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Pages with reference to book, From 172 To 174
Aplastic anemia is not an uncommon disorder. Estimated frequency is 3-6 per million populations per year1,2. Occurrence of aplastic anemia however, concurrently with pregnancy in a previously healthy woman is a rare phenomenon. Since 1888 when it was first described not more than a handful of cases have been reported in literature3. Pregnancy associated with marrow aplasia poses great problems for the hematologist as well as the obstetrician as the management of such a case challenges the skill of both in deciding the best option for the patient. We report a case of a young woman whose pregnancy was complicated by Aplastic anemia.
Case Report
A 21-year-old, 16 weeks pregnant primigravida presented in February, 1992, with a few weeks history of bleeding gums, epistaxis, easy fatigability and low-grade fever. We did not know of her pre-pregnant state of health or blood counts but the patient claimed herself to be symptom less. Patient had already received three units of packed cells and one unit of platelet concentrates when first seen. There was no history of intake of any medicines or exposure to either toxins or chemicals. Pertinent physical findings included generalized pallor, severe anemia and petechiae of lower limbs. Her preliminary routine lab tests were as follows: Hemoglobin: 4.8 g/dl, red cell count: 1.45x10 12/1, hematocrit: 5.4%, MCV 106.2 fi, MCH:33.1 pg, MCHC: 3 1 .2g/dl, reticulocyte count was 0.8%, platelet count: 23x 109/1, total leukocyte count was 1 .0x 1 09i1, differential of white cell count was not possible. Erythrocyte sedimentation rate was 147 mm 1St hour. Serum B 12 and folate were 299.3 pg/mI and 1 8 ng/m I respectivey. Serum iron was 149 ug/mI and total iron binding capacity 629 ng/ml. Liver function tests, serum electrolytes, stool and urine examination had no abnormal findings. There were no red cells in urine or occult blood loss in stool.
Bone marrow aspirated from sternum was very hypocellular with general depression of erythroid and myeloid cells. No megakaryocytes were seen. A bone marrow trephine was not performed as the patient refused permission for the procedure.
Clinical and laboratory data supported the diagnosis of aplastic anemia. The case was fully discussed with her obstetrician considerating the various possibilities for managing this patient. The patient and her husband were also informed of the disease, its severity and options for treatment and their consequences.
The final decision was the continuation of her pregnancy with maintenance of her hemoglobin above 10 gm/dl with packed red cells transfusion and treatment of infection or bleeding episode if any such occurred. More intensive treatment of the aplastic anemia was the only option left if her condition deteriorated. This was fully explained to the patient and her spouse. However, the patient did well on supportive therapy and such a need did not arise.
Her more persistent complaints were mild gingival bleeding and epistaxis. Only twice did she have more severe episodes of epistaxis and hemoptysis, which were promptly controlled with tenaxarnic acid. The only infections encountered during pregnancy were vaginal candidiasis effectively treated with Clotrimazole pessaries and giardial diarrhea, treated with oral Metronidazole.
She received a total of 6 units of packed cells at variable interval during her antenatal period to maintain the target hemoglobin.
At 37 week of gestation, she went into spontaneous labor. She received 3 units of packed cells and 6 units of platelets during her delivery. Postpartum bleeding was about 200 ml. Her labor was completed within five hours. She gave birth to a live male infant weighing 2.5 kg with apgar score of 8 and 9. Immediatley after delivery her hemoglobin was 10.6 gm/dl, platelets 60x109/1, total leukocyte count 4.0x10 9/I and absolute neutrophil count of 1.2x10 9/1.. Further 2 units of platelets were transfused on each three successive days following delivery. During seven days of her hospital stay, her prothrombin time and activated partial thromboplastin time were within normal limits and her blood counts remained satisfactory. She had an essentially uneventful postpartum course. New born was normal physically and his blood counts were within neonatal limits.
The patient was followed up closely after delivery. Her marrow examination, five months later, showed islands of cells comprising normoblasts and granulocytes with occasional megakaryocytes, while plasma cells were marginally elevated thus heralding recovery of aplastic anemia.
This patient has now been followed for a period of over six years. She is clinically well with normal blood counts. A bone marrow trephine done recently showed normocellular marrow with normal hemopoetic cells.
Paul Ehrlich first described aplastic anemia as a clinical entity in 18883. Incidentally his patient was a young pregnant woman, aged 21, who died within a month of diagnosis due to intra uterine hemorrhage. Many of the cases reported around this time are difficult to evaluate because of the paucity of investigations and diagnostic criteria. Hence the number of such proven cases is very low.
The relation between the two conditions is still unclear. Some of the earlier workers found no conclusive evidence to suggest the pregnancy as a cause of aplastic anemia3,4. The fact has been revised recently in a study of 35 pregnant patients with newly diagnosed aplastic anemia, which showed no strong correlation between the two-condition5. However,, others had jointly supported the idea of pregnancy being somehow involved in genesis of disease6,7. The two conditions seem to be interlinked as the disorder begins and ends with pregnancy. Moreover, if the disease pre-exists then it worsens during pregnancy8,9 and relapses are seen in subsequent pregnancies10,11. It could be interpreted that association between pregnancy and aplastic anemia is more than coincidental. It is very likely that an occasional and susceptible patient reacts abnormally to a physiological phenomenon and develops marrow aplasia.
To further support the association between the bone marrow aplasia and pregnancy, it has been observed that in none of the patients described so far, aplasia resolved during pregnancy. Many confirmed the fact that remission of aplastic anemia was related to evacuation of uterus6,7,11. However, cases reported in earlier part of the century showed no such favourable effect with termination of gestation and patients subsequently died without evidence of recovery12. This was perhaps related to the absence of ;proper management.
The guidelines for treating the condition have not been established due to the rarity of the problem. However, an attempt for doing so was done repeatedly in the past and would be done in future too.
Aitchison et al in 1989 considered termination of pregnancy for patients with severe aplastic anemia if they present in first trimester and suggested the same for patients who have non-severe but deteriorating aplastic anemia13.
The improved survival seen in last few years with the termination of pregnancy is related to availability of better blood transfusion services, more effective antibiotics as well as HLA typed platelets and granulocytes that have added greatly to optimize treatment of these patients.
Anti lymphocyte globulin were used in only three of the patients described by Aitchson et al in 198913; two of whom received it after delivery and remission was seen in only one. The third patient received it during pregnancy and died few months later without recovery. On the basis of limited experience, the therapy should be cautiously used if at all.
Bone marrow transplantation though highly successful in treatment of aplastic anemia14, cannot be performed during pregnancy, as pre-transplant immunosuppressive therapy would be too toxic for the developing fetus.
The use of steroids and intravenous immunoglobulins has been described in very few pregnant patients with aplasia but their result seem to be promising15,16. Immunosuppressive agents like cyclosporine cannot be used in pregnant patients because of their teratogenic effects.
The hemopoetic growth factors like granulocyte macrophage colony stimulating factors (GM-CSF) and interleukin (IL-3) have been tried in patients with aplastic anemia having some residual bone marrow function17,18. Some transient rise in leukocyte count was observed. However, till more reports on their use, effectiveness and adverse effects are available, growth factors cannot be recommended to treat aplastic anemia during pregnancy.
From the evidence available today, it appears that pregnancy does play a role in causing aplastic anemia in an occasional otherwise susceptible patient. Termination of pregnancy produces favorable effect in terms of remission and survival, which should be the option of choice in early gestation with severe aplasia. The patient with less cumbersome disease can be managed with supportive care alone till term. Immunosuppressive therapay and bone marrow transplantation is not advisable till patient has delivered. The hemopoetic growth factors cannot be recommended unless more reports on its use in non-pregnant patients become available.
1. Incidence of aplastic anemia: The relevance of diagnostic criteria. By the International Agran ul ocytosis and Aplastic anemia study Blood, 1987;70:1718-21.
2. Szklo M, Sesenbrenner L, Markowitz J, et at. Incidence of aplastic anemia in Metropolitan Baltimore. A population based study. Blood, 1985:66:115-19.
3. Kuispel JW, Lynch VA, Vicle ED. Aplastic anemia in pregnancy a case report, review of literature and a re-evaluation of management. Obstet. Gynecol., Surv., 1976:31:523-28.
4. Collins Di, Rosenthal DS, Goldstein DP, et at. Aplastic anemia in pregnancy. Obstet. Gynecol.. 1972:39:884-86.
5. Oosterkamp, H.M., Brand, A. and Kluin-Nelemans, J.C., et al. Pregnancy and severe aplastic anemia. Causal role or coincidence? Br. J. Haematol., 1998:103:315-16.
6. Meletis J, Samarkos M, Mesogitis S. et al. Severa aplastic anemia relapsing during pregnancy; spontaneous remission following termination. Hematologia, 1 998;29: 147-51.
7. Van-Besien K, Tricot G, Golichowski A. et at. Pregnancy associated aplastic anemia-report of three cases. Eur. J. Haematol., 1991:47:253-56.
8. Flemming AF. H lvpoplastic anemia in pregnancy, in Clinics in Hematology vol. 2, edited by Jepson JH, London. WB Saunders Co. Ltd.. 1973, pp. 477-96.
9. Evans IL. Aplastic anemia in pregnancy remitting after abortion. Br. Med. J., 1968:3:166-67.
10. Bouantas K, Makrydinias G. Gcorgiou I. et al. Report ofa case with recurrent episodes in consecutive pregnancies. J. Reprod. Med., 1997:42:672-74.
11. Cohen E, Han Y. Gitlis S, et at. Recurrent transient bone marrow hypoplasia associated with pregnancy. Acta Haematol.. 1993:89:32-34.
12. Hurwitt ES, Field L. Aplastic anemia in pregnancy. Am. J. Obstet. Gynecot., I 939;43:42-51.
13. Aitchson RGM, Marsh TCW, H lows ill, et at. Pregnancy associated aplastic anemia. A report of five cases and review of current management. Br. J. Hematol., 1989:73:541-45.
14. Gluckman E. Current status of hone marrow transplantation for severe aplastic anemia. A preliminary report from the International Bone Marrow Transplant Registiy. Transplant. Proc.. 987:19:2597-99.
15. Robak T, Ollszanska Skorek T. Krykowsski E, et at. Therapeutic problems during pregnancy and delivery in two women with aplastic anemia. Acts. Hematol. Pol., 1993;24:183-89.
16. Ascarelli MI-I, Emerson ES, Bigelow CL, et al. Aplastic anemia and idiopathic thrombocytopenic purpura. Concurrent complication encountered in the 3rd trimester of pregnancy. Obstet. Gynecol., 1998;91:803-06.
17. Vadhan-Raj S. Buescher S. Broxmcymcr lIE, et al. Stimulation of myelopoiesis in patients with aplastic anemia by recombinant human gmaulocyte macrophage colony stimulating factors. N. EngI. J. Mcd. 1988:319:1628-34.
18. Antin JH, Smith BR, Holmes W, ct at. Phase 1/2 study of human granulocyc macrophage colony stimulating factor in aplastic anem ia and m vctodysplastc syndromes. Blood. 1988:72:705-13.
Pages with reference to book, From 172 To 174
This journal is a member of and subscribes to the principles of the Committee on Publication Ethics.


