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Start Acting at Juilliard or in an Acting Studio?
Hi Tony,
I'm in my 30's and want to start an acting career. My dilemma is whether to go to the prestigious Julliard School in New York for four years or to go to a studio, study acting there and look for acting work at the same time. With your experience in the industry and the websites you have built for new actors, I would really appreciate knowing what you think I should do.
Hello Brad,
first of all, thank you for contacting me.
The question I have is, if you want to start acting at Juilliard, will you be able to study full-time without having to work to pay rent and eat? That is an important consideration.
Clearly, having a degree from Juilliard will open doors for you. It will get you recognition in the industry if you market yourself so as to take full advantage of that degree.
Going the other route is can also work for you, but the key to success in my opinion is really something else. It's character James. It's all going to come down to how much you really want this. I'm going to give you a couple of metaphors starting from far away from your situation and then bring it home.
Start acting at Juilliard or somewhere else: Metaphors
People create wonderful retail environments, beautiful stores, but they either are in the wrong locations or they don't know how to market themselves. The moral: having a beautiful store is not worth much if you don't know how to get traffic to it. The same goes for websites.
That's one problem associated with stores and websites.
Another is that the people running them often don't want to learn how to market and sell their products and services. Why? Because they are creative people. They have no desire whatsoever to worry about those things. And thus, the store owner spends his days decorating the store and worrying about displays that will make his store look great. The website owner spends his days making design adjustments and creating content. Neither has the desire nor the knowledge to do what it takes to get recognition, traffic, visitors, etc.
And so…once they finally realize that their businesses aren't going anywhere, they close down. The website stays online, but goes stagnant.
Get the picture?
Start acting at Juilliard or somewhere else
If you really want to get work James, you don't have to start acting at Julliard, but you could go the second route, get into a really good studio and look for jobs at the same time and make it work for you, but you will need to learn the business of acting. Yes, work on your craft, but ultimately what will make the difference is knowing how to get yourself recognized in the industry so that you get regular auditions and book regularly.
Have you seen The Acting Career Quick Start presentation page?
If not, I invite you to have a look at it. James, you asked me a question and I want to give you an answer, not sell you the course. But on that page, you will see all the things listed that are in the course. With that I want to convey to you that those are the things you need to learn IN ADDITION TO great training in order to be able to drastically increase your chances of success in this very tough, very competitive business that is overly saturated with people who want to become actors. So, like I say, whether you get that information from me or from someone else, if you really want this James, you need to get it, know it and do it.
But before you do that, the most important thing is your motivation. You need to be driven like a race horse. This needs to be a mission for you, something that you desire more than anything else.
Start acting at Juilliard or somewhere else
Without that kind of motivation and even with a degree from Julliard, you risk having a beautiful store that gets little or no traffic, not enough sales to keep it open and that never ends up taking off. Or having a website that is beautiful, but that gets very few visitors. You risk being one of hundreds of thousands of actors who don't get much if any acting work and have to end up changing careers, because they can't make ends meet. Why? Because they don't know the business.
The support you will need to wanting to start acting at Julliard or anywhere else is to learn the business.
I never tell people what to do James, but give them food for thought.
The decision is yours.
Good luck.
Fellow Actor
and Creator of
the first ever
Acting Career Quick Start
Home-Study Course
and someone who
genuinely wants to see
you happy doing
what you love: Acting


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I have 2000 year mazda protege 1.8 16 valve engine, manual transmission. My timing belt got torn, The mechanic thought it was an interference engine so he opened the engine to check on the valves. There was nothing wrong. After fixing the head and the timing belt, you can now hear some strange rattling noise in the engine, not sure whether its within the engine or around the timing belt area. Can I get help?
have the same problem?
Thursday, February 28th, 2013 AT 4:25 PM

subset: commoncrawl


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What's the MAIN focus of your business right now?
About Business Freedom Group
We provide you with the tools and strategies to accelerate your growth and overcome the obstacles you may encounter on your business journey. Unlike other business coaches and consultants that provide only a part of the solution. We are able to give you the whole solution. We have been specialising in building small business success for over 30 years.
We are passionate about helping you take control of your business, take back your lives and enjoy your business freedom
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The Importance of Separating Work and Home LifeA common problem among entrepreneurs, business owners, freelancers, and people working from home is that their work and home lives tend to blur together. The advance of technology has its benefits, but this also means we are accessible anywhere at any time, and... read more
Tax Basics: Choosing Your Business StructureRunning a successful business involves more than just hard work and perseverance; there's a lot of legal, administrative, and financial matters to deal with. Before starting a business, you need to decide which business structure best suits your needs.... read more
Six Tips for Managing Client ExpectationsOne of the most difficult things about running a small business is managing client expectations. If you don't manage expectations well from the outset, working relationships can quickly turn sour, leading to customer disappointment and a damaged reputation. The... read more
Simple Time-Management Tips for Small Business OwnersIn this age of the Internet and smartphone technology, it's more challenging than ever before to ignore distractions and manage our time. Some small business owners try to take on too much and end up working extra hours every day just to stay on top, but this... read more
Nine Essential Qualities of Successful EntrepreneursYou may not possess all the qualities of the most successful entrepreneurs, but that shouldn't worry you. Even the most talented people develop their strengths over time and learn from making mistakes. There are many qualities that are important, but here are... read more
How to Use Market Research and Statistics to Grow Your BusinessMost businesses can gain valuable insights into existing and potential customers from market research. Statistics and other market research data can also be used to maximise business potential and optimise marketing strategies. Many small businesses underestimate the... read more
What Others Say About Business Freedom Group
As a business owner with big plans for growth, Monica's support, advice and wisdom has been invaluable to me. She has a great ability to cut through to the real issues holding business owners back, and get provide tangible strategies to move through them. She is a fabulous business mentor.Janine Pares
Thank you, Monica for changing my life, mind, soul & my heart. You are way more than a business coach. You have helped me to start finding my greatest being.
Through the ongoing personal & business success, Monica has helped me ignite & nurture the great unknown goals I wasn't aware I could achieve.
I was at the stage of giving up & shutting up shop. Monica took me from there to now, being on all TV networks, supporting a team of 9 staff (& growing) & most of all feeling great & celebrating the wins. My sales have tripled in 12months.
The valuable tool of 'know how' Monica has giving me to run a tidy, focused, well run business is now helping me grow Buttercreme Lane to be wide world.Daniella Boutros
I recently attended one of Monica's 2 hour workshops "How to ditch cash flow anxiety once and for all"
I was expecting another workshop purely explaining the nuts and bolts of cash flow and profit but instead Monica presented a highly motivating and interactive workshop that helped me realise why my existing beliefs were limiting my potential to grow my business. It was a refreshing approach and I left the workshop not only enthusiastic about changing but with a clear goal.
The interactive structure allowed other participants to share their experiences and also their challenges with each other.
I highly recommend Monica not only as a presenter and facilitator but as a highly motivated coach to help business owners on many levels.Philippe Flatt


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M.S., 1941. University of Minnesota
B.S., 1940. University of Minnesota
Professor Emeritus, C. Raymond Hoglund, was born in McPherson, Kansas, 1906. He was Associate Professor, South Dakota State College, 1943-48; Cooperative Agent, University of Wisconsin, and Soil Conservation Service, LaCrosse, Wisconsin, 1941-43; Field Representative, Metropolitan Life Ins. Co., Minn., 1935-40. He joined MSU/AEC in 1948 with research focus particularly in the economics of dairy farming, forage production, storage and utilization. Other fields of interest: dairy farm management, dairy adjustments and forage economics.
Honors: American Grassland Council Merit Award 1963, AAAS Fellow Award 1964, National Silo Assn. Z. W. Craine Award, 1965.


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Too many books and articles are solving this matter, but get me confused...where I`d do the following and when,how many times?
and these my ponder points...
1-At invoking, I see that the author said(invoke air at east turn to north and invoke the earth at north and...so on till close the circle), I think by this manner I invoke the 4 elements at once...so when I should use this one?and what the benefit of invoking the 4 elements at once if I want to deal with fire or water for example?
2-If wish to invoke a particular element,go to its quarter and invoke just it and finish(without completing the circle)or invoke it at the 4 quarters? and at banishing...banish the element spirits at its own quarter or have to banish it at the 4 directions?...and if want to invoke 2 elements, what would be the regime?


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While women of color have their Miss Jessie's and Carol's Daughter hair products, their has been a particular lack in products for men of color, created by a person of color (from start to finish), well, Frederick Benjamin has arrived to fill that void.
Inspired by his grandfather, Michael James (founder of Frederick Benjamin) wanted to create a simple, timeless grooming line that evoked the same sense of pride men had in the 40s and 50s. "My grandfather (Frederick Benjamin Schumpert) was the epitome of style, grace and finesse. At an early age, he taught me the importance of looking your best and being prepared for what life has in store for you. When I began developing the line his words and image was the inspiration that helped me bring the brand to life." Inspiration from your grandfather ,huh? well, we're pretty familiar with that around here (see: T.U.G logo).
Left: Frederick Benjamin Schumpert, Right: Michael James, founder, honed in his hair care expertise by working with companies like L'Oreal and Revlon for over a decade.
As discussed in The Urban Gentleman Grooming Routine, men of color must be particularly sure to use conditioning products that add nutrients to the hair, instead of stripping away its natural oils (which creates dry scalp and dull hair.) Frederick Benjamin's line of natural products are free from all things that damages hair: drying alcohols, synthetic fragrances, and petroleum distillates: petrolatum & mineral oil. Instead there are natural ingredients like spearmint, clove, hemp seed, and nettle that cohesively work together to invigorate the scalp, create lasting hydration, restore softness and bring a natural matte shine to the hair. And although created with multicultural men in mind, the products works well with all hair (curly, straight, wavy) and scalp types.
The Frederick Benjamin line of products is lightweight, grease-free and can be used on a daily basis. Shampoo, Conditioner, and Daily Hydrator. Each product retails for $12.00 each, purchase here.
T.U.G Review: What can I say, I crossed my fingers hoping it would deliver and it did. First off, the smell is great, it's minty so if I wash my hair in the morning it gives me a relaxing wake-up and if I choose to wash my hair at night, it has a faint calming effect which helps after a stressful day. The immediate results of The Frederick Benjamin line of products is softer hair, then after a few washes you really begin to see the natural shine. All in all I recommend those searching for a new line of products to give it a try.
Of course we want you to experience this new line of products as well, so follow us on Twitter and Facebook for a chance to win a Frederick Benjamin Travel Kit (we'll giveaway 5 total over the next few weeks).
1 Comment
Definitely an area that's been lacking and will check it out. Good look on the informative post!


