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Monday 19 December, 2005, 15:31 - LicensedFor some time now, I've been intrigued by suggestions that Ofcom (and its predecessor the Radio Authority) is toying with the idea of issuing further licences for FM radio stations in London. Whilst the FM band in London is undoubtedly alive with stations, there is still a relatively limited number of stations on-air compared to many other major cities and the variety of programming they offer is even smaller. There is certainly commercial scope for more FM stations in London.
Currently on FM in London there are 14 London-wide and 7 local stations which are, in frequency order:
88.8/89.1 BBC Radio 2 (the lower frequency is transmitted with a power of 4kW from Crystal Palace and the higher with a power of 250kW from Wrotham, on the eastern outskirts of London. The same pattern is true for the other BBC national stations and for Classic FM)
91.0/91.3 BBC Radio 3
93.2/93.5 BBC Radio 4
94.9 BBC London
95.8 Capital FM
96.9 Choice FM (South London)
98.5/98.8 BBC Radio 1
100.0 Kiss FM
100.6/100.9 Classic FM
102.2 Smooth FM
103.3 London Greek Radio (North London)
105.4 Magic FM
105.8 Virgin Radio
106.2 Heart 106.2
106.8 Time FM (South East London)
107.1 Choice FM (North London)
107.3 Time FM (South East London)
107.5 Time FM (South East London)
107.8 Radio Jackie
In addition to these stations, there are numerous other BBC and commercial radio stations whose broadcasts overlap from their primary coverage area into the outskirts of London, as well as many BBC relay stations to cover gaps in coverage from the main transmitter sites.
In early 2000 the Radiocommunications Agency, the Radio Authority (both now integrated into Ofcom) and the BBC conducted a study into the possibility of licensing more FM radio stations. The study considered the potential for additional stations in the FM band and sought, in particular, to identify allocations that might be used to provide new services in the London (and Leeds) area. To try and see whether it might be possible to fit more stations on the FM dial in London, the study made some very odd assumptions about what frequencies might be used in London. It took the assumption that instead of adding or re-planning stations to free up frequencies, that from 94.9 and 102.2 MHz upwards, there would be a station in London every 400 kHz (i.e. 94.9, 95.3, 95.7... and 102.2, 102.6, 103.0, etc...) and then looked at the impact that these stations would have on neighbouring stations to whom they would cause interference.
The study concluded that 'In the London area, it was found that there appeared to be some opportunity for the accommodation of further city-wide services, if the need for some re-planning of the network is accepted. For a small number of such additional services it may be that the 'cost' of the re-planning would be limited to changes in the frequencies of surrounding services and a relatively small loss of coverage by a few surrounding services. It should be noted that this study was not required to consider the constraints imposed by continental interference. If this is taken into account there will be less scope for additional services, particularly in the London area.'. Further it added that 'The scope for use of the BBC national network sub-bands was limited by the large number of high-power transmitters in this part of the spectrum. One frequency was identified, however, which might be used to provide additional London-wide service at the expense of current BBC coverage.'.
So what were the frequencies that were identified for potential new London-wide stations, and what has happened since? Well, the frequency which was identified that could be used in London with impact only on listeners in Reigate (Mercury FM on 102.7 MHz which would move to 103.6 MHz) and Chelmsford (Essex FM on 102.6 MHz which would move to 102.8 MHz) was 102.6 MHz (Fox FM in Oxford would also move from 102.6 MHz to 102.4 MHz), and the frequency in the BBC national sub-band that was identified was 92.5 MHz, which it was claimed would upset virtually all the listeners to the BBC Radio 4 service in Guildford on 92.5 MHz who instead of their current 4kW service would get a 50W low-power service on 93.7 MHz. It would seem that since the publication of this report, nothing has happened. No action was taken by any of the parties involved to instigate any changes which might bring about a new license.
Rumours have since surfaced that the frequency of 87.6 MHz might also be used in London. This frequency (actually any frequency in the band 87.6 to 87.9 MHz) is currently reserved for low-power RSL stations, however there is no regulatory reason why a new, high-power, London-wide service could not use this frequency (with the possible problem of the need to co-ordinate with RTL on 87.6 in Lens in northern France). Whilst this would restrict the potential for RSL stations, it would not cause interference to any other UK stations as the band is otherwise unused. Further, the 3 Time FM stations in neighbouring parts of south east London which were previously different stations could now be consolidated onto a single frequency and the band between 106.8 and 107.5 re-arranged to release another London-wide assignment. It has also been postulated that a frequency around 101.6 MHz could be used for a London-wide service (subject to finding a new home for Kent based KM-FM on 101.6 MHz and possibly Ten-17 in Harlow on 101.7 MHz). The original study did not consider the 107 MHz frequency range, nor did it consider 101.6 MHz.
So potentially there are five frequencies which could be released for new stations: 87.6, 92.5, 101.6, 102.6 and somewhere around 107 MHz. With the exception of 87.6 MHz, none of these provides an interference free answer to new London-wide stations, but there seems to be no reason why Ofcom could not look to offer new licenses in London. With the propensity of pirate stations in the capital, there is clearly excessive demand for stations, so why is Ofcom so reluctant to consider a new station or two?
Maybe there is pressure from the existing licensees not to introduce further competition, whilst there is clearly competition between the existing stations, working together as a cartel to block any additional competition is clearly in all of their commercial interests. Maybe Ofcom is busy with other things (for example the raft of community licences recently issued). Or maybe it's just that the people who looked at the problem in the first place have now moved on since the reorganisation that formed Ofcom and no one has been tasked with reviewing the study and taking the necessary action. I'm not sure that there's anything that can be done to 'gee-up' Ofcom, however I felt that raking up the old muck again might just stir some action somewhere.
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Thursday 15 December, 2005, 02:00 - Spectrum ManagementThe concept of 'spread spectrum' dates back to World War II when the concept was put to use as countermeasures against jamming; against detection by radar; against detection of navigation beacons and as a way to make interception of communications more difficult. The idea is to take a signal and spread it across a much wider range of frequencies than the originating (data) signal would have otherwise occupied; indeed this is one of the two requirements of a system to be officially designated as spread spectrum. The other requirement is that some function of the original data signal has an impact on the final spread spectrum signal - a technicality that we won't bother with here as it's not relevant to the ensuing discussion.
But what is the point of this? Why occupy more spectrum than is necessary? Isn't this a highly inefficient use of spectrum?
Well spreading a signal has two noticeable effects:
1. It makes the signal much more difficult to detect;
2. It makes the signal much less susceptible to narrow-band interference (such as traditional jamming signals).
Clearly these effects have immediate military connotations and it is no surprise that (as with many other radio techniques) the idea was first put to use in this context, however these effects also have great benefits for other uses too. Let's examine them one by one.
Reduced likelihood of detection
From a civil perspective, reducing the likelihood that your transmissions will be heard isn't of major concern except perhaps in public telecommunications networks, however the use of encryption is a much more straightforward way of going about making your transmissions private. For 'reduced likelihood of detection' we could alternatively write 'reduced likelihood of causing interference', as if a signal is difficult to detect, it is unlikely to cause interference to another transmission. In fact, all modern cellular phone networks use some kind of spread spectrum technique to try and reduce the interference that a handset communicating with one base-station causes to other base-stations in the network. Also, for technologies such as Wireless LAN and Bluetooth where many users share the same piece of spectrum, using spread spectrum techniques vastly reduces the probability of users causing each other interference.
Of course spread spectrum is not the panacea of interference mitigation as if two spread spectrum signals of the same type and on the same frequency clash they still cause each other interference, but it can go a long way to reducing interference between users, especially in de-regulated radio environments where it's 'every user for themselves'.
Reduced suscepitibility to narrow-band interference
Spreading a signal across a wide-range of frequencies means that the amount of information transmitted in any portion of those frequencies is only a fraction of the overall information being transmitted. As such, if a portion of the spread signal is interfered with, the received data will only be fractionally affected and with data correction techniques it is possible to stop narrow-band signals from interfering with spread spectrum signals at all. Of course one spread spectrum signal could easily interfere with another using the same frequencies as if all the frequencies in use are affected there is generally no way to 'tune-out' the interfering signal.
Spread spectrum systems are therefore largely immune to narrow-band interference such as might be caused by traditional AM or FM signals. As well as the obvious anti-jamming military uses, this still has great benefit in a civil situation where a system has to share spectrum with lots of potentially interfering sources.
Spread Spectrum Techniques
There are two commonly deployed spread-spectrum techniques plus two uncommon ones:
Frequency Hopping Spread Spectrum (FHSS) is a commonly deployed technique whereby a signal changes frequency or 'hops' (usually very rapidly) across a wide band of available frequencies. The receiver has to be synchronised with the transmitter so that it knows what hopping pattern to follow. If a few of the frequencies onto which the system hops have interference, the overall transmission will still be received as communication continues takes places on the clear frequencies (indeed some systems are intelligent and cease to use frequencies on which interference is present).
Hopping across a wide range of frequencies has one additional benefit: the propagation conditions on one frequency will be different to those on another frequency, such that, especially in mobile environments, FHSS signals provide a way to mitigate against the frequency selective fading that occurs. Even changes in frequency of a few percent can be useful and this is one of the main reasons that GSM networks often employ FHSS from the handsets. Bluetooth also uses FHSS but in this case to dodge between the large number of interfering signal that appear in the shared frequency band it inhabits.
Direct Sequence Spread Spectrum (DSSS) is a commonly deployed technique whereby a radio signal is spread by mixing it with a high bit-rate data spreading signal. At the receiver, the same spreading signal can be used to 'de-spread' the received signal and return it to its original state. This de-spreading results in any narrow-band interference being spread and effectively turned into background noise. Equally, the effect of frequency selective fading (as found in mobile environments) is to null out reception on some frequencies. with DSSS these nulls will be spread to appear as 'anti-noise', or in other words, a small reduction in the overall reveived signal.
Unlike FHSS signals which only occupy one frequency at once, DSSS signals occupy all the frequencies over which they have been spread at the same time. CDMA systems use DSSS, as do Wireless LAN's conforming to many of the 802.11 series of standards.
Chirp is an uncommon technique in which a transmission begins on one frequency and ends on another, changing from one to the other during the period of the transmission. It is difficult to receive such signals as almost perfect synchronisation is needed between receiver and transmitter in terms of time and frequency, however with modern signal processing techniques it is becoming possible.
Chirp, however, is often used for radar systems as it is a spectrally efficient way of generating the wide-bandwidth transmissions that are required to ensure the accuracy of the radar.
Time Hopping Spread Spectrum (THSS) is an undeveloped technique in which, the transmitted signal is turned on and off in a psuedo-random fashion (thus hopping on and off with time). Interest has been raised in this technique as a method for sharing spectrum for Ultra Wide Band devices.
Spread spectrum techniques are now a part of every-day radio usage both for military and civil systems and are allowing more effective use of spectrum to be made as well as providing a means of using otherwise difficult to use spectrum (such as that shared with microwave ovens). What will be the next military technique to make the cross-over to every-day civil usage?
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Thursday 1 December, 2005, 09:38 - Pirate/ClandestineTowards the beginning of November this year, Ofcom conducted a massive series of raids on pirate radio stations in London, and event considered news-worthy even by the BBC.
The operation closed 53 pirate FM stations in London and whilst some of the bigger stations are now back on-air, for some stations, losing a transmitter may mark the end of their broadcasts for some time. One station (On Top FM) also had a studio raid which can be devastating, and is certainly much more difficult to recover from.