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January 14, 2011
Has Earth's 'Wobble' Forced Changes In Astrological Signs?
What's your sign?
No, that's not a bad pick-up line. Rather, it's a question that a lot of people think they know the answer to--but, according to scientists, they would be wrong.The zodiac star signs were created some 2,000 years ago, according to what Minnesota Planetarium Society board member Parke Kunkle told the Chicago Sun Times on Friday.
However, the star signs that most people associate themselves with based on their birthdays may be inaccurate, thanks to the moon's gravitational pull, which Kunkle says is forcing the Earth to twist on its axis. The phenomenon is known as the Earth's "wobble" and according to various reports that have surfaced recently, it has forced an approximately one-month shift in the star signs.
Unbeknownst to the ancient astrologers, the Earth continually wobbles around its axis in a 25,800-year cycle," Pedro Braganca said in an October 2007 article written for LiveScience. "This wobble--called precession--is caused by the gravitational attraction of the Moon on Earth's equatorial bulge."
"Over the past two-and-a-half millennia, this wobble has caused the intersection point between the celestial equator and the ecliptic to move west along the ecliptic by 36 degrees, or almost exactly one-tenth of the way around, he added. "This means that the signs have slipped one-tenth--or almost one whole month--of the way around the sky to the west, relative to the stars beyond."
A recent Pew survey discovered that approximately one-fourth of those living in the US believe in astrological signs--figures that rise to as much as 31% of the American population, according to a recent Harris Poll. For those folks, we present the "correct" astrological signs, as cited by Kunkle and other astronomers familiar with the matter.
Capricorn: Jan. 20-Feb. 16
Aquarius: Feb. 16-March 11
Pisces: March 11-April 18
Aries: April 18-May 13
Taurus: May 13-June 21
Gemini: June 21-July 20
Cancer: July 20-Aug. 10
Leo: Aug. 10-Sept. 16
Virgo: Sept. 16-Oct. 30
Libra: Oct. 30-Nov. 23
Scorpio: Nov. 23-Dec. 17
Sagittarius: Dec. 17-Jan. 20
This list appears to be the source of some debate, however, as some experts list Scorpio as lasting from Nov. 23 to Nov. 29 and insert a thirteenth sign, Ophiuchus, from Nov. 30 to Dec. 17. LiveScience Senior Writer Stephanie Pappas writes that Ophiuchus was a formation that had been discarded by the ancient Babylonians because they wanted there to be just 12 signs, not 13.
On the Net:

subset: commoncrawl


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Master i Margarita - Rinat Timerkaev
English > Adaptations > Films > Animation films > Rinat Timerkaev > Trailer
The trailer
The Russian film animator Rinat Timerkaev started to prepare a long animated version of The Master and Margarita. While the project was still at a very early stage, the release was announced for the year 2012, but at some Russian kino sites we could read that the target would now be 2013. In September 2011, Timerkaje wrote on his blog that the real production work will begin in early 2012.
On this blog, the film maker keeps his followers informed regularly of the progress of his plans. So we already could get the poster for the film, some of the 100 backgrounds which are ready by now, and a genuine trailer. As a bouncer, we can also show some test movies.


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Interactive Saudi Arabia Ltd. (ISA), the newest company formed under the Saudi Economic Offset Program, is to build the first portal for Bank Albilad, the 11th bank in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia.
The portal is due to launch this month and will act as an informational tool offering existing customers as well as the general public all they need to know surrounding the bank's activities.
"Not only will the portal aim to provide information on the bank, it will also update the public at large on the IPO status, due to start soon. In addition, we will have a special section on the bank's Shariah Group that ensures compliancy with Islamic Financing principles in all transactions," said Mr. Azzam Abalkhail, CEO of Bank Albilad. He added: "The portal will also provide information to investors and potential clients on products and services."
"We are delighted to have such a prestigious client like Bank Albilad; this reflects the regional status ISA has achieved in building international standard portals," commented Basel Al Jabr, President of Interactive Saudi Arabia. "We are committed to providing complete Portal Solutions servicing both Government and Private organizations," he added.
[1] http://www.albawaba.com


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First of all I have to apologize for the troubles that we had yesterday! A lot of you let me know that you could not see any of the images or navigate around the blog, and I appreciate all of the support I recieved. I think that we are now fixed up again! Thanks for your patience during our new facelift!
This month for your visiting teaching message to your sisters, you will need to pick your favorite conference talk to teach. There are so many good ones again this time that it is hard to pick! :)
Since it is soon going to be gardening time around here, I thought this would be a fun theme to work around, so I made my regular card, a blank card and a seed packet!
Here are the printables. I am going to try something a little bit different this month. I am including the jpeg picture like always, but I am going to do a pdf download for those that would like it that way! So here is the printable with the message:
This is formatted for a 4 x 6 card.
Here is the blank for those of you that would like to translate, or for those of you that want a fun garden card for something else!
Here is the seed packet page. This is formatted for an 8.5 x 11 page, so you can just print your own. Cut out on the solid lines and fold on the dotted lines around the strawberry box to make your packet. Glue the flaps and you are done!
Just click on the links for the PDF files.So there you have it for this month. You could add a candy bar and your favorite talk to the seed packet or you could take a small plant for the garden, or you could make the card into a fridge magnet! Lots of options.
But again the most important thing is your visit!


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You are hereTurnstyle Benefits
Turnstyle Benefits
Turnstyle Benefits
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Easy 1-2-3 Installation - Install the mount, slide the gate into position, attach the brackets. It's that simple.
Versatile - Works with any gate material, any type of mount, any type of terrain.
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Safety - All Turnstyle Gate Openers™ are UL-325 compliant.
Reliable - Internal components virtually eliminate wear and tear.
Performance - The standard by which all other gate openers are judged.
With it's Solar Power Compatibilities and 12V Battery Power Source, the Turnstyle Gate Opening System is environmentally friendly and has been described by professionals in the industry as the "cleanest" system on the market.
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Is the presence of a big bulky armed opener ruining the look of your gate? With a Turnstyle, you can keep your gates looking as natural as possible due to it's unique Armless Design.
There are also six corrosion resistant, powder coat colors to choose from: Ornamental Black, Bright White , Farm Red, Slate Blue, Classic Silver & Natural Brown.
Custom colors are also available by special order.
Energy Efficient
Turnstyle Gate Openers™ implement state-of-the-art efficiency for optimum performance. The automatic gate systems run off of a rechargeable 12V battery which is trickle charged via either wall transformer ot optional solar panel.
It is full systems capable, any weather capable, and works even in the event of a power outage.
Safe and Reliable
All of our gate opening / mounting systems are UL-325 Compliant. Many safety features are compatible with our electronics including loop detectors, photo sensors, and more.
All working components of the gate system are located entirely inside of the post, eliminating pinch points and other chances of entrapment, therefore making gates safer for users, children and animals.
Since all of the working components of the gate system are located entirely inside of the post, there is essentially no wear and tear on the parts from outside elements such as rain, snow, ice or any other source that would otherwise impair a traditional automatic gate system. These mounting systems were invented with necessity in mind and are quickly becoming the standard by which all other gate opener/mounting systems are compared to.
All Content © Turnstyle Gate Openers, Inc.


