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Buy Enid Blyton Books
Hopefully this page will give you a few pointers about whether to buy brand new Enid Blyton books or try to find secondhand copies. Buying secondhand from a local charity shop might be the cheapest way to restock your collection, but of course you'll have to hunt around a bit to find every title of every series!
Go to Amazon.com for Enid Blyton Collections, Boxed Sets, and Complete Series
(choose between Amazon.co.uk and Amazon.com)
Amazon is one answer. You can always find sellers offering complete boxed sets and collections. That's the thing about Enid Blyton books; you're probably looking for complete sets, not just indidivual titles. The official publisher, Hachette, has a terrible website that doesn't seem to offer complete sets, so I prefer to make it easier for readers by recommending Amazon (above) or a unique company called Navrang who sell British-printed titles as complete sets.
I've been recommending Navrang for ages now, and still do. They're the simplest solution for buying entire sets of popular Enid Blyton books with just a couple of clicks, and the free worldwide shipping for orders over $50 is simply unbeatable. Excellent customer service too. They sell individual titles as well as complete sets.
Here's the complete list of series and collections available from Navrang...
Most Popular:
Other Titles and Collections:
Navrang is located in Virginia, USA, but their books are shipped from a British printer in India via their Delhi warehouse. So you're getting British books at the cheapest prices anywhere. Navrang also offer free worldwide shipping for orders over $50 USD (or a small fee for orders under $50 USD), anywhere in the world.
Should I buy brand new books, or old secondhand copies?
In some ways nothing beats a brand new paperback with colorful modern covers and that fresh, newly-printed smell, and the knowledge that you're the first person to read that particular copy. If that's what you're after, then search on Amazon.co.uk or Amazon.com, or Navrang, for the best prices around. But bear in mind that we're now in a "politically correct" era, and modern publishers have decided that some of Enid Blyton's phrases from the 1940s and 1950s are "inappropriate" in this day and age. Phrases like "George was as black as a nigger with soot," while not particularly unusual or upsetting fifty years ago, have been altered to something more acceptable, like "George was black with soot"—hardly a dramatic change, but a change nonetheless.
There are more noticeable changes for those who remember Enid Blyton books from their childhood. The black villain originally known as Jo-Jo in The Island of Adventure is, in modern editions, transformed into Joe—an ordinary white man. Meanwhile, the scene from The Mystery of the Hidden House, in which Mr Goon canes Ern across the palm of the hand, has been deleted entirely; now Ern merely gets a ticking off. And perfectly innocent exclamations of "how queer!" and "ooh, it's such a gay day!" have been updated to "how weird!" and "ooh, it's such a bright day!"...
Despite the changes, which understandably annoy most die-hard Enid Blyton book collectors, the new editions are perfectly readable for the new generation, and even for those adults who are revisiting their childhood. Most changes will go unnoticed unless you compare an old edition side by side with a new paperback.
If you really CANNOT stand to see Enid Blyton's work altered, then stick with pre-1980 secondhand paperbacks, which you can pick up from various online stores including eBay. If you want to get into collecting in a big way, go for pre-1968 hard back books, which are likely to contain all the original text. Also, these old copies will contain the original illustrations as well, which are often far superior and manage to capture the "feel" of the books in a way that modern illustrations don't.


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As featured on
Miracle Fitness
Miracle Fitness is a fitness training company specializing in Fitness Boot Camps for men and women in the South East of London. This is the boot camp everyone's talking about, literally. It is our belief that fitness is achievable and with our 'yes I can' approach a fit lifestyle can be yours too.
The Boot Camp is open to all fitness levels and abilities.
This is not a Military Boot Camp.
Our boot camps are designed to be enjoyable while creating the necessary fitness changes. Anyone can take part. The boot camps are designed to get you fit and fab in the shortest time possible, whilst creating the mindset to maintain a fit lifestyle for the future. Our comprehensive program concentrates on Cardiovascular Training, Strength Training, Co-ordination, Endurance and Nutrition which comes in the form of drills and resistance exercises.
Fernando Lee and his team of instructors will put you through your paces. Fernando is a Personal Trainer with the approach that's right for you. He is certified in a number of areas, not limited to, Exercise to Music, Spin, Pilates, Supple Strength, Step, Pre-Natal and Post-Natal Exercise, Advanced Resistance Training, Nutrition and the Exerciser, Exercise and the Older Adult, Fitness Assessment, and the list just goes on.
Fernando has worked for several years in many of those gyms that you see on the High Street. One of his specialities is Group Exercise and through his fantastic fitness bootcamp, it really shows that you are the one that matters most!
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subset: commoncrawl


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Expert on Nicci Campen? She needs your help. Add biography, facts, photos, videos along with any other details about Nicci Campen, like tattoos, hook-ups or relationships.
Nicci Campen
- Birthday
- 1987-09-16
- Nickname
- Bowies
- Birthname
- Nicci Marie Campen
- Sign
- Virgo
- Hometown
- London England
- Country
- United Kingdom
- Ethnicity
- White
- Height
- 5'1"
- Weight
- Add
- Job
- Model
- Hobbies
- Having tits grabbed pulled twisted slapped and fucked Mouth fucking with cock that was up ass
- Assets
- Tiny Hottie With Huge Tits
- Vices
- Learned to deep throat as a little girl Getting hog tied and spanked Begs for ass fucking
A British model, Nicci Campen is famous for posing regularly on Page 3 and in European & American lads mags such as Maxim, Loaded, Nuts, Zoo, Front, FHM, Max Power, Fast Car and Redline.
Life Story
Growing up was tough for this London girl, born in the alley ways that birthed not just Jack the Ripper, but three of the original Spice Girls (not Victoria Beckham). It was a fight for survival, but her mother, a member of the British Parliament, gave her the tools she needed: a whip, and enough pounds to pay for a boob job. The rest goes down on Page 3 history, right after the news on how the United States is screwing up the entire world.
The struggle for survival of this little minx ended on her 18th birthday when she was seen by an American tourist who happened to be an avid Penthouse subscriber taking off her clothes on the London Underground subway getting ready to bathe with a bottle of Evian. He suggested that she send her picture to Penthouse magazine, but he wasn't too sure, so they would have to go back to his hotel room to make sure she was the right material. And she was. Since then she has been in numerous magazine shoots, and has a hard time remember to wear a shirt in the morning.


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Grasshopper Debuts Black Knight Sword For PSN, XBLA
If Lollipop Chainsaw isn't your thing, maybe you'll be more into another of Grasshopper Manufacture's projects:
It's called Black Knight Sword, and Grasshopper sound director Akira Yamaoka presented this new downloadable effort at GamesCom 2011. It's a 2D side-scrolling action platformer, and it should arrive for the PlayStation Network and Xbox Live service in "January or February 2012." Yamaoka said the game gets much of its inspiration "from children's story books or puppet theater," which is very intriguing. At the same time, though, this game is most certainly not for kids. Grasshopper and Co. aren't into that, really.
Yamaoka added that the gameplay will be familiar to anyone who remembers the good ol' days of side-scrolling entertainment. Lastly, you should know that while the game is being developed at Grasshopper Manufacture, it's set to be published in Europe by Digital Reality. We'll be looking forward to this downloadable adventure next year, that's for sure.
Related Game(s): Black Knight Sword
Tags: black knight sword, grasshopper, suda51, digital reality
8/17/2011 9:23:10 PM Ben Dutka
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Why You Can Boycott Standardized Tests Without Fear of Federal Penalties to Your School (Updated March 2017)
The Every Student Succeeds Act (ESSA) authorizes states to allow parents to opt their children out of exams if a state or district allows it. Eight states already have laws allowing opt outs.
ESSA also says that at least 95% of students must be included when states calculate school scores.. If more than 5% of students do not take the test, their non-scores count as zeroes. This would lower a school's average score and could affect the school's ranking. However, a state does not have to use this data to identify which schools are "lowest performing."
ESSA requires schools and districts with less than 95% to explain how it will factor that into its accountability system. A state could decide that it will do nothing. Or it could tell districts to send letters to parents encouraging them to take the test or to hold a public meeting (at which opt outers could explain themselves). It does not have to identify schools with low participation as "low performing" or impose any punitive sanctions.
Parents and educators should not fear that the federal government will financially penalize their schools if many students boycott standardized tests. The federal government has never penalized a state, district or school for failing to test enough of its students. Due to the successful 2015 and 2016 New York State opt out campaigns, hundreds of districts had less than 95% participation. USDoE said it had no plans to penalize districts or schools by withholding funds.
The testing reform movement should counter any state proposals to punish districts or schools for low participation. What states choose to do will be part of a state's ESSA implementation plan submitted to the federal government. Some states, including Massachusetts and Delaware, have policies to lower a school's ranking if too few students take the test. On the other hand, Louisiana put a one-year moratorium on any consequences for schools with high refusal rates. Activists should push their states to make it clear that parents may opt their children out without penalties. No state should take stronger steps than to tell districts to try to improve participation.
As always, the best response to government threats to the test resistance movement is to build even bigger, stronger opt-out campaigns and focus their clout on policy makers. For more information, see http://www.fairtest.org/get-involved/opting-out. And for the relevant language in ESSA, see http://www.fairtest.org/federal-law-and-regulations-opting-out-under-essa.
March 2017
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More than 1000 four-year colleges and universities do not use the SAT or ACT to admit substantial numbers of bachelor-degree applicants.
See the searchable database of schools.


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Carla M. Pugh, MD, PhD, FACS, Associate Professor of Surgery, University of Wisconsin, was awarded $2 million over three years to study how clinical skills decay when clinical personnel are called up for military service.
Dr. Pugh is vice chair of education and patient safety in the UW Department of Surgery and clinical director of the UW Health Simulation Program. In this study, she will develop simulation-based methods to assess common clinical skills, such as placing a Foley catheter or a central line or completing bowel surgery.
"This can be an issue when high-end medical personnel are deployed into military service, and it goes both ways: the skills they lose from civilian life and the military skills they need to quickly pick up," she says. "For example, an Ob/Gyn who is sent to Afghanistan will be doing trauma work, not delivering babies."
Click here to read the full release.


