, apparent feelings and (where known) thoughts not only of himself but of those around him. It was also suggested that he consider not only the helpfulness (or otherwise) of his own responses but of the responses of other family members too. This revealed that his father had moved out of the family home and that the older children and the mother now believed themselves to be a fully independent family unit. All the others had chosen to no longer communicate directly with the father, but the boy had chosen to still see him.
He recounted times he had 'lied' to his father and acknowledged that what was actually happening was that he was not daring to contradict distorted beliefs his father held about his mother. He identified active intense beliefs at these times that 'Dad might have a breakdown if he's upset too much' and that 'Dad might fly off the handle if I upset him'. It was acknowledged that it would have been very difficult for him to have behaved differently faced with these circumstances.
After considering the contributions of other family members together with his own, he was asked to re-complete a 'responsibility pie' for upset in the family. He then rated his own contribution (originally seen as 'nearly 100%') as much smaller, 'possibly smaller' than that of other key players. He was subsequently better able to articulate this perspective to his family.
In family working, the co-construction of new meaning that occurs in shared recent-event analysis is emphasised. Family members are encouraged to consider initially their individual perspectives at times of difficulty but then, together with each other, to re-script more complete conclusions or narratives that reflect the fuller family experience. Family members need to feel sufficiently comfortable and 'safe' with sessions and with the relationships in the room to drop their habitual defences and reflect not only on the experiences and reactions of others but also on those of themselves, and at times to voice extreme personal reactions. For this reason positive events are usually considered first.
Vignette 6
When the members of a family were asked to consider together what they would choose to do on a family holiday, there was a natural discrepancy of opinion and wishes. After this was brought to their attention, they became less inclined to see differences of opinion that arose in difficult situations as a matter of concern. They had acquired greater ability to recognise differences of opinion as being a normal part of life, rather than signifying underlying malicious intent ('She's just saying that to spite me') or 'proof that we're never able to agree'.
A non-judgemental stance is implicit in the Socratic questioning style employed and much normalising is carried out to reflect how people's responses are understandable given what they perceived at the time or had experienced previously. Family members are often invited to keep their reflections private if they wish, but acknowledgement is made of the need to share experience to allow them to hear each other and together create a new understanding of the 'fuller picture'.
Vignette 7
The parents of a teenage boy who had a history of extreme refusal to attend school identified a particular Sunday night as having been 'very difficult'. The boy and his parents were invited to carry out four-systems analyses of the episode, first as individuals and then as a family, sharing, if they felt comfortable, their thoughts, feelings and behaviours during and after the episode to see whether any new understanding emerged. The parents reported that their son had come to them on the evening in question in an apparently distressed state. The mother reported having had an immediate surge of terror and fear (95% belief level) that he might self-harm. She had consequently avoided further conversation and 'spent the evening on egg-shells to avoid any further distress'. The father reported an immediate feeling of frustration and impotence and the belief that he would be the person expected to ensure school attendance the next day and that his wife would blame him when he could not do so. He described 'going into a rage' and leaving the house. In contrast, their son (who had gone to school on the Monday morning without problem) initially failed to recall the incident at all, but then remembered that he had actually gone to ask his parents where to find something in the house and that he had in the end gone to find it unaided as they had seemed to be arguing about something.
As the family gradually shared their experiences, all in the room (including the therapist) were surprised to hear the expectations each had had of each other on that occasion. Both parents acknowledged surprise and perplexity but then relief to find that the beliefs about the evening that had coloured their emotional state for days had had no basis in fact. Further exploration revealed individual historical reasons underlying both parents' reactions on this and other occasions.
Many family narratives or 'myths' function at the conditional assumption or core belief level and thus the period needed for change can be predicted from the formulation as being of the order of months, rather than weeks. For this reason, family sessions are usually offered every 3 or 4 weeks over several months, much as with more traditional forms of family therapy. Although core beliefs are often shared, it can be difficult to locate within the family their primary focus: they may derive from one particular individual or be equally or predominantly derived from or maintained by external factors (peers, culture, religion or ethnic heritage). It is therefore important not to assume that all such beliefs are equally shared within the family. Family members should be given the opportunity to articulate their beliefs independently, in individual interview if necessary, since such beliefs can be strongly context-triggered, active when the person is with the family but much less active when with peers, for example.
As with many forms of therapy in use in CAMHS, it can be very helpful to incorporate positive strengths and abilities into the formulation to validate and positively reinforce adaptive coping styles and make explicit their function. Family sessions might include a therapist engaged in individual CBT with the child, who can act as an advocate for the child's perspective and redress any adult–child power imbalance in the sessions.
Consideration must be given to cultural factors and they may need to be worked with explicitly if they are active in problem maintenance, particularly as cultural beliefs are often held intensely but without awareness at the individual or family level. Similarly, therapists may be unaware of resources that are available within cultures in which they have not themselves lived.
