text:
SAS Artisan James Curtis
Member Forum
Recommended Books on Jewelry Making Techniques
Recommended Books on Silversmithing Techniques
Purchase The Silversmith of Williamsburg Video
Silver and Gold: Antiquity to Modern
Silver: Plata (Spanish)
Argent (French)
Silber (German)
Listed below are silver books in
the collection of
Silver, 1765-1795
American Silver 1670-1830: The Moore Collection at Providence College
American Silver, A History of Style, 1650-1900
American Silver Flatware 1837-1910
American Silver Marks
American Silversmiths and Their Marks
American Sterling Silver Flatware, 1830's to 1990's, An
Identification & Value Guide
My review for JCK Book Club: Introduced in 1993, American Sterling Silver Flatware was the most current price guide on the market. This so called "Fully Illustrated" guide should mean just that; a complete listing of discontinued and active patterns. Unfortunately, this is not the case; a phenomenal number of patterns have been omitted from this catalog including entire companies such as Tiffany and Wood & Hughes.
Each company has a biographical introduction followed by an alphabetical listing and handle photograph or drawing of each pattern. Also listed above each pattern is its issue date and value of the individual pieces of a four-piece place setting (dinner fork, dessert knife, dessert fork & teaspoon). Early manufacturer's price lists and in some cases complete listings of serving and place pieces are shown in certain patterns. Many photographs, apparently reproduced from old Gorham salesman's catalogs, are poorly duplicated, but show the full length of individual pieces.
Though there are scattered illustrations of serving pieces with no prices, I wish there were an accompanying price list for at least one entire pattern, giving the reader a basic idea of their worth A cross-reference of all patterns pictured would have been of great value.
I can only recommend American Sterling Silver Flatware, 1830's to 1990's to those looking for current flatware prices, but it may leave you longing for something more complete. Someday, hopefully, a publisher will see the value of a comprehensive sterling & plated flatware reference book with chapters on flatware history and company biographies, a complete display of every pattern manufactured, a pattern cross-reference section, manufacturer's index, and yearly updated pattern and price guide made available. 222 pages.
An American Heritage, A Book About the International Silver Company
Illustrated Dictionary of Silverware
Antique Silver Servers for the Dining Table
J. Stone, 1847-1938, Designer and Silversmith
My review for JCK Book Club: You say the name Arthur J. Stone doesn't ring a bell? You're not alone. This is the first book that has gone into depth on the subject of a single silver workshop operating during the Arts & Crafts period.
The Stone shop created the finest silver of the time, and it is ironic that America's finest silver workshop was owned by an emigrant from Sheffield, England. Stone's shop, and Stone specifically, is know by museum curators, knowledgeable collectors, and antique dealers of which two or three specialize in Arts & Crafts silver.
Stone, a master silversmith, inspected all finished pieces leaving his shop and made certain that since his name was stamped on every piece they were up to his uncompromisingly high standards. Stone specialized in the design and chasing of the handwrought holloware and flatware. His delicate and totally controlled flat chasing was to become a trademark along with his sense of floral design and simplicity of form. Every piece produced was handmade at a time when Charles Ashbee deplored the use of machinery-made products for there inferior quality.
The book illustrates the breadth of Stones talent in the pieces he designed and smithed before expanding his shop. Most impressive were the talented craftsmen he employed as evidence in the wide range of products pictured. Those who put the most handwork into a piece was rewarded with his maker's mark next to the Stone workshop mark; an unusual and unselfish token of respect for his craftsmen. A section is reserved as a maker's mark reference which is helpful in identifying these craftsmen and for dating their work.
As a hands-on silversmith specializing in restoration, I have had the good fortune of handling many exceptional pieces of Stone silver. Its functional design and outstanding craftsmanship can still be used as a standard for all silversmiths. Elenita Chickering, the book's author and Stone descendent, has the distinction of knowing first hand, and through shop records, how the business functioned and the interpersonal goings-on between Stone and the other workers.
Arthur J. Stone, 1847-1938, Designer and Silversmith illustrates the intimate world of the last great Arts & Crafts silver workshop--anywhere. 196 pages.
The Book of Old Silver
The Book of Silver
British Silver in the Huntington Collection
Carl Fabergé, Goldsmith to the Imperial Court of Russia
Chicago Metalsmiths
Collecting American 19th Century Silver
The Collectors Dictionary of the Silver & Gold of Great Britain
& N. America
Collecting Small Silverware
The Coleman Collection of Silver Mustard Pots
Massachusetts Silversmiths and Jewelers
This review first appeared in
Silver Magazine, January/February 1999. Reprinted with permission.
The explosion of published research on all aspects of silver, which seemed to start around the mid-1970s, left few frontiers unchallenged. one of the areas to benefit most has been colonial silver, which had previously, with one or two notable exceptions, received relatively little attention. Although perhaps better served than most in the earlier decades of this century, North American colonial silver has been as much a beneficiary of this new energy as has the silver of any other region.
Recent trends have seen massively detailed tomes produced with much attention to the social context of the output. The Catalogue of American Silver: The Cleveland Museum of Art by Phillip M. Johnston (1994) is a recent good example. To this we must now add Colonial Massachusetts Silversmiths and Jewelers by Patricia E. Kane. This work does not exactly fill a Massachusetts vacuum, given that works by Buhler (1965) and Fredyma and Fredyma (1972), for example, were available (interestingly, both in limited editions).
Kanes work is the culmination of waves of earlier research by Francis Hill Bigelow (1859-1933) and john Marshall Phillips (1905-1953). To this must be added her own scholarship as curator of American Decorative Arts at Yale University Art Gallery, and that of others. Kanes book, with the benefits of its long antecedents and wealth of detail and documentation, now becomes the definitive work and standard source text on Massachusetts silversmiths, jewelers, and their oeuvre.
Initial chapters in this 1,264-page work cover methods of production, the business format, and work structures of the day. Much attention is paid to the circumstances surrounding the artisans livelihood. This is well supported with diagrams, maps, and illustrations, which, together with illustrations of the objects themselves, total some 650. The latter appear in support of the text rather than as a visual catalogue of output. Most, not surprisingly therefore, are found in the chapter Artistry in Boston Silver of the Colonial Period. The end of the work carries a list of craftsmen in allied trades (clockmakers, watchmakers, and engravers) and a catalogue of earlier misidentifications. There is a glossary of terms, list of references, a date chart, and an index.
The main body of the book is the biographical dictionary of 296 silversmiths and jewelers. They are listed alphabetically with their known marks424 in allwhich are not otherwise indexed. A detailed history is supported by excellent footnoting and lists (but not illustrations) of some six thousand surviving objectsforty pages of these in the case of Paul Revere alone.
Colonial Massachusetts Silversmiths and Jewelers is indeed a fitting culmination to the earlier energies of Bigelow and Phillips, combined with more recent scholarship. It represents the fruits of some seventy years of research and as a source reference is exceptional.
The Colonial Silversmith, His Techniques & His Products
Silver: Commissioning, Designing, Collecting
My Review: If you
go to the Web and enter contemporary silver in a search
engine, what comes up? Not much, right? Go to the Amazon and Barnes
and Noble sites and look there as well. Youll find just one
book: Contemporary Silver: Commissioning, Designing, Creating. Sure,
youll find a few out-of-print books published in Europe, but
who has the time to brush up on their German? The authors of
Contemporary Silver are Benton Seymour Rabinovitch and Helen
Clifford, Ph.D. Rabinovitch is Professor Emeritus of Chemistry at the
University of Washington, Seattle, a member of the Silver Society
(London), and Honorary Liveryman of the Worshipful Company of
Goldsmiths. He is a longtime collector of antique silver and serving
pieces and is the author of Antique
Silver Servers for the Dining Table.
Clifford has a number of degrees, is a Freeman of the Worshipful
Company of Goldsmiths, member of the Silver Society (London), and an
honorary member of the Association of British Designer-Silversmiths.
She has written and curated exhibitions on historical and
contemporary silver.
Below are U.S.
smiths featured in the book (*SAS Artisan):
Early American Silver
Encyclopedia of American Silver Manufacturers
English Engraved Silver, 1150-1900
English Goldsmiths & Their Marks
English Provincial Silver
English Silver Spoons
English Silversmiths' Work, Civil & Domestic
George Christian Gebelein Boston Silversmith 1878-1945
Jensen A Tradition of Splendor
Review by Sandra Todaro, Vintage Costume Jewelry Society: Collectors of jewelry of any type now have another acquisition for which to long. It's a signature piece, finely detailed, a valued addition to any serious collection. It is a jewel indeed, but you may not find it at the jewelers. It's a creation of Janet Drucker and it should stand the test of time, for Drucker has crafted Georg Jensen A Tradition of Splendid Silver into a splendid guidebook. Not a dry tome, crackling with boredom, this book offers an at once scholarly treatise on Jensen and a readable reference as well. Drucker sets up the volume by putting Jensen's ascendency into prospective. She grounds him in his time period and explains the forces which created his work and appeal. Not settling for another long line of picture strewn collection catalogs, she introduces the reader to Jensen's life story in a well written and very readable text. Next the collector's delight: the litany of his accomplishment.
Chapters are devoted to his jewelry, his hollowware and his flatware. Then Drucker offers the benediction with a look at Jensen's worldwide legacy. But don't stop there, because the appendix offers the museum collections of the master and a listing of the artists whose work built the Jensen line.
Now, lest you think this book is a must for scholars only, rest assured the exquisite photography and the easy to read captioning will make this gem a perfect adornment for your home library. If you know Jensen or not, Georg Jensen A Tradition of Splendid Silver will be splendid for you.
George Jensen Silversmithy, 77 Artists, 75 Years
Goldsmiths & Silversmiths
Gorham Design Library: Publication One
The Gorham Design Library: Publication One will give you an appreciation of the incredible artistry generated from the Gorham design department during their most creative period: from late 19th to the early 20th century. The CD-ROM eight-disk set is user friendly, even for those with limited knowledge of working with a computer. If you install the catalog on your hard drive you will avoid having to shuffle through the eight disks to see the full-size image of each piece. The catalog uses your Web browser to access images from the CDs. On the first CD there is a tree-style index of all the thumbnails and larger images. There is also a valuable search function, like using Google or other Web search engines. I have found that by clicking on the thumbnail, the larger image that appears in a new window is sufficient. You only need to swap CDs if you are interested in viewing the full-size scan and investigating the minutest detail on a piece. Since the pages of the catalogs were scanned at a high resolution, even these larger images show great detail. This is especially helpful for a restorer if a piece comes in and an area must be reworked or a part reproduced.
There are a few criticisms I must mention. First, all the catalog pages were scanned as produced in a vertical format. Normally, a salesman would present the catalog to a retailer who would then turn it horizontally to view a tea set. Unfortunately, all three sizes of that type of image must be read vertically. If you have image manipulating software, such as Photoshop, you can rotate the largest image to a horizontal position. Also, it would have been beneficial to have a clickable link under each thumbnail that would instruct you to swap disks, immediately revealing the largest image. Instead, you must manually find that Martele fruit dish in file /NEW_YORK/NY00037.jpg on CD #6-a bit tedious. As mentioned earlier, the middle-size image produced when clicking on the thumbnail will be sufficient for most pieces. For those not familiar with Gorham, a short history and high points of the company would have given the viewer a greater appreciation of this company. Anyone interested in learning more about Gorham should purchase Charles H. Carpenter's Gorham Silver 1831-1981 (available from the Houghs).
The Houghs must be commended for their countless hours in producing and developing this enormous compilation of images. From tantalus stands to chatelaine bags, alms basins to cheese knobs, you won't believe what was being produced during Gorham's most prolific period.
Gorham Design Library: Publication One is available for $350 ($250 for SAS members) by contacting Sam and Penny Hough, The Owl at the Bridge, 25 Berwick Ln., Cranston, RI 02905-3708, 401/467-7362, .
The specs for the CDs are:
Volume 1 (the index CD) has smaller versions of all the images, and contains all the index and HTML files used to create the user interface. It contains about 250 MB of data in 17,000 files.
Gorham Silver, 1831-1981
Match Safes
My Review: Gorham manufacturing in Providence, Rhode Island, was one of those rare companies that maintained a continuous archive of what they made and the processes used. In fact, Gorham is known to have the most complete archive of any company in the United States. This has enabled scholars to thoroughly research a given subject and produce an accurate accounting of Gorham's production.
One of those subjects has just been published: Gorham Match Safes, authored by match safe enthusiasts and collectors Neil Shapiro and George Sparacio, founder of the International Match Safe Association. Illustrated are over 1,300 match safes produced from 1885 through 1923. They were found on product cards in the Gorham archives at Brown University and private collections and museums. The book shows the incredible depth of creativity in Gorham's design department, with no other company in the world coming close to their output. So prolific was Gorham that in 1898 the company produced an astounding 175 designs!
All color and black and white images are arranged by design number. The book details when the individual safes came to market, the materials used, such as sterling, gold, mixed metals, iron, and precious stones, plus techniques and processes. There is a section on the service records for many of the creative individuals including designers, silversmiths, engravers, and chasers. The final two pages are devoted to reproductions of actual cost cards found at the Gorham archives. For a silversmith like me, this is perhaps the most interesting area, for every process used in a particular match safe is accounted for. From the amount of silver used, cost of engraving, chasing, and various types of finishing, to the total cost of the completed piece, these cards offer an amazing report detailing the creation these little gems.
A CD with searchable database utilizing Microsoft Access is available offering larger images, larger glossary of terms, and the ability to sort the match safes by production number, motif, and material. It also displays information gleaned from the production cards, showing you the cost of materials and every operation.
This is truly a fascinating and scholarly work which will make a great addition to any library.
If you would like to purchase the book or CD, please contact Neil Shapiro at email@example.com.
A Guide to Collecting Silver
Guide to Evaluating Gold & Silver Objects
My review for JCK Book Club: As a silversmith, any reference that will make me more knowledgeable about my field, is essential reading. Such is the case with the Guide to Evaluating Gold & Silver Objects by Scott V. Martin. This book offers what others don't: detailed, clear and simple technical information on the precious metals and the best method(s) for determining actual precious metal content. Even a metallurgist will find this book useful.
Mr. Martin appraises, researches, lectures and writes about antique silver. His perspective provides the reader with a refreshing and practical approach on the subject of how to best evaluate objects made of gold and silver. In this guide, Mr. Martin shows us that there are many ways for readers to make a precious metal determination. He begins with non-invasive methods and then presents variations on the most commonly used invasive acid tests and proceeds to the new advanced scientific methods. His approach is very practical, such that the reader will be able to accomplish most of the testing methods themselves. He has also simply and clearly laid out his personal philosophy: if you are going to test an object for precious metal content, then know why a test is necessary and how to select the most appropriate testing method.
I keep this 100 page laminated cover spiral-bound reference close at hand. It is full of useful information, techniques and guidance. The Guide to Evaluating Gold and Silver Objects is a "must" for anyone involved in collecting, making, and identifying gold and silver. The following summarizes this book:
Chapter one give us an understanding of gold and silver in historical as well as scientific and mythological terms. You will find some interesting facts and information about gold and silver which can be use to dazzle your friends and clients.
Chapter two deals with how to visually inspect the most often appraised objects: flatware, holloware, coins, and jewelry. This is obviously the most non-invasive method of determining an object's composition, and when used in conjunction with the extensive list of reference books in the appendix and the information in chapter three, the reader may be able to eliminate the need for any sort of invasive testing (i.e., nitric acid test).
Chapter three discusses marks of standard, referring to the marks generally found on an object signifying its metal composition, such as "sterling" (92.5% fine silver and 7.5% copper), or the lower fine silver content of "coin" silver (90% fine silver and 10% copper), also known as "pure coin," "dollar," ".900," or "standard." This chapter also delves into the lesser understood electroplate marks, defining their terms and corresponding thicknesses. The foreign quality marks section is also very useful, for not all countries use the same terminology or alloys as the United States.
Chapter four, the longest in the book, deals with gold and silver testing. The chapter starts by introducing us to the most simple and common empirical tests such as "feel", "flex", "heft", "ring-ping" and even "smell." The reader will find out how to properly administer these common field tests; it is also revealed which of these should not be relied upon. The balance of this chapter deals with 14+ tests, from the most commonly used but invasive acid tests, to the advanced electronic and scientific tests. Also included is the often overlooked but very informative specific gravity test. Most of these tests can be performed by or arranged by the reader.
Chapter five discuses the various reasons for evaluating a precious metal object, such as for curiosity's sake, selling or acquiring a piece, insurance replacement, collectability, etc.
Chapter six gives one a thorough understanding of both the art and science of cleaning/polishing precious metal objects. The step by step instructions will insure that the seemingly elemental act of cleaning doesn't leave the object ruined and/or effect any of the test results.
