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'Ours is an unrecognised body. From politicians to the tribunal, nobody has acknowledged us. Nobody is even willing to talk to us. We have not been invited to any meeting. Even if we come out with a solution, who will implement it,' asks Professor S Janakarajan, the man behind Cauvery Family
Professor S Janakrajan of the Madras Institute of development Studies is the man behind the Cauvery Family, a group of farmers from both the warring states, Karnataka and Tamil Nadu, that was formed in 2003.
He specialises in agrarian institutions, interlinked agrarian markets, water management, water conflicts, stakeholder analysis and multi-stakeholder dialogues, environment, urban and peri-urban issues, disaster management and livelihood resilience.
In this interview with Shobha Warrier, he talks about how the Cauvery Family was born, and how the members are coming out with a solution to sharing water between the two states.
Was it your work on water conflicts that led you to the Cauvery Family being founded?
Not exactly. In 2002, I had organised a multi-stakeholders' dialogue initiative to resolve the long-standing issue of river pollution in the Palar river basin. This was caused due to the discharge of untreated effluents by over 750 tanneries in that basin.
Research on this issue for over five years had prompted me to organise the dialogue initiative in this basin involving tannery owners, farmers, non-governmental organisations, academics, government officials and civil society.
This initiative turned out to be a success in so far as creating awareness, to make tanners responsible for the damages done to the basin and to create some degree of understanding between farmers and tanners.
A committee of stakeholders was formed in this basin in 2002 which even now meets somewhat regularly. It was this that made me think about trying to resolve inter-state water disputes also.
Was it the time when the Cauvery water dispute also erupted to a very high?
Yes, the dispute intensified in the 1990s and continued for a few years. That was the time both the states fought hard for the water in Cauvery; Tamils were being driven out of Bengaluru and many such ugly incidents happened. That was when I thought of applying the same approach as I did in the Palar basin.
Was it your initiative?
Yes. In January, 2003, I went to Karnataka and met many farmers, their leaders and suggested a meeting of them with their counterparts in Tamil Nadu. I also met many activists there. Almost all of them said, it was a very good idea but they were apprehensive about the practicability of it.
I got a funding of Rs 5 lakh from the International Water Management Institute based in Anand, and with that money I arranged the first meeting of 60 farmers each from both Karnataka and Tamil Nadu in Chennai in April 2003. It was an excellent meeting of 120 farmers and other activists.
What did the farmers discuss?
You can't even call it a discussion. The first day farmers from both sides argued and shouted at each other. We didn't stop the arguments; just let them release the steam. Both accused each other of cheating. The Karnataka farmers accused the Tamil farmers of growing three crops when they were not even allowed to grow one crop.
It was when farmers from Tamil Nadu told them that they did not grow three crops, there were only three seasons.
On the second day, they cooled down a bit. When the meeting ended, for the first time in history, farmers from both sides shook hands, which I felt was a great achievement.
In June 2003, I took the same 60 Tamil Nadu farmers to Karnataka for another round of meeting in Bengaluru. There were no big arguments in that meeting, and there were a lot of constructive suggestions that emerged.
At the end of the meeting, we formed a committee and formally named it the Cauvery Family. It was born in June 2003 with 32 members from both sides. Today, we have 18 members each from both sides in the family. After that, we decided that only the committee members would meet.
Did you take the farmers from Karnataka to the Cauvery delta in Tamil Nadu?
Yes, we had our first meeting at Thanjavur. It was a fabulous meeting and after that, I took them all to the Cauvery delta in a bus. It was a field visit. People such as KS Puttannaiah, KC Basavaraj, etc were all there in that group.
How did they respond when they were taken to the delta?
In fact, Puttannaiah cried when an old lady took his hands and pleaded, please give us some water. She showed him the dry farm and told him of their plight. Puttannaiah was in tears on seeing the pathetic condition of people in the delta. He said that this was not the picture of the Cauvery delta that they had in their minds.
Did you take farmers from the Tamil Nadu side to Karnataka too?
After three-four months, I took all the Tamil Nadu farmers to Karnataka to show them the fields there. That was the first time the Tamil Nadu farmers visited the reservoirs and farms in Karnataka. Till then they had only heard about it.
They saw the dams, the fields, everything. Till then, they were under the impression that Karnataka farmers were storing water in tanks located all over. What they saw was another picture.
After that, the Cauvery Family met 16 times.
When they met so many times, did the farmers of both sides make any resolution that there would be peace on both sides?
Many resolutions were passed that there would be peace, that they would not fight and there would not be any violence. The bone of contention is, how to share water during distress years. So, we developed five formulae for distress water sharing first which got reduced to two and then, one. But I can't divulge what the formula is now, as we are still discussing it.
In the current agitation, active members such as KC Basavaraj are not a part. Real farmers are not part of the agitation; only some chauvinistic elements are there. So, farmers are urging us to convene a meeting to talk about the real issue. We will meet either by early November or end-November, in Tiruchirappalli in Tamil Nadu.
How successful has been the constitution of Cauvery Family so far?
The Cauvery Family has not been able to find a solution so far. We are at the final stages, though.
We have acknowledged that although Bengaluru is not a part of the Cauvery basin, Cauvery water should be given to the city. There are some grey areas still.
You must understand that this is an issue that has been dragging on for 24 years, even after the constitution of the Cauvery tribunal. The tribunal had given the final award in 2007, and after that all the states have submitted review petitions. When all the official agencies have not been able to find a solution, you cannot expect the Cauvery Family to come out with a solution in such a short time.
Ours is an unrecognised body. From politicians to the tribunal, nobody has acknowledged us. Nobody is even willing to talk to us. We have not been invited to any meeting. Even if we come out with a solution, who will implement it?
Everybody has been talking about the Cauvery Family except the authorities. Why is it so?
That is my question too. I must say the media has been extremely supportive of us. Some newspapers have even written editorials on the Cauvery Family. But the politicians are not willing to listen to us.
There was a news report that Karnataka farmers have accused the Tamil Nadu politicians of influencing the farmers here.
That is absurd. No politician has met any of us.
How open are the farmers about give and take?
They are extremely open. When there is rainfall, the farmers of that side immediately talk about giving water to Tamil Nadu farmers. In 2010, I think, when former Karnataka chief minister Yedyurappa reduced water from KRS and Kabini, it was the Cauvery Family members in Mysore and Mandya who requested him to release water to Tamil Nadu.
The Cauvery Family members feel that we have had enough of competitive politics.
It was reported that water from Cauvery has been diverted for industrial purposes in Tamil Nadu when it was needed for agriculture...
In fact, I tell them that after some time, you will not see the Cauvery river, you will see only rock, soil and sand.
Yes, Cauvery water has been diverted for industrial purposes, urban needs and, above all that, used, polluted water is sent back into the river. Not only industrial pollution but urban waste and sewage is also sent to all the five major tributaries of Cauvery in Tamil Nadu.
Finally, all this is taken down to the delta. The delta is very vulnerable now, and that is due to all these reasons.
I assure you that if we modernise our canal network, we can save at least 30 per cent of the water we currently use.
It is during distress years when Karnataka doesn't have enough water for their own use that they refuse to release water.
Karnataka is not accepting the river as an ecosystem. The river gets its meaning only when it flows. Karnataka seem to be saying, we will not give you a drop of water because we don't have enough water for ourselves. It's a bad argument.
When a river starts in one place and flows downstream, it passes through a huge distance. You cannot stop its flow. It has to carry some water till its delta.
Who owns the water in the river, those who stays where it originates, or those who stays where it ends or those who live in the places where it passes through?
In legal terminology, a river is not owned by anybody. People only have the right to use water from the river. You have to uphold certain international principles of the river system which includes the river, river ecosystem and river basin. This has to be acknowledged.
When there is a huge flood, can you stop the river? A river is a river and water has to flow.
Where will these water conflicts lead to? For example, a state such as Tamil Nadu has water conflicts with all the three southern states.
Every country has its own laws to resolve its water conflicts. You should expect these water conflicts to emerge as claimants of water and users of water are increasing day by day but water availability remains the same. So, water conflicts are bound to occur. Only through legal mechanism can you resolve the problem.
In India, there are many unresolved interstate water conflicts despite the intervention of the tribunal and the Supreme Court. Politicians also do not want to resolve these conflicts because of competitive politics. If a government takes a firm decision, these conflicts can be resolved easily.
The last time when I interviewed you, I asked you about the interlinking of rivers. Let me ask you again. Former President Abdul Kalam recommends it as a solution to solve water conflicts. Are you still against interlinking of rivers?
I am. Why do you have to interlink rivers? It is only a technocratic solution. Even if you were to interlink all the rivers by constructing dams and so many thousand kilometres of canal network, it is not an answer to the conflict. One thing, you need tremendous amount of money for that.
When it was first talked about in 2002, the estimated cost was about Rs 5.5 lakh crore. Today, it might have gone up to Rs 20 lakh crore. Assuming you spent that much amount in interlinking the rivers, don't you think you need at least 10 per cent of that Rs 20 lakh crore for maintenance? Do you have that kind of money?
Secondly, it is not an easy task to divert the flood from Narmada or the Brahmaputra or the Ganga. A flood is a flood.
Another thing is, when it is flooded in one river, mostly it is flooded in other rivers too. You need water when rivers are dry here. When it is dry here, it is dry there too.Also, wherever you are going to have dams and canals, you are going to destroy the ecosystem.