What is interesting about this surge of activity by Ofcom is not that it was long overdue, or that it was so widespread, but was some of the 'anti-pirate' propaganda that Ofcom, a supposedly respectable body, spouted in their press release.
"Illegal broadcasting causes interference to the radios used by critical safety of life services such as the London Fire Brigade and National Air Traffic Services (NATS)."
Let's examine this statement. The London Fire Brigade uses frequencies of 70.5 - 71.5 MHz paired with 80.0 - 82.5 MHz, 148.825 MHz (for pagers), various frequencies between 450 and 453 MHz paired with 464.9 - 467.9 and 457 - 457.5 paired with 462.5 - 463 MHz. Now unless I am mistaken, none of these frequencies are directly affected by transmissions in the FM band (87.5 - 108 MHz) otherwise they would receive interference every day from the legal stations. Indeed other than for the fourth harmonics of transmitters on 90-90.6, 93-93.5 (actually BBC Radio 4 in London), 91.4-91.5 and 92.5-92.6 MHz, it's difficult to see where their problem arises. So if the Fire Service are suffering interference from pirate transmissions it is probably from one of two sources:
(1) The FM transmitters used by the pirates are of such low quality that they emit spurious signals on lots of frequencies. This is certainly possible, especially given the low-cost nature of the transmitters that pirates use, however the chances are that any transmitters prone to spurious emissions will be tracked down immediately as they will be causing interference to potentially hundreds of users.
(2) It is not the FM transmitters that cause the problem but is, instead, the link transmitters which are used to connect the pirates' studios to the transmitter site. Such links normally operate either in Band I (47 - 68 MHz) or at microwave frequencies. Microwave links are hardly likely to cause interference but it is feasible that the Band I links might if their frequencies co-incided with those used by the Fire Service. However, I doubt that any pirate would use a frequency knowing that it might interfere with the emergency services, even though they are operating illegally, they are not stupid enough to intentionally cause interference and risk the wrath of Ofcom.
There is one other possibility. The frequencies used by the Fire Service in the UK are used in some Eastern European countries for FM broadcasting! The 'OIRT' band covers 66 - 74 MHz and high-power transmitters still provide service in countries such as Russia, Moldova and Hungary. During certain propagation conditions, such stations are often heard in the UK (they do use high powers after all) and whilst I suspect that most firemen would know the difference between Russian and English, if they just hear music over their radio system they are going to assume it's a pirate.
So do the pirates cause interference to the Fire Service or not? Well I have no reason to doubt John Anthony, London Fire Brigade Assistant Commissioner who claims that, "... radio transmissions interfere with, and sometimes entirely disable, the communications systems the London Fire Brigade relies on." But is it really pirates or could it be the Russians instead?
Next onto the Air Traffic Service. They use many frequencies but in particular use 108 - 137 MHz which is directly adjacent to the FM band. A report from 1997, 'Investigation of Interference Sources and Mechanisms...' showed that illegal transmitters were a constant source of interference to both navigation and communication. This is easier to understand as spurious emissions from a transmitter are usually close in frequency to the main transmission thus spurii in the band 108 - 137 MHz are not unlikely. Thus I don't necessarily doubt 'A spokesman for NATS' who said, "Unauthorised broadcasts on or close to frequencies used by air traffic controllers can interfere with the passing of vital information between air traffic controllers and pilots. They can also affect the navigation aids used as landmarks." Point to Ofcom!
"Illegal broadcasting also causes interference to legitimate radio stations, denying hundreds of thousands of listeners the opportunity to hear their favourite programmes."
Does it now? Well in some cases yes. Drive past a pirate transmitter and if you are tuned to a nearby frequency there is every likelihood that you will hear the pirate 'splattering' over the top of the station you were trying to listen to (though the same thing would also happen if you drove past a legal transmitter). However, some pirates operate 200 kHz or less away from legal stations which is insufficient to prevent such interference (legal stations typically leave a gap of 400 kHz to prevent these problems occuring). However legal stations typically use much more power than pirate stations and the effect is very localised (and anyway whose to say that your favourite programme isn't on a pirate station...)
It is only in desperation, however, that pirates would choose a frequency likely to interfere with a legal station. In London such desparation stems from the lack of available frequencies (as most are already used by legal and other pirate stations). Given the option, most pirates choose a frequency as unlikely as possible to interfere with legal stations as it's much more likely that a complaint will be received against them if they do cause interference as if they don't.
Overall I suspect that pirate radio does cause interference in one or two cases, however in many cases it operates quite happily without causing problems to anyone else. Kudos to Ofcom for having a go at the problem, but only time will tell whether they will make any dent on the runaway train of stations that inhabit every nook and cranny of the FM band in London (and in some other major cities).
Of course there are other solutions, one being to actually licence the stations concerned and bring them into a controlled environment. Ofcom has already licensed about 30 community radio stations, however it claims that such services can only be licensed in remote areas where spare frequencies exist. A change in planning rules to recognise the low potential for interference that properly organised low-power FM stations cause might open up the band to more users and solve the pirate problem in a much more effective way.
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Wednesday 30 November, 2005, 06:55 - Spectrum ManagementNapoleon and the Mathematician
Before going any further we need to take a brief side-step and remember Jean Baptiste Joseph Fourier (1768-1830), one time governor of Lower Egypt under Napoleon and master mathematician. Fourier developed an equation (the Fourier Transform), which allows us to transform waveforms in the time-domain into waveforms in the frequency domain. Fourier shows us that a pure sine-wave in the time-domain transforms into a single line in the frequency domain, representing the frequency at which the sine-wave oscillates (simple eh?). The converse is also true, in that a single line in the time-domain (an impulse such as is caused when lightning strikes), converts to a sine-wave in the frequency-domain having content at virtually ALL frequencies which is why a nearby lightning strike, which looks like an impulse in the time-domain, can affect reception on every radio receiver in a house from medium wave (~1 MHz) to television (~500 MHz) and even satellite (~10,000 MHz).
Spark Gap Transmitters
Let's now move forward a hundred years to the work of Guglielmo Marconi (1874-1937), father of modern-day radio. During Marconi's experiments into radio transmission, oscillators producing a nice sine-wave on a single frequency weren't available. Instead, Marconi used a spark gap transmitter. This device produced an impulse (much like a lightning strike) by making a spark between two contacts and thus produced a waveform with content on all frequencies. Then, using a crude tuned-circuit, the frequency that was wanted was selected. It was an inefficient way of transmitting but using high-powered sparks, high-powered signals could easily be developed which were needed because of the poor sensitivity of the receivers. Also, due to the way in which spark-gap signals were generated, they produced a great deal of interference on many radio frequencies other than the one to which they were tuned.
As the use of radio grew, there was an increased need to separate one transmission from another to reduce interference and to that end, in 1927, the International Radio Consultative Committee (CCIR) was formed in Washington DC (these days part of the ITU). The 1927 conference also decided that the use of spark-gap transmitters would be outlawed (and they would have been completely phased-out by 1939 had World War II not started which slightly delayed their demise).
Ultra Wide Band
Ultra Wide Band (UWB) is a relatively new term to describe a technology which had been descrined in the early 1960's as 'carrier-free', 'baseband' or 'impulse' technology. The basic concept is to develop, transmit and receive a burst of radio frequency (RF) which represent from one to only a few cycles of an RF carrier wave effectively an impulse of RF. The resultant waveforms are extremely wide, so much so that it is often difficult to determine the actual RF centre frequency. Recent implementations of UWB do away with the idea of using an impulse to generate the signal due to difficulties in selecting the wanted frequencies, but the concept of using a transmission spread out over a very wide frequency range remains. In this sense, UWB is the modern-day equivalent of spark-gap transmitters!
The difference, however, is the power levels concerned. Whereas the spark-gap transmitters of old often used powers of 10s of kilowatts, UWB uses powers of only 10s of milliwatts (around a million times less). Further, the fact that UWB signals are purposefully spread over a very wide range of frequencies means that the actual power transmitted on any given frequency is miniscule and in many cases is below the background noise (caused by man-made, natural and even galactic sources). Conversely, spark gap transmitters were few and far between but the intention is that UWB devices will be ubiquitous. Over a country the size of the UK, where there may have been only a handful of spark gap transmitters, there may be millions of UWB devices so the potential for interference is, arguably, almost as great.
In order to try and prevent UWB from causing interference to other radio users, 'masks' have been set by a number of organisations from the Federal Communications Commission (FCC) in the United States to the European Telecommunications Standards Institute (ETSI) in Europe. A radio mask can be considered as similar to a mask used when printing, it prevents radio signals from being transmitted over certain areas (or reduces them) and allows them to be transmitted over other areas, in this way sensitive services (such as aeronautical radar) can have increased protection from interference. The fact that masks are necessary indicates that spectrum administrations are concerned about the interference potential from UWB, despite the very low signal levels involved.
Bright Spark
Counterbalancing the interference problems, however, are the benefits that UWB technology claims to offer over other, competing technologies (such as, for example, WiFi and Bluetooth). UWB claims to provide:
· Extremely high bandwidth data links (over very short ranges)
· Precision measurement and location identification (in radar applications)
· Immunity to multi-path reflections of the signal
· Low complexity and therefore (in theory) low cost
UWB is therefore well suited to applications such as high bandwidth LANs (100Mb/s+), collision avoidance sensors, precision location systems, radio tags (cargo, personnel etc), radio imaging and even low powered handheld radios. The benefits are potentially large ranging from life-saving applications to quality of life enhancing applications, but this must be balanced against the potential for interference to other radio users.
Apples and Oranges?
Is it really fair to compare modern UWB technology with 100 year old spark-gap transmitters? Yes. And no. Yes, both transmit over a wide range of frequencies. Yes, both are based on the notion of using an impulse to generate radio signals. Yes, both have the potential to cause interference to many other radio users. No, the technology employed is fundamentally different. No, the power levels are several orders of magnitude different. No, the intended usage is different.
So what are the implications for radio users? Large numbers of UWB transmitters working together have the potential to cause interference to users across the spectrum (from around 1 to around 10 GHz for most currently planned devices). This frequency range includes a number of economically and politically important users such as mobile phones (GSM 1800, CDMA 1900 and UMTS), aeronautical and maritime radar, wireless LAN and HiperLAN, governmental and private fixed links, satellite links and in some countries wireless cable services. Despite much research in both corners of the UWB boxing-ring, there is no conclusive evidence to indicate that UWB will not cause interference to these services, then again there is no evidence that it will. Most administrations are being cautious about allowing the introduction of UWB as it's unlikely that once introduced, it would be able to be taken out of service as operation will typically be licence-exempt and thus controlling future usage will be near impossible.
For any country therefore, the decision currently exists as to whether to allow UWB services to be introduced today, delivering the kind of user benefits that the technology can provide, or whether to hold back on making that decision until there is a greater weight of international experience. Is the bright spark worth the spark gap?
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Original URL: https://www.theregister.co.uk/2010/12/17/regcast_new_year_please/
New Year please, this one's broken
Watch our bonus best of the Reg
Posted in The Channel, 17th December 2010 11:26 GMT
Regcast: 14:00 It's time to say goodbye to 2010, because - let's face it - it was rubbish. It's also time to look ahead to 2011. Will you keep your job? Will you even keep hold of your data?
These questions and many more will be answered at 2pm on 17 December by David King, CTO at Logica, David Roberts, executive director of the Corporate IT Forum, and white hat hacker Peter Wood from ISACA .
We'll also be able to reveal El Reg's top five news stories of the year, and what to wear when the Street View van comes to town.
Turn your phone to silent for 30 minutes at 14:00 GMT today and click here to join the final Regcast of 2010. Pretend you're in a meeting. ®

