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Customize your JAMA Network experience by selecting one or more topics from the list below.
Copyright 2010 American Medical Association. All Rights Reserved. Applicable FARS/DFARS Restrictions Apply to Government Use.2010
Impaired skin integrity in patients with Netherton syndrome (NS) results in significant systemic absorption of topically applied medications. Some have advocated the administration of pimecrolimus, 1%, topical cream for the treatment of patients with NS. Insufficient data exist with regard to its safety, systemic absorption, and efficacy.
An exploratory study was conducted involving 3 children with NS who received twice-daily application of pimecrolimus, 1%, cream over 18 months. There were no notable abnormalities in hematologic or chemistry profiles. Blood levels of pimecrolimus ranged from 0.625 to 7.08 ng/mL, with peak levels reached during the first month in all 3 patients. Dramatic reductions were observed in the Netherton Area and Severity Assessment, Eczema Area and Severity Index, Investigator Global Evaluation of Disease, and pruritus scores compared with baseline levels.
Use of pimecrolimus, 1%, cream was well tolerated and demonstrated marked improvements in nearly all of the parameters evaluated. Patients treated with pimecrolimus responded rapidly, within the first month of treatment, and improvement persisted throughout the study period. In adult patients receiving oral pimecrolimus, blood levels as high as 54 ng/mL for 3 months have not shown clinically significant immunosuppression. Absorption of pimecrolimus, 1%, cream was detectable, but levels were much lower than expected even when applied to 50% of total body surface area. Larger studies are warranted to determine the safety and efficacy of pimecrolimus, 1%, cream in the treatment of NS.
Trial Registration
clinicaltrials.gov Identifier: NCT00208026
Netherton syndrome (NS) (OMIM 256500)1 is an autosomal recessive genodermatosis and is classified as a congenital ichthyosis. Affected patients typically manifest with neonatal erythroderma; a chronic eczematous dermatitis; ichthyosis linearis circumflexa (ILC); and sparse, brittle hair with characteristic findings of trichorrhexis invaginata. Other findings include a predisposition to food allergies; elevated IgE levels and other immunologic abnormalities; and failure to thrive in association with intestinal malabsorption. Netherton syndrome is attributed to mutations in the gene encoding the serine protease inhibitor Kazal-type 5 (SPINK5).2
The cutaneous manifestions of NS are not infrequently resistant to conventional therapy (emollients and topical corticosteroids). Topical calcineurin inhibitors—tacrolimus and pimecrolimus—have been demonstrated to improve the skin findings and quality of life of patients with several chronic dermatoses, including atopic dermatitis. Owing to the underlying skin barrier dysfunction, the possibility of significant systemic absorption and resultant adverse effects remains a real concern when these agents are used in patients with NS.
It therefore seems only prudent to more fully investigate the absorption, safety, and efficacy of pimecrolimus for use in patients with NS given the documented history of clinically significant systemic absorption with other comparable topical agents before its routine use can be recommended. This study evaluates the safety and efficacy of pimecrolimus cream in patients with NS and includes pharmacokinetic measurements of blood pimecrolimus levels.
This was an open-label, single-arm study to investigate the safety profile of topical pimecrolimus cream, 1% (Elidel; Novartis Pharmaceuticals Corp, East Hanover, New Jersey), in the treatment of the cutaneous manifestations associated with NS. The study was approved by the institutional review board of the Children's Hospital of Philadelphia.3
Enrolled patients were treated with conventional dosing of commercially available pimecrolimus, 1%, cream used twice daily as needed applied to affected areas. Patients were asked to limit application to no more than 50% of their total body surface area. The percentage of body surface area affected, and the total dose of pimecrolimus applied, as measured in grams, were determined for all patients at each follow-up visit. Patients 1 and 2 treated their ILC, whereas patient 3 treated the erythrodermic skin changes associated with her NS.
At each visit, routine blood tests to assess electrolytes, fasting glucose, liver, renal, and hematopoietic functions was performed at the Children's Hospital of Philadelphia. Blood samples for pharmacokinetic measurements of pimecrolimus were drawn 1.5 hours after medication was applied on the study day. These samples were then shipped frozen via overnight courier to the Novartis bioanalytics reference laboratory located in Rueil-Malmaison, France, and there were subjected to a liquid chromatography/tandem mass spectrometry assay. The occurrence of adverse effects was evaluated by the use of standard questionnaires.
Measures of clinical improvement of the dermatitis were assessed using both physician-determined scoring systems and patient-based self-assessments. Physician-determined scores included the Eczema Area and Severity Index (EASI), the Netherton Area and Severity Assessment (NASA) (eTable), a standard Investigator's Global Evaluation of Disease (IGED), and transepidermal water loss (TEWL) measurements using the noninvasive Vapometer device (Delfin Technologies, Kuopio, Finland). Patient-based self-assessments included pruritus scores and the Children's Dermatology Quality of Life Index (CDQLI) used with the permission of M. Susan Lewis-Jones, FRCP, FRCPCH (Ninewells Hospital and Medical School, Dundee, Scotland), and Andrew Y. Finlay, MBBS, FRCP (Cardiff University School of Medicine, Cardiff, Wales).4,5
Phase 1 of the study consisted of a series of visits over a 3-month period: an initial screening visit, followed by visits on days 1, 8, 14, 28, 56, and 84.
Phase 2 of the study consisted of a 15-month extension period. Patients and their families who chose to continue therapy after the initial phase were offered the opportunity to continue on in phase 2, during which additional evaluations (identical to evaluation visits during phase 1) and monitoring were performed at the additional time points of 6 months, 12 months, and 18 months (as determined from the time of enrollment in the original study).
Patients meeting the criteria for diagnosis of NS were enrolled over a period of 3 years, from September 2005 through March 2008. During this time, 1 set of twin girls 12 years of age, and 1 girl 7 years of age entered the study.
Enrolled patients all had normal laboratory values within 3 months prior to enrollment and provided signed written informed consent and assent. Patients of child-bearing age underwent pregnancy testing during the trial. Washout periods were required for those using systemic steroids (4 weeks), systemic tacrolimus (4 weeks), immunosuppressive therapy (4 weeks), phototherapy (4 weeks), inhibitors of Cytochrome P 3A4 450 (CYP3A4) isoenzyme (2 weeks), topical tacrolimus (2 weeks), or topical pimecrolimus (2 weeks). Other prior topical therapies were discontinued the day before the therapy with pimecrolimus was begun. Any patient with a history of immune compromise, malignant disease, lymphoproliferative disorder, hypersensitivity or adverse reactions to macrolides or calcineurin inhibitors, or active viral, fungal, or untreated bacterial infection were excluded from participation in the study.
All 3 patients completed phase 1. The families of all 3 patients elected to continue into phase 2.
During the 18-month trial, use of pimecrolimus was documented on the basis of the weight of tubes used. Patient 1 used 2045 g, patient 2 used 1167 g, and patient 3 used 5426 g, yielding a mean daily usage of 3.9 g/d, 2.2 g/d, and 9.7 g/d, respectively.
During the 18-month observation period, a mild eosinophilia was noted at baseline and intermittently throughout the study in all 3 patients. A mild transaminitis arose in patient 1 in conjunction with a viral illness. Otherwise, no clinically significant abnormalities were observed in complete blood cell counts, hepatic function testing, electrolytes, blood urea nitrogen, or glucose monitoring. Peak levels of blood pimecrolimus ranged from 0.625 to 7.08 ng/mL (Table) with maximal levels reached during the first month of treatment in all 3 patients (Figure 1). Patients 1 and 2 had predominantly cutaneous findings of ILC without erythroderma and demonstrated lower blood pimecrolimus levels. The higher blood levels in patient 3 were seen in association with erythrodermic skin findings.
Peak blood pimecrolimus levels in study patients over the 18-month treatment period.
Baseline scores for EASI and NASA (a Netherton-specific modification of the EASI score that substitutes scaling for excoriation; see the eAppendix for details) were determined and compared with values obtained during treatment. Peak reductions from NASA baselines ranged from 54.1% to 91.7% and were reached 350 to 520 days into the study (Figure 2). Comparable findings were observed in EASI scores with maximal reductions of 62.5% to 92.4% from baseline, reached 84 to 561 days after the start of the study (Figure 3). Notable and rapid improvement in scores were seen with both NASA and EASI as early as 1 week into therapy (Figure 2 and Figure 3).
Netherton Area and Severity Assessment (NASA).
Eczema Area and Severity Index (EASI).
Similar improvements in Investigator Global Evaluation of Disease, which was graded on a 5-point, 0 to 4 scale (see the eAppendix). A peak reduction of IGED scores of 55% to 75% was evident after 28 to 84 days.
Scores for the CDQLI (Figure 4) were likewise observed, with patients describing improvements transitioning from moderate disease states to feeling essentially normal (total CDQLI scores of 0 and 1) and were manifest by 2 months into therapy with some maintaining notably improved quality-of-life measures well to the end of the study period (Figure 4). All 3 patients experienced complete subjective resolution of their pruritus at some point during the treatment period. In fact, most of the improvement occurred within 1 week of starting therapy.
Children's Dermatology Quality of Life Index (CDQLI) (developed by Lewis-Jones and Finlay4). For patient 3, scores were provided by her mother.
Although all 3 patients showed marked improvement in NASA, EASI, IGED, and CDQLI scores, statistically significant differences between baseline measurements and final measurements at the level of P = .05 is not possible with such a small number of patients. Nevertheless, all of these measures showed striking improvement in all of the patients (Figure 5 and Figure 6).
Clinical images of patient 1 before and after initiating therapy. A, Right flank on day 1; B, right flank on day 28.
Clinical images of patient 2 before and after initiating therapy. A, Anterior lower legs on day 1; B, anterior lower legs on day 28.
Interestingly, no consistent trends were noted in measurements of transepidermal water loss among patients in this study. The 2 older patients with predominantly ILC saw increases in TEWL as they clinically improved, but the device began malfunctioning at the 6-month visit and, unbeknownst to us at the time, required calibration. As a result, values obtained from that point on for patients 1 and 2 as well as all values for patient 3 were not counted. It was interesting to note that although the values for the younger patient (patient 3) could not be considered entirely valid, a trend was observed in which the more erythrodermic findings were associated with decreases in TEWL in association with improvements in clinical findings.
In patients with NS, the lack of appropriate protease inhibition within the epidermis results in impaired barrier function that can lead to increased TEWL, a predisposition to skin infection, as well as a marked permeability to topically applied agents. Hydrocortisone acetate, 1%, topical ointment, a low-potency topical corticosteroid, used over large body surface areas over a period of 1 year in an 11-year-old boy with NS resulted in Cushing syndrome.6 Experience with topical tacrolimus, 0.1%, ointment for patients with NS, for example, has shown both remarkable efficacy as well as striking systemic absorption of the drug in this patient population.7 Even when diluted to concentrations of 0.005%, 0.0075%, and 0.01% and used over limited body surface areas, topical tacrolimus ointment applied to the skin in patients with NS has demonstrated low but detectable systemic absorption.8
Pimecrolimus is an anti-inflammatory ascomycin macrolactam derivative that has demonstrated efficacy in the treatment of inflammatory skin disorders such as atopic dermatitis and contact dermatitis. The experience of using topical pimecrolimus, 1%, cream in patients with NS has been documented in case reports that have described 7 patients with evidence of both clinical efficacy and good clinical tolerability.9- 11 In contrast to tacrolimus, measurement of pimecrolimus blood levels is not commercially available and currently can only be obtained through its manufacturer, Novartis.