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From time to time I peruse the internets in search of other 2nd Life blogs such as mine or things relating to 2nd Life that I might use as fuel for quests. I came across a techlearning blog called The Seven Wonders of Second Life. In it the writer, a one Existential Paine, lists his submissions for the seven most wondrous places to visit in 2nd Life.
The criteria in his own words: "The criteria is really quite simple (and, yes, subjective). The Seven Wonders of Second Life are the most creative and unique builds in SL that are well done and mind blowing. Not asking to much, eh? They don't have to be educational but let's keep it clean ;-)"
Coincidentally, this blog was published exactly one year ago. It's an omen, Torchy. We should go check out his submissions and see If we concur. We could also ask some of the locals if they agree with Existential's assessments. Sounds like a cure for the bottom-belly blues to me. Let's go!
Time to check out #3 on the list. It's a Harry Potter themed zone called The Wizard's Alley. Yay! More mirth and magic!
But again, I was having trouble locating the damn place in my guide. Not scoring a good average with my guide, I decided to use the direct links Existential provided in his blog.
I say, "I swear I'm not most of the time. Sorry for disturbing you. Thanks for your time." She replied, "No problem. Good luck with whatever." And then she flew off.
We didn't learn much from Amber about the fate of Wizard's Alley so we decided to move on to #4 on the list: The S.S. Galaxy Boarding Gangway. A cruise ship? C'mon, you got to be kidding. How is a cheesy luxury liner going to compare with enchanted landscapes? I guess we're going to find out.
I said, "Thanks. Sorry to disturb you again. Enjoy the movie." And then I walked out. It would seem, from Scarlett's opinion, that this should indeed be on the list of wonders. Go figure.
Reflecting on it, Scarlett is a pretty dedicated SIM. Think about it. Say you want to watch Harry Potter and The Order of The Phoenix. Most likely you would go to your DVD rack, or rent it, put it in the player and watch it. Now "Scarlett", she logs on to SL to become avatar Scarlett Qi, travels to this luxury cruise ship only to sit down in a simulated movie theater and watch it on her computer as someone else watching it somewhere else. I'm still amazed how many people actually live the 2nd Life.
I'm just not that dedicated...
Then I asked him if he agreed with a certain tech blogger that this would classify as a seven wonder of 2nd Life.
Ilymshan replies, "Hello, Huygens."
I think Torchy and I can agree that we partly agree with Mr. Existential on his choices. We've been to a lot of strange places in our short time in Second Life. Most have been wonderous in their own way.
I think my opinion would be, pound for pound, that you're going to need a much longer list than just seven with all the fantastic realms in Second Life. Nice effort though, Existential. At least you added 1 to the traffic of each one of the places on your list, if anything.
Oh, Torchy says 1.25 if we include him.

subset: commoncrawl


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Like me.
The Palomar skies blog calls attention to the following photo, which really tells a rather fascinating story about both our solar system and the galaxy.
The big blob on the left is none other than Saturn's moon Titan, beginning to occult the first of two stars in a binary star system with the catchy name NV0435215+200905.
Michael Brown, the California Institute of Technology scientist who is as responsible as anyone for the demotion of Pluto, has posted a really cool video of this occultation.
What I really like about this story is that it gives us an idea of how modern astronomy works. Let's say you're interested in learning more about the atmosphere of Titan, which is a rare thing around a moon. What better opportunity than shining two really bright headlights through it?
In this case the scientists trained a 200-inch telescope on Titan and were rewarded by seeing the star light refracted all the away around the top and bottom of the moon by Titan's thick atmosphere. This allowed scientists to learn, among other things, of a jet stream in Titan's atmosphere.
It's pretty spectacular when you stop and think about it.


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Founded by graduates of the Spitting Image puppet workshops, Eleksen has developed a way of making fabric conduct, so it works as buttons you can press. Its best known product is a roll-up fabric keyboard but the company also produced a fabric case for the Samsung Q1 that's a keyboard too. Their buttons are also going into G-Tech messenger bags, backpacks from O'Neill and clothing with built-in iPod controls from brands like Kenpo, Spyder, Koyono and Scottevest.
Source: Mary Branscombe, The Register, January 27, 2007
Courts Turn to Wikipedia, but Selectively
A simple search of published court decisions shows that Wikipedia is frequently cited by judges around the country, involving serious issues and the bizarre — such as a 2005 tax case before the Tennessee Court of Appeals concerning the definition of 'beverage' that involved hundreds of thousands of dollars. More than 100 judicial rulings have relied on Wikipedia, beginning in 2004, including 13 from circuit courts of appeal, one step below the Supreme Court. (The Supreme Court thus far has never cited Wikipedia.)
Source: Noam Cohen, The New York Times, January 29, 2007 (Free registration, permanent link)
Via RFID, these billboards know you by name
Each day, it seems, marketers go further in their quest to deliver messages so engaging and personalized that one cannot help feeling special. The latest step will be seen Monday in four cities when Mini USA begins delivering custom messages to Mini Cooper owners on digital signs the company calls "talking" billboards. The boards, which usually carry typical advertising, are programmed to identify approaching Mini drivers through a coded signal from a radio chip embedded in their key fob.
Source: Barnaby J. Feder, The New York Times, via CNET News.com, January 29, 2007
Seagate drive has gigabytes of wireless, pocket storage
Seagate unveiled a wireless 10GB to 20GB storage device intended to fit in users' pockets and allow them to store and share digital files between mobile phones, PCs and other mobile platforms. This Digital Audio Video Experience (DAVE) uses a 1-in. hard drive to trade files with other platforms up to 30 feet away using Bluetooth or Wi-Fi networking.
Source: Ben Ames, IDG News Service, January 30, 2007
What do Blinkx, Magnify.net, Splashcast, Panjea, Eyejot, Vringo, and BUZ have in common? They aim to give consumers control of their own media.
Uploading video to the Internet is so 2006. Now the question is what to do with those clips once they're in cyberspace. Many of the fledgling companies strutting their stuff at the annual DEMO conference in Palm Desert, Calif., think they have the answer.
Source: Arik Hesseldahl, BusinessWeek, January 31, 2007
A Computer Program Wins Its First Scrabble Tournament
At a Scrabble tournament in Toronto, a piece of software called Quackle triumphed in a best-of-five series over David Boys, a computer programmer who won the world Scrabble championship in 1995. The open-source program's chief designers include Jason Katz-Brown, a student at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology who also happens to be one of the top-ranked Scrabble players in the world.
Source: Brock Read, Chronicle of Higher Education, January 26, 2007


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BMFO Local Clasiifieds is a Classified Marketplace, advertising website and services directory all in one. At BMFO you can easily and quickly create a FREE Ad for almost everything. Simply Register to create a Member Account and you are ready to go! Once an account is created, you may immediately add as many Ads as you like.
You must Register on our site or login via Facebook to access any member contact information. BMFO Local Clasiifieds does not openly post any contact info on the web. Once an account is created, you can view phone numbers (if the Member added it to their posting) or contact the member via our online messaging system. BMFO Local Clasiifieds has a very strict privacy, spam, fraud policy and shield our members the best we can!
Every time you login, you will be taken to Member Dashboard. From there you can create a new Ad, edit your Ads, upload photos, delete Ads, view messages or view/edit your profile and create your own BMFO Local Clasiifieds Home Page/Storefront.
Your Home Page/Storefront is automatically generated and live once you create your BMFO Local Clasiifieds account (at this time logins through social media sites do not get a storefront). Your new Home Page/Storefront address will be - http://bmfo.com/your username.php. From the "Member Dashboard" click on "View My Profile" then "Customize Home Page/Storefront." Here you can upload a masthead photo, a title of your page and a brief introduction. This is a first in Classified Advertising exclusively at BMFO Local Clasiifieds where we focus on YOU!
From the Member Dashboard click create new Ad. Select your State, the best category, then subcategory and submit. Fill out all information on the following page "Add New Item Step 2". For tips on writing your Ad visit our Selling Tips page. When you are finished and click submit your Ad is created and you will be taken to the "View Items" page. YOU ARE NOT DONE YET. There is a red "Activate Ad" box on the left of the Ad you just created. You MUST click "Activate Ad" to set your Ad to live. You will know your Ad is live when the box is green and says "Active - Deactivate".
From the Member Dashboard click on "Ativate Ads / Add Photos / Edit Ads" box. From here, click on "Add / Edit Photos" that corresponds to the Ad you wish to add photos to. Start with "Photo 1" and upload your photos 1 at a time for best results.
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text: DK wrote: > membranes combined with the removal of SDS from gel > (15-30 min soak in transfer buffer before assembling > the sandwich) should help. May also try increasing MeOH > in transfer buffer to 30%. And of course: leave out the SDS from the transfer buffer. SDS increases mobilisation of large proteins, but reduces binding to the membrane. MeOH increases binding of small proteins to the membrane, but reduces mobility. Thus only one or the other are to be used, not both at the same time, as commonly seen.