The appendix discusses the U.S. stamping laws, has very helpful tables and equivalents for units of measure, conversion formulas, melting points, specific gravity tables, and comparative weights of equal volumes. There are also appendixes which present recommended references, books, associations, and an extensive glossary.
The Handbook of Gorham Open Salt Dishes
Henry Petzal, Silversmith
The History of Silver
Jackson's Hallmarks, Pocket Edition
My review for JCK Book Club: How I love pocket references. Jackson's Hallmarks, Pocket Edition, will need a slightly larger pocket for transporting, as it measures 4 3/4" x 8 1/2" x 1/2" thick. Edited by Ian Pickford, this guide contains one-tenth the number of marks found in Sir Charles J. Jackson's mammoth 700+ page reference which has been the resource for scholars, collectors, and dealers. The book covers English, Scottish, and Irish silver and gold date marks from 1300 to 1991, and the most notable maker's marks for the same period. Its introduction: "Understanding Hallmarks," will help the novice comprehend the sometimes complex series of marks found on early silver, especially during the era of duty marks used from the late 18th century to 1890. Britannia silver, gold, and platinum marks are also covered. Alongside the maker's marks shows the maker's name the period in which the smith practiced, and a comment column that tells you what the individual specialized in creating and how noteworthy and collectable they are.
I'm sure Jackson, who died April 23, 1923, would be pleased to see that his extensive research continues to be improved and revised, giving the reader a clearer understanding as to how marks were used. 172 pages.
Jewelry & Metalwork in the Arts & Crafts Tradition
Marks of Achievement, Four Centuries of American Presentation Silver
Marks of London Goldsmiths and Silversmiths, 1837-1914
My review for JCK Book Club: This reference lists London's better-known silversmiths and silversmithing firms in a handy carry-around format. Over 1,300 marks are shown, covering some 200 manufacturers and retailers. All the illustrations were drawn directly from photographs taken of the original marks in the London Assay Office registers, making this a very accurate guide for identification purposes.
The main body of the book is comprised of makers and firms listed alphabetically, together with their respective marks. You will find every variation of mark used by each firm, since they sometimes moved or changed hands over the years. There is also a wealth of biographical information in this section noting the various changes of company ownership and growth. Next comes a section on the meanings of the various mandatory marks used to stamp all pieces passing through the London Assay Office. This section is followed by date marks spanning from 1678 to 1992.
Probably the most valuable section is the index of maker's marks. Have you ever been frustrated in identifying a maker, spending what seems an eternity thumbing through reference pages. It's certainly happened to me on more than one occasion! The author has taken the guesswork out of this cumbersome task by alphabetizing the marks by their first letter on the left or top of the stamp. The corresponding company name will hurry you to the biographical section for further information.
Though there were 15,000 marks registered in London during this time, Marks of London Goldsmiths and Silversmiths 1837-1914 is recommended for ease of use and accuracy. 390 pages.
Mexican Silver, 20th Century Handwrought Jewelry & Metalwork
My review for JCK Book Club: Packed with over 400 color and black and white photographs and illustrations, this study shows the development of handwrough silver (and jewelry) from the turn of the 1920's to the present. A small, insignificant glossary educates the reader to some of the Mexican silversmithing nomenclature found throughout the book. The "Revolutionary Culture" chapter discusses the sudden explosion of creativity after 1910, initiated by a community of Mexican and North American intellectuals. The father of silver revival in Mexico, William Spratling, founded a silver workshop which quickly spawned talented artisans who in turn set up their own studios and prospered from the booming tourist industry that sprouted.
The following 27 chapters in this 272-page book, reveal the personalities and products produced by such notable silversmiths as Hector Aguilar Antonio Castillo, Antonio Pineda, and Spratling--the "fearsome foursome." The authors, historian Penny Chittim Morrill, and Carole A. Berk, collector and decoration arts gallery owner, have given a wonderful overview of the goings-on in Mexican silversmithing over a 65-year period. The chapter on "Hallmarks" assists in identifying makers using letter markings, and throughout the book, the actual stamp marks are featured.
An appendix gives a chronology of the life of Spratling, unquestionably the guiding force behind Mexican silversmithing. A helpful valuation chapter gives rough estimates as to the value of the work produced by the featured artists.
From my own silversmithing background, I found a kinship and attachment to these artisans after reading about their lives, not just their products. Though the craftsmanship of the work of these silversmiths is rarely brought up to the level of their design talents, there has been an increasing following of their style. You will find the photography to be of good quality and the text an easy read, especially with a new personality to discover in each chapter. After reading Mexican Silver, it is hoped that you will have a greater understanding of the life of a silversmith. 272 pages.
Modern Silver
Old Sheffield Plate
Paul de Lamerie, The Work of England's Master Silversmith (1688-1751)
Paul Revere and the World He Lived in
Paul Storr, 1771-1844, Silversmith & Goldsmith
Phaidon Guide to Silver
Quebec and Related Silver
The Queens Silver, A Survey of Her Majesty's Personal Collection
Sculpture in Silver
Sheffield Silver Plate
Silver Boxes
Silver in America, 1840-1940, A Century of Splendor
My review for JCK Book Club: This is finally the reference we have been waiting for! Dr. Charles Vunable, Curator of Decorative Arts at the Dallas Museum of Art, thoroughly researched this period--a time when the American silver industry was at its most productive and imaginative. This was a time in world silver manufacturing history that America was unparalleled.
The nine chapters are sub-chapters within three major parts. Part I: Foundations Laid (1940-1875), discusses how silver's cottage trade was transformed from one-man shops to larger businesses employing many specialized workers. Part II: Glory Achieved (1875-1915), illustrates how America's silver industry quickly became the world's powerhouse. This period saw Gorham's production soar to where it dwarfed the entire output of the combined manufacturers of Great Britain. America had earned worldwide respect for its design and craftsmanship, in part to attracting some of Europe's top silversmiths and designers. Part III: Restructure and Reform (1885-1940), studies the many mergers and liquidation's within the industry.
The photographs are consistently good throughout. I never tire of seeing objects in silver, some combined with other metals and enamels, from the Nouveau, aesthetic movement, and Arts and Crafts periods. During these eras, the American silver industry and cottage businesses showed the rest of the world, especially England and France, that they could compete with these style origins.
A glossary of manufacturing terms takes the reader back to 1932 when a Gorham manual was distributed to the sales force to make them conversant with retailers. A biography brings to light lesser known, but non the less influential silver producers and retailers from this period. In the final section, a comprehensive reference has been produced to fully describe every illustration, listing (whenever possible) the item, maker, date of manufacture, dimensions, maker's marks, provenance (when known), and a brief commentary on the piece's style.
Silver in America is certainly an outstanding and essential reference. It journeys into the factories and helps us to better understand what prompted technical and style advances, plus the many personalities that helped shape the industry. 365 pages.
Silver & Sheffield Plate Marks
My review for JCK Book Club: For those of you sick and tired of lugging around 5-pound encyclopedic reference books to antique shops and auctions, a pocket size guide is now available. Authored by noted British antique dealer John Bly, this 192-page book contains a suprisingly large amount of essential information on style, hallmarking, and techniques. If you have ever been frustrated examining a piece, trying to identify a non-British assay mark, this guide illustrates assay marks from around the world. British date marks are covered to 1974. 192 pages.
Pen and ink illustrations cover the following silver styles: cake baskets, candelabras, candlesticks, casters, coffee & chocolate pots, cruets, entrée dishes, epergnes & centerpieces, jugs, salts, salvers & waiters, sauce boats, spoons, tankards, teapots, tureens, two-handled cups, and even wine funnels. A brief section describes methods of manufacture and decoration such as chasing, embossing, and engraving.
Marks and short biographies of famous British silversmiths are illustrated with only five American notables (perhaps a minor shortcoming of this book). Of considerable value is the section on Fakes and Alterations which alerts the reader to give a considered purchase that second look before parting with their money. A Glossary further assists the collector in developing a necessary silver vocabulary.
Measuring only 3 3/4" x 7 1/2" x 1/2" thick, this guide, though not as ambitious as the major references, is thoughtful and will be a favorite accessory. 192 pages.
Silver, An Illustrated Guide to Collecting Silver
Silver of a New Era, Int'l Highlights of Precious Metalware from 1880
to 1940
My review for JCK Book Club: Do you need a history lesson on European silversmithing during this most important period of stylistic change? Then Silver of a New Era is the book for you. This reference work serves as a catalog of prime examples from the Art Nouveau through Art Deco periods which were gathered from around the world for two exhibitions in the Netherlands in 1992.
The photography and format are excellent, and of the 302 illustrations, fifty-one of the most important and colorful works are enlarged color duplicates. Listed with every object is the designer, maker, object dimensions, date produced, and lender to the exhibition. This is more than just a picture book. It is divided into chapters on silver from Great Britain, France, Belgium, the Netherlands, Germany, Austria, and Scandinavia, each with an overview from museum experts in the field from their respective country. Chapter introductions chronicle the most important and influential designers, individual silversmiths and silversmithing firms in Europe: dictator of style for the rest of the world at the time. This was a very turbulent time for silver craftsmen, for mass-production was slowly replacing the more traditional labor-intensive hand skills in the factory setting. As the mechanizing of factories continued, individual silversmiths were in the fortunate position of working to order and did not have to compete with the larger firms.
This "catalog" beautifully illustrates the diversity of forms and techniques produced during this highly creative time. You will find this era fascinating as you travel through the most influential silver producing countries in Europe. 264 pages.
Silver in the Golden State
Silverplated Flatware, An Identification & Value Guide
My review for JCK Book Club: This value guide is one of the most comprehensive on the market. It lists manufacturers alphabetically and patterns by issue date. The dinner knife, dinner fork & teaspoon are prices most commonly quoted with each pattern, though there is a price guide for 50 individual pieces towards the front of the book. As part of this price guide, all patterns are classified on five price levels according to their collectability. Also, noted by letter, are those patterns presently in production and their collectability which can be quickly referenced in the price guide. The back of the book contains a pattern and manufacturer's index which are essential for every reference book of this type.
With the exception of only a few photographs and manufacturer's illustrations, all patterns were drawn by the author's husband.
There's not much more to comment on, for this is a value guide, period. If you are looking for a good, basic reference without any manufacturer's biographical data or flatware history, Silverplated Flatware will fit the bill. 372 pages.
Rupert Finegold & William Seitz, Krause Publications, 1983, ISBN #: 0-8019-7232-9
My Recommendation: Though it's the most comprehensive technical book on the subject with numerous photographs and drawings, you'll need a guide on shop safety, the one lacking feature not found in this reference. Go here to purchase Silversmithing.
Manual of Design and Techniques
My Review: Its rare to find a good basic technical book on silversmithing thats still being published. SilversmithingA Manual of Design & Techniques, was written by British silversmith Keith Smith who has over 30 years of experience both teaching and creating private commissions. Though not as comprehensive as Silversmithing by Finegold and Seitz, and considering the book has only 157 pages, it does good job in basic instruction on the subjects presented. Where Finegold and Seitzs book fails in the area of shop safety, it is an issue adequately covered in the Manual.
There are chapters on setting up a workshop; descriptions of metals; health and safety; an extensive design section; sinking; raising; seaming; planishing; bending and forming; working with wire and tubing; miscellaneous forming techniques such as spout making and forging; decoration which includes chasing, etching, piercing, appliqué, engraving, and mokume gane; finishing and polishing; hallmarking; and suppliers in the United Kingdom. There are numerous illustrations and color photographs of completed works.
I read it through the eyes of a novice metalsmith and came away with a good understanding of what it takes to function as a silversmith. Individuals who deal in antique silver and never knew how these objects were created, will benefit from this book as well.
SilversmithingA Manual of Design & Techniques, is available for $35.00 plus shipping from Trafalgar Square Books, PO Box 257, Howe Hill Rd., N. Pomfret, VT 05053, Tel: 800/423-4525, 802/457-1911, Fax: 802/457-1913.
Small Antique Silverware
Sotheby's Concise Encyclopedia of Silver
My review for JCK Book Club: Sotheby's has given us more of a guide than encyclopedia, written by leading authorities, primarily from England, on periods of silver development. Chapters include: Early Silver; The Medieval Period; Renaissance and Mannerism; Baroque, Rococo and Neoclassicism; The Nineteenth Century; American Silver, Arts and Crafts & Art Nouveau; Art Deco; Post-War Silver; and Forgeries, Fakes, and Concoctions.
Yes, the photographs are beautiful and the material covered does give us insight into silver's stylistic changes throughout the ages. But, to not include even basic silversmithing techniques in an encyclopedia on silver is a disservice to the reader, in that the creation of silver wares continues to be one of the least understood processes . How will the art of silversmithing grow without educating the public as to how these pieces are created?
If I appear to have an agenda, I do. With a scholarly work such as this "Encyclopedia," it is Sotheby's responsibility to also guide us through basic silversmithing processes, otherwise, it is incomplete. Sotheby's could have made this the definitive resource to date.
As the director of the Society of American Silversmiths, I have had the privilege to attend many silver exhibitions, including our own. And what I continually hear is: "How was this piece made?" Most people think all silver is cast--holloware and flatware alike. I'm not saying that every book on silver must have a section on technique, but if when a book calls itself an encyclopedia, especially one on the arts, it must educate the reader on all areas of the subject. If we truly want one of the world's oldest art forms to survive, not just its antiques, do we not owe it to ourselves to better understand it? Having said this, I do still recommend this guide, though the next "encyclopedia" produced should be more thorough. 208 pages.
Spoons From Around the World
My review for JCK Book Club: You spoon enthusiasts are going to love this book! It's filled with over 2,000 spoons from around the world with those that are enameled in color. The book first introduces us to the history and development of the spoon illustrating examples along the way. The chapter, Saints and Sinners, gives a detailed description of Apostle spoons-their meaning and use. Caddy, bonbon, monkey, snuff, mustache, pap or caudle, infant feeding and medicine spoons with descriptions on their development and usage have their own section.
You won't find more the common spoons you are more familiar with, like Gorham's Chantilly and Reed & Barton's Francis First. Instead, there is the unusual, the amusing, the historic and the commemorative.
The bulk of the book is devoted to all types of spoons from around the world. American, English and German manufacturers pumped-out these novelty spoons by the truck load and the authors give the meaning behind every piece pictured. The final pages are used as a price guide for all the spoons and lists both the highest and lowest prices found in the market.
If you're researching, dealing or appraising spoons, this book presents a profusion of information including an extensive bibliography for additional reading. And, if you're not already hooked on collecting spoons, Spoons from Around the World just might get you started! 346 pages.
Spratling Silver
My review for JCK Book Club: Though the name William Spratling may not be readily recognizable, this 20th century Renaissance man single handedly revolutionized the Mexican silver industry. From his first visit to Mexico in 1926 at the age of twenty-six, to his death in 1967, Spratling had turned the town of Taxco into a silversmithing mecca. At the height of production, he employed over 400 artisans to execute his Aztec and classical designs in jewelry, holloware and flatware.
Spratling Silver contains 45 photographs of his work with accompanying object size and maker's mark. His maker's marks are also illustrated from 1931 to the present which is valuable for dating purposes. Also illustrated are some of Spratling's drawings and photographs with notable admires.
Spratling, born to famous parents in Sonyea, New York in 1900, quickly developed artistic recognition at an early age. Before transplanting to Mexico, he taught architecture at American universities and lectured on colonial architecture at the National University of Mexico for two summers. Mexico's history, art and people became an obsession, so he quit teaching at Tulane and moved to Taxco where he surrounded himself with artists and writers.
Spratling soon fell in love with silver and hired local talent to execute his designs which gained national acclaim as tourists flocked to Taxco. He set-up a silversmithing school to train the badly needed artisans his shop required. Of the apprentices, Hector Aguilar was perhaps the most notable. Spratling designs are inspiring, though the craftsmanship was overwhelmingly amateur by American standards. As word spread, Spratling-designed pieces were eventually retailed in such stores as Saks Fifth Avenue, Tiffany, and Neiman-Marcus. His work is represented in many museums and are in the collections of such notables as Emperor Haile Selassie, Lyndon Johnson, and Orson Wells.
Today, Spratling silver is extremely collectable, not only for its style, but also its historical significance. 128 pages.
Sterling Flatware Pattern Index
The Story of Sterling
Swedish Silver
Tiffany Silver
Treasures for the Table, Silver From the Crysler Museum
The Treatises of Benvenuto Cellini on Goldsmithing and Sculpture
Victorian Silver & Silverplate
The Warner Collector's Guide to American Sterling Silver &
Silver-Plated Holloware
to Home Page | Society
Info | Artisan
| Silver
Updated 2/1/2003