There is a lack of sufficiently safe and effective options for treating the cutaneous manifestations of disease in children with NS. Use of pimecrolimus, 1%, cream was well tolerated and demonstrated clinically and statistically significant improvements in nearly all of the physician-rated and subject-rated parameters evaluated, including EASI, NASA, IGED, pruritus scores, and CDQLI. Patients treated with pimecrolimus responded rapidly, with subjective improvements occurring sooner than those rated by clinical observers. Itching responded most dramatically to treatment, within 1 week of starting therapy, whereas the improvements in cutaneous manifestations took slightly longer to manifest. Reductions in disease severity were clinically significant within the first month, and these improvements in clinical parameters persisted throughout the 18-month period of the study. Clinically significant tachyphylaxis was not observed during the study period.
The original study had been designed to evaluate patients over a 3-month period. However, owing to the notable clinical improvements observed, the patients and their families requested that they continue treatment with pimecrolimus. In an effort to provide ongoing monitoring for these families, an amendment to the original study was submitted to the institutional review board at the Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, and the protocol was approved for a 15-month extension for families wishing to extend their trial.
The use of topical tacrolimus has been associated with significant systemic absorption in children with NS.6,7 The absorption of pimecrolimus through the skin in patients with NS is, by contrast, considerably diminished, as demonstrated by the relatively low blood levels observed in these 3 patients. It seems that these observations would further validate previous studies that have suggested that the percutaneous absorption of pimecrolimus is significantly less than that seen with tacrolimus and corticosteroid preparations in the context of inflamed skin.12,13
In adult patients with psoriasis and atopic dermatitis receiving oral pimecrolimus, blood levels as high as 54 ng/mL for 3 months have not demonstrated apparent immunosuppression.14,15 In patients with NS, absorption of pimecrolimus, 1%, cream was detectable, but levels were much lower than expected even when applied to 50% of total body surface area for up to 18 months. No clinical evidence of immune suppression—increased rate of infections, opportunistic infections, hematologic abnormalities (eg, leukopenia, lymphopenia, or neutropenia)—were noted.
The biological meaning of detectable pimecrolimus blood levels remains unknown. Earlier animal studies indicated that exposures to high doses of calcineurin inhibitors such as tacrolimus and pimecrolimus were associated in a dose-dependent manner with the development of malignant skin diseases and lymphoma. Based in part on these data, the US Food and Drug Administration instituted a series of public health advisories, medication guides, and boxed warnings for both drugs to increase consumer awareness about this potential risk.16- 18 At the same time, more recent studies suggest alternative conclusions. A case-control study involving 5000 adults with dermatitis administered by questionnaire was designed to detect a 2-fold increased risk for nonmelanoma skin cancer in patients using topical calcineurin inhibitors. However, the analysis indicated instead that there was a dose-dependent decrease in the odds ratio for nonmelanoma skin cancer (range, 0.41-0.69) associated with the use of these agents when adjustments were made for age, sex, previous nonmelanoma skin cancer, and history of atopic dermatitis.19 Another study investigated the possible association of topical immunosuppressants and lymphoma in a cohort of patients with atopic dermatitis using a nested case-control design and identified 294 cases of lymphoma among 293 253 patients in the PharMetrics database. Adjusted analyses indicated that the use of topical calcineurin inhibitors was not independently associated with lymphoma, whereas the severity of atopic dermatitis seemed to be the most statistically significant factor associated with an increased risk of lymphoma.20
A correlation might exist between elevated blood pimecrolimus levels and the degree of calcineurin inhibition in circulating lymphocytes, which would then function as a highly sensitive marker for immune suppression. An assay for lymphocyte calcineurin inhibition, however, has only recently become available through the Novartis bioanalytics reference laboratory (during the final 6 months of this study) and could therefore not be successfully incorporated into the study prior to study end. Future investigations establishing baseline controls for lymphocyte calcineurin inhibition and measurements in patients with NS might help answer the question of whether these levels of blood pimecrolimus translate into measurable immunosuppression at the level of the lymphocyte and provide a basis for investigating whether these findings might have clinical relevance.
Pimecrolimus, 1%, cream applied topically seems to moderate the skin findings of patients with ILC and erythroderma seen in patients with NS. Although it is difficult to generalize from a small number of patients, it seems that the use of pimecrolimus cream is associated with very low levels of systemic absorption (less with ILC, and more absorption with erythrodermic NS, although these findings might be in part confounded by the fact that patients with ILC typically used less daily medication on average than the patient treating her erythrodermic skin changes). Given the favorable safety and efficacy profile encountered in this exploratory pilot study, and because patients with NS who respond to therapy are likely to desire continuing pimecrolimus as ongoing chronic treatment, larger studies and greater clinical experience are warranted to determine the longer-term safety and efficacy of pimecrolimus, 1%, cream in the treatment of NS.
Correspondence: Albert C. Yan, MD, Section of Dermatology, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, 3550 Market St, Second Floor, Philadelphia, PA 19104 (firstname.lastname@example.com).
Accepted for Publication: April 27, 2009.
Author Contributions: Dr Yan was the principal investigator for this study. All authors had full access to all of the data in the study and take responsibility for the integrity of the data and the accuracy of the data analysis. Study concept and design: Yan, Honig, and Shah. Acquisition of data: Yan, Honig, Weber, and Shah. Analysis and interpretation of data: Yan, Honig, Ming, and Shah. Drafting of the manuscript: Yan. Critical revision of the manuscript for important intellectual content: Yan, Honig, Ming, Weber, and Shah. Statistical analysis: Yan and Ming. Obtained funding: Yan. Administrative, technical, and material support: Yan, Honig, Weber, and Shah. Study supervision: Yan, Honig, and Shah.
Financial Disclosure: Dr Yan has served as a consultant to Novartis.
Funding/Support: This study was investigator-initiated but supported in part by a research grant from Novartis.
Role of the Sponsors: The sponsors had no role in the design and conduct of the study; in the collection, analysis, and interpretation of the data; or in the preparation, review, or approval of the manuscript.
Previous Presentations: Interim results from this study were presented in poster form at the Society for Pediatric Dermatology Annual Meeting; July 6-9, 2006; Montreal, Quebec, Canada; and at the American Academy of Dermatology Annual Meeting; February 2-6, 2007; Washington, DC.
Additional Contributions: We are indebted to our past clinical research coordinators, Christina Kubrak, RRT, NPS, and Donnette Paris, BS, RTR; our clinical research team members (Marsha Wallace, RN, CCRC, Donna Sylvester, RN, Sheri McDougall, MSHed, CCRC, Hien Nhan, Sonji Robinson, Anne Parneix-Spake, MD, Calogera McCormick, BA, Danièle Leroy, Marie-Noëlle Bizot, Barbara Taylor, RPh, Maria Figliomeni, Melly Kundla, and Richard Petruschke, PharmD.
Yan AC, Honig PJ, Ming ME, Weber J, Shah KN. The Safety and Efficacy of Pimecrolimus, 1%, Cream for the Treatment of Netherton SyndromeResults From an Exploratory Study. Arch Dermatol. 2010;146(1):57–62. doi:10.1001/archdermatol.2009.326
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It feels good to be back from a brief vacation. I saw your Twitter questions as I was taking in some spring training baseball in Arizona, but to be honest, I figured I would get back to the Q&A fun when I returned to the office.
Now that I'm here, let's get right into your questions in our latest bonus round of "Niner Talk."
It's also worth mentioning that one topic prevailed over all others - should the 49ers draft a wide receiver or a cornerback with the team's first-round draft pick?
Let's get right into it.
@TaylorPrice49 whats first priority in the draft Wr Or Cb? #NinerTalk — 49ERSVicK (@Real1Vic) March 31, 2014
Let me first say this: I have no knowledge of what the 49ers draft board looks like. That room is far from my office, and as much as I'd like to take a peak inside the room, I trust the personnel department has a solid plan in place.
For the sake of answering this question, all I can do is speculate.
In regards to the 30th overall pick, the 49ers have plenty of options. The team can use other high selections and package a deal to move up in the first round (like they did with
Sorry, I'm getting off topic.
The priority of picking between a wide reciever and cornerback is hard to say. The 49ers are always looking to create competition at every position and based on the current state of the roster, it could be assumed that there will be more additions at cornerback and wideout. If you look at the team's six draft selections in the first three rounds of the draft, you can see the team has the ammunition to address both positions early in the draft.
Now when it comes to which position gets drafted first? Only Trent Baalke and co. know the answer.
@TaylorPrice49 are you going to do 49 in 49 this year?#NinerTalk — Alejandro Romero (@AleNiner) March 31, 2014
We are not continuing the "49 in 49" series this year. But, you can find all of our #49ersDraft content in one place.
@TaylorPrice49 what's the chances of the niners moving way up in the draft to grab an impact player like WR Watkins or Evans #NinerTalk — jason (@jno_21) March 31, 2014
Never say never.
I outlined my draft thoughts in the first question. But I will add this: Baalke loves draft picks. To move up into the top-10 for Evans or top-5 for Watkins would be very different from what we've seen from the 49ers general manager. With
Fans love the thought of adding the big-name draft prospect, but let's not forget that making those moves will hinder your ability to stockpile prospects and depth at multiple positions.
@TaylorPrice49 hey Taylor, can I take a pic with you guys at the upcoming Saints game? — Tomas Sanchez (@prniner) March 31, 2014
Yes, but please bring me some gumbo or a sandwich from Cochon Butcher.
@49ers @TaylorPrice49 How has @Kaepernick7 improved so far this off-season? Not just the physical aspect! — Marco E Reyes (@thatkingreyes) March 31, 2014
If you haven't seen it yet, do yourself a favor and watch the
We all know that Kaepernick takes his workouts very seriously and is very much like
The 49ers quarterback takes his craft very seriously and loves to change the perception of what a quarterback can be. He enjoys playing the game his way. But, he also relishes the opportunity to make a big play. If it's with his arm or legs, Kaepernick is open to doing whatever helps the team win.
So with that said, the quarterback work that goes into the offseason is very much a part of his work.
Take what Jim Harbaugh said last week as a solid example:
"He works out, knocks it out early in the morning, then is bright-eyed and has got a ton of energy when he comes into the football meetings, and then he attacks that as well," Harbaugh said. "And he's very smart, one of the high Wonderlic test scores of all the starting quarterbacks (in the NFL)."
@49ers @TaylorPrice49 losing brown and Rogers will the #49ers get more secondary help in free agency, trade or draft? — Alejandro (@moviebuff616) March 31, 2014
If you're not keeping socre, the team has re-signed
The 49ers could look at free agency for more depth, but as I mentioned earlier, San Francisco has several high draft choices and looks to be in position to add secondary help with one of those selections.
@TaylorPrice49 what do you think is our biggest need to keep up the arms race with Seattle? — Paul Myers (@Paulsrepublic) March 31, 2014
Home field advantage would help.
It's not the most important thing, but I think it's always a bonus to have the crowd noise in your favor.