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One of IDEA's core values is transparency. We're committed to sharing where we stand on controversial issues in education.
The principle that guides where IDEA stands on every issue is this: "IDEA believes in education by, for, and with young people and communities." We believe that schools should be "public" in the sense that they're owned by the community, whether they are governed by a school board or charter, or are privately run. To paraphrase Michelle Fine, we believe that rather than fixating on the school's structure, it's more useful to consider whether they are sites of exploitation, sites of struggle, or sites of possibility.
Yes, IDEA is opposed to high-stakes standardized testing and the use of standardized testing as the main -- or only -- factor for making large decisions such as student graduation and assessment, teacher assessment, or assessment of an entire school. As one of the most discussed topics in the education debate, standardized testing is a hot topic in research and analysis, and many organizations and educators have published on the subject.
Here's a survey of the research showing the dangers of high-stakes testing:
President Obama, in an unguarded moment, actually spoke to this issue back in the spring of 2011. During a town hall meeting filmed by Univision, a student asked him what could be done to reduce the number of standardized tests:
"...We have piled on a lot of standardized tests on our kids. Now, there's nothing wrong with a standardized test being given occasionally just to give a baseline of where kids are at. Malia and Sasha, my two daughters, they just recently took a standardized test. But it wasn't a high-stakes test. It wasn't a test where they had to panic. I mean, they didn't even really know that they were going to take it ahead of time. They didn't study for it, they just went ahead and took it. And it was a tool to diagnose where they were strong, where they were weak, and what the teachers needed to emphasize.
"Too often what we've been doing is using these tests to punish students or to, in some cases, punish schools. And so what we've said is let's find a test that everybody agrees makes sense; let's apply it in a less pressured-packed atmosphere; let's figure out whether we have to do it every year or whether we can do it maybe every several years; and let's make sure that that's not the only way we're judging whether a school is doing well.
"Because there are other criteria: What's the attendance rate? How are young people performing in terms of basic competency on projects? There are other ways of us measuring whether students are doing well or not."
"So what I want to do is -- one thing I never want to see happen is schools that are just teaching to the test. Because then you're not learning about the world; you're not learning about different cultures, you're not learning about science, you're not learning about math. All you're learning about is how to fill out a little bubble on an exam and the little tricks that you need to do in order to take a test. And that's not going to make education interesting to you. And young people do well in stuff that they're interested in. They're not going to do as well if it's boring."
While we are highly critical of high-stakes standardized testing, it's important to note that the focus on tests has led to increased awareness of the opportunity gap and the disparity of resources and attention to lower-income students and students of color. While the tests are deeply flawed and this finding does not justify their use, we believe that the greater awareness of this gap will lead to policy and practice changes that bring historically marginalized young people more resources, support, and engaging learning experiences.
Taking a cue from Lisa Delpit in Other People's Children, we are aware that students need to learn to read and write critically in order to access power, and it's essential to ensure that underserved youth in particular are learning what they need to know to thrive in the world. However, as the above articles indicate, high-stakes testing is not effective in measuring these skills and the obsessive preparation for tests takes away valuable time that students could use to develop them.
We have lent our support to the national backlash against high-stakes testing by signing a video (2:36).
We believe in accountability. The question isn't "should we have accountability?," but rather, "what should schools, students, and teachers be accountable for?"
IDEA believes that schools and educational programs should be engaging places to learn and to work. They should provide young people with the opportunity to be challenged, to be supported, to be leaders, to be active in the broad community, and to be decision-makers. They should provide educators with the opportunity to be mentored, to be in regular dialogue with other educators, to be leaders, to be learners themselves, to be creative in their teaching and classes, and to also be decision-makers. They should be centers of community for parents, families, and the surrounding neighborhood to learn, to come together, and to have a voice in continually building a more just and vibrant community. And we believe all schools should be equitably funded so that no student has to attend a school that is in disrepair, that has inadequate facilities, that is overcrowded with high class size, or that is lacking in key support staff including social workers, guidance counselors, learning specialists, and nurses.
We believe the above criteria ought to be standards to which all schools are held. Several assessment tools that seek to evaluate schools in this way include:
Beyond school-wide assessments, there is an important role in evaluating the learning of students. The goal is to find out more information so as to support the growth and learning of young people - to take an assets-based and improvement approach rather than to search for deficits and create a cycle of fear and blaming.
Here are assessment tools and schools that practice innovative forms of evaluation and graduation models:
School choice is an issue that cuts through traditional educational divides. Historically there have been efforts from both progressive and conservative groups to support school choice programs and models. It's an issue about which we have deep concerns and in which we see great potential. It's contentious enough that the IDEA staff and board don't all agree on every aspect - something that we think is healthy in an education organization. We do agree, however, that voucher programs do not pass the "public" test since their goal is to move away from a shared community responsibility for the education of all young people.
One of the major tensions in the school choice debate, and a chief concern for us, is that many of the parents who take advantage of school choice options are typically highly active in their children's lives and savvy at navigating the education system. When these parents pull their kids out of neighborhood public schools, those schools end up struggling for lack of funding and community involvement. At that point, under-resourced students do not receive the high-quality public education they deserve, and the opportunity gap widens. The "public" in public education is eroded and we end up with two inequitable educational systems. While the extent of this issue varies by state and school, it's enough of a concern to name here.
Connected with that is our deep concern that the "choices" often being sold as the answer for children of color and youth from low-income families focus on getting students "career and college ready" through standardized drill-and-kill-based models that assimilate students into existing power structures. Instead, we believe that under-resourced and historically marginalized youth are the most in need of empowering and personalized learning experiences.
Our worries have deepened in recent years as school choice, especially charter schools, becomes more and more dominated by large corporations and charter school companies that barge their way into communities to sell their model. The voices of parents, students, and community members are rarely heard, and the particular context of the community is washed out in favor of the pre-determined model. We stand in opposition to this model of school choice.
However, the great potential of school choice is that such schools and programs can show how learning happens differently and they can build pathways for the conventional system to adapt. This was the original intent of charter schools beginning with the first charter law in Minnesota in 1991. And there are great schools of choice around the country that are "community-owned" - where parents, teachers, young people, and community leaders have come together to create magnet options, charters, out-of-school programs and independent projects. These are not hedge fund companies - but the "public" trying to find a way to get the education they want for their children. Some of these schools work alongside districts and act as the innovative labs they were intended to be, and stay connected to the community fabric.
Clearly, the same vehicle of choice has been used to create sites of exploitation as well as sites of possibility, as education scholar Michelle Fine has said. The introduction to Keeping the Promise, a book about the various sides of the charter school debate, states:
"The question facing the charter school movement is whether it will fulfill its founding promise of a reform that empowers the powerless, or whether it will become a vehicle to further enrich the powerful and stratify our schools."
IDEA's work is focused on carefully sorting out which is which, in order to highlight schools and programs that deserve the public's attention. More broadly, we are less concerned with structure, in and of itself, and more focused on sites that value ownership, youth engagement, and learning that actually makes the world more just and sustainable.
A few key examples of these efforts are The Project Schools of Indiana, Helen Gym's Parents United for Public Education in Philadelphia, the Minnesota Association of Alternative Program's network of alternative and charter schools, and the Boggs Educational Center in Detroit.
We stand committed to supporting these schools, programs, and networks, and to building the conditions on the ground to grow and sustain community-owned education.
Overview article: An insightful and balanced overview of both the potential and challenges of charter schools (and to some extent of school choice overall). From an introduction to Keeping the Promise: the Debate Over Charter Schools, put out by Rethinking Schools.
Support for School Choice:
Critiques of School Choice
Unions are vital in giving teachers a voice to influence the learning and culture in their schools. In every place IDEA is engaged, we make it a priority to reach out to union leaders and so far have positive relationships in each case. We can think of few more powerful potential actors to change the story of learning in the U.S. than unions, who can have a powerful and generative voice in a national conversation short on depth or vision.
At the same time, we don't think it's productive when unions become overly dogmatic, fail to communicate well, and, in some instances, defend poor teachers (the 5%) at the expense of the profession. We think unions can be too easily caricatured -- but sometimes they do live up to the stereotypes. Our focus is on being critical friends with unions and supporting the potential leading role they can play in professionalizing the field of education and engaging in the larger conversations we are spurring.
Social justice is at the core of our work and infuses the way we talk about who we are and what we do. Real life learning experiences that are rooted in community, and the interests and success of students uphold a commitment to improving the conditions of not only educational spaces, but all avenues of society. We believe that when people are meaningfully educated and engaged in communities, able to adequately navigate themselves through 21st century society, and understand that this world is full of different perspectives, backgrounds, and cultures, their communities will be better equipped for coexisting in a highly complex and diversifying world.
IDEA showcases curriculum and programs that we see as firmly on the side of young people, communities, social justice, and sustainability. We connect networks and organizations with shared values -- such as those who work for social justice, place-based, SEL, systems-thinking, and youth power/democracy -- so that they can be more potent.
IDEA is focused on having diversity in the backgrounds and viewpoints of board leadership, staff, organizers, and volunteers with a commitment to elevate the voices of people and groups that have been historically marginalized.
We have several IDEA organizers who are actively working on dismantling the school-to-prison pipeline, and we fully support their efforts. There is value in having organizations for whom resistance is a primary strategy.
Our own organizational strategy is grounded in highlighting what we are for. What should exist instead of the school-to-prison pipeline? We believe that when schools meaningfully engage students and the community, practice restorative justice or other methods of conflict resolution, and are rooted in healthy relationships between adults and young people, the school to prison pipeline will be broken.
For example, at the 2010 US Social Forum, IDEA helped facilitate a People's Movement Assembly with Grace Lee Boggs, Dr. Vincent Harding, Bill Ayers, and others. The focus of this collective work is how communities and young people reclaim schools away from corporate interests or standardization.
Terms like "astroturf" and "deform" have popped up among teachers and organizers in social media and hallway conversations. The words point to people's distaste for the tactics of national organizations and foundations like Students First, the Gates Foundation, Stand for Children, the Broad Foundation, the Walton Foundation, and ALEC, to name a few. What is IDEA's take on what is happening here?
First, while these particular terms and organizations are not as widely known as some might think, the "reform fatigue" that is expressed when folks talk about them is widely shared in our experience. Teachers and community leaders are exhausted by change efforts that come and go with new grant programs, that have hidden agendas, or that aren't supporting and strengthening existing efforts over time.
We think the biggest challenges with the organizations listed and the overall tone of these kind of reform efforts is:
For more on this subject, we suggest reading the piece "Relationships Between Advocacy Groups, Unions Testy" in EdWeek.
These national organizations can be overly simplistic, seriously misguided, and some have an overt agenda to deconstruct public education so it becomes open to private markets (what we call "legitimately bad actors").
We think it is important to keep in mind that these organizations have attracted lots of well-intentioned human beings who really do care about poverty, education, and the community. However, they may not have all the information about the for-profit agendas driving the not-for-profit organizations. They may not have the insider analysis to see the larger strategy of these efforts or the potential ramifications of this type of reform over the course of many years. Read "Hired Guns on Astroturf: How to Buy and Sell School Reform" for analysis of the subject. Here is a key quote from the article:
Yes, the policies of ed reformers are wreaking havoc in public education, but equally destructive is the impact of their strategy on American democracy. From the start, the we-know-best stance, the top-down interventions at every level of schooling, the endless flow of big private money, and the imperviousness to criticism have undermined the "public" in public education.
Moreover, the large private foundations that fund the ed reformers are accountable to no one—not to voters, not to parents, not to the children whose lives they affect. The beefed-up political strategy extends the damage: the ed reformers (most of whom take advantage of tax-exempt status) are immersing themselves in the dollars-mean-votes world of lobbying and campaigning.
Democratic education is not a type of school or research-based practice. It isn't one kind of learning program or philosophy. It is a frame. Education by, for, and with young people, educators, families, and communities --- what we call "democratic education" --- is the frame we use to identify, connect, and mobilize action around the best ideas and practices that advance learning and sustain the core democratic values of our society.
The frame of democratic education is a way of gathering together a vast and powerful set of ideas, philosophies of learning, research, school models, teaching practices, policies, and community visions so that a powerful story can be told that reclaims the "public" in public education.
And it is a story that demands to be told.
Democratic education is a story of values. Values are the foundation that lead to networks of organizers and organizations, and to shared visions and strategies.
Democratic education is a story of vision. It is not a reactive frame. It is a story about the present and future of learning held by values and a commitment to young people, educators, families, and communities.
Democratic education is a story of relationship. It is about people working together with openness, critique, and empathy. It is about realizing equity of access, quality, and spirit.
Democratic education is not a "big D blue" or a "progressive R" concept. It is simply about promoting educational experiences for all students that will create a thriving democracy. Something we find almost everyone thinks is a great idea, but don't quite know how to make it happen.
This is where IDEA shows up. Our work as an organization is to support students, teachers, parents, school leaders, unions, networks, policy makers, and the media to connect the dots. To make the critical connections. To see what powerful learning looks like in 2012 and 2020 and create the pathways so more young people get access to that learning everyday, everywhere.