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Our lawn maintenance staff is trained to provide top quality services so that your lawn is kept clean and appealing throughout the entire year. We provide year-round services to take care of the needs created by seasonal changes. Following is a list lawn services:
Lawn Services
- Manicure lawn care
- Finish and Rough Cut Mowing
- Fertilizing and Chemical Control
- Seeding and Rejuvenation
- Leaf and Lawn Debris Removal
- Lawn Renovation and Installation
- Leaf and Lawn Debris Removal
- Lawn Renovation and Installation
- Aeration and Slit Seeding
- Sod Installation
Loyalty Lawn & Landscape, Inc. offers multiple services and products to enhance the appearance of the landscape at your home, business, or facility. Each project is planned carefully so that maintenance needs and long range costs are minimized. Our state-of-the-art graphic design software allows us to show you prior to construction what your project will look like upon completion; allowing you to catch the vision of improvement and growth.
Landscape Services
- Graphic Design and Rendering
- Landscape Renovation and Installation
- Drainage and Surface Water Control
- Paver and Stone Walks, Walls, and Patios
- Low Voltage Lighting
- Irrigation Systems
- Water Features
- Stone and Hardwood Mulch
Lawn maintenance services include manicure mowing with Walker Mowers for exceptional quality, A Toro Groundsmaster3000-D with an 82" Contour Deck is used for large properties to provide the smooth clean cut finish found on golf course fairways. Trimming and edging around trees, buildings, paved surfaces, lawn ornaments, etc. are performed in such a way as to provide a smooth blend of the grass to the hardscape without cutting the grass off at the ground in an unhealthy "burned off" cut. Blowing is performed to rid paved surfaces, decks, and landscape areas of lawn clippings, leaves, and debris to proved the finishing touch of a complete clean up. Fertilization and weed control programs are available to build, maintain, or enhance the health and appearance of the turf and landscape areas. Leaf and lawn debris are removed as necessary throughout the season to maintain healthy and aesthetically pleasing grounds.
Lawn installation services include excavating, grading, contouring, filling, soil amending, and top dressing. Drainage and irrigation systems are also installed to promote proper drainage and moisture levels for healthy plant growth.
Landscape maintenance services include mulching, pruning of small trees and shrubs, and weed control. Hardwood mulch or decorative river rock are typically used for mulching landscaped areas. Landscape fabric is usually used for a weed barrier to reduce the need for weed control but allow proper water penetration for healthy root growth of the plants. Pruning is performed by mechanical and power equipment depending on desired result or service needed. Weed control is performed by both mechanical and chemical methods.
Complete landscape installation and renovation services are provided. Graphic design services using hand drafting or computer design and rendering services are available to show the customer what their actual grounds can look like with the plants and hardscapes desired depicted with actual photos and not just symbols.
Mature size of plants and environmental demands are taken into account prior to installation to reduce maintenance needs. Various choices of hardscapes such as retaining walls, side walks, patios, and borders are also available using natural, cast stone, block, brick, and pavers.
Mowing services are performed usually on a weekly basis with alterations made to balance weather and seasonal conditions. Customers may also call and request special services as desired. We then incorporate these requests into the schedule to meet them in as timely a manor as possible.