subset: commoncrawl


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from Wiktionary, Creative Commons Attribution/Share-Alike License
- n. The idea that all of humanity belongs to a single moral community.
from the GNU version of the Collaborative International Dictionary of English
- n. The quality of being cosmopolitan; cosmopolitism.
from The Century Dictionary and Cyclopedia
- n. The state of being cosmopolitan; universality of extent, distribution, feeling, etc.; especially, the character of a cosmopolite, or citizen of the world. Also called cosmopolitism.
from Wiktionary, Creative Commons Attribution/Share-Alike License
If you want to defeat the proponents of open immigration, you're going to have to say something about why cosmopolitanism is false -- i.e. the view that all humans are equal objects of moral concern and that they're welfare should be given equal consideration in the design of political institutions and policy.
Borjas: What's His Problem?, Bryan Caplan | EconLog | Library of Economics and Liberty
But now this cosmopolitanism is something to celebrate, defiantly, and the people behind the Anti-Nazi League (beneath whose banners I was proud to march in the late 1970s) would be pleased to note the way that ordinary Londoners rallied around the very mixed racial bag of the victims of the 7/7 bombings, a point Bloom makes well.
Violent London: 2,000 Years of Riots, Rebels and Revolts by Clive Bloom – review
If it had been, boundary disputes might have been expected with the eighteenth century, whose claim to cosmopolitanism is better established.
What worries me in many critics who joyfully greet the blossoming of each new diasporic cosmopolitanism is that uncomfortable demands that life be inspected and sometimes found wanting seem to have dropped out.
On at least some definitions of the term, cosmopolitanism is another name for the collection of values I have been gathering here under the headings of reflexivity, reading, and literariness.
Bashing France with accusations of depraved perversion and secular cosmopolitanism is a time honored custom among them.
DARNTON: Well, cosmopolitan -- you know, I used the word cosmopolitanism the first time I ever was in Eastern Europe.
George Washington�s False Teeth: An Unconventional Guide to the Eighteenth Century
It's hard to say how much of France's new cosmopolitanism is due to immigration and how much simply to globalization.
You may call it cosmopolitanism; but it is simply Imperialism in one form or another.
Randolph Bourne, a central figure in American cosmopolitanism was another pre-World War 1 Villager who heaped scorn on his ethnic tradition, equating "Anglo-Saxondom" with "masculine domination."


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If we ever have the need to share a binary file like a font file or a word doc or an RTF or say in the future when sound files don't seem so large anymore, what methods do we currently have to do this without making use of some link to a website that allows file sharing. Only thing I can think of is the file could be displayed in hexidecimal and then one could copy and paste it and convert it with a program they write. Or also there was something called uuencode and uudecode that used letters of the alphabet.
igloo myrtilles fourmis
Instead of posting hex, you can post the binary data to the site/server/whatever. This can then be copied and pasted into a plain text editor, and saved as the correct file type, if there are no values of 0 (null).
"In the real world, this would be a problem. But in mathematics, we can just define a place where this problem doesn't exist. So we'll go ahead and do that now..."


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Those renting their homes and yards during Masters Week could receive a bill someday from the Internal Revenue Service.
The provisions that allow a windfall of tax-free income to local residents are once again under fire from IRS sharpshooters because of the many people who are abusing the rule.
Home renting and front-yard parking lots are among the red flags identified by the IRS, agency spokesman Mark Green said.
"We have seen a number of tax abuses," he said. "The majority of that centers around people who do not comply with the voluntary system in place."
IRS code section 280A allows taxpayers to rent their principal residences income-tax free for fewer than 15 days per year. The tax-free provision is not limited to homeowners - apartment and condo dwellers can also earn tax-free income by subleasing.
But the IRS suspects too many taxpayers are going beyond the 15-day period and not reporting the income. It also says too many taxpayers are incorrectly claiming rental expenses as a deduction.
"Every year, this law is under attack to try to take it away entirely," said Karen Stinson, an IRS-enrolled agent and tax specialist for H&R Block in Augusta. "Our tax laws are designed for honest people. When you think about it, you have to tell on yourself for a lot of things."
Hundreds of families in the Augusta area and even as far as Atlanta rent homes to golf fans in town for the Masters Tournament.
"It's a pretty big business," said Tim Cherry, accountant with Elliot Davis & Co. LLC in Augusta. "We have a number of clients in Aiken who are able to finance lavish vacations with the money they get renting their house. It's not uncommon to see between $4,000 and $9,000 between the week."
Those with homes near Augusta National Golf Club often allow fans of the Masters to park on their lawns for a fee. Most taxpayers do not realize this type of revenue must be reported as taxable income.
"Your yard does not qualify as your principal residence, and therefore any income you earn from it is not tax-exempt," Ms. Stinson said.
If the income is less than $600, file it on line 22 of Form 1040. Form 1099 must be filed if the sum is greater than $600.
People selling Masters badges must report that income also, but Mr. Cherry said many home renters with badges avoid taxation by selling the ticket at face value and making up the difference in the home rental price.
Mr. Cherry said those earning a little extra cash during Masters Week should be aboveboard because their return might be the one the IRS decides to scrutinize.
"They're looking for revenue," Mr. Cherry said. "They want to fund that $1.6 trillion tax cut with something."
Reach John Bankston at (706) 823-3352 or firstname.lastname@example.com.
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After two months of discussions, the Union County Public Schools Board of Education voted 7-1 during its March 4 meeting to approve the countywide redistricting plan that could shift more than 3,300 students to new schools.
Although the original plan called for 5,800 students to relocate, the board amended the plan to grandfather in rising fifth-graders, eight-graders and all sitting high school students, if they can provide transportation. If 100 percent of students choose to stay at their current school, something UCPS Superintendent Dr. Mary Ellis said has never happened in the past, a total of 2,014 students who were originally planned to be moved will stay in their home schools.
The school board also voted to keep the entire neighborhood of MillBridge in the Cuthbertson cluster. The original proposal split the Waxhaw neighborhood between the Cuthbertson and Parkwood clusters.
The call for the vote followed two four-hour public hearings on Feb. 27 and March 3, where school board members heard from 100 parents, students and community members about their concerns with the proposed plan. Many speakers referred to the plan as a temporary fix and called for long-term planning that would prevent redistricting in the near future. Many parents complained during the public comment process that their children had already been redistricted multiple times over the past 10
"It literally makes me nauseous that we have failed to get any of you to stand with Sherry Hodges and Marce Savage against redistricting. … I have a feeling we are going to be here again in three more years," Jill Carilli, a resident of Union County who isn't affected by the redistricting, said during the Feb. 27 public hearing.
At-large board member Sherry Hodges was the sole member to vote against the redistricting plan, with Vice Chairperson Marce Savage walking out of the meeting prior to the vote. Chairman Richard Yercheck, District 1 representative John Crowder, District 2 representative Kevin Stewart, District 4 representative Richard Pigg, District 5 representative John Collins, at-large member Michael Guzman and at-large member Christina Helms all voted in favor of the plan, which was presented to the school board in early January. The vote was originally planned for early April.
"I'm surprised and I'm saddened because I guess I thought we were going to meet with the (Union County Board of Commissioners) and maybe something would have come from that," Hodges said prior to the vote. "I can't understand the rush to this, either. I'm not saying there are not overcrowding issues in our schools; there are, but the rush to get this done does not make sense to me."
No other school board members commented prior to the
The redistricting plan comes at a time when some county schools, such as Kensington Elementary and Marvin and Porter Ridge middle schools, have been capped due to overcrowding, with other schools forecasted to pass the cap level within the next five years. When a school goes over 120 percent capacity, no new students will be allowed to enroll and will be bused to another school in the county that has open seats.