text:
The morning arrives so softly that most people never see it coming. It steals in, low lighted, unsaturated tones of grey on grey. The heron flies low across the mudflats, taking his time, mapping his territory. I'm here on the seat by the estuary. Silently watching, a voyeur of the emerging day. She is so beautiful. I feel like an interloper on a secret thing. A privileged visitor. I wonder why all the human race seems unaware of this morning magic. Why they sleep until the later light bleeds through their eyelids, stumbling into a day already partly gone.
All of nature seems to join the morning chorus; I hear the buzz of bees and the low of the cattle up on the hills, cicadas, the pop and fizz of the mudflat creatures, mangrove dwellers and tiny sparrow calls. A fish flops across the mirrored surface of water, further out where tide has failed to drain the deep. And in the distance, the sleeping layers of greys, stretching out into the peninsula. The sky is bleached this morning; when I first came out here, the moon shone thinly through the misted clouds. We've had a full moon. It is imperceptible now, milk white in the white lit sky.
Last night, we came down here for a night swim, watching with the wonder of children as our hands passed through the phosphorescent water. Like tiny galaxies swirling under our fingertips, whirling away into universes too minute for our comprehension. Starbursts of white and blue glowing and fading in the black water. Millions of tiny microorganisms stirred into a momentary spiral bloom of aqua fire. It felt special, these bodies of ours, warm against each other in the glassy dark, stars above, stars below. Salty splashes across our contours of skin. I will remember it. Like the feeling of bare feet in the sand at night. The quiet wonder of raw freedom under the wide sky.
Recklessness and water.
Mary, my mother-in-law, passed away this week, and tomorrow we will have her funeral. I think about how she loved to walk down by this estuary, about how she and my girl would pick flowers along the walk to Lover's Rock, nattering away about this and that. Eventually her husband and loved ones will find a new rhythm of days without her here. We will become accustomed to coming here and not seeing her. But we will always feel her presence. Down by this water, along the edge of Mangrove flats, out across Mercury Bay and in the wonder of all this beauty.
Once, many years ago, my younger self crept out the back window of the old house with my guy. We ran down to the water's edge in our pyjamas and I jumped on the old rope swing in the Macaracapa Tree. It swung out over the early tide and we laughed when I got stuck out over the water. Mary watched us from her bedroom window, and laughed to me later that she'd seen us sneaking out, early in the morning. Into the new day.
I wonder if she sees me here, writing by the curve of water behind her house. I wonder if she feels the peace that I feel, the quiet beginning of something new.
Vale Mary. If heaven exists I am quite sure it contains all the beauty of this place you loved so much, and all the love of your family, especially those gone before, waiting there to hold you in their arms again.
And Mary, if you see my Mumma, tell her I miss her. I'm sure she'll make you a cuppa. Look into her eyes and know that she's been away from me all these years, and yet the love carries on. It will be like that for you and your boys. The love remains.
The melody from the song Nightswimming spirals through my thoughts. The lines startle me with how closely they echo my feelings. I smile to think that there are indeed now, two. My two mothers, side by side in orbit around the fairest sun.


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The Canadiens found themselves in a couple of 5 on 3 pickles, saw Alexei Emelin get the boot for pounding Jason Spezza into the boards (which led to one of those 5 on 3s), but with some big time help from Carey Price, skated away with a 3-2 win over the visiting Dallas Stars.
A fine yet fortunate outcome for the boys, after being outshot 42-26 and for much of the night outskated, but with Price doing his thing we know any night can mean two points. It warms the innards. We just don't need any Krieder-like crease bulldozing from now to late spring.
That's three straight, four of their last five, and the Canadiens continue to roll along, mostly because the aforementioned guy between the pipes is the best in the business. And once again he had the job of handing out pucks to lucky fans after being chosen first star.
This guy has given away a lot of pucks this year.
Alexei Emelin early on gave his team the lead when he shot into a herd of players down low near the boards, the puck somehow skirted to the front, caromed off a Stars d-man, and into the net it went.
The Canadiens then made it 2-0 when Alex Galchenyuk dashed in from the left side, moved nicely around the lone defenceman, and backhanded it past goalie Kari Lehtonen. They were off to the races. Going good. The Ole singers were clearing their throats.
Until Manny Malhotra, for some inexplicable reason, was tossed from the faceoff circle with 3 seconds left in the first and was replaced by Brendan Gallagher, who was outmatched on the draw and Jamie Benn blasted it home with only a second left to make it a 2-1 game.
Speaking of Gally, he'd give his team a two-goal lead on the power play in the second period, and I don't really have to describe Gally's goal. He did the old Gally three step – fought like a demon in the crease, didn't give up, and ended up pounding it home.
Throughout the second and third periods the game became a tense deal, especially after Dallas scored to make it 3-2 in the second when Emelin's major had just 17 seconds still left on it.
But they hung on throughout, mostly because of Price. Thank you Price.
Now it's a short hop to New York to tackle the Rangers on Thursday. I'm betting Price will be chosen first star.


text:
Ohdeedoh Scavenger: Best of 2.26.08
Today we visit Brooklyn, Austin, Chicago, and Portland and found this classic radio flyer wagon, a stroller that gives the Bugaboo a run for its money, and a co-sleeper.
Brooklyn: Micralite Fastfold and Maxi Cosi Cabrio for $400.
Austin: Arms Reach Original Co-Sleeper for $100.
Chicago:Boppy Tummy Time Play Pad for $20.
Portland:Radio Flyer Red Wagon for $40.