Vignette 8
In a family that had recently arrived from abroad, a teenager presented with anxiety and extreme social withdrawal. He responded well to individual CBT focusing particularly on the use of safety behaviours and avoidance. However, one particular difficulty in the recovery period was the high level of anxiety his mother had whenever he dropped his safety behaviours and tried to habituate even to low levels of anxiety. The therapist explored with her (using an interpreter) her emotional reactions and thinking at these times. It was revealed that on coming to the UK she had been overwhelmed by discrepancies between cultural norms and narratives in the UK and those of her country of origin and this had led to a pervasive belief that her family could 'never fit in and would always be outsiders'. This belief was particularly reinforced ('proven to me') when her son experienced social discomfort. In such situations, her culturally determined role as a woman and his mother was to try to help him feel better immediately, and she had little sense of her right to question or potential ability to change wider maintaining factors within the family (for example, culturally determined values such as gender roles). Consequently, she felt compelled to 'rescue' him from situations, effectively encouraging the use of safety behaviours and avoidance, even when he had initially resisted using them.
Systemic formulation and cognitive–behavioural working with outside agencies
A systemic formulation is a useful means of communication in working with outside agencies. In meetings with families and/or wider support networks a formulation can be built up through Socratic dialogue using a white board, for example. Key family and support individuals are usually identified first, and then participants carry out a four-systems exploration of interacting thoughts (particularly expectations, priorities and organisational discourses), behaviours and affect (e.g. discomfort triggered by organisational imperatives). The time line of life events provides a useful reference, particularly to proximity of loss for children in care.
Vignette 9
A 7-year-old in care and from a rejecting family of origin was faced with removal from a third residential placement, where he had made some progress over the year. This was explicitly reflected on in four-systems terms during interagency planning sessions in which participants shared observations on his behaviour and his expressed thoughts and feelings about himself, his carers and the future.
It was clear that with successive changes of placement his ability to perceive relationships as enduring and his sense of self-efficacy were reducing and his tendency to use extreme (aggressive or defiant) behaviour when feeling insecure about his future was increasing. Nonetheless, he had made encouraging behavioural change and expressed positive beliefs about his carer and himself in the current placement, but as in previous placements this was now less evident as his security there was threatened. Wider Socratic dialogue elicited key cognitions of agency workers managing his care and revealed the potency of interagency conflicts, organisational narratives and wider political imperatives in arousing discomfort in those making decisions about the child's care. Those present expressed relief in having these explicitly acknowledged, saying that they had been largely unconscious of many of these factors. They felt more enabled in their thinking now that these factors were 'on the table' to be weighed explicitly against other material in making any further decisions.
It may be that focused misperceptions or expectations held by one part of a child's support system cause particular problems but are amenable to rapid change.
Vignette 10
A school complained that a pupil with an autism-spectrum disorder was 'obsessed' with upsetting one of his peers. His mother could not understand why the school kept reporting aggression towards this child, as she had often specifically questioned her son and not found that he had any particular thoughts about the other child. Exploration of the school's experiences and staff perceptions revealed that they persistently saw him 'targeting' the other child in a regular group activity (assembly), in which his seating position was with the wall on one side and the other child as his immediate neighbour. Exploration with the boy, his mother and the staff involved revealed that he was confused and misreading social cues in this setting, particularly misunderstanding requests to stand as 'time to go now' and then getting frustrated with his neighbour for not moving. Because staff managing the activity were unaware of his primary difficulty in interpreting social cues in a group situation, his behaviour was being misperceived as focused aggression. This new understanding opened up a number of simple practical options to ease what had been an 'incomprehensible' problem.
Incorporating development, attachment and insights from other psychotherapies
Recent-event analysis and wider-system cognitive–behavioural formulation allow children and families to explore processes more commonly explored through other psychotherapeutic modalities by expressing in cognitive–behavioural terms the phenomena experienced. Repression of incongruous memories or images can be incorporated into the formulation as dysphoric elements at core belief level. The projective processes of object relations theory may be represented as cognitions at core belief level (e.g. 'She always criticises me') or negative automatic thoughts in the acute problem situation (e.g. 'She is criticising me again'). Similarly, the experience of the paranoid–schizoid and depressive positions can be expressed in four-systems terms. Transference and countertransference processes may be located in the formulation as relationship-focused cognitions and consequent affect(s) and behaviour(s), and cultural influences may be represented in the formulation as articulated cognitions of key individuals. Figure 5⇓ illustrates how sequences of interacting attachment-related behaviours and affects can be observed. Together with mediating cognitions, they can be expressed in four-systems terms and incorporated into the systemic formulation template.
