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Getting out and about on a bike takes you at a speed where you can take in the amazing sights, sounds, and fragrances of Crete as well are being able to interact with the friendly locals.
The incredibly different terrains on the island lends itself perfectly to a wide range of different cycling tours that cater to all levels of fitness. From the mountainous areas and rocky paths, to the large plateaus and flatter coastal regions there is something for all the members of the family to enjoy.
Different guided tours are available for either seriously fit cycling enthusiasts, or for beginners/families with children/weekend cyclists etc. who require a less demanding route (often downhill from the mountains to the coast, or along gently undulating off road tracks), and a leisurely pace. Guides, transfers, support vehicles with bike trailers, bike, and helmet are supplied on cycling excursions.
Modern, well maintained mountain bikes, trekking bikes, city bikes and children's bikes can be rented and delivered to your villa by a choice of bike companies if required. Ideal for pottering around the village or exploring the smaller trails through the orange and olive groves in the flatter area behind Kalives that includes the villages of Stylos, Nea Horio, and Armeni.

subset: commoncrawl


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Background Chinese herbal medicine has been used to treat millions of people with schizophrenia for thousands of years.
Aims To evaluate Chinese herbal medicine as a treatmentfor schizophrenia.
Method A systematic review of randomised controlled trials (RCTs).
Results Seven trials were included. Most studies evaluated Chinese herbal medicine in combination with Western antipsychotic drugs; in these trials results tended to favour combination treatment compared with antipsychotic alone (Clinical Global Impression `not improved/worse' n=123, RR=0.19, 95% CI 0.1-0.6, NNT=6,95% CI 5-11; n=109, Brief Psychiatric Rating Scale `not improved/worse' RR=0.78,95% CI 0.5-1.2; n=109, Scale for the Assessment of Negative Symptoms `not improved/worse' RR=0.87,95% CI 0.7-1.2; n=109, Scale for the Assessment of Positive Symptoms `not improved/worse' RR=0.69,95% CI 0.5-1.0, NNT=6 95% CI 4-162). Medium-term study attrition was significantlyless for people allocated the herbal/antipsychotic mix (n=897, four RCTs, RR=0.34,95% CI 0.2-0.7, NNT=23,95% CI18-43).
Conclusions Results suggest that combining Chinese herbal medicine with antipsychotics is beneficial.
Chinese medicine, now commonly referred to as `traditional Chinese medicine' has been used to treat schizophrenia-like illness for over 2000 years (Ming, 2001). Although antipsychotic drugs are the mainstay of treatment both in China and in the West, they are associated with serious adverse effects such as tardive dyskinesia and tremor. In addition, about 20% of people do not respond adequately to treatment (Brenner et al, 1990). Some earlier reports have suggested that Chinese herbal medicine is effective for psychosis and that combination treatments (drugs plus herbs) are useful to enhance antipsychotic efficacy or reduce the period of recovery and adverse effects (Saku, 1991; Wang, 1998a).
The methodology used in traditional Chinese medicine to diagnose and treat schizophrenia differs from that used in Western medicine. Traditional Chinese medicine differentiates cases of schizophrenia into syndromes, and it is these syndromes rather than the disease label such as schizophrenia or dian kuang (withdrawal mania), that determine treatment (Fig. 1). There are five main syndromes that fall within the disease category of dian kuang which may also include the Western diagnosis of schizophrenia. The five types are:
qi stagnation with blood stasis;
hyperactivity of fire due to yin deficiency;
other miscellaneous types (Zhang, 1996).
Each syndrome has a specific herbal formulation, but patients typically have mixed clinical presentations requiring formulas to be adapted by adding or subtracting herbs. To complicate matters, in China herbal medicines are sometimes used within the Western diagnostic paradigm alone without incorporating traditional theory. Nevertheless, because of the enormous population of China, even if herbal medicines are given to only a small proportion of the estimated 13 million Chinese people with schizophrenia, these treatment approaches could still be some of the most prevalent used for this illness.
Full details of all methods used and the predefined inclusion criteria are published elsewhere (Rathbone et al, 2005). Randomised controlled trials were included if participants had schizophrenia, schizophreniform psychosis or a schizophrenia-like illness, diagnosed by any criteria. Interventions included Chinese herbal medicines (plant, animal or mineral) given in any dosage or combination, with or without a basis in traditional Chinese medical theory, compared with any other approach.
Studies were identified from searches of the Cochrane Schizophrenia Group's register of trials, which incorporates regular searches of BIOSIS Inside, CENTRAL, CINAHL, EMBASE, MEDLINE and PsycINFO; the hand-searching of relevant journals and conference proceedings and searches of several grey literature sources. Additional databases searched included the Traditional Chinese Medical Literature Analysis and Retrieval System, the Chinese Biomedical Database, the China National Knowledge Infrastructure database and the Allied and Complementary Medicine Database (AMED). Full details of the English and Mandarin phrases used are reported elsewhere (Rathbone et al, 2005).
Data were not utilised from studies in which more than 50% of participants in any group were lost to follow-up (this does not include the outcome of `leaving the study early'). In studies with a less than 50% withdrawal rate people leaving the study early were considered to have had the negative outcome, except for the event of adverse effects and death. For binary outcomes, the fixed-effects relative risk and its 95% confidence interval were calculated. The numbers needed to treat/harm (NNT/NNH) were also calculated. An estimate of the weighted mean difference (WMD) between groups and its 95% confidence interval were calculated for continuous data. Data were not pooled if standard deviations were too wide, suggesting considerable skew (Altman & Bland, 1996). Heterogeneity between studies was assessed by inspecting the relevant graph; this was supplemented using the I2 statistic (Higgins et al, 2003). If inconsistency was high (⩾75%), the data were not pooled but were presented separately and the reasons for heterogeneity investigated.
Citations were inspected independently by at least two reviewers. The reliability of the data extraction was checked using a 10% sample. Full reports of studies of agreed relevance were obtained, quality-rated (Alderson et al, 2004) and data extracted for details of methods, participants, interventions and outcomes. Disagreements between reviewers were discussed and if they could not be resolved further information was sought from authors. Main outcomes of interest were predefined as clinical response in global or mental state, adverse events including extrapyramidal adverse effects, service use including hospitalisation and relapse, quality of life, leaving the study early, death and economic evaluations.
Electronic searches resulted in over 640 citations but most clearly did not meet the inclusion criteria. Full copies of only 14 studies were obtained, of which we could include 7 (Table 1). Of those we excluded, three were not randomised (Cao & Wang, 2000; Gong et al, 2000; Rong, 2001), three did not report usable data (Zhao et al, 1997; Wang, 1998b; Han et al, 2002) and one study did not use Chinese herbal medicine (Zhen & Feng, 1992).
We identified 16 citations dating from 1987 to 2002 for the seven included studies. Overall, descriptions of studies were poorly reported. Two trials were available in both Chinese and English (Luo et al, 1997; Zhang et al, 2001), four in Chinese only (Meng et al, 1996; Zhu et al, 1996; Chen et al, 1997; Zhang et al, 1997) and one in English only (Zhang et al, 1987). All seven included studies were conducted in China and were described as being randomised, but none gave a description of the allocation procedure. Double-blind methodology was used in three studies, all of which used Ginkgo biloba extract (EGb761) combined with antipsychotics. All trials included in this review contained a moderate risk of bias (category B; Alderson et al, 2004). Trials ranged in sample size from 40 to 545 participants and lasted from 20 days to 6 months. Only one study (Zhang et al, 1997) attempted to allocate treatment according to traditional Chinese medicine syndrome differentiation. The other six studies employed Western diagnoses of schizophrenia with no further differentiation into the traditional Chinese syndromes, and six used operational diagnostic criteria. Three studies included people with chronic schizophrenia (mean duration 17 years), three did not report participants' history of illness and one study involved mostly people at first admission to hospital.
