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Enterprise Class Storage in Windows 2000
The Microsoft Windows® 2000 operating system includes key enhancements to the Microsoft Windows NT® storage architecture and features. These improvements address enterprise concerns about the escalating storage costs in large environments and the scalability requirements of mission-critical applications, while providing support for third-party storage management solutions. The Windows 2000 Server operating system provides an enhanced storage subsystem architecture, an improved NTFS file system, and an extensive list of new storage services and tools.
This white paper provides an overview of current trends in the storage industry and the business challenges related to storage management. It then describes the storage management features in the Windows 2000 Server operating system and explains how they address the digital storage requirements of the enterprise.
On This Page
Storage: A Business and Market Overview
Windows 2000 Storage
Windows 2000 Storage Subsystem Enhancements
New Storage Features
Storage Management tools in Windows 2000
For Additional Information
This white paper begins with a brief overview of trends in the storage industry and the business challenges related to storage management. Then, it describes the storage management features in the Microsoft Windows 2000 Server operating system, and explains how they address business computing storage needs.
The Windows NT Server 4.0 operating system addressed the storage needs of enterprise file/print and applications servers by supporting multiple file systems (including NTFS), and including a fault-tolerant disk manager and management tools, such as NTBackup. This open architecture also integrated with a wide variety of third-party management tools that provided additional storage-related functionality.
While these features are essential to enterprise computing, there are several factors that necessitate enhancements to this storage architecture and feature set. These factors include the cost of supporting growing storage requirements in large environments, the scalability requirements of mission-critical applications, and the continued need to support third-party management solutions in the storage market. To address these needs, the Windows 2000 Server operating system provides an enhanced storage subsystem architecture, an improved NTFS file system, and an extensive list of new storage services and applications.
Storage: A Business and Market Overview
Information technology (IT) systems are experiencing rapid growth in numbers of users supported and system complexity. The IT community must handle the requirements of mission-critical applications, capacity growth rates that exceed 50 percent annually, excessive downtime, and increasing business dependence on computer systems. To add a further layer of complexity, systems management is now an issue—how can a system administrator or network manager monitor and control all of the computing resources? Without centralized management tools, he or she cannot effectively manage this data.
The quantity of data being stored on distributed systems has increased exponentially over the last decade. From 1996 to 1998, Windows NT–based server data has grown from 11 to 39 petabytes worldwide. This data explosion shows no signs of slowing down; typical server capacities that exceed 100 gigabytes are not far in the future. By 2002, data stored on the Windows Server operating system is projected to exceed 260 petabytes worldwide. Much of the data stored on Windows-based servers is business-critical. In a recent Strategic Research study of over 200 sites, 31 percent of the servers were running Windows NT version 4.0 or earlier to host mission-critical databases.1http://www.sresearch.com
The migration of mission-critical systems to distributed environments; increases in the number of Web-based applications, and general growth in the enterprise end-user community all contribute to this rapid growth. As the number of client/server systems increases in an organization, so does the number of storage subsystems. Unfortunately, tools for remote management and management standards have only recently become mainstream in the distributed systems marketplace.
The type of data being stored on client/server systems is changing as well. Growth in the Internet/intranet space and 32-bit/64-bit architectures gives impetus to the changes in data seen in the distributed network. First, the increase in popularity in Web-based applications has resulted in an increase of multimedia data types (including large video streams) that have significant storage requirements. Moreover, the ease of use and low cost of ownership of Web-based applications is sparking a trend toward publishing data that is content-oriented, rather than application-oriented, as was previously the case. Content style data ranges from static (for example, publishing a book online) to dynamic (such as publishing a daily newspaper). Finally, 32-bit/64-bit platform support results in the development of more powerful, graphically intense applications, which in turn create large volumes of data that present significant storage management challenges.
As the popularity of the client/server infrastructure increases, the cost and complexity of managing distributed storage increases as well. The LAN environment has seen a 60 percent yearly growth rate of storage management expenditures since 1993. Today, corporations are spending more than $120 billion to store and manage data in distributed systems.
Storage management and storage recovery is a concern for many IT managers. While most recent IT magazines and articles address concerns with desktop application management and software distribution, a large portion of enterprise computing budgets is spent on storage issues. As much as 25 percent of a typical computing budget is dedicated to storage, storage management, and other storage-related activity.