Developmental and biological factors are accommodated and represented in the systemic template by starting with, on a case-by-case basis, the clinically observed 'primary' functional deficit in a system of response or cognitive level for the individual concerned. For example, with attention-deficit disorder, the primary deficit may be noted to be a cognitive deficit in pre-planning, in consequential thinking or in both, or to be impulsive behaviour or general lack of attention to social cues. By working through the formulation with the child and/or family, the consequences of this (poor self-esteem, peer rejection, etc.) can be identified, together with other, possibly maintaining or exacerbating, factors such as parental cognitions (over-anticipation of maladaptive behaviour) or behaviours (over-control). This can similarly be carried out for pervasive developmental disorders, specific intellectual and physical difficulties or simply to accommodate the child's present developmental level and to highlight the appropriateness or otherwise of the family's or school's expectations.
Vignette 11
The family of a boy with attention-deficit disorder could not initially see why he was 'so angry with people all the time when we're doing everything to help him'. The therapist encouraged them to reflect on their own expectations of him and the 'pros and cons' of how people around him behave towards him. It became clear that people often 'took control of him early in case he makes trouble' when this was in fact unnecessary as he had had no intention of upsetting others and had simply been enjoying their company or even trying to help. The family realised from this that they were tending to over-anticipate malicious intent on his part. They could see how he was increasingly coming to believe 'No one trusts me, everyone thinks I'm bad whatever I do and no one lets me do anything even when I can'. His emotional reactions were then entirely understandable to his family.
Examples of inaccurate or rigid cognitive responses (e.g. in some intellectual disabilities) or motor responses (e.g. in dyspraxia) are noted in the formulation under the appropriate system of response. Their effects in terms of other people's perceptions, expectations and behavioural responses can then be traced through the systemic formulation.
Formulation is the foundation of empirical therapy and is a core feature of CBT. Growing clinical experience reveals that formulation-based CBT working can be extended to systemic process working that incorporates developmental level, attachment processes and insights from other psychotherapies. The approach described in this article has been derived from empirical application of core cognitive–behavioural theory and processes to working on a systemic basis. It appears to offer a comprehensive systemic framework that can be used with individuals, carer–dependant dyads, families and when working with wider systems. It provides a structure that has been useful in supervision and therapist training. Although this approach is yet to be formally evaluated, in clinical practice there is growing experience that it opens up new ways of understanding and opportunities for change.
Cognitive–behavioural therapy:
is empirically based
is directive
is solely an individual therapy
does not address the therapeutic relationship
is a purely 'here and now' therapy.
The four systems of response are:
cognitions, bodily symptoms, emotions and social context
independent of each other and this is reflected in the formulation
the same for every family member in a particular situation
explored through recent-event analysis
usually balanced so that no one or two elements predominate.
Treatment planning in CBT with a child or family should be based on:
recent-event analysis only
sharing with the family the full potential systemic formulation in all its complexity
Socratic questioning, allowing the therapist to tell the family what they need to do
guided discovery, allowing the therapist to tell the family where their thinking is distorted
systemic formulation.
Effects of parents' cognitions cannot usually be adequately addressed through:
individual therapy with a child
parent–child sessions
individual formulation without reference to the client's perceptions of others
use of self-help materials
professionals' meetings based on systemic formulation.
Service provision must recognise that:
practice of CBT does not require ongoing expert supervision
there is a significant core body of theoretical knowledge and skills training in CBT
any psychiatrist's or psychologist's core professional training will have given them sufficient training to practise CBT
any psychiatrist or psychologist can offer CBT supervision
CBT cannot address long-standing or unconscious emotional conflicts.
I thank Professor David Cottrell for his comments on an earlier draft of this article.
- © The Royal College of Psychiatrists 2010


text:
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Technical Papers Corporation
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subset: commoncrawl


text:
(Kids, ask your grandparents…)
So I'm watching the game last night and Detroit reliever Al Albuquerque is pitching to San Francisco first baseman Brandon Belt. So I got to wondering: how often to batters and pitchers with alliterative names face each other?
I just did a quick look at Baseball Reference and discovered there are 24 players whose first and last name begins with "A" and more than 200 with "B." That's where I stopped counting.
What would really be freaky is if the catcher was also an alliterative… (Bruce Benedict, anybody?)


text:
A special showcase event is set to highlight the high-quality research, resident companies and exciting business opportunities available at one of the UK's leading ICT centres of excellence.
InfoLab21, at Lancaster University, will be opening its doors to the public and businesses between 10am and 2pm on Wednesday, April 2, with a day packed with speakers, demonstrations, exhibitions and networking opportunities.
There will be opportunities to try out fun demonstrations of emerging research technologies, and the chance to chat to and listen to academics and resident businesses ongoing research developments.
Dr Steve Fish, Head of Business Partnerships and Enterprise for the School of Computing and Communications, said: "InfoLab21 is one of the top ICT centres of excellence here in the UK and Europe.
