text:
To ensure that user addresses meet your needs, GroupWise enables you to determine the format and visibility of addresses, as well as create additional names for users. The following sections provide details:
Starting with GroupWise 7, you can use the same e-mail ID for more than one user in your GroupWise system, provided each user is in a different Internet domain. Rather than requiring that each e-mail ID be unique in your GroupWise system, each combination of e-mail ID and Internet domain must be unique. This provides more flexibility for handling the situation where two people have the same name.
When adding or changing users' e-mail addresses you can check to make sure that the e-mail address you want to use for a particular user is not already in use.
In ConsoleOne, click> > to display the Email Address Lookup dialog box.
In thefield, specify the e-mail address. You can specify the user ID only (for example, jsmith) or the entire address (for example, firstname.lastname@example.com).
All objects whose e-mail address match the one you specified are displayed.
If desired, select an object, then click Info to see details about the object.
By default, a user inherits his or her Internet address settings (preferred Internet address format, allowed address formats, and Internet domain name) from the user's post office, domain, or GroupWise system. For more information, see Section 45.0, Configuring Internet Addressing.
If necessary, you can override these settings for individual users.
In ConsoleOne, right-click the User object (or GroupWise External Entity object), then click.
Click> to display the Internet Addressing page.
To override one of the settings, select thebox, then change the setting.
Preferred Address Format: The preferred address format determines how the user's address is displayed in the GroupWise Address Book and in sent messages.
Preferred E-Mail ID: At the user and resource level, the preferred address format can be completely overridden by explicitly defining the user portion of the address format (user@Internet domain name). The user portion must include only RFC-compliant characters. The following characters are valid:
The user portion must be unique within its Internet domain. This means that a user can be used multiple times in your GroupWise system, if it is used only once in each Internet domain.
If you have two users with the same name in the same Internet domain, you can further modify the user portion. For example, if you have selected First Name.Last Name@Internet domain name as your system's preferred address format and you have two John Petersons in the same Internet domain, you would have two users with the same address (email@example.com). You could use this field to differentiate them by including their middle initials in their addresses (email@example.com and email@example.com).
Allowed Address Formats: The allowed address formats determine which address formats can be used to send messages to the user. For example, using John Peterson as the user, Research as the post office, and novell.com as the Internet domain, if you select all five formats, John Peterson would receive messages sent using any of the following addresses:
Internet Domain Name: The Internet domain name, along with the preferred address format, is used when constructing the e-mail address that is displayed in the GroupWise Address Book and in the To field of sent messages.
Only the Internet domain names that have been defined are displayed in the list. Internet domain names must be defined at the system level (Section 45.0, Configuring Internet Addressing.). For more information, see
If you override the Internet domain name, theoption becomes available. Enable this option if you only want the user to be able to receive messages addressed with this Internet domain name. If you don't enable this option, the user receives messages addressed using any of the Internet domain names assigned to your GroupWise system.
View E-Mail Addresses: Clickto display a list of the various e-mail address formats that can successfully deliver e-mail to this user, including any nicknames or gateway aliases that have been defined for this user. For more information, see:
Clickto save your changes.
A user's visibility level determines the extent to which the user's address is visible throughout your GroupWise system. You can make the user visible in the Address Book throughout your entire GroupWise system, you can limit visibility to the user's domain or post office only, or you can make it so that no users can see the user in the Address Book.
Making a user visible in the Address Book simply makes it easier to address items to the user. Regardless of a user's visibility, other users can send items to the user if they know the user's GroupWise user ID.
In ConsoleOne, right-click the User object (or GroupWise External Entity object), then click.
Click> to display the Account page.
In thefield, select the desired visibility level.
System (Default): All users in your GroupWise system can see the user's information in the Address Book.
Domain: Only users in the same domain as the user can see the user's information in the Address Book.
Post Office: Only users in the same post office as the user can see the user's information in the Address Book.
None: No users can see the user's information in the Address Book. Users need to know the user's GroupWise user ID to send items to him or her.
Clickto save your changes.
Each user has a specific GroupWise address consisting of the user's ID, post office, and domain (user_ID.post_office.domain). You can assign one or more nicknames to a user to give the user an alternate address. Each part of the address (user_ID, post_office, and domain) can be different than the user's actual address.
For example, you might want to create a nickname for a user you have just moved (see Section 14.4, Moving GroupWise Accounts) or renamed (see Section 14.5, Renaming Users and Their GroupWise Accounts). The nickname, which would be the user's old address, would ensure that any use of the old address would result in the new address being used instead.
Nicknames are not displayed in the Address Book, which means users need to know the nickname to use it.
To manually create a nickname for a user:
In ConsoleOne, right-click the User object or GroupWise External Entity object, then click.
Click> to display the Nicknames page.
Clickto display the Create Nickname dialog box.
Fill in the following fields:
Domain.PO: Select the post office where you want to assign the nickname. This can be any post office in your GroupWise system; it does not have to be the user's post office.
Object ID: Specify the name to use as the user_ID portion of the nickname. The nickname must be unique.
Visibility: Nicknames are not displayed in the Address Book. To use a nickname, a message sender must specify the nickname's address. However, nickname visibility does affect nickname replication to other GroupWise systems.
External Sync Override:
This option applies only if your GroupWise system links to and synchronizes with an external system, as described in
Connecting to Other GroupWise Systems in the GroupWise 8 Multi-System Administration Guide.
Synchronize According to Visibility: The nickname information is synchronized to external systems only if visibility is set to.
Synchronize Regardless of Visibility: The nickname information is synchronized to external systems regardless of the object visibility.
Don't Synchronize Regardless of Visibility The nickname information is not synchronized to external systems.
Given Name: Specify the user's given (first) name.
Last Name: Specify the user's last name.
Expiration Date: If you want the nickname to be removed by the Expire Records feature after a certain date, as described in Section 14.10.3, Managing Expired or Expiring GroupWise Accounts, select , then select the desired date.
Clickto add the nickname to the list.
Clickto save the changes to the User object or GroupWise External Entity object.
To have nicknames created automatically whenever you move a user, see Section 4.2, System Preferences.