Storage limitations can also constrain other areas in enterprise computing. For example, the ultimate scalability of application implementations is often limited by the effectiveness of the storage and storage-recovery mechanisms in place. Without centralized control and management of distributed systems, applications experience excessive downtime, much of which is caused by storage-related failures. Server outages and inconsistent access to data directly affect productivity. Through interviews with hundreds of IT managers, Strategic Research has determined that centralized sites (those using central control and management tools to manage distributed and host storage) typically experience less than half of the downtime of sites without centralized control and management. A representative centralized site experiences 26 hours of downtime annually, compared to a decentralized site that has 54 annual hours of downtime. Conservative estimates place downtime costs at $80,000 per hour, which means that centralized sites save over $2.2 million dollars in downtime-related costs each year.
The cost of managing a megabyte of storage on distributed systems has decreased from $8 per megabyte in 1994 to $3 per megabyte in 1998, largely as a result of storage management tools that support centralized storage management in distributed systems.
Innovations are emerging in the storage industry to meet the growing demands of client/server computing. These innovations include new storage devices, media types, data transfer protocols, and management standards. Storage concepts such as hierarchical storage management (HSM), bulk media changers/libraries, data vaulting managers, and fault tolerant storage subsystems are being introduced by a variety of vendors. Storage requirements will continue to increase because the trends described above are just the beginning of a new wave in the need for increased storage and storage management. As enterprise storage becomes more complex, it becomes essential for IT managers to be able to effectively manage it in order to be successful in meeting their short-term and long-term computing goals
Windows 2000 Storage
In response to the expanding needs for enterprise storage in distributed computing environments, the Windows 2000 Server operating system includes improved storage management technologies. The remainder of this paper provides a high-level technical overview of these enhancements to the Windows 2000 operating system, and describes their business benefits.
The paper is divided into the following three sections that discuss the following topics:
Windows 2000 storage subsystem enhancements.
Windows 2000 storage-related features.
Windows 2000 storage applications.
Windows 2000 Storage Subsystem Enhancements
Microsoft has enhanced the storage subsystem in the Windows 2000 Server operating system for several reasons.
First, many of the enhancements provide independent software vendors (ISVs) with the infrastructure they need to write enterprise-class storage applications and features. Microsoft has a long history of providing this type of functionality, using well-documented APIs, system services and features, and a variety of development tool kits and frameworks. These subsystem components allow ISVs to invest their time in developing business solutions, rather than requiring them to invent items that should be core operating system services. As a result, customers who invest in Windows-based platforms benefit from solutions that are built on a consistent and well-documented set of system services and interfaces.
Second, changes to the overall storage subsystem architecture provide the Windows 2000 Server operating system with a more manageable storage subsystem. This helps customers to deal with storage demands in their environment today and in the future.
Infrastructure Component Descriptions
A list of the core storage components and improvements delivered in the Windows 2000 Server operating system is provided in Table 1.
Table 1. Core Storage Components in the Windows 2000 Server Operating System
Infrastructure Component
Volume Management
Better manageability and recoverability: Disk RAID objects (RAID 5, 0 and 1) can be created, broken and rebuilt online.
The NTFS file system enhancements.
Sophisticated file encryption system.
UDF File system added
Enables DVD-Video and other UDF-formatted disks to be read by Windows 2000-based systems.
FAT32 File system added
Windows 95/98 compatibility.
Plug and Play
Disk volumes can dynamically appear and disappear.
Storage connectivity choices
Fiber channel support.
Distributed File System
The distributed file system (Dfs) allows distributed file systems to be united into a single name space. Its usage includes higher data availability, load balancing, name transparency, and flexible volume administration.
Offline Files
This caching mechanism allows users to see and modify files on network shares, even when disconnected from the network.
Developer information, including the Platform SDK and Microsoft Developer Network, fully documents the new features of the Windows 2000 operating system. An Installable File System (IFS) Kit is available that provides documentation and sample source code to enable the development of installable file system filter drivers. See the Developing for Windows Operating Systems site on the Microsoft website.
Storage Subsystem Enhancement Details
This section describes in greater detail how existing storage subsystems have been enhanced in the Windows 2000 Server operating system.