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Starting out gambling is easy when you join an online casino sites that rewards you with free credits. There is a selected number of real play no deposit casinos to pick from. Of course, the amounts given does differ from each site, however the best part is that you will be able to get the full experience of the casino games while playing in a live setting. This will enable you to know fully all the aspects how they will operate in which you can view the whole process, feel the thrills and excitement when hitting on the no deposit bonus games within the online casinos as you're playing for real money. This is by far the best form of gaming action that will display the functions in real time. While you are testing the games you can also begin to understand the payouts, don't forget to keep track of your bonus amount that is left in your account and your total win amount that is available for withdrawing. The fun action on the machine's will of course always leave you wanting more
No Deposit Casinos: Software and Game Choices
During this process you may feel a bit overwhelmed as you browse through the selection of casino games and see just how many options are available. You may even find it difficult to decide on which single game to first try your luck on but due to how some of the no deposit bonuses are set up they have taken this out of your control by putting the offer on just a single machine.
Quite a number of the current casinos operating are powered by the most advanced software which is Microgaming. The major difference between them and all others is the amount of machines you can pick from which currently is in excess of seven hundred and fifty. What is amazing is how much technology they have put into their gaming software in order to give users the live experience they wont forget. In addition you will be able to read full tutorials on each game in order to help you understand payouts and functions. Especially good for those that want to know how to hit the bonus features. Whether you like the old time favorite three reel machine or prefer the more advanced games with multiple pay lines and bonus rounds or ability to win bonus casino spins you will find them located in the casinos. Nothing is lacking in this platform including progressives which have paid out more than ten million.
Canada Casino Bonus: Free Promotions for New Members
I would like to go into a bit more details which may help you understand the features in the no deposit casino games and how they work. First off you as a new member of the online casinos will be granted a coin value amount which is either directly added to your account or is placed on a specific game which will be specified in the promotion. If it is direct credits you will have the choice casino games to try your luck on. No casinos are going to allow you to play the no deposit bonus on skill type games which would include games such as roulette, poker or blackjack. One main fact is that the no deposit casinos are designated for the download software version and in most cases will not be credited on mobile versions of the casino. They do have some other offers you can collect but it will not be totally free but instead a matching promotion. Check out the Canada deals below.
No Deposit Online Casinos 2017 Guide
When you go to claim the free money being offered you will be instructed on what the rules are and you MUST follow the terms and conditions completely with no variations on the free casinos bonus page. Giving you a heads up on what to expect when you go to sign up for the casinos is that your credit is often an automatic bonus where you will have no need to contact support to award the amount. I will stress that you should read all the rules related to the bonus prior to accepting it as some users may find the terms not appealing. Normally this is due to the cash out policies which limit amounts allowed. All the details can be found on their terms and conditions page usually by following a link giving more information. If you neglect to follow those rules it may result in your cash in being voided. Which we do not want that to happen to anyone so just take the time to read it over so that you may enjoy the free no deposit casino bonus without hassles later. Now all that is left is for you to pick a casino, go through the sign up process and get ready for some exciting thrills.
Any questions you might have can be directly answered by the live chat support which is found in most all of the casino sites. Remember as you play you will be collecting loyalty points which builds up on each bet, once you hit 1000 points you are able to cash them in for extra money in your account. It is considered a rewards program that some of you may be familiar with that gives back based on coin in and coin out based on wagering. If you were not lucky on the no deposit bonus then you might be pleased to know that you will be given an offer of another free bonus if you decide to make a purchase. All of these gaming establishments have some form of casino promotion as a welcome bonus for all new purchasing customers that gives you extra value on your money to increase balance in your account. We wish you all the best and I hope you hit it big like the one Canadian who became a millionaire playing mega moolah!


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Thanks to Ford Danmark I had the opportunity to see a bit more of Denmark. I have been living here now for about a year and besides Sjælland I haven't seen much of the country yet. So it was time for us to go on a roadtrip and experience a bit more of Jutland and Fyn (there are about 400 islands in Denmark, Sjælland, Jutland and Fyn are the most populated)!
We started our trip in Copenhagen and went for a 1.5 hour drive to Sjællands Odde, from here we took a ferie to Aarhus. When you live in the city you tend to forget how beautiful nature can be and when coming from the Netherlands it's funny to see how many small hills there are in the Danish landscape.
When we arrived, we dumped our stuff in the hotel and went for a quick dinner, drank some wine to continue to the popstage VoxHall.
Here we saw VETO. I didn't knew the band beforehand, but I think it's always cosy to just listen to some new music. Here is also where I thought that Jutlanders are a lot nicer than people from Copenhagen. But perhaps this is just a capital city thing, where people don't really have the time to show courtesy and be polite.
How funny is this? On our walk back to the hotel we bumbed into a little gallery where these pieces where hanging.
So this was our first night in Aarhus, I will post some more later about our second day in Jutland and a short visit to Fyn!
With love,
Follow me on Bloglovin' and on Facebook


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The Vine: April 18, 2014
I've just finished losing a considerable amount of weight, and for the first time in my adult life I want to own a bikini.
Problem being, the weight loss reduced my band size but not my cup size, and I have no idea where to look for a 38DD bikini top (and I mean bikini, not tankini). Mostly I want one I can go swimming, in the ocean, in without it falling off or falling apart. If such a thing exists, could the Nation tell me where?
Many thanks!
Merely Me
Congrats! Although the idea of wearing a swimsuit is still filling me with dread because it's STILL IN THE FORTIES TODAY here in the 718, I would suggest checking out Bra Smyth, which is my go-to for non-swimming foundation garments; and Lands' End, because they let you mix and match tops and bottoms and their cup sizes go up to DDD.
Tags: Ask The Readers retail


text: I need to produce 10(8) or more transformants of E.coli strain JM107 from ligated plasmids. 1) I plan to linearize a plasmid such that it has a 3' and a 5' overhang on its ends and will ligate a randomized oligo to re-circularize the plasmid, then probably fill in the single stranded region. Has anyone done this sort of thing before? How can I maximize the number of the ligated plasmids before I transform? 2) I plan to electro-transform the JM107 cells with at least a microgram of ligated plasmid in such a way that at least 10(8) of them receive the plasmid and survive before the selection. Has anyone been able to produce this many transformants from ligated plasmid? Does electro-transforming JM107 result in multicellular filaments like JM109? Has anyone tried using pantoyl lactone? How can I maximize the number of transformants? Thanks in advance for any information, advice or references you can give me. steve ruttenberg srutt at boulder.colorado.edu


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BRAHMS vs TCHAIKOVSKY new CD release
Dear friends,
We are very happy to share our latest news.
Our new CD "BRAHMS vs TCHAIKOVSKY" released by Profil Edition Günter Hänssler is available now to download and purchase!
On CD we recorded First string quartets by Brahms and Tchaikovsky using all-gut strings with original tuning of 433Hz.
It makes the recording of this quartets the first the only one of its kind!
The links to buy it at Amazon (UK) is here and Amazon (DE) here.
You also can lietn it in all big streaming sources like Apple Music, Spotify and others!
Sincerely yours,


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Man and woman charged in York concealment of a body case
A 24-year-old woman was arrested in Newport News Monday in connection with a 2016 death investigation, authorities say.
A 24-year-old woman was arrested in Newport News Monday in connection with a 2016 death investigation, authorities say.
Catching up with local Olympian Stefanie Fee.
Chris talked with Tanner Council from The Chesapeake Bay Foundation about their 29th Annual Clean the Bay Day.
Over 250 vendors, artists and crafters in Hampton this weekend!
Chef Andre and Christopher Thomas from Best Meal Prep Ever made some delicious Grilled Chicken and Grilled Cod with fresh salsa.
Watchstanders received a report for a sailboat named Sweet Revenge that had hit a submerged object, and was taking on water in stormy weathe…
A Suffolk man is facing charges for an alleged domestic assault that eventually led police to the discovery of a meth lab.
Grande will be joined by big names including Coldplay, Justin Bieber, Katy Perry and Pharrell Williams.
A 2-year-old girl who was hospitalized late last week in Norfolk has died, police say.
Perriello met with administrators at ODU to talk at a roundtable about his plans to mitigate the effects of climate change and protect coast…
The departure of Michael Dubke comes as aides say Trump has grown increasingly frustrated by allegations of Russian meddling in the 2016 ele…
The U.S. Marshals are warning residents of a nationwide telephone same taking place in both the Richmond and Norfolk areas.
The owner of Three Mile Island, site of the United States' worst commercial nuclear power accident, said Monday that it will shut down the p…
From morning to night, Nexstar's WAVY-TV 10 and WVBT FOX43 continue to be the leading source for news, weather and traffic in Hampton Roads …
Rookie Jake Guentzel fired a shot by Nashville's Pekka Rinne with 3:17 left in regulation to put the Penguins ahead to stay in a flat-out we…
A total of 110 previously untested rape kits are being sent from Chesapeake to a lab in Northern Virginia for testing.
Terry Frei tweeted that he was "uncomfortable with a Japanese driver winning the Indianapolis 500 during Memorial Day weekend."
The public honored and remembered family members, friends and fellow citizens who have given the ultimate sacrifice in military service to o…
To the Kurdish peshmerga forces patrolling northern Iraq in March 2016, Mohamad Khweis looked for all the world like an Islamic State suicid…
A gallery of Memorial Day celebrations and ceremonies from across Hampton Roads on Monday, May 29, 2017.
A 45-year-old Chesapeake man is facing charges following a hit-and-run crash overnight in Norfolk.
Police say both Martha Pittard and Gloria Ellis have been found and are safe.
Security camera nearby possibly captured the suspects
The Navy SEAL and Leap Frogs team member killed by a parachute malfunction Sunday in New Jersey has been identified as Remington Peters.
United Communities Against Crime held a prayer vigil Monday evening in honor of slain Virginia State Police Special Agent Mike Walter.
Beach-goers enjoyed sunny skies for the holiday, while reflecting on Memorial Day's significance.
When state lawmakers return to Raleigh on Tuesday, they'll get back to work on crafting the next state budget.
An apartment building at the Bayview Terrace Apartments was evacuated for a hazmat situation Monday night.
Funeral plans are set for a Virginia State Police special agent fatally shot at a Richmond public housing complex.


