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Available at: <http://www.w3.org/2005/02/23-wai-wcag-minutes.html> [1]W3C [1] http://www.w3.org/ TTF of the WCAG WG weekly telecon 23 Feb 2005 [2]Agenda [2] http://lists.w3.org/Archives/Public/w3c-wai-gl/2005JanMar/0521.html Attendees Present Don_Evans, Wendy, Michael_Cooper, Jenae, Ben, Alex_Li, Alistair, David, Becky_Gibson, Chris_Ridpath, Lisa_Seeman Regrets John, Slatin, Sailesh_Panchang, Ken_Kipnes Chair Michael Scribe David Contents * [3]Topics 1. [4]test 195 2. [5]Checklist structure 3. [6]Test file structure 4. [7]Tests 70, 149, 150 (Tim's review) - http://lists.w3.org/Archives/Public/w3c-wai-gl/2005JanMar/att -0422/wcagtestreview.htm 5. [8]tests 31, 32, 33, 34, 35, 36, 167, and 101 (jenae's review) - http://lists.w3.org/Archives/Public/w3c-wai-gl/2005JanMar/051 9.html 6. [9]wendy's review 7. [10]Agenda for Face to Face meeting and Meeting schedule for the next few weeks * [11]Summary of Action Items _________________________________________________________________ test 195 wc: we may start scribe rotation <wendy> [12]http://www.w3.org/WAI/GL/WCAG20/tests/test195.html [12] http://www.w3.org/WAI/GL/WCAG20/tests/test195.html mc:Chris say internationalization issues overcome by saying this is english version ls: confused, is optional mean not relating best practice of check point or is it optional cause its unreliable mc: means optional tests have no checklist cr: can you explain? ls: click here, issues or long alt tags sometimes ok so there is a problem with test ag: propose tests go to general cause they are qualitative not really about html wc: how bout a holding bin? on questionable stuff solve it later,, lets get through the tests - this stuff is f2f issues mc: yep agree ag: then we need usability best practice holding bin separate from guidelines difficult to keep up to date cr: yeah its purgatory mc: call it a holding bin wc: all 3 all: agree <wendy> ACTION: chris create list of all possible tests that are "in the bin" [recorded in [13]http://www.w3.org/2005/02/23-wai-wcag-minutes#action01] [13] http://www.w3.org/2005/02/23-wai-wcag-minutes#action01 <wendy> ACTION: everyone discuss tests "in the bin" at the f2f and consider what to call them, where they go, what they look like. are they not dependable? optional? will we be able to keep them up-to-date if they are usability issues? [recorded in [14]http://www.w3.org/2005/02/23-wai-wcag-minutes#action02] [14] http://www.w3.org/2005/02/23-wai-wcag-minutes#action02 Checklist structure ag: are there going to be tests for deprecated items mc: probably not cause it says "here's how to do what you shouldn't do" cr: except marquee and blink ag: idea of mixing deprecated and non deprecated problem, let's pull them cleanly out mc: that's off agenda , techniques structure, unless we can agree quick cr: attribute called "deprecated" then fish them out in views. mc: this is f2f stuff wc: it would mean have discussion twice ag: will decisions be circulated JE: call in tomorrow? yes? mc: we need back and forth with thursday all in our group are invited to thurs ... talk about deprecated stuff next week Test file structure ag: we were writing logic into tests that could get difficult, but its ok to get test done, but there may be a logic problem cr: let's just get through it and deal with structure later, cause its hard for me to make all these small changes as we go along, I've been making notes ... I'll get to bad errors but put off medium errors for later, ag: chris, must be a lot a work, is there a way to share work? mc: becky made suggestions on language, cr: I can show the code to do the xml input put if you are suggestion it would be easy ... are you offering to do work? ag: just think it could be easier somehow sharing mc: too many editors spoils the soup ... editors control a doc, ... we'll do more next week cr: no, haven't used bugzilla, but I will wc: it helps for scheduling and grouping issues etc...bugzy is good habit jenae: I'll help mc: test suite, structure , deliverables, ways to get work done ... tues scheduling ... scary amount of work ... interoperable implementation of guidelines jenae: browser matrix?? wc: brainstorm, in a perfect world what would we do ... to get to candidate need two interoperable implementations, needed 2 of everything two by two like the ark ... will decide in planing discussion mc: we'll run out of time next week. Tests 70, 149, 150 (Tim's review) - [15]http://lists.w3.org/Archives/Public/w3c-wai-gl/2005JanMar/att-0422/wcagt estreview.htm [15] http://lists.w3.org/Archives/Public/w3c-wai-gl/2005JanMar/att-0422/wcagtestreview.htm wc: dropping seeds to grow ideas for next week, for everyone to think about tests 31, 32, 33, 34, 35, 36, 167, and 101 (jenae's review) - [16]http://lists.w3.org/Archives/Public/w3c-wai-gl/2005JanMar/0519.html [16] http://lists.w3.org/Archives/Public/w3c-wai-gl/2005JanMar/0519.html jenae: suggest keep them all but there are 9 bugzy files regarding frames mc: what is nature of open issues jenae: 819 859, 870, 1068, 1069, 1107, 1125, 1144, 1198 <wendy> [17]http://tinyurl.com/45hzn [17] http://tinyurl.com/45hzn wc: have totally different list <wendy> [18]http://tinyurl.com/4ms94 [18] http://tinyurl.com/4ms94 mc: these bugs seem a little unrelated to test <wendy> [19]http://www.w3.org/WAI/GL/WCAG20/WD-WCAG20-HTML-TECHS-20050211/#fra mes [19] http://www.w3.org/WAI/GL/WCAG20/WD-WCAG20-HTML-TECHS-20050211/#frames <wendy> i don't see any issues linked from the html techniques section on frames re: issues bg: test 33, has lots of examples, I think it might make people think they are the only ones mc: representative but not exhaustive mc: doesn't matter extension its the MIME type, ... but email programs don't know that ... need to update this technique cr: is the test that there needs to be accessible content mc: that's my proposal ... but we are just saying anything in a frame needs to follow guidelines but that's the same as every other container cr: what if I say frame source must be accessible i.e. 2 examples linked to jpg or 2) link to html page that load with alt text wc: ... discussed slide shows, is it reasonable ... one frame of links cr: text equivalent for image is in a whole different frame wc: seemed it was accessible mc: sometimes screen reader users like the frames cause they can just jump out of a links frame on left margin ... title attribute of frame most important think ag: idea was the frame element ever intended to link to image, was that speced in the html , must be relative to the spec, rather than how it is used, there are implications for interoperability mc: html provides frame to link to any URI ag: we need a harder line when it comes to deprecation, it seems a lot o our problems cause we allow more and more instead of saying hey don't use it" ls: would it make sense use a meta data title on .htm page, so if you have title on htm. page menu, title and description, why insist re giving the title, when it is reasonable easy to get the title from the source itself, ... other stands, html we have good mechanism of going to them and saying "problem with your spec" like next week, do it through pf group, to review other specs and say this is what we don't like. wc: frames aren't in xhtml2 and they are not likely going to do many updated on HTML 4.01. they feel frames are fixed by using css. In XHTML 2.0 they seem to rely on div, section and css. we need to help people make leap, so problem is just dealing with authoring tools that still generate this stuff [20]http://www.w3.org/TR/xhtml2/elements.html" [20] http://www.w3.org/TR/xhtml2/elements.html bc: look at test 35,36, suggest drop test requiring no frames. move to bin? UAAG issue? mc: drop 35 cause in spec, drop 36 cause user agent issue?? bc: yup mc: we should keep 33 ag: this browser matrix, is that what's in the there, bc: it was just what browsers, supported what ag: it would be great to have a list of browsers to see what supports what mc: we should consider that ag: we could strike through that mc: its long process wc: not our job, but UA group has one that is less than perfect... <Michael> ACTION: Michael update HTML tech #frame_html to be generic to "accessible formats" [recorded in [21]http://www.w3.org/2005/02/23-wai-wcag-minutes#action03] [21] http://www.w3.org/2005/02/23-wai-wcag-minutes#action03 mc: while questions about its validity there is enough support for 33 to go straw poll cr: which sc - i did 3.1 but mike has 4.2, wc: why not 2.4 navigation orientation bc: 1.1 mc: agree. half techniques are 1.1 mc: ben suggested removing no frame requirement because part of spec, and if the title is there you can use the frame effectively bc: even without title UA provides links to pages that are part of frameset, mc: no frames important in old days, how old is too old bc: that is really old cr: so 35,36 rejected? bc: can go into bin but not high priority mc: should reject technique also <Michael> ACTION: Michael deprecate HTML #noframes technique [recorded in [22]http://www.w3.org/2005/02/23-wai-wcag-minutes#action04] [22] http://www.w3.org/2005/02/23-wai-wcag-minutes#action04 BC: or just deprecate them mc: if we add attribute will be ok for deprecated but might make deprecated techniques section cr: 34 technique deprecated, jenae asked do we need the test... mc: new bin for deprecated techniques cr: let's reject it mc: yup ... longdesc for frames dumb --reviewing external file to get info about another external file cr: 32 ready for poll mc: think so ... link to 2.4. cause orientation aid cr: what about title for documents wc: yup mc: GL 2.4 l3, sc 4 <wendy> 3.1 level 3 #2 - Section headings and link text are understandable when read by themselves or as a group (for example, in a screen reader's list of links or a table of contents). mc: I think it is 2.4 but no sc for it ... think it points to hole in guidelines wc: perhaps part of the issue for frames, creates more work, can we build case against frames rather than hole in GL ag: should the value of the title attribute be the same as the page that is loaded Mc imo not important but see a case for it wc: 2 questions, point about how to navigate through content related to issue with headings, so I agree there, at one point frames were extreme change in context programmatically identified, explicit notice in extreme change in contents, not only ??? but the action of selecting link so 3.2 perhaps better fit wc: frame is very html specific <wendy> 3.2 seems to be a good fit for some of these issues, since frames have been considered "extreme change of context" - [23]http://www.w3.org/WAI/GL/WCAG20/WD-WCAG20-20050211/#consistent-beh avior [23] http://www.w3.org/WAI/GL/WCAG20/WD-WCAG20-20050211/#consistent-behavior mc: don't know answers but identified number of issues wc: enter question of frame title and page title to list mc: fix mapping later cr: I'll leave 3.1L3#2 as wendy suggested ... 101 iframes, mc: yup wc: need tim here so go to test file review from wendy <wendy> ACTION: jenae write a test case for test 167 and 101 [recorded in [24]http://www.w3.org/2005/02/23-wai-wcag-minutes#action05] [24] http://www.w3.org/2005/02/23-wai-wcag-minutes#action05 wendy's review <wendy> [25]http://lists.w3.org/Archives/Public/w3c-wai-gl/2005JanMar/0522.htm l [25] http://lists.w3.org/Archives/Public/w3c-wai-gl/2005JanMar/0522.html wc: would add <span> to list <wendy> [26]http://lists.w3.org/Archives/Public/w3c-wai-gl/2005JanMar/0523.htm l [26] http://lists.w3.org/Archives/Public/w3c-wai-gl/2005JanMar/0523.html wc: link to structures and relationships prog determine 43-4 misuse of headings, should accept them 43-47 associated with structure & relationship 1.3 L1 <wendy> [27]http://lists.w3.org/Archives/Public/w3c-wai-gl/2005JanMar/0524.htm l [27] http://lists.w3.org/Archives/Public/w3c-wai-gl/2005JanMar/0524.html 37-41 reject them because would not let you out of headings cr: its been changed. wc: better form H# should not follow hn+h2 H followed by the next header or anything less cr: reject 41 &42 cause following h5 can be anything or h6 can be followed by anything cr: so really only 4 test wc: recommend acceptance bc: have a hard time requiring H levels ... author could want it for sidebar wc: maps to several issues, we need to tell them the order in the techniques bc: not convinced its a big accessibility prob mc: level 3 for me, I see benefits cr: not big problem , but not huge burden either, not week enough to be binned mc: authors would think it is a burden bc: it the point o H is for NAV, then use in templating, comes into conflict with main content of the page, it gets muddy mixing site nav and main content H bg: sometimes css order gets changed order of visual order different ... bc: order about eye following, but there are many issues when dealing with navigation wc: need to note John slating's comments <wendy> reads from john's email: [28]http://lists.w3.org/Archives/Public/w3c-wai-ig/2005JanMar/0369.htm l [28] http://lists.w3.org/Archives/Public/w3c-wai-ig/2005JanMar/0369.html wc: reiterates JS issue bc: issue in the spec...pf is working on labeling blocks, no good solution in html, too big for us future spec needs to deal with it, making this requirement it burden wc: we don't have semantics. we should table it bc: don't agree with test Header following in order rejected bg: me too mc: can't think strong accessibility but I like it wc: would give AT better chance <ben> related post on this subject: [29]http://www.meyerweb.com/eric/thoughts/2004/07/21/pick-a-heading/ [29] http://www.meyerweb.com/eric/thoughts/2004/07/21/pick-a-heading/ dm: I could help change the culture of no headings to provide structure ag: people don't know how to use headers cause they don' know uses, in early days of html big honking documents, not so, need to tell how and where to use headers instead of making rules mc: that would shift it to general tech wc: interesting meyer article but he is using H in orders ... html issue ... not same issue in other technologies ... open issue about reading order, but reject these tests <wendy> wac: should reject the tests (meyer has a good argument), however have an open issue about how to address using headings and reading order. Agenda for Face to Face meeting and Meeting schedule for the next few weeks face-to-face meetings 28 February and 1 March so not teleconference on 2 March. We will meet 9 March. CSUN begins on 16 March so we will not meet on that day. We will meet 23 March even though we will be coming back from 20/21 March face-to-face meeting in l.a. Summary of Action Items [NEW] ACTION: chris create list of all possible tests that are "in the bin" [recorded in [30]http://www.w3.org/2005/02/23-wai-wcag-minutes#action01] [NEW] ACTION: everyone discuss tests "in the bin" at the f2f and consider what to call them, where they go, what they look like. are they not dependable? optional? will we be able to keep them up-to-date if they are usability issues? [recorded in [31]http://www.w3.org/2005/02/23-wai-wcag-minutes#action02] [NEW] ACTION: jenae write a test case for test 167 and 101 [recorded in [32]http://www.w3.org/2005/02/23-wai-wcag-minutes#action05] [NEW] ACTION: Michael deprecate HTML #noframes technique [recorded in [33]http://www.w3.org/2005/02/23-wai-wcag-minutes#action04] [NEW] ACTION: Michael update HTML tech #frame_html to be generic to "accessible formats" [recorded in [34]http://www.w3.org/2005/02/23-wai-wcag-minutes#action03] [30] http://www.w3.org/2005/02/23-wai-wcag-minutes#action01 [31] http://www.w3.org/2005/02/23-wai-wcag-minutes#action02 [32] http://www.w3.org/2005/02/23-wai-wcag-minutes#action05 [33] http://www.w3.org/2005/02/23-wai-wcag-minutes#action04 [34] http://www.w3.org/2005/02/23-wai-wcag-minutes#action03 [End of minutes] _________________________________________________________________ Minutes formatted by David Booth's [35]scribe.perl version 1.111 ([36]CVS log) $Date: 2005/02/23 18:02:33 $ [35] http://dev.w3.org/cvsweb/~checkout~/2002/scribe/scribedoc.htm [36] http://dev.w3.org/cvsweb/2002/scribe/ _________________________________________________________________ -- wendy a chisholm world wide web consortium web accessibility initiative http://www.w3.org/WAI/ /--Received on Wednesday, 23 February 2005 18:04:30 UTC
This archive was generated by hypermail 2.3.1 : Tuesday, 16 January 2018 15:33:52 UTC