subset: commoncrawl


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Being a senior in high school, if an opportunity to travel with your friends comes along, you take it. I'm so happy we all got the chance to detox from school, life and just take a few days to breathe and live worry free. I think it's safe to say we all want to go back to Naples.
The trip began in Atlantic City, New Jersey where we took off for Fort Myers, Florida. Our flight was delayed but we didn't land too much later than expected. The minute we exited the airport and felt that warm winter air, we all were incredibly content and thankful to being missing the snow storm at home (or so we thought). We stayed at my friend Amanda's grandparents home, there we were greeted with a ton of delicious baked goods, sandwiches and more. The next morning we went to a beach called Clams Pass and that's when sunburn invaded most of my friends' bodies. That night aloe was essential in order to calm and soothe our irritated, lobster-like skin. We headed to the beach again for the sunset which was beautiful and displayed a number of orange tones.
Next day, we woke up bright and early for a boat day in Bonita Springs. This had to be my favorite day of the trip. Spending all day sunbathing on a boat and docking up to an island is my image of a perfect day, and it was just that! After the relaxing boat day, at night we headed to downtown Naples which was the cutest place ever! It was a large, popular downtown area surrounded by shops and palm trees. It had nearly anything from ice cream shops to beach stores.
Our last day, we went to Vanderbilt beach which was yet another calm and serene day! Early morning we paddle boarded which was a ton of fun until I ended up in the ocean and I was unable to touch the sandy floor below me. Lost my sunglasses, they're probably floating around somewhere in the Atlantic as I type this. When we got back to Amanda's grandparents home we packed, soaked in the hot tub and went for dinner at the Clubhouse in their development. Before we knew it, we were on our flight back home to New Jersey and just a day later the snow fell…
Thank you to the cutest grandparents for keeping seven crazy people with them, xoxo.
Clam Pass
Boat ride in Bonita Springs
Vanderbilt Beach
New Jersey