subset: commoncrawl


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Maynard Webb: It's Dangerous to Raise More than You Need
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Sports Law Blog
All things legal relating
to the sports world...
Saturday, May 08, 2010
Sports Illustrated Column on Legality of Pre Draft Questions in NFL
I have a new SI.com column that looks at whether the legal implications of "offensive" questions asked of players eligible for the NFL draft. Here's an excerpt:
* * *
Can NFL teams legally ask prospective draft picks any question, no matter how offensive, during pre-draft interviews?
The last few weeks have revealed two interviews that strike many as objectionable. Namely, Miami Dolphins general manager Jeff Ireland asking Dez Bryant if his mother is a prostitute and an official from the Cincinnati Bengals reportedly asking Geno Atkins if he was straight or gay.
These and similar types of questions could pose legal consequences and possibly lead to reform of pre-draft interviews.
From the standpoint of federal law, Title VII of the Civil Rights Act of 1964 protects job applicants from answering pre-employment questions that are designed or used to discriminate on the basis of race, national origin and certain other protected categories (sexual orientation is not among them). While Title VI empowers employers to test job applicants in a wide-range of ways, questions posed during job interviews must relate to an applicant's ability to perform a job.
* * *
The Dolphins would likely raise several defenses.
First, a pre-draft interview may be legally distinguishable from a job or "pre-employment" interview. After all, the NFL draft is a procedure whereby teams obtain the exclusive negotiating rights to sign eligible football players; teams that draft players thus do not "hire" them for employment, they only obtain negotiating rights to hire them. While this argument may sound like semantics, it could be used to distance Title VII from questions raised during pre-draft interviews.
Second, a question related to a job applicant's socioeconomic class or family culture may be legally distinguishable from one related to his race or national origin. Unlike race or national origin, "class" or "culture" are not, strictly speaking, protected categories.
Third, Ireland's question, while insensitive and regrettable, was seemingly not discriminatory in a racial sense, since Bryant's race was already known prior to the question.
Fourth, the question should be viewed in the context of extensive pre-draft evaluations and the bevy of tests required of potential draft picks. . . .
3 Comments:
Excellent take and discussion on things!
NFL really entertains me.
In the first instance, I think Bryant would have a very difficult time getting past summary judgment even without the Dolphins articulating any of the defenses you noted. He's required to at the very least allege that he was rejected for the job and the position remained open after his application or went to someone outside of his protected class. We don't know if he would have been rejected because he was selected by the Cowboys before the Dolphins ever got a pick - he was de facto unable to be rejected by the Dolphins. Secondly, the position he was vying for (presumably defined as a first round draft pick and not his playing position) did not remain vacant - and indeed could not remain vacant - the Dolphins had to select someone. All of the above before the Dolphins get to come back with a nondiscriminatory reason for their actions (i.e. he didn't fit team need, etc etc...).


text:
Since ages, The Great Himalayas have been the great land for trekkers and mountaineers who need a break from the humdrum of city life. Himalayan trekking for many is a part of life appetite that gives them enormous hurdles of crossing layers of the sky. One such is the Mount Friendship (5289m) high and is located in Pir Panjal range in Kulu district of Himachal Pradesh. The view of three ranges- The Great Himalayan Range, Pir Panjal Range and Dhauladhar Range from the peak of Mt. Friendship is magical.
Continue reading Expedition to Mount Friendship – The Blissful Journey of Himalayan Ranges