text:
Drug injecting and HIV infection among the population of drug abusers in Asia
Drug injecting among the population of drug abusers
South-West Asia and South Asia
South -East Asia and East Asia
HIV infection among injecting drug users
Concluding remarks
Author: V. POSHYACHINDA
Pages: 77 to 90
Creation Date: 1993/01/01
Drug injecting and HIV infection among the population of drug abusers in AsiaV. POSHYACHINDA
Director, Institute of Health Research, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok
Opium has been produced and consumed since the nineteenth century in the areas of Asia currently referred to as the Golden Crescent and the Golden Triangle. In the 1970s and 1980s, most countries from Afghanistan to Japan experienced a heroin epidemic of varying degrees of severity. Opium and heroin abuse appeared to be more severe in countries and areas where those drugs were produced, an exception being Hong Kong, which has had a large population of heroin abusers for more than two decades. Drug injecting was far more common in countries of the Golden Triangle than in those of the Golden Crescent. In Myanmar and Thailand, for example, up to 90 per cent of chronic heroin abusers practised intravenous injection, which appeared to spread to heroin abusers in nearby territories such as the State of Manipur in India, Yunnan province in China, as well as Malaysia and Vietnam. Amphetamine abuse was more frequent in Japan and the Republic of Korea for a number of years, while illicit production and consumption in the Philippines have recently shown significant increases. The injection of amphetamines was common only in the Republic of Korea .The prevalence of injecting among institutionalized methamphetamine abusers was reported at about 90 per cent. Most countries in Asia first reported cases of infection with the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) in the mid-1980s. An extremely rapid spread of the epidemic and high prevalence, at rates of from 30 to 90 per cent, of HIV infection among the sample of intravenous heroin abusers were observed in a few countries with a high prevalence of intravenous injecting, such as India (in the State of Manipur), Myanmar and Thailand. The rest had either few reported cases or none at all, even though needle -sharing was found to be common. Great caution should be exercised in interpreting prevalence because of vast differences in methods of assessment. Given the vulnerability of intravenous drug abusers to rapid transmission of HIV infection, the prevention of drug injecting is of paramount importance in arresting the spread of the epidemic. Efforts to contain drug abuse, though difficult, are a principal means of achieving that end.
The present paper describes the situation with regard to drug injecting and HIV infection among the population of drug abusers in Asian countries from Afghanistan in the south -west to Japan in the east. The information and statistics presented were selected with a view to illustrating the pattern of diffusion or expansion of drug injecting or HIV infection among the population of drug abusers.
The extensive abuse of opiates in Asian countries has acquired a notoriety almost equal to that of opium and heroin production in the countries of the Golden Crescent and the Golden Triangle. Increased supplies from those two areas during the 1980s led to a sharp rise in illicit global narcotics consumption. In retrospect, however, the production and consumption of opium has had a long history in the regions of Asia concerned.
Drug injecting among the population of drug abusers
The history of drug abuse in Asia has been marked by epidemic outbreaks of parenteral morphine injection. In 1908, the Royal Gazette of Thailand, an official law journal, recorded an epidemic of parenteral morphine injection among the population of opium abusers in a town in southern Thailand [ 1] . During the 1950s, morphine dens proliferated in the poor sections of Singapore [ 2] , in association with widespread parenteral injection. After the Second World War, an epidemic of amphetamine abuse involving large numbers of injectors ( [ 3] , pp. 4-5) struck Japan in the late 1940s. Such outbreaks of drug abuse in the past aroused deep anxiety among the authorities and within the general public.
South-West Asia and South Asia
The seat of the Golden Crescent lies in South-West Asia and South Asia, including districts in the North -west Frontier Province of Pakistan, the adjacent Badakhshan area of Afghanistan and the Baluchistan area of the Islamic Republic of Iran. The area has been the scene of traditional opium poppy cultivation since the nineteenth century. The opium produced was for indigenous use, including smoking and eating, in practically all countries in the region. The traditional pattern of indigenous opium use remained fairly untouched by drug injecting throughout the 1960s [ 4] , [ 5] , [ 6] .
Under differing circumstances, heroin began to infiltrate the indigenous opium -using population of each country during the 1970s. By the 1980s, most countries in the region had become aware of the rising epidemic of heroin dependence, and there was a great need for systematic national assessments of the extent and nature of heroin abuse. The indirect indicators mentioned below were quite sufficient, however, to confirm the existence of the heroin epidemic. Law enforcement controls, which often lagged years behind the emergence of national awareness, began to result in substantial heroin seizures annually in countries where they had never before occurred, for example, in India [ 7] and Sri Lanka [ 8] . There were increasing numbers of offences against narcotics control laws [ 9] . Similarly, hospital statistics showed rising trends in the number of heroin users seeking treatment, although the figures involved were relatively small in absolute terms [ 10] , [ 11] .
The common method of heroin use in most areas appeared to follow indigenous practices, that is, smoking and a method of fume-inhaling known as "chasing the dragon" ( [ 12] , [ 13] ; [ 14] , p. 1). Drug injecting in countries of the region varied considerably among the populations studied. Epidemiological studies in Nepal showed that heroin abuse started in the early 1970s, and reached epidemic levels in 1982 and 1983. More than 90 per cent of heroin abusers were male, and a 37.0 per cent prevalence of, intravenous injecting was reported in 1989 [ 13] . There was an injecting prevalence of about 11 per cent among the small number of heroin dependents in the drug addiction treatment programme of the All- India Institute of Medical Science between 1981 and 1984 [ 15] . In 1991, the number of intravenous heroin abusers alone in the State of Manipur in north-eastern India on the border with Myanmar was estimated at about 20,000 [ 16] . An extremely low lifetime drug-injecting prevalence of between 0 and 8.8 per cent was recorded in a report on cases of treatment for drug abuse at Gale, Sri Lanka, between 1983 and 1988, and in a survey, conducted by the National Dangerous Drug Control Board, of 936 heroin users in three major affected cities in Sri Lanka [ 14] . Most studies of drug abusers in countries with low injecting prevalence often described the prevalence as "low or rare", without reporting the frequency.
Table I shows the relative extent of drug injecting among the population of drug abusers in countries of South-West Asia and South Asia.
Table 1. Estimated prevalence of drug injecting among the population of heroin abusers in countries of South-West Asia and South Asia
Drug injecting prevalence(Percentage or frequency of abuse)
Sri Lanka
less than 10
South -East Asia and East Asia
South-East Asia and East Asia encompass the current major sources of illicit opiate production in the Golden Triangle.
Most countries and territories of the region have been affected by the heroin epidemic of the recent past. Heroin use first started in Hong Kong around the 1920s, when the supply in fact came first from Europe [ 17] . A heroin epidemic struck Japan during the 1950s, as reflected in the annual statistics on offences against the narcotic laws ( [ 3] , p. 3). A wave of heroin epidemics followed, in the 1960s in Thailand [ 18] and the Philippines [ 19] , and in the 1970s in Myanmar [ 20] , [ 21] , Malaysia [ 22] , Indonesia [23, 24] and Singapore [ 25] . Practically no country in the region today can claim to be completely free from some degree of illicit narcotics consumption. In terms of drug injecting, however, the pattern has been quite different from one country to another.
Countries around the Golden Triangle in South-East Asia appear to have had a high prevalence of intravenous drug injecting. Between May and December 1990, drug dependents in the Treatment and Research Unit of the Yangon Psychiatric Hospital in Myanmar had an intravenous heroin injecting prevalence of about 87 per cent [ 26] . The 1989 heroin- dependent population under treatment in Thailand also included about 87 per cent of injecting heroin abusers. However, among new cases the percentage was only 71.3 per cent [ 27] . At the beginning of 1990, the Centre for Treatment at Ho Chi Minh City in Viet Nam treated 1,298 cases, 91.9 per cent of which were male. The principal substance used was opium, and the prevalence of intravenous injecting was high, at about 97 per cent. Of those cases, 64.2 per cent were addicted before 1975 [ 28] . Malaysia had a fairly large population of heroin abusers that preferred inhalation by the method known as "chasing the dragon". However, from 20 to 40 per cent of either new or re-entry cases of Malaysian heroin dependents who crossed the border into Thailand for treatment reported injecting heroin intravenously [ 29] .
Although Indonesia and the Philippines suffered a heroin epidemic in the 1970s, they never subsequently experienced heroin abuse to any significant extent. The number of -opiate dependents who entered treatment programmes in Indonesia from 1986 to 1989 varied between only 4 and 33 cases [ 30] . In the late 1980s, the Philippines were suffering from the rapidly rising number of abusers of stimulants, in particular amphetamines and. ephedrine hydrochloride, which were consumed by eating or fume inhaling with apparently little opiate abuse [ 31] , [ 32] . The prevalence of intravenous injecting has been reported at 3.6 per cent in the Philippines since 1978 [ 33] , and presumably remains low. Between 1986 and 1990, the annual statistics of heroin-using drug offenders still ranged from 3,000 to 5,500 in Singapore, with the prevalence of intra- venous injecting in that population well below I per cent [ 34] .
Between 1986 and 1991, the number of annual registered persons reported by the Hong Kong Central Registry of Drug Abuse was 15,000 to 17,500 cases. Those new to the Registry ranged from only 2,000 to 2,500 cases. The prevalence of intravenous heroin injecting varied from 20 to 40 per cent for newly registered cases, and from 55 to 65 per cent for re-entry cases [ 35] .
Taiwan Province of China had small numbers of injecting opiate dependents. Opium, morphine and heroin were substances of abuse reported by drug offenders. Interestingly, the percentages of female offenders was fairly high, at 16.4 per cent [ 36] . The Republic of Korea had a fairly sizeable population of methamphetamine abusers. A survey conducted in 1987 revealed that 1.4 per cent of working adolescents reported methamphetamine use. The prevalence rose to 9.6 per cent among institutionalized disturbed adolescents. A study of 817 amphetamine users in prison in December 1988 and January 1989 showed a high prevalence of intravenous injecting, at 90 per cent. About 63 per cent of intravenous methamphetamine users in a mental hospital between 1986 and 1990 were female ( [ 37] ,. pp. 2-3).
In the past, China. was very successful in controlling opium use. However, the last few years have seen the re-emergence of opium and heroin abuse and trafficking, particularly in Yunnan province, adjacent to the Golden Triangle area of Myanmar. About 30 per cent of heroin abusers along the border area of Yunnan administered the drug by intravenous injecting [ 38] .
The heroin epidemic in Japan during the 1950s was effectively dealt with. The number of violators of the heroin narcotics law ranged from only 30 to 98 persons between 1984 and 1989. The number of violators of the law on stimulants was far greater, from 16,848 to 24,346, during the same period of time ( [ 3] , p. 25). The violators of the drug control laws were drug abusers. Official statistics of the law enforcement authorities did not indicate the method of drug administration. However, injecting was known to be common among violators of the narcotics law and, to a lesser extent, the law on stimulants [ 39] . Hence, there are probably thousands of drug injectors currently in Japan.
Table 2 shows the prevalence of drug injecting in countries and areas of South-East Asia and East Asia.
Table 2. Estimated prevalence of drug injecting among the population of drug abusers In countries and areas of South -East Asia and East Asia
Country or area
Substance abused
Drug Injecting prevelance(percentage or frequency of abuse)
Hong Kong
Up to 65
Up to 50
Up to 90
Republic of Korea
Very rare
Taiwan Province
Up to 40
Up to 95
Viet Nam
Up to 95
HIV infection among injecting drug users
The date of first discovery of AIDS and HIV infection, as opposed to the date of actual introduction of HIV, probably varied considerably from country to country, depending on such factors as the degree of monitoring and the methodology used in the country concerned. Most Asian countries reported their first cases in the mid-1980s. Injecting drug users so far appear not to have been involved in the first cases. In Singapore, the first case of HIV infection in a young homosexual man was reported in May 1985 [ 40] , while the HIV infection in intravenous drug users was first detected in the latter half of 1990 [ 35] . At the Municipal Narcotics Abstention Institute in Taiwan Province, 390 institutionalized opiate abusers by parenteral injecting were subjected to serum screening between December 1985 and February 1988. All the results were negative [ 36] . The small numbers of arrested cases of intravenous methamphetamine users in the Republic of Korea, 3, 187 and 245 cases in 1988, 1989 and 1990, respectively, were subjected to serum screening. AU results were negative ( [ 37] , p. 6). Although Japan had a substantial number of amphetamine users, drug injecting was apparently not common. Up to 1990, among the total of 290 AIDS cases and 1,412 HIV seropositives, only one case of an intravenous drug user was found. However, 207 of the AIDS cases and 1,209 of the cases of HIV infection were haemophiliacs. The first case of AIDS was found in March 1985 [ 41] .
Indigenous use of opium was somewhat similar in Nepal and Sri Lanka. Drug injecting was not the primary route of administration. The prevalence of HIV infection among drug abusers was probably still low. The first case of AIDS in Nepal, that of a 29 - year - old European male on temporary stay, was diagnosed in July 1988. Up to June 1990, 446 drug dependents had undergone serum screening. Only one case was found seropositive, that of a foreigner who was a drug abuser [ 42] . Sri Lanka had until late 1990 only 27 identified cases of HIV infection and AIDS, six of which were foreigners. Local cases involved 4 females and 17 males ( [ 14] , p. 2).