Herbal medicine alone v. chlorpromazine
Only one study (Zhang et al, 1987) gave the treatment group herbal medicines without the addition of an antipsychotic. Over a 20-day period, global state outcome `not improved/worse' significantly favoured the control group receiving chlorpromazine (n=90; RR=1.88, 95% CI 1.2 to 2.9, NNH=4, 95% CI 2 to 14). No participant left the study early.
Herbal medicine plus antipsychotics v. antipsychotics alone
Herbal medicines given according to traditional Chinese medicine syndrome differentiation – in only one study (Zhang et al, 1997), using dang gui cheng qi tang or xiao yao san – when combined with antipsychotic medication (unspecified) scored significantly lower for the outcome of global state `not improved/worse' than the control group given unspecified antipsychotics (NNT=6, 95% CI 5 to 11; Fig. 2(a)). Further global state data from the Clinical Global Impression (CGI) scale – Meng et al (1996), unknown antipsychotic; Zhu et al (1996), chlorpromazine – also favoured the herbal medicine plus antipsychotic group (Fig. 2(b)).
Zhang et al (2001) found Brief Psychiatric Rating Scale (BPRS) scores dichoto-mised to `not improved/worse' were equivocal (n=109, RR=0.78, 95% CI 0.5 to 1.2) when Ginkgo biloba plus haloperidol were compared with haloperidol, as were data from the Scale for the Assessment of Negative Symptoms (SANS) (n=109, RR=0.87, 95% CI 0.7 to 1.2). However, the Scale for the Assessment of Positive Symptoms (SAPS) did slightly favour the herbal medicine plus haloperidol combination (n=109, RR=0.69, 95% CI 0.5 to 1.0; NNT=6, 95% CI 4 to 162). Continuous short-term BPRS data – Meng et al (1996), unknown antipsychotic; Zhu et al (1996), chlorpromazine – significantly favoured the herbal medicine plus antipsychotic combination (Fig. 2(c)), but data were heterogeneous (I2=81%). Medium-term BPRS data (Fig. 2(c)) also favoured the herbal medicine plus antipsychotic combination: Luo et al (1997), antipsychotics clozapine, chlorpromazine, sulpiride, perphenazine and haloperidol; and Zhang et al (2001), haloperidol (n=621, WMD= –4.17, 95% CI –5.5 to – 2.8). Medium-term SANS scores (Fig. 2(d)) significantly favoured the herbal medicine plus antipsychotic group.
Adverse events are associated with antipsychotic medication, and combining herbal medicines with chlorpromazine (Zhu et al, 1996) did not mitigate extrapyramidal adverse effects, with both groups being equivocal. Constipation, however, was significantly lower in the herbal plus antipsychotic combination group (0/32) despite patients receiving the constipating antipsychotic chlorpromazine (n=67; RR=0.03, 95% CI 0.0 to 0.5; NNH=2, 95% CI 2 to 4); the comparison group (chlorpromazine alone) fared less well (19/35). Medium-term studies found significantly fewer patients leaving the study early (Fig. 2(e)) in the herbal plus antipsychotic group (n=897, four RCTs, RR=0.34, 95% CI 0.2 to 0.7; NNT=23, 95% CI 18 to 43).
Sensitivity analysis: Ginkgo biloba alone or plus antipsychotics v. antipsychotics
Studies of Ginkgo biloba were tested in a sensitivity analysis by comparing them with the original pooled data (Ginkgo biloba data pooled with other herbs). Effect sizes for CGI and BPRS scores were increased for Ginkgo biloba when analysed separately, although these differences were not statistically significant.
Six of the seven studies evaluated the use of Chinese herbs for schizophrenia rather than traditional Chinese herbal medicine for schizophrenia, i.e. treatment was allocated according to a diagnosis of schizophrenia without further differentiation according to traditional Chinese methodology. Study sizes were generally small and pooled data were typically derived from one or two studies. All outcomes, therefore, were underpowered. The one study that incorporated traditional Chinese medical theory did show significant improvement in global state but was limited by lack of blinding. There were no descriptions of allocation concealment and no assurances that blinding was maintained. The type of antipsychotic used and the dosages were often poorly reported, although three studies used the same herbal intervention – Ginkgo biloba (EGb761). The remainder, however, used different herbal medicines, and unfortunately all three Ginkgo biloba studies used different antipsychotic medications.
Herbal medicine alone v. antipsychotics
Global state measured as `not improved/worse' favoured the chlorpromazine group (NNT with chlorpromazine 4, 95% CI 2 to 14) when compared with the treatment group receiving dang gui cheng qi tang. This NNT concurs with findings when chlorpromazine is compared with placebo (Adams et al, 2007); however, this is based on a single study (n=90; Zhang et al, 1987) lasting 20 days with participants given Chinese herbs according to a diagnosis of schizophrenia without using traditional Chinese medicine differentiation. Results must therefore be interpreted with caution given the design limitations, but nevertheless do not support dang gui cheng qi tang as a sole treatment for schizophrenia.
Herbal medicine plus antipsychotics v. antipsychotics alone
The herbal medicine group receiving either dang gui cheng qi tang or xiao yao san plus antipsychotics were significantly less likely to have an outcome of `no change or worse' compared with participants receiving only antipsychotics, measured using the Clinical Global Impression scale (NNT=6, 95% CI 5 to 11). This could be an important finding and does fit with the CGI continuous scores. These results are broadly encouraging and suggest that combining herbal medicines with antipsychotics might be beneficial, although results are only based on two small studies (total n=103). These vaguely positive finding also apply to mental state outcomes. The dichotomised BPRS and SANS measures reported by Zhang et al (2001); n=109) were equivocal, but SAPS scores again showed borderline significance in favour of the herbal medicine plus antipsychotic combination. Medium-term continuous SANS data, however, provided more robust results, with three studies (n=741) favouring the herbal plus antipsychotic combination group. The experimental group had, on average, nine points less on this scale than those allocated to antipsychotic drugs alone. In our opinion, in this group of chronically unwell people such an average difference would be noticeable and clinically meaningful. Further supporting this improvement, both short-term and medium-term BPRS scores were significantly better for those receiving herbal medicines plus antipsychotics compared with those receiving antipsychotic drugs alone, although there was heterogeneity in these results. The latter might have been due to the use of different antipsychotic drugs between trials.
Adverse effect Treatment Emergent Signs and Symptoms scores were reported by Zhang et al (2001), but standard deviations were wide and no conclusion can be made with confidence. Only one study (Zhu et al, 1996; n=67) reported extrapyramidal symptoms, and these were not significantly different between groups. In one trial in which both groups were given chlorpromazine, constipation was significantly more frequent in the control group (NNH=2). In this trial the herb used was a purgative used also in Western medicine – Rhizoma rhei palmatum (rhubarb).
Numbers of participants leaving the study early in the short term were similar for both groups. Medium-term data showed significantly fewer left early in the herbal medicine plus antipsychotic group compared with people receiving only antipsychotics (n=897; 2% v. 7%). In the context of these studies, the addition of herbal medicine did not worsen treatment compliance and there is the suggestion that the addition of the herbal medicine made it easier for participants to take standard antipsychotics.
We did a post hoc sensitivity analysis for the single herb Ginkgo biloba, used outside the traditional Chinese medicine approach within a Western model of schizophrenia. We found no evidence that this particular herb had remarkable effects.
The application of traditional Chinese herbal medicine is fundamentally interwoven with syndrome differentiation. Failure to apply syndrome differentiation may result in treatments being ineffective or even harmful. Despite this, there is some evidence that these Chinese herbal medicines, combined with antipsychotics and given in a way that is not in keeping with their normal use within traditional Chinese medicine, may be beneficial for people with schizophrenia across a range of outcomes. If these medicines are used within their usual context the positive effects could be greater. Even the gains seen in this review would still be important for the millions for whom these treatments are used. Both West and East need well-reported (Moher et al, 2001) randomised trials that are adequately powered, blinded and of sufficient duration so we can detect meaningful treatment effects with high levels of confidence.
- Received May 31, 2006.
- Revision received September 8, 2006.
- Accepted January 16, 2007.
- © 2007 Royal College of Psychiatrists