"InfoLab21 is a hub for top quality academic ICT research, which has real impacts on the way we all lead our lives. We are also home to around 20 businesses working in the ICT sector providing innovative services and technologies that are helping to drive our regional economy.
"This showcase event provides a great opportunity for businesses and entrepreneurs to discover some of the fantastic and exciting work that is taking place here at Lancaster University and also how they can also work with our world-leading experts to make a real difference to their companies."
Speakers at the showcase include:
- Martin Higginson, an internet entrepreneur at Ide Group who, following significant business success with companies such as Monstermob Plc, CityBlock and Netplay TV, is looking at setting up a mobile marketing business in Lancaster.
- Paul Jenkins, director of the EIT ICT Labs London Node. Mr Jenkins will talk about the barriers to deploying new technology, education to equip future generations with knowledge of evolving challenges, and the support available for small ICT firms looking to expand into Europe.
- Jason Alexander, lecturer at Lancaster University's School of Computing and Communications. Dr Alexander will talk about the development of revolutionary shape-changing displays that mutate their surface to better represent the on-screen content.
The showcase, which forms part of Lancaster University's 50th anniversary celebrations, is free to attend and tickets are available by visiting www.infoshow.eventbrite.co.uk
Updates about the event are also available on Twitter by following the hashtag #InfoShow14
More information about InfoLab21 is available by visiting http://www.infolab21.lancs.ac.uk/


text:
This post wraps up the series on A3 development, started earlier this year.
In the previous posts, I covered key A3 concepts, layout, sequence of steps involved in definition and analysis, implementation and follow-up, basic notation, and tips on what to do as well as what to avoid.
I also illustrated diagrammatically how customers, developers, and their mentors can best interact as an A3 gradually and collaboratively takes shape.
I hope this has given you a useful grounding in the topic of A3 design, and served to point out the benefits this powerful thinking aid and communication tool can bring to process redesign and problem solving.


text:
While searching through adoption websites or foster to adopt photo listings hosted by all of the states within the United States, it's hard not to want to open your home to almost every child you find. You see a picture of a sweet face and then a paragraph introducing you to the child, but some of the things listed may seem a bit cryptic, and you begin to wonder what exactly the social workers meant by some of the phrases.
Here are several of the most commonly used phrases on the waiting children profiles divided into three different categories: Child Behavioral Needs, Adoptive Family or Parent Needs, School and Community Needs. Remember, always ask for more details if you don't understand what you are reading about a child.
Please note that a child's profile or even their social history is a short snippet of information and is different than the information a prospective adoptive parent will find in the child's file during the file reading after being matched for adoption.
Child Behavioral and Emotional Needs
Within a child's profile or social history, you might read about the need to help a child with appropriate boundaries, anger issues, or needing to be the youngest or only child in the home.
Adoptive Family or Parent Needs
This social history about a waiting child may include phrases such as the need for the adoptive family to set clear rules and consequences, be active in the community, or be able to spend lots of one on one time with a child.
Be sure to really consider the strengths of your family and home, can you be what this child needs at this time?
School and Community Needs
Many waiting child profiles include information about a child's school needs. There are also many children that need a community or live near a community with mental health services.
Most children waiting for an adoptive home in the foster care system have endured abuse and neglect and need services to help them be successful. Phrases mentioned may include, be able to access services within the community, child needs medication management, or child is under an IEP.
After reading the profile of a child that I want to learn more about, I like to send a list of questions to the child's social workers seeking more information and clarification on the child's needs. Here are examples of some of the questions I send after reading a child's social history.
Note: I edit the list of questions I send to fit the child.
- How is the child developmentally delayed?
- How long has the child been in this current school?
- What issues or behaviors does the child have in school?
- Does the school need to employ behavioral interventions to get through the day?
- Does the child have an IEP?
- How often does the child attend therapy?
- How does the child get along with pets, other children, younger children?
- Does the child share a bedroom?
- Why do you think this placement has been more successful and has lasted for a year(specify to fit the child)?
- Were there any prenatal drug or alcohol issues?
- Is the child taking medication at this time?
- Does the child understand adoption?
- What does the child want in a family?
Final thought on reading profiles and social histories of waiting children:
Don't assume anything about the child. I read a child's profile that mentioned she should be the only child or the youngest child in the home. I assumed it would be due to extreme, unsafe behaviors like sexually acting out or violence. I later learned that the social workers wanted her to be the only or youngest child due to her need for a lot of one on one attention. Also, don't let a scary sounding need keep you from taking a chance on a child. So many children need a loving home and the labels attached to them are sometimes unfair assessments.