Volume Management
Volume management in an operating system provides logical volumes of disk sectors that are used by a file system (or sometimes a database) to store user data. A logical volume may be a piece of a physical volume (disk) or may be composed of pieces of many physical volumes. The Volume Manager in the Windows 2000 operating system performs this abstraction, and is also able to provide functionality such as RAID-5, disk mirroring and disk striping.
In the Windows 2000 Server operating system, there are significant enhancements in the architecture of volume management. The goal of this updated architecture is to improve the manageability and recoverability of volumes in a Windows 2000 environment. The components of the volume management architecture are illustrated in Figure 1.
Figure 1: . Volume management components
FT Disk
The FT Disk driver manages all partitions and fault-tolerant volumes originally created with the MS-DOS®, Windows, or Windows NT operating systems.
Disks managed by FT Disk are called basic disks. Basic disks may contain simple partitions, extended partitions, or fault-tolerant sets. All partitions on a basic disk are hard partitions; the underlying disk structure is statically allocated into contiguous extents.
Simple partitions and extended partitions may be created on the hard drive of a computer running Windows 2000, but once created their size is fixed. A basic disk may be converted to a dynamic disk at any time.
Logical Disk Manager
Logical Disk Manager (LDM) is designed to reduce the total cost of ownership (TCO) and reduce system downtime by being highly flexible and available. The features and benefits of LDM are described in Table 2.
Table 2. Logical Disk Manager
LDM Features
LDM Benefits
Better manageability and recoverability: Disk RAID objects (RAID 5, 0 and 1) can be created, broken and rebuilt online.
No downtime required to reconfigure the level of performance and redundancy you require for a file system
File systems can be extended over new partitions while the file system is in use
No downtime required to extend the size of a disk volume
Microsoft Management Console (MMC) snap-in allows both local and remote management
The MMC architecture allows this function to be delegated to appropriate administration staff
Architecture is designed to support third-party volume managers and tools for Windows-based systems.
ISVs are able to cleanly and elegantly extend the volume management capabilities of the Windows 2000 operating system.
LDM-managed disks are self describing: changes to SCSI Ids, LUNS and host adapter ordering will not compromise the system configuration
Ease of storage system reconfiguration
Inside LDM
Disks managed by LDM are called dynamic disks. Dynamic disks may contain simple volumes, concatenated volume sets, stripe sets, mirror sets, or RAID-5 (parity stripe) sets. Simple volumes may be extended dynamically at any time without reboot. A simple volume may be converted to a mirror set at any time or a mirror removed from a mirror set again without requiring system reboot.
LDM manages dynamic disks as a collection or group. Each disk in the group contains information on all other disks in the group in small replicated transactional databases. (Small is considered to be one cylinder, typically between 1 and 8 MB in size.) This allows LDM to control the recovery of mirror or parity stripe sets. It also means that volume configuration information is no longer contained in the registry.
LDM creates volumes on dynamic disks using soft partitions. The disk contains only one hard partition or extent. The LDM database contains all actual volume configuration. When basic disks are converted to dynamic disks, the underlying hard partitions are conserved and these volumes cannot be extended. For disks other than system or boot disks, the recommended way to convert from basic disks to dynamic disks is to first back up or copy all basic disk data to another dynamic disk; delete all basic partitions on the basic disk; and then convert the basic disk to dynamic.
Dynamic disks may be transported between systems. The disks are self-identifying, and the receiving system can determine all volume configuration information. Importing disks from one system to another causes the databases to be merged transactionally with no loss of data.
Advanced Fault-Tolerant Disk Configurations
The Windows 2000 Server operating system includes a new MMC snap-in, the Disk Management snap-in. Basic and dynamic disks can be managed remotely. Moreover, volume configuration no longer requires that the server be rebooted. Volume management is integrated with Plug and Play to allow hot plugging and hot sparing of disks. This is invaluable in terms of the centralized management of storage in a distributed environment.
File System Support
The Windows 2000 operating system continues to support all previous file systems as well as introduces new supported file systems. The result is that several options and conversion paths are available to address a variety of customer needs related to storage file systems. These are explained next.
FAT16 and FAT32
FAT16 or FAT is a file system that has been a part of Microsoft operating systems since the MS-DOS operating system. To maintain an upgrade path from previous operating systems, the Windows 2000 operating system continues to support FAT. The maximum volume size for a FAT16 partition in a computer running Windows 2000 is 4 gigabytes; this is unchanged from the Windows NT operating system.