As indicated earlier, the population of intravenous drug abusers ill Hong Kong was quite large. The territory had a continuous influx of large numbers of foreign visitors for pleasure and trade. The administration had established a serum-screening service for the drug-dependent population under treatment in 1985. Up to September 1990, 4,518 cases had been tested, with only I seropositive case in 1990. A survey of a limited number of the drug dependents showed that most had shared needles. The first case of AIDS was identified in February 1985. The cumulative case number up to September 1990 was 190 HIV seropositives and 42 AIDS cases [ 43] . Despite the large number of intravenous drug abusers who shared needles, the transmission of HIV infection in this high-risk population nevertheless seemed very low.
The extremely rapid spread of HIV infection among the population of injecting drug abusers was also noted in Asia. In the State of Manipur in India, adjacent to Myanmar, serum screening for HIV antibodies has been carried out since July 1986. Up to September 1989, 2,322 samples had been tested, and no positive case found. In October 1989, HIV antibodies were detected in a 39-year-old businessman who injected drugs intravenously and was involved in smuggling and sexual promiscuity. From October 1989 to June 1990, 1,564 serum samples were collected from intravenous drug abusers. There were 853 HIV- seropositive cases, or 54.5 per cent [ 44] .
The first AIDS case in Thailand was identified in 1984 [ 45] . Continuous monitoring of HIV infection among the drug dependents entering treatment services was launched at the end of August 1987 at the Thanyarak Hospital, a large 250-bed hospital for the treatment of drug dependence, handling between 8,000 and 10,000 cases annually. Clients came from Bangkok and most provinces of the country. The monthly HIV-seropositive prevalence was about 1 per cent up to the end of 1987. During the first eight months of 1988, prevalence rose sharply to a maximum level of 33 per cent, and declined slightly throughout the following months [ 46] . A similar rapid rise in seropositive prevalence among the population of drug dependents under treatment was also simultaneously observed in the biennial cross-sectional sampling and seroscreening in the network of outpatient methadone detoxification clinics of the Bangkok Metropolitan Health Department. HIV-seropositive prevalence reached a level of about 40 per cent in September 1988 [ 47] . Continuous monitoring at Hatyai Hospital, in Song Khla province in the southern region bordering Malaysia, showed the same rapid rise of HIV seropositives, starting eight months after Bangkok, in October 1988 [ 48] .
According to official internal documents, surveillance of HIV infection and HIV seroscreening in Myanmar began in 1985, but have been conducted annually only since 1987. From 1985 to 1988, Yangon was the only sample city. The number of sample cities increased to 6,8 and 27 in 1989, 1990 and 1991, respectively. The first case of a drug dependent who was HIV-seropositive occurred in 1989. The seropositive percentages in the aggregate statistics increased rapidly, from 17.3 per cent, or 54 out of a total of 313 cases between 1985 and 1989, to 62.8 per cent, or 440 out of a total of 701 cases in 1990, to 77.2 per cent, or 474 out of a total of 614 cases between January and June 1991 [ 49] . In fact, the monthly prevalence of HIV seropositives among intravenous heroin users treated at the Drug Dependence Treatment and Research Unit of Yangon Psychiatric Hospital was even higher, with 43 seropositives out of 59 cases (72.9 per cent) in May 1989, and between 81.3 to 91.3 per cent during the months between May and September 1990 [ 50] .
From South -West Asia to East Asia, extreme differences in patterns of HIV infection and transmission in the population of drug abusers have been noted, with both very low and very high levels, and with both a slow and a rapid rise, of seropositive prevalence.
Concluding remarks
The patterns of drug abuse in Asian countries show considerable variation, with opium and heroin being the dominant drugs of abuse. Countries around the opiate-producing areas appear to have suffered a greater degree of abuse. Apart from opiates, amphetamine has been the primary drug of abuse in a few countries in East Asia, such as Japan and the Republic of Korea. However, the extent of abuse has been less than opiate abuse in other countries. Four patterns of drug abuse and injecting could be observed. First, there is the pattern in countries of South-West Asia and South Asia, where abuse has tended to involve smoking and inhaling heroin. Drug injecting has not been the primary mode of administration in most of the region, except in areas neighbouring on the Golden Triangle of South-East Asia. Secondly, opium and heroin abuse has dominated in the south-eastern region. Countries around the Golden Triangle seem to have suffered severe opiate abuse with a high prevalence of intravenous injecting. Thirdly, there is the pattern found among island nations such as Indonesia, the Philippines and Singapore, which have suffered comparatively little opiate abuse and a very low drug-injecting rate. The drug abuse situation in Hong Kong has been similar to that of countries in the Golden Triangle. Japan and the Republic of Korea exemplified the fourth pattern, which seemed distinct from that of the rest of Asia. In those countries, amphetamine abuse has been considerable, with injecting common in the Republic of Korea, but much less so in Japan.
The overall picture of drug injecting appears to replicate the diversity of drug abuse. Abusers who used similar substances in different places could prefer different methods of administration. Different areas of a country could have quite different rates of injecting the same substance. Perhaps the most remarkable new pattern is the extremely high prevalence of intravenous opium injecting in Viet Nam. It is also noteworthy that the recent appearance of increased intravenous heroin injecting in the State of Manipur in India and in Yunnan province in China has finally closed the gap in the circle of high prevalence of opiate abuse and high intravenous injecting around the Golden Triangle. Drug injecting appears to have progressively expanded during the past decade into areas of high population density with a harsh socioeconomic environment.
The great variation in the prevalence and transmission of HIV infection among the population of drug abusers confirms the reality of certain barriers and the influence of factors that seem to operate in different ways in different parts of Asia. In terms of inducing injection and HIV transmission, factors related to the substance used, although important, seem of less influence than those related to demographics and sociobehavioural characteristics. The areas of recent escalation of injecting drug abuse appear to have suffered concurrently from a rapid transmission of HIV infection. The recent changes send a strong message that the population of drug abusers is indeed the group most vulnerable to the rapid transmission of HIV infection.
If drug injecting proves to be the main route of transmission of HIV infection, as the patterns indicate, then the prevention of drug injecting is of paramount importance to Asian countries in their efforts to control the spread of HIV infection. Consideration could be given to preventing transmission through a more fundamental approach than, for example, discouraging injecting drug users from sharing needles and encouraging safer needle use. Efforts could be directed towards dissuading the population of drug abusers from injecting at all, or towards stopping the occurrence or expansion of drug abuse. The benefits to the world community would be twofold, as it would become possible for society to overcome the destructive impact of the twin scourges of drug abuse and HIV infection. Admittedly, such an effort would be more complex and difficult to plan, coordinate and implement. However, the concurrent development of and interrelationship between drug abuse and HIV infection clearly requires a determined effort to eradicate the two phenomena simultaneously.
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C. Y. Hong, "The general practitioner and drug abuse", Singapore Family Physician, vol. 17, No. 3 (1991), p. 130.03
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H. Gobar, "Drug abuse in Afghanistan", Bulletin on Narcotics (United Nations publication), vol. 28, No. 2 (1976), pp. 1, 3-5.05
W. H. McGlothlin and others, "Opium use in two communities of Pakistan: a preliminary comparison of rural and urban patterns", Bulletin on Narcotics (United Nations publication), vol. 30, No. 4 (1978), pp. 3-5.06
A. Masood, "Opium smoking in the frontier province of Pakistan", Bulletin on Narcotics (United Nations publication), vol. 31, No. 1 (1979), pp. 59-60.07
"Situation and trends in drug abuse and the illicit traffic, including reports of subsidiary bodies concerned with the illicit traffic in drugs", report submitted to the Commission on Narcotic Drugs at its thirty-first session (E/CN.7/1985/9), p. 7.08
C. D. Mendis, "Sri Lanka illicit drug traffic status", report submitted to the Fourteenth Meeting of the Heads of National Drug Law Enforcement Agencies, Asia and the Pacific, held at Bangkok from 3 to 7 October 1988, p. 5.09
C. G. Wickramasinghe, "Country report - Sri Lanka", report submitted to the Regional Workshop on Community-based Drug Abuse Prevention Programmes, held at Bangkok, October 1990, annex 1.10
D. Mohan and others, "Changing trends in heroin abuse in India: an assessment based an treatment records", Bulletin on Narcotics (United Nations publication), vol. 37, Nos. 2 & 3 (1985), p. 20.11
N. Mendis, "Heroin addiction among young people: a new development in Sri Lanka", Bulletin on Narcotics (United Nations publication), vol. 37, Nos. 2 & 3 (1985), p. 26.12
M. Zaheer Khan, "Pattern of opiate drug consumption in Pakistan" in Opiate Drugs Consumption Patterns in Asia: Report of a Regional Workshop, V. Navaratnam, R. L. Retka and P, H. Hughes, eds. (Penang, University of Science Malaysia, 1981), p. 115.13
N. M. Shrestha, "HIV infection and drug abuse in Nepal", report of the WHO Working Group on HIV Infection and Drug Abuse in the Western Pacific Region, held at Kuala Lumpur, October 1990, pp. 4-5.14
D. Parathalingan, "Drug abuse situation in Sri Lanka", report of the WHO Working Group on HIV Infection15
D. Mohan and others, "Changing trends in heroin abuse in India: an assessment based on treatment records", Bulletin on Narcotics (United Nations publication), vol. 37, Nos. 2 & 3 (1985), p. 21.16
O. Sattaur, "India wakes up to AIDS", New Scientist, 2 November 1991, p. 20.17
G. E. Welsby, "Control methods", in Proceedings of the International Symposium on Drug Dependence, held at Hong Kong (Lausanne, International Council on Alcohol and Addictions, 1971), p. 152.18
V. Poshyachinda, C. Sitthi-Amorn, and Y. Onthum, "An interpretative epidemiology of drug dependence in Thailand", in
Workshop on Reduction of Demand for Illicit Drugs in South-East Asia ( Colombo, Colombo Plan Bureau, 1979), pp. 105-106.19
R. M. San Pedro, "Opiate drug consumption in the Philippines", in Opiate Drugs Consumption Patterns in Asia..., pp. 87-89.20
U. Khant, "Measures to prevent and reduce drug abuse among young people in Burma", Bulletin on Narcotics (United Nations publication), vol. 37, Nos. 2 & 3 (1985), pp. 82-83.21
"Drug abuse control programme in Myanmar" (Yangon, Health Sector, 1991), P. 2.22
S. Jeyarajah, "National policy and strategy for drug abuse", report of the WHO Working Group on HIV Infection ..., p. 4.23
R. Salan, "National mental hospital reporting programme: some trends in the number and characteristics of drug use in Indonesia, 1972-1977", in Workshop on Reduction of Demand..., p. 56.24
E. Widjono, "Review of drug dependence treatment and rehabilitation in Indonesia", in Workshop on Reduction of Demand..., pp.170-171.25
Leow Kee Fong, "Opiate drug consumption in Singapore", in Opiate Drugs Consumption Patterns in Asia..., pp. 82-83.26
Muang Muang Lwin, "A study of seroprevalence of HIV among the drug users admitted to Drug Dependency Treatment and Research Unit, Yangon Psychiatric Hospital", report of the Drug Dependency Treatment and Research Unit (Myanmar, Yangon Psychiatric Hospital, 1991), p. 1.27
Statistical Report Financial Year 1989: Drug Dependence Information System, Treatment Population (Bangkok, Ministry of Public Health and Institute of Health Research, Chulalongkorn University, 1990), document No. 3-9/2533.28
Tran Van Nhiem, "Situation and causes of ex-addicts" relapse after treatment in Ho Chi Minh City, Viet Nam", report of the WHO Working Group on HIV Infection .... pp. 1-2.29
"National information system, drug dependence treatment population", unpublished data for the period 1983 to 1989 (Bangkok,
Ministry of Public Health and Institute of Health Research, Chulalongkorn University).30
Indonesia Country Report of the Fourteenth Meeting of ASEAN Senior Officials on Drug Matters (Jakarta, ASEAN, August 1991), p. 5.31
Philippines Country Report of the Eleventh Meeting of ASEAN Senior Officials on Drug Matters (Singapore, ASEAN, April 1988), p. 4.32
Philippines Country Report of the Fourteenth Meeting of ASEAN Senior Officials on Drug Matters (Jakarta, ASEAN, August 1991), p. 6.33
E. G. Ponce, "Drug abuse assessment: results of recent studies in the Philippines", in Workshop on Reduction of Demand..., p. 77.34
E. Monteiro, "Drug abuse and HIV infection in Singapore", report of the WHO Working Group on HIV Infection .... p. 4.35
Central Registry of Drug Abuse: Twenty-Ninth Report 1982-1991 (Hong Kong, Government Secretariat, Narcotics Division, 1991).36
Dye-Chi Chung and others, " Seroepidemiology of hepatitis B virus, hepatitis D Virus and human immunodeficiency virus infection among parenteral drug abusers in southern Taiwan", Journal of Medical Virology, vol. 28, 1989, pp. 215-218.37
Kyung-bin Kim, "Drug abuse situation in Korea", report of the WHO Working Group on HIV Infection ... .38
Zheng Xiwen, Center for AIDS Surveillance, Chinese Academy of Preventive Medicine, personal communication.39
Personal communication from G. Ohi (Tokyo, University of Tokyo, School of International Health, 1992).40
S. K. Chew and others, "Human immunodeficiency virus infection in Singapore - the first 50 cases", Singapore Medical Journal, vol. 31, 1990, P. 588.41
G. Ohi, "HIV/AIDS epidemic and drug abuse in Japan", report of the WHO Working-Group on HIV Infection .... p. 2.42
N. M. Shrestha, "HIV infection and drug abuse in Nepal", report of the WHO Working Group on HIV Infection .... p. 10.43
J. B. Hollinrake, "Drug abuse situation in Hong Kong", report of the WHO Working Group on HIV Infection ..., pp. 6-8.44
S. C. Pal and others, "Explosive epidemic of HIV infection in north-eastern states of India, Manipur and Nagaland", Centre of AIDS Research Calling (New Dehli, Indian Council of Medical Research), vol. 3, 1990, pp. 2-6.45
P. Panuphak and others, "A report of three cases of AIDS in Thailand", Asian Pacific Journal of Allergy and Immunology, vol. 3, 1985, pp. 195-199.46
"Monthly statistical records: 1987-1990" (Bangkok, Ministry of Public Health, Thanyarak Hospital).47
S. Vanichseni and others, "Risk behaviors of the HIV infected IVDUs", Thai AIDS Journal, vol. 3, No. 2 (1991), p. 73.48
C. Bogrid and J. Jongpaiboolpathna, "HIV infection among intravenous drug users: a study at Hat Yai Hospital 1988-1989", Thai AIDS Journal, vol. 1, No. 2 (1989), p. 85.49
National AIDS Committee, "HIV infection/AIDS control programme in Myanmar" (Yangon, 1991).50
Muang Muang Lwin, "Information related to demand aspects of drug abuse in Myanmar" (Yangon, Yangon Psychiatric Hospital Drug Dependence Treatment and Research Unit, 1990).