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Energy boom spurs growth west of the Mississippi
March 28, 2014 at midnight
Updated March 27, 2014 at 10:28 p.m.
WASHINGTON (AP) - America's cities are still growing, with the population boom fueled by people picking up and moving to find jobs in energy production across the oil- and gas-rich areas west of the Mississippi River.
New 2013 census information released Thursday shows that cities are the fastest-growing parts of the United States, and a majority of the metro areas showing that growth are in or near the oil- and gas-rich fields of the Great Plains and Mountain West.
Neighboring cities Odessa and Midland show up as the second and third fastest-growing metro areas in the country. Sara Higgins, the Midland public information officer, has a simple explanation: oil. "They're coming here to work," Higgins said.
Energy production is one of the fastest-growing industries in the United States, the Census Bureau said. The boom in the U.S. follows the use of new technologies, such as hydraulic fracturing and horizontal drilling, to tap oil and gas reserves.
"Mining, quarrying, and oil and gas extraction industries were the most rapidly growing part of our nation's economy over the last several years," Census Bureau Director John H. Thompson said.
According to its data, revenue for mining, quarrying, and oil and gas extraction grew 34.2 percent to $555.2 billion from 2007 to 2012. It also was among the fastest growers in employment as the number of employees rose 23.3 percent to 903,641.
The population boom does come with some challenges, said Andrea Goodson, the public information coordinator in Odessa, including the need for quick improvements to city infrastructure and housing to deal with the influx of new people.
With the population increase "comes a unique set of circumstances to deal with, so it's been a double-edged sword," Goodson said.
While energy exploration is drawing people to the Great Plains and Mountain West, Florida is still the one of the top destinations in the country, as it shows up again and again in census data for population growth.
Fueled by an increasing number of retirees, the fastest-growing metro area in the country was The Villages, boasting a 5.2 percent increase in population between 2012 and 2013. Its surrounding county, Sumter County, also shows up as one of the fastest-growing counties in the country with a 5.2 percent increase during the time period.
Gary Lester, vice president for community relations at The Villages, said Friday that it draws retirees and people from all 50 states to their communities, which were designed with the influx of people in mind. "It's all about the active lifestyle we offer," Lester said.
Following The Villages, Odessa and Midland were Fargo, N.D.-Minn. (3.1 percent); Bismarck, N.D. (3.1 percent); Casper, Wyo. (2.9 percent); Myrtle Beach-Conway-North Myrtle Beach, S.C.-N.C. (2.7 percent); Austin-Round Rock (2.6 percent); Daphne-Fairhope-Foley, Ala. (2.6 percent); and Cape Coral-Fort Myers, Fla. (2.5 percent).
The census estimates are based on local records of births and deaths, Internal Revenue Service records of people moving within the United States and census statistics on immigrants.