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Art Work Blogs
Read all about our family's business, from artwork, to knitting, to writing, to workshops, to.. whatever else crops up in our world.
Owner: Tabitha_Beck
Listed in: Arts
Other Tags: workshop, journey, spirit doll, poetry
The most inexpensive form of home-business is the one linked with internet. It is the support for.. the home business to experience new horizons. Home-Business awaits numerous opportunities in this.. world.
Owner: mornemoises
Listed in: Business
Other Tags: work at home, work at home review, home work reviews
Information and opinion on Walmart employees complaining about low pay and thinking a union is the.. answer
Owner: neonguy528
Listed in: Business
Picture Framing should also be concidered as an art form,especially if its handcrafted.
Owner: sid
Listed in: Arts
Other Tags: picture framing, wooden art, artwork, artisan, wooden creations
The Painting " One Nation Under God " by McNaughton. A religious and Political.. Masterpiece $5.00 Discount Code if your interested in buying a print
Owner: Painting_Promotor
Listed in: Religion
Other Tags: Painting, Religious, Political, Contitution
6. Norma Padro
This blog is about my art in general.
Owner: npadro
Listed in: Arts
Other Tags: Electronic Music, Writing, Blogging
Want picture framing? Custom framing of your artwork or art framing of Ed Heck's art at paint.. box art and framing.Canvas framing of Jane Waterous paintings and micheal magill photography.
Owner: paintbox
Listed in: Arts
Other Tags: custom framing, picture framing, custom framing nyc
Art is an expression of the beauty of our souls freely. Art was designed by the mind and are born.. with external tools. This Blog is my first Artwork Blog.
Owner: OPi
Listed in: Arts
Other Tags: art blog, art gallery, drawing, painting, photography, interesting art work
KLA School of Brickell conducts Art Workshops For Kids where children encounter a wide variety of.. natural and man made materials. They explore, experience and learn about these materials and enhance.. their understanding about them.
Owner: klaschoolsbrickell
Listed in: Business
Other Tags: Art Class For Kids, Summer Art Workshops, Art Workshops For Kids, Baby Nido Programs
Adding a dose of style to your daily work routine is challenge for most working women. After all.. apart from looking good, you want your clothes to spell comfort too ! but now a days with dress.. codes more relaxed,looking effortlessly.
Owner: tarunJ
Listed in: Fashion

subset: commoncrawl


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Master Bedroom
Master Bathroom
Living Room
Dining Room
Guest Bedroom
Guest Bathroom
Reading Room
Upstairs Room
Isn't their home amazing? I especially love the custom tv console that they made for their living room.
And check out one of the amazing Anthropologie window displays Kara helped create.
Pretty impressive, huh?!
They are both super creative and I love that they are able to think outside the box when designing and decorating a space.
Be sure to check out some of their other diy project ideas and tutorials on their blog. Thanks Kara for letting me share pictures from your home!


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Zoya Khan who has been basking in the glory of his recent success from Zindagi Na Milegi Dobara has said that he was working on his next movie where he intends to cast Kareena Kapoor and Ranbir Kapoor as brother and sister who are cousins in real life.
The new story that is quite a stunner is that this movie could be an autobiography casting his life and his sister Farhan's. An insider said that the story is not completely autobiographical but it would be based on the lives of Zoya and Farhan with a sensitve script that captures the emotions of siblings more than it being related to Zoya and Farhan. A few real life incidents in their lives have been included in the script.
Kareena Kapoor has been very enthusiastic to work with Zoya who is yet to finish her script. He also said that the script was terrific as far as she knew it. She also said that she is dying to work with Ranbir. Ranbir Kapoor is a couple of years younger to Kareena while Zoya and Farhan are just an year apart. Probably Kareena was unaware of the movie being an autobiography, she has not spoken on the issue.
Zoya was unavailable for comments. The cast of the movie has not been decided yet but it is rumored to be given to the duo, Kareena and Ranbir as they are most suited with truer emotions bonding them.
(AW- Anil)
(And get your daily news straight to your inbox)
There are movies that often scare the audience either with the music or with jump sca
Talented young director made his Bollywood debut long back but he has scored his firs
Sexy actress Mallika Sherawat created sensation with her debut movie Murder which mar
Talented actor Arjun Kapoor made a promising debut with Ishaqzaade and he has done ba
Sensational filmmaker Ram Gopal Varma is going to make his debut in Kannada film indu
Sushant Singh Rajput has been named as one of the promising actors after his recent r


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Workshop: The Future of Energy Design Storm
Wednesday, September 27 // CCA Tank Garage Galleries // 6-8pm // Free
The Future Energy Design Storm is a public interactive event designed for participants from diverse disciplines, from engineering and science to architecture and the arts. Based on the Stanford D-School Design Thinking Model, this two-hour workshop will engage participants in discussions about about renewable energy potentials in and around Santa Fe and invite ideas for a more sustainable future. Led by Andrea Polli and Madeline Bolding with participation from UNM students of Computational Sustainability. The workshop will be happening concurrently with Farms, Films, Food: A Santa Fe Celebration. Limited seats are available on a first-come, first-served basis and participants are expected to engage in the full two hour workshop. Free tickets will be available the day of the event at the CCA Cinematheque box office and advanced reservations are available at http://designstorm.brownpapertickets.com/.
Andrea Polli is an artist working at the intersection of art, science and technology whose practice includes media, public interventions, curating and directing, and writing. She is currently a Professor of Art and Ecology with appointments in the College of Fine Arts and School of Engineering at the University of New Mexico. She holds the Mesa Del Sol Endowed Chair of Digital Media and is the founder and director of the Social Media Workgroup research lab. She holds a doctorate in practice-led research from the University of Plymouth and her most recent book is Far Field: Digital Culture, Climate Change and the Poles. Madeline Bolding holds a PhD in genetics from the University of Missouri where she studied rare diseases and gene therapy. During her graduate work she came to love science communication and outreach, so upon moving to New Mexico in early 2017, she began working with Biocultura as an outreach specialist. In this capacity she has enjoyed searching for connections between the worlds of art and science in order to create unique, thoughtful events.
This program is supported in part by New Mexico Arts, a division of the Department of Cultural Affairs, and by the National Endowment for the Arts.
Image: Art & Ecology bbq on UNM Campus at the Biokitchen built by Andrea Polli's lab and the Social Media Workgroup designed by John Donalds. Courtesy of Andrea Polli.