subset: commoncrawl


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Allen Evans
Allen Evans, Ed.D.
Education Faculty
- Doctor of Education (EdD): Washington State University
- MA in Education: The College of Idaho
- BA in Education: The College of Idaho
Allen Evans is Professor of Teacher Education. Dr. Evans began his work at EOU in 1986, where he taught in the former J. H. Ackerman Laboratory School. From 1995-2006 he was a resident EOU teacher education faculty member in Central Oregon. Returning to the La Grande campus in 2006, Dr. Evans now teaches undergraduate classes in instructional strategies and assessment, and graduate classes in literacy and classroom-based research. Prior to his time at EOU, he was an elementary teacher for ten years in Idaho. Dr. Evans' professional involvement is largely in the area of literacy. He has presented at IRA and NCTE, published in the Dragon Lode journal, and chaired both the Children's Book Award committee of the International Reading Association and the Notable Books for a Global Society selection committee. He currently serves as President of the Children's Literature and Reading Special Interest Group. Outside the classroom he enjoys EOU and WSU athletics, djembe drumming, bicycling, and is also a railroad enthusiast. He and his wife have two adult sons.
Courses Taught
ED 380 & 480 Primary/Elementary Learning Cycle
ED 385 & 485 Assessment
ED 620/621/622 Reading and Language Arts
ED 604/605/606/607 Classroom-based Research
ED 515 Quantitative Research
READ 595 Multicultural Literature
Master's Thesis projects
Student Teacher Supervision


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Sox, Arroyo working on deal
Mota signs; Beckett asks for $4.9 million
By Chris Snow Globe Staff / January 18, 2006
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The Red Sox announced the signing of Guillermo Mota yesterday (one year, $3 million), but the most intriguing development wasn't the deal that got done but the deal that is in the works: a multiyear contract, probably for three years, for Bronson Arroyo, the 28-year-old righthander who just three winters ago was waived by the Pittsburgh Pirates. (Full article: 809 words)
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BadLipReading finally took on the 2012 presidential highlights, just in time for voting day. Watch Barack Obama and Mitt Romney answer questions about Mufasa and talk a whole lot about chickens. This isn't Bad Lip Reading's first foray into politics. After the first presidential debate they also dubbed over the hopefuls
Bad Lip Reading has also improved the plots of a few movies with their incorrect dialogue, including The Hunger Games and Twilight. What would you like to see them dub over next?
Watch it here


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You know, I've never actually had one?
A happy birthday, that is.
I've always been let down and disappointed by people (and in some cases the weather too) other than my family this time of year. I'm left feeling insignificant, overlooked and downright ignored on the one day that I feel it is acceptable to feel entitled to a bit of extra attention from your friends and family.
Birthdays are always such a bitter thing for me, and over the years my expectations have been consistantly lowered to the point where I don't even expect (a common decency IMO) anyone to even wish me happy birthday on the day.
Last year things got a little bit better in the birthday department; my expectations were way below realistic and some people showed up for my birthday outing, sort of (compared to no one in previous years). It still wasn't what I would call a happy birthday, merely sufficient. (Don't go preaching to me that I have unrealistic expectations here, folks. I expect friends to show that they care that it's your special day, wish you happy birthday, attend your party or whatever, buy you a drink and/or possibly a reasonable dinner out. Nothing totally out there, and it's what I do for others).
Anyway, I was pleasantly surprised this year. I'm hoping its a sign of good things to come. I received many happy birthday wishes both in person as well as a mountain of them on facebook which was refreshing. I didn't expect any more than 3 people to bother. One of the guys also paid for my Starbucks this morning, and my roomie showed up at lunch with a balloon bouquet and a lovely giant cookie from Mrs. Fields with "Happy Birthday Ginger!" written on it.
I was totally floored by that. No one's ever done something that nice for me before, the gesture just really made my day! My boss also scheduled a birthday lunch for me next week which is nice.
Really, I'm actually surprised by all of this. I'm so used to having my birthday and surrounding days be some of the worst days of the year that I've just come to expect that. While I always make an effort to think positively, I was still caught off guard by everything today.
Part of me is happy that people were nice to me, but part of me is sad that I have to be surprised that someone would actually wish me a happy birthday.
Anyway, I've invited some of my closer friends over this weekend for dinner and drinks at my place then a night out dancing. Hopefully everything goes well! Hell, I'll be happy if people just show up and I don't burn the dinner!
Pray for me!
*Don't forget to enter the draw for my give-away of 3 FUZE prize packs!