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A Scottish brewery has claimed to have created the world's strongest beer - at 65% proof, it'll blow your head off, that's why it's aptly named Armageddon.
Once again the travel industry turned out for the annual TNT Golden Backpacker Awards last week at in London with some major awards up for grabs.
A cheeky crocodile has proven there's no such thing as a free lunch after being seen off by six lions in Africa and it was all caught on camera by a brave cameraman.
Google have now set their sights, mounted first time on a backpack, on the Grand Canyon, showcasing the attraction's most popular hiking trails on the South Rim.
Yesterday, gapyear.com's development team worked with UX design agency Cyber-Duck to put the website through its paces as part of a significant redesign process.
Us Brits like nothing more than chatting about the weather. Well, conversations will go into over-drive this week as Britain's weirdest weather on record continues
Shane Cox from Australia has got as much cojones as his name would suggest by saving a beached great white shark. In our books that makes him a hero.
Last year Ryanair found itself in hot water with the Advertising Standards Authority after their sexy staff stripped for a charity calendar. Well they've done it again.
We're pleased to announce our new UX project - we've teamed up with award-winning web design agency Cyber-Duck to bring a new look and feel to the website.
Felix Baumgartner has smashed the record books after becoming the first man to reach supersonic speed without travelling in a jet or spacecraft.


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NORFOLK, Va. (WAVY) — A Norfolk pastor is accused of failing to pay back two businesses in a feeding program for disadvantaged children. Now 10 On Your Side has learned the city of Norfolk itself may be wrapped up in the mess.
The only reason Pastor Serena Harris was able to handout dinners in Norfolk community centers was because the city allowed her to. One business owner, to whom Harris still owes thousands, said that makes Norfolk equally responsible.
"I feel both of them are at fault," said Sherrey McGill, who once owned Sherrey's Kitchen before it had to shut down. She blames Norfolk and Pastor Harris for entering into an agreement that cost her tens of thousands of dollars. "It does shock me," she said.
Norfolk signed a Memorandum of Understanding (MOU) with Harris to provide snacks at city-owned community centers on September 23. One of the stipulations of the agreement is that Harris must "ensure that the program in its current operation receives USDA funds." However, WAVY.com learned Harris never had USDA funds, which would come from the Virginia Department of Health.
"I can tell you Ms. Harris on September 23 was not receiving funds from us," said Conchetta Yonaitis, who is the Special Nutrition Programs Manager at the Virginia Department of Health and handled Pastor Harris's application for funds.
Harris was receiving no USDA funds when she signed the MOU with Norfolk on September 23, and she did not send in her application to Yonaitis until September 27.
"I would think entering into an agreement, you would want to see the documentation," Yonaitis said. "There are several concerns with the application."
Norfolk's Director of Recreation, Parks & Open Space Darrell Crittendon signed the MOU for the city. He apparently never confirmed whether Harris had funding before signing the MOU. 10 On Your Side went looking for Crittendon at his office, but we were told he was not there because he is on annual leave.
City Spokesperson Lori Crouch emailed us: "The MOU clearly states ensuring the program in its current operation receives USDA funds is the responsibility of Holy Temple, not the Department of Recreation, Parks and Open Space."
The question is — is Pastor Harris supposed to ensure the funding, or is Norfolk responsible for ensuring she has it? Sherrey McGill said Norfolk should be ensuring that their partners have funding. Had Crittendon done that, he could have saved Sherrey thousands of dollars.
"If they hadn't signed that, she could have come back to me and said 'don't prepare anymore meals,'" McGill said.
By the way, McGill was delivering meals on September 16, a full seven days before the MOU was even signed with Norfolk.
Pastor Harris was operating the program on city property with the blessing of Norfolk. This case raises an important question: does Norfolk need to do a better job knowing who their partners are?


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I finally posted my planning thread! I know some of you were wondering about Funever's pictures so I posted some of the ones that were included in our package from them on here. We had 24 included in our package. They met with my husband (I was too sick to go) the next day to pick the pictures. They offered him all the pictures for $100. He said he didn't think it was worth it. He picked the best ones and there really weren't many more he even would've wanted.
Feel free to ask any questions you have for me


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Last week President Obama announced a plan to begin offshore drilling for oil and natural gas in the Atlantic, along the Gulf of Mexico and near Alaska.
His proposal, which he says will help meet the nation's growing energy needs without further relying on foreign producers or harming the environment, has spurred backlash from both supporters and opponents.
But according to Neil Gamson, an energy fuel price analyst for the
Gas Prices On The Rise
Industry insiders have a pretty good idea of whats expected in the months ahead: a rise in gas prices. Regular-grade gas prices will average $2.92 per gallon during this summer's driving season (from April 1 to Sept. 30), according to the EIA's April 2010 Short-Term Energy and Summer Fuels Outlook. That's up 48 cents from $2.44 per gallon last summer--and higher than the $2.86 current national average--but nowhere near the $4-and-up prices of July 2008.
In some states, like Alaska and Hawaii, average gas prices will likely exceed $3.50 per gallon this summer, while others (Texas, Oklahoma) will see average highs that don't cross the $3 mark. All told, average annual prices for regular gas will likely reach $2.84 this year, up from $2.35 in 2009, and hit $2.96 by 2011, according to the report. Projected annual average diesel prices per gallon are $2.95 in 2010 and $3.12 in 2011.
State-By-State: What Youre Paying Now
The biggest factor in determining gas prices is the price of crude: It typically makes up between 65% and 70% of the total cost of one gallon of regular gasoline. Taxes contribute about 15% of the cost, distribution and marketing contribute 10%, and refining contributes about 6%.
If you like this, read:
Crude oil prices act like other commodities and experice wide price swings due to OPEC supply and consumer demand. (The summer season typically increases demand for gasoline--this year an increase of 0.5% is expected over last summer's demand.)
"In general, this summer calls for modest growth in motor gasoline and distillate fuel markets, reflecting the stimulus of moderate economic growth and the constraining effects of higher crude oil and product prices compared with last summer," the report says. "As long as the global economy continues to recover, and the Organization of the Petroleum Exporting Countries remains satisfied with its constrained supply targets, global oil markets should remain in this situation."
Gamson says fuel energy price forecasts can indeed be uncertain. That said, crude will probably average more than $81 per barrel this summer and just under $81 per barrel for the entire year. Last summer, crude prices didn't go above $74 a barrel. (It average $61.66 per barrel for the whole year, a 38.1% decline from the $99.57 average of 2008.) He expects it to cost $85 per barrel by the end of 2011.
Next page: How To Get By On Less Gas
How To Get By On Less Gas
Cities in states where distribution and taxes are especially difficult and high, respectively, tend to have higher gas prices. Right now, Honolulu, Anchorage and San Francisco have the highest average gas prices in the nation, at $3.424, $3.382 and $3.147, respectively. On a regional basis, as is often the case, the West Coast has the highest average gas prices, followed by the Rocky Mountain region, the Central Atlantic and the Midwest. The Gulf Coast has the lowest average prices in the region, averaging $2.71 per gallon compared with a national average of $2.82.
Californians and Idahoans, though, do have some options for eking out the most value from every dollar they spend on gas. Christie Hyde, a spokesperson for AAA, says common-sense driving pays off big time.
"The biggest factor in getting better fuel economy is driving conservatively," Hyde says. "You don't have to do really extreme hypermiling things or anything like that that are dangerous. Just coast to a stop; don't rush into the red light and slam on the brake."
The other obvious answer, she says, is to buy a small-engined vehicle. According to a report AAA released last week, the average cost to own and operate a mid-level sedan has risen 4.8% since last year, mostly due to higher gas prices. It costs 56.2 cents per mile to drive a sedan like the
But large sedans and SUVs come out the worst in this tally. According to the AAA report, a 4WD SUV costs 73.9 cents to driver per mile, or $11,085 for one year. Large sedans cost 70.2 cents to drive for a total cost of $10,530 per year. SUVs also depreciate much more than small cars, making them even more expensive to own.
Consumers would do well to note the difference, especially this summer, Hyde says: "So many people when they go to buy a car, all they think about is the sticker price, and there's just so much more to it. You need to consider all of this."
State-By-State: What Youre Paying Now
Like this story? Become a fan of ForbesLife on Facebook and find others like it. Or follow us on Twitter @forbeslife.