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Motor Carrier Safety:
Preliminary Information on Challenges to Ensuring the Integrity of Drug Testing Programs
GAO-08-220T: Published: Nov 1, 2007. Publicly Released: Nov 1, 2007.
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Crashes involving commercial motor carriers, including trucks and buses, account for 13 percent of all highway deaths each year. While illegal drug use is not among the most frequently cited factors associated with large truck crashes; studies show that the use of illegal drugs, such as marijuana, heroin, or cocaine, can severely impair driving ability. Since 1988, federal regulations have required commercial drivers to submit urine samples to be tested for drugs. The Federal Motor Carrier Safety Administration (FMCSA) is responsible for ensuring compliance with these regulations. News reports and other investigations have raised concerns that drivers may be escaping detection by avoiding the test or somehow altering the results. This testimony provides preliminary information on the challenges confronting FMCSA in (1) overseeing and enforcing compliance with drug testing regulations and (2) ensuring the integrity of the drug tests and the processes for keeping drivers with identified drug problems off the roads. It is based on work currently in process, which includes examining options to address these challenges. GAO's work thus far has included interviews with officials from the Department of Transportation (DOT) and the Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration (SAMHSA), along with a wide variety of stakeholders, including motor carriers, unions, and industry associations. GAO discussed this testimony with DOT officials and incorporated their comments as appropriate.
FMCSA faces two key challenges in ensuring that commercial motor carriers have drug testing programs in place. First, there appears to be a significant lack of compliance among motor carriers, particularly small carriers and self-employed drivers. Violations of drug testing protocols are noted in more than 40 percent of FMCSA's safety audits conducted since 2003 of carriers that have recently started operations and more than 70 percent of the compliance reviews conducted on carriers already in the industry since 2001. These problems also extend to service agents, which are entities that collect urine samples or administer other aspects of the program. For example, GAO investigators working under cover tested 24 collection sites and determined that 22 did not fully comply with applicable protocols. The second challenge is that FMCSA's oversight activities are limited, both in quantity and scope. Safety audits, which are targeted at new entrants, began in 2003 and, as a result, do not affect carriers in business earlier than 2003. Such companies can be covered in compliance reviews, but these reviews occur at only about 2 percent of carriers a year, according to FMCSA data. In addition, FMCSA oversight does not specifically address compliance by service agents, such as collection sites, unless there are particular allegations or complaints. Even when FMCSA is able to ensure that carriers and others are in compliance with drug testing requirements, there are additional challenges in ensuring the integrity of drug testing programs. The urine test itself can be subverted in various ways, such as adulterating or diluting the urine sample or substituting synthetic urine or a drug-free sample. Products designed to ''beat'' the test are brazenly marketed on the Internet. The extent to which subversion is occurring is unknown------and is impossible to determine. SAMHSA officials with whom we met told us when adulterants work well and destroy the evidence of their presence, they are undetectable. Furthermore, the required urine test has certain limitations. For example, it covers only five drug categories (marijuana; cocaine; amphetamines; opiates, such as heroin; and phencyclidine (PCP)), and it may provide a clean result if a person has not used any of these drugs within the past several days. Finally, drivers may not disclose instances in which they failed previous drug tests. If they are able to remain drug-free for enough time to pass a preemployment test, their new employer may not know about their past history of drug use. GAO identified various options to address these challenges, some of which were proposed by carriers, industry associations, DOT, and others. These options include publicizing educational information about the regulations for carriers, service agents, and drivers; encouraging carriers to do more to ensure service agent compliance; improving and expanding FMCSA oversight and enforcement authority; adopting federal legislation to prohibit products designed to tamper with a drug test; and developing a national reporting requirement for past positive drug test results. GAO's ongoing work will examine the advantages and disadvantages of the various options in more detail; we expect to issue the report in May 2008.
Jan 30, 2018
Highway and Transit Projects:Evaluation Guidance Needed for States with National Environmental Policy Act AuthorityGAO-18-222: Published: Jan 30, 2018. Publicly Released: Jan 30, 2018.
Jan 16, 2018
Commercial Space Launch Insurance:FAA Needs to Fully Address Mandated RequirementsGAO-18-57: Published: Jan 16, 2018. Publicly Released: Jan 16, 2018.
Dec 21, 2017
Transportation Security Administration:After Oversight Lapses, Compliance with Policy Governing Special Authority Has Been StrengthenedGAO-18-172: Published: Dec 21, 2017. Publicly Released: Dec 21, 2017.
Dec 14, 2017
Transportation Security Administration:Surface Transportation Inspector Activities Should Align More Closely With Identified RisksGAO-18-180: Published: Dec 14, 2017. Publicly Released: Dec 14, 2017.
Dec 4, 2017
Auto Recalls:NHTSA Should Take Steps to Further Improve the Usability of Its WebsiteGAO-18-127: Published: Dec 4, 2017. Publicly Released: Dec 4, 2017.
Nov 30, 2017
Automated Vehicles:Comprehensive Plan Could Help DOT Address ChallengesGAO-18-132: Published: Nov 30, 2017. Publicly Released: Nov 30, 2017.
Nov 15, 2017
Commercial Aviation:Pilots' and Flight Attendants' Exposure to Noise aboard AircraftGAO-18-109R: Published: Nov 15, 2017. Publicly Released: Nov 15, 2017.
Nov 2, 2017
Discretionary Transportation Grants:DOT Should Take Actions to Improve the Selection of Freight and Highway ProjectsGAO-18-38: Published: Nov 2, 2017. Publicly Released: Nov 2, 2017.
Oct 31, 2017
Railroad Safety:Quiet Zone Analyses and Inspections Could Be ImprovedGAO-18-97: Published: Oct 31, 2017. Publicly Released: Oct 31, 2017.
Oct 26, 2017
Driver and Vehicle Data:Federal Efforts and Stakeholders' Perspectives on Facilitating Data SharingGAO-18-98R: Published: Oct 26, 2017. Publicly Released: Oct 26, 2017.
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For the Record, March 14, 2014
March 14, 2014
Havre Police Department
Officers investigated a 9:02 a.m. Thursday call from 2nd Street about the calling party's granddaughter running away.
Officers investigated a 9:08 a.m. Thursday call from 5th Avenue about gas stolen from a work vehicle.
Dolan Weaver Tuss, 20, of Havre was issued a summons on a charge of possession of drug paraphernalia after an officer assisted another law agency at 10:22 a.m. Thursday on Spruce Drive.
Officers investigated a 2:24 p.m. Thursday call from a Montana Avenue business about a stolen bike found at a pawn shop.
Officers investigated a 4:05 p.m. Thursday call from 1st Avenue about a needle on a retaining wall the calling party wanted removed.
Officers investigated a 6:27 p.m. Thursday call from a 7th Avenue park about the calling party's husband being bit by a blue heeler that belonged to a group of kids who took off.
Officers investigated a 7:38 p.m. Thursday call from 5th Street about the calling party requesting an officer come to her house because her 14-year-old niece was crying and a male she did not know was there.
Officers investigated an 8:45 p.m. Thursday report at the police station about the reporting party going home and finding her wallet was missing.
Nichole Lynn Belle, 34, of Havre was arrested on a charge of criminal contempt after officers responded to a 9:59 p.m. Thursday call from 10th Street West about the calling party hearing fighting.
Gary Lee Ferguson, 22, of Havre was arrested on two Justice or City court warrants and Chelsey Leigh Buck, 26, of Havre was arrested on a charge of partner or family member assault after officers responded to an 11:47 p.m. Thursday call from 1st Street Northeast about a disturbance.
Leena Healy, 19, of Havre was arrested on charges of criminal contempt and minor in posession and on a Justice or City court warrant after officers responded to a 2:40 a.m. call today from 1st Street Northeast about a possible party.
Hill County Sheriff's Office
Deputies responded to an 8:15 a.m. Thursday call from the Hill County Detention Center about an assault. Two arrests were made, but no further information was available.
Shawn Dean Baker, 43, of Mandaree, N.D., was arrested on charges of operating a motor vehicle without valid registration, suspended driver's license and no insurance, and Kememee Rose Blatt, 44, of Box Elder was arrested on a Justice Court warrant after a deputy made a motor vehicle stop on Main Street in Box Elder at 11:42 p.m. Thursday.
Havre Fire Department
Emergency medical personnel responded to three calls Thursday.
Firefighters were called to the 800 Block of 7th Street at 1:45 p.m. Thursday to address a residential fire alarm that was set off by burnt food.
A girl was born to Celesia Eagleman Onco and Curtis Onco III of Havre March 10, 2014.
A boy was born to Sheree Small and Walker OldBull of Box Elder March 11, 2014.