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Is Sony preparing to raise a white flag?
View Single Post
Ernie Bornn-Gilman
New Member
Join Date: Nov 2007
Location: Los Angeles area
Posts: 1
Re: Is Sony preparing to raise a white flag?
If I'm any indication of how the war has slowed HD IN GENERAL (as Lotus meant earlier), I'm an A/V installer and have been telling people for two years not to buy anything yet. Finally, in the last few months, I've been telling them to look at what films they want to see in High Def and buy the player for which they feel they'll be more likely to find software. Several have responded that they're not buyin' nuttin' till the dual player is out. And I say "the" like we know it will happen.
Uhhh...guys, it says "Modertator" in the upper left. That's not as funny as "Adimistrator," which I saw on another site this week, but it is amusing!
Ernie Bornn-Gilman
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Perfect for social media campaigns and blogs. Web photos (up to .5 MP). 1 Seat.
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Build a high res library or promote your brand. Up to Large (2.5-4.5 MP). 5 Seats.
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Get more high res photos and more. Up to Large (2.5-4.5 MP). 25 Seats.
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wooden, white, field, totem, green, grassy, kin, tract
white wooden totem on green grassy field


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Get access to the exclusive HR Resources you need to succeed in 2018!
SHRM board member David Windley discusses how unconscious bias can derail workplace diversity efforts.
Is your employee handbook keeping up with the changing world of work? With SHRM's Employee Handbook Builder get peace of mind that your handbook is up-to-date.
Build competencies, establish credibility and advance your career—while earning PDCs—at SHRM Seminars in 12 cities across the U.S. this spring.
#SHRM18 will expand your perspective – on your organization, on your career, and on the way you approach HR. Join us in Chicago June 17-20, 2018
When it comes to executive leaders, people prefer women.
So says a new study of more than 2,000 U.S. adults, who prefer their leaders to be more collaborative—a trait they associate with women, according to Pershing, a global financial business consultancy. What 77 percent of those polled don't like are what they defined as "traditional" models of leadership, whereby top execs punish employees and give them orders, actions that respondents associated with men.
"It's clear that women are contributing exciting new approaches to management and leadership," said Kim Dellarocca, global head of practice management and segment marketing at Pershing, in a media release. "However, the research shows that a gap still exists between the acceptance of management style and the actual preferences in leadership choices."
Every year since 2007, McKinsey & Company, a global management consulting firm, has published its
Women Matter study, which has shown that companies with a "critical mass" of female executives perform better than those without women at the helm.
"We found that one reason for this outperformance," the authors of the latest report, issued in 2013, wrote, "lies in the leadership behaviors that women leaders tend to exhibit more than their male counterparts."
In pointing out those behaviors, the authors said that women provide slightly more inspiration, participative decision-making, direction and motivation when they lead. Men, however, rely on more individualistic decision-making, are more controlling and favor corrective action.
Even given the difference in styles and the preference for female leaders, McKinsey reports, women worldwide are still underrepresented in leadership roles in corporations.
The McKinsey report further revealed that although many firms have measures in place to promote women, "few achieve significant impact."
"One reason for the shortfall in results is time," according to the report. "Like all transformational programs, measures to improve gender diversity require time to take effect."
They also require confidence in their ability to do the job.
While 79 percent of the women in the study aspire to C-suite roles, many were not sure they could do the job. Also, 86 percent of men were confident they would succeed in reaching a senior-management position, but only 69 percent of women felt that way.
Both studies revealed that men still outnumber women in key leadership roles—even though women earn more college degrees than men and often become the primary breadwinner.
"Good role models are the key to solving the gender paradox," Dellarocca said in a media release. "If exposure to individuals who defy stereotypes helps mitigate biases, then this could be a promising strategy for winning greater acceptance of women in traditionally male leadership roles."
McKinsey offered these suggestions for firms wanting to promote more women:
"In addition, corporations should welcome a broad range of leadership styles to ensure no talent is bypassed," the report stated.
Aliah D. Wright is a manager/online editor for SHRM Online.
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|NEWSLETTER W3C Kantoor in Nederland
|Februari 2002
U ontvangt deze newsletter van het W3C Kantoor in Nederland. Reacties graag naar
W3C Kantoor in Nederland
p/a CWI
Kruislaan 413
Postbus 94079
1090 GB Amsterdam
020-592 4033
email: firstname.lastname@example.com of email@example.com
Wanneer u geen prijs stelt op verdere toezending van deze Newsletter, volstaat een mededeling per email naar het bovenstaande adres.
Als uw bedrijf/instelling wil behoren tot de "leading edge" van de verdere ontwikkeling van het Web, is een W3C lidmaatschap de aangewezen weg: /Dutch/joining.shtml. Meer dan 500 bedrijven/instellingen "world wide" gingen reeds voor: http://www.w3.org/Consortium/Member/List.
18 Januari 2002: De volgende Masterclass in samenwerking met ISOC.nl is gepland voor 28 maart 2002. Ivan Herman, hoofd van de W3C Kantoren en expert op het gebied van Scalable Vector Graphics (SVG), zal 's middags een tutorial geven over SVG. Nadere details.
12 December 2001: WWW2002 de elfde conferentie in de rij van bekende internationale WWW conferenties, wordt 7 - 11 mei 2002 gehouden in Honolulu, Hawaii. Voor meer informatie zie de WWW2002 web site.
18 February 2002: An update to Unicode in XML and other Markup Languages has been released as a Unicode Technical Report and a W3C Note. These guidelines cover the use of Unicode with markup languages such as XML, and are published jointly by the Unicode Technical Committee and the W3C Internationalization Working Group and Interest Group. Read about the W3C Internationalization Activity.
14 February 2002: W3C is pleased to announce the creation of the Multimodal Interaction Activity. By developing markup specifications for synchronization across multiple modalities and devices, the new Activity is extending the Web user interface. Read more on the Multimodal Interaction Activity home page.
14 February 2002: The DOM Test Suite Group has released the first version of the DOM Conformance Test Suite for Level 1 Core. Launched by W3C and NIST, the USA National Institute of Standards and Technology, this work is a publicly developed and open framework to test Document Object Model (DOM) Level 1 Core implementations.
14 February 2002: W3C is pleased to announce the advancement of Exclusive XML Canonicalization to Candidate Recommendation. Produced by the joint IETF/W3C XML Signature Working Group, the specification provides a method to exclude ancestor context from the canonicalized form of a subset of an XML document. Read the interoperability report and more about the XML Digital Signature Activity.
14 February 2002: The World Wide Web Consortium today released XML-Signature Syntax and Processing as a W3C Recommendation. Produced by the joint IETF/W3C XML Signature Working Group, XML digital signatures provide integrity, message authentication, and signer authentication services. Read the press release and testimonials.
13 February 2002: W3C is pleased to be co-sponsoring the second international MathML conference, "MathML and Technologies for Mathematics on the Web," scheduled for 28-30 June 2002, near Chicago, IL, USA. The deadline for submitting abstract and panel proposals is 18 February. Poster abstracts and demo proposals are due 15 March. MathML 2.0 became a W3C Recommendation one year ago. Visit the MathML Conference 2002 Web site.
11 February 2002: The Platform for Privacy Preferences 1.0 Deployment Guide has been updated. Written for content owners and Webmasters, the guide explains how to write a machine-readable privacy policy, and gives step-by-step instructions for deploying your privacy policy on popular Web servers. Read the answers to frequently asked questions about P3P and more about the W3C Privacy Activity.
31 January 2002: The SYMM Working Group has published XHTML+SMIL Profile as a W3C Note integrating a subset of the SMIL 2.0 specification with XHTML. The profile includes modules for animation, content control, media objects, timing and synchronization, time manipulations, and transition effects. Read about the W3C Synchronized Multimedia Activity.
28 January 2002: W3C is pleased to announce the advancement of the The Platform for Privacy Preferences 1.0 (P3P1.0) Specification to Proposed Recommendation. P3P is a simple automated way for users to gain control over the use of their personal information on Web sites they visit. Read the answers to frequently asked questions about P3P and more about the W3C Privacy Activity.
25 January 2002: W3C is pleased to announce the creation of the Web Services Activity. Initially composed of three Working Groups and a Coordination Group and folding in the former W3C XML Protocol Activity, the new Activity will develop a set of interfaces for application to application communication on the Web. Chartered to build three Recommendations, Web services work is conducted publicly. Read more in the Web Services Activity statement.
25 January 2002: The P3P Specification Working Group has published An RDF Schema for P3P as a W3C Note. Based on The Platform for Privacy Preferences 1.0 (P3P1.0) Specification Last Call Working Draft, the Note represents one possible RDF schema for P3P. P3P simplifies and automates the process of reading Web site privacy policies, promoting trust and confidence in the Web. Read about the W3C Privacy Activity.
24 January 2002: The World Wide Web Consortium has published Current Patent Practice as a W3C Note. Reviewed by the Advisory Board, the Note represents the current state of W3C patent practice as implemented by the Team for W3C Recommendations. It serves as a guide for W3C Activities between now and when the policy developed by the Patent Policy Working Group is finalized.