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thanks for your prompt response Tom. > Well, a connection to "localhost" will generally go to 127.0.0.1 > (*not* 127.0.1.1 --- that's just a typo from some hand hacking > of your hosts file, I bet). A connection to your host name will > go to whatever the assigned "real" IP is (192.168.0.5 in your > example). If you don't have a stable assigned IP because you're > using DHCP, the best advice would be to always write localhost > and never bohr in your psql -h switch. > > This has nothing much to do with Postgres specifically --- it's a > generic property of hostname lookup. nice one, this makes perfect sense. so i cleaned up my hosts file and my pg_hba.conf file; also, i've restarted the machine just in case some caching is happening somewhere. unfortunately, the result is still not quite right: $ psql -h 127.0.0.1 -U marco -w --dbname sanzala psql (8.4.5) SSL connection (cipher: DHE-RSA-AES256-SHA, bits: 256) Type "help" for help. [marco(at)127(dot)0(dot)0(dot)1:5432 (12:04:40) sanzala ]$ \q $ psql -h localhost -U marco -w --dbname sanzala psql: fe_sendauth: no password supplied $ ping -c 1 localhost PING localhost.localdomain (127.0.0.1) 56(84) bytes of data. 64 bytes from localhost.localdomain (127.0.0.1): icmp_req=1 ttl=64 time=0.020 ms <snip> $ head -n3 /etc/hosts 192.168.0.5 bohr # Added by NetworkManager 127.0.0.1 localhost.localdomain localhost ::1 bohr localhost6.localdomain6 localhost6 $ grep /etc/postgresql/8.4/main/pg_hba.conf -B1 -e^host # IPv4 local connections: host all all 127.0.0.1/32 trust # IPv6 local connections: host all all ::1/128 md5 not quite sure why i still get asked for a password when i login via localhost... cheers -- The key to Understanding complicated things is to know what not to look at, and what not to compute, and what not to think. -- Abelson & Sussman, SICP blog: http://mcraveiro.blogspot.com
Next: From: Tom Lane Date: 2010-12-05 17:03:11 Subject: Re: Understanding the behaviour of hostname in psql Previous: From: Tom Lane Date: 2010-12-04 21:52:49 Subject: Re: Understanding the behaviour of hostname in psql


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ASEM Aquaculture Platform
ASEM-Aq09 builds on the outputs of the ASEM Aquaculture Platform, established in 2003 as an EU-Asia framework for dialogue, networking and continuing coordination for sustainable aquaculture development, targeting key topics such as 'Disease & Health management', 'Biodiversity & Ecological impacts', 'Breeding & Domestication', 'Education', 'Food safety & Legislation', 'Food Security'.
AQASEM09 wishes to reconcile Europe's and Asia's future directions in research, production and trade, focussing on following key areas: BMPs (Better Management Practices), integrated ecosystem based production (Multi-Trophic Aquaculture), community engagement, certification, and aquatic health management, together with education, training and communication. Through its diverse stakeholders it aims to reconcile ecological, social and economic demands and introduce or consolidate practical concepts of sustainability in the sector in both regions. Its objectives address the Millennium Development Goals of eradicating extreme poverty and hunger and ensuring environmental sustainability.
In recent decades, European aquaculture technology has become the most advanced in the world, and scientific and commercial interactions between Europe and Asia have been a key feature of the sector's evolution. As demands rise and resource and market conflicts become more critical, these linkages will become even more important for European and Asian aquaculture and their broader economies. A successful future based on sustainable aquaculture cannot be achieved if mutual interests are ignored.
The primary aims of 'AQUASEM' are:
• To establish a strong, goal-defined and well-communicated platform, a Community of Practice, which formulates and applies mutually, agreed research and innovation targets in support of sustainable aquaculture;
• To engage more widely with sector stakeholders to establish a common science and technology agenda and approach, with specific targets and performance indicators, through which the sector can progress in meeting sustainable development.
Coordinator: Patrick Sorgeloos, Ghent University, Belgium
Email : firstname.lastname@example.com - email@example.com
Laboratory of Aquaculture & Artemia Reference Center
Faculty Bioscience Engineering
Lab Aquaculture - Rozier, 44 - 9000 Ghent - Belgium
To learn more about AQUASEM visit the website: www.aquaculture.UGent.be
| Asia Desk
| EATiP Missions
| Potential cooperation