text:
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text:
ROCKPORT – Ashwood Waldorf School, which serves children from nursery school through eighth grade, has recently received accreditation from the Association of Waldorf Schools of North America (AWSNA) as well as reaccreditation from the New England Association of Schools and Colleges (NEASC). The school, located in Rockport, was commended by AWSNA for its "rich, varied, age-appropriate program that builds a foundation for lifelong learning and adaptability, fostering inner strength and preparing children to thrive in a changing world."
While Ashwood has been accredited by NEASC since 2002, this is the first time in the school's 26-year history that it has received full accreditation as a member school in AWSNA. Such accreditation is seen as a defining moment in the life of a Waldorf school, demonstrating that it has achieved sufficient maturity to contribute to the Waldorf movement nationwide.
A coeducational, independent school founded in 1986, Ashwood Waldorf School provides a curriculum based on the understanding that every child is a unique individual who passes through distinct life stages. Teachers present their subject matter imaginatively to engage their students' artistic and physical sides as well as their intellects. Care is taken to balance intellectual growth with emotional growth and lessons are rooted in experience rather than abstract concepts.
AWSNA also praised Ashwood for "the beautiful capacity of the faculty to engage its students and to bring life to [the school's] mission through their daily work." Ashwood places great emphasis on offering the highest quality academics, integrating art, music and drama with the sciences, math, reading and writing, foreign languages, and the study of our cultural heritage from its foundations in myth and legend to the study of modern history.
School Director Jody Spanglet noted, "For many years, Ashwood has truly been a model of the best of Waldorf education: the quality of our programming, our high academic expectations, our beautiful facilities, and our exemplary faculty all combine to make Ashwood a standard bearer of educational excellence and one of the many treasures that enrich family life in midcoast Maine."
"The AWSNA accreditation gives us recognition and greater visibility within the Waldorf community, some 1,000 schools worldwide," said Board President Betsy Morrel. "It's a wonderful validation for our school and the work of our outstanding teachers."
AWSNA, the Association of Waldorf Schools of North America, is a not-for-profit organization whose purpose is to protect, encourage, and further Waldorf education and to aid and assist each affiliated institution to improve the quality of the education it offers. In addition to over 182 affiliated Waldorf schools and initiatives, there are kindergartens in North America working out of the pedagogical impulses of Rudolf Steiner and other groups doing preparatory work.
NEASC, the New England Association of Schools and Colleges, provides accreditation services for more than 2,000 public and private institutions, from pre-K through university, in the six-state region.
For more information about Ashwood Waldorf School please call the office at 236-8021, email email@example.com or visit www.ashwoodwaldorf.org.


text:
Woody ogling Scarlett isn't just sad, it's tragic
Woody Allen and Scarlett Johansson at the New York premiere of Vicky Christina Barcelona. Photo: Rex
If one picture were to sum up the gradual decline of Woody Allen it would be this. An old and frail man, his once trademark thick-rimmed glasses now an anachronism, caught in an inadvertent moment admiring his latest muse's principal talents. The subtext of the photo is clear: Allen, probably our greatest living auteur, a man who should by rights to be treated with the same respect as Scorsese, is something of a joke.
In all fairness, he only has himself to blame. His faltering recent output, coupled with his admission in an interview that he only has the patience to "shoot once and move on", regardless of quality, means the likelihood of him ever making another Manhattan remain slim.
A number of odd decisions made in this late period of his career have resulted in one of Allen's worst dry patches. Leaving his comfort zone of New York, opting for more serious fare for his last two films - neither has helped (likewise his somewhat icky private life).
Cassandra's Dream was a trauma from which I've barely recovered. Dodgy accents, plot holes, ridiculous dialogue - not since Wild Wild West have I seen audience members leave a cinema within the first half hour. And while Match Point was well received in many quarters, it was sabotaged by an appalling performance from Jonathan Rhys-Meyers, who failed to convince as a human being, let alone one with a plummy English accent.
It's in casting, as much as anything, that Allen has let himself down. Perhaps making decisions with the wrong part of his anatomy, where once he had Diane Keaton, Mia Farrow or Judy Davis standing next to him, now he has Scarlett Johansson - attractive, certainly, but incapable of turning in an Oscar-worthy performance like her forbears.
Allen has always relied heavily on his female leads - and his persistently choosing Johansson (too attractive to play quirky, too young to play serious) seems the very oddest of his recent decisions. With reams of talented thespians closer to his own age doubtless chomping at the bit to work with such a legendary director, you have to wonder why he persists with an actress that does such little justice to his writing.
Sure, there's an understandable motivation to work with such an attractive young woman. But every time old Woody juxtaposes himself with the young Scarlett he once again triggers that ick factor, reminding you of his domestic situation and effectively shooting himself in the foot.
It's a problem only exacerbated by photos like the one above. After all, a shot of Allen admiring, even manhandling, Diane Keaton's cleavage would have struggled to make the front pages.


text:
I'm making ten boxes for my boyfriend one for each day i'm away, any ideas on what to put in them? It'd be a lot of help
A pillowcase that smells of your preferred shampoo or conditioner.
Oh, I like this. But will he understand that he's suppose to use it?
Maybe add a little note suggesting he have a sniff.
I would put in things that will remind him of you or times you guys had together. Like things that remind him of little inside jokes you guys may have or things that will make him smile :).
This is such a cute idea! My only thought is to be careful and don't spend too much. Maybe a note in each box that highlights a different qualitiy of his that you like, with decorations and illustrations.
That's adorable! What about a poem you wrote, or your favourite poem (found on the internet) scribed in your own handwriting/calligraphy? And a drawing you drew yourself & coloured, about how you feel about him (like a bunch of flowers in a vase, and some of the flowers are pretty hearts instead of blossoms). Maybe some candy, maybe a knotted bracelet if you do that (or some crocheting/knitting/ other hand-craft). Maybe a packet of hot chocolate, or a pair of movie tickets for you both, or a dvd to watch together, with some microwave popcorn. I like best, the idea of writing him a list of "101 Things I Adore About You", and you write it in your own handwriting. Maybe a photograph of you, perhaps even in a fr<x>ame, but not necessarily.
****, beer, and a special version of secret NFL games never before seen on TV.
That's adorable
Well how bout somethings he likes
include an interesting photo of yourself in each box. Some candy...perfumed notes...
10 notes saying 'i love you'
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text:
Somersworth men arrested for Alton bank robbery
- Published in Local News
ALTON — Police Chief Ryan Heath said yesterday that two men who are alleged to have robbed the Meredith Village Savings Bank at gunpoint on October 10 have been arrested.
Heath said Phillip Gage, 46, and Marvin Eugene Ansteth Jr., 40, both of Somersworth, have been arrested by federal authorities and charged in the U.S. District Court, District of Maine in Portland.
Police said that Gage is the alleged man who entered the bank while Ansteth is alleged to have been driving the get-away car and waiting on Range Road.
The MVSB Branch is on 82 Wolfeboro Highway next to the Hannaford Supermarket.
Authorities believe Gage entered the brand and 4:34 p.m. and brandished a handgun. While holding one employee at gunpoint, he allegedly jumped over the counter and emptied the teller drawers, fleeing initially on foot.
Heath said both will be prosecuted by federal authorities.


text: In article <Cr7F1M.B42 at maestro.maestro.com>, ysilver at maestro.maestro.com (yehuda silver) writes: > >Maybe the best approach is to teach Biology in Public schools i.e. >scientific knowlegde arrived at through hypthesis and experimental >verification. > >this would exclude all "religious philosophy's > >such as: > >a) gay rights I would agree that this doesn't belong in a *science* class, but it does belong in a civics/law/politics/sociology/etc class. Esp. open, intelligent discussion on this subject. > >b) condoms > Condoms are the best way, short of abstenance (no comment on what's right here), to prevent pregnancy and spreading STDs. This *fact* is based on physical evidence, and if people old enough to have sex shouldn't be taught the FACTS about pregnancy and STDs, when should they be taught? This information is a scientific fact, and it should be taught as such (I would personally stay away from moral judgements); people should know the risks of having sex, the benefits of not having it, and what they can do if they feel they have to have it. >c) evolution (which does not satisfy the strict definition of SCIENCE, >i.e. a hypothesis later confiremed through experiment! > Where does evolution fail? It IS an hypothesis, supported by evidence. i.e., it is a THEORY. Is your problem the order? Perhaps you think that scientific theories are (in chronological order) first ideas which are then confirmed to be true by evidence? If you think this, then you haven't any idea what science is, and absolutely NO knowledge of the history of any science theory. Do you think it isn't an hypothesis? Such ignorance would astound me. Do you think it isn't supported by evidence or experiment? Then you haven't been reading anything about evolution that is true, and you are once again guilty of monumental ignorance. Lucky for you, ignorance is curable: all you have to do is read a book. Or a science magazine, or even just talk.origins or sci.bio.evolution. I do hope you aren't afraid of overcoming your rather obvious failings? We must all try to be better people... [more out-of-touch-with-reality blithering deleted] > >: __________ > >: Brian Fane >: ccfane at amber.indstate.edu || matrojn at indsvax1.indstate.edu >: * Team OS/2 >: __________ Brian "Flame?" -Tom Hopper Dept. of Physics Michigan State University =My opions are my own=