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Mike Jones, who helped Memphis Central to a runner-up finish in the TSSAA Class AAA state tournament last season, was named boys basketball coach at University School of Nashville, the school announced Tuesday.
Jones was an assistant for the varsity team at Central, which went 20-10 and lost to rival Memphis East in the state championship game. He also was the junior varsity boys coach.
He replaces Adam Sonn, who left following the season to become head coach at Goodpasture.
"We are excited to have Mike Jones join our coaching staff at USN," athletics director Josh Scouten said. "He will be a great basketball coach and a positive role model for our student-athletes. He has the right vision for our program K-12 and our entire school will benefit from his knowledge and background in education."
Previously, Jones has taught and coaches at schools in Georgia.
He played college basketball at both Spartanburg Methodist College and Georgia College and State University. He is a graduate of the University of South Carolina.
"It is a privilege to become a part of the USN family," he said. "While it is my intention to win championships, our main focus is to prepare student-athletes to be innovative leaders in tomorrow's world."


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Bucharest (Dec. 18)
(Jewish Telegraphic Agency)
Measures to maintain order were taken by General Averescu, Prime Minister of Roumania, according to an official report in the "Politica," a Roumanian newspaper. It was stated that the Premier urged Minister of the Interior Goga to proceed strongly against those who disturb the public order.
Twelve Jews of Timischoara, Transylvania, were sentenced to six months imprisonment on the charge of having attacked two Roumanian students.


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Free Software Downloads \ Games & Entertainment \ Board
Matches: 65
Sort by: Date Title Size Author Rating Popularity
First Prev Page 1 of 7 Next Last
Fantasy Chess 3.01.29 by: Dataware
Play the game of chess while transforming into fantasy creatures. Choose from different character sets for your chess pieces including dinosaurs, insects, traditional pieces, and more. Published by Dataware.
[read more] [download] License: Shareware, Price: $4.95 US
Downloads: 1367
Size: 897 K
Date: 2016-02-07
SA Chess 1.3 by: SA Software
The strong Xiangqi(Chinese Chess) Software, Strong strength as grandmaster; Great move in middle phase, very smart in complicated situation; Can reach over 20 depths on normal computer in a few seconds; Support up to 64 CPU cores;
[read more] [download] License: Shareware, Price: $34.99 US
Downloads: 460
Size: 38976 K
Date: 2015-10-19
3D Checkers Unlimited 2.4 by: TLK Games
For players at all levels challenging the computer. International or British checker board and rules. Various 3D camera settings and view in 2D. Stroke suggested and ability of playback. You can challenge the computer, a local or a networked opponent
[read more] [download] License: Shareware, Price: $6.95 US
Downloads: 1553
Size: 4046 K
Date: 2015-06-24
Deep Green Reversi 5.0.0 by: BlochWeb
The classic board game Reversi, also known as Othello, is easy to learn yet difficult to master. Trap your opponent's game pieces between yours to win. 3D animated graphics, sound, Net support and much more.
[read more] [download] License: Shareware, Price: $8.00 US
Downloads: 568
Size: 1367 K
Date: 2015-02-16
Mahjong In Poculis 5.64 by: In Poculis
Mahjong In Poculis is a free Windows Mahjong game coming with 300 layouts and 6 themes. This Mahjong game, developed with simplicity in mind, is a great memory challenger that is able to offer you 150 hours of fun.
[read more] [download] License: Freeware, Price: $0.00 US
Downloads: 935
Size: 16833 K
Date: 2014-08-18
3D Chess Unlimited 2.3 by: TLK Games
Powered by an innovative engine, this computerized 3DChess board offers a superior comfort for learning and playing. For beginners and experimented players. You can challenge the computer, a local or a networked opponent and check your ELO level.
[read more] [download] License: Shareware, Price: $6.95 US
Downloads: 1372
Size: 5335 K
Date: 2014-04-01
Fives and Threes 3.1 by: SadMan Software
Fives and Threes is a networked dominoes game for up to four players, although it works equally well when played alone. The object being to score points by playing your dominoes so that the open ends of the line add up to multiples of 5 and/or 3.
[read more] [download] License: Shareware, Price: $15.00 US
Downloads: 1023
Size: 1760 K
Date: 2013-11-21
Chinese Chess Stoneman 8.3 by: Stoneman Software
Master level and popular Chinese Chess Game software. Whoever you are, beginner or expert, you will have FUN and EXCITING playing with her. Play against computer or a friend;Huge Open Book;Chinese Chess Books Inside;
[read more] [download] License: Shareware, Price: $79.95 US
Downloads: 1001
Size: 13475 K
Date: 2013-06-18
The Bingo Maker 7.0 by: thebingomaker.com
An intuitive bingo card creator for creating bingo cards at home or with professional printers. The Bingo Maker bingo card maker supports different themes, images, fonts and allows fast bingo card creation using numerous templates.
[read more] [download] License: Shareware, Price: $29.95 US
Downloads: 1002
Size: 13746 K
Date: 2013-06-14
Multiplayer Shut the Box 1.0.0 by: Novel Games Limited
Cover the most boxes to avoid penalty points.
[read more] [download] License: Freeware, Price: $0.00 US
Downloads: 487
Size: 302 K
Date: 2013-03-11
New Releases(Current Category)
Most Popular Software(Current Category)
Fantasy Chess 3.01.29 (upd.)
SA Chess 1.3 (upd.)
3D Checkers Unlimited 2.4 (upd.)
Deep Green Reversi 5.0.0 (upd.)
Mahjong In Poculis 5.64 (upd.)
3D Chess Unlimited 2.3 (upd.)
Fives and Threes 3.1 (upd.)
Chinese Chess Stoneman 8.3 (upd.)
The Bingo Maker 7.0 (upd.)
Multiplayer Shut the Box 1.0.0 (new)
3D Checkers Unlimited 2.4 (1553 dl.)
3D Chess Unlimited 2.3 (1372 dl.)
Fantasy Chess 3.01.29 (1367 dl.)
Chess-7 4.01 (1107 dl.)
Fives and Threes 3.1 (1023 dl.)
The Bingo Maker 7.0 (1002 dl.)
Chinese Chess Stoneman 8.3 (1001 dl.)
DiceRun 1.02 (975 dl.)
Mahjong In Poculis 5.64 (935 dl.)
Aros Magic Go-Moku 1.2 (890 dl.)
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text:
Nov 10,2006
ACORN bolsters the case
by By the Omaha World-Herald
Employers sometimes argue that government destroys jobs when it raises the minimum wage. They might take a measure of agreement from a highly unexpected source.
A Wall Street Journal column, written by John Fund, took a look at the inner workings of ACORN, a union-financed activist group that campaigns for higher minimum wages and other liberal causes. (ACORN is part of the political coalition that tries to draw moral sustenance from vilifying Wal-Mart.)
Fund portrays an organization that says one thing and does another. ACORN pressured the city of Santa Fe, N.M., into establishing a $9.50 an hour minimum wage, he wrote, "but pays its organizers $25,000 a year for a required 54-hour week - $8.90 an hour." Some ACORN workers in Missouri were asked to sign a contract calling for 80 hours of work in a seven-day week.
How does ACORN explain itself? In 1995, Fund wrote, the group went to court in an unsuccessful attempt to win an exemption from the California minimum-wage law. Its lawyers said that "the more ACORN must pay each individual outreach worker ... the fewer outreach workers it will be able to hire."
Bingo. The next time the restaurant industry, or the lawn-care industry, makes a similar argument, it would be entitled to quote ACORN as its authority.