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Research and Technology - Forensic Science Communications - October 2005
October 2005 - Volume 7 - Number 4
Research and Technology
Validation of a Forensic Method for Analog VHS Video Recorder Identification
Dean Catoggio
Unit Leader
Audio Visual Unit
Victoria Police Forensic Services Department
Macleod, Victoria, Australia
Bryson Shearwood
Forensic Officer
Audio Visual Unit
Victoria Police Forensic Services Department
Macleod, Victoria, Australia
Jason Ferridge
Forensic Officer
Audio Visual Unit
Victoria Police Forensic Services Department
Macleod, Victoria, Australia
Introduction | Video-Signal Recording and Reproduction | Replay Radio-Frequency Waveform | Replay Tracking Position | Audio-Track Configuration | Blind Validation Trials | Materials and Methods | Results and Discussion | ConclusionsAcknowledgments | References |
Forensic audio-recording authenticity analysis became prominent following a 1974 report prepared by the advisory committee appointed to examine the erased portion of an audiotape recording between former U.S. president Richard M. Nixon and his chief of staff, H. R. Haldeman (Koenig 1990). The tapes became known as the "Watergate tapes."
Today, many organizations conduct forensic video authenticity analysis; however, little documented evidence exists of research conducted in this area (Aldridge 1995). Although digital communication and information technologies are both emerging and indeed converging, many people still own analog systems (Catoggio 2001).
This paper outlines a method for determining whether a particular videotape was recorded in a particular video recorder. The method uses three techniques that compare replay radio-frequency waveform, audio-track configuration, and replay-tracking position. The techniques require the use of a storage oscilloscope, plotter, video monitor, and video player.
An investigator submitted to the Victoria, Australia, Police Forensic Services Department a number of illicit video home system (VHS) recordings and recorders. The copies had been sold publicly without classification and without the consent of the copyright owner. In Australia, films and videotapes must be classified according to the Commonwealth Classification (Publications, Films and Computer Games) Act 1995. The Commonwealth Copyright Act 1968 protects copyright ownership of literary, dramatic, musical, and artistic works. The investigator requested that the department determine whether any of the copies had been made in any of the video recorders that had been seized from the suspects. Before this could be done, it was necessary to determine whether VHS video recorders impart any electronic or physical identifying features onto videotapes. A subsequent review of the available literature and the results of early experiments confirmed this phenomenon.
When a video recording is replayed, an examination of the video head-switching transients (Aldridge 1995), signal dropouts, and picture content (Owen 1989) can help to identify the recorder used. Traditional audio authentication concepts can also be applied to the examination of video machines (Koenig 1990).
This paper is principally concerned with three other features that can be used for identification purposes: replay radio-frequency waveform (Klasen 1998), audio-track configuration, and replay-tracking position (Catoggio et al. 2002). To validate and test the robustness of the examination techniques, the authors conducted two blind trials using 50 recorded videotapes.
Video-Signal Recording and Reproduction
This section provides a basic explanation of the aspects of video-signal theory that are important to understanding the analysis techniques discussed in this paper.
The Video Picture
The transmission of sound and picture information requires a signal bandwidth of up to 7 megahertz (MHz) (Botto 1992). In Australia and many countries in Europe, video signals are transmitted using the Phase-Alternation Line (PAL) standard. A transmission speed of 25 picture frames per second gives the illusion of continuous motion. Each frame has 625 horizontal lines, which are divided into odd and even fields as shown in Figure 1 (Mee and Daniel 1989). Each line represents the picture information, which varies in color and brightness along the length of the line. During image capture, a camera scans one line at a time. A line-sync pulse marks the end of each line. When the signal is displayed by a television, this pulse tells its cathode-ray beam to begin tracing the next line. The Séquential Couleur avec Mémoire ("Sequential Color with Memory," SECAM) standard is used in France and similarly employs 625 lines and 25 frames per second. The National Television System Committee (NTSC) standard employs 525 lines at 29.97 frames per second and is widely used across the United States.
Figure 1: Portion of One Picture Frame Consisting of Odd and Even Fields
Two-Head Helical-Scan Recording System
The Japan Victor Company (JVC Group, Yokohama, Japan) introduced the VHS video-recording format in 1976 (Botto 1992; Mee and Daniel 1989). It uses a two-head helical-scan method to magnetically record a video signal to tape. Figure 2 (Botto 1992) depicts how, using this method, tape is transported from a supply reel to a take-up reel by audio- and video-record heads and tape guides. Tension is applied to the take-up spool, while a rubber pinch roller and capstan regulate the tape speed.
Figure 2: Illustration of VHS Tape Threading and Head Wrap
A high video-head-to-videotape speed is required to record a signal bandwidth approaching 7 MHz. This speed is achieved by placing two oppositely set heads into a rotating drum as demonstrated in Figure 2. The drum is tilted by approximately six degrees and rotates in the same direction as the linear movement of the tape (International Electrotechnical Commission 1994). The picture information contained in each field is recorded diagonally as the head rotates across the tape.
Frequency Modulation
In the context of recording, the Phase-Alternation Line video signal is transmitted directly through frequency modulation (FM) of a 4.43-MHz subcarrier (Mee and Daniel 1989). FM is used to transmit all picture information, including color and brightness.
Audio Recording
Audio information is recorded using a stationary head on a longitudinal track at the top portion of the tape. In addition, high-fidelity stereo audio is recorded through careful integration with the picture information transmitted on the FM subcarrier. Figure 3 (Mee and Daniel 1989) depicts the audio- and video-track configurations of a helical-scan system. A stationary full-track erase head precedes the drum to ensure that the tape is erased prior to recording.
Figure 3: Illustration of a Two-Head Helical-Scan Video-Recording System and Recording-Track Configuration
Tape Guides
The tape guides and slant pins cause the tape to wrap more than 180 degrees around the video drum. This allows the second video head to begin its scan of the tape just as the first video head is ending its scan. Figures 2 and 3 illustrate how take-up and supply guides and pins are used to ensure proper alignment of the tape to the heads.
To guarantee optimum reproduction of the video picture between machines, the tracks must be scanned during playback in precisely the same way as when they are recorded. Incorrect tracking may cause picture flicker, loss of color, high-fidelity audio distortion, and other symptomatic picture and audio degradation.
During recording, the phase of the drum rotation is detected and adjusted according to the vertical frame sync pulse. This signal also causes a constant capstan speed. A split from this signal then becomes a reference signal, which is recorded to a control track on the bottom portion of the videotape.
During playback, a sync signal is generated and compared with the detected drum rotation, which, in turn, is controlled so that it remains constant and in phase. Comparing the sync signal with the control signal regulates the capstan rotation and, hence, the speed of the tape. Controlling the tape speed causes the video head to trace precisely along the recorded track.
Most domestic video players allow a degree of manual or automatic tracking adjustment to ensure compatibility among machines (Mee and Daniel 1989). Manual adjustment causes a time delay between the replay of the control track and the generation of the head-switching pulses (Aldridge 1995).
Although beyond the scope of this paper, other tracking systems exist. Some of these systems use digital processes (Mee and Daniel 1989).
Relevance of the Replay Radio-Frequency Waveform
Frequency modulation of a 4.43-MHz subcarrier transmits the picture information. This signal is converted to magnetic energy by the video head, which, in turn, magnetizes the videotape. During playback, the video heads alternately scan the diagonal signal tracks corresponding to the odd and even field lines. As they scan, the heads detect a change in magnetic flux, which induces a weak signal. This weak signal is directly proportional to the recorded FM 4.43-MHz subcarrier. Figure 4 (Botto 1992) shows that the signal produced by each video head is preamplified and eventually combined by a switching amplifier. The combined signal is often referred to as the replay radio-frequency waveform or frequency-modulation waveform. Radio frequency, commonly referred to as RF, is used to indicate the complete range of frequencies used for the transmission of information by electromagnetic waves (Spottiswoode 1978). When viewed on a 100-millisecond (ms) oscilloscope trace, the waveform looks similar to the one depicted in Figure 4.
Figure 4: Diagram Showing Video-Signal Reproduction
The waveform analysis discussed in this paper is based on a common technique for servicing video recorders. Examination of the waveform envelope is used to check the recorder's tape alignment and the amount of head wear and tear. Adjusting the tape guides alters the tape alignment. Assuming that the combination of head wear and the position of the tape guides might be characteristic of specific recorders, the authors conducted some early experiments. Figures 5.1 to 5.10 present a summary of findings when comparing the effects of tape-guide position, tape wear, and head wear on the waveform. The waveform shapes are exaggerated to aid explanation.
Figures 5.1-5.10: Comparison of Replay Radio-Frequency Output Waveform Shapes and Causes
Figure 5.1 depicts the ideal replay waveform of a tape. This assumes that the recorder has no head wear and that it is properly aligned. Figures 5.2 to 5.10 depict replay waveforms in which the recorder is suffering from head wear, misalignment, or other problems. As expected, the individuality of each recorder becomes more distinct the further the waveform deviates from the ideal. During these experiments, all tapes were replayed in a device set for optimum tracking when playing a National Panasonic VHS alignment tape (No. VFM8180HADH, Matsushita Electric Industrial, Osaka, Japan).
Experimentation also has shown that although the general waveform shape is consistent throughout the replay of a recording, fluctuations can occur depending on changes in image content and television-channel reception. Examples include moving from a predominantly white scene to a black scene and intermittent dropouts, respectively.
Over time, machine use can cause head wear and tape misalignment, altering the waveform. The effects of time and use should be considered when determining whether a particular recorder was used to make a tape recording. The effect of dirt buildup on the video heads and the quality of the videotape also should be considered.
Relevance of Replay Tracking
Tracking is adjusted to ensure compatibility among machines. Typically, tracking is adjusted using a rotary dial or a keypad system. A measure of tracking adjustment may be displayed on the screen or on the machine display. Figure 6 provides an example of an on-screen tracking indicator. A tape that is recorded and replayed on the same machine will display a central tracking position. Experimentation has shown that optimum tracking can vary among machines. In most cases, the deviation from the central tracking position is consistent for the duration of the recording. Mechanical faults may cause variations in tracking over time.
Figure 6: Example of an On-Screen Tracking Indicator
The very coarse tracking indicator shown in Figure 6 can be useful in comparing tapes recorded on different machines. It would be expected that, similar to the replay radio-frequency waveform, the individuality of each machine will become more distinct the further the tracking deviates from the ideal central position.
It is important to note that adjusting the replay tracking will cause a noticeable change in the shape of the replay radio-frequency waveform. Therefore, it is only valid to compare waveforms displayed at the same replay tracking (nominally central position) or at their respective optimum settings.
Relevance of Audio-Track Configuration
Audio information is recorded using a linear track, and high-fidelity audio is modulated with the video signal along the diagonal tracks. Examining the audio-track configuration can provide a simple clue in matching a tape to a recorder.
Recorders fit into one of two audio categories: either they possess a linear track only, or they possess both a linear and a high-fidelity track. The authors do not know of any video recorder that records only high-fidelity audio.
The absence or presence of a high-fidelity track usually is indicated on the control display of a machine capable of playing back both linear and high-fidelity tracks. Some video players also allow the user to select playback of either the linear track or the high-fidelity track.