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AU Press Releases
AU volleyball team splits four matches at Oswego Tournament
On Friday, the Saxons (6-13, 0-4 Empire 8) lost on Friday to Potsdam, 3-1 (25-11, 25-13, 24-26, 25-10) and SUNY-IT, 3-0 (25-23, 25-13, 25-18). They bounced back to take two matches Saturday, defeating Utica, 3-1 (26-24, 21-25, 27-25, 25-21) and Oswego, 3-1 (25-10, 22-25, 25-16, 25-16).
Against Oswego, AU was led by sophomore Paige Jensen (Weiser, ID/Weiser) with 20 kills and sophomore Chelsea Hall (Grand Island, NY/Grand Island) with 11 kills, 18 digs and two blocks. Sophomore Janelle Gallipeau (Rochester, NY/Greece Olympia) had 37 assists and 12 digs and sophomore Samantha Wood (Newfield, NY/Newfield) added seven kills and three blocks.
Jensen had 20 kills and two blocks and Hall had nine kills, six service aces, 18 digs and a block in the win over Utica. Gallipeau had 40 assist and 15 digs, and sophomore Kelsey Brand (Elmira, NY/Elmira Free Academy) had eight kills.
In the loss to Potsdam, Wood had nine kills, 10 digs and nine blocks; Jensen had seven kills and two blocks; Gallipeau had 20 assists and eight digs; and Hall had eight kills, three service aces, 23 digs and a block.
Hall led AU against SUNY-IT with 10 kills and seven digs. Jensen had seven kills; sophomore Brittany Anselment (Baldwinsville, NY/C.W. Baker) had 14 digs; and Wood had six kills, seven digs and four blocks.
AU is in action next on Tuesday, Oct. 11, at 7 p.m. at home against Keuka.


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Prices are rising! Good for sellers...bad for buyers! Good time to buy before interest rates and home prices go up.
Latest trade news:
Pending Activity and Prices Rise
Housing data released by MIBOR today shows essentially flat closed sales activity in September with a double digit increase pending sales and steady upward movement in median and average sales prices. Closed sales rose just 0.4 percent in September compared to September 2014, but are up 6.3 percent in the third quarter of 2015 compared to the third quarter one year ago. Pending sales increased 14.7 percent in the monthly comparison of September 2015 to the same period last year. In the quarter ending in September, pending sales rose 9.9 percent
National Market Review: September Closed Sales Rebound
According to the National Association of REALTORS® (NAR) September data release, existing home sales rose 4.7 percent in September. Median sales price was $221,900, which is 6.1 percent higher than September one year ago. Available inventory is 3.1 percent lower than last September.
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As we know very well about china technology. China has no competition in technology.
As we know very well about china technology. China has no competition in technology. China has really great technology to beat everybody. China already has beaten most of the countries in technology. China has great capacity to build electronic products and launch latest technology in market. This time you will find each and every electronic products of china in online and offline market. China has built really great network in many countries about electronics and technology. You can see market of china in many countries. China provides cheap and best electronic products in other countries that means they have really so cheap and best technology. If you want to be aware from china technology and you want to buy china technology then you can buy cheap and best electronic products. China always tries to have latest technology in front of people that is why they launch latest technology and also they create latest technology to make easier life of people. This time you will latest solar technology which is great technology to convert energy in one farm to other farm.
What is solar energy?
People never used sun energy for their personal uses but this time people can get uses of sun rays. This is possible because of solar technology. If you want to use sun rays as energy and want to cook food from sun rays then you can use great technology of solar. "Uses of sunrays in other farm of energy called solar energy". As we know that solar cooker is good to cook food from sun rays and also it is good to use in other ways too. If you want to get help of sun rays to operate your machines then you can use solar energy converter which will convert solar energy in other farm and people can use them as real energy.
What are uses of solar energy?
1. Solar energy can be used as solar cooker too cook food.
2. Solar energy can be used as electricity to use in the place of electricity.
3. Solar energy can be used to charge batteries and other electronic products.
Solar energy has also lots of uses those can be really too helpful for people to make their life easier. If you want to use solar energy then you just need to use solar technology to convert solar energy farm.
China solar charger:
Chinabuye.com provides great technology in solar charger in very low prices. People can use solar energy in electricity farm with the help of solar charger. If you are looking to buy solar charger then you can find online from china shop which will be cheap and best for you. You will find free of cost shipping in solar charger.
Resource Box: Solar charger to convert solar energy in electricity. Log on to chinabuye.com to know more.


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Request for Review
If there is a change in a student's household income that is not reflected on the FAFSA a student can submit a Request for Review form.
- Can I submit a Request for Review?
- What is not acceptable for a Request for Review?
- What documents are required to complete the Request for Review process?
- How long does the Request for Review process take?
- Should we wait until this process has been completed before we figure out our payment?
- Can graduate students file a Request for Review?
Can I submit a Request for Review?
At Montclair State, a committee determines whether your special circumstances merit changes in the data elements which determine your Expected Family Contribution or your Cost of Attendance. Montclair State uses standards recommended by the National Association of Student Financial Aid Administrators.
If there is a change in your household income due to a change of income resulting from:
- Unemployment
- Loss of untaxed benefit (ie: worker's compensation, child support, pensions and annuities, social security benefits)
- Separation/Divorce
- Death
- Medical expenses that have been itemized on your Federal tax return
You can complete a Request for Review form to have your financial aid re-evaluated.
You must wait until you receive an award letter (or electronic notice) and then submit the Request for Review packet from our forms page. If you are incoming freshman you must be accepted to the University, paid your deposit and filed a FAFSA prior to submitting this paperwork.
What is not acceptable for a Request for Review?
We will not process requests for bankruptcy, increases in personal expenses (ie: mortgage payments, tuition increases for siblings, car payments), private school tuition expenses, non- taxed medical expenses, etc.
What documents are required to complete the Request for Review process?
Generally all students must complete the Verification Process if not already done. This requires the following:
- Student's (and spouses, if married) Federal Income Tax Return Transcript for the most recent tax year or a Statement of Income if no tax return was filed; if a student did not have to file taxes, they can submit a Student Non-Filing Statement
- A Verification Worksheet;
- For Dependent students a copy of the Parent's Federal Income Tax Return Transcript for the most recent tax year or a Statement of Income; if the parent(s) did not have to file taxes, they can submit a Parent Non-filing Statement.
If you already submitted this documentation because you were selected for Federal Verification, you do not need to resubmit.
Additional documentation required is based on circumstances as indicated on page 3 of the Special Circumstances Request for Review form.
Specific documentation will be determined by the section you complete on the form.
How long does the Request for Review process take?
The Request for Review process does not start until June. You can submit your information prior to that and it will be held until June. Once your file has been evaluated based on the allowable criteria, your information will be updated with the Federal Government (and the State of New Jersey if appropriate).
Once the Request for Review process has started, it can take 4-6 weeks for the process to be finalized.
Students will receive an email telling them that their award has been updated. They can view all information via their WESS account (2015-2016) or NEST (2016-2017).
Should we wait until this process has been completed before we figure out our payment?
No. Submission of a Request for Review form does not mean you will receive additional aid. In some cases, students are still eligible for the same amount of aid they originally received. You should calculate your bill with the aid you are currently being offered. If you are looking at your current aid amount and realize you need additional funding, you may consider a parent PLUS loan and/or private loan options. If you do become eligible for additional aid, you can reduce or cancel your loans later. You can also utilize the Payment Plan offered through the Office of Student Accounts.
Can graduate students file a Request for Review?
Because graduate students are only eligible for loans, there is no benefit to filing a Request for Review. Any changes to the FAFSA information will not change the amount of funding the student can receive.


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Welcome to Empowered Zone
Our goal is to inspire you to reach your full potential.
Our vehicle, is a simple and powerful product line of creatively inspired and insightful art using the Empowered Symbol.
They serve as teaching tools to remind you to "stay in the game",
be mindful of your thoughts and by doing so you can manifest all that you desire.
YOUR Empowered Zone simply put, is a vibrational mindset.
We are all vibrational beings what you put out there is what you get more of. How we feel is always a choice, so choose wisely. . .
FOCUS: It is with powerful intention and focus that you can manifest anything you desire.
THRIVE: By tapping into your empowered zone your life becomes joyful and fun.
SHARE: When you hit your stride and you feel great, you can't help but share it with others.
Take a few moments every morning to set your day into a powerful and intentional WIN.
We believe every person is capable of achieving and positively impacting the world around us. When individuals have a high self-esteem and a victor's mindset, they become the movers and shakers of their work place, home, family and community.
Our empowering mantra:
"If I CAN Dream It, I CAN Do It!"
Every journey begins with taking the first step….
sometimes all it takes is one word, one gesture, to change our lives, to live our dreams.