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We live in a "cell-phone-a-friend" world. People use their cars as mobile telephone booths. They drive around in cars about as exciting as a refrigerator, feel bored - thus compelled and empowered - to use their newly-acquired cell phones to reach out and annoy someone. But who do they call? The friend they just had coffee with in the mall? I saw two women talking to each other while sitting parked side by side in the mall parking lot. They were probably discussing something they forgot to mention five minutes ago at their just-adjourned coffee klatch.
No wonder New York State has banned the use of hand-held cell phones while driving. Phones are not much good any more anyway. Imagine a commuter during rush hour on the Bronx River Parkway trying to call, say, his bank and hearing "For checking account balance, press one. To apply for online drug money laundering, press two. For overseas vacation loans, enter the name of the continent in which your destination is located. If you wish to speak to an operator, press zero. All operators are currently busy handling other calls or are away from their desks. Leave your number and an operator will return your call the second Tuesday after the first full moon following Bastille Day. If you wish to hear this menu again ... ."
That's why you should be driving a new Chevy C1500 Tahoe. First, it's not boring. The standard engine is a 4.8 liter 275 horsepower V-8. Its optional Vortec 5.3 liter V-8 with 285 horsepower will enable you to outrun or outmaneuver the tailgater behind you talking on his hand-held cell phone, trying to get someone at the bank. It


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The Quackers!
View Single Post
Soni B
Mini Quack
Join Date: Feb 2005
Location: QUACKING along in my favorite Duck Pond....
Posts: 84,268
Originally Posted by
Call that doctor back tomorrow. That is so NOT acceptable that he NOT call you when you are having pains and issues with a new medication.
I hope that going back to the old meds does make you feel better and soon.
I so agree Maggie ~ good thing I really like him lol
his office is pure carp but he is awesome
So far the pains are gone, I am hungry, anf able to eat so far I have only had light stuff so not to put my system through any more distress. but so far so good
yesterday I was to the point I could not even drink my tea so be that was it ! lol
I am updating my logue he asked me to keep. I will simply mail it to him marked personal at the office with a not explaining that I called, more than once...
I know my body and how hard I have worked to get to where I am today and to be able to eat different foods So I will stay on the "good" medication with the words
God Will Provide ... : )
Soni B
Live Life With a Smile
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FreeFashionInternships.com was created in March 2007 after a seasoned fashion intern decided that top-tier fashion internship listings should be available to everyone, not just those who were willing to pay a membership fee. Using online resources, a blog was launched in hopes of opening up the world of fashion to anyone who has a desire to work in the industry. In less than two years, FreeFashionInternships.com has became the premiere resource for fashion internships with listings ranging from couture to action sports, design to public relations.
As of January 2012, FreeFashionInternships.com averages 88,000 unique views per month, and appears first on Google when searching terms such as "fashion internships" and "fashion intern."
It has now lead to the creation of other internship sites with the same mission, but for industries such as beauty, entertainment and music, all accessible under FreeInternships.com. An advice blog WhenIWasAnIntern.com was also launched in January 2012 that features industry veterans sharing tips on how they went from interns to insiders.
Carla Isabel Carstens is the founder of FreeFashionInternships.com, a blog turned website that posts internship opportunities for fashion hopefuls around the globe. Her interest in fashion internships stemmed from her participation in internship programs while she attended the University of California, San Diego. Over four years, she interned at companies such as HollieTen, Escada, JANE Magazine, Gucci, Volcom, RVCA, and Seventh House PR.
Born and raised in Southern California, Carla currently resides in New York City and works in fashion public relations. She has received professional certificates in Public Relations and Digital Media Marketing through NYU's School of Continuing and Professional Studies, and is now attending Columbia University as a part-time student in their M.S., Strategic Communications program.


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By Chris Olds | Beckett Basketball Editor
It's a good thing that the NBA lockout appears to be over — now somebody else might have a chance to star on cardboard.
With current action at a standstill, many a collector has looked backward to a safe player to sink their hobby dollars into — a guy whose buying power remains years after his career ended. (So much buying power that he was the cover story of a recent Beckett Basketball issue, by the way.)
His name? Michael Jordan.
The latest example of Jordan's power was seen Sunday on eBay of all places where a 1997-98 Upper Deck Game Jerseys Autograph card — one of just 23 in existence — sold for five figures after 44 bids.
The final ending price? A mere $30,123.23.
That's a whole lot of coin.
Chris Olds is the editor of Beckett Basketball magazine. Have a comment, question or idea? Send an email to him at firstname.lastname@example.com. Follow him on Twitter by clicking here.


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Furthur cancel show after Bob Weir's fall
NEW YORK (AP) — Furthur are canceling a tour date after guitarist Bob Weir fell onstage at a concert last week.
Weir said on his website Tuesday that the Grateful Dead offshoot is "unable to perform for the next several weeks ... due to unforeseen circumstances." They were scheduled to play May 9 in Napa, Calif.
Weir was quickly helped off the floor after collapsing at a concert last week in Port Chester, N.Y.
The statement adds that 65-year-old Weir plans to hit the road in late June for solo shows.
Weir formed Furthur with fellow Grateful Dead member Phil Lesh. Furthur's summer tour kicks off July 11 in Brooklyn, N.Y.
A representative for Furthur didn't immediately respond to an email seeking comment.
We Recommend
- Feb. 22, 2018 These royal fashion moments are inspiring our style


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TODAY – Monday, April 25th – is your last day to enter my Cleveland Marathon giveway! Click on over to this post to enter before 11:59 tonight!! The winner will be announced Tuesday the 26th.
Once upon a time, four bloggers walk into a restaurant on the Southwest side of Cleveland with their significant others, and order from the new spring dinner menu…
chicken liver pâté, black currant jam and honeycomb, served with grilled bread:
…presentation was visually interesting, but made for some difficulty when passing among eight people.
wild mushroom bread pudding with herb smoked onions and balsamic:
…I had to stay away, Hans chose to stay away and a few others fought over the last bites.
braised pork belly with fingerling potatoes, mushrooms and smoked gouda sauce:
…utter deliciousness. This could easy phase into an amazing entrée dish.
duck confit with hoisin glaze, asian slaw and peanut sauce:
…incredibly tender and full of flavor, one blogger *MAY* have licked the bone clean while another *MAY* have claimed the rest of the slaw for herself…
Palate Caesar salad – romaine, dressing, crouton and roasted garlic/parmesan meringue:
…another nice starter option, although Hans said it wasn't anything more than what you expect with a Caesar salad.
potato gnocchi, braised lamb, rapini, roasted garlic, ricotta salata:
…lamb AND gnocchi? It's no wonder Hans ate every bite.
salmon with peas & carrots, garnished with ramp salsa verde:
…normally served with wheatberries, I went with the double veggie option. Thanks to Chef Jarrett for having flexible menu items that could easily be customized for those with dietary restrictions.
LONG STORY SHORT: There were just a few things I wasn't crazy about. There was a definite heavier hand with the seasoning throughout all the dishes than I preferred. I also questioned some kitschy presentation choices, but I'm not one for eating out of flower pots, I guess. But overall, four couples had a lovely meal filled with tempting appetizers, satisfying entrees and engaging conversation. I suggest you head out to Strongsville ASAP. There are some promising things happening at Palate Restaurant & Lounge.
I encourage you to visit HungryinCLE, WhyCLE and Cleveland Food and Brews to see what my fellow dinners enjoyed that evening. Also, make sure to "like" Palate Restaurant & Lounge on Facebook and on Twitter (@PalateCleveland). You can also follow Chef Jeff at @chefjjjarrett.
Disclosure: As the bloggers in this story haphazardly arranged this dinner date via Twitter, Chef Jarrett learned they'd be dining at his restaurant. That evening, the bloggers graciously paid for all portions of their meal. They were grateful to have a moment of the chef's time to discuss the restaurant's location, the upcoming Dinner in the Dark events and their love of the Cleveland food scene. All of those bloggers' thoughts and opinions were 100% their own. (And yes, I'm speaking in the third person.)


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some violence, sexuality and language
Reader ReviewsQuick Summary
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The Good Shepherd
Academy Award® Nominee
Edward Wilson understands the value of secrecy--discretion and commitment to honor have been embedded in him since childhood. As an eager, optimistic student at Yale, he is recruited to join the secret society Skull and Bones, a brotherhood and breeding ground for future world leaders. Wilson's acute mind, spotless reputation and sincere belief in American values render him a prime candidate for a career in intelligence, and he is soon recruited to work for the OSS (the precursor to the CIA) during WWII.
As one of the covert founders of the CIA, working in the heart of an organization where duplicity is required and nothing is taken at face value, Edward's' idealism is steadily eroded by a growing suspicious nature, reflective of a world settling into the long paranoia of the Cold War. As his methods are adopted as standard operating procedure, Wilson develops into one of the Agency's veteran operatives, all the while combating his KGB counterpart.
However, his steely dedication to his country comes at an ever-increasing price. Not even his wife or his beloved son can divert Wilson from a path that will force him to sacrifice everything in pursuit of this job.
Starring Robert De Niro, Matt Damon, Patrick Wilson, Tammy Blanchard, Angelina Jolie
Directed by Robert De Niro
Running Time - 2:40
Genre - Drama
Opened in Theaters - Friday, December 22nd, 2006 (4082 days ago)
Academy Award� Nominee for Achievement in Art Direction
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Home VideoThis movie is likely available now on home video.
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Landing Zones for medical Helo's.This is the first of this type I've posted. I have several in my collection. I'll have to find them to scan & post.
Sta-26 called for the LZ stand by for Jeff STAT.
Medic-108 requested Pennstar to fly, for the male bicycle rider who hit a pole. Patient had serious head trauma.
© 1998-2017 FOTKI INC or its affiliates.