Some recorders, particularly professional or high-end consumer products, allow the user to manually turn off the high-fidelity recording capability. Therefore, if two tapes are presented for comparison, the absence of a high-fidelity track on one does not discount that the tapes share a common origin. Conversely, if a questioned recorder does not possess high-fidelity recording capabilities, yet the tape in question contains a high-fidelity recording, then this recorder could not have been used. Indeed, this finding would negate the need to conduct tracking and radio-frequency waveform analyses.
Description of Blind Validation Trials
A typical forensic case would involve the comparison of an exhibit tape and a sample recording from an exhibit machine. However, the validation trials were not based on this case scenario because of the 50 percent chance of a random match. Instead, the authors decided to test the robustness of the technique by comparing multiple items recorded on multiple machines.
The first of two trials was conducted to familiarize the authors with the limitations of the examination techniques and to determine accuracy. With the aid of hindsight, the authors conducted a second trial approximately four years later to refine the examination techniques.
Unique identifier codes were placed on each of 50 TDK VHS videotapes (No. HS180, TDK Corporation, Tokyo, Japan). An independent assistant then distributed the tapes to 27 volunteers, as depicted in Table 1. Some volunteers were given one tape, whereas others were given two or three. Each of the volunteers then recorded approximately 60 minutes of an Australian television broadcast on each of the tapes. The volunteers were specifically asked to use standard record speed and not long-play mode. The independent assistant then collated the recorded tapes and submitted them to the authors, who were unaware of how the tapes had been distributed.
Table 1: Distribution of Videotapes to Volunteers
To provide a balance between an adequate sample size and a manageable number of items for comparison, the trial was limited to 50 tapes recorded in 27 different machines. The task was to use the techniques discussed in this paper to determine which of the 50 tapes were recorded on the same machine. Single tapes recorded on different machines were introduced so that the authors would not expect to find a balanced number of matched pairs or groups of three.
In the second trial four years later, the process was repeated and included some volunteers from the first trial who had retained their original machines. Trial 2 tapes also were allocated as described in Table 1. During Trial 2, the authors were again unaware that the distribution profile was the same as in Trial 1.
Materials and Methods
Initially, an attempt was made to compare only replay radio-frequency waveform to identify groups. In this case, comparing the radio-frequency waveform of each tape with the radio-frequency waveform of the other 49 tapes proved very difficult and tedious. Therefore, comparison of replay-tracking position and audio-track configuration was incorporated into the testing regime. The testing procedure for Trial 1 is presented in Table 2.
Table 2: Trial 1 Videotape-Testing Procedure
The effects of the tape brand and age were not considered during this trial. However, a poor-quality or well-used tape might cause some instability in the replay radio-frequency waveform.
Replay Machine
The Sony SLV-X827A (Sony Corporation, Tokyo, Japan) is a domestic VHS Phase-Alternation Line video machine and was used to replay all tapes. The machine was tested for functionality, ease of access to circuit-board test points, and ability to consistently reproduce a waveform approaching the ideal for a National Panasonic VHS Phase-Alternation Line alignment tape (No. VFM8180HADH). The device was not calibrated or aligned according to an international standard such as those published by the International Electro-Technical Commission (Geneva, Switzerland). The replay machine was used only in these trials; therefore, the possible waveform-altering effects of time and usage were minimized. The heads and guides were cleaned before each tape was tested. As is the case for the comparison of audiotapes, under these conditions, the precision of the replay device is considered acceptable (Catoggio 1998).
Determining Audio-Track Configuration and Replay-Tracking Position
A number of tapes did not possess a high-fidelity audio track. This was indicated simply by the absence of a "HiFi" light on the machine display.
The replay machine provided, on a Panasonic BT-H1490Y monitor, a pictorial indication of replay-tracking position similar to the one depicted in Figure 6. The automatic replay tracking was activated, and a pictorial note was made of the tracking display. For the purposes of this trial, all other picture and audio content was ignored.
Comparing Replay Radio-Frequency Waveform
A Roland DXY-1300 plotter (Roland Corporation, Osaka, Japan) was connected to a Tektronix 2230 100-MHz digital storage oscilloscope (Tektronix, Beaverton, Oregon). The replay machine provided a test point for both the radio-frequency waveform and the switching-head signal. The origin of these signals is depicted in Figure 4. The signal from the radio-frequency waveform test point was displayed, using the switching-head signal as a trigger to stabilize the image. When displayed at 10 ms per division (i.e., a 100-ms trace), a sequence of four complete waveform patterns is evident. These correspond to consecutive odd and even fields. The Tektronix 2230 allows the user to store and overlay waveforms, which is particularly useful in comparing small differences in waveforms.
Guidelines for Comparison for Validation Trial 1
Visual comparisons were made of radio-frequency waveforms and replay-tracking position. To aid this subjective process, the following guidelines were used to critically compare tapes:
- The two tapes had a common origin if an assessment was made that there were only minor differences in the features listed in Table 3. It was expected that radio-frequency waveforms of the same origin would display some minor differences due to mechanical and electronic intravariability.
- The two tapes did not have a common origin if an assessment was made that there was a noticeable difference in at least one feature listed in Table 3. The noticeable difference was not expected to be due to mechanical and electronic intravariability.
- It was inconclusive as to whether two tapes had the same origin if the features of Table 3 were similar but there was uncertainty as to whether they constituted minor or noticeable differences.
Table 3: Waveform Features: Points of Comparison
Examples of minor and noticeable differences in radio-frequency waveforms are displayed and discussed in Figure 7.
Figure 7: Comparison of Replay Radio-Frequency Waveforms
Results and Discussion
Results of Trial 1
Based on early experimentation, the authors had an expectation of the range of differences in waveforms and the ability to distinguish them. In part, this trial tested these expectations, which turned out to be incorrect. Based on the guidelines presented in the previous section, tapes were grouped according to similar waveforms, audio-track configuration, and replay-tracking position. These groupings were then compared with the actual groupings listed in Table 1. Table 4 presents a summary of findings for Trial 1, which was conducted in 1998. Twenty-nine tapes were matched correctly; however, six tapes were matched incorrectly. A wide variety of waveform patterns was displayed. It was easy to assess the significance of obvious differences; however, it was difficult to detect minor differences and assess their significance.
Table 4: Summary of Findings for Trial 1 Conducted in 1998
Guidelines for Comparison for Trial 2
After Trial 1, the authors had a far better understanding of the significance of differences in radio-frequency waveforms. With this experience and further experimentation, the authors made improvements to the test procedure in an attempt to decrease the number of incorrect matches. These improvements are shown in Table 5.
Table 5: Improvements to the Test Procedure Made for Trial 2
Results of Trial 2
The number of incorrectly matched tapes was reduced to zero in the second trial. The number of correctly matched tapes was reduced, whereas the number of inconclusive results increased. Table 6 provides a summary of findings for Trial 2, which was conducted in 2002.
Table 6: Summary of Findings for Trial 2 Conducted in 2002
Comparison of replay radio-frequency waveform, audio-track configuration, and replay-tracking position is a useful technique to aid video recorder identification. An understanding of the significance of minor or noticeable differences between waveforms is essential to the accuracy of this technique. The authors developed an understanding through an investigation of intra- and inter-machine waveform variations. Consistency in determining differences can be facilitated by using a guide, such as the examples in Figure 7. Viewing waveforms at different replay-tracking settings highlights differences and improves the robustness of the technique.
An expected improvement occurred in the results of the second of two blind trials. This was attributed to changes in the test procedure and interpretations that produced an increase in inconclusive results but a decrease in false-positive results.
This method can be useful for screening a large quantity of items for examination. Other video-identification methods can then be applied to items that display a positive match or inconclusive result. Other techniques include the examination of head-switching transients, picture information, and audio-switching transients. This method also can be adapted for the identification of other helical-scan recording devices, such as digital videotape, digital audiotape, and both analog and digital 8-mm video formats. The radio-frequency waveform of a digital audiotape machine is known to alter according to guide heights (Issacs 2000).
The authors hope to determine the effects of time and machine usage on the replay radio-frequency waveform produced by video recorders. This can be achieved by comparing tapes of the same origin from Trials 1 and 2, which were recorded four years apart. It also may be useful to compare the waveforms produced by recorders of the same brand and model.
Increasingly since the 1960s, law enforcement agencies, business owners, and even members of the public have used audiovisual devices to capture evidence of serious crimes, such as murder, assault, or extortion. Although new technologies continue to emerge, significant use of analog devices remains. Meanwhile, information and communication technologies are converging, resulting in the advent of new devices, such as multifunctional cellular phones. As occurred with the Watergate tapes, the authenticity of recordings produced by such technologies may be questioned, giving rise to the need for new methodologies and, hence, new research opportunities. Given the lack of literature relating to forensic video analysis, the method presented in this paper may form a useful part of the forensic practitioner's examination tool kit.
This paper was adapted from a presentation to the 16th International Symposium on the Forensic Sciences, Canberra, Australia (Catoggio et al. 2002).
The authors thank Julia Caluzzi, Peter Woodman, Chantel Marise, Michael Liddy, and Jim Pearson for their support and suggestions; Greg Cornel and Layton Moss for assistance in early experiments; and Bruce Koenig, Doug Lacey, and Graeme Kinraid for their technical reviews.
Aldridge, J. Video Tape Analysis. In: Summary Report of England Visit. R. Prandolini, Australian Federal Police, August 1-4, 1995, pp. 8-32.
Botto, D. A. Basic guide to colour TV and VCRs. In: Electronics Australia Publication. Federal Publishing, Alexandria, Australia, 1992, pp. 7-12, 54, 71, 88, 892.
Catoggio, D. Audio Signal Analysis Method Validation. Presented at the 14th International Symposium on the Forensic Sciences, Adelaide, Australia, October 12-16, 1998.
Catoggio, D. Big Brother and Trends in Forensic Examination of Audio Visual Evidence. Presented at the 7th Indo Pacific Congress on Legal Medicine and Forensic Sciences, Melbourne, Australia, September 21, 2001 (revised 2002).
Catoggio, D., Shearwood, B., and Ferridge, J. Video Recorder Identification: Comparison of Tape Replay RF Waveform, Audio Track Configuration and Replay Tracking. Presented at the 16th International Symposium on the Forensic Sciences, Canberra, Australia, May 13-17, 2002.
International Electrotechnical Commission. IEC standard 1994-01: Helical-scan video tape cassette system using 12.65mm (0.5in) magnetic tape on type VHS-Part 1: VHS and compact VHS video cassette system, Geneva, Switzerland, 1994.
Isaacs, P. R-DAT. In: Studio Sound. United Business Media International, London, England, October 2000, pp. 81-83.
Klasen, L. Image analysis. In: Proceedings of the 12th INTERPOL Forensic Science Symposium. R. S. Frank and H. W. Peel, eds. Forensic Sciences Foundation Press, Lyon, France, October 20-23, 1998, pp. 261-302.
Koenig, B. E. Authentication of forensic audio recordings, Journal of the Audio Engineering Society (November 1990) 38:3-33.
Mee, C. D. and Daniel, E. D. Magnetic Recording Handbook: Technology and Applications, McGraw-Hill, New York, 1989, pp. 91, 886-892, 917.
Owen, T. An introduction to forensic examination of audio and video tapes, Journal of Forensic Identification (1989) 39:75-85.
Spottiswoode, R., ed. The Focal Encyclopaedia of Film and Television Techniques, 3rd ed., Focal Press, London, England, 1978, p. 602.