text: Value Hotel Worldwide High-End Suwon South Korea - a member of Lexington by Vantage-a collection of Inns, Hotels, and Suites - offers the most value for your money whether staying for business or pleasure. Our guests will enjoy well-appointed accommodations, fabulous amenities, and impeccable service at our brand new property. Maintain your exercise routine at our on-site fitness center. Take advantage of our business center and meeting facilities with complimentary business services and Wi-Fi. We offer clean spacious rooms with in-room hard-wired Internet access and Wi-Fi. All guest rooms offer stunning city views, and include mini-fridge, electronic kettle, hairdryer, iron, ironing board, and 42-inch flat panel TVs with both cable and satellite service.Take advantage of our extremely comfortable beds and relax while enjoying year-round savings with our Kids Stay Free Policy (5 and under in parent's room). For those guests who will be staying for longer term corporate assignments or business trips we also offer special weekly and monthly rates, as well as direct billing options. For your convenience our hotel offers both smoking and non-smoking room. Sorry, no pets are allowed. We are conveniently located in the heart of downtown Suwon, and nearby to local attractions such as Ajou University and Hyowon Park.Value Hotel Worldwide High-End Suwon South Korea is your best choice when visiting the dynamic city of Suwon on the Southern Korean Peninsula. We offer ideal accommodations and location whether you are in town for business or pleasure. At Value Hotel Worldwide High-End Suwon South Korea our goal is to provide our guests a great experience, not just a place to stay.Exceptional service, attention to detail, and a superb environment all await you at Value Hotel Worldwide High-End Suwon South Korea. We look forward to welcoming you!


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Third time charms Brahmas
Mac tops Reagan behind Amaro's defense after two earlier losses.
Published 11:38 pm, Wednesday, March 2, 2011
MacArthur's Jace Amaro may be an All-American tight end and a state finalist in the shot put, but he wanted one more athletic achievement.
On Wednesday, he set out to add Max Yon-stopper to the list.
"I told coach (Mark) Murphy the reason I wanted to play basketball my senior year was so I could guard Max," Amaro said.
Behind tough, physical defense, the Brahmas upset the Reagan Rattlers 57-52 before about 1,500 at Littleton Gym.
Yon had 28 points the last time the teams met and hit two 3-pointers in the first three minutes of Wednesday's Class 5A third-round game.
So Amaro, at 6-foot-5 and 230 pounds, entered the game to guard Yon on the perimeter. Yon was held to one 3-pointer the rest of the way.
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Matt Gramling led the Brahmas with 15 points and gave a superb defensive performance against Reagan leading scorer Tre Demps, holding him to nine.
MacArthur (27-8) moves on to the regional semifinals to face Harlingen at 6 p.m. Friday at UTSA Convocation Center.
"That's our type of game," Murphy said. "We had to be physical, get in their faces and frustrate them a little. We did it. This is the biggest win of my coaching career."
Reagan, the top seed in District 26-5A, swept MacArthur in the regular season, winning 61-57 on Jan. 10 and 69-63 on Feb. 5. The Rattlers had the momentum again in the fourth quarter, when Yon hit a 3-pointer to tie the game at 45 with four minutes left.
MacArthur followed with a 6-0 run over the next minute, with a Ben Lytle steal and a Gramling lay-up to finish the rally.
Reagan (30-6) also struggled at the free-throw line at the end, making 4 of 11 in the fourth quarter. Yon finished with 14 points to lead the Rattlers, and Matt Medell added 12.
Amaro finished with six points and 11 rebounds. Point guard Michael Flores, who missed the second meeting because he was ineligible, added 14 points. The Brahmas are 25-4 with Flores and were 2-4 when he was out of action.
"We'd lost down the stretch to Reagan before and weren't going to let it happen a third time," Gramling said. "We knew we were as good as Reagan but didn't know if our chance to show it would come. I'm glad we got to prove it."


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Head back to school with decorating ideas, small space storage solutions, and bedding basics from our dorm room makeover.
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Mix and match. The designers constructed a tall headboard from old grain sacks to add interest and elevate the eye. Burlap fabric wrapped and stapled onto sturdy insulation sheathing makes an earthy, bohemian statement and contrasts the room's sterile feel. "The curvilinear headboard balances the room's hard lines and sharp appearance," says Katherine.
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BELMONT, N.C. -- A 69-year-old woman has died after a fire broke out in her Belmont home.
According to her ex-husband, Shirlene Daughtridge lived in the house, located on the 1800-block of South Point Road, since 1972 and was home alone when the fire broke out.
Gaston County Emergency services received the initial call reporting the fire around 7:30 a.m. Wednesday in Belmont. They confirmed the fire had caused a fatality. Firefighters said the majority of damage caused by the fire was on the lower level of the home.
Angie Portela grew up in the house next to Daughtridge.
"She was always very sweet. She's got a daughter around my age, and we played together a lot," Portela said. "She was always so good to us."
Portela said a family friend received a call from Daughtridge who was screaming for help before the line went dead.
Portela said another person nearby went by to check the home when she saw heavy smoke and called firefighters.
Her cousin-in-law Les Taylor said she was a hoarder, and he's worried that may have played a role in her death.
"It's just hard to believe that this happened like it did," Taylor said. "What a terrible, terrible way for somebody to die."
Portela said Daughtridge was a retired nurse who worked at the local jail.
Fire investigators are still working to determine a cause.


text:
Elizabeth R.
Nanny in Aurora, NC 27806.
Looking for full or part-time work as a nanny.
Enhanced Background Check Expired
Enhanced Background Check Expired 06/28/2014
Basic Background Check not run.
Basic Background Check(Not Run)
Motor Vehicle Records Check not run.
Motor Vehicle Records Check(Not Run)
Aurora, NC
- Age 30
- 13 years paid experience
- Female
Last signed in: More than 6 months
Preferred Rate $7-$12 per hour
Elizabeth's Bio
I've been watching children for 13 years now. I use to watch my sisters kids who are now 16, 9, and 3 until she became a stay at home mother. I have a step daughter who is 10. I'm 26 yrs old and currently taking online courses through PCC attempting to get my associates degree in early childhood education. I have completed the introduction to early childhood education and i have my credentials
Age Specific Experience
13 years of paid child care experience with:
- First year
- Toddlers (1 to 3 years)
- Preschooler (3 to 5 years)
- Grade School (6 to 11 years)
- Pre-teen/Teenagers (12 years and over)
More than 10 years of infant care experience
Infant Care:
- Instruction (proper swaddling, feeding, changing, bathing)
- Assist with setting a routine
- Overnight care
- Occasional care
Special Needs Experience
Special Needs Care Experience
- Physical Disabilities
- Medical/Special Healthcare Needs
Special Needs Conditional Experience
- Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD)
- Attention Deficit Disorder (ADD)
- Autism
- Delayed Speech
- Learning Disabilities
- Mobility Challenges
- Premature Newborn
Special Needs Services Experience
- Bathing
- Bed Baths
- Dressing Assistance
- Feeding Assistance
- Grooming and Hygiene
- Specific Meal Preparation (foods to avoid, etc.)
Availability & Job Preferences
Availability Duration
- Short-term (1 to 3 months)
- Temporary (4 to 12 months)
- Permanent (1 to 2 years)
- Permanent (2 or more years)
Job Duration
- Will consider either a part time or full time position
- Start date is flexible
My availability is valid through 2/5/15
- Open (all day, everyday)
Skills & Abilities
Languages Spoken:
- English
Homework Help:
- Studying for a test
- Proofreading
- Basic Math
- Elementary Science
Additional Services:
- Meal Preparation
- Laundry
- Light Housekeeping
- Swimming Supervision
- Crafts
- Potty Training
- Travel with Family
- Willing to run errands as needed
- Willing to drive children to events, school, appointments, or carpooling
|Cindy M. is a reference for Elizabeth R.
|Relationship: Family
|Join Now to Contact Reference
|Shay B. is a reference for Elizabeth R.
|Relationship: Client
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Hi I'm new.....help
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Welcome to the group ask any & all questions we are here to help.
Welcome to Cafe Mom's Homeschooling Moms. You will find some very knowledgeable and helpful ladies here. I do not know if you are new to home schooling or just this site. But just in case you are new to home education following is an article to help.
1 mom liked this
Welcome to the group!! :) This is a wonderful group of ladies and we are all at different stages of this journey. Ask away! We love to answer ?'s!
hi this site has been really useful. I guess I'm scared. i keep looking at the law and think I must be missing something. I need to make a decision. My daughter has ADHD and my son has autism. I can manage both, my 16 year old has CP. She is doing great in school.
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GREAT BEND, Kansas – One wall of the Great Bend Opera House collapsed months ago, now the city is going to take on the cost of tearing the building down.
"Just before the April 21st meeting, we have had no contact with them. They have failed to notify us of anything that they're going to do or not do on that so they've just quit talking to us," said Building Inspector Lee Schneider.
The city will have to be careful when it tears down the old opera house, because the edge of the opera house is connected to other buildings that are still occupied.
"So when we take this building down, they have to leave the party wall so that the adjacent buildings to the west still have their structural stability," said Schneider.
The city is expecting to have bids to tear down the building by August 15th and says it will take 45 days and could cost one hundred thousand dollars.
The city will send a bill to the owners and they have thirty days to pay it. In the end, Great Bend could try and sell the property.
"If they don't pay it the city gets no money back from it, I mean we're just taking care of a problem and it's just a cost to the city," Schneider said.
The owner of the building behind the opera house told KSN that if the owners had taken care of the building, it might not have to be demolished.
"You know it, unfortunately it shouldn't be their responsibility, but I guess sometimes people don't take ownership of their building and then the cities gotta get involved," said Dr. Jesse Grove.
The city says that they expect the demolition of the building to be finished sometime in October.


text:
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Pretty P.O.V.: Illamasqua Nail Varnish in Noble and Cameo
Two striking blue Nail Varnishes, Cameo and Noble, add complementary pops of cool color to the Illamasqua line of nail polishes.
Dropping Knowledge: Three Ways to Extend Your Manicure
Is your manicure chipping or growing out? If you don't want to remove it, revive it with these three foolproof techniques.
Fear No: Ombré Green Glitter Nails
What happens when you take the best of Spring 2012's green nail polish offerings, paint each nail a different hue, and then finish this mean-green manicure with a holographic glitter top coat? Absolute perfection!