text:
The history of computing is littered with efforts by different consortia to set standards and interoperability protocols that failed for one reason or another. Not infrequently, the process for setting a standard is delayed and the window of opportunity for a specific technology is missed. In other cases, the standard doesn't work as anticipated. And sometimes, major players just don't adhere to a specific standard, opting instead to let the market make a de facto decision. Consequently, announcements from trade associations and other groups heralding initiatives to establish new standards in this space or that are often justifiably greeted with skepticism or a big yawn.
But sometimes the industry standards process works. The effort to establish a standard for Serial Attached SCSI (SAS) interfaces that also incorporates Serial ATA (SATA) hard disk drives appears to be moving along right on schedule and might actually come to fruition.
More than 2 years ago, the SCSI Trade Association (STA) launched an effort to establish standards for the next generation of the SCSI technology. In January 2003, the STA announced that it would work with the Serial ATA II Working Group, an industry consortium promoting the SATA interface, to enable system-level compatibility with SATA hard disk drives. This spring, in what its leaders are calling a major milestone, the STA conducted its first plugfest for vendors to demonstrate multivendor interoperability of their products using SAS. As Harry Mason, president of STA and director of industry marketing at LSI Logic, told me, the plugfest took place almost exactly on schedule. "It was planned for February 2004 and began on March 1," he said.
SAS promises to provide several benefits over parallel SCSI, which, through several iterations, has been a dominant storage protocol for nearly 20 years. Because the cables and connectors for a serial protocol can be smaller than those for a parallel protocol, manufacturers can develop disk drives that have smaller form factors and can increase the number of devices in each bay of a storage array. As a result, vendors will be able to increase the storage density of arrays.
Moreover, serial cables can run much farther than parallel cables. And the SAS standards will allow for 128 devices to be connected to a single bus, as opposed to the 15 devices that can be connected to a parallel bus. In practice, observers noted, parallel technology didn't provide sufficient throughput to make connecting even 15 devices to a single bus practical.
But perhaps the biggest benefit SAS might offer is the interoperability with SATA. Since the two are plug compatible and use the same commands to move data on and off disks, storage administrators will be able to mix and match devices in their storage subsystems according to whatever criteria they choose. Moreover, as systems and the data on them age and lose value, administrators will have a wide range of options for hard disk size, form factor, and cost.
SAS was finalized at the end of last year, and since January, a slew of companies have announced products that incorporate the new standard. According to Mason, the plugfest was notable for several reasons. Sixteen companies participated, and all vendors that wanted to join in had to come with real products to test. "There were no voyeurs. This was not an event to watch," he said.
Participants included disk-drive, controller, test-equipment, cable, connector, and systems suppliers and such high-profile companies as Adaptec, Hitachi Global Storage Technologies, HP, Maxtor, and Seagate Technology. The technical focus was on initiator and target devices, and the plugfest included tests in a wide range of areas, including the physical layer, cables, backplanes, and rate matching, as well as testing SATA devices and SAS expanders on an ad hoc basis.
However, the plugfest wasn't aimed at testing compliance. Indeed, Mason noted, compliance can be tricky for organizations such as the STA to manage. Instead, he suggested, major OEMs, such as HP and IBM, would be in a better position to ultimately decide whether technology is in compliance with the standard.
Several other plugfests are scheduled during the year. Based on the results of the March event, products should be available in third or fourth quarter 2004 and begin making their way into end users' storage infrastructure by first quarter 2005. When they do, companies will have a more efficient way to provision their storage resources across the enterprise from the most demanding to the lowest priority applications.


text:
Dungeons follows the mis-adventures of the foremost of all Dungeon Lords, who spends his time luring heroes into his labyrinthine creations with the promise of treasure and a good fight -- only to be trapped by his ingenious devices.Read full description
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Dungeons follows the mis-adventures of the foremost of all Dungeon Lords, who spends his time luring heroes into his labyrinthine creations with the promise of treasure and a good fight -- only to be trapped by his ingenious devices. Once they are in his grasp, our Dungeon Lord must look after and cherish his new found prisoners until they are more comfortable with their surroundings because come the "harvest", happy heroes have more precious soul energy for you to gleefully extract via foul prisons or twisted torture chambers!
In Dungeons, our protagonist falls victim to a devious plot hatched by his vile, nasty and thoroughly vicious ex-girlfriend and finds himself at the bottom of the underworld hierarchy and the top of the dungeon pile which in this world is about as bad as it can get. Our Lord must have his revenge, and make his way back down the dungeon levels to his rightful place - - but first he must deal with his new bosses, the three despicable Dungeon Lords who stand in his way.
At his disposal are his dim-witted goblin minions who dig tunnels and build rooms to lay out his lair and trap ever stronger and braver heroes who dare to enter, not forgetting to plot his revenge against his ex-girlfriend and his new bosses who think it's great fun to bombard him with useless tasks. It goes without saying that a malicious and sneaky creature such as our Dungeon Lord has more than a few tricks up his sleeve. Revenge will be sweet indeed.