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If you have reason (e.g. troubleshooting) to review and/or edit site variables, you can do this via a GUI interface (rather than
drush vget/vset) using the devel module and then going to the following location on your site:
This will provide you with a clear list of all the variables and the ability to edit them via a simple text editor interface.
I found this easier (or at least more straight-forward) than using
drush vset, especially when editing arrays.
I had forgotten about that part of devel
Although it was a pain to install on shared hosting I'm enjoying playing with Drush 7 - required for working with Drupal 8. A recent article from Acquia pointed out that vset/vget has changed to a much more useful format. https://www.acquia.com/blog/leverage-drush-7-drupal-8
Angus Pratt
Poet, Consultant, Web Designer
Check out my latest completed project - 64 Fun Solutions
Add Alias' & auto-completion for Drush
This article offers a nice overview of how to add alias' and auto-completion for drush:
The alias names offered in the article can be changed to suit your mnemonics if need be.


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[puh-trohl] /pəˈtroʊl/
verb (used without object), patrolled, patrolling.
(of a police officer, soldier, etc.) to pass along a road, beat, etc., or around or through a specified area in order to maintain order and security.
verb (used with object), patrolled, patrolling.
to maintain the order and security of (a road, beat, area, etc.) by passing along or through it.
a person or group of persons assigned to patrol an area, road, etc.
an automobile, ship, plane, squadron, fleet, etc., assigned to patrol an area.
Military. a detachment of two or more persons, often a squad or platoon, detailed for reconnaissance or combat.
the act of patrolling.
(in the Boy Scouts and Girl Scouts) a subdivision of a troop, usually consisting of about eight members.
the action of going through or around a town, neighbourhood, etc, at regular intervals for purposes of security or observation
a person or group that carries out such an action
a military detachment with the mission of security, gathering information, or combat with enemy forces
a division of a troop of Scouts or Guides
verb -trols, -trolling, -trolled
to engage in a patrol of (a place)
1660s, "action of going the rounds" (of a military camp, etc.), from French patrouille "a night watch" (1530s), from patrouiller "go the rounds to watch or guard," originally "tramp through the mud," probably soldiers' slang, from Old French patouiller "paddle in water," probably from pate "paw, foot" (see patten). Compare paddlefoot, World War II U.S. Army slang for "infantry soldier." Meaning "those who go on a patrol" is from 1660s. Sense of "detachment of soldiers sent out to scout the countryside, the enemy, etc." is attested from 1702.
1690s, from patrol (n.) and in part from French patrouiller. Related: Patrolled; patrolling.
Tagged: p
Read Also:
- Patrolling
[puh-trohl] /pəˈtroʊl/ verb (used without object), patrolled, patrolling. 1. (of a police officer, soldier, etc.) to pass along a road, beat, etc., or around or through a specified area in order to maintain order and security. verb (used with object), patrolled, patrolling. 2. to maintain the order and security of (a road, beat, area, etc.) […]
- Patrolman
[puh-trohl-muh n] /pəˈtroʊl mən/ noun, plural patrolmen. 1. a police officer who is assigned to a specific district, route, etc. 2. a person who . /pəˈtrəʊlmən/ noun (pl) -men 1. (mainly US) a man, esp a policeman, who patrols a certain area 2. (Brit) a man employed to patrol an area to help motorists in […]
- Patrologist
[puh-trol-uh-jist] /pəˈtrɒl ə dʒɪst/ noun 1. a student of .
- Patrology
[puh-trol-uh-jee] /pəˈtrɒl ə dʒi/ noun, plural patrologies. 1. Also called patristics. the branch of theology dealing with the teachings of the church fathers. 2. a collection of the writings of the early church fathers. /pəˈtrɒlədʒɪ/ noun 1. the study of the writings of the Fathers of the Church 2. a collection of such writings noun […]


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Tagged: financial crisis Toggle Comment Threads | Keyboard Shortcuts
Arik Johnson
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Arik Johnson
Long Term Investing is for Suckers – Jim Cramer vs. Jon Stewart on The Daily Show
Some of the excerpts from the rest of this interview suggest to me that the buy-and-hold philosophy of long-term investing is not just obsolete, it's a sucker bet that makes the Madoff Ponzi scheme look tiny in comparison… does anybody else wonder if stock market investing is an archetype for Ponzi/Bubble dynamics that leaves the 401K investor without a chair whenever the music stops?
If that's the case (and investors seem to be voting with their feet by delevering assets out of securities, this week's rally notwithstanding) then it's not just a lack of trust and confidence in capital protection and growth, it's a matter of getting out before the market crashes further as assets continue to limp along… potentially for years to come.


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Legality, there's no question at this point. It was declared legal by the Supreme Court. Morally, people have different takes, but I think that enough laws are in place to prevent it from being a "baby." That is, I don't view an embryo as a human. It's just a bunch of cells at that point, and terminating it before they replicate any further is morally acceptable to me.

That said, I don't think it is an excuse to have unsafe sex.
Good point. I disagree with laws set up as impediments to a legal procedure. They just confuse people and upset. Such as the trans-vaginal probe. And in one state, I think they passed that the doctor can lie to a patient to prevent an abortion. Which is utterly ridiculous. A state that passes laws designed deceive and humiliate women who seek the procedure sets is abhorrently manipulating its people in a way that should be illegal. As for the week-standards, I think there should be a national standard as opposed to a state-by-state standard. Gets rid of a lot of confusion.
Its murder.It doesnt matter if the baby feels it or has a chance to open his eyes or not,its murder.Somebody killed your baby and you let it happen.
You have no right to compare this to the Holocaust, Leftisneverup. A live human being is in no way analogous to a small cluster of cells.
at that point its not a baby.
I believe the job creators hate abortion because it depletes them of unskilled human resources they can later on in life underpay and overwork. All the moral mumbo jumbo is just a cover for this.
so true.
Ur killing Gods gift
or what if you dont believe in god at all?
It never feels right to me as a man to tell a woman what to do with her body. I can't bring myself to agree with it, but I wouldn't judge someone who had one.
It's an individual choice and belief....there is nothing wrong or right with this. Let's not get emotional untill you decide to bring a life to the planet.
It's not a child yet
well we are talking about an embryo here...( I am assuming that embryo is between 0 - 3 months )and not a fully developed human being.....I think it's an individual prefrence to keep it or go otherwise.
It's the persons fault they had sex.

That child was one in a million, and lucky enough to have to chance to be born...

No one in the ******* right mind should MURDER there child before birth because they don't want to care for it.

Inhumane, and wrong.
Parents make them, religious reasons, financially unstable.
Either way, it's still very wrong.
how about rape molestation?
Good argument, but I still believe because the father did wrong, the child shouldn't be killed.
Popcorn! Get your fresh popcorn here!
oh man, loaded question. I think abortion should be legal up to 7 weeks pregnant. After that you should have to choose adoption if you aren't prepared to care for a child.
yeah i know. I also think pregnancy tests should be free, so that if there's a doubt in anyone's mind, they don't put off finding out. that will probably never happen though.
well, considering they decided to take the risk in the first place, they should have already been prepared for the possibility that they could get pregnant, and already decided what they would do in the event that it happened.
Legality depends on the laws of the country where the abortion takes place; in most civilized countries it's legal. I do not think that there any moral issues, because morals are the unwritten rules of a bigot society. There is an ethic issue, but that is 100% up to the pregnant woman herself.
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Open Those Books
In 2005, Randy Haran cut the bill for his company's shop supplies by 91%. Better, Haran wasn't the one who found the savings. His employees did.
Of course Haran, CEO of Texas Air Composites in Cedar Hill, Tex., deserves some of the credit, and not just because he's the boss. He's one of a growing number of entrepreneurs embracing open-book management. That's where CEOs share financial information to encourage employees to boost productivity and cut costs.
In 2003, Haran's $9 million, 100-employee company, which repairs airplane parts, was spending $15 for each roll of heavy-duty tape that mechanics used in the shop. After laying out for sanding disks, rags, and other supplies, the shop tab came to $200,000. Haran's 35 mechanics were shocked when they heard that number. They found perfectly good tape that cost $2.50 a roll, used sanding disks until they wore out, and stopped wasting rags. By 2005 they'd driven the bill down to $12,000. Says Haran: "When people have a stake in a company's profits, they feel and act like owners." In 2005, his hourly workers received bonuses equal to 30% of their base pay in return for their cost-cutting.
More than 1,000 companies, most of them small businesses, now use open-book management, according to Jack Stack, author of The Great Game of Business, which advocates open-book techniques. Beyond motivating employees, the technique may stem turnover and reduce bureaucracy. "With an open approach, employees make more decisions, so there is less need to hire managers," says Joseph H. Astrachan, a business professor at Kennesaw State University in Georgia.
Still, the notion of disclosing financial data gives many business owners pause. What if employees ask for raises or leak information to competitors? But keeping employees in the dark may be a bigger risk. "If employees are going to innovate," says Stack, "they have to understand the big picture."
For an open-book program to work, you'll need to educate your employees about finance. That won't work at companies with high turnover, because workers won't stay long enough to develop an understanding. And don't expect long-held attitudes to change overnight. Some employees will still believe you are getting rich on their hard work, or even that the data you disclose are falsified. Says Astrachan: "The programs only work if you trust employees and you are willing to put time into making the ideas work."
Some owners give workers a few key numbers such as profits or revenues, while others let it all hang out. Companies typically set a goal for a business unit or the company as a whole--be it cutting costs or reaching growth targets--and employees get bonuses if they succeed.
Doug Lurvey, CEO of Interactive Hotel Solutions, told employees they would receive bonuses of up to 20% of their salaries if the company met its annual goals. The Springfield (Mo.) company is an online provider of hotel reservations, and a key indicator of its health is the percentage of Web site visitors who make reservations. A year ago, with that rate stuck at 1%, Lurvey started holding weekly meetings, going over financial data with his 37 employees. Together they forecast sales. "It's an exciting process for employees," says Lurvey. "They get instant feedback and have the chance to make improvements right away."
Krystal Simon, director of affiliate development, says the effort has improved the company's culture and its customer service. "People took the initiative to learn more and reach out to customers," says Simon. When the tech staff realized customers were getting error messages when they tried to book rooms, they zapped the system's bugs. Other employees redesigned the Web site to make it easier to use. Within three months of Lurvey's first meeting, the number of visitors making reservations had tripled.
By Stan Luxenberg


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for her beautiful use of multiple home made papers and stamps. Congratulations! Please e-mail Cazzy using the link in the side bar and she will arrange for your prize from Stitchy Bear Stamps.
and the Public Vote Winner is:
with this stunning stamped and masked scene.
Congratulations to both of you! We would love you both to join us at Guest Designers. Please e-mail Cazzy (link is in the side bar) to join us as a Guest Designer in the future. Also please take a Quirky Winners Banner to place on your side bar with a link back to us!
Pop back later to see what the next challenge will be.. it is Cazzy's turn to set the challenge!