text: Last weekend, on my trip to Torino, Italy, I went for a photography lesson under the instruction of Dario Milano of Food Pixels to thrust myself into the world of supplemental lighting and props – and what an enlightening and eye opening experience it was! I had long admired Dario's work – his food photography blog and the goldmine of advice therein have been so instrumental in my own growth so far, I really could think of no one else I'd rather learn about lighting from. Dario introduced me to the whole concept of incorporating supplemental lighting (specifically flash) into a food photo shoot.


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University Safety Office Launches Web Site
Posted: April 12, 2001 at 1:00 am, Last Updated: November 30, -0001 at 12:00 am
Do you know the difference between a tornado watch and a warning? How do you respond to either announcement? Do you need to apply for a tent or bonfire permit for use on George Mason property? What if you had a fender-bender in a state vehicle and need copies of the required insurance forms? Are you running a summer camp and need to determine your professional and personal liability? All of that information and much more can be found on the Safety Office's new web site at www.gmu.edu/safety.
While some areas are still under construction and more will be added in the months ahead, many currently useful facts, policies, and procedures are available online now. Also, many forms and applications are provided in both Microsoft Word and Adobe Acrobat formats for customers to download and use. While at the site, users can also check out the Fire Safety Plan, helpful tips on office safety, and drafts of the Emergency Response Plan and Emergency Action Guide. Users can also offer suggestions on other documents being developed to codify the safety functions at George Mason.


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Product Description
Patagonia M's R1 Hoody Forge Grey
A venerated alpine essential, the R1 Hoody remains the optimal hooded midlayer for the full spectrum of mountain endeavors—now made with lighter and more breathable Polartec® Power Grid for outstanding stretch, compressibility and durability with Polygiene® permanent odor control.
After more than 15 years of cranking, our R1 fabric still sets the bar for alpine efficiency. Its high/low grid interior (Polartec® Power Grid polyester) is key to the hoody's versatility, and the highly refined fabric—the lightest and most breathable iteration ever—remains exclusive to Patagonia. It stretches, traps heat and compresses to practically nothing, with the pared-down but versatile features climbers and backcountry skiers need: a snug-fitting balaclava-style hood, a minimalist deep-venting front zipper with a soft zipper garage that keeps your chin comfy, and a Variable Conditions Cuff with discreet on-seam thumb holes and a spiral-stitch construction so you can push up the sleeves with no ensuing forearm pump. With off-shoulder seams for pack-wearing comfort, a long torso for layering under a harness, an exterior chest pocket and Polygiene® permanent odor control.
Patagonia M's R1 Hoody Forge Grey Product Features:
- Exclusive to Patagonia, this Polartec® Power Grid fabric (with Polygiene® permanent odor control) is lighter and more breathable than before, but with the same outstanding stretch and durability
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- Snug-fitting, balaclava-style hood fits comfortably under a helmet strap; center-front Slim Zip with a soft kissing-welt zipper garage at chin for next-to-skin comfort
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Patagonia M's R1 Hoody Forge Grey Weight and Material:
- 6.3-oz Polartec® Power Grid 93% recycled polyester/7% spandex with Polygiene® permanent odor control. Fabric is bluesign approved
- 364 g (12.85 oz)
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Patagonia M's R1 Hoody Forge Grey Additional Features:
Recycled PolyesterIn 1993, we adopted fleece into our product line made from post consumer recycled (PCR) plastic soda bottles. We were the first outdoor clothing manufacturer to do so. PCR clothing was a positive step towards a more sustainable system – one that uses fewer resources, discards less and better protects people's health.
Today, we're able to utilize more sources for recycled polyester and offer it on more garments such as Capilene baselayers, shell jackets, board shorts, and fleece. We now recycle used soda bottles, unusable manufacturing waste, and worn out garments (including our own) into polyester fibers to produce many of our clothes.
Using recycled polyester lessens our dependence on petroleum as a raw material source, curbs discards and reduces toxic emissions from incinerators.
bluesign Approved Fabric
Patagonia has worked with bluesign technologies since 2000 to evaluate and reduce resource consumption in our materials supply chain, and to assist us with managing the chemicals, dyes and finishes used in the process. bluesign technologies, based in Switzerland, works at each step in the textile supply chain to approve chemicals, processes, materials, and products that are safe for the environment, safe for workers, and safe for end customers.
In 2007, Patagonia became the first brand to officially join the network of bluesign system partners.
Any fabric you see that's bluesign approved offers the highest level of consumer safety by employing methods and materials in their manufacture that conserve resources and minimize impacts on people and the environment.
Additional Information
Additional Information
|Delivery time - Working days
|4 – 7
|Used materials
|6.3-oz Polartec? Power Grid? 93% recycled polyester/7% spandex with Polygiene? permanent odor control. Fabric is bluesign? approved
|Worldwide DHL Premium Air Mail


text:
Hi, I'm new to javascript. I'm trying to play around with a snippet that was posted on this site in the javascript forms section. It's called adding options 2 (http://javascript.internet.com/forms...options-2.html)
I was easily able to get the form working on my localhost. But, When I try to change the names of the options in the select list, they don't work. What I have done is changed "item 1" on the provided html form as well as "option 1" in the addingOptions.js script. They both have exactly the same names as I had copied and pasted, then checked about 2,000 times. For some reason, once I do that; the item no longer displays the subitems below when it is clicked.
This doesn't make sense to me because I cannot find any reason in the .js file why this would happen. Like I said, I'm totally new to JS and need help either understanding or fixing this.
Could anybody please either explain to me why this doesn't work or point me in a direction that will make it work?
A thousand thanks.


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Jay Bruce is no stranger to the longball. With that said, his most recent one came in unusual fashion on Friday night as the 24-year old legged out an inside-the-parker to give the Reds a 1-0 lead at the time. His ball certainly didn't clear the fence, but it goes down as a homer in the box score nonetheless, no. 14 on the season to be exact.
Bruce had this to say following the game:
"They said I looked terrible when I got to the dugout. But I thought I looked fine. I felt fine," Bruce said as a teammate yelled out "speed demon!" in the clubhouse. "Had enough gas to be safe, so that's all that matters."
It was the first career grand slam for the Beaumont, Texas native and the first by a Red since Drew Stubbs nailed one nearly one year to the date on June 17, 2011.


text:
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Eat in.
Id go for a nice juicy steak and Risotto. Potatoes and greens. ;))
Lol two starches!! Now thats what I call a happy meal.
**** 'em both. I'd rather eat my fridge.
Eat in! Who can enjoy McDonalds now that they've posted the calorie count for every single food item? Kind of makes me loose my appetite right there at the register, lol.
or how obese and unhealthy they're going to make you! lol
Both too greasy for my these days. That's why I've got a library of steak recipes to test. :)
Let's just eat leftover candy
I don't know bout u but I'm good I dont got any issues with sugar
It's a rush live a little
the pizza hut, the pizza hut kentucky fried chicken and the pizza hut... believe it or not it is a song I heard years ago on the radio
look it up on YouTube, I think ill get a good laugh out of it
look for the pizza hut lyrics.
I'd rather eat from a dumpster than to eat anything from Mc Death. lol
Sorry lol
I wouldn't have said it had I not meant it.
Eat in. Pizza from a gourmet pizza place, not Pizza Hut. With a nice fat Greek salad on the side.
I would, but I'm already married, and I'm no cougar.... maybe in our next lifetime. I'll still share my pizza, though... ;-)
Related Questions
Ok time for dinner and I don't want to cook. Should I eat, McDonald's, Beef Jerky, fast for the night, or order pizza?paclark 31-35 11 Answers 4 Apr 8, 2012