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Click on 'Home' then scroll down to get to information about the history of many of the programs on this site and to see which programs have been recently updated or added.
If you want to contact me for any reason, use the 'Contact' form or e-mail me at the address below. Please let me know if you see mistakes on this site.
Click on 'Programs' to find links to all of the programs that are on this site. Most of the programs are related to math, but you will also find several related to color, a couple related to perspective, a drawing program, and more. Try out the Alien Arithmetic program in the Arithmetic area to have fun thinking in a different base.
Click on 'SCORM' to learn about Shareable Content Object Reference Models, what they are, why they are useful, and how to make your own.
The 'About L2 page gives you information about how I got the nickname L2 and why I work on this site and the programs that this site contains. I also occassionaly update the page to let you know what kinds of things I am working on now or planning on working on soon.
Click here to find some of the static handouts and worksheets that I have created for the math classes that I teach at Lansing Community College.
Click here to see a history of most of the programs on this site and to subscribe to the RSS feed if you wish to receive notices when a program is improved or a new program is made.
DISCLOSURE: IPower Web is my website host. It is reasonably priced and I have used their services for many years. Click on this link if you are thinking of starting your own website and would like to consider IPower's services. I get a small referral fee if you do!
Move the left focal point and the directrix to change the eccentricity and see how it affects the shape of the conic. What eccentricity gives you a parabola, an ellipse, and a hyperbola? Do you ever get a circle? If you are a student, discuss this with other students. If you are a teacher, this is a good program to project onto a screen or board and demonstrate to the class.
Open 'Eccentricity' in a Separate, Resizable Window
The original size of the program is four times larger than above. You may want to click on the link to open the program in a separate window.Created: July 25, 2010


text: Seahawk Inn & VillasOnlineWebsite - www.seahawkinn-villas.comSend an email - firstname.lastname@example.com & SeasonsSeasons - Year-roundAddressSalter Path Rd.Atlantic Beach, NC 28512PhonePrimary - (252) 726-4146Toll Free - (800) 682-6898 All rooms are oceanfront with great views, refrigerators, there are hammocks and swings on the dunes, gas grills, bikes and complimentary coffee for all of our guests. Oceanfront pool and Wi-Fi in the lobby and pool areas. East and West Villas accommodate up to 12 people with full living and kitchen areas. A Cottage accommodates 4 people with a kitchen and dining area. AmenitiesTripAdvisorTripAdvisor Traveler RatingBased on 184 reviewsSee all 184 reviews.Write a review.Pet-friendlyPool – outdoorReservation deposit required


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As soon as I opened the box from Anatomicals and saw all these brightly-colored, cleverly named products, I knew I would become obsessed with the brand. I love products that are equally great on the outside and inside. This fun packaging really pops in my bathroom.
Anatomicals is a British bath and body brand, known for their funky product labels i.e. Smoother Butts Love Coconuts. All of the products smell incredible. They're also affordable (under $10) and available at Ulta.
Smoother Butts Love Coconuts Body Lotion – Definitely my favorite product in terms of packaging. The coconut and mango combo smells amazing.
My favorite product so far is The Buff Stuff Body Scrub. It smells good enough to eat and makes my legs and feet silky smooth.
More products I tested:
Get Your Filthy Hands on Me Soap: This smells so good; it makes me want to wash my hands for no reason.
Shower to the People Cleanser: Can't go wrong with anything grapefruit scented.
Help the Paw Hand Cream: Great for on-the-go.
Thanks to Anatomicals for these products. All opinions are my own.


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We all want to live a good long life. But let's be honest. We don't always take the care we should with our bodies. We don't eat right. We don't get enough exercise. We smoke.
And that takes its toll on our bodies ... specifically, our hearts.
Cardiovascular disease is the No. 1 killer in the U.S.
And since 1963, each February has been declared as "American Heart Month" to help raise awareness of cardiovascular diseases.
A story in last week's News-Journal told the story of two men who have had heart attacks - and successful recoveries.
If you currently subscribe or have subscribed in the past to the KY News Journal, then simply find your account number on your mailing label and enter it below.
Click the question mark below to see where your account ID appears on your mailing label.
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A pair of uniquely named plastic recycling companies are receiving funding from an affiliate of the Closed Loop Fund to pursue emerging film plastic recycling projects.
Both Zzyzx Polymers LLC and Drought Diet Products are getting the money through the Closed Loop Foundation, which is working with S.C. Johnson & Son Inc., to finding ways to enhance film recycling. S.C. Johnson is, in particular, focused on recycling solutions for its Ziploc brand of plastic bags.
The foundation is awarding about $300,000 in grant money, split similarly between the two recipients, said Bridget Croke, who handles communications and investor partnerships for the Closed Loop Fund. read more >>


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Although this fashion house is known for their love of minimalism, the Celine AW10 collection illustrates their creative force as well. Playing with textures, the coveted label has created a line to lust after.
I think we must take a moment to applaud Phoebe Philo, as the Celine AW10 collection is just stunning. With shaggy sheep and whimsical lace materials amidst their signature structured designs, this is one collection that you have to love.
Textured Minimalist Fashion
More Stats +/-
Winter Wonderland Editorials
Rock n Roll Editorials
Frail Fashiontography
City-Slicker Editorials
Nude Metallic Miniskirts
The Celine AW10 Collection Re-Imagines Basic Designs
- By: Meghan YoungMar 13, 2010
References: celine & stylebubble
References: celine & stylebubble


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- Viewing:
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- Fireplaces
- The Montgomery IV
The Montgomery IV
Simplistic, elegant and magnificant. Sometimes the best things are just uncomplicated.
Wessex Stone Fireplaces prides itself on its flexibility in being able to provide exactly what each client requires, by not only modifying existing designs to suit any need, but also by the capability to design and produce bespoke surrounds to a clients individual specification.
The Montgomery IV is available in Bath, Base and Cotswold stone.
English Limestone:-
48inch 54inch 60inch
Optional Extras:-
Back panel to create the correct opening size for your fire £100. To create a truly spectacular surround ask to request a price for any of the following items for your individually sized chamber:
Inner hearth, Chamber linings, kerb set.
- The Montgomery IV 0 stars (0 review)
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SAN FRANCISCO (MarketWatch) — I'll give it to you straight. The market rally is in deep trouble.
Japan is stumbling. Inflation is looming. Europe is austere and jobless. The Federal Reserve? The summer swoon is stifling. It has about as much of a chance of tapering as a banker on bonus day.
The wolves are at the door. The end is nigh. The cliches are sounding.
This column usually isn't about predicting where markets will go or what stocks to buy or sell. But today I'll make an exception, because what we're seeing is so nakedly obvious. The markets have risen too far, too fast.
Through Monday, the S&P 500 Index SPX, +0.04% is up 22.4% for the last 12 months.
Twenty-two-point-four percent.
There's no point in going into how silly that is. Even if you considered the markets undervalued a year ago, they were not that undervalued. The market generally is a predictor of the economy. Based on this rally, we're about to enter a golden age of full employment and government surpluses.
We're going to see a Tesla in every garage and a free-range organic chicken on every home rotisserie. And yes, you will be able to afford one.
That's the bad news, the good news is that the market doesn't have to correct. It doesn't have to skid hundreds of points just to get back at a more reasonable level. You know, one that reflects GDP growing at a 2% rate, not 20%.
So what's the solution? Three things:


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Wow Wow Wubbzy: Wubbzy and the Fire Engine
- Format: DVD
- Rated: NR
- Release Date: 9/13/2011
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In this all-new collection, Wubbzy has a fire engine adventure with Widget, delivers Daizys doodleberry treats, re-builds a house with Ty Ty the Tool Guy (voiced by Ty Pennington of EXTREME HOME MAKEOVER) and much more! There's plenty of singing, dancing and friendly firemen too! Climb aboard for tons of fun that preschoolers and parents will love again and again in Wubbzy & the Fire Engine!


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Known simply as The Accelerator, The University of Southern Mississippi's unique business incubator is providing an enormous boost to start-up companies in the Gulf South region.
"This state-of-the-art facility represents opportunities for students, researchers and companies to take an idea and carry it to its fruition as a useful product or service," said U.S. Sen. Thad Cochran (R-Miss.). "In the end, it is a process – which now has a home in The Accelerator – that can lead to more job creation and economic growth in Mississippi."
Cochran joined other state and local dignitaries for the official grand opening of The Accelerator held on Friday, Sept. 17 at The Garden, Southern Miss' innovation and commercialization park.
Officially labeled The National Materials Science Innovation and Commercialization Accelerator, the incubator provides ample space for offices, laboratories and storage; the latest advances in technology and expert guidance for companies attempting to grow a business from the ground up. Currently, the 60,000-square foot Accelerator is operating at approximately 60 percent capacity.
"Throughout our history, Southern Miss has illustrated time and again our willingness to think creatively and act boldly," said university President Martha Saunders. "The Accelerator stands as a lasting testament to the relentless pursuit of a vision that began as a simple idea more than a decade ago. I believe it is this attitude that makes Southern Miss attractive to entrepreneurs looking for an environment in which they can grow and thrive."
The Accelerator's anchor tenants include the following:
· Ablitech, a biotechnology company specializing in Versadel technology under development for curing cancer and other genetic abnormalities.
· Crosslink, a technology leader in Electroactive Polymer Materials focused on providing clients with technically advanced solutions that bring step-change improvements to their products and drive commercial sales.
· KDL Solutions, a professional forensic science company dedicated to providing timely, accurate information to clients.
· Scigenesis, which develops novel, high-performance, stimuli-responsive coatings and film adhesives.
· Mississippi Polymer Institute, which provides workforce development, expert consulting and technical service, produce development, rapid prototyping, pilot manufacturing and product commercialization to Mississippi's polymer industry members.
· Noetic Technologies, an innovation and commercialization company assisting clients through the multiple phases of technology development, commercialization, process engineering, marketing and business start-ups.
Accelerator Executive Director Sunny Corral said the business incubator is strategically positioned to provide budding companies a blueprint for success in today's highly competitive marketplace.
"If there is an opportunity to enhance a material's performance, The University of Southern Mississippi is the place to do it, and The Accelerator is the facility that will equip industrial partners and early-stage companies with the tools required to do this," said Corral.
For more information about The Accelerator, contact Corral at 601.266.5116 or 601.266.5515.