text:
Sitting on the south central coast of Alaska exists one of the most beautiful cities in the U.S. – Anchorage, Alaska. So it is fitting that the Anchorage Brewing Company has also produced some of the most beautiful beers around. One of them, the Anadromous Black Sour Ale, not only personifies beauty, it is an exquisite beer that exemplifies everything that's good about craft beer.
The process of developing this beer is something to behold. Anadromous is brewed with summit hops and then triple fermented:
First it is fermented in French Oak Foudres.
Second , the beer is placed in in Pinot Noir and whiskey barrels with Brett and other microbes. In fact, sour beer sitting in more than forty Pinot Noir barrels are blended together.
Last, the beer is finished in the bottle for natural carbonation.
It is no surprise that Anchorage Brewing delivered to craft-beer aficionados such a complex brew because barrels is what they do, Brett is what they love, and funk is what they celebrate. As they proclaim, they are a brewery "where brewing is an art and Brettanomyces is king!" Many of the barrels are the old-fashioned Foudres (but popularized again in the New World by the craft-beer movement) that are commonly used in making classic Belgian beers, such as Lambics. (Note: many argue that there is a distinct difference between sour and wild ales, but that's for another article, for another time.)
And the brewers take the art of barreling and souring seriously. Indeed, a five paragraph story about the beer and how it ties to its souring philosophy exists on the back of the Anadromous Black Sour Ale bottle. The story notes the similarity between the daunting trip endured by salmon (anadromous) and the sour ale. The fish traverse the incredibly long trip from the freshwater streams to the ocean, and then back again. Anadromous Black Sour Ale withstands a harsh year-and-a-half journey from the oak barrels where it is born to the bottle where it is enjoyed. The prose used to explain the beer is almost as beautiful as the artwork found on the label (and the labels of all the brewery's beers).
So, how does this professional writer use his own prose to describe the taste of this brew? Well, it won't be easy. Anadromous has a lot going on. The sour characteristic of the beer obviously takes top billing, but supporting that basic feature exists notes of Pinot Noir, cherry and fig, oak, and a little chocolate towards the finish, especially as the beer warms. The whiskey is hidden under all the other more robust flavors, but it's noticeable it in the aftertaste — yes, the beer is so complex the tasting doesn't end until well after the beer's been swallowed. However, the most dominant flavor exists within the Pinot Noir that really makes this sour beer "pop."
I must warn you, though, Anadromous changes with age so depending on the purchase date of the bottle, how the bottle was handled, and the temperature the beer is served will all affect the outcome. It's a craft beer geek's dream bottle. No two sips, no two reviews, no two experiences are the same. I guess, that's just like the actual anadromous salmon, right? Every beer possesses a unique personality.
Yesterday's black, sour beer: A triple fermented — French oak, Pinot Noir, bourbon infused — and bottle conditioned delight! Awesome from Anchorage! . . . . #alaskacraftbeer #craftbeer #beerstagram #instabeer #beerporn #beergasm #craftnotcrap #craftbeerjunkie #beer #drinkcraft #instabeer #sourbeer #agedbeer #barrelaged #craftbeeraddict #craftbeerlife #blacksourale #anadromous
If you haven't noticed, craft beer is simultaneously experimenting and resurrecting historical beer. Pure yeast took centuries to develop, so most beer went "sour." So, this modern re-exploration of "bad yeast" in brewing both demonstrates the skill of modern brewers as well as remind of us of beer's long history.
As a counter to the craft beer's original hop-heavy identity, sours and barreling are quickly moving towards supplanting the IPA as the industry's mainstay beer. Avery Brewing, in fact, just removed many of its flagships in order to expand its sour and barreling program. Anchorage Brewing, though, was ahead of the game. I guess that's what happens when one does nothing but look at beautiful mountains every day – one is inspired to both create and also think big.
That's Anchorage, and that's Anchorage Brewing Company's Anadromous Black Sour Ale — big; beautiful; inspired.
Mathew Powers
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- Beer Review: Sapporo Premium Black Lager - 01/12/2017
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text:
L Advertisig Bates 0aoable o
-E ROBINSON. EDrEO. - a
be People's Candidates1 a
'Winning Ticket, the Next
The Need of The Hour.
In these days of political tur
moil and strife, when the blood
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highest tension it will do every
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trt and right to prevail; who
.elihtin peace and good will
ot dp a better thing, than
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4tary place and there dispassion
ately reason with himself as to
j the position .he o&upies and
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we could not do a bettert '
for ourselyes, our chil , our
neighbors and the - try at
large than to determine
the cause of uch bitterness,
strife and oil, and if the
Indivi making the investi
gati that he is aiding, or
contribmt e t? it, ten it is his
Jduty, as atood citizen, to face
about, reverse iis cour.e of ac-,
tion and strive b overcome the
eil bygooa.
requirs a strong will,( in
dimritabo courage, and manly
couvictions to stand up for "the
right these'days. Public opin
Ion and popular clamour -con
~?trolls many a man's actions and
ntycue men to do
~w~hrknow is not
5mdehichvillbring re
~adlemorse. One of the
striking illustrations of
-~-. ac~strequenfly witnessed
~ ~In~ou~W~ rolina in the case of
a als These result from
eetand hot blood which
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metor popjular clamour at the
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~~ou~let reason and sober
"~ ~udgentcontrol them they.
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ils all wrong for there is one who'
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s gin, while it is true there
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$euces should be honest differ
-'endes and should not be carried
Aoehuchfextremes as to cause
brd thoughts or unkind words.
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.~ ~ihof suffrage, and he should
azgard the ballot which lted
~~7~ost sacred
-trust. The little white mes
senger wields a silent power for
good or evil and before it is de
posited in .the box serious and
~thoughtful consideration should
guide the hand that holds it
Men should ask themselves be
fore they vote if that ballot in
their honest, unprejudiced heart
is for-the tiest interest of the
country. Are the men I am
about to vote for sober, true,
honest. upright, Godf earing
meni Are they seeking the
)ffice from selfish motives?
Will they make the best officers?
How does their past life comn
-pare with their political prom
Ises? These and many similar
Questions should be duly and
well considered by every man
in connection with every candi
date who asks his suffrage.
And they should be considered
withbout malice, prejudice or ill
will as between man and man.
Not what Mr. A thinks of this
candidate or that one; not what
Mr. B has said; not what the
newspaPers say or anybody else,
but what and who is the man I
am going to cast my vote for.
There never was a tune in all
the history of the world when
there was a greater need of pure,
crue men, The forces of evil
ire all conspiring to overthrow
;ruth and virtue, honesty. puri
y, good will, love. There is
meal admiration for the man'
vho dares to do ight. who will
et his face against the wrong,
wvho clings to the love of good
and a contempt and scorn for
vil. The man among men is
ne who has made himself true
i d virtuous; the man who is|
* 2re. brave, anil kind. That
~ J~one in whom God is well.
[eased and whom men delight
honor. Reader, are you one
f this kind? If not aim at it
nd you cannot, fail.
Notice of School Election
tate of South Carolina.
County of Pickens.
Whereas. a petition from the free
olders and electors of Martins DL
rict, No. 40. has been filed with the
Oountv Board of Education, asking
or -a special election to determine
whether or not an extra levy of 2 mills
hal be leviedi on said District for
chool- purposes.
It appearing to the County Board of
Education that the petition meets the
"ur ements of the law.
Therefore, it is ordered that the Trus
ees of the above named District do
iold an elecvion in said District at the
chool house within said District on
Saturday. July 27th, 1912. for the
above stated purpose. The Trustees of
the District are hereby appointed man
agers of said election. Said election to
be conducted according to the requir
ents of Section 1208 of the General
By order of County Board of Educa
R. T. Hallum,
at-12 Co. Supt. Ed.
For Congress
on. Wyatt Aiken is hereby ann3ounced as a
:andidate for Congress from tbe Third Uon
gressional District, subject the rules and
action of the voters of the nenocratic party in
the approacbing Primary etlction the result of
which he will abide. .
I hereby announcr self a candidate for the
United states Seqte, subject to the rules of
the Democratic rty. Your support anfi in
luence will ppreciated. N. B. DIAL,
--dS. EVA NS is hereby announced as a
ate for Congress from the Third Con
' nal district subject to the action of the
oters in the Democratic Primary election, the
result of which he promises to abide.
I hereby announoe myself a candidate for
Congres fm the Third Congressional District
of South Carolina, subject to the action of the
voters of the District in the Democratic primar
ies. MARCUS C. LONG,
Walhalla, S. C..
For Solicitor.
I hereby announce myself a candidate for
Solicitor of the 10th .ludicial Circuit and
e to abide the result of the Democratic
. to support nominees thereof.
For Touse of Representatives.
..tion of many friends, I hereby
-::ef a candidate for the House of
-ta.:es from Piekens County, subject
o te acion of the Democratic party in the
primary election. J. M. Hancock.
Mr. Judge X. Welborn is hereby: announced
a candidate for the House of Representatives
from Piokegas county, subject to tae action of
the voters in the Democratic Primary election
the result of which he promises to abide
SWith sincere appreciation for your past loy'
al$y and support. I hereby announce myself a
candidate for the House of Representatives
from Pickens County, subject to the rules and
regulations of the Den ocratic Pnrimr election.
.For Clerk of Court.
MR. A. J. BOGGS is hereby announced as a
candidate for re-election to the office of Clerk
ef-Court for Pickens county subject to the
action of the voters in the coming Primary
election, the result of which he prbmises to
i hereby announce myself a candidate for the
ofice of Clerk of Court for Pickens County
subjec to the rules of the Democrati pimary
The many friends of Mr. J1. HI. G. MicDANIEL
hereb-announce him as a candidate for the of
ice of Clerk of Court for Pickerns County, sub
ject to the action of the- voters in the Demo
cratic primary election.
For Sheriff
I hereby announce myself a -ar'didate for
re-election to the offce of Sheritr for Pickens
County, subject to the will of the voters in the
coming primary election, the result of which I
promise to abide. R. R. Roark.
I hereby announce myself a candidate for the
offce of Sheriff of Pickens County subject to
the will of the voters in the comiing primary
election, the result of which I promise to abide.
J. C. Jennmngs
For County Treasurer.
A t the solicitation of friends I hereby announce
myself a candidate for th~e office of eounty
Treasurer subject to the action of the voters in
the approaching primary election, the result of
which I promise to abide. H. W. FARR.
At the solicitationi of many friends,- I hereb'
announce myself a candidate for the offce of
ounty Treasurer, snbject to the action of the
Democratic voters in the Primary election, the
results of which I promise to7 abd.EES
'The many friendi. of Mir. J1. D. Aiken hereby
announce him .a a candidate for the offce of
Cguna~t.Yeasurer subject to the action of the
'voters in the primary election.
The many friends of Mr. J1. P. HYDE here
by announce him as a candidatc for the of
ie of County Treasurer subject to th~e
action of the voters in the Democratic pri
mary election.
The friends of Mr. Eb H. Fiekd hereby an
nounce him as a candidate for the office of
County Treasurer subject to the will of the
Democratic voters in the approaching primary
I hereby announce myself a candidate for the
ofice of County Treasurer of Pickens County
subjcct to the rules of the Democratic Primary.
Taylor Ht. Stewart.
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~bv iespet ?ncinzse If a can