Windows 2000 introduces support for the FAT32 file system. This support offers the same format and features as those available in the Windows 95, OSR2, and Windows 98 operating systems. FAT32 in computers running Windows 95 and 98 supports volumes up to 127.53 GB and uses smaller clusters. The reduced cluster size in FAT32 results in a 20 to 30 percent increase in disk space efficiency compared to FAT16 volumes.
Note that the Windows 2000 FAT32 implementation will not create volumes larger than 32-gigabytes. FAT32 volumes larger than 32GB (created by Windows 98 for example) can still be mounted and used however. This limitation on the size of new FAT32 volumes in Windows 2000 exists because the NTFS is available on this platform, and is far more appropriate for volumes of this size.
Compact Disk File System
Compact Disk File System (CDFS) support allows a computer running Windows 2000 to read data from CD-ROM devices. The Microsoft implementation of CDFS support adheres to the ISO 9660 specification with additional support for Joliet discs.
Universal Disk Format
Universal Disk Format (UDF) is a file system defined by the Optical Storage Technology Association (OSTA). UDF is compliant with the ISO-13346 standard and is the successor to the CD-ROM file system (CDFS or ISO-9660).
UDF is targeted for removable disk media like DVD, CD, and Magneto-Optical (MO). Since UDF is based on open standards, it is intended to facilitate data interchange between operating systems, and between consumer devices. The standard supports a number of advanced features, including:
Long and Unicode file names, access control lists (ACLs), and streams.
Read-write (not just mastering).
Sparse files.
Support for a wide range of media types including DVD, WORM, and CD-ROM.
Windows 98 can read UDF version 1.02 disks.
Windows 2000 can read UDF version 1.02 and version 1.50.
The Windows operating system will support writeability in future versions of the operating system.
NT File System
NTFS was introduced in the Windows NT operating system. Its goals were to provide file system features that were essential to enterprise computing. These features include support for file system security, transacted operations for recoverability, support for large volumes, support for long Unicode naming, and increased performance.
The on-disk format for NTFS has been enhanced in the Windows 2000 operating system to enable new functionality. The upgrade to the new on-disk format occurs when a computer running Windows 2000 mounts an existing NTFS volume. The upgrade is made quickly and silently. The conversion time is independent of volume size. Note that FAT16 volumes can be converted to NTFS format at any time.
The upgraded NTFS on-disk format can be natively recognized by versions of Windows NT 4.0 with Service Pack 4 or later. In versions of the Windows NT operating system prior to NT 4.0, SP4 will report these upgraded NTFS volumes as unknown. Configurations affected by this scenario include:
Volumes on removable media.
Volumes used with multiboot configurations.
Volumes shared within clustered configurations.
Clients that access NTFS volumes on remote systems using network protocols are not affected.
Reparse Points and File System Filter Drivers
Reparse points are a specialized tag that may be applied to an NTFS file or directory.
Reparse points are used to trigger extended functionality in the I/O subsystem. This extended functionality is implemented in an installable file system filter driver. Each file system filter driver has a corresponding unique reparse point tag value associated with it.
The key benefit of the reparse point architecture is that the filter driver is effectively dormant until a specific file or directory that it enhances is opened. This allows functionality to be extended without adversely affecting performance for existing file and directory types.
Reparse points and installable file system filter drivers are introduced in the Windows 2000 storage subsystem so that independent software vendors (ISVs) have a consistent mechanism for extending storage functionality. This prevents ISVs from having to write proprietary system functionality to provide value to customers. Several features included in the Windows 2000 operating system are based on reparse points and installable file system filter drivers. These features include the following:
NTFS mount points.
Remote Storage.
Single Instance Store (part of Remote Installation Services).
How an I/O Reparse Works
To differentiate reparse points, Microsoft assigns reparse tags to ISVs. When a file system object with a reparse point attribute is encountered during pathname resolution, it is passed back up the driver stack for an I/O reparse. The file system filter driver handles the I/O reparse, which includes identifying the ISV reparse tag. Vendor-specific file system filter drivers are responsible for executing specific I/O functionality.