text:
Felix and FireWire found each other on the same path of looking to bring the best high performance kiteboards to the masses. After six years of this common goal in mind, Felix and FireWire have been collaborating to offer the highest quality and most progressive shapes available to the kitesurfing community.
We are really excited about the various kiteboard options and giving the rider choices on strapped, strapless and two different construction types within our lineup. FireWire works with some of the world's best shapers including Daniel Thomson, Dan Mann, Nev Hyman, Jon Pyzel and others and incorporate feedback from some of the world's best surfing athletes to validate these shapes. Our kiteboard lineup is derived from the exact same elite surfboard designs and reinforced to withstand the extra punishment of kitesurfing. Regardless if you choose our proven Futures Shapes Technology (FST) or beautiful TimberTek wood skin construction, our craftsmanship and quality is second to none as FireWire produces every board from its own factory. We pluck the very best of these shapes for our kiteboard lineup. Boards that are guaranteed to work well for kiteboarding keeping upwind capability and high performance maneuverability in mind. Every FireWire board is built with the environment in mind as we strive to minimize environmental impact through use of Paulownia wood skin decks, recyclable EPS cores and Entropy bio resins that utilize renewable plant carbon and reduce greenhouse gas emission by 50% over conventional petroleum based epoxies. Give a FireWire kiteboard a ride and you will quickly understand how decades of surf design can elevate your kitesurfing!
FireWire Modern Planing Hull (MPH) rider guide
Here at FireWire we are really excited in the latest advancements in design with the Daniel Thomson (Tomo) shapes. While these boards have proven to be fantastic for surfing, the kiteboard community benefits have truly surprised us. We currently offer the Vanguard in a Kiteboard specific build and soon will release our next MPH shape, the Vader.
These boards give you the following benefits:
Superior upwind capability – The MPH design is a planing hull, designed to create more lift than a standard direction board which technically function as a displacement hull similar to a boat that sits down into the water. The MPH planing hull provides a ride that feels like your gliding as the board continually wants to accelerate giving the experience of forward drive which is being produced by this hull design. This forward drive translates to getting you upwind much easier than traditional boards which is beneficial for all riders, but particularly great for larger riders who used to have to sit on the sidelines on light wind days. Even in flat water riders enjoy how easy it is to get upwind and the board outline is great for practicing transitions, tricks and airs on this board.
High Performance ride – These are high performance boards ridden by some of the top surfers in the world. You get the exact same shape with the Kiteboard build of the Vanguard or Vader so you know it will carve and turn incredibly well.
Predictable stability – The Vanguard has proven to be a very versatile board. The parallel outline from nose to tail provides more overall surface area and make it a very stable platform. You will feel a
smoother ride through the chop and inadvertent weight shifts won't send you toppling off the board like a standard surf shape. This makes learning on a Vanguard a snap! We recommend the Vanguard for beginner and intermediate riders or people who are new to strapless. But don't worry, it will absolutely keep up as you progress and advance.
Durability – The MPH boards are made from our Future Shapes Technology (FST) that offers superior durability yet is still very light. You will get years of use out of the FST construction, much more so than a standard polyurethane board.
Environmentally conscious – Did you know that every FireWire board is Eco certified by Sustainable Surf.org? FireWire is committed to making the most environmentally friendly board on the market with new building materials such as Entropy bio-resin and Paulownia wood deck skins featured in our TimberTek models.
We have some rider suggestions regarding your purchase and board setup
Board sizing – The parallel outline of the MPH design places more rail line in the water than traditional shapes. This means the there's similar amount of rail in the water at any given time on a much smaller overall board size. We use 185lb/84kg as a general guideline for sizing the Vanguard. For larger riders over 185lb/84kg the 5'6" or 5'4" is recommended and for medium/smaller riders under the 185lb/84kg mark, the 5'2" or 5'0" is suggested. Of course wind and other factors can be taken into consideration. More wind look towards the shorter side, less wind the longer side. The Vader is intended to be ridden 1"-2" or 2cm-5cm shorter than your preferred Vanguard size.
Small miracles – The parallel rail outline and MPH design allows you to ride a very small board size. Don't be intimidated by the smaller sized models. We have a lot of customers that won't believe they can kite a board as small as the Vanguard and will purchase a 5'6" only to come back and buy a 5'2". Smaller in this case can be better. You can get a skateboard feel with tons of control. Felix and some of our other riders report that they ride 5'2" in triple overhead surf with no problem. In fact the board feels more stable in large surf than a traditional 6'+ board! And don't forget, the Vader should be ridden even smaller and will get you the same dependable hold in any type of surf.
V vs.V – Vader vs. Vanguard Comparison – At first glance these boards look very similar with the tail the only noticeable difference from afar. Our endless hours of testing these two models revealed that the Vanguard is really stable and works well for the beginner/intermediate kiter. While the Vader is pure adrenaline and caters well to the intermediate/advanced riders. The reason behind this is the Vader has a bit more tail and entry rocker which translates to tighter, quicker turns. In comparison, the Vanguard will tend to draw out these same turns making it feel stable and slightly more predictable. The Vader's bottom has deep channels allowing it to hold and grip on big turns so again, it can be ridden even smaller than the Vanguard. Both boards will want to drive forward and race quickly down the line but the Vader will offer a bit more vertical attack and tighter carves. Either board will allow you to experience the fluid feel of the latest planning hull designs and get you back upwind instantly!
Traction pad placement – The rear foot placement should be very far back towards the tail. When using a tail pad we recommend that you position the back edge of the pad approximately 1" or 2cm in front of the deck plug. These boards ride really well when even weight is provided on both feet. Or for an immediate rapid turning response, weight you rear foot further back on the board.
Fin suggestions – Fins preferences can be a very personal decision. The MPH boards come standard with Futures fin boxes. The Vanguard and Vader push a lot of water under the hull producing lift and forward drive so they don't require a large fin to accomplish this. FireWire produces a very high quality fin deigned by legendary shaper Nev Hyman which work really well on our boards. If you want to try experiment with other fin models, the Futures TechFlex fin construction is durable, performs well and is nicely suited for kiting. Small and medium sized riders will find the smaller templates like the John John's, F4's EA's all work very well for this size rider. Larger riders may require more fin if they tend to really push the tail on aggressive turns the bigger AM2 template works well. If you're less concerned about tech and having high performing fins and more about saving money, the same model fins in fiberglass or composite white will save you some money and still work well.
What Size board? Which model? What fins? Where can I get one?
Questions? – We are here to help! If you have questions we have a number of our riders who regularly monitor the FireWire Kiteboarding forum: Click Here
You can also contact us by filling out the form on our Contact Us page
Come visit us at our facebook page and get the latest info.
We hope to see you on the water soon and thanks for your interest in FireWire kiteboards!
-The FireWire crew


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In a Campus Technology interview, Tim Flood the former Stanford Mobile Program Director and manager of iStanford responds to Mary Grush's question about the key advantage institutions can get by offering mobile applications on campus with two words:
Being Relevant
Flood makes the argument that the world that students live in on a daily basis is a mobile world and higher education must at minimum use mobile technology to just stay relevant. I would take this a step further and suggest that relevance is only a starting point. If we (higher education) really want to be student centered and build effective learning environments we have to be respectful of who are students are and what they bring into the classroom. This is not a new idea and mobility is only the most recent cultural circumstance that brings the need to respect the learner to the forefront. Back in 1966 the learning theorist Jerome Bruner argued that a theory of instruction should address four major aspects:
1. predisposition towards learning,
2. the ways in which a body of knowledge can be structured so that it can be most readily grasped by the learner,
3. the most effective sequences in which to present material, and
4. the nature and pacing of rewards and punishments.
Recognizing where your learner is at or being aware of your learner's predisposition toward learning is the first and perhaps most important step in building effective learning environments because until you do so you are NOT respecting who they are and what they bring into that environment. The use of mobile devices is so intrinsic in almost all aspects of culture that it not only should be considered in point one, a learner's predisposition, but should also considered in point three, the most effective sequences to present material. Mobile devices enable learners to access content all the time and everywhere so when presenting or using content the instructor has to take mobility into account.
The challenge of accessing information which was intrinsic to the print culture of the 20th century is no longer the challenge of the digital culture of the 21st century. Our new challenge is assessing information because we can access so much on our mobile devices all the time and everywhere. Recognizing mobilities role in 21st century learning is not only a matter of relevance for higher education it is a matter of respect.


text: Hello, a question about semi-quantitative PCR: I would like to have a control primer pair of a gene that is constitutively expressed in the eukaryotic (rat) cell. Up to now I have been using S12: a very abundant ribosomal protein. Disadvantage; S12 is so abundant, that all cDNAs must be diluted 1000-fold before anything can be concluded. Do you know of a rather rare RNA that is constitutively expressed in the cell ? Also, would it be theoretically possible to mix the standard primers with the target primers in one reaction... and still be semi-quantitative ? (somebody in our lab is trying this, however I can imagine both primer pairs me interfere with eachother...) clemens, Heidelberg


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Literary rating:
Kick-butt quotient:
Warning –my review doesn't contain any spoilers for this book, but it does divulge a major series plot development from the preceding book!
In the 10th century B.C., the kingdom of Sheba (or Saba –the S and Sh sounds were still fluid in the Semitic alphabets of that day) straddled the Arabic and African sides of the southern entrance to the Red Sea, and enjoyed considerable income from its control of that trade route. Both the Old Testament books of I Kings and II Chronicles record a state visit by the Queen of Sheba to King Solomon. Neither of these writers record her name (it varies in the legends, but the most common name given is Balkis or Belkis –English transliterations vary) or much about her, and written records from Sheba at this time have not survived; but she's also mentioned in the Koran. Jewish, Arabic and Ethiopian legends (the latter written down in the ancient writing Kebra Negast, or "Glory of Kings") some of which probably preserve actual handed-down oral history, greatly elaborate the story, and the latter makes Solomon out to be the father of her son and heir, Menelik. (The royal house of Ethiopia historically claimed descent from Solomon through Menelik.) The legends of the Masai and other African peoples south of Ethiopia also credit Menelik with a great (and obviously historically memorable) expedition through their territories. This real-life material provides the basis for Jade del Cameron's fifth adventure.
It's now the autumn of 1920, and an American silent film company is in Nairobi, preparing to journey south (into what is today the country of Tanzania) to fabled Mount Kilimanjaro, there to film a movie, set partly in ancient and partly in modern times, based on a supposed legend of Emperor Menelik having climbed the mountain to die and be buried near the summit with his treasure. Ever ready to visit other African locales to do an article and photo shoot for "The Traveler" magazine –based on the real-life magazine of that era "Travel", as Arruda mentions in her fascinating-as-always Author's Notes– Jade's agreed to go along as second-in-command (with primary responsibility for looking after the expedition's female members) to the group's guide –though she's less than delighted to learn that the guide is Harry Hascombe, whom series readers have met before. The trip will also give her a chance to think seriously about, and hopefully finally sort out her mixed feelings, about her beau Sam Featherstone's marriage proposal. But shortly before departure, things get off to an ominous start with a strange murder-suicide just outside Nairobi's Muthaiga Club.
Much that I've said in my reviews of previous books in the series applies to this one, too. All the things that attract its fans are here: a strong, tough heroine with admirable character and with the guts and physical conditioning to handle dangerous challenges (yes, that knife in her boot on the cover picture is going to have to come out of its sheath!), well-drawn and sometimes likeable supporting characters, adventure and danger in a well-realized exotic setting, chaste romance, good writing with bad language kept to a minimum and no explicit sex, an undercurrent of supernaturalism and mystery that never turns the book into supernatural fiction but that adds a dash of that flavor. But I can say that this is one of the strongest books in the series, and presents one of the best constructed mystery plots –in several of the books, I fingered the culprit early on (and twice in the first chapter!), but I didn't here! This one kept me guessing (wrongly) almost down to the wire. The behind-the-scenes look at the film industry of the 1920s enhanced the book; and though I didn't recognize the tie-in to Hemingway's "The Snows of Kilimanjaro" (never having read that story) until the Author's Notes explained it, I can recognize now that it was masterfully done. I also appreciated the personal growth here of Jade's young Kikiyu friend, Jelani.
There are only (so far) two more books in this series; Barb and I have already started reading the sixth installment, The Crocodile's Last Embrace. I'm hopeful Arruda will eventually write more of them; Jade's a heroine we both want to keep on spending time with!
Author: Suzanne Arruda
Publisher: New American Library (Obsidian imprint), available through Amazon, both for Kindle and as a printed book.
A version of this review previously appeared on Goodreads.