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Want to go bush but don't want to sacrifice those little touches of comfort? Then the MDC XT12 could be just what you need.
Abundant with more native flora and fauna than just about any other holiday venue in Australia, and with all the mod cons you'd expect, the Mt Warning Rainforest Park is the...+MORE
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Soft floor. Like new. Many extras. Innerspring Queen size mattress, large storage space, stainless steel pull out kitchen. Easy assemble
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by Mike McGuane
This is what we do during the summer on Tuesday nights in downtown Seattle, WA. Mark Kunz and I have been doing it for the last 27 years together, and we will be doing it again for 17 weeks on Lake Union.
What it is, is the Duck Dodge, deemed in 2008 by Sailing World as 'The Ultimate Beer Can Race'. We still think it is… here are the rules:
For the rest of the story from Scuttlebutt Sailing News CLICK HERE!


text: Featuring free WiFi, Bed & Breakfast -aan de Singel van Utrecht - offers accommodations in Utrecht. Private parking is available on site. Each room includes a flat-screen TV. You will find a coffee machine in the room. Each room comes with a private bathroom. You will find a shops at the property. Bike rental is available at this bed and breakfast and the area is popular for biking. Amsterdam is 21 miles from aan de Singel van Utrecht, and Rotterdam is 30 miles from the property. The nearest airport is Schiphol Airport, 21 miles from the property.


text: Meta Rate My Team PokéBase - Pokémon Q&A Login Register All Activity Questions Unanswered Tags Users Ask a Question Rules Chat Can you calculate base power...? 1 vote 2,066 views If you know attacker's (Special)Attack, defender's (Special)Defense and damage done? (Asking because of Hidden Power) base-power power defense attack damage calculate asked Mar 26, 2011 by DarthDestiny My Milotic has HP Fire. If it's base power is over 60, it may be worth keeping it :D commented Mar 26, 2011 by DarthDestiny Please log in or register to add a comment. Please log in or register to answer this question. 2 Answers 2 votes This is the formula for damage. So you would fill in the spaces that you know, and after that it is simple math to find out the base power. Or in your specific case you could get your Pokemon to level 50 or 100 then use an IV calculator to find out the IVs and Hidden power. Or if you are in Gen IV then you can do a Lvl. 100 Single instead of leveling up. Source EDIT: As DT mentions in the comments, part of the modifier is a random number from 0.85 to 1.0. So this won't be totally reliable, but you can run it a few times and take the average. answered Dec 20, 2011 by Speed freak edited Dec 20, 2011 by Pokemaster I know this answer is late, but I saw that it did not have an answer that answered the question that was asked. commented Dec 20, 2011 by Speed freak It made more sense with the original answer since he was asking because he wanted to determine his pokemon's hidden power strength. You wouldn't be able to calculate it from the damage formula anyway since part of the "modifier" variable generates a random number from .85 to 1. Since you don't know what it is, you cannot solve for it. The other person gave an IV calculator as you suggested, so it did answer the question. commented Dec 20, 2011 by DarkTyphlosion That's a good point, DT. I never realized the randomness was so high (up to 85% of the original damage!). However, you can estimate it by using the move several times. commented Dec 20, 2011 by Pokemaster You could estimate, but even a small margin of error can throw you off when using it since you have such a small range for what hidden power can be; by using the IV calculator, you get an exact value. commented Dec 20, 2011 by DarkTyphlosion Please log in or register to add a comment. 0 votes Http://www.psypokes.com/dex/hp.php use the calculator ^.^ answered Mar 26, 2011 by Devoutaharon77 Nice, I don't know IVs and I wasn't asking on this...but nice "^.^" :D :D commented Mar 27, 2011 by DarthDestiny Please log in or register to add a comment. Related questions Is there a base power cap? How do they calculate damage in pokemon games What is the ideal power for scyther with technician? How is damage calculated? How does Stat Modifiers Affect stats and Base Power of moves ? How much BASE power does STAB give? Does Metronome have a base power? If a wild Pokemon uses Return/Frustration, what would the attack's base power be? Useful Meta Posts How to change your username How to add a user avatar Why was my post hidden? The points system Question etiquette Flags vs Downvotes Anime FAQ


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Frida Kahlo (1907-1954) one of the most influential Mexican spinal injury artists of the middle twentieth century. Frida Kahlo painted images of the disabled female body. Striking self portrait's of her own spinal cord injury and trauma. As a teenager in 1925 a tram car accident left Frida Kahlo with multiple injuries. She would endure a long and painful recovery.
Broken spinal column vertebrae, collarbone, ribs and pelvis, eleven fractures in right leg, a crushed and dislocated right foot, and dislocated shoulder. An iron handrail from the tram also pierced her abdomen and uterus. In Frida Kahlo's paintings these injuries and her now seriously impaired reproductive ability transcend from the canvas.
Born in Coyoacán, Magdalena Carmen Frieda Kahlo y Calderón. Frida Kahlo's artwork interweaves traditional Mexican votive painting and technical images of the body. Modern medical science (x-rays, surgical implements, hospital experience) fused with Christian icons of redemption through physical pain and suffering. In this way, Frida Kahlo painted an entirely new depiction of the female experience and form.
Frida Kahlo Artwork
Frida Kahlo's ground breaking artwork is among the first, and perhaps the most daring, to render a portrait of transparent, explicit, bodily trauma. Prior to her artwork pain was shown through gestures of agony. Scenes of crucifixion or martyrdom, as in the work of Kathe Kollwitz, Picasso's Guernica. Or explicit gore in battle scenes and beheadings the likes of Salome, Jose Posada's dancing skeletons, or any number of other mythological illustrations.
"I paint myself because I am so often alone and because I am the subject I know best." – Frida Kahlo
Frida Kahlo's artwork is particularly of interest to disability studies. Not only for the auto-biographical renditions of her spinal and other injuries, illnesses, and surgeries, but also because of the nature of the body she invents. Often the interior of the body is visible and continuous with the exterior. In a kind of psychic Mobius strip they become one.
Frida Kahlo Greatest Artworks
In her greatest artworks The Broken Column, The Two Fridas, Roots, The Tree of Hope, and Without Hopes, there is no clear division between inner reality and outer appearance. Thus the un-shareable nature of individual pain becomes explicit and felt. To look at one of Frida Kahlo's greatest artworks is to punch yourself in the face. Her paintings scream a raging agony. A visible pain taken and shared in empathy.
Frida Kahlo the Movie
My jaw dropped when I saw the movie Frida. Played by Salma Hayek, the only woman who could make a mono-brow sexy. In the opening scene of the movie Frida suffers a chilling spinal cord injury, in a tram car accident. The movie clip below follows with her drug induced hazy dreams of dancing x-ray skeletons. Dreams that are very familiar to me.
Nightmarish visions dancing skeletons plagued my spinal cord injury recovery. All my life I've also seen dark shadowy figures like those in the movie Ghost. None bother me though. I get the feeling they are not out to hurt me. This video clip from the movie Frida is a little graphic. Any realistic life-like portrayal of a spinal cord injury accident will make you wince. And so I warn you this video clip from the movie Frida featuring Salma Hayek is very realistic.
Frida Kahlo Spinal Cord Injury Video Clip
Frida Kahlo Spinal Cord Injury Treatment
By the 1930s, x-ray technology had been in public use for some time. X-rays ended the concept of the opaque body. Public hospitals had also been established as places of collective community experience. Frida Kahlo demolishes the idea of a disabled body in pain being a shameful and hidden thing after her arduous spinal cord injury treatment.
Frida Kahlo bravely offers her body up in many taboo contexts. Her spinal cord injury and images of pain are never separate from her life at large. Never represented as a different sphere of experience in kind or degree. Her illnesses are fully in context with the rest of her life.
The examinations of marriage, sexuality, cultural patrimony, and family are the same visual icons as those in mainstream disability. Her paintings in the context of traditional images display the female body as a mysterious, irrational, and secretive vessel. It's when Frida Kahlo's spinal cord injury comes in fusion with her life on canvas she parts from, and directly opposes, mainstream disability paintings.
The baring of her body inside and out is more than a simple nude self-portrait. Her body is small and doll-like. It appears as a toy in the grip of immense forces. Not as a mythical goddess-like being. Embedding the matter-of-fact details of her medical experiences within a highly emotional language. Frida Kahlo demystifies disability and presents it both inside and out of mainstream. To open oneself to a Frida Kahlo painting is to feel the vulnerability of one's own body. To immediately experience its transcendence through art.
Frida Kahlo Paintings Gallery
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Frida Kahalo Fire in the Machine
Another aspect of Frida's disability paintings is the mutability of her body (a factor of chronic but unpredictable illness). Symbolized in her portrayals of her body in partial trans-mutation with animals, partners, or the natural world in general. One can align her pairing with monkeys, Diego, and the Little Deer, with the way disabled people must render control or custody over their bodies. This is also evident in paintings of her doubled self as a reflection.
A kind of permeability arises, a thinning of boundaries that enables her to see herself as an amalgam of parts. History, love, and culture build her self-portraits. She depicts herself or others in isolation only when in a state of deep emotional pain and despair. Disability is often imagined as a state of weakness and withdrawal. Frida Kahlo gives us a world in which pain becomes a fire in the machine. A state of wild ferocity. A disrobing to reveal a body in full communion.
"I hope the exit is joyful and I hope never to return." – Frida Kahlo
Frida Kahlo Final Days
Frida Kahlo died on July 13, 1954. The official cause of death was given as PE (Pulmonary Embolism, a blood clot in the lungs). Some suspect Frida Kahlo died from an overdose that may or may not have been accidental. An autopsy was never performed. Frida Kahlo had been very ill throughout the previous year. Her right leg had been amputated at the knee owing to gangrene. Frida Kahlo also had a bout of bronchopneumonia near that time. In her final days Frida Kahlo was said to be ill and frail. Barely a shell of the once vivacious artist. With such a strong embodiment in her paintings Frida Kahlo will always be loved by her fans.
- Agence France Presse, Yahoo News (2007). Largest-ever exhibit of Frida Kahlo work to open in Mexico.
- Cruz, Barbara (1996). Frida Kahlo: Portrait of a Mexican Painter. Berkeley Heights: Enslow.
- Gonzalez, M. (2005). Kahlo – A Life. Socialist Review, June 2005.
- errera, Hayden. (1983). Frida: A Biography of Frida Kahlo.
- Frida Kahlo: http://www.fridakahlo.com
- Frida Kahlo Fans: http://www.fridakahlofans.com
- Frida Kahlo Foundation: http://www.frida-kahlo-foundation.org
- Frida Kahlo Wikipedia: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frida_Kahlo