Key Features:
Get ready for a fight! Lure 10 different hero classes into your dungeon where 15 different monsters lurk in the darkness.
20 challenging campaign missions demand all your cunning to succeed. Survive them – and there's still the custom game waiting for you
In a dungeon there's only one way you can go and that's down. Conquer three different underworld levels and the bosses who guard them to become the one and only Dungeon Lord
Prison cells and torture chambers are at your command and ready to capture your next hero and steal their precious soul energy
Create the dungeon of your dreams (and heroes' nightmares) with 50 different objects at your disposal
Wimpy goblin workers are awaiting your orders to create your next diabolical dungeon masterpiece
This game is basically a poor man's Dungeon Keeper. It looks ok, and it plays well enough. There are no glaring issues, but it's a less inspired version of an almost 20 year old game. Combine that with the totally not Diablo III art style, again, not that well done, and you get an overall tolerable but disappointing experience..
Haven't played the game that much but feel the need to correct the only review here. Dungeons is a game in which you build up a dungeon and try to defend it against invaders, like the infamous Dungeon Keeper. Diablo is an Action Role Play Game where you only build your character, another famous one would be Torchlight. So if you expect a RPG, be disappointed, because this doesn't feel like it (and Multiplayer is as important as it would be in Sim City).
I honestly feel this game is trying to succeed like how diablo works. This work graphics and atmosphere has almost the same feeling as diablo's but all i can say is it is trying way too hard to match itself to diablo. One core aspect of this game is that there is no multiplayer. Diablo had multiplayer and somehow you don't feel so much alone when boss hunting. This game has totally no replay ability and you won't even want to finish the story. Game is okay if it is roughly 3 bucks. A game like this i would not buy at a price of 15 bucks. NO WAY
Simply rate this game out of 5 stars and submit
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Ray Strange News
Battle of sexes over for combat roles
Photo: curious view source: the Herald Sun Cpl Amanda Wright Cpl Cindy Veneman and Captain Karen bumping in Afghanistan could see a day of work. Image: ADF source: "providing women" will be allowed to work alongside men in thick battle in Afghanistan,
April 2011
Low-bet pokies could be exempt from crackdown
Image: source view strange: "independent Australian MP Andrew Wilkie" says Xbox bet low can be exempted from the obligation for compulsory scheme can be issued $ 30 cards to gamblers sometimes accused of breach of trust industry clubs.
April 2011
Hockey caned by conservative website
Photo: curious view source: Treasury spokesman "opposition--" Joe Hockey has come once again under fire from within the ranks of conservatives with far-right "home site" attacked the town of Menzies ".
April 2011
Touchy issue of human rights points gets an airing
Photos: Julia Gillard felt "weird" had feared a backlash by first Prime Minister to visit Beijing this month to raise concerns about China s.
April 2011
Anglo American boss Cynthia Carroll flies in to fight carbon tax
Photo: curious view source: Australian in London one of the world.
April 2011


text:
Carol Neulander, 52, was found dead inside her home in the 200
block of High Gate Lane in the Wexford Leas development at about
9:20 p.m. Tuesday, Camden County Prosecutor Edward F. Borden said
at a press conference Wednesday.
Her husband, Rabbi Fred J. Neulander, found her body when he
came home from Congregation M'Kor Shalom in Cherry Hill, where
he is senior rabbi.
The victim, known as a straight-talking woman who spoke her
mind, was found lying face down in a pool of blood in the living room
of the couple's two-story home. She was pronounced dead at the scene
by the county medical examiner's office.
Borden said Mrs. Neulander, a woman of medium build who was just
over 5 feet tall, had been beaten on the head numerous times with
an unknown blunt object. The autopsy concluded she died from "multiple
incidents of blunt trauma to the head." Authorities know how many
times she was struck, but Borden would not disclose the number of
The prosecutor said there was no sign of forced entry into the
home and no murder weapon was found. There were signs of a struggle,
but the prosecutor declined to describe them.
Both Borden and Cherry Hill Police Chief William Moffett said
authorities want to contact two brothers who live in the area, Daniel
and Frank Spanolia, in connection with the crime. The two were paroled
from state prison about two months ago for a series of burglaries
committed in the area several years ago.
"They are on intensive supervisory probation. We've been alerted
by neighbors about them. Attention to them is part of the investigation.
I wouldn't classify them as particular targets of investigation,"
Borden said.
Police and prosecutor's investigators were at the scene Wednesday,
interviewing neighbors and conducting an extensive search for
evidence that had them combing through leaves on the heavily wooded
lot and picking through the family's recycling bucket. They borrowed
ladders from a Cherry Hill firetruck to check the roof for clues.
"Given the fact that our investigation is just about 14 hours
old, it appears that robbery may have been the motive. We have some
very substantial leads to follow up," Borden said at a mid-morning
press conference Wednesday at the Cherry Hill municipal building.