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Home > Art / Photo > Other Images > Copy of a Famous Painting
Copy of a Famous PaintingReport abuse
This is a 8B pencil copy of the original famous painting titled "Saint Mary of Egypt" by Ribera
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fadhlysb said...
Dec. 26, 2012 at 5:00 am
Dec. 26, 2012 at 5:00 am
nice drawing!


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Electrical problem
2005 Chrysler Town and Country 6 cyl Front Wheel Drive Automatic 42,500 miles
Purchased a used 2005 Chrysler T&C van 6 months ago. Right after buying it I noticed that if I listened to the radio in the auxiliary mode for more than 5 minutes, it wouldn't start. Replaced the battery and problem went away. Recently when I went out to drive it, the power doors and all worked but when I tried to start it, it wouldn't turn over. Had it jumped the first time and it worked okay. Second time after jumping it and letting it run, it wouldn't start after turning it off. I'd appreciate your thoughts on this. Thanks in advance for your help.
have the same problem?
Thursday, May 8th, 2008 AT 4:48 PM


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Part I: FROM CREATOR TO FATHER - ELOHIM TO YAHWEH
Biblical Period 1
Lesson #2
Beloved heavenly Father,
You created the cosmos; You fixed the earth upon its foundation and clothed the earth with mountains and oceans. You brought forth life upon the earth and then You created Your masterpiece'man created in Your image and likeness'created in the image of grace and holiness and blessed with an immortal soul; man who was created to flow from You and to return back to You. Help us to be ever mindful, Father, that Jesus Christ and the Sacraments of Your Church are the bridge by which we are promised our return to You in the heavenly Eden. Send your Holy Spirit, Father, to guide us in our study. We ask this in the name of the Father, the Son, and the Holy Spirit, Amen.
"...ever since the creation of the world, the invisible
existence of God and his everlasting powers have been clearly seen by the
mind's understanding of created things."
Romans 1:20
"I look up at your heavens, shaped by your fingers, at
the moon and the stars you set firm'what are human beings that you spare a
thought for them, or the child of Adam that you care for him? Yet you have
made him a little less than a god, you have crowned him with glory and beauty,
and made him lord of the works of your hands, put all things under his feet..."
Psalm 8:3-6
Scripture readings for Biblical Period 1: Creation and the History of the Early World
|1. Creation
|Genesis 1:1-2:4
|2. Adam and Eve/ the First Covenant
|Genesis 2:5-25
|3. The Fall of Man
|Genesis 3:1-24
|4. The Protoevangelium
|Genesis 3:8-24
|5. Cain and Abel
|Genesis 4:1-16
|6. Birth of Seth
|Genesis 4:25-26
|7. The Toledoth of Adam
|Genesis 5:1-32
|8. The Flood
|Genesis 6:1-8:15
|9. The Second Covenant/ Noah
|Genesis 8:15-9:1-19
|10.The Tower of Babel
|Genesis 9:20-11:1-9
Eden-Haran (Syria)-Iraq
|c. 2000 year period
|281 years
|81 years
(all Bible summary charts inspired by but revised from Nelson's Bible Maps and Charts)
Year? Year ? Year? c. 2000BC
Creation: ---------------------------------The Flood----------Tower of Babel---------------------
Adam--------------10 generations---------Noah--------------10 generations---------Abraham-
B're'shiyt [Be re'siyth]
"Lord, you have been our refuge from age to age.
Before the mountains were born, before the earth and the world came to birth,
from eternity to eternity you are God."
~ Psalms 90:1-2
The story of Creation begins with the title of the book of Genesis, which is taken from opening words "in [the] beginning". Our English title comes from the Greek word "genesis" meaning origin, source, birth, or beginnings, but the Hebrew title of this book, taken from the first words in Genesis 1:1, is "b're'shiyt" [bay-ray-sheet] which means "in beginning" or "in first". The prefix "be" [b'] in Hebrew can be translated as "in", "for", "through", or "with", while "re'shiyt", from the Hebrew root "rosh" [as in Rosh Hashanah or "head of the year"] has the meaning of "the first in place, time, order or rank [specifically a firstfruit]--beginning, chief, first, principal thing" [Strong's Exhaustive Concordance]. As in English, this word has a double meaning: "first" as in order and "first" as in power. I could say that Jason is the "first" student in the class, meaning the first to arrive in the room, or I could say he is "first" in the sense that he is the brightest student in the room. "Re'shiyt" was also the title given the "firstborn" son in a Hebrew family. The "firstborn" was the "first fruits" of the womb. He was "first" in the sense of birth order but also "first" in the sense of power or rank because as the heir he carried the power and authority of the father.
Question: What is Jesus' connection to Creation "in (the)
beginning" if as Peter wrote "He was chosen before the foundation
of the earth"? Hint: can you think of some New Testament verses that
identify Jesus as the "re'shiyt" of all Creation and the existence of
Christ before the beginning of Creation?
Answer: Both Colossians 1:15-20 and the Prologue [chapter 1] for St. John's Gospel address the pre-existence of Christ. St. Paul presents Jesus as the active power behind creation. He is the Word of God spoken to bring the universe into existence.
Read the Gospel of John 1:1-5 and verses 9a & b.
Question: How does John identify Jesus in verse 1?
Answer: As "The Word".
Question: What other word does John associate with Jesus [in
addition to Jesus the "Life" in both verses 4-5 and 9?
Answer: Jesus is the "Light".
Question: As the "Light" of the world, what power does
"the Light" overcome?
Answer: Darkness.
Keeping all this in mind please read Genesis 1:1-5: "In the beginning God created heaven and earth. Now the earth was a formless void, there was darkness over the deep, with a divine wind sweeping over the waters. God said, 'Let there be light', and there was light. God saw that light was good, and God divided light from darkness. God called the light 'day' and the darkness he called 'night'."
The mystery of the Most Holy Trinity was a mystery that was not revealed to the Old Covenant Church but was first made known to the New Covenant Church by Jesus the Christ. He spoke of Himself as the Son, of God as the Father, and of the Holy Spirit as the counselor who would be sent to guide the Church. Please note that in Greek as well as in Hebrew the words "wind", "spirit" and "breath" are the same word. "Ruah" is the word in Hebrew; "pneuma" in Greek. In Genesis 1:2 it is God's Holy wind/spirit/breath that hovers above the waters of Creation.
Question: The Fathers of the Church [the disciples of the
Apostles and their disciples in the first 3-4 centuries of the Church] taught
that although the mystery of the Trinity was hidden from us in the Old
Testament, the promise of that mystery was revealed in Scripture from the very
first account of Creation. Remembering St. Paul's and St. John's revelation of
the pre-existence of Christ and His role in Creation can you see the hidden
promise of the Trinity in the first three verses of Genesis? "In the
beginning God [Elohim] created heaven and earth. Now the earth
was a formless void, there was darkness over the deep, with a divine wind [ruah]
sweeping [more literally =hovering] over the waters. God
[Elohim] said, 'Let there be light, and there was light."
Answer: God, the Father = the first Person of the Holy Trinity; the divine wind = God the Holy Spirit, the third Person of the Holy Trinity; and "God said" = the Word of God = the second Person of the Holy Trinity. God's Word is the "Light" = Christ according to John 1:3-5 and 9: "[verses 3-5]...in Him was life, life that was the light of men; and light shines in the darkness, and darkness could not overpower it." Verse 9: "The Word was the real light that gives light to everyone..".
Also please note that the Hebrew word used for "God" in chapter 1 of Genesis is Elohim. "El" is the Hebrew word for "god", meaning any [false] god, or "God", the One True God. The plural of "el" is elohim. In modern Hebrew this word is written in a lower case first letter when referring to false "gods" but in the Old Testament when referring to the One God the word is written both in the singular "El" and in the plural "Elohim" with a capital letter as it is in these verses of Genesis, which use the plural "Elohim"'consistant with the New Covenant revelation of the Most Holy Trinity as One God in 3 persons.
The order of the Godhead hidden in Genesis verses 1-3 may seem odd to you. We usually speak of the Trinity in order of God the Father, God the Son, and God the Holy Spirit [see Matthew 28:19-20]. But the order of Father, Holy Spirit, and Son is the same order St. John uses in Revelation 1:4-5. St. John also speaks of the Holy Spirit in association with the number 7 [see verse 4]. 7 is one of the four "perfect numbers" in Sacred Scripture [the others are 3, 10, and 12]. The number 7 indicates fullness, completion, perfection, and is the number of the Holy Spirit. [Please see the document "The Significance of Numbers in Scripture" in the Charts and Resources section].
And so Creation begins with Jesus as the creative force through which all creation flows. It is as St. Paul wrote in Colossians 1:16-17 "...for in Him were created all things in heaven and on earth: everything visible and everything invisible, ..[...] all things were created through him and for him. He exists before all things and in him all things hold together."
Please read Genesis 1:4-31.
According to a literal reading of the Creation account, all of Creation was formed in a six day period from evening to morning [indicating the cycle of the day which begins at sundown]. The Catholic Church does not require belief in a literal 6 day creation, nor does the Church oppose the belief in a literal interpretation of Genesis chapters 1 and 2.
There are several different theories of Creation that 21st century Christian scholars embrace:
Whether one believes in a literal 6-day creation period is really not the issue. The issue is: Do you believe that God is the author of Creation? One may believe in a literal 6-day creation or that God used evolution in some way (other than Darwinism which denies God's intimate involvement in the Creation event). In 1907 Pope Pius X addressed the issues concerning what Catholics must believe about the Creation in the encyclical Pascendi Dominici Gregis. This document was followed in 1950 by Pope Pius XII's encyclical entitled Humani Generis. These two documents help to define what Catholics must believe about the history of creation to be in accord with the teachings of the Church.