lidaid for ze-elco 1 lt~
tendent of Edcadohl * 4bjt to'the aof
the Demnocratic party the pfimaryecton.
For Auditeir
Mr. L. J. Connelly is hereby announced as a
candidate for the olce of Auditor of Pickens
County subject to the action of- the voters in
the Democratic Primary election, the result cf
which he promises to abide,
MR. N. A. CHRISTOPHER is hereby announc
ed as a candidate for re-election to the office
of county Auditor, subject to the action of the
voters in the Democratic - .rmary election, the
result of which he-promises to abide.
For County Commisioner
The friends of Mr. G. Wash Bowen hereby
announce him as a candidate for County Com
missioner, subject to the action of the voters in
the primary election.
The many friendsof JAMES M. LAWRENCE
hereby announce him as a candidate for re
election to the office of County Commissioner
subject to the people in the democratic pri
The many friendsof J. LUTHER BAGWELL
hereby announce him as a candidate for re
election to the office of County Commissioner,
subject to the action of the voters In the
Democratic Primary electien.
Mr. ,. B. Moore is hereby announced as a
candidate for the office of County Commission
er subject to the action of the voters in the
primary election,
For Cotton Weigher.
At solicitation of many friends I hereby an
nounce mysielf for the position of cotton weigh
er for the township of Pickens, subject to the
action of voters on August 2 Ath.
For Magistrate.
Mr. W. S. Gantt is hereby announced as a
candIdate for the office of Magtrate of Hurri
can Township, subject to the action of the
voters in the DemocrativPrimary election.
Mr. J. F. Stokes is hereby announced as a can
didate for the office of Magistrate of Pickens
Township subject to the action of the voters in
the Primary election, the result of which he will
The friends of Mr. Arthur S. Porter hereby
announce him as a candidate for the office of
Magistrate of Pickens Township, subject to the
action cf the voters in Demoretic Primary elec.
-tion, the result, of which he promises to abide.
Summons for Relief.
State of South Carolina
Pickens County.
Court of Common Pleas
Summons for Relief (Complaint Served)
A. M. Morris Plaintiff
L E. Looper,
You are Hereby Summoned and re.
qured to answer the complaint in this
action, which is filed in the office of the
clerk of court for Pickens county on in i
this date and to serve a copy of your JUT
ainswi to the said complaint on tie AtW
subscriber at his office at Greenville C.H.
Su. Iitiin twenty days after theservice
hereof. exlusive of -the, day of -such
service; and if you fail to answer the
complaint within the time aforesaid, the
Plaintiff in this.action will apply to the
Court for the relief demanded in the
Dated June 8, A. D. 1912
A. J, Boggs (seal).
C. C. P. B. A. Morgan,
- Plaintiff's Attorneys.
To the defendant above named:
Please take - notice, the summons of
which the foregoing is a copy, and the
complait in the above stated action
was filed in the office of the clerk of
court for said county and state on the 8
day of June, 1912, and is now on file F4
Sheriff's Sale
State of South Carolina,
County of Pickens,.
In Common Pleas Court.
T. H. Smith Plaintiff
D. C, Millset al, -
By virtue of a degree of foreclosure
and signed by his Hon. Judge George -
E. Prince at Chambers at Greenville, S.
C., dated June 22nd 1912 and on file in
the clerks office for Pickens County. I
will sell to the highest -bidder on sales
day in August -1912 during the legal
hoars for sale - at Pickens court houz e E
S. C., the following discribed real estate
to wit:
All that tract or parcel of land situate
lying and being in Pickens county in
the state afotesaid, containing tiinety
two and three fourths.(920) acrea more
or less and bounded by lands of R.
Lenhardt, W. B. Hester, E. J Hester,
myself (Mills) and others, and known as
the Perry place and is the same tract of1
land conveyed to T. H, Smith by J. P
Worshem on December the 81th 1904,
Deed recorded in Volume -Z" Page
377. -
Terms of sale: One half cash on day
of sale the balance on a credit of twelve
months secured by bond of the purchas
er and mortgage of the primises sold.
the deferred payment to bear interest at.
8 per cent per annum,with leave to the alh
purchaser to pay all cash or to antici- th
pate paymnent at any time.
Purchaser to pay for all papers and t
for recording the same.
R. B. ROARK, mf
Sheriff Pickens County. ev
Charleseon. S. C. --
One vacancy in Pickens county in the benefi
cary scholarships in the Citadel will be tilled r
by cornpetttive examination on August 9, 19i2
Next session begins September 18, 1912. h
The Citadel offers cozjrses In Civii Engineer
ug, English, Chemistry and Physics.
Degrees of C. E. and B. S. conferred.
It is designated by the war department as one
of the dlstinguiseed institutions, one of who-a
graduates receives a commision in U. S. army
For catalogue and information, address ti
Col. O. J. Bond,
THE CITA DEL, ha
Charleston, S. C,
- ________b1b
MS SEPTEMBER 27 .th
ty-sats on Friday July 5, at 9 a. mn.
Lasuages, Mathematics. History, Pol- pa
sics. Biology, and Engineering. . - ':dr
-ee ith Engineerink.- dog
ty of-1South --argiiia. t3Vcant.Boyce
tuition, open to competitive exa'mination ye
ogue on application. Write to
DOLPH; President
F olger
All Oxfords to go
Boyden $6.0
Walk-Over I
Walk-Over I
Walk-Over I
Good year
Automobile o
A complete s
Clothing, Shoes.
Sole agents for Walk-C
Iron King Stoves, New HomE
ell Wagons and Mitchell Aul
id office. -
te8,1912 B. rgan,
Plff's Attys.
>thing can be d soaprori.
idatatv a oeo u
ning tobea brie o appreci-a~
e a gift of such exquisite
We also carry table silver
are and many novelties that
sggest presents for Weddings,
raduation and Birthday s.
Hi SNIDER.
:asiey, 4.
DRESS ti
The Government figures indic
ut two and one-half million aci
tthe condition is aoout eigl:
Stime last year.
Two and one-half million acre
cdition of all of it will figure
n if the crop stands the summe
obably wi'l not do this.
It looks as if this is a good yea
can. We know a man in this
ssing made sceventy bales of col
nearly $1,200 clean clear profil
)0to the plow A farmer can
He could not have made this v
We recommend with the fulle
. Ten per cent ammonia
Ifblood, meal and fish. The
x, &otton seed meal, and fit
Lit food until frost.
We had a late spring and wi
not too late to apply It. Your c:
1need additional plant food to]I
cotton deserves this 4-10-2 an
mto needs it. It should be appi
Sbusiness of this crop requireth
One hundred and fifty poun
yfor itself about three times.
3 corn as well as it does cotton
t wait until next~ year to mak
B. Freeman, Al
E Thori
it greatly reduced pr
) oxford now sellint
4.50 oxford now sel
4.00 oxford now sell
3.50 oxford now sel
caseings and inner
tock of everything
Yours trul3
ats and Gents' Furnishing (
ver and Boyden Shoes, Carh
Sewing MachinesChase City
Pickens S. C.
Liberty, S. C.
Practice at Central every Wedneda
. A. McCollough B. F. Marl
E. M.Blythe
Cllollgh. Mar'tin &. Blt
lsonic Temple Grecuville, S.
Associate firm
Anderson, S. C.
Practice in all Courts.
FOR SALE-Georgia fan
[35 acres. 10 room dwellini
Bine cotton land, Good peac
)rchard, Railroad throug
lace, and one mile to statio]
asy Terms,
Write "Box L,"
Pickens S, C,
a~te that the cotton acreagei
es less this year than last an
it per cent worse than it was a
s less and eight per cent wors
: good many bales of cottoi
r as well as it did last year an<
*r to make every lock of cotto1
county who last year by side
ton on a four horse farmi ai
on his cotton. This is neari'
et rich at that rate.
~ithout side dressing.
t confidence our 4-10-2 at thi:
Lnd half of this soda, the othe:
soda wvill act quickly and thi
h will keep up.the supply o:
1 probably have a late fall. I
op will be fruiting soon an<
eep it from shedding. You:
goodness knows your poores
Led as quickly as possible fo:
s to the acre of this 4-10-2 wil
orn is high. It pays to sid<
Make good crops this yFear
good crops. 'mnaie 'themr thit
pS. C.
gt., Pickens, S. C4
ices for sixty days.
Sat $4.50.
lung at $3.75
ing at $3.25
ling at $2.75
tubes, and
at all times.
oods a Specialty.
art Overalls, Hawes Hats,
and Babcock Buggies,Mitch
4Your Horse.
needs Pratts Healing
y Qintment. It is the
greatest remedy.- in the
Sworld for scratches. .[t
Swill quickly clean the legs
and heals all sores and
cracks. Also cures har
ness and saddle galls.
25c and 50c a box.
"Clean Up the Bowels and
1Keep Them Clean"
There are many remedies to be
had for constipation, but the diffi
culty is to procure one that acts
Cwithout violence. A remedy that
-. does not perform
by force what
should be accom
plished by persua
son is Dr. Mfles'
. Laxative Tablets.
After using them,
- Mr. N. A. Waddell,
1,. 3 I 5 Washington
(St., Waco, Tex.,
h 'says:
h - -Almost n my
h' life I .have been
1, troubled with constipation, and have
tried many remedies, all of which
seemed to cause pain without giving
much relief. I finally tried Dr. Miles'
Laxative Tablets and found them ex
cellent. Their action is pleasant ancr
rn mild, and their chocolate taste makes
them easy to take. I am more than
glad to recommend them.''
"Clean up the bowels and keep
them clean,"~is- the advice of all
physicians, because they realize the
-danger r-esulting from habitual con
stipation. Do not delay too long,
but begin proper curative measures.
Dr.. Miles' Laxative Ta1>lets are a
new retnedy for this old complaint,
and a great improvement over the
cathartics you have been using in
the past. They taste like- candy
and work like a charm. A trial
will convince you.
' Dr. Miles' Laxative Tablets are
Ssold by all druggists, at 25 cents
a box containing 25 doses. If not
found satisfactory after trial, re
turn the box to your druggist and
s he will return your money.
d MILES MEDICAL - CO., Elkhart, Ind.
t 12 *
Squaw Vine
A Palalabile Medicine especially
cprepared to relieve and cure the
diseases which affect women
This excellent medicine is not only
successful in conquering the pain
ful and prostrating -diseases thr
attack the female generative syster.
but it is exceptionally pleasant to
take. The usual rule that the nastier
the medicine the more effective it
I is, is reversed in the case of Squaw
Vine Wine. It is one of the pleas
cantest -of medicines. The fresh
juice "if a well ripened sweet orange
is not more agreeable. It is indeed
I a happy combination of sweet herbs
compounded with just enough
~Jsp'its to keep it fresh and active in
its medicinal effect. Poor, tired
mothers, worn-out with the cares
of a family and household, and suf
fering from those distressing aches,
bedaring down pains and nervousness
Iwhich promen only know, revive
wonderfully under its strengthening
and exhilirating influence. It eases
pain, strengthens weakened parts,
corrects irregularities, builds up
a strong, vigorous body, restores
brightness to the eye and color to
the cheeks.
Sold by Draggists and Dealers
Price $1 Per Bottle
COr.SIMMONS MEDICINE Co.
The Cream of the Coffee CrC)
Specialy imported; speciaily prepared in
New ohleans, America's Good Ca'ej
Capital; specialy packed in dain)y, d.mp
proof, dust-proof, freshness-preserving car
a VERY SPECIAL cofee of top-ntc.
perfection sold by only one deaa'
a this town.
At its price you cannot duplicate its quality; at
twice its price you cannot find a betar. We
recommend and sel this coffee exclusively
Folger, Thornley & Company
The Sentinel
One DoliarA Year
Hetrick Hosiery Mills
Afford ideal employment for girls and women: also for boys and young men
who wish to learn a trade, and earn good wages.
Hours: Begin 6.35 a. in., and work till 12 noon.. Dinner. 45 minutes. Boein
12 45 p. in , and quit at 6,15 p. m., except Saturdays. when work itops at noon
Neat mill village on tract of 30 acres. Four, five and six room cottages. Rent
fifty cents per room per month.
Good pasture. 1.5 acres with spring branch water, rent free.
Amusements: Baseball diamond adjoining beautiful park of three acres.
Hetrick Hosiery Mills
Want to See You'
C Fly Traps, Fly Paper, Fruit
Jars, Jelly Tumblers, Fruit
R Jar Rmngs, and Preseriving
4Powver .- ..e-- -
W. L. Douglas Shoes
a The best make in America
Cotten Htoes
B ~To thin your cotton that
has not been planted yet.
H straw Hats
o For Men, Women and Chil
S dreia --- -- -' ---
Lice Powder
C To kill the lice on the little
chickens and plants .-.
0 Boy's Summer' Pauts.
N We want to buy your eggs
P chickens, ducks, bees wax,
4 dry hides, all kinds ot sala
N ble herbs, corn, peas, etc.
Come to see us---a square
deal guaranteed .
The Joy of the Home
The entire household revolves around the telephone. Neigh
bors, friends, market, doctor and store can be reached in an instant
by the home having telephone service. -
The Rural Telephone
provides this home necessity and pleasure at very low cost, to peo-.
ple who live in the country.
It is proving a paying investment to thousands of farmers.
Write, today, for our free book. It tells you how you may
have telephone service in your home. Address
Farmers Lin~e Departmnt
&t TELEGRAPH COMPANY.
So......r .. Alan ta. sa.
xml | txt