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Catalyzed olefin equlibration and separation of the equilibrated productsDownload PDF
- Publication number
- Authority
- Grant status
- Grant
- Patent type
- Prior art keywords
- sub
- product
- borosilicate
- amylenes
- weight
- Prior art date
- Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
- Expired - Lifetime
- C07C6/00—Preparation of hydrocarbons from hydrocarbons containing a different number of carbon atoms by redistribution reactions
- C07C6/02—Metathesis reactions at an unsaturated carbon-to-carbon bond
- C07C6/04—Metathesis reactions at an unsaturated carbon-to-carbon bond at a carbon-to-carbon double bond
This is a continuation of application Ser. No. 020,788 filed Mar. 2, 1987 which is a continuation of application Ser. No. 870,823 filed June 5, 1986 abandoned.
This invention relates to a process for selectively equilibrating a C3 or greater monoalkene to a hydrocarbon mixture using a HAMS-1B crystalline borosilicate-based catalyst composition in which the production of total butylenes and t-amylenes is substantially enhanced. More particularly, this invention relates to the selective gas-phase equilibration of at least one C3 or greater monoalkene over a HAMS-1B crystalline borosilicate-based catalyst composition to a largely olefin mixture employing operating conditions which maximize the n-butenes and isobutylene portion of the C4 fraction and the t-amylene portion of the C5 fraction and minimize the formation of C1 to C3 hydrocarbons, total aromatics, and total paraffins; such mixture is usefully separated in one aspect of the invention by reaction with methanol to form the methyl ethers of isobutylene and the t-amylenes.
The commercial preparation of olefins involves thermally cracking a hydrocarbon feedstock such as gas oil, naphtha, or an ethane-propane combination. With each of these feedstocks propylene is a major product and accompanies other olefins and diolefins, such as ethylene and butadiene, and additional hydrocarbons. The particular distribution of products for a given feedstock is relatively fixed which can lead to overproduction of one olefin product to meet the demand for another product or products from the cracking process. Thus, it is desirable to develop "add-on" processes which can be utilized in conjunction with the thermal cracking process to convert a product produced in market excess to other products in shorter supply and of more commercial value. Unlike the thermal cracking process, such "add-on" processes need to be catalytic since they should be selective in converting the excess product.
In particular, it is of advantage to be able to economically convert propylene when it is in long supply to higher value products useful in the transportation fuel industry since the transportation fuel market is enormous and can absorb large quantities of suitably converted excess "cracker" propylene. If propylene could be converted economically to a process stream rich in total butylenes and t-amylenes, diversion of the excess propylene to the gasoline market is possible since new regulations covering the amount of lead in gasoline have forced refiners to seek new sources of octane, one of which is the methyl ethers of isobutylene and t-amylenes, MTBE and TAME, respectively. The methanol required to make these ethers is inexpensive and plentiful and the isobutylene and t-amylenes are generally the limiting components. In addition, linear butenes are the preferred feedstock for the acid catalyzed alkylation of isobutane to make high octane fuel supplements. Thus, a process to convert propylene selectively to total butylenes and t-amylenes could have substantial economic value.
Now, catalyzed equilibration processes have been found to selectively convert propylene and higher olefins to largely olefin products containing a high proportion of total butylenes and t-amylenes while reducing the formation of total paraffins and C1 -C3 hydrocarbons. These processes when combined with existing technology for conversion of isobutylene and t-amylenes to their methyl ethers and n-butenes to "alkylate" can economically convert propylene and other olefins to valuable products having an essentially unlimited market.
A number of processes for catalytically processing olefins have been taught in the past; for example, in U.S. Pat. No. 4,451,685 a process is described to convert propylene to gasoline blending stock which comprises contacting an AMS-1B crystalline borosilicate-based catalyst with C2 -C3 olefins. The C2 -C3 olefins are converted to a mixture of alkanes, alkenes, branched alkanes and alkenes, and aromatics useful as a gasoline blending stock. Olefin interconversion product distributions resulting from propylene conversions over HZSM aluminosilicate zeolites as a function of space velocity and temperature are described at p. 109 in "Catalysis by Intermediate Pore Zeolites," an article in the Proceedings of the Second Symposium of the Industry--University Cooperative Chemistry Program of the Department of Chemistry, Texas A&M University, Apr. 1-4, 1984. In U.S. Pat. No. 4,503,282, a process to convert a substantially linear alkene, such as n-butene, to isomerized products is taught, which process comprises contacting such alkene at a temperature above about 300° to about 650° C. and an alkene reactant partial pressure of less than about 0.4 atmospheres with an AMS-1B borosilicate-supported catalyst containing at least 50 weight percent hydrogen form AMS-1B. As the described process is an isomerization, essentially all the products have the same carbon number as the starting alkene. A method to convert an alkene to oligomerized, aromatized, or isomerized products over an AMS-1B borosilicate-based catalyst system is taught in U.S. Pat. No. 4,499,325. Methods are taught by which linear butenes, for example, can be converted to isobutylene, dimerized to C8 products and converted to aromatics. Converting organic compounds over a catalyst comprising a zeolite of altered activity resulting from reacting the zeolite either "as synthesized" or initially ion exchanged, with a compound having a complex fluoroanion which could include a fluoroborate is taught in U.S. Pat. No. 4,500,421. In U.S. Pat. No. 4,456,779, processes of converting pressurized liquid olefins to a mixture containing a high proportion of C5 + hydrocarbons in the gasoline boiling and distillate range are taught. Such processes are carried out over an acid ZSM-5 type catalyst. The processing of light olefins (2 to 4 carbon atoms) to products comprising either high octane olefin gasoline components or high octane aromatic gasoline components is taught in U.S. Pat. No. 4,150,062. U.S. Pat. No. 4,456,582 teaches the preparation and use of molecular sieves including a borosilicate for catalytic purposes including propylene oligomerization to mixtures containing aromatics, aliphatics, and, primarily, C5 to C9 olefins. In U.S. Pat. Nos. 2,242,530, 4,307,254, and 4,336,407, a method of reacting and separating isoolefins from hydrocarbon mixtures using combined reaction (with methanol) and distillation is taught. C4 and C5 isoolefins are among those taught as useful in this catalytic distillation process.
Described herein is a process for equilibrating at least one C3 or greater monoalkene to a low total paraffins, high total butylenes, and high t-amylenes containing product which comprises contacting such alkene with a HAMS-1B crystalline borosilicate-based catalyst composition at a catalyst contact time of between about 0.1 and about 3.0 seconds in the temperature range from about 280° to about 550° C. while maintaining the partial pressure of said alkene at a value calculated by the function AT/1000 where A is a number varying between about 7 psia/°C. and about 180 psia/°C., and T is the temperature in °C. The equilibration product in another aspect of the invention is usefully separated by reaction of essentially all the isobutylene and t-amylene portions with methanol to form their methyl ethers.
The catalyzed equilibration process of the instant invention equilibrates at least one C3 or greater monoolefin; e.g., propylene, a n-butene, isobutylene, a n-pentene or a branched C5 olefin, a n-hexene or a branched hexene, etc. More preferably, at least one C3 to C12 monoolefin, linear or branched, is used. Propylene or at least one C4 alkene is the preferred olefin feed to be equilibrated. Mixtures of monoolefins can be used as well; for example, after the total butylenes and t-amylenes have been separated from the equilibration product exiting the HAMS-1B reactor, the olefins remaining in the product can be recycled to the equilibration reactor to produce additional total butylenes and t-amylenes. By total butylenes is meant isobutylene and 1- and 2-butene. By t-amylenes is meant 2-methyl-1-butene and 2-methyl-2-butene.
Additional hydrocarbons may accompany the feed olefin or olefins. For example, a propane/propylene or a butane/butene mixture can be used. Additionally, inert gaseous diluents such as steam, nitrogen, saturated hydrocarbons and the like may be employed.
The product from the catalyzed equilibration process desirably contains less than about 10 weight percent total paraffins, more preferably less than about 8 weight percent total paraffins. In addition, the product desirably contains greater than about 12 weight percent total butylenes and about 10 weight pecent t-amylenes, more preferably greater than about 14 weight percent total butylenes and about 12 weight percent t-amylenes.
The process is carried out above about 280° C., a temperature which is high enough for the proper equilibration reactions to take place over the HAMS-1B catalyst composition. The preferred temperature range is from about 280° to 550° C.
Catalyst composition contact times should be relatively short or higher molecular weight and/or aliphatic and aromatic products are formed at the expense of the desired C4 and C5 monoolefins. Contact times should be in the range of about 0.1 to about 3.0 seconds and more preferably be in the range from about 0.3 to about 2.5 seconds.
The desired partial pressure of the monoolefin feed is a function of temperature and its temperature dependence can be represented as follows: ##EQU1## where A is a constant varying between 7 and about 180, and T is the temperature in °C. Thus, preferred olefin partial pressures run between about 1.4 and about 99 psia, more preferably between about 2.5 and about 82.5 psia.
Although a fixed bed reactor is preferred to carry out the process of the instant invention, the equilibration process can be operated in a fluidized bed mode or in another type of reactor design. Changes in the physical characteristics of the catalyst compositions used may be required if reactor mode is changed as can be understood by one skilled in the art.
Separation of the total butylenes and t-amylenes from the product can be accomplished by conventional fractionation. The remaining hydrocarbons, largely C6 to C10 olefins and C1 -C3 light ends, can be recycled to the equilibration reactor and equilibrated to additional total butylenes and t-amylenes.
In another aspect of the invention, the isobutylene and t-amylenes portion of the equilibration mixture can be separated from the equilibration mixture by converting them to their methyl ethers for use, for example, in transportation fuels. The product stream from the HAMS-1B equilibration reactor, generally after compression, can be fed to a catalytic distillation unit or other reactor-separator combination where process conditions are such that essentially only the isobutylene and t-amylenes in the C4 -C5 fraction react in the presence of a catalyst with methanol to form their methyl ethers. The light ends and linear C4 olefins are taken overhead and the linear C4 olefins can be separated and used for "alkylate" production or recycled to the equilibration reactor to be equilibrated. The MTBE and TAME formed by methanol addition to isobutylene and the t-amylenes can be removed from the bottom of the unit and, after separation of these ethers, the remaining C5 + fraction can be used for gasoline blending or recycled to the equilibration reactor. This technique combines in an economic way the separation of the C4 and C5 fraction and conversion of the isobutylene and t-amylenes to their methyl ethers. Process condition and catalysts for catalytic distillation and other reactor-separator combinations are well known to those skilled in the art.
The catalyst compositions used in this invention are based on the AMS-1B crystalline borosilicate molecular sieve which is described in U.S. Pat. Nos. 4,268,420, 4,269,813, and 4,285,919 and Published European Patent Application No. 68,796, all incorporated herein by reference. AMS-1B crystalline borosilicate generally can be characterized by the X-ray pattern listed in Table A and by the composition formula:
0.9±0.2M.sub.2/n O:B.sub.2 O.sub.3 :ySiO.sub.2 :zH.sub.2 O
wherein M is at least one cation, n is the valence of the cation, y is between 4 and about 600, and z is between 0 and about 160.
TABLE A______________________________________d-Spacing Å.sup.(1) Assigned Strength.sup.(2)______________________________________.sup.(1) 11.2 ± 0.2 W-VS.sup.(1) 10.0 ± 0.2 W-MS5.97 ± 0.07 W-M3.82 ± 0.05 VS3.70 ± 0.05 MS3.62 ± 0.05 M-MS2.97 ± 0.02 W-M1.99 ± 0.02 VW-M______________________________________ .sup.(1) Copper K alpha radiation .sup.(2) VW = very weak; W = weak; M = medium; MS = medium strong; VS = very strong
The AMS-1B borosilicate molecular sieve useful in this invention can be prepared by crystallizing an aqueous mixture, at a controlled pH, of sources for cations, an oxide of boron, an oxide of silicon, and an organic template compound.
Typically, the mol ratios of the various reactants can be varied to produce the crystalline borosilicates of this invention. Specifically, the mol ratios of the initial reactant concentrations are indicated below:
______________________________________ Most Broad Preferred Preferred______________________________________SiO.sub.2 /B.sub.2 O.sub.3 5-400 10-150 10-80R.sub.2 O.sup.+ /[R.sub.2 O.sup.+ + M.sub.2/n O] 0.1-1.0 0.2-0.97 0.3-0.97OH.sup.- /SiO.sub.2 0.01-11 0.1-2 0.1-1H.sub.2 O/OH.sup.- 10-4000 10-500 10-500______________________________________
wherein R is an organic compound and m is at least one cation having a valence n, such as an alkali or an alkaline earth metal cation or hydrogen. By regulation of the quantity of boron (represented as B2 O3) in the reaction mixture, it is possible to vary the SiO2 /B2 O3 molar ratio in the final product.
More specifically, the material useful in the present invention is prepared by mixing a base, a boron oxide source, and an organic template compound in water (preferably distilled or deionized). The order of addition usually is not critical although a typical procedure is to dissolve base and boric acid in water and then add the template compound. Generally, the silicon oxide compound is added with intensive mixing such as that performed in a Waring Blendor and the resulting slurry is transferred to a closed crystallization vessel for a suitable time. After crystallization, the resulting crystalline product can be filtered, washed with water, dried, and calcined.
During preparation, acidic conditions should be avoided. When alkali metal hydroxides are used, the values of the ratio of OH- /SiO2 shown above should furnish a pH of the system that broadly falls within the range of about 9 to about 13.5. Advantageously, the pH of the reaction system falls within the range of about 10.5 to about 11.5 and most preferably between about 10.8 and about 11.2.
Examples of oxides of silicon useful in this invention include silicic acid, sodium silicate, tetraalkyl silicates, and Ludox, a stabilized polymer of silicic acid manufactured by E. I. du Pont de Nemours & Company. Typically, the oxide of boron source is boric acid although equivalent species can be used such as sodium borate and other boron-containing compounds.
Cations useful in formation of AMS-1B crystalline borosilicate include alkali metal and alkaline earth metal cations such as sodium, potassium, lithium, calcium, and magnesium. Ammonium cations may be used alone or in conjunction with such metal cations. Since basic conditions are required for crystallization of the molecular sieve of this invention, the source of such cation usually is a hydroxide such as sodium hydroxide. Alternatively, AMS-1B can be prepared directly in the hydrogen form by replacing such metal cation hydroxides with an organic base such as ethylenediamine as described in Published European Application No. 68,796.
Organic templates useful in preparing AMS-1B crystalline borosilicate include alkylammonium cations or precursors thereof such as tetraalkylammonium compounds, especially tetra-n-propylammonium compounds. A useful organic template is tetra-n-propylammonium bromide. Diamines, such as hexamethylenediamine, can be used.
In a more detailed description of a typical preparation of this invention, suitable quantities of sodium hydroxide and boric acid are dissolved in distilled or deionized water followed by addition of the organic template. The pH may be adjusted between about 11.0±0.2 using a compatible acid or base such as sodium bisulfate or sodium hydroxide. After sufficient quantities of a silica source such as a silicic acid polymer (Ludox) are added with intensive mixing, preferably the pH is again checked and adjusted to a range of about 11.0±0.2.
Alternatively, AMS-1B crystalline borosilicate-molecular sieve can be prepared by crystallizing a mixture of sources for an oxide of silicon, an oxide of boron, an alkylammonium compound, and ethylenediamine such that the initial reactant molar ratios of water to silica range from about 5 to about 25, preferably about 5 to about 20, and most preferably from about 10 to about 15. In addition, preferable molar ratios for the initial reactant of silica to an oxide of boron range from about 4 to about 150, more preferably from about 5 to about 80, and most preferably from about 5 to about 20. The molar ratio of ethylenediamine to silicon oxide should be about above about 0.05, typically below 5, preferably between about 0.1 and about 1.0, and most preferably between about 0.2 and 0.5. The molar ratio of alkylammonium compound, such as tetra-n-propylammonium bromide, to silicon oxide can range from 0 to about 1 or above, typically above about 0.005, preferably about 0.01 to about 0.1, more preferably about 0.01 to about 0.1, and most preferably about 0.2 to about 0.05.
The resulting slurry is transferred to a closed crystallization vessel and reacted usually at a pressure at least the vapor pressure of water for a time sufficient to permit crystallization which usually is about 0.25 to about 20 days, typically is about one to about ten days, and preferably is about one to about seven days, at a temperature ranging from about 100° to about 250° C., preferably from about 125° to about 200° C. The crystallizing material can be stirred or agitated as in a rocker bomb. Preferably, the crystallization temperature is maintained below the decomposition temperature of the organic template compound. Especially preferred conditions are crystallizing at about 165° C. for about five to about seven days. Samples of material can be removed during crystallization to check the degree of crystallization and to determine the optimum crystallization time.
The crystalline material formed can be separated and recovered by well-known means such as filtration with aqueous washing. This material can be mildly dried for anywhere from a few hours to a few days at varying temperatures, typically about 50° to 225° C., to form a dry cake which can then be crushed to a powder or to small particles and extruded, pelletized, or made into forms suitable for its intended use. Typically, materials prepared after mild drying contain the organic template compound and water of hydration within the solid mass and a subsequent activation or calcination procedure is necessary, if it is desired to remove this material from the final product. Typically, mildly dried product is calcined at temperatures ranging from about 260° to about 850° C. and preferably about 425° to about 600° C. Extreme calcination temperatures or prolonged crystallization times may prove detrimental to the crystal structure or may totally destroy it. Generally, there is no need to raise the calcination temperature beyond about 600° C. in order to remove organic material from the originally formed crystalline material. Typically, the molecular sieve material is dried in a forced draft oven at 165° C. for about 16 hours and is then calcined in air in a manner such that the temperature rise does not exceed 125° C. per hour until a temperature of about 540° C. is reached. Calcination at this temperature usually is continued for about 4 to 16 hours.