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A trend model is a relationship of the parameter we want to estimate with the time. It just models how the parameter say is moving with time. The trend model can be linear, exponential ,quadratic,etc . Here we discuss just about the Quadratic model. For any further assistance on more models please visit Transtutors.com and also for assignment and homework help.
There are some time series , which instead of linear growth show a quadratic growth, that is their variation with the time is not linear but quadratic.
USA quarterly Industrial Production Index from Q1 1998 to Q4 2005 2002=100, Seasonally Adjusted, Source: US Federal Reserve Board 2001Q1 136.7 2001Q2 124.1 2001Q3 120.5 2001Q4 117.4 2002Q1 101.1 2002Q2 102.5 2002Q3 98.5 2002Q4 97.9 2003Q1 94.0 2003Q2 86.7 2003Q3 89.8 2003Q4 92.3 2004Q1 95.9 2004Q2 89.6 2004Q3 86.3 2004Q4 84.5 2005Q1 88.7 2005Q2 109.9 2005Q3 100.9 2005Q4 108.4
A quarterly fit trend model will be of the form
A quadratic model fit to the above example gives the model as
7.5 - .25t + 3.5t^2, where t = 1 for 1995
The shape of the graph is a parabolic curve since its a second degree equation in t.
For more information on quadratic trend and other trend models, the Transtutors.com is the best help to site to be and also for any assistance on any other assignment help and homework help.
Get all the help you need regarding the assignment and homework at Transtutors.com. Our team of experts thrive to provide all the assignment help and homework help you need as per your guidelines and within the provided time frame. With us you can be rest assured that the content provided for the homework help and assignment help will be original and free from any plagiarism issues.
Our expert carries thorough research on each topic provided, and based on that research the content on the homework help and assignment help is provided. We provide good number of references will all the assignment help and homework help.
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Updated: RRG Geologic Area Re-Opens after bear attackFriday, July 2nd, 2010
Just in time for the weekend, that troublesome bear has moved on past the gorge and the kind folks at the USFS have issued an order to reopen the area.
But please do pack your food properly. Access to food is the primary reason bears get interested in people in the first place. When Yogi can venture into any ol' spot and snag a picnic basket, it makes that spot pretty appealing and almost always leads to uncomfortable encounters.
So, for the Fourth, we want you to go have fun, roll around in the mud, catch some butterflies, and otherwise be happy and jolly! If you get bored, here are a few things that would help out:
- Plan ahead – Sign up for JATD
- Build the community – Get the word about the PMRP and Rocktoberfest out
- Give a little bit – Help us raise the mortgage!
Read on past the break for the full USFS press release.


text: geniere90 at interfree.it writes: > >I think so... neo's dns is 192.168.200.200 > >Is it wrong? Almost certainly. That's the DNS address I used, because I've got a DNS server on my laptop. You should set NEO's DNS to the same DNS as your laptop goes to. Also -- make sure you've got ip forwarding and NAT running on your laptop!


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Work began last week on the construction of a new community centre in Bleary at the site of the old school building.
The new £350,000 centre will be one of the first in Northern Ireland to encourage a co-operation between creative businesses and community groups.
DUP Councillor Margaret Tinsley who has been involved with the project said: "I spent Monday morning on site with a council officer reviewing the plans for the new creative community centre in Bleary.
"After three years of planning and consultation with Bleary community groups and the local school, it was exciting to see the workmen on site starting the project, which will be finished by the end of the year. This is a new concept within NI giving an opportunity to incorporate local creative business into a shared community centre.
"The staff within the development team have worked extremely hard securing funding for this project, which will see the old school building completely renovated and an additional extension. A great good news story for Bleary village."
The project expects to use two thirds of the site, with the other third remaining for future council use.


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How I killed my family and made it look like my son did it
I scanned a few pages of Ngaio Marsh, then finished my Agatha Christie mystery. I now had a clear plan for killing the family and framing David in the morning. I set my alarm for 5:45am so I'd be sure to hear David leaving the house for his paper round.
The alarm sounded and I woke with a start. I immediately changed the alarm setting to 6:30am so it would appear I'd arisen at my normal time. I dressed in some grungy old clothes and gathered a fresh set of old clothes to change into once the deed was done.
After climbing the stairs to David's room, I located the key in the ceramic jar (and David didn't think anyone knew where to find his spare!), took the rifle out of its bag and loaded both magazines with bullets. I fossicked through the bedroom drawers and found David's dress gloves. Perfect.
Silently I approached Margaret in her bed and quickly dispatched her. Stephen was more difficult as he put up a hell of a fight. I'm proud of the tall, strong young man he has become, but fortunately I had a weapon to overcome him as my fitness isn't what it used to be. Somehow I was also able to fend off his blows so I didn't sustain any bruises or other injuries. The white gloves were of little use now, however, as they were sodden with blood, so I chucked them under his bed after running them the length of the barrel.
My gorgeous Laniet was next. She was the only one who still believed in me, so to make sure she was dead I let rip with a third bullet through the top of her head. That's what you get for standing by your old Dad I'm afraid, my love.
I returned to Margaret's room and snatched her old glasses out of the drawer... just what was needed to implicate David. I broke the frame so the right lens fell out, deposited the lens in Stephen's room under some shoes and clothing, then gently settled the frame with remaining lens on David's chair. (How fortuitous that David mysteriously wound up with bruises to the right side of his face. This made it appear as though he had been wearing the glasses in a struggle with his brother. I wonder how he ended up explaining that one.)
From here I went downstairs and round the corner to Arawa's room. She must have heard me because she was approaching the doorway and asking who was there. I didn't have much time, so I made the shot through the net curtains. Bullseye.
Obviously my struggle with Stephen was pretty messy, so I needed a complete change of clothing. I left my blood-soiled garments in the washing basket. It was David's habit to put the laundry on, so it was the perfect opportunity for him to get blood on his hands. It was important that he leave some tell-tale prints around the place.
Every Ngaio and Agatha has a red herring; mine would be a towel with my own blood on it. As I didn't have any cuts to use, I dug an old towel out of the cupboard that I'd used when I'd cut myself shaving several days ago. I hung it on the rail. Perhaps the police would think David had needed to clean himself of my blood after killing me. If they suspected me, then the towel would always be a mystery.
With fresh clothes and shoes, and rifle in hand, I was very careful on my way back upstairs not to touch or step in any blood stains I'd left so my clothes would appear unmarked after my death.
Just as I turned to go in to the lounge I thought about the newspaper. I had a sudden interest in seeing the headlines on my last day alive, so I fetched it from outside and had a quick look. I already knew what tomorrow's headlines would be.
I suddenly became aware of an urgent need to pee. I couldn't believe I'd neglected that while I was downstairs, but I'd had other matters to attend to. No worries, however... in a few minutes I'd be blissfully unaware.
I picked up the rifle from where I'd left it next to the lounge door and entered my sanctuary. I headed through the curtains to the computer room, making sure to smear blood from the barrel on the curtain edges. I started the computer and wrote a quick message: "You are the only one who deserves to stay." Stay, not live. It was vindictive, wasn't it? "You stay and clean up the mess you'll soon find yourself in, mate. Best of luck."
I took up my favourite position near the beanbag, leaned over the rifle, making sure I was using it cack-hande d – after all, right-handers are expected to shoot themselves in the right temple, not the left. I had already inspected my temples and forehead for placement of my final bullet. The poor condition of the skin near my temple might give the appearance of tattooing around the wound, so it just might be mistaken for a distance shot rather than a contact shot.
I pulled the trigger.
Just as I began my fall, I kicked the empty shell casing under the green curtains into the alcove. As I hit the ground, I gently placed the 10-round magazine on its curved edge on the floor next to me, then promptly expired.


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Besides, in an economy like the one we're still experiencing—and considering the George Washington hand-holding that's naturally taking place among the bean counters—an argument can be made that even a moderately inelegant scrap paper recycling setup is preferred over the investment required to install a properly configured removal and recycling system. But is that actually the case?
There are those who would counter that you won't get nearly the same return on investment with loose paper as you would with baled. Further, that difference in ROI would virtually pay for the installation of the system in short order. Lastly, avoiding a necessary investment due to state of the economy can be dangerously short-sighted. Gaylords and other home remedy systems represent Band-Aids. When your plant is humming along with work, the last thing you need is a stack of boxes piling up, breaking and requiring attention. You're better off with an automated system.


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Young people in the Kivalliq region of Nunavut got busy making murals last month.
The Nunavut Arts and Crafts Association held three workshops in Rankin Inlet, Arviat and Baker Lake. In each case, 15 to 20 young people got together to design and build a mural from scratch.
The new art is now posted in the Arviat Community Hall, the youth drop-in centre in Rankin Inlet and the youth centre in Baker Lake.
Nunavut's department of economic development and transportation provided the funding.


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Welcome to the Bentwaters Cold War Museum – this site will provide you with all the information you need to find out more about the museum, and to plan your visit. The museum is an ideal all weather visitor attraction, and is run by volunteers from the Bentwaters Aviation Society – further information on the society and museum project can be found on their website.
What can you see at the museum?
The museum is based in the former USAF hardened command post on the former Bentwaters airfield, we believe that currently this is the only such building open to the public in the UK and Europe. The main "war operations room" and "Battle cabin" have been restored to original condition, the BT telephone exchange room, and decontamination showers and airlock are also as original. Other rooms within the building have been turned into exhibition rooms, covering the history of RAF Bentwaters from W.W.II until the base closed in 1993. Included in this are histories of the units that operated form the airfield, particularly the 81st FW.
Another room is dedicated to the history of the other airfield which was part of the "twin base" complex RAF Woodbridge, again covering the period from WWII until the present day. We have other exhibition rooms featuring information on the "Special Operations/Rescue Squadrons" that were based at RAF Woodbridge, as well as the "Aggressor" Squadron based at Bentwaters.


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Metro Denver Colorado Real Estate Agent Website Design
Project Description
This is a Metro Denver Colorado Real Estate Agent Website Design for a Realtor with RE/MAX Alliance in Aurora Colorado. This website is a unique fluid design with a custom home page that featured a changing photo animation. This Denver Colorado Real Estate Website was created with IMCD's buyers section, sellers section, and finance section. The website also includes property search using the RE/MAX's search tools and IMCD's Guest Book for lead capture. For sticky content this site cam with IMCD's Real Estate Library, Real Estate Glossary, mortgage and personal finance calculators and a custom scripted contact form. The real estate website sub-pages included custom graphics, hand coded custom css, HTML and custom coding options for the Contact Page.
Project Details
Client RE/MAX Alliance Agent
Date Launched in 2001
Skills SEO, WordPress, Copywriting, Web Design
Look No Further – Get Started Today
IMCD of Colorado, Inc., established in 1996 is a professional web design company providing affordable business & real estate web design and development services for real estate agent websites and business websites. IMCD Websites are built utilizing the latest Mobile Responsive Web Design technology while also being SEO friendly.
IMCD of Colorado, Inc.
Address: 4833 Front Street, Unit B-306
Castle Rock, Colorado 80104
Local Phone: 303-688-1331
Toll Free: 877-999-4623
Fax: 303-688-8842


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Hello !
I'm planning to go to Cambodia and Vietnam for the semester break, from December 18th to December the 30th or 31st (haven't booked the return ticket yet). I'm more a backpacker, last-minute decider when it comes to visiting. I'm a 20-yrs-old student. If anyone is interested by making a bit of the walk together, feel free to contact me !