text:
A blinkered view of the costs of VOC abatement
A major study of the costs of abating emissions of volatile organic compounds (VOCs) from 23 sectors of industry has been published by the Department of Trade and Industry (DTI).1 It suggests that industry could face an annual bill of £3 billion to reduce its emissions by 68% from 1988 levels - but that the figure could be cut by two-thirds if the least-cost options were selected. However, the conclusions have been undermined by the lack of data on the costs of substituting solvents rather than abating them by end-of-pipe methods, and by the study's failure to examine the benefits of VOC abatement to industry.
Sorry you do not have access to this article. Please contact Customer Support at
or call 020 8267 8120


text:
Freshman running back Leon Washington steps in and carries the load for Florida State.
By JASON SCHNEIDER
© St. Petersburg Times, published December 1, 2002
TALLAHASSEE -- Since the loss of Greg Jones to a torn anterior cruciate ligament and the long injury saga of Nick Maddox's ankle, fans from around Florida had been wondering who would step up and prove to be Florida State's man in the backfield.
Everyone meet Leon Washington.
And what an introduction it was.
Though it took a few games for the freshman from Jacksonville to make his hellos, he couldn't have picked a better time to do it.
Against rival Florida, the smallest back in the FSU stable, at 5 feet 9 and 180 pounds, ran 26 times for 134 yards and one touchdown. Those aren't Willis McGahee or Larry Johnson numbers, but it gave FSU enough of a ground presence to keep the Gators defense honest in the Seminoles' 31-14 win.
"We were watching Colorado beat Nebraska (Friday), yesterday, and they played a freshman tailback who gained 137 yards," coach Bobby Bowden said. "Before the game I told my offensive line about that. I said 'Wouldn't it be great if we got Leon Washington 137 yards.' Someone said that he got 135. That is probably where we won the game."
The first time Washington touched the ball he ripped off a 16-yard run on third and 10. Working out of the shotgun, quarterback Chris Rix gave the ball to Washington, who slipped through the line and into the secondary for a first down.
"They got that play on us last year and it felt great to get it on them," Rix said. "Leon had a great run and a great game. I'm really proud of him."
The Seminoles managed a tying field goal on the drive, but on FSU's third possession Washington firmly hoisted FSU onto his shoulders.
Washington carried the ball five times for 45 yards on the 52-yard scoring drive, breaking off chunks of yards before taking the ball 7 yards for the go-ahead score.
Washington stepped up when it counted in the fourth quarter, rushing for 65 yards on 11 carries.
After Rex Grossman hit O.J. Smalls for a TD and converted the two-point conversion to pull Florida to within 10, the Seminoles could sense momentum was starting to shift.
In comes Washington to convert a third and 3 at FSU's 27 to continue a drive that would end with Rix hitting Anquan Boldin in the end zone to seal the game.
"I can't believe I started this game," Washington said. "The coaches had faith in me and gave me a shot."
Coming into this season Washington only hoped to get on the field on special teams. With Jones, Maddox and a recruiting class that included running backs from both the East and West high school all-star teams, Washington was lost among Lorenzo Booker and Thomas Clayton.
"The people in Florida knew about him," Bowden said. "I was speaking to some boosters and I told them we got the starting tailback from the West team and the East team in the All-American game, but I said that one guy (Washington) might be better than all of them."