For those Catholic Christians who struggle with the question of evolution, the Magisterium of the Catholic Church has presented in various documents these guidelines for what Catholic Christians must believe about Creation:
[Pascendi Dominici Gregis, Pope Pius X; Humani Generis, Pope Pius XII; Vatican II: Lumen Gentium, 3; also see CCC#s 279, 296-98, 343, 355-58, 369-73, 374-79, 390-95, 397, 410-11, 766]
Question: Putting the arguments for and against evolution aside,
what is the reason Scripture and Tradition gives for the creation of the
Answer: Scripture and Tradition have always taught the fundamental truth that the world was made for the glory of God [Dei Filius, & CCC# 293] to show forth His love and goodness.
The goodness of God's Creation is repeated consistently through the first chapter as God the Holy Spirit "hovers" over Creation [see Genesis 1:2, the Hebrew word is "rahap"]. As He "hovers", He "sees" and judges each stage of Creation.
Question: How many times is the phrase repeated that God
"saw it was good" between Genesis 1:3 and 31?
Answer: Seven times in Genesis verses 4, 10, 13, 18, 21, 25, and 31. The Catechism of the Catholic Church expresses God's goodness and glory in Creation beautifully in CCC# 294: "The glory of God consists in the realization of this manifestation and communication of his goodness, for which the world was created."
God created all things not to increase His glory but to show His goodness and to communicate His love. He simply has no other reason for creating than His love and goodness. St. Thomas Aquinas wrote: "Creatures came into existence when the key of love opened His hand."
We usually view Creation in Genesis as a progression of six days, but there is another way to view Creation and that is as two sets of 3 days.
Question: What was created in the first three day period?
Day #1: Light separated from darkness;
Day #2: Divided the waters to separate the earth from heaven;
Day #3: The land appears, separated from the water, and God created vegetation.
These three days of Creation
can be summarized as:
Day #1 = Time;
Day #2 = Space;
Day #3 = Life:
all of which is judged to be "good".
Question: What was created on the 4th day?
Answer: He made the sun, moon, stars and the planets.
Read Genesis 1:14-19 with special emphasis on verse
Question: What is the reason given for the creation of stars and planets?
Answer: to rule or govern the day and night.
Question: What is created on the 5th and 6th
days and what is God's final judgement on Creation?
See Genesis 1:31.
Answer: On the 5th day He created birds, fish and sea creatures, and on the 6th day beasts of the land and man. Creation is judged to be "very good."
In this view of Creation for the first 3 days God creates time, space, and life and in the next 3 days, to govern or rule the first 3 days, God fills the first 3 days:
|TIME [light from darkness]
|SPACE [heaven and the seas]
|LAND/ LIFE [dry land and vegetation]
[this view of Creation is known as the "framework hypothesis"]
The Creation of Man: In Genesis 1:26 God says: Let us make man in our own image." Notice the use of the first person plural. You may remember that the Hebrew word used for "God" in Genesis chapter one is the plural form "Elohim." The first person plural is also used in Genesis 3:22: "Then Yahweh God said, 'Now that the man has become like one of us in knowing good from evil...". Christian Bible scholars have always seen this passage as another hidden revelation of the Trinity in the Old Testament. Some scholars have suggested that God is referring to the angels of the heavenly court. However, never has it been suggested in either Jewish or Christian tradition that angels had cooperated in the creation of the world.
Question: What is unique about the creation of man? Hint:
Genesis 1:27.
Answer: Man is created in the "image and likeness" of God and was created to possess an immortal soul.
Notice in Genesis 1:27 the Hebrew word "bara", the verb "to create" is used 3 times [it is used a total of 5 times in chapter 1]. The Creation account of Genesis is full of 7's, the number of perfection, but no other book in the Bible has as many repetitions of 3's as the book of Genesis. 3 is the number of importance, significance, and the fullness of God's divine plan in Jewish tradition; for Christians it is also the number of the Trinity. In Scripture the number 3 or the repetition of 3's is a signal that what is happing is of great importance.
Question: What does it mean in Genesis 1:27 that man is created
in the "image and likeness" of God? Hint: what are the attributes
of God? Also see Genesis 2:4-7.
Answer: In human nature man's offspring receive life and human characteristics like eye and hairs color, etc. But God is spirit and so God gave His human children His spiritual attributes. Man was created infused with the very life of God = grace. In chapter 2 God breathes His very breath into man. The first man is created in the image of righteousness, in the likeness of holiness, and receives the gift of grace--a gift of divine son-ship! He is created to be an immortal, sinless being. This unique condition separates man from the beasts that are created on the same day. Man has a soul created by God and from that time forward, the spiritual soul of every human being will be created by God to be immortal; the soul will not perish but will only separate from the body at death [see CCC #s 355-366]. Infused with grace, Adam and Eve are uniquely united to God not just as "Creator" but as "Father". The first Adam was created to be an immortal, sinless, son.
Genesis 1:27 has the 3rd repetition of "bara" = created. This is the 5th time the word has been repeated since Genesis 1:1. It is fitting, since in Jewish tradition 5 is the number of God's grace and in this passage our first parents are infused with God's grace in His act of creation! This infusion of the grace of divine life creates a covenant bond between man and God. As we have already noted God is not only Creator, as He is of the animals, but He is Father.
As we continue in our study it is important to remember that creation, destruction, regeneration, and covenant are the main themes of the Bible. The Bible begins in Creation and Covenant and ends in a re-Creation and a New Covenant. A covenant is more than a promise and it is more than a contract. Contracts are concerned with property--covenants are concerned with intangibles like truth, loyalty, and justice. And most important from a Biblical perspective, covenants create family bonds. We will be looking at the 7 Covenants between God and Israel and individuals within the Israelite Covenant in the Old Testament and we will find the Old Testament fulfilled in the final Covenant, the 8th which is the New Covenant in the blood of the Messiah [see the Chart of the 8 Biblical Covenants between God and man].
Question: Biblical Covenants contain blessings for obedience to
the covenant bond. How would you sum up the first blessings of the Covenant
given to Adam and Eve in Genesis 1:28-31?
Answer: They are given the blessings of fertility and dominion over the earth.
Please read Chapter 2 verses 1-7.
Question: What event is the climax of the 6 days of Creation?
Answer: The creation of the woman Eve! Woman ["out of man"] is her origin; Eve ["mother of all living"] is her destiny [Genesis 2:23, 3:20].
Question: God [Elohim] rested on the 7th day. What
day of the week is this? It is the only Hebrew day that has a name. Hint:
what is the Jewish Holy Day?
Answer: The 7th day is Saturday, the Old Covenant Sabbath.
Question: If the 7th day of Creation is Saturday,
what day of the week, as we know it, was the first day of Creation?
Answer: It was Sunday. The old Creation started on a Sunday.
The Hebrew word for "rested" is shabat and the Hebrew word for 7 is sheba [also written seba, or sheva; b and v are the same letter in Hebrew]. The Hebrew root word "saba"[sava], which means "fullness and completion" is the origin for both the Hebrew word for the number 7, the word "rested" and the name of God's Holy Day, what is referred to in English as the Old Covenant Sabbath [Shabbat in Hebrew]. On this holy day, the 7th day, the earth was full, creation was complete, and man entered into God's "rest".
Question: Why did God create the Sabbath? Hint: the answer to
this question lies in the link between the Hebrew words for "rested" = sabat,
"seven" = shava [or sheba or seva], and "Sabbath" sabbat.
Answer: This day was created as a divine institution and as an expression of the Covenant bond between man and God. Adam and Eve were to enter into "God's "rest" on this day, in full communion with their "Father" and Creator. This is the beginning of man's covenant relationship with God. Covenants are formed by oath-swearing. Since the first covenant was formed on the 7th day, to swear an oath in Hebrew, "shava", is "to seven oneself"! Oath swearing forms Covenants--Covenants form families.
Question: Why is it binding for humans in "oath
swearing" to 7 themselves?
Answer: Because that is what God did in the first Covenant at Creation.
This unique connection with 7s in Creation will be repeated in the last book of the Bible, the Book of Revelation, where there are an abundance of sevens signifying the fullness and completion of the history of man. See The List of the 7s in Revelation in the Chart and Resources section.
Even though the Sabbath as a day solely devoted to worship will not be imposed as a Covenant obligation until the Sinai Covenant in Exodus 31:12-17, God is setting the example of the necessity of the communal relationship between man and Himself at the beginning of Creation.
Question: What did Jesus teach about the creation of the
Sabbath? Read what Jesus had to say about the Sabbath in Mark 2:27-28.
Answer: Jesus taught the Pharisees when they criticized Him for healing and doing other activities on the Sabbath: "And he said to them, 'The Sabbath was made for man, not man for the Sabbath; so the Son of man is master even of the Sabbath.'"
Some scholars see Genesis chapter two as a second "Creation account", but Jewish and Christian tradition has never indicated that this section of Genesis is anything but the more detailed account of the creation of man after the general narrative of the Creation of the world. Scholars who embrace the "two creations" theory point to the change in the name used to identify God from Elohim to Yahweh. Names and changing names for one individual usually indicate a change in relationship. We have personal names and titles [like Mom or Dad] in our personal/ family relationships but we may also be addressed as Miss, or Dr. or Professor in our professional or less personal relationships.
Question: Given the unique condition of God's Covenant
relationship with our first parents what reason might there be for Moses to use
the Covenant name revealed to him in the burning bush experience:
Answer: Bible scholars who do not see Genesis 1 and 2 as two different Creation accounts believe the change in God's name from "Elohim" in Genesis chapter 1 to "Yahweh Elohim" in Genesis chapter 2 indicates the change in relationship from the great Elohim of Creation to Yahweh Elohim the "father" of humanity. God is no longer only the God of Creation, He is now the God of the first man and woman with whom He has formed a Covenant family bond. He is now, "God the Father" and in this more intimate relationship it is fitting that God's Covenant name should be used to show the shift in that relationship with man and Creation. For more information on the names of God in the Bible see the document "The Many Names of God" in the Charts and Resources section of this Study.
Genesis 2:4 begins the transition period in the relationship between God and Creation. Here God is called Yahweh-Elohim. Genesis 2:4b "At the time when Yahweh God [Yahweh Elohim] made earth and heaven there was as yet no wild bush on the earth nor had any wild plant yet sprung up...". Please note if your translation has "LORD" in all capital letters this designation is the substitute for the literal translation "Yahweh". "Lord" in a capital first letter and lower case letters is the translation of the Hebrew "Adonai", meaning "lord" as in "God who is lord".
Question: What day is it in Creation?
Answer: Probably the 6th day. Flowering plants and seeds had been created but no "wild" plants. Creation is orderly.
For the Hebrew people from the time of Creation the day is measured from sunset to sunset [or from twilight to twilight]. Our measure of the day comes from the Romans for whom the next day began at 12 midnight [Pliny, Natural History, 2.79.188].
"Yahweh God [Elohim] shaped man from the soil of the ground and blew the breath of life into his nostrils, and man became a living being." In Genesis 2:7 God forms man from the soil of the ground. In the Hebrew there is "word play" between the words for man and ground. This type of word play is very common in the original languages of Sacred Scripture but is lost in the various translations. It is from God's action of forming man that the first "man" [in Hebrew 'adam] comes from the "ground" [in Hebrew 'adamah]. This collective noun will become the proper name of the first man "Adam" [see Genesis 4:25; 5:1, 3]. The Hebrew word for "to blow" is "nephesh". The Hebrew word for wind, or breath, or spirit is "ruah". "Nephesh" means being animated or brought to life by "ruah". Man is brought to life by the very spirit/breath of God.
Question: What is the only other time in the Bible that God
blows the breath of His spirit into man? Hint: it is in the New Testament.
Answer: In the Gospel of John 20:19-23 on Resurrection Sunday Jesus appears to the Apostles in the Upper Room, breaths on them and says "Receive (the) Holy Spirit. If you forgive anyone's sins, they are forgiven; if you retain anyone's sins, they are retained." The Apostles have experienced a "new life".
Please read Genesis 2:8-14
[Hebrew =eden; Sumerian = eden; Akkadian = edinu]
"It will happen in the final days that the mountain of Yahweh's house will rise higher than the mountains and tower above the heights. Then all the nations will stream to it, many peoples will come to it and say, 'Come, let us go up to the mountain of Yahweh, to the house of the God of Jacob that he may teach us his ways so that we may walk in his paths.' " Isaiah 2:2-3
It is in Eden in the East that Yahweh-Elohim plants a garden as the home for Adam. The geographical term "eden" is significant. The mention of this very ancient place name is exceedingly common in ancient Sumerian documents and is written as "eden" in ancient Sumarian [please note that all ancient languages in the Near East were written without vowels]. Sumeria was the first world civilization flourishing from c. 4500BC until the destruction of the great city of Ur c. 2357BC when Sumanian civilization began to decline. By c. 2700BC great libraries had been formed in the cities of Sumeria; the library at Tello, for example yielded a collection of over 30,000 clay tablets. Tablets from numerous Sumerian archives mention "eden" as a location for the earliest human settlement.
However the word "eden" is very rare in the writings of the next civilization, the Akkadians [conquered Sumeria to become the first world empire], where it is found as "edinu" and is based on the Sumerian "eden" meaning "plain or steppe". This is significant because it certifies that the ultimate source of this place name was very ancient and must go back to the earliest cultural stratum of Mesopotamian civilizations.
Although much ink has been spilled in attempts to determine the exact physical location of Eden it is impossible to positively identify the site. The evidence in Genesis seems to point to a location near the Persian Gulf where two of the rivers mentioned, the Tigris and Euphrates, still empty into the Persian Gulf, however, the devastating effects of the Great Flood could have changed the courses of many of the pre-flood rivers.
In the Jewish tradition the creation of the earth is seen as the creation of the earth as God's Temple. Just as the desert Tabernacle will be fashioned in 7 days and Solomon's Temple in Jerusalem in 7 years with each facing to the East so too is the world, the Temple of God, fashioned on the 7th day. In this context of Temple, Eden is the Holy Place and the Garden is the Holy of Holies where the presence of God resides. The physical earthly Tabernacle and later Solomon's Temple will become the epitome of the world, a miniature of the Temple cosmos.
Question: What two trees are in the middle of the Garden of
Answer: The Tree of Life and the Tree of the knowledge of good and evil.
The Hebrew for the Tree of the knowledge of good and evil, "eshadda't tob wara' " is difficult to translate. Both "good" and "evil" are direct objects, and the ra' connotes not only moral evil but ordinary unfitness--"bad", as in "bad apple".
Question: If Adam is sinless and immortal why does he need the
Tree of Life? What purpose does it serve? Hint: see Genesis 3:22
Answer: It is the symbol of immortality and is the sign of God's Covenant with Adam.
But is there another reason why it is in the garden?
Please read Genesis 2:10-14
Question: What is significant about a river "flowing out
from Eden" from which 4 rivers water the earth? What does the account
suggest about the location of the Garden of Eden? What are the 4 rivers?
Answer: Eden is on a mountain or a mountain plateau. The Tigris and Euphrates are two rivers of Eden that are still great rivers today. They flow from Turkey, through Syria and Iraq to the Persian Gulf. The Pishon no longer exists but satellite imagery has detected the huge dry riverbed of an ancient river that flowed through the Arabian Peninsula. It has been speculated that this ancient river watered this area from c. 10,000BC until it gradually dried up sometime after 3500BC. [see "The River Runs Dry", Biblical Archaeology Review, July/August, 1996]. Genesis 2:10-12 relates that the river Pishon flowed "around the whole land of Havilah, where there is gold.." The ancient river bed discovered by the satellites is located near Mahd edh-Dhahab, one of the richest gold mines in Saudi Arabia or Afric a and which may have been worked as early as 1000BC. The fourth river, the Gihon bears the same name as the stream that is the only water source for Jerusalem in ancient times as well as today.
In this imagery "water" becomes an important often-repeated symbol in sacred Scripture for the blessings of salvation. Just as the river that flows out from Eden feeds the rivers that bring life to the earth, so too will the "waters of salvation" nourish the Church from which "rivers of living water" [for Catholics the most Holy Eucharist] will flow out from the Church to bless the whole earth [see Ezekiel 47:1-12; Zechariah 14:8; Isaiah 27:6; Revelation 22:1] "Then the angel showed me the river of life, rising from the throne of God and of the Lamb and flowing crystal-clear..."]. The Fathers of the Church saw the rivers flowing out of Eden, home of the Tree of Life, as symbolic of the four Gospels flowing out from the Cross, the true Tree of Life.
"Blessings flowing out of Eden" is what the Jews would have been thinking of on the Feast of Tabernacles in Jerusalem in the last year of Jesus' ministry when He interrupted the liturgical ceremony by crying out: 'Let anyone who is thirsty come to me! Let anyone who believes in me come and drink! As scripture says, 'From his heart shall flow streams of living water." [John 7:37-39] It was on that day of the great Feast of Tabernacles that water from the Gihon stream of Jerusalem had been poured out on God's holy sacrificial altar. Gihon is the name of one of the 4 rivers whose source was the river from Eden, the Holy Mountain of God. [For more references to the "mountain of God" see Ezekiel 28:13-14; Isaiah 2:2-4; 11:9; 25:6-9; 56:3-8; 65:25; Daniel 2:34-35, 44-45; Micah 4:1-4; Matthew 5:14]
That Eden was the original "Holy Mountain" explains the significance of the other mountains that will become important in the history of God's Covenant people as sites for God's redemptive acts and revelations.
Question: How
many such "holy mountain" sites can you think of in Scripture?
|1. The Garden of Eden
|Genesis 2:10
|2. Noah's Ark rests on Mt. Ararat after the Great Flood
|Genesis 8:4
|3. The substitutionary atonement of the ram in place of the sacrifice of Abraham's son Isaac on Mt. Moriah
|Genesis 22:2
|4. Sinai Covenant on Mt. Sinai/Horeb
|Exodus 19:12
|5. The site of Solomon's Temple on Mt. Moriah
|2 Chronicles 3:1
|6. Elijah's defeat of the prophets of Baal on Mt. Carmel ["carmel" is a Hebrew word for "garden"]
|1 Kings 18
|7. Jesus and the giving of the New Covenant law on the Mt. of Beatitudes
|Matthew 5
|8. Jesus' official appointment of Peter as Vicar of the Church on the mountain at Caesarea Philippi
Matthew 16:13-19
Mark 8:27-30
Luke 9:18-21
|9. Jesus prevailed over temptation on a mountain
|Matthew 4:8-11; Luke 4:1-13
|10. The Mt. of Transfiguration when Jesus appeared in His glory
|Matthew 17 [Peter refers to this place as "the holy mountain" in 2 Peter 1:16-18]
|11. Jesus is arrested in a garden on the Mt. of Olives; Jesus ascends to the Father from the Mt. of Olives
Matthew 26:47ff
Mark 14:43ff
Luke 22:47ff
John 18:3ff
Acts 1:1-19
|12. Golgotha, where Jesus was crucified was a lower elevation of Mt. Moriah
Matthew 27:32-36
Mark 15:21-27
Luke 23:26-34
John 19:17-24
Please read Genesis 2:15-17 Covenants come with blessings, as well as Covenant obligations.
Question: What is the Covenant obligation that Yahweh imposes on
Adam? Hint: see Genesis 2:16-17.
Answer: The New Jerusalem translation records that Adam was to "cultivate" and "take care of the garden but that he was forbidden to eat from the Tree of the knowledge of good and evil.