A catalytically active material can be placed onto the borosilicate structure, either before or after incorporation into a matrix, by ion exchange, impregnation, a combination thereof, or other suitable contact means. Before placing a catalytically active metal ion or compound on the borosilicate structure, the borosilicate should be in the hydrogen form. If the sieve was prepared using a metal hydroxide, such as sodium hydroxide, the hydrogen form typically is produced by exchange one or more times with ammonium ion, typically using ammonium acetate, followed by drying and calcination as described above.
The original cation in the AMS-1B crystalline borosilicate can be replaced all or in part by ion exchange with other cations including other metal ions and their amine complexes, alkylammonium ions, ammonium ions, hydrogen ions, and mixtures thereof. Preferred replacing cations are those which render the crystalline borosilicate catalytically active, especially for hydrocarbon conversion. Typical catalytically active ions include hydrogen, metal ions of Groups IB, IIA, IIB, IIIA, VB, VIB, and VIII, and of manganese, vanadium, chromium, uranium, and rare earth elements.
Also, water soluble salts of catalytically active materials can be impregnated onto the crystalline borosilicate of this invention. Such catalytically active materials include metals of Groups IB, IIA, IIB, IIIA, IIIB, IVB, VB, VIB, VIIB, and VIII, and rare earth elements.
Examples of catalytically active elements include ruthenium, rhodium, iron, cobalt, and nickel. Mixtures of elements can be used. Other catalytic materials include ions and compounds of aluminum, lanthanum, molybdenum, tungsten, and noble metals such as ruthenium, osmium, rhodium, iridium, palladium, and platinum. Other additional catalytic materials can be ions and compounds of scandium, yttrium, titanium, zirconium, hafnium, vanadium, niobium, tantalum, chromium, cerium, manganese, cobalt, iron, zinc, and cadmium. Specific combinations of nonnoble metals of Group VIII and other catalytic materials include ions or compounds of nickel and osmium, nickel and lanthanum, nickel and palladium, nickel and iridium, nickel and molybdenum, and nickel and tungsten.
Ion exchange and impregnation techniques are well known in the art. Typically, an aqueous solution of a cationic species is exchanged one or more times at about 25° to about 100° C. A hydrocarbon-soluble metal compound, such as a metal carbonyl, also can be used to place a catalytically active material. Impregnation of a catalytically active compound on the borosilicate or on a composition comprising the crystalline borosilicate suspended in and distributed throughout a matrix of a support material, such as a porous refractory inorganic oxide such as alumina, often results in a suitable catalytic composition. A combination of ion exchange and impregnation can be used. Presence of sodium ion in a composition usually is detrimental to catalytic activity.
The amount of catalytically active material placed on the AMS-1B borosilicate can vary from about 0.01 weight percent to about 30 weight percent, typically from about 0.05 to about 25 weight percent, depending on the process use intended. The optimum amount can be determined easily by routine experimentation.
The AMS-1B crystalline borosilicate useful in this invention is admixed with or incorporated within various binders or matrix materials depending upon the intended process use. The crystalline borosilicate can be combined with active or inactive materials, synthetic or naturally-occurring zeolites, as well as inorganic or organic materials which would be useful for binding the borosilicate. Well-known materials include silica, silica-alumina, alumina, magnesia, titania, zirconia, alumina sols, hydrated aluminas, clays, such as bentonite or kaolin, or other binders well known in the art. Typically, the borosilicate is incorporated within a matrix material by blending with a sol of the matrix material and gelling the resulting mixture. Also, solid particles of the borosilicate and matrix material can be physically admixed. Typically, such borosilicate compositions can be pelletized or extruded into useful shapes. The crystalline borosilicate content can vary anywhere from a few up to 100 weight percent of the total composition. Catalytic compositions can contain about 0.1 weight percent to about 100 weight percent crystalline borosilicate material, preferably contain about 10 weight percent to about 95 weight percent of such material, and most preferably contain about 20 weight percent to about 80 weight percent of such material.
Catalytic compositions comprising the crystalline borosilicate material of this invention and a suitable matrix material can be formed by adding a finely divided crystalline borosilicate and a catalytically active metal compound to an aqueous sol or gel of the matrix material. The resulting mixture is thoroughly blended and gelled, typically by adding a material such as ammonium hydroxide. The resulting gel can be dried and calcined to form a composition in which the crystalline borosilicate and catalytically active metal compound are distributed throughout the matrix material.
The following Examples will serve to illustrate certain embodiments of the hereindisclosed invention. These Examples should not, however, be construed as limiting the scope of the novel invention as there are many variations which may be made thereon without departing from the spirit of the disclosed invention, as those of skill in the art will recognize.
Unless otherwise noted, all conversions were accomplished using a 0.18-inch diameter reactor heated in a sand bath and packed with 4.0 g of a HAMS-1B catalyst composition made according to the teachings of U.S. Pat. No. 4,268,420. The reactor effluent, gas and liquid, was separated to yield a gaseous product analyzed using a column containing 5 feet of DC-11 on chromosorb and 15 feet of picric acid on Graphpac-GC. The liquid product was analyzed on a 50-meter capillary column with a crosslinked methyl silicone coating. Product compositions are given in weight percents of the particular component.
In these Examples, propylene was converted over a catalyst composition containing 40 weight percent HAMS-1B sieve matrixed with 60 weight percent of γ-Al2 O3. The data are given in Table I below.
TABLE I______________________________________ ExamplesConditions 1 2 3______________________________________Propylene WHSV 5.9 5.9 5.9(g feed/hr/g cat)Diluent H.sub.2 O H.sub.2 O H.sub.2 ODiluent/Propylene 3.2 3.2 3.2(mol ratio)Pressure (psig) 7 6 5Temp. (°C.) 371 332 290Propylene Partial Pressure 5 5 5(psia)Contact Time (sec) 0.44 0.45 0.46Product Composition wt. %Methane 0.005 0.002 0Ethane 0.008 0.004 0.002Ethylene 1.45 0.57 0.074Propane 2.11 1.64 1.79Propylene 15.7 13.4 12.6Butanes 5.32 3.27 0.82Isobutylene 12.0 12.9 8.75n-Butenes 11.5 11.2 11.1t-Amylenes 11.4 15.1 16.1other C.sub.5 's 6.2 6.6 5.74C.sub.6 + 34.2 35.3 43.1Total Butylenes plus 34.9 39.2 36.0t-Amylenes______________________________________
In these Examples, propylene was converted over a catalyst composition containing 40 weight percent HAMS-1B sieve matrixed with 60 weight percent of kaolin. The data are given in Table II below.
TABLE II______________________________________ ExamplesConditions 4 5 6______________________________________Propylene WHSV 5.9 5.9 5.9(g feed/hr/g cat)Diluent None None NoneDiluent/Propylene 0 0 0(mol ratio)Pressure (psig) 2 2 2Temp. (°C.) 436 317 357Propylene Partial Pressure 17 17 17(psia)Contact Time (sec) 0.81 0.97 0.92Product Composition wt. %Methane 0.02 0.001 0.002Ethane 0.02 0.01 0.04Ethylene 1.57 0.11 0.37Propane 2.17 1.92 2.06Propylene 20.8 5.19 7.41Butanes 1.55 0.67 2.07Isobutylene 13.5 6.15 10.9n-Butenes 16.1 8.08 10.4t-Amylenes 13.4 17.0 17.5other C.sub.5 's 3.78 6.17 7.17C.sub.6 + 27.1 54.7 42.1Total Butylenes plus 43 31.2 38.8t-Amylenes______________________________________
In these Examples, propylene was converted over a catalyst composition containing 40 weight percent HAMS-1B sieve matrixed with 60 weight percent γ-Al2 O3. The data are given in Table III below.
TABLE III______________________________________ ExamplesConditions 7 8 9______________________________________Propylene WHSV 12 6 2.8(g feed/hr/g cat)Diluent None None HeliumDiluent/Propylene 0 0 1(mol ratio)Pressure (psig) 15 2 2Temp. (°C.) 356 358 358Propylene Partial Pressure 30 17 8.5(psia)Contact Time (sec) 0.81 0.90 0.99Product Composition wt. %Methane 0.001 0.001 0Ethane 0.02 0.02 0.02Ethylene 0.21 0.25 0.25Propane 1.96 2.02 0.87Propylene 5.70 9.03 17.4Butanes 1.13 1.11 0.78Isobutylene 9.15 11.1 12.2n-Butenes 9.19 10.5 15.4t-Amylenes 17.4 17.2 11.6other C.sub.5 's 7.84 7.6 6.18C.sub.6 + 47.5 41.2 35.3Total Butylenes plus 35.7 38.8 39.2t-Amylenes______________________________________
These Examples converted propylene over a catalyst composition containing 40 weight percent HAMS-1B sieve and 60 weight percent γ-Al2 O3. They show the effect on product composition of changing process variables to values outside those producing the desired product slate. The data are given in Table IV below.
TABLE IV______________________________________ ExamplesConditions 10 11______________________________________Propylene WHSV 1.7 5.9(g feed/hr/g cat)Diluent H.sub.2 O NoneDiluent/Propylene 5.2 0(mol ratio)Pressure (psig) 8 46Temp. (°C.) 533 323Propylene Partial Pressure 3.6 61(psia)Contact Time (sec) 0.53 3.5Product Composition wt. %Methane 0.05 --Ethane 0.07 0.04Ethylene 3.27 0.08Propane 0.97 0.79Propylene 77.5 8.74Butanes 0.05 0.46Isobutylene 4.62 4.11n-Butenes 6.87 8.09t-Amylenes 1.8 9.5other C.sub.5 's 4.8 68.2Total Butylenes plus 13.3 21.7t-Amylenes______________________________________
In these Examples a 1 cm i.d. reactor was employed and the amount of catalyst composition was 5.6 g. The feeds to the reactor were mixtures, the compositions of which together with the other data are given in Table V below. Conversion was accomplished using a catalyst composition containing 40 weight percent HAMS-1B sieve matrixed with 60 weight percent γ-Al2 O3.
TABLE V______________________________________ Olefin Interconversion With Different Feeds______________________________________ ExamplesConditions 12 13______________________________________Feed WHSV (g feed/hr/g cat) 3.3 2.8Diluent None HydrogenDiluent/Olefin (mol ratio) -- --Pressure (psig) 1 27Temp. (°C.) 330 396Olefin Partial Pressure (psia) 12 4.1Contact Time (sec) 1.14 1.6______________________________________Feed andCompositions (wt. %) Feed Product Feed Product______________________________________Methane 0.074 0.07 -- 0.02Ethane 0.90 0.73 -- 0.01Ethylene 0.63 0.58 -- 0.72Propane 19.0 14.8 -- 0.54Propylene 78.6 9.51 -- 16.0Butanes 0.18 1.18 6.30 6.27Isobutylene 0.10 9.57 0.07 12.8n-Butenes 0.28 12.0 1.16 14.8t-Amylenes -- 12.5 0.30 12.6other C.sub.5 + 0.25 39.1 92.2 36.2Total Butylenes plus -- 34.1 -- 40.2t-Amylenes______________________________________
These Examples show the effect on product distributions of changing the feed olefin. The catalyst composition contained 40 weight percent HAMS-1B matrixed in 60 weight percent kaolin. A 1-cm i.d. reactor was employed. The data are given in Table VI below.
TABLE VI______________________________________ ExamplesConditions 14 15 16______________________________________Hydrocarbon Feed C.sub.3 H.sub.6 i-C.sub.4 H.sub.8 i-C.sub.5 H.sub.10Feed Rate (g/hr) 39 16.8 53.9Water Feed Rate (g/hr) 14.6 6.3 14.0Catalyst Wt. (g) 5.6 5.6 5.6Avg. Reactor Temp. (°C.) 449 418 412Reactor Pressure (psig) 1.6 0.9 1.0WHSV (g HC/hr/g cat) 7.1 3.0 9.6Olefin Partial Pressure 8.8 8.5 10.3(psia)Contact Time (sec) 0.36 0.37 0.56ProductComposition (wt. %)CH.sub.4 0.01 0.02 0.01C.sub.2 H.sub.4 2.09 2.53 1.48C.sub.2 H.sub.6 0.0 0.2 0.08C.sub.3 H.sub.6 29.6 17.8 12.3C.sub.3 H.sub.8 1.55 1.59 0.91Iso-C.sub.4 H.sub.8 14.8 15.0 12.9n-C.sub.4 H.sub.8 19.9 17.8 15.3C.sub.4 H.sub.10 1.25 1.22 3.96C.sub.5 + 30.8 38.2 53.1Total Butylenes 34.7 32.8 28.1______________________________________ ExamplesConditions 17 18______________________________________Hydrocarbon Feed C.sub.12 α-olefin C.sub.5 + RecycledFeed Rate (g/hr) 53 26.3Water Feed Rate (g/hr) 12.6 6.0Catalyst Wt. (g) 5.6 5.6Avg. Reactor Temp. (°C.) 411 404Reactor Pressure (psig) 1.1 0.9WHSV (g HC/hr/g cat) 9.4 4.6Olefin Partial Pressure (psia) 4.9 7.8Contact Time (sec) 0.65 0.98ProductComposition (wt. %)CH.sub.4 0.01 0.01C.sub.2 H.sub.4 1.48 1.66C.sub.2 H.sub.6 0.09 0.10C.sub.3 H.sub.6 12.7 12.1C.sub.3 H.sub.8 0.92 1.01Iso-C.sub.4 H.sub.8 12.8 11.9n-C.sub.4 H.sub.8 15.2 13.7C.sub.4 H.sub.10 3.71 3.83C.sub.5 + 53.1 55.8Total Butylenes 28.0 25.6______________________________________
A propylene stream (99.5% propylene and 0.5% propane) was run through a fixed bed equilibration reactor at a temperature of 358° C., 2 psig total pressure and a WHSV of 6 hr31 1. Olefin partial pressure was 16.7 psia and catalyst composition contact time was 0.9 seconds. The product from this reactor after compression was led into a catalytic distillation tower containing a supported acidic cationic ion exchange resin operated at 150 psia. The feed rate of the hydrocarbon stream to the catalytic distillation tower was about 200 g/min and the feed rate of methanol was about 25.4 g/min. The temperature of the overhead was about 110° F. and the bottoms about 320° F. The temperature of the reaction zone was about 200° F. The composition data is shown in the Table below.
TABLE VII.sup.3__________________________________________________________________________ Cat. Dist. Calcu- MeOH/ Bttm. lated OE.sup.1 OE.sup.1 100 g Cat. Cat. Comp. R + M/2 Feed Product OE Dist. Dist. Normal- OctaneComponent Comp. Comp. Feed Ovhd. Bttms. ized No.__________________________________________________________________________C.sub.1 + C.sub.2 0.27 0.27Propane 0.5 2.02 2.02Propylene 99.5 9.03 9.03Butanes 1.11 1.11Isobutylene 11.1 6.03.sup.2 0.55n-Butenes 10.5 10.5t-Amylenes 17.2 6.68.sup.2 2.58n-C.sub.5 7.6 7.6C.sub.6 + 41.2 41.2 52.1 85MTBE.sup.2 16.55 20.9 103TAME.sup.2 21.3 26.9 99Totals 100.0 100.0 12.71 33.66 79.05 100.0 92__________________________________________________________________________ .sup.1 Olefin equilbration .sup.2 95% isobutylene conversion and 85% tamylene conversion .sup.3 Compositions are per 100 g of OE feed
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|Process for the preparation of pure tert.-olefins
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|Standard Oil Company (Indiana)
|Process to convert C2 -C3 olefins to a gasoline blending stock
|US4499325A (en) *
|Standard Oil Company (Indiana)
|Alkene conversion using AMS-1B crystalline borosilicate
|US4499326A (en) *
|Standard Oil Company (Indiana)
|Selective low-temperature isomerization of normal butenes using AMS-1B crystalline borosilicate molecular sieve
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|Standard Oil Company (Indiana)
|Process to convert linear alkenes selectively using high concentrations of AMS-1B crystalline borosilicate catalyst
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|Ec Erdolchemie Gmbh
|Process for the preparation of pure tert.-olefins
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|Standard Oil Company (Indiana)
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|Hydrocarbon processes comprised of catalytic distillation using Lewis acid promoted inorganic oxide catalyst systems
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|Production of alkyl aromatic hydrocarbons
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|Isobutylene oligomerization using isooctane diluent
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|Process for the production of aromatic hydrocarbons incorporating by-product utilization
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|Dehydrogenation of isobutane over a zeolitic catalyst
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Exxon Mobil and Shell, two of Houston's largest office tenants have the commercial real Estate market buzzing about potential blockbuster real estate moves.
The Exxon Mobil Rumor Appears to be Reality
The hottest rumor among the Houston Commercial Real Estate Community over the past few months has been that Exxon Mobil, the world's largest publicly traded international oil and gas company planned to buy roughly 400 acres in the Houston area to consolidate thousands of employees from Houston and Fairfax, Va.
Speculation has centered upon a large acreage site along the west side of Interstate 45 at the Hardy Toll Road just South of The Woodlands. According to a story in the Houston Business Journal; Deed records show an entity purchased a large amount of acreage late last year at the Interstate 45 site, bordered on the north by Spring Creek. The entity, believed to be connected to Exxon, purchased 400 acres of vacant land from New York-based Coventry Development Co., which owned as much as 1,500 acres in the area through affiliate Springwoods Realty Co.
In addition residential real estate sources active in the Woodlands area have indicated a number of home sales from buyers from Fairfax, Virginia as well as from Houston based Exxon executives. The typically secretive Exxon Mobil Corporation has made no public statements on their long-term real estate plans, although anonymous Exxon employees believed to be familiar with deal have reportedly confirmed the campus project is happening.
The lottery winner in this developing story is sure to be The Woodlands one of Houston hottest areas which is certain to see even more demand for residential and commercial development with thousands of Exxon employees housed at its doorsteps. The apparent big loser in this real estate play is certainly the Greenspoint area where Exxon leases two million square feet to accommodate 6,000 employees.
Update: Exxon Mobil is considering a move
The Shell Rumor
While the Exxon Rumor over the past few months has dominated the discussion amongst commercial real estate types, there have been rumblings among Houston office brokers that Shell Oil was evaluating their office space needs and the CBD office space market. Last September, I posted on this blog, the buzz that Shell was negotiating to take the Reliant Energy sublease space at 1000 Main. (Shell to take Reliant Resources Sublease Space in Houston CBD?) Ironically, back in September Shell also announced it plans to lay off thousands of its global workforce. Since then, the rumors about any imminent transaction by Shell in the CBD subsided and no deal was announced.
Yesterday, long time Houston real estate journalist Ralph Bivins reported in an article on the website Culturemap Houston that Shell could be moving out or, or at least shrinking its presence significantly in One Shell Plaza downtown. (It's One Shell of a building, but will giant oil company stay put?)
Once again the former Reliant Energy Plaza at 1000 Main is the center of speculation as a potential relocation candidate for Shell Oil.
2009 was a year with relatively few Blockbuster deals for the Houston commercial market. We are not even three weeks into 2010 and Houston's two largest office tenants have stirred the market up and given us plenty to talk about at cocktail parties and broker industry events. After 2009, all of us in the commercial real estate industry are hopeful for a more prosperous year. That remains to be seen, however if the rest of the year is like the last couple of weeks, at the very least it's going to be more interesting.