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Hong Kong Transfer
Information on the Club's restructure can be found here.
The process for the UK Transfer and further information is available here.
The documents below relate to the Hong Kong transfer. Notice has been given that The United Kingdom Mutual Steam Ship Assurance Association (Bermuda) Limited has received approval from to the Insurance Authority of Hong Kong to transfer the business to The United Kingdom Mutual Steam Ship Assurance Association (Europe) Limited. The Transfer took effect as of 12:00 noon (Greenwich Mean Time) on 20th February 2015. A copy of the notice is available in English and Chinese.


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[13] Up, sanctify the people, and say, Sanctify yourselves against tomorrow: for thus says Yahweh, the God of Israel, There is a devoted thing in the midst of you, Israel; you can not stand before your enemies, until you take away the devoted thing from among you.
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Northern Territory
|14°14′0″S 129°31′0″E / 14.23333°S 129.51667°E / -14.23333; 129.51667Coordinates: 14°14′0″S 129°31′0″E / 14.23333°S 129.51667°E / -14.23333; 129.51667
|1,627 (2006 census)[1]
|11 m (36 ft)
|394 km (245 mi) from Darwin
|Victoria Daly Shire
|Territory electorate(s)
|Federal Division(s)
Wadeye is a town in Australia's Northern Territory. Pronounced wod-air-yer or "wad-ayer", it was formerly known (and is still often referred to) as Port Keats. At the 2016 census, Wadeye had a population of 2,280.[1] Wadeye is the 6th most populous town, and the largest indigenous community in the Northern Territory.
Location and access
The town is remote, situated on the western edge of the Daly River Reserve about 230 km by air south-west of Darwin. It lies close to the Hyland Bay and Moyle Floodplain Important Bird Area, identified as such by BirdLife International because of its importance for large numbers of waterbirds.[2] Roads to the community are cut by flooding during the wet season, when access is only possible by light aircraft or coastal barge.
A mission station was founded by Roman Catholic Father Richard Docherty in 1935 at Werntek Nganayi (Old Mission), and subsequently moved to a new location with superior water, gardening and building sites and landing place.[3]
Since 2007 violence between the Judas Priest and Evil Warriors gangs has declined.[4]
Wadeye is mainly inhabited by Indigenous Australians. The inhabitants include seven language groups, the main language that is spoken being Murrinhpatha. The indigenous population has five traditional bands or kinship groups of Nangiomeri, Marimanindji, Marithiel, Maringar and Mulluk Mulluk. Port Keats is also the site of a temporary ADF Radar site that is used during exercises conducted in the Top End.
Art and culture
Nym Bundak was the first painter in Wadeye who had international interest. He was asked by Bill Stanner, an anthropologist who had come with Richard Docherty in 1935, to produce pieces explaining traditional law, which he made after he saw a map produced by Stanner. He produced many bark paintings of the dreaming which informed Stanner's research. Today in Wadeye Mark Crocomb follows in the footsteps of Stanner collecting history and languages before they are lost. Following in the tradition of Nym Bundak is Richard 'Skunky' Parmbuk. He is one of many artists filling the space left by Nym in Wadeye.[5][6]
Wadeye has an sealed airstrip with regular passenger flights to Darwin. Road access is via the Daly River Road and is only accessible during the dry season as the wet season renders many river crossings impassable.
- ^ a b Australian Bureau of Statistics (25 October 2007). "Wadeye (Urban Centre/Locality)". 2006 Census QuickStats. Retrieved 11 February 2012.
- ^ BirdLife International. (2011). Important Bird Areas factsheet: Hyland Bay and Moyle Floodplain. Downloaded from http://www.birdlife.org on 2011-12-23.
- ^ F.X. Gsell, The Bishop with 150 Wives (Angus and Robertson, Sydney, 1956), pp. 150-2; J. Pye, The Port Keats Story (Kensington, 1973); Port Keats 1935-, German Missionaries in Australia.
- ^ http://www.abc.net.au/worldtoday/content/2007/s1931074.htm
- ^ Graeme K Wardand Mark Crocombe (15 November 2011). "Port Keats painting: Revolution and continuity". Retrieved 2011-01-13.
- ^ "Wildlife Enterprise Centre". 15 November 2011. Retrieved 2011-01-13.


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(Masterpieces of World Literature, Critical Edition)
In One Man's Bible, Gao Xingjian juxtaposes two time periods. In the recent past, there are the memories of the unnamed protagonist during mainland China's disastrous Cultural Revolution. In the present, the narrator experiences a love affair with Margarethe, a German-Jewish woman with whom he visits Hong Kong in 1996 to stage one of his experimental plays.
Drawing on the author's personal experiences, One Man's Bible also showcases Gao's formal literary experiments in the vein of modernism. Most strikingly, whenever the protagonist remembers his past, he uses the third person singular, "he," to refer to himself. Relating his present experiences, he switches to "you" when talking about himself. This literary technique is intended to indicate the fragmentary nature of the modern human self.
As the protagonist and Margarethe indulge in their love affair, his memories bubble to the surface in a string of fragmentary episodes highlighting the tremendous amount of suffering as Mao Zedong and his wife Jiang Qing unleashed the Cultural Revolution on their Communist subjects from 1966 until Mao's death in 1976. One Man's Bible reveals a nightmare world where children spied on and denounced their parents, playmates, and teachers. Then neighbor was forced to speak against neighbor; physical harm, banishment, or death lurked around every corner.
At the same time he is relating past events, the narrator also...
(The entire section is 528 words.)


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By Liz Warren-Pederson
Intuitive Automata founder Cory Kidd is in the middle of a product launch: he's aiming to introduce Autom, his robot weight-loss coach, in the U.S. market next year.
This summer, two Eller undergraduate students — Alexander Williams and Dylan Pesqueira — developed a comprehensive marketing plan for the product as part of their Hong Kong-based internship with Kidd.
"Working with Intuitive Automata taught me to be more independent and to think in out-of-the-ordinary ways," said business management major Pesqueira. "I had the opportunity to work alongside the CEO and pitch my ideas to him. This gave me the confidence to believe in my ideas, and gave me a great experience, as well."
This is the second year Eller CollegeUndergraduate Programs has partnered withDream Careers to provide students with access to internships in Hong Kong. Six students participated the eight-week program last summer, 19 this year.
"Most of the employers our students chose were small and needed them to complete professional-level projects and wear a lot of different hats," said undergraduate advisor Steve Michel. "This gave them maximum exposure to their chosen industries."
"I wanted an internship experience that could provide me with a fast and challenging atmosphere in a city that has many opportunities for business students," Pesqueira said. "Asia is becoming a leader in business and I saw Hong Kong as a place where I could improve my skills and apply what I have learned in my classes at Eller to the real world."
The experience also helped him identify potential avenues for career exploration — Pesqueira said he'd definitely consider working abroad after graduation, and he is now interested in product launches.
"It was great to experience the many stages that are involved with creating a product, from design to manufacturing," he said. "It's exciting to know that Autom will be introduced to consumers in the future and I cannot wait to see it on the shelves at stores. It will also be very exciting to see how the marketing plan Alex and I created will be implemented."
"Traveling to Hong Kong for an international internship was absolutely one of the best decisions I have made for my future," he continued. "Working in Asia has taught me so much about myself. This internship experience has shown me that opportunities are endless for any individual who is willing to learn and who gives his/her best each and every day."


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I have a really amazing fr*ee resource that I want to share with you today.
I just finished reading a book about back pain that I think is one of the most important books that I have ever read about living pain fr*ee.
The principles in this book are so simple and yet so critical to understand to make sure that you live your life without back pain, neck pain or any other type of physical pain.
The book is called "The 7 Day Back Pain Cure" and the author of the book Jesse Cannone, is actually giving it away right now for fr*ee for a limited time.
Check out what he's doing and how you can get a copy by clicking on this link:
I've actually known of Jesse for a long time because he's known as the "back pain relief guy" but I'm kicking myself in the butt for not having read his book sooner.
I would have never expected a back pain guy to have such a thorough understanding of the mind body connection the way that Jesse does.
Jesse really breaks down all of the reasons for how back pain is caused, what all the "typical" options are for treating it, and tells you exactly how to eliminate any existing back pain you may have and how to prevent any future back pain.
I personally don't have any back pain but I'm glad I read this book because it gave me a wealth of knowledge that I didn't previously have on how to avoid it. :)
Jesse is also going to donate $1 to your choice of charity; either Habitat for Humanity or Kiva.org when you pick up a book today (even though he's giving you the book for fr*ee).
Here's the link again to get your copy:
Enjoy the book and let me know what you think of it when you're done (which will likely be in a few days if you're like me and can't put it down). :)
Arthur M.