The Hebrew word translated "take care of" is shamar [shaw-mar'] which means "to hedge about, to guard, to protect". It is the same word used in Genesis 3:24 when God banishes Adam and Eve from the Garden and posts the great winged Cherubim with fiery swords to "shamar" or guard the way into the Garden of Eden. It is also the same word used in the command that the priests must "guard" the sanctuary of Yahweh to keep it from defilement [Numbers 1:53; 3:32]. The implication is that there was something to guard against.
Question: What is the covenant curse that would result if Adam failed to be obedient and keep the Covenant obligations?
Answer: If Adam ate of the forbidden tree he would "surely die" or be "doomed to die".
The Hebrew idiom is difficult to translate. The literal translation is that Adam would "die die" or "die death". The verb "to die" is repeated. There are no superlatives in Hebrew and so it is not uncommon for words to be doubled to show emphasis. However, the ancient rabbis as well as the Fathers of the Church taught that this passage implies that there are two kinds of death: physical and spiritual. Philo of Alexandra, a Jewish theologian of the 1st century AD wrote "But the death of the soul is the decay of virtue and the bringing in of wickedness."
Please read Genesis 2:18-25
Question: Now, for the first time since the beginning of the
creation cycle, Scripture says something is "not good". What is
"not good"?
Answer: No suitable companion could be found for man. It was "not good" that he should be alone.
Question: How does God form a companion for Adam?
Answer: God places Adam in a deep sleep, a sleep like death, and drew from within Adam the companion. You could say that the man encompassed the woman who was drawn from his side. This explains the title Adam gives the companion: "woman"= taken from man.
Question: If all this happened on the 6th day, what
day was it when the man and his companion awoke? What happened next?
Answer: It would be the 7th day and there would be a wedding--a covenant within a covenant! It is Jewish tradition that the first wedding took place on the 7th day, the Sabbath. That is why traditional Jewish weddings last 7 days! The Gospel of John reflects this interpretation. John's Gospel begins with "Creation" and the pre-existence of Christ and then-- if you count the days from John 1:29 there is "the next day" =day2; John 1:35 "the next day" = day 3; John 1:43 "the next day" = day 4; and then in John 2:1= "On the third day"--. If you add the 4 days to the 3 days you come to the 7th day, and "there was a wedding at Cana!" [John 2:1]. St. John is repeating the Creation sequence from his statement of the pre-existence of Christ to the oral tradition that there was a wedding [of Adam and Eve] on the 7th day of Creation.
How does the Genesis account of Creation compare to the other ancient Mesopotamian and Egyptian accounts of Creation? In 1872, George Smith, a former bank-note engraver turned Assyriologist, stunned the world by announcing that he had discovered a Babylonian account of the Great Flood which has come to be known as the Epic of Gilgamesh. It was an account which included the story of one family saved in a boat from a world-wide flood sent by angry gods. The myth contained the account of the receding of the waters and the boat running aground on Mount Nimush at which time the hero, Utnapishtim, sent out a dove, a swallow and finally a raven. Then, four years later Smith published a collection of Mesopotamian myths and heroic legends that included an astonishing Babylonian account of the creation of the world. According to Smith, and according to a number of modern scholars today, the Biblical account of the seven days of Creation in Genesis 1:1-2:4a was simply an abbreviated Hebrew version of a more ancient Babylonian folk tale. This ancient Babylonian creation myth, now known by its Akkadian name Enuma Elis [pronounced eh-NOO-ma eh-LEESH], is recognized by historians for its importance to the history of ancient Mesopotamian religion but for Bible scholars the significance lies in its perceived connection to the Creation story found in the Bible and the question is the Biblical account simply a retelling of this Babylonian myth? Enuma Elis is a poem consisting of a little over a thousand lines written in the ancient Akkadian language and inscribed in cuneiform on 7 tablets which tells the vivid and imaginative story of the creation of the world as a reflection of divine activities and relationships between Akkadian gods. But does this strange and exciting story really resemble the Creation account of Genesis and the other Biblical references to the Creation?
These myths translated by Smith and found to be similar to the Genesis Creation and great Flood accounts were the first of a series of such myths that were discovered and translated from older Sumerian documents as well as Akkadian, Babylonian, Hittite and even Egyptian accounts. Smith's copy of Gilgamesh and the Flood came from the royal archive of the Assyrian king Assurbanipal [668-627BC]; however scholars have disagreed over the date of the actual tablet, some put it in the Old Babylonian period [early second millennium BC] and others date it to the time of Nebuchadnezzar I [end of the second millennium BC]. Later discoveries of ancient texts included other tales of the same Gilmamesh, but this time he was the warrior-king of Uruk, a much older account dating back to the Sumerian period in the third millennium BC. In each case the stories had been reformulated to reflect the culture of the people who adopted and adapted the stories. But the question remains, if Moses was indeed the Holy Spirit inspired writer of the Creation account and the Flood story did he copy earlier accounts by older civilizations or was his account, inspired by God from an oral or written history that had been passed down through the generations from Seth, son of Adam, to Noah's son Shem and then from Abraham to Isaac and his sons and then finally written down in Moses' time? Of course, Biblical minimalists who do not accept Moses as the author of Genesis, would propose that the Israelite account was written down long after Moses in the time of the return from Exile in the 6th century BC. As for the other accounts found in all the other civilizations in Mesopotamia and in Egypt, all of which have many similarities but many differences, isn't it just as possible that these myths represent a collective memory of real historical events that were passed down through generations and reinterpreted and retold without divine protection or intervention to prevent distortion in the retelling of the events?
Questions for group discussion:
Genesis 1:28 is the first blessing God bestowed upon mankind'the promised blessing of human fertility. It was God's plan that in the covenant relationship of marriage a man and a woman become as ONE. Human beings are given the blessing of fertility and the gift of becoming co-creators in cooperation with God. With God's blessing at conception parents cooperate with the Creator by contributing their physical characteristics and God provides the immortal soul!
Question: How do we view this tremendous blessing in the modern
age? How do we abuse the blessing and what can we expect from such abuse?
What does the Church teach about this blessing? Did you know that prior to
1930 that not a single Christian denomination approved abortion or birth
control? How has the view of this blessing of fertility in modern thought
changed in the past 70 years?
Answer: For the Church's teachings on this matter see CCC#s 1653-54; 2366-67; 2398-99; 2368.
Question: If God created all things did God create evil? If He
did indeed create evil then can He truly be all that is good and righteous?
Answer: Both Scripture and Tradition teach that God is all good and that nothing tainted by sin or evil can exist in the presence of God, therefore, God could not have created evil.
Question: If that is the case, from where did evil come? What
was its origin?
Answer: It may help to find the answer to this very difficult theological question by looking at two powerful forces in nature: heat and light. The antithesis of heat is cold. According to the laws of physics what we consider to be cold is, in reality, the absence of heat. Everybody or object is susceptible to study when it has or transmits energy. Absolute zero (-460 degrees F) is the total absence of heat. All matter becomes inert and incapable of reaction at that temperature. Cold does not exist. We have created this word to describe how we feel if we have no heat. What about darkness? Does darkness exist? While it is true that God separated light from darkness, according to the Laws of Physics darkness does not exist either. Darkness is, in reality, the absence of light. We can study light, but not darkness. In fact, we can use Newton's prism to break white light into many colors and study the various wave lengths of each color. You cannot measure darkness. A simple ray of light can break into a world of darkness and illuminate it. How can you know how dark a certain space is? You measure the amount of light present. Darkness is a term used by man to describe what happens when there is no light present.
Perhaps these examples help us to answer the question did God create evil? It is true that we see it everyday. It is in the daily example of man's inhumanity to man. It is in the horror of crime and violence everywhere in the world. These manifestations are nothing else but evil. And yet, even though evil exists and God created everything in existence how could an all good and all holy God create a powerful malevolent force like evil? Perhaps the answer is that evil is simply the absence of God. It is just like darkness and cold – evil is a word that man has created to describe the total absence of the presence of our loving God. Therefore, God did not have to create evil. Evil is not like faith, or love, which flow from God. Faith and love exist just as does light and heat. Evil is the result of what happens when man does not have God's love present in his heart. It's like the frigid cold that comes when there is no heat, or the absolute darkness that comes when there is no light. It is the bitter cold and desperate darkness of the rejection of God manifesting evil in God's good creation.
Question: Is God present in your life? If you never wore a cross around your neck or never told anyone that you were a Christian would the love that is God declare to the world that you belong to Him? What signs are there in your life that identifies you as a Christian'a child of God reborn through baptism into the life of the Trinity?
Resources and recommended reading:
Michal Hunt, Copyright © 2008 Agape Bible Study. Permissions All Rights Reserved.