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Duck Dynasty Cast Issues Statement, Stands By Phil Robertsonby Free Britney at . Comments
The Robertson family has issued a statement in which they stand by Phil Robertson despite his recent comments to GQ.
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text:
Remember my post on Revlon introducing their Whipped Creme Makeup in India..see HERE..they were all over soon..and I am reviewing them today..
What the Company claims: Indulge with ColorStay Whipped Crème Makeup. Revlon, the leader in longwear makeup, introduces a new whipped crème foundation with time-release technology that provides all day flexible wear that won't cake or flake. Skin looks flawless with up to 24 hours wear!
The smooth, silky texture of ColorStay Whipped Crème Makeup blends right into your skin, with no heavy or cakey feeling. The formula, containing silk and botanicals, goes on silky smooth with coverage you can build to even out skin tone. Presented in a sleek glass jar, the luxurious crème makeup leaves a soft matte finish that will enhance any complexion.
So indulge your skin with Revlon ColorStay Whipped Crème Makeup, for a flawless look all day long. Long wear never looked and felt so good!
• Time release technology balances skin for a continuously flawless look.
• This next-generation patent-pending whipped crème formula feels lightweight and comfortable, so makeup looks flawless all day, without rubbing off
• Bouncy, whipped formula feels ultra light and silky smooth
• Soft Matte finish
• Buildable to full coverage
• Wears up to 24hrs
• Fragrance Free
• Oil Free
SHADES: 3 shades – Natural Ochre, Warm Golden & Natural Tan
MRP: Rs. 800/- for 23.7ml
I have Warm Golden and Natural Ochre..they come in a glass jar..which is quite heavy..I would not suggest travelling with these..
It has a white cap inside..the texture is quite thick and mousse like creamy..but not air filled or light weight like the Inglot AMC Mousse Foundation..but more rich and creamy..like whipped cream exactly..as the name goes..
Now I saw the pics on some blogs where it appeared thinner and not mousse like..I feel the texture melts in summers and becomes more liquidy..if you get it..
It gives a medium to heavy coverage…I use it very lightly and in lesser qty when I just want some evenness and not full coverage..and when builded completely, it gives a flawless full coverage..this is perfect for weddings and stuff, or if you are a Makeup artist and need a foundation for brides…also it photographs beautifully..more so with flash..it gives a flawless canvas..but using too much of it may give a cakey look..
It gives a matte finish..so good for oily combination skin..but in winters I surely need a good moisturiser beneath..and dry skin would need it more so..and stays well whole day..in fact with this foundation, it appears better and better by the end of the day..I think it takes some time to blend in and gel with the skin..and settles beautifully.
|T: Natural Ochre, B: Warm Golden
Coming to the shades, both Warm Golden and Natural Ochre suit me..now Warm Golden is neutral and Natural Ochre is lightest with yellow undertones..but on blending..both matched well..in fact I used Warm Golden on half side and Natural Ochre on other half..and there was hardly any visible difference 😀 Though Warm Golden is one shade that would suit many of us..
|See how both blend well..
1. Gives a flawless coverage when builded full.
2. Matte finish..so good for oily combination skin.
3. Photographs well.
4. Perfect for wedding, occasions and for MUA's
5. Easy to use…and blends in well.
6. Looks better and better by the end of the day.
7. Stays well whole day..with just slight powder touch up on T zone mostly.
8. At first I felt the qty was less, but actually its good enough..compared to other foundations too.
9. Economical for the range of full coverage foundations.
1. The packaging…very heavy glass jar..not travel friendly..and have to dip in fingers.
2. Only 3 shades available in India..there are none for darker skin tones.
3. Dry skin surely needs a moisturiser beneath..and if you like dewy finish..this one is not for you..its all about matte.
4. It settles into fine lines at times..especially when not moisturised well..so a good primer enhances its look..I am not sure how this would fare on mature skin.
Overall I would say this is a very good foundation..especially for oily combination skin..and if you have some occasion coming up, I would say surely try this..it would give you a flawless base..and half the job is done ladies if the base is perfect 😉
Though I would have preferred more shades..only 3 shades obviously do not suit all..and fortunately both work well for me..I use both mixed together at times..so if you are around NC 30-35 Natural Ochre is your shade and for NC 37-40 Warm Golden it is..and those NC 42 and above, Natural Tan is for you..
If you have dry skin and like dewy finish..or do not like full coverage foundations and like the ones that lets the skin breathe, like me, you may give this a skip..but occasionally I do prefer full coverage ones..
Quality: 4/5
Value for money: 3.75/5
Availability: 4/5
Overall Rating: 4/5
Would I buy it again: Yes..if required..
P.S: PR Samples. Honest Review.
Have you tried the Revlon ColorStay Whipped Creme Makeup?


text:
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Sai Baba Sai Baba-Shirdi Saibaba Album : Shirdi Saibaba 2001
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Sai Baba Sai Baba song from hindi movie Shirdi Saibaba,sung by Anuradha Paudwal,Anup Jalota,music by Pandurang Dixit,Bali Brahmbhatt,lyrics by Pandurang Dixit
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text:
Narine spins KKR past Mumbai at Wankhede
Kolkata spinner's four-wicket burst thwarts Mumbai Indians' star-studded batting line-up as hosts lose final home game by 32 runs
Kolkata Knight Riders virtually sealed a playoff berth with a 32-run win over Mumbai Indians in the Indian Premier League fifth edition yesterday.
The visitors hardly allowed Mumbai Indians to free their arms as they successfully defended their 140-7 total at the Wankhede Stadium. West Indian Sunil Narine, who became the purple cap holder, was the most impressive with 4-15 in 3.1 overs.
Mumbai Indians, who succumbed to their fifth defeat at home in eight games, have to win their last game against Rajasthan Royals on May 20 to keep their playoff hopes alive. Sachin Tendulkar and Herschelle Gibbs started off cautiously, scoring only 20 in first five overs.
Narine, however, showed why he is rated so highly when he managed to sneak through Tendulkar's defence with a sharp off-break. There was stunning silence after his departure for 27.
KKR bowlers, particularly L Balaji (2-11) and Narine kept things tight as Mumbai's batters started to wilt under the pressure of scoring at 12 runs an over after 15 overs. MI could never recover from back-to-back wickets (Pollard and Smith) by Kallis in the 17th over as they eventually folded up for 108.
Brief Scores:
Kolkata Knight Riders: 140 for seven in 20 overs (Manoj Tiwary 41, Gautam Gambhir 28; R P Singh 2-35)
Mumbai Indians: 108 all out in 19.1 overs (Sachin Tendulkar 27, Dinesh Karthik 20; Sunil Narine 4-15