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Castle Rock Cat Care 303-947-8002
Because we care too!
These are our rates and services for the town of Castle Rock.
Surrounding areas incur an additional charge. ( see bottom of page)
Please check out our Policies page for important information.
Please note that effective immediately Thanksgiving Day, Christmas Day and New Years day will be an additional $5.00 Per Visit. So if it is just one visit a day it will be 25.00 and if two or more visits a day it will be 20.00 per visit. And please remember, I DO NOT skip days.
Vacation Pet Sitting *
Cost for the Vacation Sitting Visits
2 or more visits per day
$15.00 - 25 minute Visit
$25.00 - 55 minute Visit
Single visit per day
$20.00 - 25 minute Visit
$30.00 - 55 minute Visit
Extended Play Time - $20.00 per hour
Pet Taxi - $25.00 per hour
24 Hour House/Pet Sit:
Castle Rock Cat Care now offers home stays, where I will basically live in your house and care for your pets and your house. I will stay a minimum of 18 hours a day and leave for no more than 2 hours at a time. With approximately 8 hours for sleeping, this means your pets enjoy having me there for 10 hours during the day. This service is very limited so call today for these special reservations! $110.00 per day.
Overnight Stays
Overnight stays at your house are available, the times will be discussed at the first meeting. With the overnight stay the night time visit and the morning visit are included in the price. The cost for an overnight stay is $75.00. Overnights will always be 10 hours but times may vary based on the sitters schedule. (To add a mid day visit, just a potty break visit for 10.00).
Cancellation Policy:
No refunds given for cancellation within 24 hours of the sit. If you cancel during a sit there will be no refund.
Locked Out of Your House:
If I have your key and you call me because you are locked out of your house, there is a fee of $20.00 for me to deliver your key to you.
*Additional Fees to Visit these areas
Franktown: $5.00 per visit in addition to the pet sitting fees.
Castle Pines, Castle Pines Village, Castle Pines North: $5.00 per visit in addition to the pet sitting fees.
Castle Rock Zip Code 80109 has locations that are charged. This does not apply to the Meadows or Red Hawk Ridge but will apply for locations south of Plum Creek. These locations will be charged based on the location.
Pictured on this page are Tigerlilly, Amber, Pixie and Gracie as a kitten, and Tigerlilly and Pixie.


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Gost Brand Holiday Tee and Hoodie Preview
December 2, 2010 by Hawkins · Leave a Comment
Gost Brand released these two preview pictures of their upcoming Holiday line. The pictures were released on the Gost Facebook page, perhaps you should "like" it. Source: Gost Brand's Facebook Page Tweet Share
Gost Brand S/S '10 First Look
April 11, 2010 by Hawkins · Leave a Comment
Here it is! Your first look at the new Spring/Summer collection that will begin shipping later this month. This preview is by no means exhaustive, it is just to give you a look at the graphics that will be featured in our new collection. We will post more photos of all of the different colorways […]
Gost Brand Highlights
February 26, 2010 by Hawkins · Leave a Comment
Highlights from the Gost Brand include the GNK Jumbo snapback and Santa Ana Baseball tee. Line now available at Vimby Shop and Overload. Overload also has some nice older designs in stock. Tweet Share


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Morningstar Introduces Industry's First Sustainability Rating for 20,000 Funds Globally, Giving Investors New Way to Evaluate Investments Based on Environmental, Social, and Governance (ESG) Factors
CHICAGO, March 1, 2016—To help investors evaluate funds based on environmental, social, and governance (ESG) factors, Morningstar, Inc. (NASDAQ: MORN), a leading provider of independent investment research, today introduced the Morningstar Sustainability RatingTM for funds. The new rating will enable investors around the world to evaluate mutual funds and exchange-traded funds based on how well the companies held in their funds are managing their ESG risks and opportunities.
Morningstar is rolling out the ratings and related ESG metrics today for approximately 20,000 funds globally in Morningstar DirectSM, the company's research platform for asset managers and wealth management professionals, and Morningstar OfficeSM, the company's practice management system for independent financial advisors. In the coming weeks, Morningstar will launch the ratings on other platforms, including Morningstar® Advisor WorkstationSM, Morningstar.com®, and other websites around the world.
In support of Morningstar's sustainable investing initiative, Steven Smit, CEO of Morningstar Benelux, has been named head of sustainability and will be responsible for leading the company's initiative to bring the new ratings and metrics to investors globally. Jon Hale, Ph.D., CFA, former head of manager research for North America, has been named head of sustainability research.
"Given the widespread and growing interest in sustainable investing around the world, investors need better tools to help them determine whether the funds they own or are considering adding to their portfolios reflect best sustainability practices," Smit said. "Our Sustainability Rating and related metrics will provide investors with an ESG lens they can use to evaluate funds and, eventually, other managed products. Creating more insight into sustainability investing is a passion of mine and many others at Morningstar. This initiative will help us better serve investors who place particular importance on incorporating ESG factors into their investment decisions."
The Morningstar Sustainability Rating helps investors gauge how well the companies held in a fund are managing the ESG issues most relevant to their industries and compare funds with one another, across Morningstar Categories, and to benchmarks. Morningstar calculates the rating based on the underlying fund holdings and company-level ESG research and ratings from Sustainalytics, a leading independent provider of ESG and corporate governance ratings and research.
"Many investors are interested in sustainable investing but unsure how to put it into practice," Hale said. "Our new rating makes it easier to compare funds based on their ESG attributes. In that way, investors can better determine how to incorporate sustainable investing into their portfolios, or assess the extent to which their fund investments are upholding best sustainability practices."
Hale added, "Some firms say that they invest according to sustainability principles, but it's been hard to verify. Now investors can draw their own conclusions, using an independent, robust check of that claim that's based on comprehensive analysis of a fund's holdings."
The Morningstar Sustainability Rating calculation is a two-step process. First, each fund with at least 50 percent of assets covered by a company-level ESG score from Sustainalytics receives a Morningstar® Portfolio Sustainability ScoreTM. The Portfolio Sustainability Score is an asset-weighted average of normalized company-level ESG scores with deductions made for companies involved in controversial incidents, such as environmental accidents, fraud, or discriminatory behavior. The Morningstar Sustainability Rating is the Portfolio Sustainability Score relative to at least 10 category peers, assigned in a bell curve distribution. Funds receive Sustainability Ratings described as Low, Below Average, Average, Above Average, and High, and depicted by globe icons where Low equals 1 globe and High equals 5 globes. Morningstar assigns ratings to all funds that have more than half of their underlying assets rated by Sustainalytics, not just funds with explicit sustainable or responsible investment mandates. Of the approximately 20,000 funds with Morningstar Sustainability Ratings, 10 percent received 5 globes, 22.5 percent received 4 globes, 35 percent received 3 globes, 22.5 percent received 2 globes, and 10 percent received 1 globe. Morningstar will update Portfolio Sustainability Scores when it receives new fund holdings data and will base them on the latest company scores from Sustainalytics. Morningstar will update the Sustainability Rating each month using the most recent Portfolio Sustainability Scores.
Morningstar's initial analysis of the ratings reveals that funds with explicit sustainable or responsible mandates are generally practicing what they preach. Nearly two out of three such funds received the highest ratings, more than double the percentage of funds with Sustainability Ratings overall. It's important to note that funds with explicit sustainable or responsible investment mandates comprise only about 2 percent of the fund universe.
Morningstar Direct and Morningstar Office users can screen for the Sustainability Rating for funds along with other ESG metrics, such as separate Environmental, Social, and Governance scores. In the future, Morningstar plans to expand the number and types of investments that receive Sustainability Ratings as well as add additional sustainable investing analytics and research.
For more information about Morningstar's Sustainability Rating, including frequently asked questions and definitions, articles about sustainable investing, and the rating methodology, please visit the
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to register. Follow the conversation on
with the hashtag #MstarESG.
About Morningstar, Inc.
Morningstar, Inc. is a leading provider of independent investment research in North America, Europe, Australia, and Asia. The company offers an extensive line of products and services for individual investors, financial advisors, asset managers, and retirement plan providers and sponsors. Morningstar provides data on more than 510,000 investment offerings, including stocks, mutual funds, and similar vehicles, along with real-time global market data on more than 17 million equities, indexes, futures, options, commodities, and precious metals, in addition to foreign exchange and Treasury markets. Morningstar also offers investment management services through its investment advisory subsidiaries, with more than $180 billion in assets under advisement and management as of Dec. 31, 2015. The company has operations in 27 countries.
About Sustainalytics
Sustainalytics is an independent ESG and corporate governance research, ratings, and analysis firm supporting investors around the world with the development and implementation of responsible investment strategies. With 14 offices globally, Sustainalytics partners with institutional investors who integrate environmental, social, and governance information and assessments into their investment processes. Today, the firm has 250 staff members, including more than 120 analysts with varied multidisciplinary expertise across more than 40 sectors. Through the IRRI survey, investors selected Sustainalytics as the best independent responsible investment research firm for three consecutive years—2012 through 2014—and in 2015, Sustainalytics was named among the top three firms for both ESG and corporate governance research. For more information, visit
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Not sure whether the commercial version suffers from the same problem as the
community version, though I can imagine it does (at least for the 2.x codebase).
I tried the forum search, but didn't find anything. I'd just like to point you at this,
as I think it's a really serious bug:
Behaviour when saving but disk/filesystem full?
If you are having problems with QCAD 2.1/2.2, post here. Please report bugs here.
Moderator: andrew
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This week is Coeliac Awareness Week in Australia. Four years ago we knew nothing about coeliac disease, and we never imagined that two of our children would be diagnosed with it a short time later. It has changed our life, the way we cook, eat, live! You can read about our coeliac adventure on the page: Coeliac Disease and Us.
If you are not sure what coeliac disease is, or think that you may have it, head over to Coeliac Australia's awareness campaign website.
To help promote coeliac awareness we thought we would share with you a gluten free recipe that everyone loves at our place. It is temaki sushi, or 'hand rolled' sushi. You don't have to be an expert cook to make them, and everyone can get involved too!
Click on the photo to be taken to the recipe!
For more simple and gluten free recipes, some of which we cook every week, head over to our Gluten Free Recipes page.
We also have lots of tips for living with coeliac disease too!
Happy Coeliac Awareness Week!