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10 Good Pot Centerpiece Plants to Try
Lots of good plants are available these days to serve as the centerpiece plant or "star" of a big container.
Some people call them the "thriller" in the classic thriller/filler/spiller design of a pot arrangement.
If you're looking for ideas, here are 10 showy choices that I like:
* Elephant ears (Colocasia esculenta). This tropical with the huge, ear-shaped leaves is particularly striking in black. Two very good ones: 'Black Magic' and Royal Hawaiian® 'Black Coral.' Those go with any neighboring color.
* Hibiscus (Hibiscus acetosella). 'Panama Red' and 'Panama Bronze' are two particularly nice forms of annual hibiscus that have dark, cut leaves. They don't bloom much (if at all), but with 2-foot foliage like this, who needs it?
* Dwarf panicle hydrangea Bobo®, Little Lime® or Little Quick Fire® (Hydrangea paniculata). Lots of flowering shrubs – especially compact ones – work well in pots, but these sun-tolerant, long-blooming hydrangeas are especially striking. Cone-shaped white-to-pink flowers happen from July on.
* Variegated boxwood 'Elegantissima' (Buxus sempervirens). Narrow, upright and slow-growing, 'Elegantissima' offers both green-and-white variegation and year-round structure to a pot. These look especially nice flanking a doorway. Surround them with white annuals.
* Persian shield (Strobilanthes dyerianus). One of the most beautiful foliage plants on the planet, this tropical has bladed leaves of silver and purple on bushy 2-foot plants. This one's for the shade.
* Coral bells (Heuchera spp.) Lots of big, bushy new coral-bell varieties are available that are worthy pot specimens, especially ones with purple, burgundy and golden foliage. Some of the best: 'Caramel' and 'Autumn Bronze' (peachy-gold), 'Citronelle' (lime-gold) and 'Bronze Wave' (greenish-purple). Pair them with annual coleus.
* Begonia. Go for the big showy ones, such as the Dragon Wing®, Whopper and Big® series, or in shady spots, the silvery-black 'Gryphon' or most any Rex type.
* Ti plant (Cordyline spp.) This plant grows narrow and upright with bladed foliage in colors that range from green to peachy-orange to chocolate. It's an annual that can double as houseplant in winter.
* Fountaingrass 'Fireworks' (Pennisetum setaceum). The old favorite 'Rubrum' variety of this tender grass is still a winner, but 'Fireworks' has wider blades, a more flowing habit, and a brighter color that's a blend of burgundy and blood red.
* Salvia 'Black and Bloom' (Salvia guaranitica). The best hummingbird-attracting plant around. Bushy annual plants grow about 2 feet tall and get dark-blue tubular flowers with black bases. This one improves on 'Black and Blue' (also good).


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When a person makes the leap to starting their own web design business they not only need to know how to create websites, but they need to be able to sell them, too. In fact, the fear of that seems to be one of the biggest hinderances to a person taking that leap in the first place. This episode will help ease those fears.
Matt Medeiros is the co-founder of Slocum Design Studio and blogger at MattReport.com, and we consider him an expert in sales as related to web design services. We asked Matt questions about his background as a car salesman, his transition into web design, how he qualifies leads, how he handles RFPs, and more. Tune in to find out all about his sales process and how you can apply it to your freelance business.
Play Audio


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Used 2011 Chevrolet Traverse LT
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- Location All American Chevrolet of Midland
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Ohio University issues alert over alleged ISIS threat
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Symmetry Norm Third edition. The idea of shapes whose left and right halves mirror each other across a vertical axis – the idea of symmetry, as we now usually call it – originated in Italy at the beginning of the Renaissance. Almost immediately, it was put to use as the foundation of a bold new norm that aimed at recasting the ways in which we perceive the world and shape our habitats. The proponents of the symmetry norm took as their starting point the premise that Nature's forms are always symmetric and that therefore no shape can be beautiful unless it is symmetric. Within less than a century the symmetry norm was widely acknowledged throughout western Europe.
Symmetry Norm and the Asymmetric Universe Third edition Free Download Pdf
Indeed, it literally changed the face of Europe, for its enthusiasts not only insisted that henceforth all new buildings must be symmetric, but also that the asymmetric facades of important medieval churches another public buildings be demolished and replaced with symmetric facades. The free-flowing and visually-complex textures of the medieval hortus conclusus, too, were replaced by the stiff, symmetric and instantly-comprehended forms of the Renaissance garden. Since that time the authority and scope of the symmetry norm have continued to be enlarged. It is now a byword among Classical archeologists that Greek temples are symmetric; among physicists that crystals, and most prominently, snowflakes, are symmetric; among anthropologists, that the art of primitive peoples everywhere and at all times is symmetric; among psychologists, that humans prefer symmetric shapes to asymmetric ones. These axioms, are all incorrect. So of course is the foundational axiom of the symmetry norm that Nature's forms are symmetric and that only symmetric shapes can be beautiful. The effect of the symmetric norm was thus not only to change the appearance of Europe but to enervate significant aspects of Western cultural and intellectual life. The Notes in this book aim at tracing the origin, survival and consequences of these fallacies.


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I have a problem...
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Senior Member
Join Date: Apr 2010
Location: Oregon, USA
Posts: 1,443
I am so with you on that, Rowan. I feel the need of being kept in touch, to me it's proof I'm being cared about.
If I was told by my boyfriend "I'll be back by/at 11:30" and things changed, I would expect them to call or text as soon as they figured out they can't make it, which is whenever they would have left otherwise. So, if they're 20 minutes away from our place, I'd expect a call/text at 11 if they're not on their way yet (a little bit extra room in case there was traffic, etc), telling me what happened, or just that they'll be late, the details don't matter that much.
If they realise they're late and didn't see time fly, I'd expect a call/text "didn't realise how late it was, I'm on my way now", and not just for them to go straight home.
A lot of the time, my boyfriend doesn't really get that. I end up expecting him at a certain time, and he isn't there for various reasons. If I call him he explains what's up, but if I don't call him he figures he'll have time to explain whenever he sees me next. It's not a huge deal but I hate not knowing because I always assume the worst (there was an accident, etc).
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Hey there! Today I am sharing a DIY Gold Glitter Apple Tote! I am convinced that this tote bag is the tote for everything. Back to school is just around the corner so I was thinking this would be a great tote for teachers and students. It's also fancy enough for date night and my personal use for it, craft supplies. With just a couple of raw materials and a few minutes you can make your own DIY Gold Glitter Apple Tote!
I am a HUGE tote fan! I have too many to count, but my DIY totes are for sure my favorites. I just love this gold glitter apple because it's a symbol for back to school and fall, which is my all time beloved season. Every September, my home town has an Apple Festival. The town is surround by many apple orchards and the festival runs for one week. This is where the idea for an apple tote came from.
Let's get started!
- Tote bag
- Gold glitter iron on transfer sheet
- Apple template (I have created a download later in this post)
- Scissors
- Sharpie
- Steam Iron
First I started by making an apple template in PicMonkey, which you can download later in the post. I printed the template on regular computer paper, then cut it out. Lay the cut out apple onto a piece of gold glitter iron on transfer sheet. The transfer sheet is 8.5″ x 11″ , which is perfect for the 13″ tote bag. I made the apple template 7″, so it fits perfectly in the center of the tote. Trace around the apple cut out with a sharpie on the back of the transfer. I tried to use a pencil but it did not work that great. After tracing the apple, cut it out of the transfer sheet.
After you have the gold glitter apple cut out, place it onto your tote bag. Place a thin cloth over the transfer and iron with a steam iron according to the packaging directions. It did not take very long to iron. Maybe about a minute moving the iron around the transfer. Let the transfer cool before using.
How cute is this tote? I love the black tote bag with the gold glitter. I think it really pops.
You can find the tote bag and gold glitter iron on transfer at your local craft store.