text:
Article Side
Online Article Directory!
Things That Can Help Your Elderly Relatives Live Fuller Lives
As your relatives get older you will often see a role reversal. Whereas once your parents, aunts, uncles and grandparents looked after you, now will come a time when it is your job to look after them and make sure they are safe and happy. This can be hard of course when you have all of the pressures of being an adult yourself and they perhaps are struggling with illness and living alone.
There are though things that we can do fortunately. Here we will look at some of them that you can use to help your elderly relatives live happier and fuller lives without it impeding on your own happiness and freedom.
Homecare: Using homecare agencies you can get someone sent around to your elderly relative on a regular basis in order to check that they are okay, to help them with general household chores and to give them some conversation and variation in their day. This can be a huge help to your relatives who might not be physically able to do things like washing up anymore but who of course don't want to have to live with squalor either. Homecare can even help you to avoid having to send your elderly relatives into a care home.
Medical Attention: None of us likes going to the doctor and will normally put it off for as long as possible. This goes doubly for elderly relatives who are often quite stubborn about such issues and less concerned about their health which means they can end up living with unnecessary illnesses and pains. Make sure that you encourage your relatives to see a doctor when they need to and that you help them to stick to any course of exercise or medication. You also need to ensure that they are generally looking after themselves and that means turning the heating on and eating well – and this is something else homecare agencies can help with.
Exercise: Exercise in general is very important for your older relatives so make sure they are getting some. Whether this means getting them to join a club like bowls, or just to do more walking or even some calisthenics at home it will help them in any case to develop their strength and prevent injury and joint pain.
Socializing: Many people once they reach old age will stop socializing and going out which is of course a huge shame and will cause them to become much older much faster. Show your loved ones that just because they are older, they don't necessarily have to shut themselves away and there are still plenty of ways they can socialize going out for coffee or to the pub as they would have used to. If they don't know many people anymore then suggest they join a class or a club or even that they volunteer somewhere.
Disabled Access: If your Mum or Dad is starting to struggle to get around then putting a handrail in the bathroom or widening the corridors for a wheelchair can make a world of difference. This is something else you need to encourage without condescending.
Steve - About Author:
Homecare Stratford CT can help to improve your elderly relative's quality of life to a great degree. Click here to lean more.
Article Source:
Related Fitness Articles
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text:
MINNEAPOLIS - In church parking lots all over the state the good word is delivered once a month in "bulk" and on this day it's pork.
"You have one sausage and one bacon," said Zaycon Foods' George Sintay as he fulfilled another order.
What started as a bulk food service in Spokane Valley, Washington has grown to deliveries all over the United States. Zaycon Foods has cars lining up for a good deal and church parking lots are turning into the company's drive-through delivery locations.
"You save a lot of money," said customer Daria Gordhamer. "I've done a little research and the food is high quality."
"Very good bacon, a lot better than that stuff you buy at the stores," said customer Mike Kerns.
Once a month, there's a scheduled meeting place, the Zaycon Foods truck is parked and drivers pull up to get their pre-ordered goods.
All of Zaycon's services can be found at www.zayconfoods.com, registration is free and the only charge is when you choose to purchase something.
"I have five young children, four boys and a girls so they tend to eat a lot of food, already," smiled Gordhamer.
Everything is purchased in bulk bacon, for example, is sold in 36 lb. cases at $3.49 per pound.
The cost for 20 pounds of sausages is $55.80, which breaks down to $2.79 per pound.
Zaycon also offers chicken, ground beef, ham and plenty of other items at varying prices.
Next month's event is scheduled for April 9 and the delivery will include applewood smoked ham and lean ground beef.


text:
Howdy Folks.
It has been quite a while since I popped in to visit here.
Not only has life had its twists & turns...but frankly I have been somewhat down-hearted on the RH subject.
(This is why I titled this thread as I have - looks like making a forced draft RH is heretical ?!?)
((See here, if desired=> viewtopic.php?f=6&t=645 ))
Mind you, I remain delighted with the one I built a couple of years ago.
I learned how to optimize it and make it hold up & truly I am satisfied with it.
The latest development is the arrival of an additional heat source for the apartment here - a pellet stove.
This is in process of being installed in the relatively unheatable front room, which also has the very seldom used old box stove.
That old thing is only ever used if/when it is desperately needed - like if the power goes out and it is really cold.
Now I am considering coming up with some very simple mod to add pellets to the existing RH.
Seems like a simple enough concept and having both vertical & horizontal burn tube openings on my RH should make it easy to impliment.
Of course, just dumping some on top of burning wood will be easy enough if manually adding some now & then is desired.
Of course I searched here and found just about zero mention of pellets in RHs.
Brief internet searching brought very little in the way of results, mostly just close duplicates of this effort:
I have some ideas as to what I may try on the cheap - but I'd also love to see/hear any ideas anyone here may have that they are willing to share on the RH + pellet subject, please ?!?
Best Wishes to All.


text:
Sol Tenerife
Sol Tenerife Rates and Deals
Sol Tenerife Reviews
93 reviews
Sun proof Apr 17, 2010
I stayed here for 1 night in januari 2009. Price at the reception was a 120 euro's per night, with i think was a bit to much for low season, even for a for star hotel. I didn't booked the room but whent out to a internetcafe. On booking dot com i booked the same hotel same standard room for 65 euro's!!! Smart??? hahah
The lady at the reception looked a little strange when i came back in with my booking, but se didn't make a problem of it ( why shoulde she!) and i got a beautiful room with seaview. The hotel is pretty big but very nice and clean rooms are clean, but pretty simple. Staff is frendly and willing to help when you have a problem. There is a big swimmingpool with space for a lot of people. I didn't had the breakfest because is slept inn that morning. The hotel location is right at the beach in the center of playa de las americás
Join TravBuddy to leave comments, meet new friends and share travel tips!
Sol Tenerife Overview
If it is the shopping you are after, the Sol Tenerife is most conveniently situated to access Tenerife's shopping district. This beachfront hotel is located in Tenerife's popular Arona.
The Sol Tenerife's leisure facilities include table tennis tables, billiards and a heated pool. Other amenities available include a concierge, a 24 hour reception and a beauty centre. Business facilities at the hotel include meeting rooms. Hotel amenities include tennis courts, a beauty salon and a kids pool.
Under 10 minutes drive away are some great attractions such as the Aqualand Costa Adeje, and conveniently there is complimentary private parking on site at the Sol Tenerife should you require it. The staff will be able to book tours and sightseeing in Tenerife as well as give restaurant suggestions. Los Roques Restaurante and Las Aguilas Jungle Park are a 20 minute car ride from the hotel.
Sol Amenities


text:
Drop of water making golden waves
Water drop splash and waves with golden orange light. High resolution 3d render
If you would like this image custom made to fit your project, please contact me here
Fell free to browse the site for more Conceptual 3D World map and Globe Images, more are added to the collection every day.
Royalty Free Stock Image for commercial use. Image by stocknordica.com
If you prefer buying at an agency click here


text:
If you're getting bored of playing the same old sports every day then you might be looking for something a little bit 'out there' to try your hand at, instead. Thanks to this weird and wonderful world there are hundreds of quirky sports that you can enjoy, as well as compete in. Here are some of the most intriguing.
Join in and write your own page! It's easy to do. How? Simply click here to return to Comments.


text:
A collaboration between these two stylish brands creates a unique look for eyewear that will surely set you apart from the usual aviator or oversized lens. Rock out a hip and shady look with the Visvim Dita Sunglasses.
For the fall and winter 2010 collection they present a beautiful Zyle acetate frame in two colorways with titanium hardware. The Visvim Dita Sunglasses come with elk leather patches that can be attached to the arms providing soft comfort and a rad look that hipsters will probably jump all over.
Leather-Armed Shades
More Stats +/-
Dress Up Your Sunnies in Elk Skin with Visvim Dita Sunglasses
- By: Summer LuuNov 19, 2010
References: dita & highsnobiety
References: dita & highsnobiety


text:
ID#316770 - jayplay1 - San Francisco - Gay Masseurs, Gay Massage & Gay Service Providers
jayplay12409.4 Miles Away
Text or call anytime for photos, rates, & appointment setting. Attractive, fun, classy, muscular, easy going, discreet, professional, intelligent, friendly, open minded, cultured, exciting, talented, warm, exciting, easy to talk to, satisfying, intuitive, with a great touch and much more. Disease Free. Professional, punctual, and proper. Trained deep tissue massage & more options available. I can do incalls, outcalls, several hours, and weekends. I can accept credit and debit payments via app
his stats
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M4RN Reviews: 11 Most Recent M4RN Star Review: 12/18/2017


text:
Salmonella enterica
Salmonella enterica is a subspecies of Salmonella enterica, the rod shaped, flagellated, aerobic, Gram-negative bacterium. It is a member of the genus Salmonella and many of the pathogenic serovars of the S. enterica species are in this subspecies.
Serovars can be designated fully or in a shortened form. The genus, Salmonella, is on the short form lists which are followed by the capitalized and non-italicized serovar. Each serovar can have many strains as well, which allows for a rapid increase in the total number of antigenically variable bacteria.


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1:200 - How big is that?
The scale refers to the size ratio, for example, 1:200 scale means one inch on the model is equal to 200 inches on the real aircraft. So a Boeing 727 model in 1:200 scale measures 9.5" along the length of the fuselage and 6.75" across the wingspan, representing the actual aircraft size of 153-ft. length and 108-ft. wingspan.
This photo shows the size difference of two aircraft types in two different
The chart below shows the scale and sizes of all the aircraft types that are offered in our
Flight Miniatures model fleet.
The silhouette images on the left show the aircraft at a relative scale to demonstrate the size relationship of the actual aircraft to each other.