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Update: I no longer take barre classes religiously. Here's why.
Thanks for your great reaction to my Core Fusion Challenge! I am really excited to begin this weekend. I will also be meeting with Exhale's health counselor for "before" measurements and photos, as well as nutrition guidance.
I know it was a strange time to have a giveaway, with so many people off work or away and not reading blogs. If you missed this giveaway, don't worry — there might be another in the future . . . 😉
With that said, the winner of the Core Fusion DVD giveaway is . . . MelissaNibbles!
Melissa said: I'm in! I Netflix'd Core Fusion, but I really want to own the dvd! I've recently become "skinny fat" and it's got me down a little bit. I'm ready to work on my core and this seems like a great challenge. Thanks Dori!
Ah yes, I am quite familiar with "skinny fat." Melissa, please email me and send me your address. I am excited for you to participate in the challenge with me. I really think you'll love it.
For those of you who did not win the giveaway but want to participate, the Core Fusion Body Sculpt DVD is only $12 on Amazon or $9.99 on Tower Video. It is eligible for free shipping if your order is above $25 on either site. AND it comes with a free class at Exhale Spa. This is a really great deal, especially considering one regular class is $35.
If you'd like to get it on the challenge, please find the details here: Core Fusion Challenge
You can begin at any time, just let me know when. I plan to send out an email to all participants soon. Still not sure? Check out this trailer of the Body Sculpt DVD:
I plan to schedule out my classes each week ahead of time so I am always prepared. I already planned out next week's! I will discuss that soon. I am SO excited to commit to improving my core, my strength, my body and my mind in 2010!
9 comments on Core Fusion Challenge – DVD Giveaway Winner
Oh my god! I can't believe I won. Thanks so much Dori!!
HOW DO YOU JOIN THIS chaalenge? i can't find the link to hook up.
Are you having any other giveaway anytime soon? I love free gifts!
Thus, to make your holiday a perfect vacation, you may choose among apartments,
villas, Caravans and cottages that England offers to its global guests.
There is also a supermarket on site, and as all villas have full cooking facilities many visitors take their own food and self cater.
In Toledo also you get to visit the famous Manchego cheese and travel the Don Quixote trail.
http://spainholidays.direformalwear.com´s last blog post ..http://spainholidays.direformalwear.com
You will under no circumstances have to waste your time
and difficult-earned money understanding from books, pricey on line
courses and YouTube videos.
websites like omegle for phones´s last blog post ..websites like omegle for phones


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Butterfield to leave the Palace
Palace defender Danny butterfield has said he will Leave Crystal Palace if he does not get more first team games.
Danny has made only 35 starts for Palace in three seasons, he told the Croydon Advertiser ,
'I`m very frustrated I haven't been playing,I thought I had a good pre-season, I was raring to go, but so far I've just been sat waiting for my chance, It's not been a pleasant time for me.
'I haven`t really spoken to the manager about it, I was told at the start of the season Matty Lawrence would be starting at right back, So I knew I would have to wait for my chance. But time`s running out.'
Butter's has now less than 12 months of his contract left, and any extensions are unlikely to be until the new year.


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Need a professional headshot, video and brand identity package to enhance your marketing collateral, website, social media, email marketing and brand image?
Come get it at the Media Marketing Mixer! Media Marketing Mixer is bringing the 4 P's of media to the Dallas area October 22, 2011 in one location saving you time and money.
Don't miss out on Photography, Professional video, Product creative design and Printing all in one place at incredible prices. RSVP today!
Top Reasons You Should Attend the Media Marketing Mixer
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The event is October 22, 2011 from 10 a.m. to 2 p.m. located at 3530 Forest Lane, Suite 102 in Dallas. RSVP by October 18th and enter to win a Free Media Marketing package. It is FREE to attend the event. Presentation starts at 10:30 am. For more information call 214-683-6905 or visit www.yourdesigndept.com.
Tags: brand identity creative design email marketing marketing collateral Photography Printing Social Media Video website


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The drama of our Lord's Passion, death, and Resurrection comes alive to us through the magnificent Holy Week liturgies. One unique element, not done at any other time of the year, is the washing of feet on Holy Thursday.
The foot-washing rite calls to mind the episode during the Last Supper in which our Lord, knowing full well what was going to happen in the ensuing days, laid aside His garments, girded Himself with a towel, and washed His Apostles' feet. He taught them by example how they were to exercise leadership in His Church through humble service. In the same way, the Holy Thursday rite provides that after the homily the priest, in imitation of Christ, washes the feet of men chosen from the congregation.
When done orderly and reverently, this can be a particularly moving ritual, inspiring us to enter more deeply into the sacred liturgy. Unfortunately, in too many Holy Thursday celebrations, foot washing has become a countersign, pointing to rivalry and power, not unity and service. This happens whenever the attention is taken away from the significance of Christ's actions and is instead focused on who is (and isn't) getting their feet washed.
It must be candidly admitted that Church authorities have opened the door to controversy through the mixed signals that have been given to the faithful and pastors alike. The rite itself has always specified that only men are to have their feet washed. The word used in Latin is viri ("men"), not hominess, which legitimately includes men and women. Because of ongoing debate on this issue, the Congregation for Divine Worship and Discipline of the Sacraments (CDWDS), in a 1988 circular letter entitled Paschales Solemnitatis, affirmed that the tradition of washing the feet of "chosen men" should be retained.
Then in 1996, the United States bishops proposed a modification that would allow for the washing of women's and children's feet during the Holy Thursday service. This proposal received the necessary support of more than two-thirds of the US bishops, but it still required the formal approval of the Holy See before it could take effect. Such approval has never been given. Meanwhile, the CDWDS published the official third edition of the Roman Missal in 2002, which still provides that only men are to have their feet washed.
Not surprisingly, it's impossible to please everyone given this ambiguity. In parishes where only men have their feet washed, some complain about the lack of inclusivity and the failure to implement a "directive" of the US bishops. In parishes where women and children have their feet washed, some complain about the illicit practice, which seems to accommodate dissenting elements in the Church.
There are two distinct theologies at work that facilitate this tension. The more traditional theology focuses on the vocation of the priest to serve God's people in humility. The priest acts in the role of Jesus, while the twelve men serve in the role of the Apostles. The priest's ministry is ordered to serving the laity (see Catechism, no. 1547), and this rite reminds him of his call to serve the flock entrusted to him. The other theology is based on the truth that all the faithful participate in the threefold mission of Christ as priest, prophet, and king. This kingship is exercised through our conquering the kingdom of sin and also through our loving acts of service and mercy. This latter theology carries the day in most US dioceses, where all the faithful men and women are allowed to participate in the foot-washing rite.
But there's another principle at work here. There has been in the Church in recent decades a relentless push toward opening roles and functions to the broadest number of people. In some contexts, this approach has fostered a greater participation in the life of the Church based on our baptismal dignity.
However, it has also given momentum to dissident agendas as represented by groups like Call to Action and Voice of the Faithful. Now, having one's feet washed in the strictest sense does not require "maleness." This function more closely resembles service as a reader or extraordinary minister of Holy Communion. It is not an instance like preaching a homily or, even more, consecrating the Eucharist, where the necessity of Holy Orders results in the function being closed to women.
To all this, I'd gently offer a two-pronged response. First, I'd respectfully urge that all Catholic dioceses and parishes follow the rubrics as they presently exist, and thereby not permit the washing of women's feet on Holy Thursday. The point of the recent Vatican instruction Redemptionis Sacramentum was precisely to foster a joyful adherence to liturgical norms. Even if the washing of women's feet might be permitted someday, we do well not to impose our own preferences or agendas on the liturgy in the meantime.
Second, while it's theoretically possible for the Church to allow women to have their feet washed on Holy Thursday, it's far from clear that it's fitting to do so. Function is not the same as sign value, as the latter is based on what things are, not what they do.
Let me explain: Holy Thursday in a singularly preeminent way celebrates the institution of the ordained priesthood and the Eucharist, which, as Pope John Paul II emphasizes, are inseparably related. It's neither a historical accident nor sex discrimination that the Apostles happened to be men. It's also no coincidence that the Apostles' successors have only chosen men to lay down their lives for the Church, the Bride of Christ, as ordained ministers. Given all the special considerations before us during this "Year of the Eucharist" the decline in Eucharistic belief, the shortage of priests in many places, the need for a renewed understanding and appreciation of the priesthood in light of recent scandals, and a generalized confusion when it comes to gender roles it doesn't seem like a good idea to downplay the rite's specific, historical context.
Further, the "sign value" of choosing a representative cross-section of the parish community including women and children could easily be misinterpreted as indicating that the Church is now more democratic than apostolic. Foot-washing is about rites, not rights. The rite is not about whose feet get to be washed, but about the priest's call to exercise authority in imitation of his divine Master, who came not to be served, but to serve.
Leon J. Suprenant, Jr. is the president of Catholics United for the Faith (CUF) and Emmaus Road Publishing and the editor-in-chief of Lay Witness magazine, all based in Steubenville, Ohio. He is a contributor to Catholic for a Reason III: Scripture and the Mystery of the Mass and an adviser to CE's Catholic Scripture Study. His email address is firstname.lastname@example.com.
Join Catholics United for the Faith and enjoy the many benefits of membership.
(This article originally appeared in the National Catholic Register.)