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JERUSALEM (Dec. 16)
The Cabinet approved draft legislation yesterday that would enable partners in a mixed marriage to obtain a divorce from a civil court if a religious court refuses to exercise jurisdiction in the case. Under present Israeli law, divorce, like marriage, comes under the jurisdiction of religious courts. Some mixed couples have found it impossible to obtain a divorce because the religious courts concerned ruled themselves incompetent to deal with the matter. The legislation introduced yesterday by Minister of Justice Yacov Shapiro would empower the President of the Supreme Court to determine the specific religious or district court having jurisdiction in each individual case. The Attorney-General would be asked to inquire if a religious court agrees to litigate. A Cabinet majority rejected a proposal from Religious bloc ministers to exclude Israeli Jews from the terms of the bill.
The Cabinet also decided to create the office of "Ombudsman" to investigate complaints by citizens against the State or other public bodies which do not fall into categories normally adjudicated by the courts. The ombudsman will be appointed by the Knesset (Parliament) and will act within the State Controller's office. The institution originated in the Scandinavian countries and has since been adopted by several other European countries.
The Cabinet agreed to re-route a new speedway planned to link Tel Aviv with Lydda Airport because the original route passed close to Kfar Chabad, a village of an ultra-Orthodox Hassidic sect. Residents of the village petitioned for a change in route because they claimed the heavy traffic on Saturdays would interfere with their Sabbath observance.


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This Week On The TC Gadgets Podcast: Apple's iWatch Patent, The MBA Sticker Ad, And The Defender
Homejoy Expands Beyond Cleaning With Beta Test Of Home Services
As the summer presses onward, so do we.
A massive Apple patent surfaced this week, giving us our most detailed look yet at the company's focus for the much-rumored iWatch. And speaking of Apple, the company recently released an interesting commercial showing off MacBook Air notebooks covered in stickers. Plus, we discovered a fun Indiegogo campaign this week for the Defender, a portable, all-in-one defense system.
We discuss all this and more on this week's episode of the TC Gadgets Podcast featuring Matt Burns, Jordan Crook, Natasha Lomas, and Darrell Etherington.
Have a good Friday, everybody!
We invite you to enjoy our weekly podcasts every Friday at 3 p.m. Eastern and noon Pacific. And feel free to check out the TechCrunch Gadgets Flipboard magazine right here.
Click here to download an MP3 of this show.
You can subscribe to the show via RSS.
Subscribe in iTunes
Intro Music by Mendhoan.


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Extreme hobbies for Florida executives
by Lori Capullo
Posted 9/6/2012
Updated 5 yearss ago
Adam Ogden, 36
Founder/CEO, JuiceBlendz and YoBlendz
Orlando/Weston (stores statewide)
Adam Ogden not only trains rigorously six days a week, but he's also a competitive bodybuilder. "Training gives me the strength and energy level needed to be successful and has improved my ability to stay on top of the business," he says. Ogden created the Capital City Bodybuilding & Fitness Championship during his college years in Tallahassee, when his passion for health and fitness first blossomed. "After training for over 15 years, it has become more of a lifestyle for me rather than a burden. It's the first thing I do in the morning, which sets a positive tone for my day."
To His Credit: Ogden won Mr. Tallahassee at age 19 in 1995 and Mr. Northwest Florida at age 20 in 1996. In 2011, he won the Superman Challenge at the BB3 Personal Training & Performance Center in Sunrise, where he regularly trains.
Next on the Horizon: He's training for this year's Superman Challenge then a triathlon after that.
Nicole Vassilaros, 31
Vice president, Jones Lang LaSalle Americas Global Commercial Real Estate Services
Miami (offices statewide)
A friend introduced Nicole Vassilaros to CrossFit nearly three years ago. It was love at first fight, and today she trains five to six days a week for the program, which includes a combination of gymnastics, powerlifting, rope climbing, sandbag lifting and more.
Vassilaros competed in the 2012 CrossFit Games Open over five weeks, hoping to earn a spot on the team that would represent her affiliated gym in the Southeast Regionals. She placed 222 of more than 1,100 women who competed and fourth on the team; unfortunately, only the top three can actually compete. She has also competed in three local competitions — Summer Crush, Clash of the Fittest and Wodapalooza.
The Regimen: "Ironically, those things that I find myself constantly struggling with are actually some of the reasons why I love CrossFit — the fact that it seems as though no matter how much time I put into training, I am always chasing after a new goal or trying to overcome a weakness."
Motivation: "For the most part, I am genuinely excited to get to the box (gym) so I can go hard and kill it, if it involves my strengths, or give it my all in the hopes that I can overcome a weakness."


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Of the 16 teams left vying for a spot in the College World Series, 10 have pitchers with at least 10 wins.
Only one Super Regional features four double figure winners.
When Louisville and No. 2 national seed Vanderbilt square off this weekend, a quartet of hurlers will take the mound with a combined 45 wins this season.
The Cardinals will throw a pair of righties in Chad Green (10-3) and Big East Pitcher of the Year Jeff Thompson (10-1). Vanderbilt's Tyler Beede (14-0) and Kevin Ziomek (11-2) boast more wins than any teammates in the country.
Fifteen 10-game winners remain but the only other teams still in the hunt with multiple 10-game winners are Cal State Fullerton, Florida State and Oregon State.
Beede leads the nation in wins and on Tuesday was named one of three finalists for the Golden Spikes Award, which USA Baseball annually awards to the nation's top amateur baseball player. Sluggers Kris Bryant from San Diego and Colin Moran of North Carolina also made the final cut for the award, which be presented on July 19.
Reigning American League Cy Young Award winner David Price is the only Vanderbilt player to win the Golden Spikes Award, earning the trophy in 2007.
The best-of-three series at Hawkins Field, which begins Saturday, should include plenty of heat.
Louisville (49-12) leads the country with 591 strikeouts. Vanderbilt (54-10) is tied for seventh with 511.
Three of the four starters rank in the top 35 in the country in strikeouts — Ziomek (111), Beede (101) and Thompson (100). Ziomek ranks 11th in the nation and is tied with LSU right-hander and Southeastern Pitcher of the Year Aaron Nola for the most strikeouts in the SEC.
The pitching staffs also rank in the top 15 in ERA (No. 5 Louisville, 2.53; No. 13 Vanderbilt, 2.74) and hits allowed per nine innings (No. 3 Louisville, 6.88; No. 7 Vanderbilt, 7.09).
The series also features two of the best closers in the country. Louisville sophomore Nick Burdi has posted a 0.83 ERA and 15 saves in 26 appearances. Vanderbilt sophomore Brian Miller (5-2, 1.47 ERA) added to his single-season school record with his 16th save of the year on Monday after throwing four no-hit innings in a regional championship win over Georgia Tech.
A look at the four 10-win pitchers in the Nashville Super Regional:
• Chad Green, junior, RHP, 6-4, 216 pounds, 10-3, 2.22 ERA, 16 starts, 97.1 IP, 70 K, 21 BB
• Jeff Thompson, junior, RHP, 6-6, 248 pounds, 10-1, 2.06 ERA, 15 starts, 96.1 IP, 100 K, 31 BB
• Tyler Beede, sophomore, RHP, 6-4, 215 pounds, 14-0, 2.20 ERA, 16 starts, 98.1 IP, 101 K, 60 BB
• Kevin Ziomek, junior, LHP, 6-3, 200 pounds, 11-2, 1.92 ERA, 16 starts, 3 CGs, 112.1 IP, 111 K, 38 BB
At Hawkins Field
Saturday, 2 p.m., ESPN
Sunday, 3 p.m., ESPN
Monday, 6 p.m., ESPN2 (if necessary)


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Is the Yen Carry Trade Ready to Return?
Howard Simons
Japan's war on its own currency supports global risk markets.
I had to take the very machine I am writing this on over to
Best Buy
(BBY) for some work a couple of weeks ago; it turns out the new version of
(INTC) firmware was not compatible with the old version of
(DELL) hardware, or something like that.
Regardless, a young Geek of the female persuasion too young to be my daughter and too old to be my granddaughter (but, I suppose, young enough to be some sort of niece, first cousin once-removed, or some other classification comprehended by my wife but not by me) was wearing hip-hugging pants with the same sort of wide web belt I recognized from the late 1960s. The lesson was clear: Everything comes back into style eventually.
Return of the Yen Carry Trade
The list of phoenixes includes, apparently, the yen carry trade, the borrowing of yen to lend or invest outside of Japan. As I noted in November 2010's
Yen Carry Trade, R.I.P.
, there was little need for investors to borrow the yen when the dollar was just as cheap and lacked the risk of sudden revaluation always present in the yen. Even as recently as a month ago in
Yen Remains Hard to Drive Lower
, I was not at all convinced the Bank of Japan had established credibility on the revaluation front.
However, the BOJ may be ready to fly the Mission Accomplished banner in its war on the yen (yes, I just wrote this). The yen has regained its status as the cheapest currency to borrow, edging out other worthies such as the Hong Kong and Singapore dollars, the Swiss franc, and the US dollar.
That status is pushing more and more currencies into a positive carry against the yen. Even in those many cases where the yen has gained on a spot-rate basis, the loss is being offset by a higher interest rate spread. The overall result is a positive total carry. As recently as November 2011, 20 currencies had negative carries against the yen over the post-March 2009 era; that number is down to six.
The good news for the rest of the world, which is where I live, is a revived yen carry trade will ease the shock from any dollar carry trade unwinding should the US ever allow its interest rates to rise. It also will fuel flows into emerging markets and support funds such as the
iShares Emerging Markets index
No positions in stocks mentioned.