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Anime List
0/1497 - Add Shows to Your Filter
Timezone: +9 (10:32)
Saturday, 05 January 2013
JoJo no Kimyō na Bōken
Ep: 13 at 00:30 on Tokyo MX
Late 19th century. Young, handsome and wealthy English nobleman Jonathan Joestar seems to have everything people crave for. His lowly-born adopted brother Dio Brando, brought into the family by Jonathan's father George, is particularly jealous of Jonathan. When Jonathan found out Dio's horrible secret, he tried to use an stone mask that looks like a torture instrument to kill Jonathan, who's into archaeology and might make the death looks like an accident. However, the stone mask is anything but a simple instrument.
Shin Sekai Yori
Ep: 14 at 00:30 on TV Asahi
In the future Japan has become a fractured country, and small towns now exist. The rulers of this world have the cursed power of Telekinesis. When an incident occurs, 5 children come to realize the world is not as it seems, and learn the bloody history behind this world. These 5 children unite and help the world as it falls into a downward spiral of chaos.
Ep: 1 at 01:00 on Tokyo MX
The story is set in a world embroiled by war between Humans and Demons. The Humans' greatest hero invades the Demon Queen's castle determined to vanquish her. However, instead of fighting back, the Queen proposes an alliance with the Hero. She explains how a sudden end to the war can bring further chaos to the world as the Humans once united to stand against their common enemies would eventually begin fighting among themselves, with similar issues already occurring at the Demon Realm. Convinced by her words, the Hero joins forces with the Queen and together they execute a plan to bring prosperity and a lasting peace to both Humans and Demons alike.
Boku no Imōto wa Ōsaka Okan
Ep: 2 at 01:55 on BS朝日
Due to his family's circumstances, high school student Kyōsuke has been separated from his sister Namika for around 10 years. When they are finally reunited, Kyōsuke realizes a lot has changed about her. Completely turned Osaka-n, Namika tries to teach him about the ways of the place she lived and the way they talk.
Jewelpet Kira☆Deco—!
Ep: 40 at 07:00 on TV Tokyo
In the Legends of Jewel Land, the Jewelpets were born from the love and caring of their queen, Jewelina. However a strange meteor crashes into the Mirror Ball, destroying it into a million pieces and its fragments called "Deco Stones" were all scattered in Jewel Land. In the present time, Ruby, a dimwitted Rabbit Jewelpet and owner of the Kira Kira Shop, has a thing on sparkly decorations and loves to collect anything that sparkles and shines. However, when she and the others learn about the legend of the Mirror Ball and the Deco Stones, they all decided to go and search for them, until they all meet 5 strange individuals called the KiraDeco 5. The group also has the same goal on wanting to collect the Deco Stones and they befriended the Jewelpets, especially to one of their members: Pink Oomiya. Now, the group need to gather all the Deco Stones and stop the Eternal Darkness from taking over the human world.
Pretty Rhythm Dear My Future
Ep: 39 at 10:00 on Nippon TV
Three years have passed since the events of Aurora Dream... At Pretty Top, a new generation of girls dreaming of being Prism Stars have endeavored through their training. One day, as they find themselves on the same stage as their predecessors, they meet Mia, who demands to challenge them, and together, they become the new unit, Prizmmy☆. As the girls waver and then jump back up, they deepen their friendship and aim for their debut together. To add to it all, 5 girls have come from abroad to Japan to study at Pretty Top to have their debut as well. In order to meet their future, the girls stand on the stage, and the show starts.
Fairy Tail
Ep: 163 at 10:30 on TV Tokyo
Lucy is a 17-year-old girl, who wants to be a full-fledged mage. One day when visiting Harujion Town, she meets Natsu, a young man who gets sick easily by any type of transportation. But Natsu isnt just any ordinary kid, hes a member of one of the worlds most infamous mage guilds: Fairy Tail.
Bakuman. 3
Ep: 14 at 17:30 on NHK-E
Moritaka Mashiro and Akito Takagi have come a long way since they started making manga in middle school, but trials still await them as they head towards their goal of getting an anime adaption for one of their manga. As they continue to grow as artists and as people, they will be faced with new friends, new rivals, and new hurdles to overcome.
Detective Conan
Ep: 681 at 18:00 on Nippon TV
Kudo Shinichi is a seventeen year-old high school detective whom people call the Modern Sherlock Holmes. However, one night after a date with his childhood sweetheart, Ran, Shinichi witnessed an illegal trade and, caught off his guard, was knocked unconscious and fed a drug that was supposed to kill him... but he woke up and found himself shrunken to a seven year-old. In order to track down the men who did this to him, Shinichi hid his identity and lived with Ran, whose father happened to be a hopeless detective, and with that came a series of murders and mysteries that he must solve.
D.C.III ~Da Capo III~
Ep: 1 at 22:00 on Tokyo MX
Plot summary not available yet. Will be updated soon
Little Busters!
Ep: 13 at 22:30 on Tokyo MX
Little Busters is an adaptation of Key's romance adventure visual novel of the same name. Riki Naoe was orphaned when his parents died, but his depression is slowly lifted when he befriends a group of kids calling themselves the Little Busters. The series takes place during his second year of high school.
Ep: 25 at 23:30 on TV Tokyo
In the medieval land of Driland, hunters explore ruins in search of treasures. Princess Mikoto dreams of one day becoming a hunter despite of her royal responsibility of one day assuming the throne of the country of Elua. Following the words of Bonny, an experienced hunter who is an inspiration to the future empress, Mikoto starts a journey with the desire to see the world and then come back to her homeland.
Ore no Kanojo to Osananajimi ga Shuraba Sugiru
Ep: 1 at 23:59 on Tokyo MX
A young boy called Eita enters high school aiming for the National University School of Medicine. Because of his parents' divorce and his goal, he shuns anything to do with romance or love. One day Masuzu, the school beauty with the silver hair, who's just returned to the country, enters his life in a most unexpected way. Chiwa, his childhood friend since elementary school, will not let this go without a fight.
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Directed by James Wong, 2006
Every now and then you have to love a franchise. The Final Destination series is certainly no Nightmare on Elm Street, but it is the only original horror franchise since the early '90s. The first film has already hit the back burner of praise for its generation, but I'd venture to say that it still holds its ground as being one of the more interesting opportunity seekers, studio wise, of the past decade. It came out during a time when horror had become mildly 'joke-y' again, but it played everything with a straight face and actually created a tightly wound and original premise with its grand death schemes.
Final Destination 2 isn't as complete as the original, but it did make a bare naked run through everyone's expectations and managed to deliver the deathly goods in a very intentional, oddly successful tongue-in-cheek way.
Final Destination 3, on the other hand, is just a failure and should have been re-worked from the ground up the minute the first draft of the script was turned in. It tries to pull off the smiling gore of 2 with the serious poker face of 1 and instead ends up with the most awkward, acne-scared, bad-hair-day picture in the FD family album.
If it wasn't obvious already, the grand scheme of death here takes place on a roller coaster as the local high school is having their senior class trip. This time around the visionary who foresees the mechanized carnage is Wendy, an always-on-the-verge-of-crying character who is about as interesting as a roll of toilet paper. The crash is caused when one of the passengers – the creepy guy who is said to have graduated 2 years prior, but who looks younger than everyone else – drops a video camera during the ride, which then wraps around the track, causing the eventual derailment.
After watching everyone die, Wendy snaps back into reality, flips her shit and causes the back half of the ride (but only the back half, because the theme park staff here are worse than the Gestapo) is allowed to leave and then, of course, everyone dies. Naturally the time between when they step off and when the ride crashes is about 90 seconds, whereas it took 5 minutes to show just moments before. Oh, and the guy who dropped the camera got off the ride, so the entire reason for the crash was removed from the equation. And yet it all happens just as it was going to, anyway. Unless there is some director's cut of the movie with a shot of the guy going out of his way to throw his camera onto the tracks in some moronic fit of rage, this is just the first indication that James Wong and Glen Morgan couldn't be bothered to actually re-read their script.
The gimmick here is that Wendy was taking pictures of everyone before the crash and that each digital image provides clues as to how the person is now going to die. The filmmakers get a hug for trying to do something new, but it doesn't work here, which simply draws attention back to the fact that mystery as to who is next and how was even more suspenseful in the two films prior.
The deaths, save for the tanning bed sequence and one involving a nail gun, are all grade school retarded. They require a set-up which would make a game of Mouse Trap look boring and the kill shot, so to speak, is a quick CGI blur every time. For a movie that is entirely about death, death sure isn't given much respect. The practical effects, though very few and very far between, are good, but the digital work is worse than most Saturday night Sci-Fi Channel pictures; which is extra pathetic given this was the biggest budget the 3 films would see thus far.
The characters provide nothing but yawns and constant contradictions of something they said or did earlier in the movie. The actors make their pay grade, but the material their given is whiny on a middle school level that would embarrass most MySpace users.
There is no reason to see Final Destination 3. It has none of the enjoyable qualities of its predecessors and the amount of continuity errors in both plot and character work is just plain laughable.
Not even an E for Effort. No one tried here. This movie was phoned in from day one. James Wong may have created a good franchise, but if this is the last entry, he just killed it.
I smiled the whole way while reading this. Funny stuff. And thanks for the warning; I saw the first two and plan to stop there.
I disagree. In my opinion, this movie was no better or worse than the ones that preceded it. In fact, I found the opening roller coaster sequence particularly unnerving.
Me and my room mate went to see this when it hit the theaters (We had nothing better to do) and we enjoyed the death scenes a lot (really, with FD, that's all you go to see after the first.)
The weight lifting room made me shudder, and I think about it when I go to lift weights.
I enjoyed the whole tanning bed accident, and I thought the car engine thing was hilarious.
Probably the best death was the nail gun, but I think we laughed the hardest when the guy gets squished mid evil man rant.
It's definitely not a movie to go see if you expect something to be scary, but if you want to just be able to make fun of Wendy and the others, and laugh at the scenes, it's worth having.
i agree with you. i liked the first 2, but the third one was a bit rubbish. there is really no point in doing more than one, the same things happen. apparently theyre bringing out a 4th one, which i think will be the most rubbish out of them all, it just gets too repetitive. my sister disagrees and thinks it will be 'better' because the deaths will be more gory, but i think it will just make the series look worse, just like the 3rd one did.
This has been an alright series. I like the concept of everything having a specific order. The twist being that death can be cheated is great. Plus all the gore brings it all together.
Wow, that comment is almost as irrelevent and unnecessary as a 4th FD will be.
Oh.. I'm that's series film of FD, wow.. enough nervous to my self. Yeah I'll wait to the next series. I' think is only that.