text:
Roses - Cultivation
( Originally Published 1914 )
IF the directions given in this book for location, preparation of bed, ordering, planting and pruning have been followed, the really hard work is over and the most pleasant part is ahead. The actual culture of the rose is very easy and agreeable. Beyond a little spring and autumn care, some spraying and the weeding of the beds, there is not much work to be done. In the spring, after the frost is out of the ground, take off the covering of the bed, whether it be litter or only leaves. The little mounds should now be raked down so that the bed is level, and if the roses were covered with litter the greater part of it, especially the straw, should be removed, and the manure that is left should be forked into the bed; but not to the extent of disturbing the roots. After the roses are pruned, the next thing is the feeding of the plants in order to give a particularly fine growth.
In the bed itself, there is enough manure to furnish the roots with food for many years, but to secure the best results feed the roots from the surface. Wood ashes and bone meal may be alternately forked into the bed after growth has begun. Another good food is liquid manure water in the proportion of half a bushel of manure to a barrel of water weak and often" is the old gardener's recipe. Dr. Huey advocates watering heavily during dry conditions before such feeding.
Blood diluted with water is sometimes used. Mr. Frederick W. Taylor applied this alternately with manure water; his recipe is five pounds of blood to a barrel of water. After mixing, permit the blood to settle, then draw off the greater part of the water; use the same blood in the same manner twice again, five pounds making three mixtures.
In April or May the shoots should begin to grow, and very shortly the buds themselves will appear and gradually turn into blooms. On certain varieties, too few unfortunately, there is only one terminal bud on each growth; on a great many, small buds will appear close to the larger ones; these should be carefully removed as naturally they take a certain amount of sustenance, and the main bloom will develop better and will be of finer quality if it receives all the nourishment. It does not take very long to go over the plants and disbud all these smaller flower buds, and unless nothing but a mass of color is preferred remove them. This can be easily and quickly done by hand.
It will be found that all the young buds and leaves are covered with little, light green insects—Green Flies or Aphides, which are common pests in rose gardens. There is a very effective remedy for them which will greatly check their future development; this is to spray with a solution of tobacco stems and whale oil soap. The best proportions are as follows: Two ounces of tobacco stems to a bucket of water, to which add an ounce of whale oil soap, first dissolved in a small quantity of hot water. It will take about three hours for this to dissolve. It should then be added to the tobacco mixture. Doctor H. A. Surface, the Zoologist of the State of Pennsylvania, recommends a mixture of one ounce of Blackleaf No, 40 with five gallons of water. This is more convenient than the infusion with tobacco stems and gives the same result. It may be bought at seed stores.
Add 7 1/2 oz. of soft soap to the above so that the spray will adhere to the foliage. The Aphides are quickly destroyed with this spray and a gallon of the mixture by careful application is enough for from fifteen to twenty-five rose plants; by applying with an ordinary whisk broom it will take care of fifty plants and can be done as well, but it requires more time in applying than with the sprayer. Spray three days in succession.
By this time the ground will naturally need weeding. It seems hardly necessary to go into details regarding the proper method. An ordinary scratch hoe, as the gardener terms it, will quickly take out the weeds and also destroy some of those not yet up. Care must be taken not to hurt the rose roots.
As the days become warmer and the ground drier take more care of the plants. Keep the earth broken up in the beds and do not permit it to form a hard cake or crust, as it will do if left alone. This breaking up should be done twice a week. In addition to this consider feeding the roses further for the very best blooms. For this purpose ordinary manure water, as described above, is the best possible food and perhaps easiest to secure in most places. When the` roses are fully formed, withhold manure water until after the first crop, apply again as each succeeding crop of buds commences to develop. Roses need a slight rest between crops. If a mulch has been used, there will be very little weeding and no breaking up of dried earth necessary and the moisture should be well conserved in the beds.
Watering is necessary in very dry weather if the ground becomes thoroughly baked, but never water late in the day. The plants should go to sleep with dry foliage, otherwise mildew will develop. Roses should always be watered early in the morning before the temperature rises—it is unnatural to water them during heat—they are accustomed to cool temperature with rain. Mildew is a disease of the leaves which appears when there is too much moisture. The use of peat moss will render watering to some extent unnecessary.
One other plague to watch for is the rose slug, which chews the leaves. This pest must be destroyed by a stronger preparation than tobacco leaves, as it is very hardy and not as quickly disposed of as the little green bug. The very best remedy is powdered white hellebore. Make a solution of two tablespoonfuls in a bucket of boiling water, and after it has cooled apply it with a whisk broom under the leaves. For the larger leaf eaters and borers it is necessary to pick by band.
Watch carefully for any sprouts of the Manetti or, other stock; on which the roses themselves are budded or grafted. The cutting off of these suckers from the root itself is the proper remedy for this enemy to the growth of the plant.
Rose bugs or beetles are really the worst pests. The only cure has been to pick by hand, dropping them into kerosene.
So the plants work on through the hotter part of the summer and now towards its close the nights commence to become cooler and the days are still quite warm; the air itself is very moist and humid. This occurs usually in the latter part of August, and this change from eighty degrees or more in the day-time to sixty degrees or less in the night is one which the rose foliage does not like. When there is also great humidity mildew is liable to occur. A good remedy is grape dust, which can be obtained in any seed store. Another fine remedy is a solution of sulphide of potassium, one-quarter of an ounce to a gallon of water, to which add one and one-half ounces of common soft soap or one-half ounce of Fels-Naphtha soap. The soap should be boiled be-fore being added to the solution. Always spray early in the morning, and if mildew has already appeared, spray early in the morning after each heavy rain. During the past year Bordeaux Mixture has proved the best preparation for the prevention of mildew. This may be purchased already mixed and with directions for use, at any seed store.
Black spot is another disease which sometimes comes towards the end of the summer. It is experienced mostly in potted greenhouse plants. If only dormant field-grown stock is used the disease is not so prevalent. Dr. Huey concurs in this opinion and, as a cure, advocates picking off and burning affected leaves as soon as they appear. Last year a formaldehyde solution was used with fair success, but black spot is most difficult to eradicate.
The "American Florist," in its issue of June 14, 1914, has a very interesting article on black spot treatment, taken from publications of the National Rose Society of England. The main point in the article is that black spot is a fungous disease which invades the living tissues of the plant and there reproduces itself by means of spores on the leaves. To combat the disease formaldehyde is suggested and is supposed to be absorbed by the tissues of the plant and to kill the spores on the leaves. This article further states that it is considered advisable to use the formaldehyde as a spray, not only on the leaves and stems, but also to have the solution reach the plant through the soil. To accomplish this result it is advised that "the cool of a calm evening in summer when the soil had been previously loosened, and moistened if necessary, would be ideal." In the treatment referred to above it is necessary, in order to secure the proper results, to spray as soon as the buds begin to open early in the spring, and for this early spraying two tablespoonfuls of commercial formaldehyde are diluted in a gallon of water; for later spraying when the plant is in full growth one-half strength is used, i. e., one tablespoonful to a gallon of water, and the weaker spray used at intervals of a week or ten days through the growing season. Where black spot has gained a firm hold on the plants, it is also advocated that a solution of double strength be used in February.
Professor L. M. Massey and Professor Whetzel, of Cornell, are making investigations of diseases of roses. This work is most valuable and considerable progress has been made in dividing and classifying. It has been discovered that there are a number of different diseases which have generally been designated as black spot.
In this connection, it is most important that this research be given all the help possible throughout the country by rose growers, as the workers are most anxious to have specimens showing diseases on rose bushes sent to them. It would be best, where the entire plant is affected, to send the plant with the roots, but the soil is not of any moment. In the case of leaves, it is better not to wet them but to place in newspaper, and send by mail.
It has been thought that black spot was merely a ripening of the leaves of the plant, and a natural condition. At Cornell it has been proved that black spot is absolutely traceable to a fungous growth, and Professor Massey is quoted: "The organism can be isolated at will, and the disease readily produced by inoculations."
As the nights become still colder the blooms will, of course, take longer to develop; nevertheless the roses make a fight to give flowers and the late bloomers continue to do so until about the middle of November. From the middle to the last of November is the time roses should be given 'proper winter protection.
The first thing to do with all ordinary bushes is to cut them down to an approximate height of a foot and a half. They will nearly all die down to this height or below in any event, and by cutting off the bushy tops damage by high wind is prevented. The mulch should at this time be removed and saved for the following spring.
The matter of hilling up has been noted, but is so
important that it is repeated. It consists of heaping the ground up around the bush. It is well to add some top soil to the bed and hoe this up in a little mound around each plant to a height not less than six inches above the bed level.
Mr. H. J. Staples, of Biddeford, Maine, who has tried a number of roses advocated in our former editions with very good success, claims that in his section it is better to make the hills around the roses twelve inches in height. By this method he lost only twelve out of seventy-five roses during the winter of 1915-1916. It is also interesting to note that he reports the blooming of the roses, with very few exceptions, to be identical with the records given for the Middle Atlantic States.
With the Hybrid Perpetuals and the very hardiest of the Hybrid Teas this hilling up is not really necessary, but there are very many beautiful varieties which must be brought through the winter by this method.
After the roses are hilled up, wait until the ground freezes before placing the litter on the beds. No insects or mice will then inhabit it during the winter and injure the green wood of the canes. Another good way is to fill the spaces between the little mounds with autumn leaves or meadow hay, with enough earth spread over the top to keep them from blowing away. This is an easy method and undoubtedly adds warmth to the beds.
In the extreme North, the best protection is to lay down and cover with waterproof building paper, which in turn should be covered with earth.
After the winter is over it is better to remove the litter or leaves too early rather than too late, because they will rapidly heat up under the influence of the warm spring sun and the buds of the rose canes will be forced into breaking too early, when any later heavy frost will severely kill back the young shoots so started by the heat. It is therefore advisable to take this covering from the roses when the frost is out of the ground and before the heat of the sun be-comes great and lasting.
Standard roses should be most carefully protected. Try placing around them a rough box made of boards and filling it with earth, covering well above the junction of the strong growing stalk with the rose itself. Another good method often used is to bend down the entire plant after carefully loosening the roots and to place it in a trench and cover it heavily with earth.
Most Hybrid Wichuraiana and other climbers will come through the winter well by themselves. Others, however, winter kill more or less, not enough to kill the plant itself but to destroy parts of the main stems. The Wichuraiana climbers bloom upon the wood of the preceding year, and if such wood is lacking and the rose has to throw up new shoots there will be no bloom. If the main shoots are killed back the few existing blooms will be low down, so that in the far north it would be well to bend down the canes and protect them with the usual blanket of earth and waterproof building paper.