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'Piranhas' hurt Clifton Park's ex-GOP leader
Published 4:55 pm, Thursday, July 5, 2012
Oddly enough, being the GOP leader in Clifton Park, one of the most safely Republican towns in the Capital Region, may just be the hardest job in the world — at least judging by how quickly it seems to devour those who don the crown.
In a lengthy email to members of the Clifton Park Republican Committee last week, Brian Telesh resigned as chairman and — in the process — blasted some of his fellow committee members as "piranhas."
Telesh, you may recall, was criticized for online statements attributed to him — and published in the Times Union — that called homosexuality an abomination.
In addition to steering the Clifton Park GOP, Telesh has been a strong backer of Saratoga County Clerk Kathy Marchione in her primary against state Sen. Roy McDonald, a Saratoga Republican, that stems in part on McDonald's decision to buck his party and cast one of the deciding votes for legalizing same-sex marriage last year.
Telesh denied any ill will toward gays and countered that he was the victim of a smear campaign by the media.
Still, several prominent members of the committee, including now-former Vice Chairman Robert Ritter and Clifton Park County Supervisor Anita Daly, called on Telesh to step down. His resignation was effective July 1, according to the email.
"People warned me that being Chairman is like 'herding cats' but they are wrong," Telesh wrote. "At least here in Clifton Park it is more like containing piranhas. ... The piranhas are those members who are always at the center of every controversy either real or manufactured."
Telesh endorsed Peter Murray, the committee's current treasurer, as his successor and accused Ritter of being the "ringleader" of a failed coup in May.
"I truly thought Mr. Ritter was my friend and that I could help him use his opportunity as Vice-Chairman to show that he could act in a wholesome manner quieting the critics who felt he could not," Telesh indignantly wrote. "I guess I was wrong."
A vote on the new chairman is scheduled for September.
Ritter, meanwhile, replied in kind, telling Insider: "It wasn't a failed coup. That's the furthest thing from the truth. The focus of this should be statements that he made that have now prompted his resignation."
Upfront about charge
The campaign season's most skilled act of political jujitsu so far may go to Shawn Morse
Morse, the chairman of the Albany County Legislature and a Cohoes Democrat running in a primary against eight-term state Sen. Neil Breslin, disclosed on Tuesday in a joint press release with Sheriff Craig Apple urging July 4th safety that he had once been arrested for driving while intoxicated.
"When I was a young man, I made the mistake of drinking and driving," Morse is quoted saying in the press release. "I was fortunate in that no one else was involved, but it was still a terrible mistake. Putting other people's safety at risk; losing your license and paying a fine, risking jail time — it's just not worth it."
A cynic might suggest that by disclosing the incident himself, Morse may well have disarmed his opponents from using it against him — and by doing it the day before a holiday, he may have been hoping that it would fly under the radar.
But Morse, in an interview, countered that his arrest — which he said happened 15 or 16 years ago — was no secret and had already been widely discussed during prior races.
A quick search of the Times Union archives found no mention of the incident, but Morse said he's often discussed it with youth he talks to in the city.
"That's been something that I've talked about for 15 years. It's never been hidden," Morse said. "My motto has always been that life gives you lessons, and the biggest mistake that you make is not sharing them with others."
Morse, who is now in his early 40s, said the irony of his arrest was that it came after he walked home from a softball game for fear that he was too intoxicated to drive. Several hours later, however, he said, he was asked to go pick up someone else who needed a ride and mistakenly thought he was by then sober enough.
Morse said the arrest resulted in a plea to a violation of driving while ability impaired, for which he paid a fine and received a restricted driver's license that allowed him to keep his job as a Cohoes firefighter.
"I paid the price," he said. "I faced the embarrassment. I took it as a man. I dealt with the consequence."
A show of support
Since April, Albany County Democratic Chairman Matthew Clyne has been adamant that he believes the county's Democratic committee should weigh in on the crowded primary to succeed retiring Assemblyman Jack McEneny
But the party membership opted instead — against his wishes — to back no one in what could end up being a six-way contest.
Still Clyne himself — who also is chairman of the Democratic committee in Bethlehem, newly a part of the 109th Assembly District — is not staying out of the fray.
When petitions started circulating last month, Clyne appeared on Pat Fahy's committee to fill vacancies — alongside Guilderland Democratic Chairman David Bosworth
And on Monday, when Fahy, a former Albany school board member, opened her campaign headquarters at 44 Central Ave. in the city, Clyne was among the politicians and community members standing at Fahy's side.
County Legislator Michael Mackey, who is also Democratic chairman in New Scotland, the third suburban town in the district, was also at Fahy's side — as were most of the Albany Common Council members from wards inside the Assembly district.
Mayor Jerry Jennings, meanwhile, is backing Frank Commisso Jr for the seat, while the Albany Police Officers Union and its parent union, Council 82, recently announced they are backing William McCarthy, an assistant state attorney general on leave while he runs for office.
Councilman Anton Konev, who lives nearby Fahy's new campaign HQ, hovered on the periphery of Fahy's ribbon cutting on Monday. He wasn't there to show support so much as size up the opposition. Konev is backing County Legislator Christopher Higgins and noted, with some measure of satisfaction, that Fahy's command center is about a half-block outside the district.
Inside Politics is compiled by Jordan Carleo-Evangelist. Jimmy Vielkind contributed. Reach the Insider at firstname.lastname@example.com, 454-5445 or on Twitter @JCEvangelist_TU


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The Daily Caller just reported that a Philadelphia polling place featured a mural of President Obama directly behind the voting booths.
In response a judge ordered election officials immediately cover the mural. An image of the order and its text appears below.
AND NOW, this 6th day of November, 2012, upon the oral petition of Linda A. Kerns, Esquire, on behalf of the Pennsylvania State Republican Committee, and the response of Adam Bonin, Esquire, on behalf of the Democratic City Committee of Philadelphia, and after agreement of counsel,
That the Judge of Election in the 35th Ward, 18th Division shall cover the mural, attached as Exhibit A, in its entirety for the duration of the election on November 6, 2012.
Signed: John Milton Younge, Jr.


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Story so far on both sides (with very few exceptions) : "Roar~ we're enemiiiies, we hate youuuu, but now is tea time, we'll kill you tomorrow."
Story so far on both sides (with very few exceptions) : "Roar~ we're enemiiiies, we hate youuuu, but now is tea time, we'll kill you tomorrow."
personally as one of the founders of orgrimmar he should of been warchief before garrosh, he had achieved so much more already.
Can somebody explain what happened to Jaina (I haven't played since Cata launched?)
She seems more like a vengeful bitch than a peace-loving sorceress.
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BTW what happens to Theramore and other lands that were lost during the war now?
I find it really funny how all people go against Vol'Jin being Warcheif....
Yes he was expected....At first.
Then when we got that "it will be someone unexpected" We all went crazy and went from Vol'Jin to Thrall/Lor'thremar/Baine/Rexxar Etc etc with all that There must be a orc Warchief...And at that moment, Vol'Jin became the unexpected. So stop bitching around. This was a really good cinematic, brought some good of horde and alliance.
If there is a troll warchief, we stell need a orc leader...
But who? Saurfang? Eitrigg? I highly doubt, that Thrall will become Orc leader. He is still depictured as member of the Earthern Ring..,
Or a council like boss?
Very disappointed with the choice of Vol'Jin. He's wrong, he is worthy of the mantle, but he surely is not fit for it.
Anyways, at least I'm very glad that Garrosh didn't die; hope we'll see more of him later, he deserves it for all the bad character building he's been through!
Something tells me they are prepping Jaina to be the next vessel of the Old Gods' control, or at least a major target of the maddening whispers.
niiice, had a feeling it would be Vol'jin after they upgraded his model + armor, + he is the only one that can lead the horde, i like saurfang and eitrigg but both are getting elderly, and eventho i like sylvanas she cant be trusted.
The actual Garrosh bit was pretty nice, imo. Vol'jin is a good choice for warchief, because he is cool but he is also less stable as a choice so there is a good possibility for more horde leadership politics once he has served a while (without it necessarily ending in another revolt). I mainly play Alliance, and the main reason for me why it is so hard to get into that 'Alliance fist pump' is that Varian is just so annoying most of the time. I think it's a combination of his weird model and the script he gets... If literally any other alliance leader had done that part in their way I would have liked it better. Even Mekkatorque D:
I have such a strong urge to smash Jainas face into the concrete.
inb4 Jaina raid
You all know the blizzard drill it goes like this.
Random Demon "We must free garrosh from his cage and make him the leader of our new army"
Garrosh "Hi demon,yeah sure ill join you"
Random Demon "Yeah we need you to prove yourself to us so your first task is to clean out my basement"
WORLD OF WARCRAFT THE DARK BELOW (his basement) tm
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He assembled the Horde. He lead the effort to save the whole of Azeroth. But he can't lead the Horde?
Vol'jin ... 8 years to retake Echo Isle with the Horde's help. Lead a rebellion ... with Thrall's help. Why is Vol'jin supposedly the better choice for Warchief of the Horde?
With Jaina going crazy and what not. This whole story arch has got to be the biggest fuck up of WoW's lore ever.
Last edited by SodiumChloride; 2013-09-12 at 02:55 PM.
"Honor, no matter how dire the battle, never forsake it."
Are the Alliance pretty much idiots?
The Horde - "Vol'jin, you fought great against Garrosh. You deserve to be our new leader"
The Alliance - "Look at them! They must be plotting to destroy us! We must attack them now!"