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Electrical problem
2000 Toyota Sienna 6 cyl Two Wheel Drive Automatic 204000 miles
Started receiving these three codes in June. Replaced MAF/IAT sensor (IAT is part of the MAF on 98-03 Toyota Sienna), and all three codes disappeared for about 4 months. With colder weather, engine is running more loud and rough when started and codes are back. Codes appear to clear themselves on longer trips and maybe warmer weather.
Checked MAF sensor resistance (terminals 4 & 5) and resistance is within 2.2 -2.7 K ohm range at 68F. Sensor inside looks clean. MAF connector (terminal 4) has 11.8V, so everything appears to be OK. Could ground be open near MAF sensor?
Removed O2 sensor (bank 1) and it looks normal (small amount of gray carbon deposits on a louvered steel cylinder that protects sensor). Didn't tested yet. Both O2 and air sensors (before and after cat) were replaced in 2008.
I am open to your suggestions. I do not have OBD II scan tool and read codes at AutoZone. Thanks.
have the same problem?
Saturday, December 5th, 2009 AT 5:41 PM


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Seward Named Great Hero
HERKIMER, 03/19/09 -- Senator James L. Seward (R/C/I-Oneonta) was recognized today by the American Red Cross of the Mohawk Valley as a "Great Hero" award winner.
Senator Seward and fellow hero Assemblyman Marc Butler (R/C/I-Herkimer) were honored during the 12th Annual Great Heroes Breakfast held at Herkimer County Community College.
"The Red Cross does so much for the community, helping families and individuals in their hour of need," said Seward. "The hard-working volunteers that make up the Mohawk Valley chapter are the real heroes."
Six other award recipients were also honored:
Emergency Responder Award…Ilion Fire Department
Mary Haggerty Educator Award…Lou Patrei
Blood Services Award…Ronald Stowell
Youth Leadership Award…Andrew Carpenter
Clara Barton Award…Anne Marvin
Military Services Award…Steve Darman
Along with honoring award winners, the breakfast also serves as a fundraiser for the many emergency services provided by the Red Cross.


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'Purani Jeans' deals with problems of a teenager: Tanuj Virwani
Actor Tanuj Virwani said his upcoming movie 'Purani Jeans' deals with the problems a teenager faces while growing up and gives away a strong message on relationships.
Chandigarh: Actor Tanuj Virwani said his upcoming movie 'Purani Jeans' deals with the problems a teenager faces while growing up and gives away a strong message on relationships.
Tanuj Virwani
In the city to promote his film, due for release on May 1,Virwani, who is the son of veteran actress Rati Agnihotri, said he is hopeful that 'Purani Jeans' will be a success. "The film is about five guys from a small town in Himachal Pradesh. The story is about friendship and relationships. Its about a very important phase of your life when you are growing up and when you are out of school and going to college and all," Virwani said here.
The film's portions of Kasauli, a hill town in HP, about 60 km from Chandigarh, have been shot in Shimla and Manali, he informed. Directed by Tanushri Chatterji Bassu, 'Purani Jeans' also stars Aditya Seal and Izabelle Leite in the lead roles. The actor also shares the screen space with Agnihotri in the film as she has played his on-screen mother too.
When asked about her role, he said, "She is part of the film, she is acting as my mom in the film, even though it is not a very big role..." Asked about the message the film intends to give, he said Purani Jeans is like a metaphor, "Friendship is like a pair of old jeans, the older it gets, the better it becomes. That comfort level which one shares with old friends cannot be matched."
The young actor, who takes inspiration from Aamir Khan, feels that an actor should not get stuck with same kind of roles and needs to re-invent himself. "If you look at someone like Aamir Khan, he keeps re-inventing himself. You need to keep the audience engaged or else they will get bored. So, I feel it's important to keep surprising and exploring yourself," he said.
About his co-stars in the film, he said, "They are all wonderful. It's important that when you are working with a young starcast they get along well and there is a certain amount of chemistry with each other that translates on-screen."


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Jericho breaks the chinlock and drops Cody with a shoulder block, then he heads up top and connects with a double axe handle smash and a bulldog. Jericho goes for Walls of Jericho but Cody spins and gets out, then Jericho chops him a few times before Cody comes back with an Alabama Slam. Cody hits him before heading up top, then he jumps but Jericho punches him in the stomach and bodyslams him before attempting a Lionsault. Cody gets his knees up and goes for Cross Rhodes, but Jericho counters with a rollup attempt before he counters a Disaster Kick and gets Cody to tap to the Walls of Jericho.
Winner – Chris Jericho
Dean Ambrose vs Randy Orton
Orton applies a side headlock but Ambrose backs him into the corner, then he punches him a few times but Orton fights back with some kicks. Ambrose runs Orton's face across the ropes, then Orton whips him across the ring but Ambrose reverses it, only to have Orton clothesline him and follow with a suplex. Orton connects with some mounted punches and a European uppercut, then Ambrose comes back with some strikes before Orton whips him across the ring. Ambrose avoids a strike but Orton drops him with a Thesz press, then Ambrose rolls to the floor but Orton surprises him with a clothesline. Orton throws him into the barricade and rolls him back in, then Ambrose tries to get away but Orton goes right back after him.
Ambrose throws him into the steps as we go to a break, then we get back to see Orton fight out of a headlock with some elbows. Ambrose knees Orton and headbutts him a few times, then he stomps Orton's hand and puts him in a sleeperhold. Orton punches him a few times and suplexes him, then they trade punches before Orton scoop slams him and sets up a hanging DDT. Ambrose frees himself and snaps Orton's neck on the ropes, then he goes up top but Orton cuts him off and Ambrose knocks him back down to the mat. Ambrose jumps but Orton dropkicks him, then he connects with a hanging DDT before setting up for a RKO, but Ambrose rolls outside. Rollins and Reigns run in and attack Orton to cause the disqualification, but Team Hell No makes the save and clears The Shield from the ring.
Winner (by disqualification) – Randy Orton
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Convert fathom (fathom-unit) versus chains (chain-unit)
in swapped opposite direction
from chains to fathoms
Or use utilized converter page with the
length or distance multi-units converter
|conversion result for two
length or distance units:
|From unit
|Equals Result
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|1 fathom fathom-unit
|= 0.091
|chains chain-unit
Prefix or symbol for fathom is: fathom-unit
Prefix or symbol for chain is: chain-unit
Technical units conversion tool for length or distance measures. Exchange reading in fathoms unit fathom-unit into chains unit chain-unit as in an equivalent measurement result (two different units but the same identical physical total value, which is also equal to their proportional parts when divided or multiplied).
How many chains are contained in one fathom? To link to this length or distance - fathom to chains units converter, only cut and paste the following code into your html.
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If you want a Avatar pic but its too big look here
Found this website, it made it as easy as can be, so figured I'd share. In the custom section for the pic it shows size 1000 i changed it to 80, saved it, and it worked.
Resize Images online
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Strange, considering I wouldn't have thought of Shepard's book in that light…
What's next? Orcpunk?
I thought the Bordertown anthologies started that back in the '90s.
80s. Mid-80s.
I'm just waiting for Dwarfpunk to take off. It'll be my big break ;)
Adam, Jay Lake's Trial of Flowers does feature a dwarf quite prominently…
Thanks, Larry! I'll have to pick that up.
Was the Iron Dragon's Daughter an influence on some of the New Weird authors? It's been a long time since I read it, but it seems to have some similarities with Mieville.
That was one of the first fantasy books that totally blew my mind, Gormenghast being another one.
Hopefully everybody remembers Trollpunk – it's much better than Elfpunk!
At least here in Finland the Trollpunk-phenomenan started in the mid 1990's. The most famous Trollpunk-book (there are also a few comics) in Finland is Johanna Sinisalo's Tiptree award winning Ennen päivänlaskua ei voi (Not Before Sundown in the UK & Troll: A Love Story in the USA) that's been translated to over 10 languages. There's even been some university studies about Trollpunk.
Trollpunk rules!
Politically, some ties to Mieville, I'd think (although I can't speak for him). Stylistically and tone-wise…complete opposite.
I think there's something to be said for the idea of "Orcpunk" or something similar. Those poor souls have often been identified in (post)modern fantasy as one misunderstood ethnic group or another. The idea of race and racial borders has always been central to fantasy, which is odd considering the recognition of the constructed nature of race that occurred in the 20th century. I'd love to read some work that explodes those constructions and really examines the borders we create in our fantasy.
I plan to pioneer the genre of punkpunk, which is centrally preoccupied with short stories about Sid Vicious waking up in his own vomit.
I saw an episode of The Simpsons the other night where they retold the Sid 'n' Nancy story. That was seriously strange.
Slimepunk, here. Sid Viscous.
Is there room, in today's crowded literary environment, for the simple, heartfelt pleas of the undercity cannibal?
If so – prepare for C.H.U.DPunk!
I'm willing to read (and listen to) a great many punk forms, but if any of you dare start scatpunk, I'm disowning you.