He wouldn't elaborate on those leads.
Borden did say Mrs. Neulander had been taking home the day's
receipts from the Classic Cake Co., which she managed, since the
bakery's Voorhees outlet was robbed Oct. 3. She was the founder
of the Classic Cake Co. of Audubon and Voorhees. She sold the bakery
several years ago, but still worked as its wholesale manager.
Borden declined to say if Mrs. Neulander had any receipts from
the Eagle Plaza bakery with her Tuesday night. Authorities were
still trying to determine if anything was taken from the home.
Sources close to the investigation said Mrs. Neulander's purse
was missing. Other sources said police have determined the crime
was committed during a period of roughly two hours between 7 p.m.
to shortly after 9 p.m.
That determination was pieced together from interviews with
the family, neighbors and bakery employees.
Renee Stockman, retail manager at the Voorhees store, said
Mrs. Neulander was still at work when she left at about 5 p.m. Tuesday,
which she described as a normal working day. Neighbors say Mrs.
Neulander had not arrived home by 6 p.m. They saw her husband and
son in the house around that time. The family members said they left
the house by 7 p.m., Mr. Neulander to return to the synagogue, and
their son Matthew to go to work. Mr. Neulander's emergency call
to police was recorded at 9:20 p.m.
Cherry Hill police arrived at the scene at 9:22 p.m., followed
by the ambulance squad from the Ashland Ambulance Squad. The Neulanders'
son Matthew -- an emergency medical technician there -- was at work
when the call came in for an injured person at his home.
His unit and another from Deer Park responded. When he arrived,
police -- knowing his mother lay dead inside -- kept him outside.
The family has not been allowed to return to the home since the
killing so that officials can preserve the crime scene, Borden
said. There's no indication when they will be allowed to return.
The Neulanders had lived in this upscale neighborhood of well-kept
homes since 1975. They have three children. Only Matthew lives
at home. Son Benjamin, who attends the University of Michigan,
flew home Wednesday. Daughter Rebecca lives in Philadelphia.
Bakery retail manager Stockman recalled Mrs. Neulander as
"a wonderful person who was always encouraging, supportive and
behind the business 100 percent. We will miss her."
Cherry Hill Mayor Susan Bass Levin, who knows the family, was
called to the house Tuesday night.
"The entire community mourns their loss. The Neulanders are
a close family. I'm sure they are pulling together in this time of
need," Levin said. "She was very active in both the neighborhood
community and the temple's community."
Mrs. Neulander served as a volunteer on the Camden County Child
Placement Review Board and was active in her neighborhood and with
M'Kor Shalom.
"She was a very caring and giving person," the mayor said. This
is "a terrible tragedy."
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The Courier-Post is a part of Gannett Co. Inc., parent company of USA Today.


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Katie Holmes on Tom Cruise Divorce: #WINNING!by Free Britney at . Comments
The terms of TomKat's divorce settlement will remain confidential, but Katie Holmes got "exactly what she wanted" from Tom Cruise, according to reports.
Holmes, who initially filed for sole custody, will receive primary legal custody of their daughter, Suri Cruise, 6, with generous visitation rights for her dad.
"She won and she is happy. Very happy," a source close to Katie said of the star, who blindsided Tom last month. "She can move on and finally live her life."
The decision to divorce Tom Cruise after nearly six years of marriage wasn't easy, but Holmes "did this only for her daughter ... that's all she cared about."
The actress, who secretly began renting her own NYC apartment two weeks before filing for divorce, "pulled it off brilliantly," according to the source.
"She has her career back and her daughter. She will be a huge star now ... This was all played so well. Katie is very happy with how it all came out."
Um, congratulations? She still got divorced. Sometimes breakups can be for the best and all, but that assessment just sounds so calculated and cold.
Of course, if she really feared Scientology taking over her daughter's life, Katie may have felt she had no choice but to approach it in this manner.
We will likely never know, but credit must be given to both sides for settling this in record time, and amicably, regardless of what caused the rift.
[Photo: WENN.com]


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How Do I Choose Uplifting Entertainment?
by RI Editors
The For the Strength of Youth the guidelines for Media and Entertainment seem fairly straightforward, but it's not really straightforward in practice.
Choose wisely when using media because whatever you read, listen to, or look at has an effect on you. Select only media that uplifts you.
Families can differ in the ways they interpret the counsel given about what is fitting entertainment. When LDS youth get together for a movie night or dance there is often a wide variety of what is deemed appropriate. Even within families there can be differences of opinion on these issues, not just between parents and teens, but sometimes even between spouses.
How do we navigate these differences in practice while teaching our children by word and example?
How do you make choices in your family about what entertainment is worthy of your time?
How do you know if something is worthwhile if you haven't already viewed/read/listened it?