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HARTFORD, Conn. (AP) — Connecticut lawmakers are considering a ban on storing or recycling wastewater generated as a byproduct of gas exploration.
The review comes a year after lawmakers and Gov. Dannel P. Malloy approved a massive expansion of natural gas use in the state as a less costly alternative to heating oil.
Environmentalists back several bills to eliminate any possibility that Connecticut will be exposed to wastewater produced when chemical-laced water flows back during drilling. The industry says transporting wastewater from out-of-state sites used for natural gas fracturing, or fracking, is unlikely.
Environmentalists are seizing on any opportunity to limit or halt fracking.
A petroleum industry spokesman says the legislation borders on being disingenuous as Connecticut expands a network of natural gas pipes a while others to clean up the mess.


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The Kentucky Livestock Coalition is excited to announce the "Meat Your Neighbor" Farm Tour beginning in Shelby County. The tour is designed to showcase the complete process from farm to plate. Farmers and industry professionals will be available throughout the duration of the event to answer any questions.
With Washington County being a community based in farming and agriculture, I'm sure most people can appreciate the effort it takes to plant seeds and let crops grow into maturity. They know that you cannot harvest while the crops are still green.
When Washington County head football coach Mark Perry sowed those seeds back in 2004, he, like any good farmer, knew that it would take years of nurturing and growing before he would see the mature results of his labor.
Special to The Sun
In a home soccer Mid-South Conference doubleheader last Tuesday, both the St. Catharine men and women fell to the Campbellsville Tigers. Paul Patton's women lost the opener 6-0, and Tim Wolz's men were topped 4-1 by the Tigers.
The women's contest was scoreless for 13 minutes before the Tigers, 5-4 overall and 2-1 in the MSC, scored the game's first goal. They added a second goal with 13 minutes to play in the first half, and the score remained 2-0 until halftime.
The St. Catharine College volleyball team journeyed to southeast Ohio last weekend to play two Mid-South Conference matches. And with Adam Stevenson's team playing shorthanded due to injuries and illness, the Patriots returned with two losses against Rio Grande and Shawnee State.
Friday at Rio Grande the Patriots (3-24 overall and 0-5 in the MSC) fought hard against a good RedStorm team in losing the first set 26-24. They then dropped the next two sets by scores of 25-16 and 25-19.
Washington County will host a Dig for a Cure volleyball game vs. Taylor County on Tuesday, Oct. 5.
Both teams will be wearing pink and Washington County will be conducting fundraisers throughout the night to raise money toward breast cancer research.
In between games we will be auctioning off a pink volleyball signed by all the players.
We ask that everyone come out to support the fight against breast cancer. Game time is 6 p.m.
Scroggin: It's a girl!
Katelynn Ann Scroggin
Cindy Marie Scroggin would like to announce the birth of her daughter at 9:21 a.m. on Feb. 6, 2010 at New Hanover Regional Medical Center in Wilmington, N.C.
Katelynn Ann Scroggin weighed 7 pounds, 13 ounces and was 18.5 inches long.
Filiatreau: It's a boy!
Rucker Anthony Filiatreau
By Jimmie Earls
Sun Sports Writer
The game between the Commanders and Bethlehem wasn't the only action on the gridiron last week. Washington County homecoming festivities got off to a rousing start with the annual powder puff football game at WCHS. Despite a pair of touchdowns by senior Jaclyn Kelty, the juniors and sophomores held on for a 14-12 win.
It was another action-packed week of Blake Hoppes football Sunday in Springfield. The Springfield Colts beat the Lebanon Dolphins 39-0 to improve to 2-1. The Washington County Bengals got their first win by beating the Lebanon Cowboys, 19-0, to go to 1-2 on the season.
The Washington County Eagles suffered their first loss of the season at the hands of the Campbellsville Panthers, who won 12-8. The Eagles are now 2-1 on the year.
SCC Sports Information
Donnie Tyndall has been at the highest level of college basketball when he was on the staff of an LSU team that reached the NCAA Sweet Sixteen, and he reveled in an NCAA victory as head coach at his alma mater, Morehead State University, two years ago.
But Tyndall claims that his most memorable experience still is the one season he spent as head coach at St. Catharine College.
The reading program at St. Catharine College is known as RTL3, which stands for Read to Learn, Read to Lead, Read to Live. Each year RTL3 conducts a freshman read, in which one book is chosen for all freshmen to read and hold discussions.
Copyright © 2018
The Springfield Sun is your source for local news, sports, events and information in Springfield, KY, and the surrounding area.