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My Badass Affirmations – Build A Life You Love
Hi Friends! What if I told you there was a way to banish self doubt and fear and step in to your own power and greatness, once and for all? … Continue Reading →
Create The Life You Want: Use These Keys
Life sure does have peaks and valleys, which really do get in the way when you're trying to create the life you want. I know that it certainly does have … Continue Reading →
Mercury Retrograde: What It Means
Uh-Oh -Mercury is Retrograde today through June 11! There's actually good news with this particular one. Under a normal Mercury Retrograde phase, you have probably heard that it can wreak … Continue Reading →
Use Intuition To Create The Life You Want
Steve Jobs called it more powerful than intellect. Malcolm Gladwell called it the power to think without thinking. Indeed, intuition is like having your own internal GPS sending you … Continue Reading →
Crystal Infused Fragrance Recipes: Manifest Your Intentions
Crystal Infused Fragrance can be the perfect conduit to help you turn up the volume on the Field of Potentiality in order to manifest your intentions. Using the combined power of … Continue Reading →
Attract Love, Light & Energy With Crystal Infused Elixirs
Here's How To Create a Crystal Infused Elixir To Attract Love, Light & Healing Energy It Starts With The Power of Fragrance Throughout time, scent has played an important role … Continue Reading →
Keys To Unlock Your Best Life Ever
Imagine if right now, you found the keys to live your best life ever. "The brave did not slay dragons. The brave rode them." Let's be honest. Dragon riding is … Continue Reading →
What Is A Blood Moon Lunar Eclipse?
Feeling edgy, excited, full of nervous energy, or unable to sleep well this week? You're not alone and there's a good reason. We're about to have our second Blood … Continue Reading →
Why Do Crystals Disappear, Fall Off or Break?
Like many of you, I have a fondness for crystals. Crystal lovers like me understand their magical gifts and power of communication, and often report that their crystals suddenly disappear … Continue Reading →
Blood Moon Eclipse Tonight, Intense!
Can you feel it? What's all the talk about this Blood Moon Eclipse? (tonight at ~3:00AM EST). This article is a short, concise look at the super charged versions of … Continue Reading →
Feng Shui: Easy Beginners Guide
By bringing the ancient art of Feng Shui home, you'll enjoy more balance, harmony and life-enhancing spaces within the environment you create! Designed with the feng shui novice in mind, … Continue Reading →
A Karmic Relationship: How To Let Go
"I felt as if I knew him before." "No matter how wrong it feels or how bad things are, I keep going back." I can't seem to get him out … Continue Reading →
Bring It On! Abundance Mantras To Rock Your World
Looking to attract more abundance into your life? We've put together a simple Abundance Mantra recipe that is 1 part Positive Thinking, 2 parts Law of Attraction and all about … Continue Reading →


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How to say SIC in Portuguese sɪk
Would you like to know how to translate SIC to Portuguese? This page provides all possible translations of the word SIC in the Portuguese language.
Discuss this SIC Portuguese translation with the community:
Use the citation below to add this definition to your bibliography:
"SIC." Definitions.net. STANDS4 LLC, 2018. Web. 24 Feb. 2018. </translate/SIC/PT>.


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The benefits of weight lifting are numerous—increased strength, bone density, and fat burning to name a few—but pumping iron can also lead to injury. According to a new study in The American Journal of Sports Medicine, weight-lifting injuries are on the rise, especially in women—most likely because weight training is becoming more popular with women.
While that's a good thing, those pesky injuries are not. So how do you reap the benefits of weight lifting without spraining something, stubbing a toe or landing in the ER?
Use these tips. Here's everything you need to know about lifting, from proper form and toning tips to safety strategies and medical advice. Added bonus: Now you can ask a cutie at the gym to "work in" and impress him with your lingo. Don't sweat hitting the weights—if you do it right, you should stay injury-free.
VIDEO: How to Avoid 3 Common Gym Mistakes
ARTICLE: 6 Ways to Get Hooked on Lifting


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Computer application software for mobile phones, portable media players, and handheld computers, namely, software for sharing and creating prayers and prayer requests
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|For in-depth interviews and accounts of the history of the Jewish community in Western North Carolina, go to "Jewish Life in Western North Carolina", a special online collection of archival materials housed in the D.H. Ramsey Library, Special Collections, University of North Carolina – Asheville.
Located in the Blue Ridge Mountains at the confluence of the French Broad and Swannanoa Rivers, Asheville boasts a mild climate and tremendous natural beauty. Both the wealthy and those of more modest means have been drawn by the charms of Asheville. George W. Vanderbilt constructed his magnificent Biltmore Estate just outside the city in the 1890s, while many suffering from tuberculosis flocked to Asheville's mountain air and the town's sanitariums.
Although the town was incorporated in 1797, Asheville did not flourish until it was linked by railroad to national markets in the 1880s. The town's population quickly grew from 2,610 people in 1880 to almost 12,000 just ten years later. Not coincidentally, the first wave of Jews settled in Asheville around the same time the railroad came to town. By 1880, 25-year-old Polish immigrant Solomon Whitlock owned a store and lived in Asheville. That same year, Solomon Lipinsky, who had been born in Richmond, also lived in Asheville, working for Whitlock and marrying his daughter Eva. Later that decade, they were joined by Moses Swartzberg, Morris Meyers, and brothers Lewis and Aaron Blomberg.
These early Jewish settlers opened stores in town. The 1890 Asheville City Directory contained a detailed list of local businesses, which included several recent Jewish arrivals. Swartzberg owned a retail and wholesale dry goods operation, specializing in the latest fashions in clothing and gentlemen's furnishings bought from New York suppliers. Morris Meyers opened the "Palais Royal" store on Main Street, which remained in business for 40 years. By 1887, Lipinksy had opened his own small dry goods store, which eventually grew into one of the finest and largest department stores in the state. Lipinsky's Bon Marche store remained a fixture in downtown Asheville through 90 years and three generations of Lipinskys. Lewis Blomberg came to Asheville in 1887 for health reasons, and recognized the city's burgeoning economic opportunity. He decided to stay, opening a small cigar and newsstand. Lewis later moved into a wide array of businesses, including a sporting goods store, a salvage and hide business, and even bought the local Strand Theater. His brother Aaron, who began as a peddler outfitted by the Baltimore Bargain House, soon joined him in Asheville and opened his own dry goods store.
In 1891, this small but growing Jewish community formally established Congregation Beth Ha-Tephila. With 27 founding members, Beth Ha-Tephila initially met at the Lyceum Hall. For their first high holiday services, they brought down Reverend A. Jacoby from Charleston, West Virginia to lead services. Adolph Schayer, one of the founding members, served as lay leader during the weekly services. Abraham Whitlock was the group's first president. According to its founding charter, Beth Ha-Tephila "shall be conservative." This was before a formal Conservative Movement in American Judaism, so this statement likely reflected a desire to maintain Jewish traditions while introducing some innovations. Indeed, by 1892, the congregation had organized a choir and purchased an organ, the use of which was forbidden in Orthodox worship. Although they were instituting Reform practices, the congregation did not join the Union of American Hebrew Congregations (UAHC) until 1908. By 1900, they were meeting in the Knights of Pythias Hall on Friday nights and Saturday mornings with Solomon Lipinsky as the lay leader. In 1902, the congregation purchased a former church on Spruce Street for use as a synagogue.
This movement toward Reform would soon lead to a split within the small Asheville Jewish community. By 1899, a small group of new immigrants and members dissatisfied with Beth Ha-Tephila's Reform practice formed their own separate congregation, Bikur Cholim. In its early years, the traditional congregation met at the local Odd Fellows Hall. Despite its small size, Bikur Cholim was able to employ various rabbis in its early years, although their tenures were often brief and turbulent. In 1904, Solomon Schecter, head of the Jewish Theological Seminary in New York, came to Asheville to negotiate a merger of the two congregations arguing that the Asheville Jewish community was too small to support two such institutions. His efforts to broker a compromise failed.
By 1909, Bikur Cholim was able to hire a full-time rabbi, Louis Londow, who eventually had to open a grocery store to supplement his meager income. By 1913, the congregation had acquired a synagogue on Liberty Street and Londow had been replaced by Rabbi Ellis Fox, though Londow remained in Asheville operating his store. Londow would later return to lead Bikur Cholim in the 1920s. Rabbi Fox also ran the Talmud Torah school located on Central Avenue which had been founded in 1911. Fox likely had some kind of dispute with the members of Bikur Cholim since by 1917 he had been replaced by D. Hechtor and was serving as the rabbi of Beth Ha-Tephila.
Asheville Jews also founded other Jewish organizations. By 1907, they had established a local chapter of the National Council of Jewish Women and a Zionist society. In 1916, a group of fifty Asheville Jews founded a Young Men's Hebrew Association, which rented the third floor of the Sondley Building as their headquarters. Jack Blomberg was its first president. According to a story in the local newspaper, the purpose of the organization was "to improve…the young men of the Jewish race in Asheville and to advance their spiritual, physical, and intellectual interests."
Several Asheville Jews were attracted to the area for its healthy air and natural beauty, as well as its tuberculosis sanitariums. Harry Finklestein was living in Jacksonville, Florida when he was diagnosed with tuberculosis. He decided to move to Asheville for treatment, where he learned that he had been misdiagnosed. Finklestein liked Asheville so much that he decided to stay, opening a pawn shop in 1903. Rebecca Rosenfeld, a Russian-born widow, ran a Jewish boarding house that attracted vacationers and those seeking medical treatment.
Perhaps the most notable Jew to move to Asheville was Philip S. Henry, a native Australian who made a fortune in copper and coffee before moving to the United States in 1900. After a tragic fire took the life of his wife in 1903, Henry left New York City and purchased the Zealandia Estate on Beaucatcher Mountain in Asheville, where he resided until his death in 1933. Henry added a Tudor Mansion and doubled the size of the estate. Recognized as an international Jewish leader, the globe-trotting Henry spent many years as a board member of the Jewish Theological Seminary. Henry was an avid book collector, and after he found a rare 1616 manuscript of Hapsburg history, he was summoned for a special audience with Emperor Franz Josef of Austria, who awarded him a Commander of the Order of Franz Josef. Henry was also a major art collector, and founded the Asheville Art Association and Museum in 1930. Henry also supported the Asheville Jewish community, donating money to Beth Ha-Tephila so they could remove the steeple from the former church in which they worshipped.
In the early 20th century, Jewish-owned businesses lined Asheville's downtown streets, especially Biltmore Avenue. According to local historians Jan Schochet and Sharon Fahrer, there were around 25 Jewish-owned retail stores in Asheville during the 1920s. The large Michalove family owned over 20 different businesses in Asheville between 1896 and 1974, including Solomon Michalove's IXL store, which sold specialized glassware and china. In 1920, Lou Pollock opened a shoe store on Patton Avenue with his brother Ben. Over the years, Pollock's Shoes became a local institution. Each Christmas, Lou Pollock would sponsor a large party during which he would give free shoes to local needy children. In 1922, Coleman Zageir opened the Man Store, which sold men's clothing from their Patton Avenue location for 40 years. Zageir was very popular with his customers as generations of Asheville men bought their suits from The Man Store. Zageir was very civically minded, giving anonymous college scholarships to needy students. When he died, the local newspaper and TV station praised Zageir in editorials. The University of North Carolina at Asheville honored Zageir by naming a campus building after him.
In their early years, both of Asheville's Jewish congregations struggled, especially Beth Ha-Tephila. In 1907, the Reform congregation had only 16 members and an annual dues income of $250, too paltry to support even a part-time rabbi. Yet the 45 children in the congregation's religious school pointed to brighter days ahead. Nevertheless by 1909, Beth Ha-Tephila had ceased holding weekly services, meeting only on the high holidays. By the late 1910s, the congregation had become reenergized, as Asheville's Jewish population grew from 100 in 1907 to 700 by 1927. Between 1910 and 1925, Beth Ha-Tephila's membership tripled, and the congregation was finally able to hire a full-time rabbi.
As Beth Ha-Tephila grew, there was an effort by some members to move away from Reform Judaism. In 1919, one board member proposed that the congregation leave the UAHC and adopt Conservative Judaism. At a congregational meeting, Solomon Lipinsky, who had been a founding member of Beth Ha-Tephila, spoke for over an hour in favor of maintaining Reform, arguing that Judaism needed to be modernized in order to stay relevant for their American-born children. Swayed by Lipinsky's speech, the members voted overwhelmingly to maintain their affiliation with the Reform movement. In 1920, Beth Ha-Tephila hired Reform Rabbi Harvey Wessel, a recent graduate of Hebrew Union College. The congregation thrived during the 1920s, reaching a peak of 95 members. In 1922, members founded a sisterhood that quickly raised money for a new organ and a car for the rabbi. In 1928, the congregation bought a house on Montford Avenue as a Jewish center for social and cultural events. The congregation even bought land for a new synagogue, but the Great Depression soon changed these plans.
The national economic downturn hit Asheville especially hard, and the same was true for its Jewish community. The number of Jewish–owned stores in downtown Asheville dropped from 25 to 8 during the Depression. Beth Ha-Tephila reached a low of 54 members during the 1930s. The congregation had a hard time paying the mortgage on its new Jewish Center, and the house was foreclosed on. Rabbi Moses Jacobson agreed to cut his salary dramatically, but when he retired in 1934, members seriously discussed disbanding the congregation. Rabbi Louis Egelson of the UAHC visited Asheville during this crisis and convinced the congregation to soldier on. He even found them a young rabbi, Alexander Kline, who would work for a small salary. By the end of the decade, Beth Ha-Tephila was on the rebound, growing from 73 members in 1938 to 113 in 1941. In 1949, the congregation's longtime dream of a new synagogue building finally came to fruition.
Bikur Cholim suffered its own hardships, including a fire in their building in 1916 and tremendous turnover in rabbinic leadership. Between 1940 and 1953, the congregation had seven different rabbis. Most were Orthodox rabbis who had a hard time adjusting to life in a small southern town. By mid-century, Bikur Cholim began to move away from traditional practice as a new American-born generation took on leadership roles in the congregation. In 1949, Bikur Cholim officially joined the Conservative Movement, affiliating with the United Synagogue of America. A year later, the congregation changed its name to Beth Israel. During the 1950s, the congregation voted to shorten the Saturday morning service and change the start time from 10 am to 8 am, so members would be able to open their stores on their busiest day of the week. This change reflected the compromises that Asheville Jews had to make in order to maintain both their Jewishness and their livelihood. In 1956, Beth Israel witnessed a bizarre incident in which a crazed religious fanatic entered the synagogue and smashed the pulpit furniture with a piece of wood. Taking the ark cover and wrapping it around his body, the man went out to the synagogue's front steps and began preaching, before being arrested by local police.
This strange incident was not the first occurrence of anti-Semitism in Asheville. For a long time, Jews were excluded from the local country club. Most notably, William Dudley Pelley, the virulent anti-Semite and Nazi sympathizer, moved his Silver Shirts League to Asheville in 1932. When local Jew William Rosenfeld carried the American flag during an Asheville parade, Pelley declared it an insult to America in his newsletter. Pelley never developed much of a following in Asheville and was largely ostracized by the larger community; he moved to Noblesville, Indiana in 1942, where he was arrested and convicted of securities fraud. Asheville Jews were not intimidated by Pelley, and even established a Jewish Community Center across the street from the Silver Shirts League headquarters in 1939.
After World War II, Asheville Jews continued to concentrate in retail trade, with many Jewish-owned stores still located downtown. In many cases, these stores were owned by the children of the founding members of the Jewish community. Five of Aaron Blomberg's children owned business in Asheville. Harry Blomberg, the son of Lewis, owned a successful car dealership and garage. In 1941, Harry bought the boarding house that had been run by Thomas Wolfe's mother in order to prevent the landmark from being torn down. Soon after, Blomberg sold the building to the Wolfe family so it could be preserved as a museum to the famous writer. The house still stands in Asheville today as an official state historic site. Louis Lipinsky joined his father Solomon in the family business, eventually running their Bon Marche store in Asheville. Like Harry Blomberg, Louis was very civically minded, serving as president of the local chamber of commerce and as vice-president of the Asheville City Council in the 1930s. Lipinsky was heavily involved in building up Asheville-Biltmore College, and led the effort to make the school part of the University of North Carolina system. An auditorium on the now UNC-Asheville campus was named in Lipinsky's honor. Several other campus buildings were named after local Jewish families.
Not all Jews in Asheville had retail stores. The Slossman family started with rags and today makes disposable garments and cloths, the Dave family was in the steel fabricating business, the Sternbergs were in the junk business, while the Mills family manufactures parachutes. Sprinza Weizenblatt was a renowned eye doctor, while Gus Adler ran the Sky Club, a supper club on Beaucatcher Mountain where movie stars such as Grace Kelly andRobert Mitchum would come to socialize. Nearby Black Mountain College attracted Jewish artists like Joseph and Anni Albers, Ben Shahn, photographer Aaron Siskind, and poet Paul Goodman.
In recent decades, the Jewish community of Asheville has thrived as the city has undergone a renaissance. Tourism and a vibrant arts scene have attracted young people and retirees to the area. Downtown's commercial district faded in the 1970s as suburban shopping centers and chain stores led to the closure of downtown retail businesses, including many owned by Jews such as Winner's and Bon Marche. Recently, downtown Asheville has experienced a resurgence, with many locally owned boutiques and restaurants opening up, though the days of Jewish retail dominance have not returned. Nevertheless, the Asheville Jewish community has grown tremendously as Jews from other parts of the country have been drawn to the city's lifestyle with its natural beauty and rustic cosmopolitanism. Asheville's Jewish population grew from 600 people in 1947 to 1,300 in 1997. In the last decade or so, the Jewish community has almost doubled, reaching an estimated 2,500 people in 2011.
Asheville's Jewish institutions have benefited greatly from this growth. Beth Israel built a new synagogue on Murdock Avenue in 1969 which still served the thriving congregation's 200 members in 2009. Beth Ha-Tephila has seen its membership grow from 130 families in 1985 to almost 300 in 2009. The Jewish Community Center, which had been founded in 1939, tore down its old house and constructed a new building on the same site in 1994. Today, Asheville's thriving Jewish community includes a Jewish Community Center, the center for Jewish Studies at UNC-Asheville, Jewish Family Services, the Asheville Jewish Business Forum, annual food, music, and film festivals, a Jewish archive, and a Chabad House. Asheville's Jewish community has never been bigger and continues to grow, pointing toward an even brighter future.
One Jewish Asheville graciously acknowledges the contribution of The Institute of Southern Jewish Living and Sharon Fahrer of History@Hand for providing the content for this site.
Photos courtesy of UNC-Asheville Ramsey Library Special Collections.