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Neither side in the economic driver's seat
DOES the Australian economy run itself? Or is it run by the Government so that growth could be at risk if that government changes?
One half of the economic debate is on whether the Howard Government caused the years of growth that have lifted Australia to new heights of prosperity. The other half is on what difference it would make if Labor replaced the Coalition.
It's been an odd campaign. The Coalition is painting Australia as vulnerable, and warning of dangerous times ahead. Meanwhile Labor, after 12 years of criticising the Coalition's economic management, now tells us it would be no different. The polls still show voters see the Coalition as the better economic managers. Yet all those Liberal ads during the campaign have not turned it into the vote-winning issue. People don't vote Labor because they think it would be a better economic manager. Rather, a Nielsen poll found most Labor voters think that whoever's in charge, our economy would perform the same.
It is a $1.1 trillion economy, and little of that is under government control. The drivers of that economy are China's surging demand for our minerals, and our soaring foreign debt. A change of government won't change them.
But these are dangerous times: surely we need experienced hands at the helm?They're not that dangerous. Global output is booming by more than 5% a year. Only three countries in the world are in recession.
Yes, there are threats to the world economy: current account imbalances, soaring oil prices, the US subprime mortgage crisis, China's unsustainable growth path. But the IMF predicts these will slow growth, not derail it.
The reality is that neither crisis of recent years the 1997-98 Asian financial crisis, or the 2000-01 tech wreck saw any change in Australian policies. It's doubtful that Canberra could do anything to shield Australia from a future crisis.
Are there differences between the parties?Small ones. Both would leave interest rates to the Reserve Bank. Both propose huge tax cuts ($40 billion over three years from the Coalition, $33 billion from Labor) and a smaller but still significant amount of new spending. The main difference is on WorkChoices. Labor's policy to abolish AWAs and restore workers' rights to protection from unfair dismissal is likely to slow the pace of jobs growth and marginally lift wage growth.
Both sides promise heavy investment in roads, without bothering with cost-benefit analysis. Labor plans to invest $4 billion to spread broadband to 98 per cent of homes, while the Coalition would leave it to the telcos.
Labor is keener to tackle climate change, but neither side has spelt out its blueprints.
The pity is that little of the tens of billions of dollars promised will go to tackle the economy's most urgent needs: more skills training, more saving, and more exports.
When you see news happening: SMS/MMS: 0406 THE AGE (0406 843 243), or us. More
Subscribe to The Age and save up to 35%*


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You are invited to experience everything Saddle Creek Ranch has to offer both horse and rider. Quietly situated in beautiful Butte Valley of Oroville, California, Saddle Creek Ranch is nestled within 203 acres of rolling hills, accentuated by calm meadows and a cool running stream. Shade is easy to find beneath an oak tree in one of the many heavily wooded areas throughout. This varied terrain makes Saddle Creek Ranch a premier ranch location… one that is sure to satisfy the needs of all who appreciate the slower-paced country lifestyle.
Saddle Creek Ranch offers everything for today's equestrian enthusiast: state-of-the-art boarding (currently at-capacity), training, and riding facilities; professional horse and rider training; and plenty of events sponsored by various trainers and organizations throughout northern California. We welcome you to visit us and see first-hand what makes Saddle Creek Ranch so special.


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jQuery has been a blessing for the developers community on the internet. Before its initial release in the August of 2006, web designing was really a painful process. Everything ranging from a simple menu bar to complex content sliders needed to be coded from the scratch, thus, consumes a lot more time than now. Those who had undergone web making without jQuery know its impeccable worth. The best part of this Java script library is the acceptability of plugins. These plugins let the developers customize the script with advanced effects of animations, and other abstractions stored in some part of their minds.
Apart from being fast in setting up live on the website, the enhanced effects for representing the scripts in diversity have earned jQuery a good reputation. It is estimated that 65% of the most visited 10000 websites uses jQuery plugins. Since it has proven itself to come handy with the developers, a list of 20 most popular responsive jQuery plugins is featured below to assist you in opting the most appropriate ones for your website or blog.
1. LetteringJS
Lettering.js is a beautifully scripted jQuery plugin for typography. Lettering.js has superseded the conventional way of including the typography fonts on the website with a very fast script coded in jQuery.
2. TypeheadJS
Like Google, you can also enable your websites search bar to suggest the results for the desired query. This Jquery plugin, powered by Twitter, namely Typehead.js has made it possible to make your search bar function like that.
3. StellarJS
Stellar.js is a jQuery plugin that provides parallax scrolling effects to any scrolling element.
4. Perfect-Scrollbar
This plugin transforms your standard scroll bar into a sleek and trendy one. You can adjust the color according to your need.
5. DropZoneJS
DropzoneJS is an open source library that provides drag'n'drop file uploads with image previews. It's synonymous to the WordPress upload area.
6. FitText
FittextJS has been a very successful plugin for displaying gigantic texts on the display screen. Earlier to FittextJS, images were used by the website designers which caused conflicts on the basis of responsiveness, but, now this plugin has not only hastened the process but also has solved the problem of responsiveness.
7. Swipe.js
Swipe is a perfect responsive slider suitable for websites desiring a full width slider below the header. Some of its features are responsiveness, resistant bounds and scroll prevention.
8. FlexNav
FlexNav is perhaps the best Jquery plugin for responsive menus. Easy to setup and easy personalization are its key features.
9. Flexisel
Flexisel is a beautifully designed responsive carousel jQuery plugin for a display of seamless images.
10. ImageloaderJS
Website designers generally ignore the importance of preloading images. This jQuery plugin will preload all the images on the website, increasing the overall loading speed of the website on the browsers. Especially recommended for websites with image galleries.
11. Responsive jQuery Lightbox Plugin : Magnific Popup
Magnific Popup is a responsive jQuery lightbox plugin that is focused on performance and providing best experience for user with any device.
12. Tiny Circleslider
Tiny Circle slider is a circular slider/carousel. That was built to provide web developers with a cool but subtle alternative to all those standard carousels. Tiny Circle slider can blend in on any web page. It was built using the javascript jQuery library.
13. jQuery Map Marker
This plugin makes it easy to put multiple markers on Map using Google Map API V3.Map Marker is very useful when you have a list of data & you want to show all of them on Map, too.
14. Camera : jQuery Slideshow Plugin with Touch Support
A cool jQuery slideshow with diverse variation of transitions for your website.
15. Responsive Touch-Friendly Audio Player
This user friendly responsive plugin will integrate a minimal audio player on your website for listening online music. Some of the features like being adaptive to browsers, showing the pre-loaded (buffered) audio and image-less CSS, have made it distinctive from other such kinds of plugins.
16. Huge on Facebook
This jQuery script is designed to highlight the links on websites that are actually generating conversation (on Facebook, at least). Like Google analytics, this plugin can be considered as Facebook analytics. The only difference this plugin is making is the display of analysis report to the general public rather than the administrator only.
17. jQuery Spellchecker
The jQuery spellchecker is a lightweight plugin that can be used to check the spelling of text within a form field or within a DOM tree. Can come handy with the content writers.
18. Any List Scroller
Any List Scroller is the jQuery plugin to scroll any list, of any dimension, with any content.
19. jQuery Stripe
A jQuery plug-in to create a cool striped gallery object.
20. jQuery Liquid Carousel Plugin
Liquid carousel is a jQuery plugin intended for liquid designs. Every time the container of the carousel gets re sized, the number of items in the list change to fit the new width.


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Samsung Galaxy Tab 4 line will be available in the US on May 1, pre-orders start tomorrow
On April 1 (of all days), Samsung finally made the fourth generation Galaxy Tab line official. It comprises of three members, the Galaxy Tab 4 7.0, the Galaxy Tab 4 8.0, and the Galaxy Tab 4 10.1.
All of these tablets will become available in the US on May 1, so exactly one month after their announcement. Pre-orders for all three Wi-Fi-only models start tomorrow at Samsung.com, Amazon.com, Best Buy, Fry's, Office Depot, OfficeMax, PC Richard and Son, Sears, and Tiger Direct.
The Wi-Fi-only Galaxy Tab 4 7.0 will cost $199.99. The 8-inch tablet will go for $269.99, and the 10.1-inch offering is priced at $349.99.
As for versions with 4G LTE mobile data connectivity, these will be coming during the summer. Verizon will be offering the 8-inch and 10-inch tablets, Sprint will go with the 7-incher, and T-Mobile will have just the Galaxy Tab 4 8.0. AT&T will be in on the action too, though for now it's unclear which SKUs it will sell.
The Galaxy Tab 4 tablets are certainly affordable, though their specs aren't top of the line either. Still, offering a decent user experience they may sell well.


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Perfect for social media campaigns and blogs. Web photos (up to .5 MP). 1 Seat.
Learn More
Build a high res library or promote your brand. Up to Large (2.5-4.5 MP). 5 Seats.
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Get more high res photos and more. Up to Large (2.5-4.5 MP). 25 Seats.
Learn More
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end of the day


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Moderator: Staffers
Zoel wrote:Nah , i haven't fully wrote an entire walkthrough yet. Plus this forum is translating Arcturus sometime in the summer, I just hope that by then people can help me edit that walkthrough , then i'll make the compelte one
gaz_2_k wrote:I'm currently working on a guide myself, but it's taking ages to do (
I also would like to know whats the best program to use if i want to extract the PAK files? (mainly the music one)
gaz_2_k wrote:damm, i was hoping to grab all the bgm from the pak file (, but thanks for the info on GrfWiz. do you have a link to it or this modified version? thanks in advance
OK, I uploaded my modifed version of GrfWiz which can unpack Launcher.pak and Music.pak as well.
You may download it at http://starkwong.ivehost.net/arc/download/GrfWiz.zip (Source code included)
Zoel wrote:Ahaha. You're right about that. and yes i did put it on a text file or at least rich text format. But i need some one to host it for me. Though
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