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Conflict's BDay Bash 2Nite At Toc Bar! K-Rino live in concert plus much more!!
Its goin down tonight in downtown Houston at the Toc Bar!!! The homie Conflict's bday bash is in full swing with a lineup of artists reppin for the underground! Headlining is of course, K-Rino, the Wizard himself, plus performances from the SPC 2G and more!! Show starts at 10pm so make sure to come thru to have a good time! Optimo Ram will be hosting the show along with The Real Jay Walker, so you know it'll be crunk! If It Ain't Local, It Ain't Live!!!


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On occassion when I turn the key to start the vehilce it won't start. I then return the key positon all the way back and try again and it starts. (I recieve all dash lights and interior functions even though it does not start)
Friday, November 16th, 2012 AT 8:09 PM


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Making the decision to approach therapy or counselling is a positive one, although you may have questions or anxieties around it. Therapy and counselling provide an opportunity to reflect on where you are, where you want to be, the way you are living and the choices you are making.
At certain points in life every one of us can feel stuck, face challenges, frustrations a sense of dissatisfaction in the way we live our lives. Therapy and counselling offer you a private, and confidential space to explore, reflect and be heard, to gain clarity, and to challenge yourself.
The therapy/counselling process can help when you want to become unstuck and gain a better understanding of your own behaviour and the issues, feelings and events that motivate them. People of any age and background can grow and change from the experience of therapy.
There is no 'wrong' time to begin.
You can email me at email@example.com or by using the contact box to the right. Alternatively, you can call me on 07940 763 528. I tend to reply to emails more promptly, however I aim to respond to all enquiries within 24 hours.
Counselling East London: Concerns and Questions
If you are approaching therapy for the first time you may feel a little confused, daunted and perhaps a little anxious; you needn't be. I see one of my tasks as helping you feel at ease.
I don't label or diagnose people, and I don't sit for hours in silence and once in while, nod my head. To help out, below you'll find a list of frequently asked questions.
If you have any other questions, please don't hesitate to get in touch.
What's the difference between counselling and psychotherapy?
I use the term counselling to refer to brief, time-limited work. Counselling may often focus on one or two particular issues. Psychotherapeutic work tends to be longer, and looks at your life in a broader context.
How long does therapy last?
Therapy is generally open ended, however it's your decision about when to begin and ending your therapy. You are free to stop therapy at the time you choose. I often encounter clients that are concerned about becoming trapped in therapy and I feel this is a very valid concern. As such, it is essential and ethical practice to regularly review our work together. An important part of my approach is to discuss how you feel your therapy is progressing, making sure our sessions are working for you. If you feel a session was unproductive or that you've wasted your time, say so!
What kind of problem can I bring to counselling or therapy?
Psychotherapy can provide a platform to look at a variety of issues. What you may bring to therapy may be a recent, or current event, or something from your past that is affecting you in the present. Sometimes clients may not even know why they feel unsure, stuck or dissatisfied with the way they are living. Therapy and counselling can serve as a safe space to bring to light the causes of concern that often remain hidden, and it is not unusual for clients to be unsure why they feel they want to engage in therapy. Indeed, a large part of our work would be to explore, understand and clarify periods in life when the path doesn't seem clear. A client may feel very ambivalent about coming to therapy.
Over many years I have worked with numerous concerns, including:
- Relationship concerns
- Work and career concerns
- Depression
- Anxiety
- Sex and Sexuality
- Addictions and obsessions
- Eating disorders
- Stress around financial difficulties
- Low self-esteem, confidence and shyness
- Bereavement, Grieving & Loss
- Illness and Difficult Diagnoses
- Boredom and a loss of meaning
What should I not expect?
Someone judging you. A wonder cure for everything
When should I seek psychotherapy or counselling?
From childhood through late adulthood, there are certain times when we may need help addressing problems and issues that evoke emotional distress or leave us feel overwhelmed. If you are experiencing these types of difficulties, you may benefit from the assistance of an experienced, trained professional. Psychotherapists and counsellors can offer assistance that we often need during these stressful times. A psychotherapist can help you identify your problems and assist you in finding the best ways to cope with the situation by considering what may contribute to the problem or by finding constructive ways to deal with a situation that is beyond your personal control.
Will I have to reveal everything about myself?
Trust is an important part of the therapeutic process. It's also a significant word to many people, especially if early relationships in our life have been untrustworthy. Learning to trust could then be a useful goal for therapy in itself. As trust builds in therapy, you are likely to reveal more about yourself and then discover more. But the therapy sessions are yours and you have a right to take things at a speed with which you can cope. If things are going too fast, or too slowly, tell me.
How is therapy different from talking to a good friend?
Many people find it helpful to talk to a professionally-trained person, outside of their family or circle of friends. A psychotherapist has no particular personal involvement and also has experience and training in dealing with relationship and psychological issues. Therapists are trained to listen and focus in a different way from how a friend may hear you. The boundaries of the therapeutic relationship (knowing that sessions will end and begin at certain times, that all material is held strictly confidential, and that the therapist's interests are the therapeutic process) allow a particular and and unique depth to dialogue.
Do psychotherapists and counsellors give advice?
I feel strongly that an important element of counselling and psychotherapy is to help you make your own decisions. Therefore I will never make a moral decision about the course of action you ought to take. I may sum up what I understand you have been saying in order to help you reflect upon it, and to ensure that I have understood you. However what's most important, is you deciding what is right, for you.
Do psychotherapists abide by ethical guidelines?
Yes, and as a fully accredited member of the United Kingdom Council for Psychotherapy and a member of the British Association for Counselling and Psychotherapy I abide by their ethical framework and guidelines.


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What is a Diet Centre?
A diet centre provides customized nutrition and exercise plans. This is usually done under medical guidance, so it is effective for individuals who may need extra help in their diet and fitness lifestyle. Depending on the centre you choose, they may provide regular fitness classes, group meetings, or seminars to help you achieve your goal and maintain your new, healthier body. Meal plans can be altered to meet your individual needs, and can include vegetarian, vegan, or gluten-free options. Meal plans may also be customized to meet your specific health needs, to manage diabetes, hypertension, or anemia, for example. Fitness plans may also be customized to meet your needs, abilities, and lifestyle. In addition to providing a framework for your new lifestyle, however, diet centres also provide you with regular counselling to motivate you and keep you on the right track. Because sticking with a diet, even when it is working, is often the most difficult part of any lifestyle change. Regular meetings and updates with your nutritionist, therapist, or medical doctor can ensure that you meet your goals without falling off the wagon.
What Services do Diet Centres Offer?
Diet centres generally offer dieters an individualized meal plan – either recipes or prepared meals – and continued monitoring to ensure the dieter is meeting their health and fitness goals. Monitoring programs also give the dieter a feeling of accountability that provides motivation and keeps you on the right track. Depending on the program you choose, you may also receive regular counselling and medical supervision to ensure you are meeting your goals in a healthy way, and can even help you maintain your success in the future.
What Do Diet Centres Cost Financially?
The costs of diet centres vary, but are generally a little more expensive than merely joining an online program or pre-packaged meal delivery service. However, unlike those options, where you must rely on your own determination and focus to achieve your goals, diet centres offer important psychological support, often in a group atmosphere, to ensure you do not falter when discouraged. Additionally, many centres offer convenient payment plans that allow you to start feeling the positive affects immediately.
Popular Diet Centres in The GTA
Learn More About The Low Carb Lifestyle
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|Discover the benefits of living low carb, and find out how easy it can be to make the change!
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|Read about what vitamins and nutrients may be lacking in your diet, and what supplements you should be taking.
|Check out some of our favourite low carb recipes for every meal and get inspired by your diet!


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African champion again, Nigeria looks to Brazil
Credit: The Associated Press
LAGOS, Nigeria — After winning the African Cup of Nations, Nigeria is looking to regain its international stature at the Confederations Cup.
The Super Eagles have re-emerged as an African power after internal squabbles clouded the team and the federation, and contributed to a near 20-year slump.
In Brazil, where the national team will face Tahiti, Uruguay and world champion Spain in Group B, Nigeria's survival will depend on coach Stephen Keshi's ability to pull together strong international players and emerging local talent.
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