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Brazilian Journal of Microbiology
versão impressa ISSN 1517-8382versão On-line ISSN 1678-4405
Braz. J. Microbiol. v.31 n.4 São Paulo out./dez. 2000
Klaus Eberhard Stewien1; Lourdes Rehder de Andrade Vaz de Lima2; Viviane Fongaro Botosso3; Maria Isabel de Oliveira2; Simone N. Fagundes1; Meri B. Nogueira4; Selma Lopes Betta Ragazzi5; Maria Tereza Zuluni da Costa5; Bernardo Ejzenberg5; Edison Luiz Durigon1*
1Departamento de Microbiologia, Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, SP, Brasil. 2Seção de Imunologia e Seção de Virologia do Instituto Adolfo Lutz, São Paulo, SP, Brasil. 3Serviço de Virologia, Instituto Butantan, São Paulo, SP, Brasil. 4Laboratorio de Virologia do Hospital das Clínicas, Universidade Federal do Paraná, Curitiba, PR, Brasil. 5Hospital Universitário da Universidade de São Paulo, Cidade Universitária, São Paulo, SP, Brasil
Submitted: February 17, 2000; Returned to authors for corrections: May 08, 2000; Approved: November 13, 2000
A clinical and laboratory evaluation of 11 children and young adults with measleslike rash was done during the measles outbreak in the Greater São Paulo Metropolitan area at the end of 1996 and spread over the country during 1997. Measles was laboratory confirmed in 07 patients by specific IgM detection in acute serum specimens using an IgM-capture EIA, by specific IgG seroconversion in serum pairs, and by reverse transcription PCR and virus isolation in peripheral blood lymphocytes. Clinical presentations were not always classic; one of the 07 cases had received measles vaccine and corresponded to modified clinical case of measles. The 4 remaining cases were negative for measles and were diagnosed as exanthem subitum (2 cases), scarlet fever and Kawasaki disease. The present study reinforces the view that clinical features alone are not sufficient for establishing an accurate diagnosis in the post-vaccine era, and a surveillance system based on sensitive laboratory results is needed so that it can confirm IgM-negative measles cases.
Key words: measles, clinical evaluation, laboratory investigation, polymerase chain reaction, measles virus isolation, enzyme immunoassay
Measles remains one of the leading causes of morbidity and mortality in children < 5 years of age in developing countries (9,12). The World Health Organization estimates that more than 1 million people die from measles and its complications in these countries every year (25). In the Americas, experience in the past 5 years suggests that measles transmission has been interrupted and the disease successfully controlled by intensive vaccination programs (19). While vaccine coverage against the disease has been maintained in the past five years, significant measles outbreaks have continued to occur in American countries (1). In Brazil, an epidemic began in the Greater São Paulo Metropolitan area at the end 1996 and spread over the country during 1997 (18).
The measles virus is highly contagious and causes a disease characterized by high fever, cough, coryza, conjunctivitis and a maculopapular rash. Since measles is often followed by immunossupression, secondary bacterial infections are common, leading mostly to pneumonia, diarrhea and otitis (9). In developing countries, fatality rates for measles can reach 10% in malnourished populations (22).
While reaching the goal of global eradication of measles will require continued efforts to increase vaccination coverage levels, a sensitive surveillance system is fundamental for a measles elimination program (17,19). Virological laboratories will play a critical role in monitoring the success of measles control strategies by timely investigation of suspected measles cases. Laboratory sequencing of the viral genome from measles isolates can also help to determine geographic sources of outbreaks and identify pathways of transmission (2,20).
The World Health Organization has identified effective case management as one of the specific strategies for reducing the burden of the disease (12,25). However, the clinical diagnosis of measles can be difficult, making surveillance more complicated than was the case for poliomyelitis or smallpox. After introduction of the measles vaccine, atypical and modified disease cases were frequently observed, mostly in young infants, malnourished children and previously immunized individuals (8,9). A number of exanthems, due to other viruses and bacteria, adverse drug reactions and other causes, can be easily confused with measles and need laboratory confirmation (6,15).
Laboratory diagnostic procedures consist of the classical virus isolation (1), direct detection of the virus or viral antigens in secretions (2) and detection of specific antibodies by serological methods (3,9). In this work we evaluate clinical and laboratory investigation data from children, and young adults with measleslike rash, using virus isolation and identification techniques, direct viral genome detection by polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and specific IgM and IgG antibody detection by enzyme immunoassay (EIA).
Patient selection. Patients with an erythematous maculopapular exanthem, attending the University Hospital, University of São Paulo, were eligible for inclusion in the study. The hospital serves mostly low income children and adults residing in the Butantan health district (ERSA-2), which has a population of ~ 250,000. The diagnosis and clinical features were recorded by a doctor, and clinical specimens were taken from each patient. The Health Ministry of Brazil clinical case definition criteria was used for classifying typical definition and modified illnesses (6,9). All specimens were transported on the same day to the Laboratories of Clinical and Molecular Virology of the Department of Microbiology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of São Paulo, where the virologic and serologic investigations were done.
Virologic and serologic studies
Clinical specimens. Peripheral blood lymphocytes were obtained from heparinized blood by centrifugation through one-third volume of Fycoll-Hypaque (Sigma, St. Louis, MO, USA) at 1000xg for 45 min at room temperature. Lymphocytes at the interface were aspirated and washed three times with Hanks BSS - containing antibiotics before being resuspended in a small volume of BSS. Midstream urine was collected in a sterile container, centrifuged at 800xg for 30 min. Sediments were resuspended in 1-2 ml of Hanks BSS for viral isolation and reverse transcription PCR. Blood samples to be used for serological analysis were also taken from each patient.
Measles virus isolation. Lymphocyte suspensions of 0.5 ml were innoculated into monolayer cultures of B95a cells grown in 25 ml culture flasks, according to Kobune et al. (13). Cell cultures were incubated at 37°C in a CO2-incubator and examined every day for a cytopathic effect (CPE) characterized by syncytium formation. Cells from positive cultures were scraped into fresh medium, and cell extract was prepared by freezing and thawing. Extracts were placed into Vero monolayers and identified by indirect immunofluorescence assay (IFA) (16), using monoclonal antibodies kindly supplied by Chemicon International, Inc., Temecula, Calif., USA.
Reverse transcription PCR and "nested" PCR. Measles virus genomic RNA was detected in peripheric blood lymphocytes and in urine sediment by reverse transcription and amplification by PCR, using primers targeted to the highly conserved region of the N gene, according to Rota et al. (21). Primers were kindly supplied by Dr. William J. Bellini (Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, USA). Human herpesvirus 6 DNA was detected in the peripheral blood lymphocytes by "nested" PCR, as previously described by Kondo et al. (14), using primers according to Huang et al. (10).
Specific IgM and IgG antibody immunoassays (EIAs). Serum samples at 1:200 dilution were tested for the presence of measles IgM antibody by the monoclonal-based capture enzyme immunoassay, described by Erdman et al. (7). The indirect EIA was used for detecting specific IgG in acute and convalescent serum dilutions (7,11). Monoclonal antibodies were kindly supplied by Dr. William J. Bellini (CDC).
A comparison of the clinical and laboratory findings in typical and modified measles cases, as well as in other rash illnesses which were confused with measles, is recorded in Table 1. A measles etiology for the illnesses included in the study was confirmed in 07 of the 11 cases examined, 4 of them in young adults. A specific IgM test was positive in all (7/7) acute serum samples from measles cases. Reverse transcription PCR and virus isolation were both positive in 2 cases from whom peripheral blood lymphocytes and urine samples were obtained. IgG seroconversion in acute and convalescent serum pairs occurred in 1cases.
In the remaining 4 suspected measles cases, another etiology was found (Table 1).Two patients were diagnosed with exanthem subitum (roseola infantum), one with scarlet fever and one with Kawasaki disease. All these cases fulfilled the Health Ministry of Brazil clinical case definition criteria. Laboratory confirmation of exanthem subitum was done by "nested" PCR from peripheral blood lymphocytes collected from Patients 3 and 4. Group A beta-hemolytic streptococci were isolated from throat cultures of Patient 5. Patient 6, with Kawasaki disease, was negative in all performed diagnostic tests, having elevated platelet counts, an elevated erythrocyte sedimentation rate and a pericardial effusion on echocardiogram.
Clinical presentations varied in the confirmed measles cases. High fever (> 38.2°C) was documented in all cases, Kopliks spots were present in only 2 patients at examination. All patients had at least one of the following symptoms: cough, coryza and conjunctivitis. Four patients had no fever and/or rash for 3 days or more. One of them was atypical in that he was young adult (Patient 8) who had an immunization history when he was 7 months old (Table 1).