4 Responses to How Do I Choose Uplifting Entertainment?
In our household, we don't tend to use MPAA ratings as the base for our choice, as those standards have altered so much over the years. We instead try to go very much according to what uplifts the individual hearts and minds of the household. Everyone gets a say. No gratuitous violence or gore or children involved in horribleness (parental rule); no foul language (all); no repeated potty humor (me); no "kissing stuff" (easily grossed out kids); no dad-as-buffoon or mean humor (kids and parentals); strict limits on implausible science (nerd kids); nothing praising Thomas Edison (devoted Tesla fan-girl); no poor art/animation quality. We not only listen to song lyrics, we watch videos to try and discern the artist's intent.
We also have a rule that if anyone is feeling off about something we've started for entertainment, it goes off. Trying to train kids that it is 100% okay to listen to inspiration and speak up is really important to us, and I want them to know it's okay to speak up even if your mom or dad were the ones who initially deemed the entertainment OK, or if the stake dance committee decided the song was fine (but the lyrics are unsuited to healthy social settings). Their inspiration counts a lot in the home; their early training and our responsiveness makes our teens a major pain in the tookus for those who'd like "Candyman" to slide at a stake dance.
We've been pretty lucky in that my Beloved and I are quite united in what we consider "good", and maybe because we do consider our kids' opinions, they don't give us guff about it. (Our eldest are 14 and nearly 17, so I'd expect we'd have seen some guff by this point, if it were going to happen.)
But that's the list of what we don't do.
We DO navigate the waters by explaining that not every household feels the same way about many of these things, and that's fine, but that they should always make their own decisions based on what the Spirit is telling them to do, and that we're always happy to "be the bad guy" or come get them, no questions asked.
We DO listen to scads of music from all time periods, in all styles, all together. We have family dance parties. We sing along. It's awesome. We perform some culturally-related music in public together, and take that pretty seriously.
We DO read books as a family (is there any delight more delightful than sharing a beloved childhood book with a fresh crop of kids??). We buy our favorites (used) in hardback. When an independent reader starts a new series, we read along with them, and talk about the themes and outcomes. We do the same with shows and movies.
We DO read reviews and opinions, and if there are thematic issues or warnings about some of our "NOPE" triggers, we just don't bother with that particular thing. It's the whole "don't have to touch the stove to know it's hot" principle.
Our household has six radically diverse personalities, all of them forceful, all stubborn, all very different. Just in music, my Beloved is in a totally different generation than I (he listens to the Brothers Gibb without irony). I like something from nearly every genre (even rap, if Weird Al is the author), but my Beloved does not understand late 80s/early 90s indie rock or metal. My eldest hates country, except for John Denver and some Patsy Cline. The Boy listens to everything, but is not a huge fan of "girly" music about "loooove". He does, however, enjoy Seven Brides for Seven Brothers. The 8yo is a huge, huge, huge fan of classical, and plays it for her pet chickens as a lullaby every night. The 5yo is a tiny fan of classic Big Band and related music. If Perry Como showed up at the door, I'd worry she'd desert us.
So, just walking the lines among family preferences in music gives the whole household a LOT of practice in negotiation, tact, and tolerance for different, but still worthwhile, entertainment choices. So far, so good.
My kids are young so content issues don't come up. Not much to worry about with Dora and Team Umi-Zoomi. But I'm really careful with advertising. It tells kids to worry about how they look or that they deserve or need something or other. Food ads encourage addictive behavior. Some car advertisements are obviously supposed to make you think about sex. The worst advertisements (alcohol!) are thankfully not on TV and my kids can't read yet. I saw one for Crown Royal that suggested if a woman said no to "Try a velvet hammer" to get her drunk.
I love to read, but it's hard to begin a book and find there's swearing, sex or other stuff I'd rather not be reading. I end up feeling I'm just wasting my time trying new authors. I would appreciate a ratings or warning of some kind on books like on movies- even though the ratings system for movies is flawed, you can have an idea that there will be violence (etc.) if you check.
I cam across this question and wanted to just let anyone who might see this about a show I help produce and co-host. It's currently on RFD-TV which is on DIRECT, DISH and various cable systems. If you can't find it any of those ways you can go to our website and play episodes. (www.smalltownbigdeal.com) We are FAMILY FRIENDLY! We travel all over the country telling stories about great things happening in small towns. We like to call it our 'love letter to America'. We focus on festivals, long-held local traditions, faith, unsung heroes, patriotic themes, the American dream being alive and well, fun celebrations, multi-generational families with time honored family businesses, etc. We are on Thursday nights….9:30 EST, 8:30 Central Time, 7:30 Mountain Time and 6:30 PST. If you like what you see tell your friends….in order for us to make it we will need to increase our ratings. And please check out our Facebook page and like us. I think you'll be happy you did. Thank you! -Jann Carl