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CONTACT Hosung Kim 1558 Greene Ave Brooklyn NY11237 New York. Cellphone : +1.215.490.3566 Email :email@example.com All maretials are made by Hosung Kim.
portfolio 2005-2012 WORKS HOSUNG KIM MASTER OF ARCHITECTURE UNIVERSITY OF PENNSYLVANIA
The Movable Surface of Perception From T1, only E can be seen. From T2, F is recognized along with E. However; do not realize that this two are connected. From T3, B is recognized along with E and F. Still; do not realize that these elements are connected. From T4, a is discovered along with E,F, and B. Still, there are no connections. At T5, by discovering C and d, along with a,B, and C. Realizes that has close connection. However, it looks though, d,E,F which are independent from a,B,C seems to be not related at all. From T6, it is assumed that a,B,c has close connection to d. However, there is lack of confidence. At T7, finally the connection between a,B,c, and d is discovered. Based on the experience, assumption that the E and F are also related is made. Deep thoughts are made to lower T even more. For the future time that the building will exist, nobody knows at what rate T will go down, not even the architect. Modernism Architects has built functionally optimized buildings with the immovable(assumptive) T. They designed architectures that do not correspond to movements of T. When the architects predicts the movement of t and gets involved, it is exceeding their own authority, I believe. However, architects must recognize and accept such variability of T and provide spaces- not only physical but also programmatic- to accommodate such variability. 'What I have within 1',2009.9 acryl paint & pen on paper
The M.S.P(movable surface of perception)and The History The progress of historical events that we perceive as being processed by the minority historical figures are actually events that surfaced up by the capacity of the general population underneath the M.S.P(movable surface of perception) surface. If we were to look at the French Revolution from the historical point of view, what matter was not distinctive achievements by heroic figures on the M.S.P but ordinary people's desire for freedom under the M.S.P.
'The history on the M.S.P',2009.10 oil pastel, charcoal & pen on paper. ' based La Liberte Guidant le Peuple' Eugene Delacroix
'History under the M.S.P',2009.10 oil pastel, acryl painting & pen on paper based La Liberte Guidant le Peuple' Eugene Delacroix
U.penn Master of Architecture Hosung Kim.
Architecture existing on Time continuum.
The Kaleidoscopical Rhizome.
Buildings exist in the continuum of time which is four dimensional beings. An architect must design within the four-dimensional space. If it is designed only with the context of a present time, architectures that are continuum through history will contradict and be inconsistent. What should the architect do in this situation?
Kaleidoscopical Rhizome ',2010.11 balsa wood, nylon string, 9pin, O ring
TION shows, every elements in our world is deeply related enough to nullify any kind of pridictions. KALEIDOSCOPICAL RHIZOME that is intricately related in deep, changes its shape that is unpredictable once a particular displacement takes its place. This effect is also known as the butterfly effect is caused by this mechanism.
'the exterior', oil pastel, charcoal & pen on paper
'With the addition of time axis when perceiving an object.' 2009,9 charcoal & pen on paper
Spatial Perception oN Time continuum
Spatial Perception oN Temporal continuum
We define the true nature of space as we composit several images we perceive two-dimensionally in our brains. From the eyes that we have, we gather 2 dimensional images and instantly make 3-dimensional images in our head. In addition, these three-dimensional images pile up in our heads and create four-dimensional images. Through this process, we become closer to true nature. 'With the addition of time axis when perceiving an object.' 2009,9 charcoal & pen on paper
When there is variety in points that we can locate in the space, what we feel in the space become more prosperous. More abundant space means that it is closer to its original nature. 'fying stair case' 2006.4 pen & water with mixed media on paper
RESUME Education/Scholarship
2004-2010 National merit scholarship (http://scholarship.kosaf.go.kr/) all-expenses-paid 2001 Admission to hongik university computer science department 2004 Admission to hongik university architecture department 2008 Completed level 8/10 class in Columbia university English program 2008 Completed advanced level in Kaplan english institute, Newyork 2010 Graduate hongik University, Seoul, S-Korea – Bachelor of architecture 2011 Admission to University of pennsylvania, philadelphia,USA - Master of Architecture 2012 Graduate University of Pennsylvania - Master of Architecture
The first prize of 2005 hongik university architecture alumni competition.
CONTACT 1558 Greene Ave Brooklyn NY11237 New York. Cellphone : +1.215.490.3566 Email :firstname.lastname@example.com
Working Experience
2011.01~2011.08 Designer at 'Team153 Architects' Korea. 2012.06~2012.80 Part-time designer at SAMOO,Korea.
Very SKillful at Autodesk Revit architecture, Rhinoceros, Grasshopper, Autodesk Maya, Autodesk AutoCAD, Pepakura, Autodesk Revit. Skillfull at Google Sketchup,Bentley Generative Components, Adobe Photoshop, Adobe Illustrator.
Extra Curricular Activities
2002 First architecture trip to Europe for 2 months 2005 Architecture trip to Japan for 1 months 2006 Second architecture trip to Europe for 2 months 2006 The head of basketball club (redo) in hongik university. 2005 Completed the head of snowboard club (team401) in hongik university.
permeable membrane
p22 p30 p36
the bubble system the collider secluded chuech
broadcasting station
fold house
p60 p62
Gradual Shifting from urban to the nature 2011.New Orleans U.S.A. Creating new type of plaza with ambiguity. 2012.Sao paulo. brasil Self-generative system allowing users to manipulate space. 2007.seoul. korea Inducing collision bewteen various event factors 2006.seoul.korea the first prize of 2005 hongik university architecture alumni competition 2005.seoul.korea Inducing collision bewteen various event factors hongik university graduation work 2010.seoul.korea
formative study 2005.seoul.korea
paramatric design
omtimization process using grasshopper,ecotech,radiance 2011.New Orleans U.S.A.
working experiences
2011 team 135 architects.co desinger 2011.01-2011.08 seoul korea
2011 fall U.PENN DESIGN STUDIO
Gradual Shifting from urban to the nature. New Orleans U.S.A.
site contition KATRINA FLOOD AREAS
The economic and political dynamics had driven the poor population in New Orleans to un-reside-able locations. such impellent development made New Orleans to pay very expensive cost -disruption of ecosystem, massive fatalities by Katrina. It has become apparent that the flooding problem in new orleans has been exasperated by sea level rise, climate change, and human interventions. The extensive damage caused by hurricane katrina and rita has highlighted the desperate need for radical intervention. In recent years, this intervention has taken the form of levees, dikes, channels, and dams. Natural flood barriers in the form of wetlands have not only been successful solutions for flooding, but are also biologically diverse and productive ecosystems. Human attempts to restrict natural flood cycle s have destroyed natural flood barriers, hindered their development, as well as destroyed the relationship between the city and water.
master plan Development, as well as destroyed the relationship between the city and water. Despite the limitations of levees, the U.S Army corp. has responded to hurricane Katrina by simply building larger levees. The consequences of these interventions threaten the long term sustainability of the fragile wetlands and increase the risk of flooding. My goal is to radically shift from a water management approach that is fundamentally restrictive to one that encourages the prosperity of ecological systems. Increased storm surges have made wetlands alone insufficient, so it is essential to reinvent the levee to form a hybrid system that works in conjunction with natural flood barriers to encourage an urban development that incorporates a life with water and nature. By merging infrastructure with wetlands, the relationship between city and the water and nature becomes intertwined.
Transformation of urban area.
2011 fall U.Penn design studio work EMBRACE
I propose to surround the lower ninth ward with a hybrid wall that will act as a levee as well as a dam. Waterfront and bicycle tracks would run along the wall to activate it. The dams will constantly release small amounts of water inside its boundaries to form an artificial delta within the lower ninth ward. This delta would grow over time, transforming itself into a living wetland within the hybrid walls. As this happens, the urban fabric transforms itself to make way for this new ecosystem to develop a city in which infrastructure and nature are indistinguishable.
HYBRIDE DAM sectioins
Water conduit Section
Dam gate control center section
Dam & Pedestrian path section
During floods, the dams would release larger amounts of water into the wetlands to relieve increased water pressure from storm surges. The wetlands would act as a sponge, soaking up flood waters until storm surges dissipate. The disaster protocol deals not only with the short term effects of flooding, but attempts to enrich day to day life by reintroducing the concept of living with nature.
community center
Amenities binding community together such as day care centers, retail malls, bicycle repair centers supporting riders along the levee track will be placed underneath the levee. These programs would not only serve the community, but also enhance the local economy by attracting visitors from the outside.
Community center.
Typical Levee part section
Circulation aroud community center and water space.
2011 fall U.Penn design studio work EMBRACE
REndering images
Dam Circulation perspective.
Dam Circulation perspective.
Dam Circulation perspective.
2011 fall U.PENN DESIGN STUDIO graduation work
permeable membrane Creating new type of plaza with ambiguity. Sao paulo. brasil
architectural elements Ground Level Zoning. Park with Green / Mist
Tube Vertical Circulation
Piled up tubes.
Outer Fuzz
Connecting Fuzz
Inner Fuzz
Tube hierarchy
Tube Program Zoning
I proposed an unprecedented type of plaza with a blurry boundary that divide inside and outside ambiguously. This ambiguous wall working like a permeable membrane will define the plaza and make the plaza melt into urban context. People get into the plaza without the awareness of distinctive boundary, but they would find themselves in totally different atmosphere. This ambiguity will be applied to the building inside of the plaza containing various kind of programs. Buildings inside of the plaza exist not like neat a sculpture radiating beauty in a clean museum exhibition space, but in the form of occupiable lamps which can naturally attract people's circulation to inside of the buildings. This projects consists of 3 parts porous and fuzzy membrane define inside and outside of the plaza, inner plaza located inside on ground level, and occupiable lamps occupied by various programs. Fuzzy membrane consists of inner fuzz ,outer fuzz and link-fuzz connecting inner and outer fuzz. Water floor and green space form the plaza on the ground floor. occupiable lamps consist of auditorium zone, museum zone ,retail zone and connecting lamps providing linkage between them.
2012 spring U.Penn design studio work Permeable Membrane
T h e o ry - a r t e p o v e r a The starting point of this project was inspiration from igloo series done by Mario Marez, one of the Arte Povera artist. This dome shape work composed of irregular shaped stones piled up each others with certain logic and it's random patterns visualizes the ambiguity of permeable membrane. This porous boundary divides the inside and outside, and connects in and out through the medium of light and the passage of time. The inside and outside of igloo are same and different space at the same time.
g e o m e t ry g e n e r a t i o n . In order to make geometry with ambiguous feature, I used Rhino and Grasshopper. I made boundary first with solid objects in Rhino and wrote codes in Grasshopper using Kangaroo(physics simulator) and made particles move and bounce in boundary and traced the of the particles. I generated membranes by connecting bouncing points extracted from the trajectories in certain range.
2012 spring U.Penn design studio work Permeable Membrane
p r o g r a m s t r a t e gy
Each occupiable lamps are stratified into 3 hierarchies according to each connection states- program tubes containing various activities, circulation tubes providing circulation in buildings and buffer tubes connecting them. Proper programs and activities will be places according to the each hierarchies as diagram shows below. Every tubes have 'wall-less' spaces feature so that the interactions of people inside of tubes can be encouraged. With 3D modeling, I suggested certain ways to use sloped space inside of tubes.
Restaurant in program tube 1
Restaurant in program tube 2
Circulation connection between tubes
Restroom in circulation tubes.
a t m o s p h e r s t r a t e gy The fuzzy membrane consists of relatively thin elements(I-beams 100X50). this ephemeral architectural element not only defines the boundary of plaza, but also brings outside atmosphere such as the flow of air and the passage of time into plaza. In order to make the inside atmosphere distinctive, mist generating devices are installed between I-beams like diagram, and thereby it is possible to provide special experience to plaza's visitors
s i t e a n a ly s i s & d r a w i n g s
São Paulo, the biggest of city in Brazil, is one of the most populated city in the world. Areas under the average in terms of residential condition with high population density are scattered in this city. Surrounding area of Copan, historical building designed by Oscar Niemeyer in 1946 and also listed in the Guineas Record as 'most voluminous building in the world.', is a typical example of bad living condition with high density in the city. I choose this site since there are potential. Green dots represent beautiful parks such as Republica park neighboring this area and blue dash lines represent R.barao de Iteapetininga pedestrian path famous among tourists. This project will play a pivotal role in this area as a node point of cultural axis- R.barao de Iteapetininga street.
2nd Floor Plan
Ground Floor Plan
3rd Floor Plan
2012 spring U.Penn design studio work Permeable Membrane
plaza rendering images
program tube rendering images
2007 spring hongik UNIv. DESIGN STUDIO
the bubble system self generative system allowing users to manipulate space
Seoul korea
theoretical basis time-continuum In the fixed time coordinates, what we see and what we perceive as the truth, is only a partial face of the true nature sliced with time. Architecture is a bowl holding the true essence. The true nature also holds the characteristic that changes made according to time is continuous. In order for architecture to hold the truth, architecture must envolve as the true nature envolve.
2007 spring Hongik univ. design studio work The bubble system.
site condition This project was done my senior year, first semester. The site was a block located in front of Hong Ik University. Even though this block is not quite big, there are academies for Art, cafés, small galleries, bars, and etc. To me, this site looked like mixture that derived from capitalism; how much is the rent? I do not have any hostile feelings for this perplexed block. Perhaps it is a natural look of capitalism. However, there seem no connections among various programs. I wished that these elements of mixture would move organically. The purpose of this work was focused on the new possibilities that might occur when these various programs collide with one another. I needed a physical space that could have organic connections. I found out that inner block, in other words, buildings backspace was just abandoned. In a quite spacious room, only the equipments and devices for air conditioning and ventilation were positioned. I decided to use this space to connect various programs.
'Inside of site block' 2010.11 charcoal on paper.
c o n c e p t u a l m o d e l s t u dy -
Site condition
the collection of linear elements