The successful elimination of measles will be facilitated by the timely detection of and response to measles epidemics. Detection of outbreaks depends on the accurate diagnosis of a rash illness. Inaccurate diagnosis of such illness may result in disease spread, as well inefficient use of limited resources. The clinical case definition of measles used by Health Ministry of Brazil relies on the presence of fever, rash, and at least one of the following symptoms: cough, coriza and conjunctivitis. The accuracy of this definition, however, may vary with the incidence of measles, the incidence of other rash illnesses and patient characteristics such as age, immunization history, and race (6,15). Some of the other rash and fever illnesses which may be confused with measles include common childhood exanthems, such as rubella, scarlet fever, erythema infecciosum, meningococcemia, Kawasaki disease, toxic shock syndrome and dengue fever (5,8). More recently, exanthem subitum (roseola infantum) was also included (4).
Vaccine-modified measles lead to under-reporting of measles cases and result in overestimation of vaccine efficiency in highly vaccinated populations. So, the laboratory will play a critical role in monitoring the success of measles control strategies by confirming typical and modified measles cases. It was shown that 16% of vaccinated patients with measles had IgM-negative serology or failed to meet the clinical case definition (6). Consequently, this fraction of measles cases will not be detected when only IgM-serology is used for laboratory confirmation. IgM-negative cases have to be confirmed by measles antigen or RNA-detection, or by seroconversion of paired serum samples.
In the present study we found one young adult with modified measles, (Table 1). This case (Patient 8) had an IgM-positive antibody and is defined as a "primary vaccine failure". "Primary and secondary vaccine failures" were estimated to involve, together, 13 to 30% of all vaccinated individuals and are held responsible for outbreaks in children and young adults in populations with high vaccine coverage (6,23,24).
In our study, 4 patients presenting with a measleslike rash were ultimately diagnosed as Human Herpesvirus 6 infections (exanthem subitum), scarlet fever and Kawasaki disease. These cases illustrate the difficulties that can arise when trying to differentiate measles and clinically similar illnesses such as those diagnosed here. Clearly clinical features alone may not be for sufficient to establishing an accurate diagnosis in the post-vaccine era and, therefore, a laboratory based surveillance is essential for the success of measles control.
Reverse transcription PCR was successfully applied in our laboratory for the detection of measles RNA, present in peripheral blood lymphocytes, and urine sediment collected from two patients from whom these samples were available, using primers targeted to highly conserved regions of the N gene. While this PCR has been used in some research laboratories, it is not yet widely used for diagnostic purposes (9). Successful RT-PCR amplification of measles virus RNA from urine samples allows rapid diagnosis of a large number of infected individuals by noninvasive means. Collection of urine specimens is more readily and conveniently accessible than serum or nasopharingeal aspirates and could be done in the absence of a medical professional. RT-PCR has shown increased sensitivity compared with antigen detection by an immunofluorescence technique that was used in earlier studies, detecting measles RNA in urine specimens from vaccinated children as late as 14 days after immunization (21).
The recrudesence of measles in Brazil in 1997 has prompted a renewed interest in measles diagnostics. Although our study deals with a small number of patients, it demonstrates the continuing need for laboratory support.
This study was possible thanks to Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo -FAPESP- São Paulo, SP, Brasil. We would also like to express our gratitude to Dr. William J. Bellini and to Dr. Paul A. Rota, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), Atlanta, GA, USA, and to David Beckman, Chemicon International, Inc., Temecula, Calif., USA, for the support of specific reagents.
Avaliação clínica e laboratorial de exantema semelhante ao sarampo em crianças e jovens adultos
Apresenta-se um estudo sobre a avaliação clínica e laboratorial de crianças e adultos jovens com exantema semelhante ao sarampo, durante a ocorrência do surto epidêmico de sarampo na região metropolitana da Grande São Paulo no final de 1996 que se alastrou por todo o país durante o ano de 1997. O diagnóstico laboratorial de sarampo foi firmado em 7 dos 11 pacientes examinados, por detecção direta de IgM específico em amostras de soro da fase aguda da doença, por soroconversão de IgG em um par de amostras da fase aguda e convalescente, pelo isolamento do vírus em culturas de linhagem B95a e pela detecção do RNA viral por PCR em linfócitos do sangue periférico e na urina. O quadro clínico apresentado pelos pacientes nem sempre correspondeu à forma clássica do sarampo. Um jovem adulto, que havia sido vacinado contra o sarampo, apresentou um quadro clínico modificado. Os 4 casos restantes foram negativos em todas as provas laboratoriais para o sarampo, tendo diagnóstico final de exantema súbito (2 casos), escarlatina e Doença de Kawasaki. O presente estudo reforça o ponto de vista de que os sinais e sintomas clínicos são geralmente insuficientes para estabelecer um diagnóstico preciso de sarampo na era pós-vacinal, sendo indispensável um sistema de vigilância baseado em resultados laboratoriais que confirmam todos os casos suspeitos, inclusive os casos de sarampo com sorologia IgM-negativa
Palavras-chave: sarampo, avaliação clínica, investigação laboratorial, reação de polimerização em cadeia, isolamento viral, ensaio enzimático.
1. Atkinson, D. E.; Orenstein, W. A. The ressurgence of measles in the United States, 1989-1990. Ann. Rev. Med., 43: 451-63, 1992. [ Links ]
2. Bellini, W. J.; Rota, J. S.; Rota, P. Virology of measles virus. J. Infect. Dis., 170 (suppl.1): S15-S23, 1994. [ Links ]
3. Bellini, W. J.; Rota, P. A. Measles (rubeola) virus. In: Lennette E. H. et al. Diagnostic Procedures for Viral, Rickettsial, and Chlamydial Infections, 7th ed. Washington D. C. American Public Health Association, 1995. P. 447-54. [ Links ]
4. Black, J. B.; Durigon, E., Kite-Powell, K.; de Souza, L.; Curli, S. P.; Afonso, A.M. ; Theobaldo, M.; Pellett, P. E. Seroconversion to human herpesvirus 6 and human herpesvirus 7 among Brazilian children with clinical diagnosis of measles or rubella. Clin. Infect. Dis., 23: 1156-8, 1996. [ Links ]
5. Brown, D. W.; Ramsay, M. E.; Richards, A. F.; Miller, E. Salivary diagnosis of measles: a study of notified cases in the United Kingdom, 1991-3. Br. Med. J., 308: 1015-17, 1994. [ Links ]
6. Edmonson, M. B.; Addiss, D. G.; Mcpherson, J. T.; Berg, J. L.; Circo, S. R.; Davis, J. P.. Mild measles and secondary vaccine failure during a sustained outbreak in a highly vaccinated population. JAMA., 263: 2467-70, 1990. [ Links ]
7. Erdman, D. D. Anderson, L. J.; Adams, D. R.; Stewart, J. A.; Markowitz, L. E.; Bellini, W J. Evaluation of monoclonal antibody-based capture enzyme immunoassays for detection of specific antibodies to measles virus, J. Clin. Microbiol., 29: 1466-71, 1991. [ Links ]
8. Frieden, I. J.; Resnick, S. D. Childhood exanthems, old and new. Peds. Clin. N. Amer., 38: 859-87, 1991. [ Links ]
9. Griffin, D. E.; Bellini, W. J. Measles virus. In: Fields, B. N. et al. Fields Virology, 3rd ed. Philadelphia, Lippincott-Raven Publishers, 1996. P. 1267-1312. [ Links ]
10. Huang, L. M.; Kuo, P. F.; Lee, C. Y.; Chen, J. Y.; Liu, M. Y.; Yang, C. S. Detection of human herpesvirus 6 DNA by polymerase chain reaction in serum and plasma. J. Med. Virol., 165: 7-10, 1992. [ Links ]
11. Hummel, K. B.; Erdman, D.D.; Heath, J.L.; Bellini, W.J. Baculovírus expression of the nucleoprotein gene of measles virus and utility of the recombinant protein in diagnostic enzyme immunoassay. J. Clin. Microbiol; 30: 2874-80, 1992. [ Links ]
12. Hussey, G. D.; Clements, C. J. Clinical problems in measles management. Ann. Trop. Paediat., 16: 307-17, 1996. [ Links ]
13. Kobune, F.; Sakata, H. ; Sugiura, A. Marmoset lymphoblastoid cells as a sensitive host for isolation of measles virus. J. Virol., 64: 700-5, 1990. [ Links ]
14. Kondo, K..; Hayakawa, Y.; Mor, H.; Sato, S.; Kondo, T.; Takahashi, K,. Minamishima, Y.; Takahashi, M.; Yamanishi, K.. Detection by polymerase chain reaction amplification of human herpesvirus 6 DNA in peripheral blood of patients with exanthem subitum. J. Clin. Microbiol., 28: 970-4, 1990. [ Links ]
15. Makhene, M. K.; Diaz, P, S. Clinical presentations and complications of suspected measles in hospitalized children. Pediatr. Inf. Dis. J., 12: 836-40, 1993. [ Links ]
16. Minnich, L. L.; Goodenough, F.; Ray, C. G. Use of immunofluorescence to identify measles virus infections. J. Clin. Microbiol., 29: 1148-50, 1991. [ Links ]
17. Pan American Health Organization. Measles elimination by 2000. Epi Newsletter, 16: 1-2, 1994. [ Links ]
18. Pan American Health Organization. Measles surveillance in the Americas. Special program for vaccines and immunization. Wkly. Bull., 3 (22), 1997. [ Links ]
19. Quadros, C. A. De; Hersh, B. S.; Nogueira, A. C.; Carrasco, P.A.; Da Silveira, C. M. Measles elimination in the Americas: evolving strategies. JAMA., 275: 224-9, 1996. [ Links ]
20. Rima, B. K. ; Earle, J. A.; Yeo, R. P.; Herlihy, L.; Baczko, K.; ter Meulen, V.; Carabana, J.; Caballero, M.; Celma, M. L.; Fernandez-Munoz, R. Temporal and geographical distribution of measles virus genotypes. J. Gen. Virol., 76: 1173-80, 1995. [ Links ]
21. Rota, P. A.; Khan, A. S.; Durigon, E.; Juran, T.; Villarmarzo, Y. S.; Bellini, W J. Detection of measles virus nucleic acid in urine specimens from vaccine recipients. J. Clin. Microbiol., 33: 2485-8, 1995. [ Links ]
22. Smith, E. A. ; Foster, S. O. Measles in areas of malnutrition. J. Nigeria Med. Assoc., 7: 16-18, 1970. [ Links ]
23. Stewien, K.. E.; Stewien, K. E.; Barbosa, V.; de Lima, O. S. ; Osiro, K.. The influence of maternally derived antibody on the efficacy of further attenuated measles vaccine. Infection, 8: 207-210, 1978. [ Links ]
24. Waldman, E. A. ; Camargo, M. C. C. Current status of measles in Brazil, 1980-1995. Virus Reviews & Research, 1: 67-74, 1996. [ Links ]
25. World Health Organization. Expanded program on immunization - accelerated measles strategies. Wkly. Epidemiol. Rec., 69: 229-34, 1994. [ Links ]
* Corresponding author. Mailing address: Departamento de Microbiologia, ICB II USP, Av. Prof. Lineu Prestes, 1374, Cidade Universitária, CEP 05508-900, São Paulo, SP, Brasil. Fax: (+5511) 3813-7354. E-mail: email@example.com