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WASHINGTON (AP) - AT&T Corp.'s charges will increase by 35 cents Sunday for some pay phone customers.
The per-call increase results from a change in federal rules last year requiring AT&T and other telephone companies to pay owners of pay phones millions of dollars more for such calls.
The rate increase applies to pay phone calls made with credit cards or AT&T's calling card and to operated-assisted and collect calls. Coin calls rates remain the same.
Critics had complained that the Federal Communications Commission's new rules, which took effect last November, would make pay phone calls more expensive. AT&T, MCI and others are challenging the rules in court.
MCI spokeswoman Kelley Gannon said the company has not decided whether it would increase pay phone charges. Sprint had no immediate comment.
AT&T had no estimate of the number of customers who will be affected by the increase.
In addition to per-minute charges, AT&T calling card customers now pay a 35-cent surcharge for each call. There is an additional 60-cent charge for operator-assisted calls and $1.60 for collect calls.
The total charge for any given call depends on the time of day, distance and length of the call.
The 1996 telecommunications law directed the FCC to make the rule changes. Congress told the FCC to require AT&T and other companies that supply service to pay phones not only to compensate independent pay phone owners - as they have done for years - but also local telephone companies that own phones. The FCC set the compensation rate.
"Clearly, AT&T does not intend to profit at all from this action," said George Burnett, an AT&T vice president. "We are simply passing on the charges being levied by the FCC."
Eventually, the FCC's rules will let pay phone owners charge whatever they chose to companies such as AT&T.
The FCC's rules benefit the $4 billion pay telephone industry. There are 1.85 million pay phones in the country.
"It's certainly strange how the competition that has been developing since Congress passed the new telecommunications law also seems to be coming with higher prices," said Gene Kimmelman, co-director of the Consumers Union's Washington office.
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Tennis versus Football, 1-0
A friend pointed out to me recently that I didn't appear to be such a fanatic tennis follower 20 years ago as I appear to have become now, or worse, I didn't even seem to be interested in sport at all in those days.
A friend pointed out to me recently that I didn't appear to be such a fanatic tennis follower 20 years ago as I appear to have become now, or worse, I didn't even seem to be interested in sport at all in those days. Was that below the belt or really true? I did lots of athletics in school but not much after that. I've watched every Wimbledon they showed on TV since the first in the 1970s. In my youth I walked the minefield of fandom between Jimmy Connors, Bjorn Borg and John McEnroe, Chris Evert and Martina Navratilova, once even defecting to Roscoe Tanner because I liked his perm. I remember the great Jal Pardiwala, sports consultant to my school in Mumbai, enthralling us with his experiences at the Montreal Olympics of 1976 and especially the perfection of wunderkind gymnast Nadia Commenici. We all looked at the horses and parallel bars at the gym with greater enthusiasm but little skill.
I have seen several cricket matches live and a few tennis ones. But even as sport re-entered my life a few years ago as perhaps it had exited in my 20s and early 30s, I have yet to get my head around the beautiful game. It was when I moved to Calcutta in the late 1970s that I realised what an addiction football was. Mohun Bagan played East Bengal and the city came to a standstill. Half the people bought prawns to celebrate, the other half bought hilsa either to celebrate or commiserate. Don't know which is which but do know that everything is about food to a Bengali!
The closest I had been to football before in Bombay were the matches played at the Cooperage which we saw and heard when Road Safety Patrol duty took us to the traffic park next door. It is safe to say that Bombay did not stop on those days. I saw Pele bring all of Calcutta out on the streets. I watched the 1986 World Cup on television and all I remember are the names Platini, Schumacher and a penalty shootout.
But every attempt to retain the difference between a midfielder and a centre-forward has been futile. I can watch tennis all day. But 10 minutes of watching men run around a giant field chasing a ball and my eyes glaze over, my hand stretches for the remote. I find to my shame that I would rather watch curling, that oddly intriguing winter Olympic sport where a squat granite ball is pushed along a stretch of ice. I even watch cricket now and then especially that much-hated IPL (being female, this is allowed).
I have tried every World Cup and some leagues, know the names of football teams, can recognise some footballers and even some of their surgically enhanced groupies. I read the newspaper articles. I even tried this Euro. But it still looks the same, these tiny little figures running, running, running. Sometimes they fall on the ground and squirm and then they run some more. Yes it's exciting when they score a goal but you don't need a philistine like me to tell you that!
When I try too hard, it gets worse. I start thinking about how this game perhaps originated when rival English villagers gathered to kick stones along the roads, paths, fields as hundreds gathered and no one cared if anyone got hurt or died. And then notice how that war-like atmosphere still prevails. A football match is far more likely to feature violence outside the sports field than perhaps any other sport. See, all this is judgmental and unfair. To some their vuvuzelas, to me the umpire going "Quiet please".
And so the order of my Universe is restored. So what does that say about me and the sporting life?
Ranjona Banerji is a senior journalist. You can follow her on twitter @ranjona