The most important point of this project was that once ths system starts to operate, users can plan, build, destruct and rebuild by them selves without architets. In order to achieve this goal, I started to study the method and language of generating space. I found that The collection of linear elements suits the what this project's goal and made physical model to demonstrate spacial feature of this project.
'True nature 3d' 2010.10 Straw,color spray
T h e e x p a n s i b l e & c o n s t r i c t- a b l e B u b b l e sy s t e m
I wanted to induce collision, but I also think that is impossible for an architect to predict the aftermath of induced collision. Furthermore, these predictions may come as a block to user's freedom. Based on these thoughts, I conducted studies in regards to characteristics that the connection devices must have. This connection system had to be installed to assist users to deal with after the induced collision. And once it is operated, the system must have a characteristic that minimizes the help of the architect and the user must be able to transform on their own. To do this, the system had to be stabilized and found out that the shape of drop was most suitable for this. However, since the drops we often come across are very irregular, it was impossible to make the structures of backspace as the drop shape. It would be impossible for the user to transform the structure at all. Therefore, assembly became useful for this structure. I placed same size structures in three dimensional honeycombs to create droplets by using uniformed unit. This became a very constructive system and the users can transform this system in the back space by purchasing a few unit components.
2007 spring Hongik univ. design studio work The bubble system.
B u b b l e sy s t e m m e t h o d o l o gy geometry
Picture 1
picture 4
picture 2
picture 3
Place the bubble shaped systems basic units randomly in order for it to generate. (Pic 1) Create circles shared by spheres (pic 2) Make lines from sharing circles (pic3) However, units formed this way are unfixed and cannot be modified without architectural planning. In order to fix this problem, an attempt was made to create fixed units. Most effective placement of circles motived with honeycomb system on a two-dimensional floor plan(pic4). Placed three-dimensional spheres in 3dimentional honeycomb(pic 5). Then created basic units with the same process as before(pic 6&7). This unit can be used by users with no complicated architectural plan and by just using basic parts to manipulate space.
picture 5
picture 6
picture 7
unit parts
Basic unit Frame
Circularion Stair
circulation floor
Floor type 1
Floor type 2
basic unit assembly example
The word users in this project mostly refers retail shop owners. in case of users want to replan and reuild their space, all they have to do is ordering unit parts shown left side and put them together. They won't need and architectural services
u n i t a s s e m ly t y p e
Assembly type 1
Assembly type 2
Assembly type 3
The mixtures of these parts are divided into 3types. Type one is to connect different levels and type two is to connect levels and type three is located at the intersection of the circulation. The application of this system allows several programs within one block to functions organically and for it to run smoothly, it leans on the center of block for support and the tallest building(red one) functions as the main core
Cultural programs Retail programs virtical circulation
Basic parts+type 1
basic parts+type 1+type 2
basic parts+type 1+type 2 +type 3
2007 spring Hongik univ. design studio work The bubble system.
REndering images
Rendering of interior view
Rendering of interior view
Rendering of exterior view
Rendering of Activities
2006 spring hongik UNIv. DESIGN STUDIO
the collider Inducing collision bewteen various event factors hongik university. Seoul. korea.
inducing collision
Floor plans
Interior view.
First semester, my junior year, I was given a project to remodel "wow-building� which was the architecture building at my university. Originally, this building was packed with studios for the students to use. Each grader was assigned studios on designated floors. Because each graders used different floors, it was weird for me to go to 7th floor which the seniors used (I was a junior using 8th floor). Due to this structure, there were no interactions between each grade. At the time, I rented a house in front of the school with close friends to work and sleep. I think it was easier for me to work on the projects in my own place rather than a building that was awkward for many students. I also learned much more from my colleagues who rented the place with me.
2006 spring Hongik university design studio work The Collider
visual interations between levels
Furthermore, because there was no void space in the building, it only allowed the users to have horizontal visuals. This kind of horizontal visual attention once again is locked in a building which only is horizontal hallways. Because the center core was designed to control the movements in the building, wherever the users may be in the building, they had to go through the center core if they wanted to move up or down. I believe that as an architecture student, one must have plethora sense of 3 dimensional space and imagination. This kind of spatial sense is more stimulated when they come across objects frequently. However, I felt that the building that limited physical movements was not appropriate for architecture majors who need to frequently have three dimensional imaginations. An Example of Applying material to design studios.
studios, vertical cores.
STUDIO FOR 1st YEAR STUDIO FOR 2nd YEAR STUDIO FOR 3rd YEAR STUDIO FOR 4th YEAR STUDIO FOR 5th YEAR COLLISION SPACE
Dispersed design studios plan
Main vertical core and Sub-cores.
To solve these problems, I assigned studios to students irrelevant to their years. I also made a space for students to come across each other freely despite their years. Also, by maximizing void space, I made sure the visual attention of students could be three dimensional. Not only did students' visual attentions be freed, but their movements were also more flexible because I put subcores aside from center core. I remodeled the Wow-Building by maximizing the efficiency and maximizing the use of the area. This liberated limited visual attention and physical movements that was under the framework of modernism and raised new possibilities from the collisions of different grades
bim modeling -auto desk revit Basic wall brick 190
Basic wall CW102-85-100 Floor standard-wood finish M structure column 400X600
Curtain wall
2006 spring Hongik university design studio work The Collider
drawings from revit
5F plan
6F plan
8F plan
10F plan
4500 rooftop
4f 0
2005 spring hongik UNIv. DESIGN STUDIO
secluded church the first prize of 2005 hongik university architecture alumni conpetition Seoul korea
the secluded church Users who seek church want to be cleansed their heart which was broken and hardened living in the world for a week. To satisfy its users, how and what should church be like?
2005 spring Hongik university design studio work SECLUDED CHURCH
Main chapel view
Main chapel view
An architectural hardware is an object formed by software within user minds. The purpose of the users' visits and their actions are the main element in composing the chapel. The separation with the outside world must be taken under consideration. The chapels main hall and its attached function's physical separation and the chapels approach circulation has been separated by placing the main gate and water space. Since the priority of architectural forming process in ordinary condition is the efficiency, clear division among walls, ceiling and floor is inevitable. In the end, the most composing angle in space is the right angle. However, the priority of chapel building is something above and beyond it's efficiency. I excluded artificial division such as ceiling, walls and floor in forming process as well as the right angle which derived from efficiency.
Location - on the mountain.
Location Diagram
Main gate separating mundanity and the church.
2005 spring Hongik university design studio work SECLUDED CHURCH
t h e o ry The lines composing the chapel transforms dynamically according to the users movements. In order to allow the user to experience abundant space, I propose a form which allows the space to be felt with maximum a three-dimensional effect. As it is on top of the small mountain, the motive was inspired by stretching toward the sky.
Water means special in Christianity since they believe that the baptism from water cleanse the Original sin. By placing the water around the main Chapel and also between the main gate and the chapel, I tried to express they symbolic meaning of the baptism and water. 'Linear movement', 2005,4. Pastel on paper
Exterior view.
1st Floor plan
2nd Floor plan
2005 spring Hongik university design studio work SECLUDED CHURCH
p h y s i c a l m o d e l (1:200)
2010 spring&fall hongik UNIv. DESIGN STUDIO
broadcasting station Inducing collision bewteen various event factors hongik university graduation work hongik university. Seoul. korea.
t h e o ry Humanity has perceived observed form and split the concept into a paradigm from back in those day to an understandable level. As a result, observed different forms are included in different categories and put no interest in their organic relations. However, coming in to the modern world, we now take interest in relations between several observed forms and following it, the objects ontology has also taken a dynamic turn. Substance with mass exist as a connecting knot for fields forming surrounding space. Mass substance convert into an energy form as the knot loosens. A process in constructed on the generating forms based on the existence mechanism. Also, an attempt was made on understanding and applying the programs functional principles within the building based on the mechanism. These new types of ontology are not only existent in the physical world. They can be applied on people activity in society. The result of two different elements composition is not the result of simple addition but is the result of the addition on the amplification and offset existing in the composition of waves. Also, endities existing in different systems have links and exchange
2009 Hongik university design studio graduatation work Broadcasting system
a p p ly i n g t h e o ry The multi-dimensional link mentioned above tells us that two different societies with different dimensions and one location operates organically. The state borders straight lines in the United States and the complicated lines between countries in Europe show us the difference in their dimensions, history and physical lines operating organically with each other. The selected site is in the heart of Seoul where modern Seoul's history is reflected untouched.
A broadcasting system should play the role of observing society, manufacturing information itself, and distributing it to society. The distributed information expands to more influential information and feeds back as society I saw a large amount of broadcasting systems manufactured materials as public. However, the preexisting broadcasting system operated under isolation from public. I propose a space where the public and broadcasting systems influence each other intimately and where the results from the collaboration can spread out.
t h e o ry - f o r m g e n e r a t i v e l a n g u a g e
Matrix Distortion Logic
The element located within the matrix distorts the surrounding areas.
The curved matrix forms a substance as a mass working as a function. The structure is aligned according to the curved matrix and is used as a tool for visualizing the substance with the surrounding nonexistent substances.
In Newton's perspective, all three axis, x,y,z, composing space is inflexible and there are no interactions between them. They were considered as the absolute being. However, the relative theory describes space axis as rubber bands which are flexible and is capable of influencing each other endlessly. I made study models in order to visualize the mechanism of emergence of substance that has mass from the non-substance matrix. In this study model, rubber strings mean grid that visualize the space. In this rubber string matrix, the substances that have mass are emerged as rubber strings are distorted. This model also shows how the surrounding space is influenced by this process. The movement of substance is not separated from the rubber strings but changing the punctual coordinate point makes another distortion in the matrix.
2009 Hongik university design studio graduatation work Broadcasting system
s i t e a n a l a sy s a n d f o r m g e n e a r t i o n
After selecting a site adjacent to the Yeoueuido park located in the center of Yeoueuido, I divided the main functions of the dispersed Yeoueuido in the surrounding area in to five factors. The five factors were established according to their importance and simulated to find out what kind of distortion would appear within the matrix.
program collision
vertical core
I induced amplified effects from the collaboration of two different waves from two different systems, the broadcasting system (-studio. Etc) and convenient facilities for visitors. Spatial areas capable of holding new activities aroused by the amplified effect are essential. The structure formed from the relations between the substantiated function rooms and surrounding areas are planned to be installed as the background for activities which will be temporary installation.
Rendering of interior view
Inside of broad casting unit
The vertical circulation and the entrance used inside and outside's working as the core are generated into a combination of triangle modules. The triangular glass is used with both transparent and non-transparent glass. Transparent glass is used in areas where pedestrians are accessible. The roof is designed in double layers to install maintenance facilities including ventilation systems on each floor.
2009 Hongik university design studio graduatation work Broadcasting system
Park Visitors can access to the ammenities inside of broadcasting station without crossing car circulation. They can access directly to the building through circulation under the car road. Section drawings
Detail drawings elevation drawings
Site plan
physical model
Physical model(1:200) 1800x900, 2010.12, M.D.F board,LASER cutted chip board,trepal paper.
2009 Hongik university design studio graduatation work Broadcasting system
interior and Program Units images
Interior and Vertical Cores images
interior and Program Units images
interior and Vertical Cores images
Exterior and Vertical Cores images
2005 spring hongik UNIv. DESIGN STUDIO
fold house hongik university. Seoul. korea.
Rendering of exterior
A house is meant to be private and public at the same time. It also holds the most un-artificial program, family. I excluded the cutting and pasting of two-dimensional plates, the form was developed using just the folding method.
Foldong conbination
2005 Hongik university design studio work Folding house
Rendering of exterior
Rendering of interior (2nd floor)
View from Kitchen
Rendering of interior (living room)
View of Between two Fold
2005 Hongik university design studio work Folding house
hand works
Model,form board scale 1:100
Drawing.2005.4, tracing paper.
2012 spring u.penn paramatric design class
optimization process flow
paramatric design omtimization process using grasshopper,ecotech,radiance 2012 U.penn paramatric design class
design method The design approach mainly consists of two part. First phase is finding an optimized form in terms of energy consumption by using Energy Plus. As Grasshopper rotates roof surface, Energy Plus calculates Energy Plus the amount of energy consumption for each forms, and Generic Algorithm finds the best shape. Second phase is optimization of shading with Radiance. Like first phase, as grasshopper changes shading devices arrangement, Radiance calculates illuminance for each arrangement and Generic Algorithm decides the most optimized arrangement.
a n a ly s i s a n d f e e d b a c k
Ecotech simulation and Grasshopper feed back poress
2012 U.PENN paramatric design class work
2011 .01-2011.08 team 153 architects.co
working experience 2011 team 153 architects.co entry designer
House for retired couple. Location: Yang Pyoung Kyung Ki Do Korea. Contribution: schematic design, CAD drawing, 3D Modeling.
Seocho residential building Location: Seochogu Seocho dong 1622-9 Seoul Korea Contribution: schematic design, CAD drawing, physical model study
Residential building on parking tower. Location: Goanggyo Kyung Ki Do Korea. Contribution: schematic design, CAD drawing, 3D Modeling.
Published on Sep 20, 2012