The following steps and the diagram in Figure 2 illustrate how a reparse point works. The example is based on a Windows 2000 feature called NTFS volume mount point. NTFS volume mount points are based on reparse points.
A user double-clicks in Windows Explorer to open a directory called Products on an NTFS volume. The directory has an NTFS volume mount point reparse point associated with it.
The call goes from user mode to kernel mode where it reaches the file system object and encounters the reparse point attribute containing the Microsoft-specific reparse tag.
Each installable file system filter driver in the Windows 2000 I/O stack examines the tag associated with the reparse point. If there is a match, the associated file system filter driver intercepts the call. (File system filters examine both inbound and outbound calls. In this example, there is no functionality associated with the inbound call, so it is not referenced in the diagram.).
The NTFS volume mount point filter driver intercepts the call and executes the enhanced functionality associated with the reparse point. In the case of an NTFS volume mount point, the driver mounts the D drive on this system. (Drives do not require letters in Windows 2000. See the "Volume Mount Points" section in this paper.)
The file system driver returns the call to the calling application. Because this example involves an NTFS volume mount point, the file system driver mounts another name space and returns a handle to the calling function.
Figure 2: . I/O reparse process flow
Developer Information
Microsoft provides complete documentation for its operating services so that third- party developers can create value-added solutions for customers who use the Windows 2000 operating system. A few resources are the Microsoft Platform SDK, the Microsoft Windows Installable File System Kit, the Microsoft Developer Network, and other storage-related white papers and articles available from the Windows 2000 Server website.
New Storage Features
Microsoft introduces several new storage-related features in the Windows 2000 operating system. These features provide more flexibility, enhanced security, improved administrative control, and more efficient usage of network resources. Implementing these features correctly can help improve security and reduce the management costs associated with storage.
Storage Feature Descriptions
The following is a list of the storage-related features included in the Windows 2000 operating system.
Volume mount points. These are new system objects in the Windows 2000 operating system internal name space. These represent storage volumes in a persistent manner. The placement of a volume mount point on an empty NTFS directory allows an administrator to graft new volumes into the name space without requiring additional drive letters.
Storage compression. Refers to a standard feature for NTFS and continues to be supported in the Windows 2000 Server operating system.
Encrypting File System (EFS). This integrated service allows data to be stored encrypted on NTFS volumes. The Win32® APIs and utilities have been enhanced to handle encrypted files.
Change Journal. This feature tracks changes made to files on NTFS volumes. ISV system-level developers can use the Change Journal to provide enhanced functionality in their applications. Applications that can benefit from the Change Journal include file system indexing engines, content replication engines, and storage archiving and migration applications. Although fully documented, the Change Journal is a complex mechanism in Windows 2000 and is not intended for use by corporate developers.
Disk quotas. These are a new NTFS feature that allow an administrator to monitor and control how much disk space a user can occupy on a file system. Quotas can be used to either track or enforce limits on a per-user basis for a specific NTFS volume.
Sparse file. Support for these very large files is introduced in NTFS version 5, the version included in the Windows 2000 operating system. Sparse data has large, consecutive areas of 0 bits. A user or administrator can mark these files as sparse and only allocate space for the meaningful data. The file system stores only range information that describes where the sparse data would be if it were allocated. Any time one of these ranges is accessed, the file system returns zeroes by default. This improves storage efficiency for sparse data.
Storage Feature Details
The following sections describe each of the new Windows 2000 storage features in detail.
Volume Mount Points
Unlike earlier versions of the Windows operating system, the storage system in Windows 2000 is not limited to 26 file system volumes. A new mechanism called volume mount points allows administrators to mount a file system to an NTFS directory instead of (or as well as) as a drive letter.
Volume mount points are directories that point to specified volumes in a persistent manner. The directory that hosts the mount point must be NTFS since the underlying mechanism uses NTFS reparse points. However the file system that is being mounted can be FAT, FAT32, NTFS, CDFS, or UDFS.
Mount points allow users or system administrators to add storage space without disrupting the name space. This helps to simplify management activities related to storage.
An example of mount point usage is when a portable computer user creates two physical drives on the portable device: one for the operating system and personal use and a second for storing work-related data. Since most personal productivity tools are set to open or save work at a common directory such as C:\My Documents, it would be disruptive to have to change drives, depending on whether personal or work-related data was being used. An NTFS directory junction that resolves to a volume mount point, therefore, could be placed on a C:\My Documents\Work directory so that this directory and all subdirectories would use physical disk space on Drive 2. Changing directories to C:\My Documents\Personal would physically place the user on drive 1.