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Chilled Beams Information
Chilled beams are a type of convection HVAC system used to heat or cool rooms. Pipes containing hot or cold water are passed through the beam. As the beam heats or cools it radiates the warmth or coolness to the surrounding air.
A chilled beam acts as a radiator chilled by recirculated water. The benefit of using a chilled beam system is that it eliminates fan energy and reliance on reheat. The warm air rises, is cooled by the chilled beam, and then falls back to the floor, where the cycle starts over.
Additional benefits of a chilled beam system include limited moving parts, quieter operation compared to VAV systems, and maximized space because chilled beams are installed overhead. Disadvantages include the development of condensation so the conditions much be kept within a certain range, more expensive than conventional systems, and difficult to install.
They are available in three different variations: passive, active, and integrated/multi-service beams.
Passive - In a passive system there is no connection to an air supply source and it requires separate ventilation. It is primarily convective cooling and requires a dry atmosphere to prevent condensation. They rely on warm air rising, being cooled by the water-filled beams, and sinking again creating a convection air cycle. Chilled beam systems are made of copper tubing and bonded to aluminum fins. The system is housed in a sheet metal enclosure and mounted at ceiling level to provide convective cooling. Passive chilled beam systems are best used in spaces with light cooling loads.
Image Credit: chilled-beams.co.uk
Active - In an active system, also known as an ABC system, the ventilation air is delivered to the beam by a central air-handling system via ductwork. It is also primarily convective cooling but its output is significantly higher than passive chilled beam systems. Active chilled beams are used for cooling and heating. They have very low acoustic signatures, and very high levels of occupant thermal comfort. This type of system is used in sound-sensitive applications such as libraries and hospitals as well as in retrofit applications since they require minimal overhead clearance. Due to the ABC system's superior energy efficiency and individual temperature control they are considered in LEED applications.
Integrated/multi-service beams - Multi-service beams include lighting, speakers, sprinkler openings, cable pathways, etc. They can be passive or active. Since they can include other building-service systems they are more expensive. Multi-service beams offer optimal fitting of many service systems so that installation is easier. Additional advantages of multi-service beams include: easily-accessible spaces for maintenance, more complex design requiring input from all planning teams, and reduction in time required to construct the building.
Image Credit: continuingeducation.construction.com
The difference between passive and active beams revolves around the way airflow and fresh air are brought into the space.
Condensation Prevention
Condensation can be a deterrent for installing chilled beam systems; however, with the proper controls in place condensation can be reduced or prevented. By including an 'unoccupied' mode, setback temperatures and 'dry out' cycles can be implemented after long periods of unoccupied mode operation. Dewpoint sensors are used to detect then disable the system when conditions are favorable for condensation. Moisture sensors can also be included. The system can also include a switch that will disable the chilled beam in the event of a window opening, allowing the ambient conditions to produce condensation.
Chilled beam systems must adhere to certain standards to ensure proper design and functionality.
BRE IP11/04 - Passive chilled beams installed in the perimeter of buildings can be highly effective for off-setting direct solar gains and ensuring good thermal comfort in the perimeter zone. This paper presents the findings of a research project that has investigated the performance of perimeter chilled beams and developed guidance on avoiding the design pitfalls.
DIN EN 15116 - Ventilation in buildings - testing and rating of active chilled beams.
Active Chilled Beam Technology
An Energy-Conserving Technology From Europe Makes Inroads in the U.S.
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The Business of Science
Sangita Pawar
Evening MBA '09
Director of Research Affairs and Assistant Professor of Pharmacology, College of Medicine, The University of Arizona
By Liz Warren-Pederson
Sangita Pawar was always interested in business, but instead of going into finance, like many members of her family, she focused on molecular and cellular biology. Ten years ago, she came to the University of Arizona from her native India to earn her doctoral degree.
"I tried enrolling in some business classes during my graduate work, but it didn't work out," she said. She completed her Ph.D. and continued on the academic trajectory of teaching and research. "My research involves studying the mechanisms which result in the spread of prostate cancer to the bone," she explains.
But that urge to add business acumen to her resume lingered. She'd seen labs get into trouble when the research team didn't delve into the financials of their grant-funded projects.
"Understanding financials was a big motivation for me to earn an MBA," she said. "And then my sister, who is in finance, said to me, 'You have no idea what goes on in the real world!' I decided that I wasn't going to settle for that. I wanted to know!"
A friend told her about the Eller Evening MBA program, and she applied. Midway through the program, she applied for an administrative role in the UA College of Medicine. "The hiring team was impressed that I was earning my MBA and saw that I had more tools I could draw on than people who were solely focused on research."
As director of research affairs for the College of Medicine, Dr. Pawar and her office handle all grants coming from the College, provide administrative support, and host workshops for new principal investigators — all the while continuing her own research and teaching.
"In the academic world," she said, "there is so much emphasis on doing research for a higher good. One rarely talks about money in academia. So the MBA program was a real culture shock to me."
In addition she said, "In the academic setting, you are surrounded by people who approach problems the same way that you do. So it was great to meet such a diverse group of working professionals."
The emphasis on teamwork was also new. "The concept of teamwork is a little foreign in the lab — it's all about your project," she said. In the MBA program, she found her weekends dedicated to group projects — and her team won the last major project prize of the program.
"It was so refreshing to work with people who think along totally different lines from me," she said. "I got the chance to meet engineers, people in human resources, people in finance. I made some really good friends in the program."