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I remember when mom used to make whole-grain pancakes, sausage and a fruit salad for DINNER! She would always rationalize the "backwards night" by reminding us that we were getting all the food groups, like we could even hear her through the . Today, I realize that she had a point, it really doesn't matter what you eat and when, as long as it's balanced. So, why not put a spin on her flip-flop with dinner for breakfast!
I've done green salads, rice bowls, and steak kebabs for a morning meal, these are all quite tasty before dawn breaks . . . and super easy if leftover! Today, I'm sharing Greek Stuffed Breakfast Sweet Potatoes, a perfectly portioned and perfectly delicious way to start your day. If you're time-crunched and always quick grab that sugary pastry, give this recipe a try (it takes only 15 minutes) and I promise you'll feel so much better. Continue reading


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These days, many Americans rely on prepaid debit cards to help them deal with some or all aspects of their financial lives, but experts have routinely questioned whether such accounts are as beneficial as they seem.
Prepaid cards are often marketed as an alternative to banking, which has seen fees increase considerably in recent years and effectively priced out many low- or even middle-income consumers, according to a report from Pew Charitable Trusts. And that tack has proven successful for issuers, as by 2013, the amount loaded onto these cards annually could climb to about $201.9 billion, up from just $28.6 billion in 2009.
However, despite being marketed as an effective and low-cost alternative to traditional bank accounts, the study found this may not always be accurate. The 52 most popular prepaid cards in the country — which make up about 75 percent of the total marketplace — disclose between seven and 15 different fees per account, and in a percentage of these cases, they may not disclose what some of those fees are. However, some cards can disclose as many as 21 to 24 or as few as between one and three.
The total combined cost of all these fees can be quite costly, the report said. For instance, the median monthly fee for such a transaction is $5.95, and those for opening the account are about $9.95. But overall, the median cost of most fees associated with such an account is usually less than $3. Nonetheless, they can add up quickly.
Further, while the cost of some of these prepaid accounts can be lower than those related to checking accounts, they can also come with more risk, the report said. For instance, the Federal Deposit Insurance Corp. does not back the balances on all of these cards, meaning that there might be little protection if something were to go wrong with their balance.
Because of the high cost of opening and maintaining a prepaid account, many consumers may be better off doing some math to compare the overall expenses they will face for using such a card, versus those from a traditional checking account. Due to the lack of uniform disclosures, this may not always be easy, but it can help some get a better handle on their finances for the lowest cost available to them.


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Ok! We decided whether to rent or buy in Part 1 and then where to find land for sale in Part 2. Now it's time to get down to it and go shopping! Land shopping that is. But wait.. there's land for sale all over Second Life – how to tell if it's Paradise or a lemon?
Lucky you have me along! I've been in Second Life for almost six years now and bought my first parcel in my first month here. Since then I've learned a few things and now you will too. So grab your hiking shoes and let's go land shopping!
Continue reading Buying Land In Second Life: Part 3–Eden Or Lemon?


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Who still has their....
Posted by Anonymous
- 63 Replies
Question: So do you still have your Christmas tree up?
Total Votes: 196
Christmas tree up? I do.
Posted by Anonymous on Jan. 11, 2013 at 11:26 PM
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Replies (1-10):
by Gold Member on Jan. 11, 2013 at 11:27 PM
No took it down the day after Xmas.. I have OCD I neede to clean and organize lol
We do. We keep it up until at least the 6th every year for "little christmas"
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by CAFE SASSY HBIC on Jan. 11, 2013 at 11:28 PM
Nope.......I usually take it down around the 15th but I took everythig down last weekend....it was warm out.
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GREAT BEND, Kansas — These men are doing more than strutting in women's stilettos. They are stomping out domestic and sexual assault against women in Barton County, through the 4th annual "Walk a Mile in Her Shoes" event.
The event raises funds for the local Family Crisis Center.
"I think it's very important that guys see the impact that it has on women and what we can do to help in the situation," said Brian Ewing, participant and emcee.
"Men walking around in heels is a display on men's commitment to say that we know its a problem in our community, we're aware of it. We know there needs to be education on it. We support the women in our community, and we're saying this needs to end now," added Christie Kelly, organizer.
While the men did experience a some of women's pain, organizers provided some comfort with larger shoes sizes.
"It's a little bit of pain, but walking in the heels is one thing and seeing the struggles for a lot women that's why we're out here, and I don't think that we could describe the pain that a lot of them feel," said Aaron Andrews, participant.
Nearly one out of three women is or will be a victim of abuse in her lifetime.
"It's a staggering statistic, and it happens everyday and so it's so important for a community to come together and say no more," explained Laura Patzner, organizer.
The night began with a ceremony and there was plenty of fun during the walk, but it ended on a serious not.
"Standing up for the women that have been hurt or killed, I thought it was better standing up for them," said a young participant.
One hundred percent of the funds raised during "Walk a Mile in Her Shoes" , goes directly to the local Family Crisis Center in Great Bend. If you would like to donate to the cause, click here.


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Our hat's off to …
Published 8:00 pm, Sunday, May 4, 2008
• Everyone who helped put on another spectacular Embracing Our Earth event.
• Bad Axe's Greg Tenbusch for being named a Future Leader.
• The Huron County Community Foundation's Youth Advisory Committee and the Huron County Homeless Coalition for raising money and awareness about homelessness with their Cardboard City.
• Pigeon's Ron Heckman who recently retired after 50 years behind the barber chair.
• Owen-Gage pitcher Justin Trupe for being named the Signature Bank Athlete of the week.
• Harbor Beach's new National Honor Society members and officers.
• Ubly valedictorian Grant Pichla and Salutatorian Shelby Lemke.
• Owen-Gage's Bethany Kovach and Joshua Volk for being named the school's valedictorian and salutatorian respectively.


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1418 U.S. 180, Silver City, NM 88061Request info Add to list
To view building contacts please sign in with your Pro account or create a pro account.
Stephen L.
Company: requires Pro account
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Building Details:
1418 U.S. 180 is aretail property for lease in Silver City, NM.
Sale Price:
• $436,000.00
($119.00 / SF to the building)
Building Size:
• ±3,664 SF (approx. 41'x91')
Lot Size:
• ±1.011 Acres
(approx. 144.35' x 301')
• Commercial, Silver City
• Excellent visibility along US-180
• ±144.35' of frontage along US-180
• Full access in and out of property
• Excellent parking ratio (12:1,000)
• 44 parking spaces
• Drive-thru lane
• Positioned along Silver City's key commercial corridor
• Building includes:
• Full kitchen (majority of equipment to convey with property)
• Dining room: 83 seats
• Open play area
• Seating area could be expanded into play area
• Traffic counts: US-180: 16,774 VPD
To be sold as vacant property. Please do not disturb tenant. Owners not on site.
Request Property Information
Please describe your commercial real estate requirements. We'll introduce you to local properties that match your criteria.


text:
(Reuters) - Goldman Sachs Group Inc (GS.N) reduced its risk-taking for a third straight year, with potential losses from trading positions dropping to the lowest level in seven years, reflecting a more cautious stance towards markets.
The Wall Street bank's average daily value at risk last year was $86 million, down 24 percent from the preceding year, according to a filing with the U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission on Friday.
The measure shows how much money Goldman estimates it could lose on an average day, with 95 percent confidence.
Goldman was not alone in reporting lower risk-taking. On average, its four biggest Wall Street rivals - Morgan Stanley (MS.N) and the trading businesses of JPMorgan Chase & Co (JPM.N), Bank of America Corp (BAC.N) and Citigroup Inc (C.N) - reported an average decline of 21 percent in comparable average daily value-at-risk.
Lower risk-taking shows that these firms are taking to heart at least some of the lessons from the financial crisis and its aftermath. But it is unclear how much of the reduction in risk-taking comes from market conditions and exposure, and how much of it comes from changes in models to calculate risk.
Regulators, for example, approved a new model for Morgan Stanley last year that increased emphasis on short-term volatility. As a result, losses that occurred in 2007 and 2008 had less of an impact on value-at-risk. Its figures are also now more comparable to competitors, Morgan Stanley said in a filing this week.
Goldman's risk-taking in 2012 was at the lowest level since 2005, when it reported an average daily value-at-risk of $70 million. It was less than half the $218 million of average daily value-at-risk Goldman reported at its 2009 peak.
Declines in risk-taking were broad across Goldman's positions in interest rates, equities, currencies and commodities. Goldman attributed the changes to lower volatility and reduced market exposure.
Goldman said its value-at-risk model is "regularly reviewed and enhanced in order to incorporate changes in the composition of inventory positions, as well as variations in market conditions."
For Goldman, less risk-taking also meant fewer days with big losses or gains.
Goldman lost money on 16 trading days in 2012, compared with 54 days in 2011. It did not lose more than $75 million on a single day, whereas the previous year it lost at least $100 million on four days. Likewise, the bank earned at least $100 million on 41 days in 2012, compared with 54 days in 2011.
Overall, Goldman's trading and investing businesses were more profitable last year than in 2011.
Goldman reported $5.6 billion in pretax earnings from its client trading business and $3.2 billion in pretax earnings from its investing and lending division, which puts Goldman's own money to work. In 2011, those businesses reported earnings of $4.4 billion and a loss of $531 million, respectively.
In a separate filing, Citigroup reported a new 2011 value-at-risk of $176 million in a regulatory filing on Friday. The figure is 17 percent less than the original $213 million figure it reported a year ago.
Citigroup said the change was partly due to the fact that its three-year volatility time frame no longer includes market swings from 2008 and 2009.
Editing by Bernadette Baum and Jim Marshall