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Find the Best Dorm Bedding
The near-perfect-scoring Bardwil Indoor/Outdoor tablecloth (1, $20 to $30) repelled water and laundered with no shrinkage, fading, or pilling; set-in salad-dressing and mustard spots required stain remover. In three prints and six sizes.
Outdoor Living's tablecloths (2, $40 to $93), made with Sunbrella fabric, are just as water-repellent and even more stain-resistant (only dried-on mustard was tough). After five washes, the fabric looked great but had shrunk a little. In 30 solids and stripes, and 10 sizes.
Do-It-Yourself Flooring


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This post may contain affiliate links. Please see my Disclosure statement for more details.
Last night (Saturday), I threw a little Surprise Belated Birthday Party for Mr. V.
His birthday falls two days after Libbie's–or I guess I should say, she had the nerve to be born just two days before her daddy! Haha. Honestly, I think he was pleased as punch to bring home his daughter on his 27th birthday.
This year not only we were separated on his birthday–a school day, after all–we really gave it no mention with all of Libbie's first birthday hoopla.
So we had a little get-together with some of our friends and it was great! Despite the fact that Mr. V is the last person you want to throw a surprise party for. He had pretty much no reaction. But I think he enjoyed the time with friends.
Since it was a surprise I couldn't very well bake him a birthday cake while he watched, so I decided to make dump cake (one of his favorites) and told him I was supposed to bring dessert to the dinner we were supposedly having with friends.
My mom made dump cake a lot for potlucks and parties when I was growing up. We discovered from a lady at our church now that you can use the same method to make peach cobbler. Mr. V just loves it.
So while it's not the healthiest thing in the world, it IS easy and really delicious.
- 1 can crushed pineapple
- 1 can cherry pie filling (regular or light)
- 1 boxed yellow cake mix
- 1 stick (1/2 c.) butter
Pour the pineapple and pie filling into a 9×13 pan. Stir them together. (You're not allowed to use a bowl to do this or it isn't the easiest dessert in the world.)
Sprinkle the cake mix over the top evenly. Make sure all of the fruit layer is covered.
Cut your butter into little slices and dot the top of the cake mix with butter. Use the whole stick and try to spread the slices out evenly. (My mom melts the butter, but that dirties a dish and goes against my policy.) (Mom also adds a little shredded coconut to the top, which I like, but Mr. V hates it.)
Bake in a 350 oven for 45-55 minutes or until bubbly and the top is a little brown.
Just be warned you might want a cup of very strong coffee with this to cut the sugar rush you'll get!
To make it a peach cobbler, substitute 1 large and 1 small can of peach slices in light syrup for the pineapple and cherry pie filling. Drain the large can but use the juices from the small one.
For more delicious recipes, visit Mouthwatering Mondays at A Southern Fairytale.