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Rivera lost a deportation case in Canada, where she spent five years with her family. She was recently ordered to leave the country, reports the Associated Press.
Rivera served in Iraq in 2006, but became disillusioned with the occupation. Rather than face another tour of duty in 2007, she decided to move to Canada where she applied for refugee status.
The War Resisters Support Campaign, a Canadian non-profit organization that helps U.S. military personnel who refused to participate in the Iraq war, launched a campaign in support for Rivera with 19,000+ people signing an online petition protesting her deportation order.
However, Canadian immigration authorities said they don't believe Rivera would be subjected to persecution and ordered her to leave. They were wrong.
On Thursday, Rivera handed herself in to authorities at the U.S. border. She was then arrested and transferred to military custody, reports the ,Associated Press.
Rivera told reporters last month that her biggest fear about being deported was being separated from her four children.


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Over the past couple of years I have looked at several chicken breeds to develop a self-sustaining chicken flock. Some of the breeds I have looked at are the Barred Rock, Buff Orpington, Dominique and Australorp (only to name a few). This article will focus on the Barred Rock, which is part of the Plymouth Rock family of chickens.
Why should we care about the Barred Rock? It is a good dual purpose chicken which has been raised for well over 100 years.
I do not consider the Barred Rock a high egg producer chicken, as it only lays around 200 eggs a year. There are breeds out there that lay well over the 200 egg mark. The Barred Rock makes up for its average egg production with its size, hardiness, and its meat quality.
While looking for information on various chicken breeds I came across this youtube posted by FarmRaised which talks about breeding the Barred Rock.
This video brings up some good topics for discussion:
Separate the chickens into groups based on desired traits.
Breed for size and traits.
Weigh the roosters and hens so your flock maintains a steady size.
Related Article – How many chickens for SHTF
Some of my long term plans
There are some of my personal plans and are not based off the video.
Lets start out with around 15 – 20 hens, and either 3 or 4 roosters.
Divide the hens into 3 – 4 groups based on various traits.
Use a cable tie to mark the various groups. Cable ties are cheap, easy to put on, easy to take off and are available in a wide range of colors.
Then its a matter of breeding the flocks so the parents do not breed with their children or grandchildren.
Forum Thread – Lets talk about the Barred Rock
Kevin Felts
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Interview with Matthew Nock about N-of-1 Experiments
Matthew Nock, Ph.D. is one of the leading experts on n-of-1 experiments and single-case experimental designs. Matthew became a MacArthur Fellow in 2011 receiving the MacArthur "Genius" Award. He studied at Yale and now is a professor at Harvard where he also runs the Nock Lab. In addition to his research interests, Dr. Nock has been counsel to the World Health Organization's World Mental Health Survey Initiative, the National Institutes of Health, the American Psychological Association, as well as other prestigious health organizations.
1) Assuming I have captured the basic methods of single-case experimental design (SCED):
- Identification of specific target behavior
- Continuous and valid measurements
- A baseline period (data is gathered before the intervention is applied)
- Stability of the specific target behavior (target behavior changes only when the intervention is applied)
- Systematic application of intervention
What are the considerations, risks and advantages for someone partaking in self-experimentation — someone who wants to use these methods to help determine the efficacy of a new habit or practice (e.g. determining the effect of meditation on mood)?
These are the basic methods, but it is important to note there are some variations in how you would apply different types of single-case experiments. Once the intervention is applied, then something else is going to happen next, right? For instance, there is "AB-AB design" also known as "withdrawal design." In this application, you apply the intervention, you then remove the intervention and examine whether the behavior/condition reverts to the baseline level. You then reapply the intervention — so the A state stays as baseline, the B state stays as an intervention — so you do AB, AB and measure the change.
For instance, if you wanted to see if a reward program for not smoking cigarettes worked for you. You start with cigarette smoking as your baseline. Let's say you smoke two packs a day. Now you apply the reward (intervention). After the reward you now smoke half a pack a day. You then remove the reward (intervention), going back to baseline (smoking without a reward for not smoking), and you see if you go back to two packs a day. You then reapply the intervention (in this case the reward) in an attempt to determine that it is when, and only when, the intervention is applied that your behavior changes. This method helps you rule out alternative explanations. For instance, in this hypothetical example you rule out that you stopped smoking because of some historical event, or your wife told you she's going to leave you if you don't stop smoking at the exact time you started the intervention.
What you are trying to accomplish is identifying the result from the experiment is from the intervention and nothing else. You can do an AB-AB design as described, or, if you have access to other participants, you can do a multiple baseline design. In this example, the first person, they would have a one-week baseline and then you apply the intervention; the second person would have a two-week baseline, then you apply the intervention; for the third person, a three-week baseline then you apply the intervention. Again, if you can show when, and only when, you apply the intervention something has changed, you have evidence that your intervention causes change in people.
A single person can also use a multiple-baseline approach across behaviors. For instance, I am trying to change my smoking and drinking and eating. I could apply the intervention to my smoking, then apply it to my eating, and then apply it to my drinking. If I see that when, and only when, I apply the intervention my target behavior changes, it provides evidence that my intervention is effective. You can apply the multiple baseline approach across people or across behaviors.
If someone is self-experimenting, they will want to do their best to collect their own data objectively. Using these methods on yourself, you run the risk of tricking yourself into seeing something that is not there or failing to see something that is there. When it is a clinician or a researcher observing you, they are going to be, with their own objective eyes, carefully measuring some behavior of interest. If you are not carefully measuring objectively what it is you want to change, again, you might see change that is not there or fail to see change that is there. It is important to do your best to objectively measure.
The benefit of this approach is you are the one following the data. You have a real-world answer to whether or not your intervention is working. It can be just a little bit of extra work to do something like this, to quantitatively, objectively measure your own behavior. However, in my opinion, that is also a benefit: knowing what's effective; knowing what can change your behavior at a fairly minimal cost.
2) For many, "lifestyle design" is about optimization. For example, using meditation as the hypothetical again, it appears that many find benefit from only minimal exposure (Creswell, Pacilio, Lindsay, & Brown, 2014), but one could posit the effective duration is unique to the individual. Since interventions generally come with an opportunity cost, reducing this cost has a benefit. What are some good strategies for expediting the determination of the minimum effective dose (MED) of any given intervention?
In my mind, there are two philosophies about this. One is start small, and measure carefully the effects of the small dose/intervention, and then increase, increase, increase, until you see maximum benefit(s) and then you might know how much is needed. The other is the opposite; start with the maximum dose and then work down from there. Each has pros and cons, right? It certainly depends on what it is you're using as an intervention. If there is any toxicity associated with the intervention — drugs are an obvious example — if there are toxic side effects to an experimental drug, you would want to start very small and work up to see what is the needed dose to cause change. The benefit here is you are not exposing the subject to toxicity; the downside is it could take longer for an effect and the person could be engaging their harmful behavior, or suffer from disease, for longer intervals of time than giving them more from the onset. On the flip side, if you start with the maximum dose, you generally will know right away whether it has an effect and then you can work down from the initial amount. The downside is you are now exposing the subject to any toxic side effects from potential overdose. If you are certain the intervention does not have any toxicity and/or limited risk, I think the best thing to do is start with the maximum amount and then work down from there to see how much is needed to maintain the effect.
3) Technology is making the recording and analysis of self-experimentation more accessible. There are an abundance of consumer and condition-specific wearables for collecting data, ecological momentary assessment (EMA) protocols are accessible to anyone with a smartphone, the statistical package R is free to use — enabling anyone willing to take on the learning curve the ability to crunch their own numbers. What technology and innovation excites you in this area? And, is there anything that is currently helping democratize one's ability to run these types of experiments?
There are a lot of tools at the ready now with smartphones and other wearable devices, so people can collect and analyze their own data quite easily. The big bridge is people often are not going to want to learn something like an open-source statistical program. Learning a statistical program like R, even though it is free, is not a minor endeavor. People want ready-made solutions to problems, so they want an app that is turnkey and ready to go. Technology that is going to monitor their behavior, apply the intervention, whatever it is … to the extent that we can create applications that bridge that gap for people, that are easy to use, people will likely use them.
So yes, there is some great open-source stuff out there, but getting someone to figure out how to collect their own data effectively, then create and apply their own intervention, learn statistics (even if it is free to do), analyze their data; wow, this basically requires an intervention in and of itself to get someone to do that.
The thing that excites me most right now is using wearable devices and smartphones to collect data about people and apply interventions that are beyond their own awareness. There are apps available now that allow us to collect data from people's smartphones passively. We can monitor their GPS, we can monitor their sleep, we can monitor their activity level, who they're calling, who they're texting, who's calling them, who's texting them, and we may pick up information that can predict future behavior that people are not aware of themselves.
For instance, if a person's activity level is decreasing, they have outgoing calls and texts and none are getting returned, and their sleep becomes more irregular, we might predict this person is becoming more depressed. So a condition a person may not even realize they have themselves — we can use information from their phone to help identify potential problems and deploy an intervention remotely before the condition can cause any negative effects. We now have e-interventions, smartphone interventions, where people can engage in a little quick, game-like app that they can play to try and change their behavior. The old model of going to a doctor, the doctor does an assessment and tells me I have a problem, then gives me some kind of treatment — this model is changing. We can now go out and find people who are in need of help before they know they need it, and send interventions out to them that they can use and apply themselves. We can deploy this on demand, 24 hours a day, 7 days a week, whenever it works for the individual.
4) You are a Harvard psychologist. You are also one of the leading experts on destructive behavior. There seems to be a resurgence of William James' ideas lately, specifically that if we master our free will and make ourselves 100 percent accountable for our actions, this process will increase our chance of positive outcomes. Do you believe in the validity of this assertion? And, given your expertise working with people where this process might pose difficulties, what are some strategies to assist one to increase their ability to be accountable in this area?
My department resides in a building called William James Hall, so the spirit of William James is still present. The idea of holding ourselves 100 percent accountable, as it pertains to the way I am interpreting your question, comes down to the rewards and the costs of a behavior. If we want to change our own behavior, we need to accurately understand to what extent the behavior in which we are engaging is rewarding or beneficial. We also want to accurately understand what the costs involved are. We have to seriously evaluate both the rewards and cost. For instance, if I am smoking cigarettes, I probably feel good after I smoke. In this case, what are the rewards and costs of smoking? It means realizing there are benefits, but there are also significant costs engaging in the behavior. I need to weigh both, but to do so I need to accurately consider present and future elements of the behavior.
So for me, holding ourselves accountable means realistically realizing the cost and benefits of our behavior and weighing those carefully. If the costs are going to ultimately outweigh the benefits, then I think we have a chance of decreasing risky behavior. If the benefits are perceived as outweighing the costs, it is much tougher to change someone's behavior. For instance, take a self-destructive behavior like cutting oneself or burning oneself, why would someone do that? It turns out that cutting yourself or burning yourself, for many people, removes aversive thoughts and feelings. This behavior has a benefit for them. For these people, the reward of removing these thoughts appear to outweigh the costs of seeing tissue damage, and so they engage in the behavior. Getting people to stop engaging in this behavior is a lot about figuring out other ways to get the existing benefit for alternative behaviors that do not carry such a heavy cost.
I think the same is true with smoking, drinking and overeating — as well as other problematic behaviors. These behaviors have associated rewards, but they also can come with significant costs. To make good choices, we need people to understand and appropriately weight the costs and the benefits. An important part of the process of behavior chance is to figure out ways to have people find similar benefits that do not carry the same costs of the behavior one hopes to change. The challenge is how to get yourself to feel good and/or distract yourself from aversive psychological states, without doing harm to your mind and/or body. If the spirit of your question is, "How do we increase our chance of positive outcomes?" then you can look at it as benefit-cost=outcome. To do this, you need accurate information about the behavior's costs so you are not discounting and/or ignoring these. Then look at the behavior's benefits and find suitable alternatives that offer comparable benefits without the associated costs of the behavior you are trying to change.
5) A young student has walked into your office and proclaimed they want to become the leading expert on self-experimentation. What are three rabbit holes you suggest they explore (i.e. ideas, concepts, models)?
Three rabbit holes they should explore …
1) Read up on the decades of research that people have done on single-case experiments and N of 1 designs. There are a lot of well-worked out-methods and approaches to measuring behavior and carefully, systematically applying an intervention to change behavior, as well as observing the effect of the intervention. When you really understand these validated methods, then you are aware when you are truly doing experimentation. We have existing study designs where one can carefully observe the outcome of self-experimentation in an empirical manner — opposed to reinventing the wheel, there are decades of existing work that one can build on, so mastering the current available literature in this area is a big one.
2) Mastering new technology. As we discussed earlier, there have been significant, recent advances in technology available to people interested in experimentation in the form of smartphones, wearable devices, the Internet and free access to educational information. We have easy access to data at our fingertips now. Through technology we can easily measure our real-world behaviors. Mastering new technology will allow a person to tap into a huge new source of objective data on our behavior.
3) Once you master experimental design and you master the latest technology, the last rabbit hole I'd suggest is how to engage and measurement your experiments. You need to figure out how you can use advances in technology to develop new interventions based on what we already know works. Questions like, "Are we effectively using carrots and/or sticks? Are there ways that we can use computers, the Internet, smartphones, wearable devices, to try and apply new interventions?" The new frontier regarding behavior change is to master the way that we try and modify people's behavior (or modify our own behavior?). With the right creativity — coupled with an existing mastery of the first and second rabbit holes — there is a lot that can be done using the new tools that we have at our disposal. We now have the ability to apply personalized behavior-change interventions, in real-time, at scale.
There is a downside to this third rabbit hole, too, though, especially if you are building tools that help others self-experiment. There are now thousands of thousands of apps out there that are purported to improve health and well-being. However, by my reading, there is very little data to support that most of these apps are actually effective in any meaningful way. Moreover, there is little evidence to suggest that most of these apps will actually change anyone's behavior. Worse, there is a financial incentive to create apps and to market to people, "This app will make you healthier and happier." In my opinion, there is not a good public understanding of how to evaluate scientific evidence. That makes it difficult for most to evaluate claims about effective treatment and/or interventions. It's the Wild, Wild West out there.
Before scientific medicine, people just created their own methods. They could sell snake oil. They could put anything in a bag or box and sell it to us as effective. Some were and some weren't, and many times the ones that were effective, weren't effective for the reasons that people thought. Luckily, now we have a much better infrastructure where, if you are going to sell some kind of FDA-approved medication, you have to know what is in it and show that it is effective in randomized clinical trials. It's on you, you've got to have experimental data. I think of the app world as similar to the Wild, Wild West. People are now deploying things that they say are treatments and there is not a good, systematic infrastructure in place to know which ones are experimentally sound and which ones are not. Similar to the thoughts expressed in the previous question, there needs to be a clear benefit to making experimentally sound apps. This benefit could be a special designation, like FDA approval or FDA approval equivalent. Something that ensures it has been tested, with evidence showing that it works. If the app does not have that, then some kind of repercussion for the makers. Until we have that system in place, I think you will continue to see a market full of snake oil.