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A place to post secrets & ask for advice/support all the while remaining anonymous. Not limited to just LDR-related posts - you can use this forum to post about ANYTHING.
***Be sure to check mark "Make Post Anonymously" before submitting your post.
Must be a member for 30 days and have a minimum number of posts (undisclosed)


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from Wiktionary, Creative Commons Attribution/Share-Alike License
- n. A monetary punishment, a fine.
from the GNU version of the Collaborative International Dictionary of English
- n. A pecuniary punishment or fine; a reparation or recantation.
from The Century Dictionary and Cyclopedia
- n. A pecuniary punishment or fine.
- n. A recantation or reparation.
from Wiktionary, Creative Commons Attribution/Share-Alike License
It being now settled to my satisfaction, that Mr. Beamish and the great uncloaked were "convertible terms," I set about making the 'amende' in the most handsome manner possible.
Evangelista's words as an honorable "amende," instead of judging them for what they were, a declaration of war.
Laws, inserted by chapter 163 of the acts of 1949, is hereby etc'amende'd. amended by inserting after the word "ragweed" in lines 2 and 4, in each instance, the words: —, goldenrod and poison ivy, — so as to read as follows: — (36A) For acquiring information regarding the growth of amhorw fo?
"amende" as gratefully as if it had been the most graceful of acknowledgments.
"amende"'acts of 1946, and inserting in place thereof the following section: — Section 461.
"O conquerour of Brutes Albyon," he added, "which that by lyne and free eleccion been verray kyng, this song to yow I sende, and ye, that mowen alle oure harmes amende, have mynde upon my supplicacion."
L'un d'eux lui a reproché d'avoir été l'artisan des coupes salariales sans précédent, de l'ordre de 20 %, en 1982-83, et lui a demandé de faire amende honorable.
Little Menie was the first person to whom he made the amende honorable; and a much smaller propitiation than the new doll with which he presented her would have been accepted as an atonement for a much greater offence.
Yet, notwithstanding the amende honorable thus made by Cid Hamet
And if he ask mercy, you ought to pardon him, and accept his amende, so that God may be pleased with you.


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Remember my next-door-neighbour, Brian? The one who got rid of my wasp nests and mowed my lawn and was just generally competent and helpful and quiet?
He moved.
The landlords then spent the month of February fixing the place up. They painted walls and replaced appliances and carpeting, and things like that. The For Rent sign went up for only a day.
Last night, in the middle of the night, the new tenants moved in. At 3:30 in the morning, GC was up and grumbling about the noise. (It's a town house – most of the rooms in my house share a wall with most of the rooms in their house.)
At 4:00 in the morning, since he couldn't sleep anyways, GC went over and introduced himself and asked them to move their moving van so he could get his car out. He then went back to his place to get a few hours of work in before we met some friends for breakfast.
Later he told me about them.
"Their names are Jason and Melissa," he said.
"Those sound like young names." I said, "How old are they?"
"Fifteen," he replied.
I raised an eyebrow.
"Okay, eighteen," he said.
"Why would kids that age be renting a house," I mused, "instead of an apartment?"
After breakfast we came back here and ran into Jason out back, still unloading the moving van. His cousin was helping him.
"Are you both moving in?" I asked.
"No," said Jason. "Just me and Melissa."
"Oh," I said.
"And our five kids," he added.
"Ha, ha, ha, ha, ha," we chuckled.
"I'm serious," said Jason, looking serious.
"Five kids?" I asked cautiously. "How old are they?"
"Six, five, three, almost two, and three months," he said.
Did I mention I share a wall with these people?
My first thought, naturally, was that they were going to drive me crazy with their incessant crying and fighting and blaring TVs and video games and running up and down the stairs and body-slamming the wall.
But seconds later I had my second thought. And it was this: If it's really, really awful, it'll probably provide me with some good blogging material.
See what blogging does to you? You develop this weird twisted enthusiasm for whatever life throws your way. If it's good, you're happy because something good is happening, and if it's bad, you're happy that something bloggable is happening.


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myVermont.gov Account
Not Logged In
January 14, 2013
It was a good year to be a big game hunter in Vermont in 2012. In particular, populations of wild turkeys and black bears are at very high levels, offering hunters of those species excellent opportunities. The whitetail harvest also saw several positive trends in 2012, with the totals for all hunting seasons within the statewide management goals. Perhaps of greater note, 2012 marked the first year in which there were no hunting-related shooting incidents in Vermont.
Hunters harvested 13,850 white-tailed deer during Vermont's archery, youth, rifle, and muzzleloader deer hunting seasons in 2012, which is commensurate with the previous three-year average of 13,977 deer. Following last year's mild winter, the Fish & Wildlife Board issued more antlerless permits in 2012 resulting in a 16 percent increase in muzzleloader harvest over the previous season.
"While the number of antlerless permits rose slightly in 2012, they still allowed for slow growth of the herd in most regions" said Adam Murkowski, deer project leader for the Vermont Fish & Wildlife Department. "The number of antlerless permits changes annually to meet our management objectives for the deer herd. However, rifle season harvest totals increased from last year and from the three-year average, and there were many reports from hunters that they were harvesting larger and healthier bucks."
Vermont hunters were very successful during the 2012 bear season and fall turkey hunting seasons. Turkey hunters harvested 1,365 birds in the fall 2012 seasons, up 53 percent from the previous three-year average and nearly tripling last year's total. Vermont hunters harvested 621 bears in 2012, which represents a 20 percent increase from the previous three-year average.
"The high turkey and bear harvests this year are due to large population sizes and to changes in food availability," said Forrest Hammond, wild turkey and black bear project leader for Vermont Fish & Wildlife. "In 2011, there was a high production of nut and seeds, so turkeys and especially bears were staying put in high remote places away from hunters. This year, the low production of nuts and seeds drew the animals out in the open, to corn crops and grass fields, where they're more easily harvested by hunters."
Moose harvest numbers fluctuate annually based on the number of moose permits issued in order to meet management objectives. Hunters harvested 222 moose in 2012 and had a 52 percent success rate among permit holders, down slightly from 58 percent in 2011. This was likely due to unseasonably warm temperatures during moose season and lower moose densities overall.
"Moose hunters did quite well in the Northeast Kingdom this year," said Fish & Wildlife moose project leader Cedric Alexander. "We reached our target harvest in the Kingdom's management zone E1, which was the last zone where we still needed to bring the population down a bit to meet moose density objectives."
"The department's ability to manage game herds is only possible because of the sportsmen and sportswomen of Vermont," added Murkowski. "Every Vermont hunter is involved in the research and management process, in addition to providing the information needed to assess and manage game herds throughout the state."
All harvest totals are subject to several rounds of recounts, which may change the totals slightly before the final report is issued in March.
Vermont is also celebrating its first hunting season with no hunting-related shootings. "Vermont hunters should be proud," said hunter education coordinator Chris Saunders. "This year's record defies the common misperception that hunting is dangerous." The 2010 hunting season was the previously lowest year, with two minor incidents.
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Fall 2012 Harvest Summary
Season Fall 2011 Total Previous 3-Year Average Fall 2012 Total
Turkey 476 888 1,365
Turkey Archery 57 92 127
Fall Turkey 419 796 1,238
Bear 396 517 621
Moose 252 N/A 222
Archery 16 N/A 17
Rifle 236 N/A 205
Deer 12,132 13,977 13,850
Archery 2,618 2,825 3,284
Youth 1,622 1,661 1,784
Rifle 5,759 6,035 6,300
Muzzleloader 2,133 N/A 2,482
The 2012 harvest summary for turkey, bear, moose, and white-tailed deer. The three-year average for moose is not considered an accurate representation of moose hunter success because the number of moose permits varies widely from year to year based on management objectives. Similarly, the three-year average for muzzleloader season is not considered representative of trends because antlerless permits change due to management goals.
Source: Department of Fish and Wildlife
Last Updated at: January 14, 2013 13:43:10


text: Michael Steger Interview Matt Richenthal at October 27, 2013 8:58 am. Comments What does Michael Steger have to say about his character of Navid? Watch this clip now and find out! Share Tweet Email Edit Delete Follow 90210 Show: 90210 Related Videos: 90210 Videos Uploaded by: Matt Richenthal Uploaded: October 27, 2013


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A woman worried that her husband was unconscious called Montgomery County 911 but was transferred to a sleeping, snoring rescue operator, according to an audio of the April call released on Tuesday. The breakdown was rectified in 38 seconds when the call was transferred to another 911 operator who was awake, Montgomery fire and rescue officials said.
"It's something we certainly don't want to happen and we don't think will happen again," said Montgomery Assistant Fire Chief Scott Graham.
The sleeping operator, who is firefighter trained as both a call-taker and a dispatcher, has not been identified. He can be heard snoring in the background as the second operator handles the call. Things got confusing when the second operator questioned if the snores were those of the caller's husband. An ambulance was sent to the couple's house about 38 seconds after it should have been. The man was never in serious medical danger, and was released from the hospital without incident, Graham said.
He said a review of the incident cut two ways — absolutely no excuse for the sleeping but swift response on the part of the original call-taker.
The 911 operator was placed on administrative leave with pay. Graham would not comment on details of the department's internal investigation into the matter or the status of the dispatcher. Graham said he dozed off in the 17th hour of a 24-hour shift that includes a six-hour break. He was 20 minutes away from that break, during which he would have slept in an area of the dispatch center designated for doing so. The operator was set to work another 24 hour shift after the one he was on — the result of fire department and union overtime policies — but was sent home by supervisors, Graham said.
The event was rectified in part by the structure of how 911 calls are handled in the county. A call-taker in a central location receives the call and, depending on its nature, transfers the call to fire/rescue operators or police operators. The original call-taker can then monitor the response to the call that was just transferred — the dispatch of an ambulance or a patrolman, for example, Graham said.
In this case, the initial call-taker could tell nothing was happening. She rerouted the call and it was answered by another fire/rescue operator, Graham said. The line remained open to that first operator as well, which is why the snores can be heard in the background, Graham said.