Figure 3: . Volume mount points
The example above is based on a simplistic use of NTFS volume mount points in an end-user computer environment. Though this example is a valid use of an NTFS volume mount point, the real power of NTFS volume mount points is seen in enterprise server environments where volumes can be added on a monthly basis to allow dynamic data storage growth.
This mechanism also allows administrators to build drive letters with a rich variety of storage classes. For example a D: drive could be created which was stored as RAID-5, but with a D:\TEMP directory (actually a volume mount point) that was striped for performance, and a D:\DB directory that was mirrored for maximum availability. Volume mount points are sticky in that the Windows 2000 operating system automatically prevents resolution problems due to changes in the internal device name of the target volume name (for example, changes due to hardware device reconfiguration activities). This means that a mount point is the target volume, in the same way that a drive letter is the target volume.
File Compression
File compression has not changed in the Windows 2000 operating system. File compression is mutually exclusive, however, with file system encryption. (See the discussion of Encrypting File System below for more details.)
Encrypting File System
File or directory level encryption is implemented in NTFS for enhanced security in NTFS volumes. Today, NTFS provides C2-compliant security for files and directories on NTFS volumes. However, it is possible to remove a physical storage volume and mount it on another system. Once mounted by another system, the administrator of this system can take ownership of all data, effectively bypassing NTFS security. Portable computers are particularly vulnerable to this scenario. In computers running Windows 2000, Encrypting File System (EFS) stores actual data in encrypted form, thus providing security in cases where the storage media is removed from a Windows-based system.
Encryption keys are implemented on a per domain-user basis. A recovery mechanism exists so that certain nominated accounts (administrator by default, but this may be changed) have the ability to recover encrypted data in case of a forgotten password, employment termination, or security check. This recovery feature is achieved without using a key escrow scheme—the recovery agent does not actually have access to the user's private encryption keys. A 128-bit version of DESX is the current cryptography scheme that is implemented. (A 40-bit scheme is implemented for international configurations.) A flexible architecture, however, allows for the current DESX-based implementation to change in future versions of the Windows operating system.
For detailed information regard EFS, see the white paper entitled, "Encrypting File System for Windows 2000," located with other Windows 2000 white papers on the Windows 2000 Server website.
NTFS Change Journal
The Change Journal software is available only with the Windows 2000 operating system. It conveys significant scalability benefits to applications that would otherwise need to scan an entire volume for changes—for example, backup tools, indexing services, and virus scanning applications.
The Change Journal describes the nature of any changes to files on the volume. When any file or directory is created, modified, or deleted, NTFS guarantees that a record will be added to the Change Journal for that volume.
Applications that would normally need to rescan an entire volume to determine changes can now do the scan once, and subsequently learn of changes in this journal. The I/O cost of these applications can now be dependent on how many files have changed, not on how many files exist on the volume.
Each record in the Change Journal takes approximately 80 to 100 bytes of space, but the Change Journal has a configurable maximum size that it will never exceed on disk. When this size is reached, a proportion of the oldest records are discarded.
The APIs are fully documented and can be used by ISVs. The Change Journal supports any services in the Windows 2000 operating system that track changes to a volume, such as the Indexing Service. ISVs can use this feature to enhance a range of products including backup, virus protection, and auditing tools.
Disk Quotas
Disk quotas provide system administrators with a powerful tool for managing storage growth in distributed environments.
Disk quotas allow administrators to track or enforce the amount of disk space occupied by users on a given volume. User context can be defined as a domain user or a local user.
When disk quotas are being tracked, NTFS builds additional metadata in the NTFS volume which tracks disk usage on a per-volume basis. The tracking is done deep in the NTFS system so the affect on performance is kept to a minimum.
When disk quotas are being enforced, the quota limits the amount of free space reported to a user. For example, if a volume has 100 GB of free space, quota is configured to enforce that only 10 GB of space is available to that user, and the user already has 2 GB of data on the volume, then the system will report to that user context that only 8 GB is available on that volume.
By comparison, if the quotas were being only tracked (and not enforced), then the user would see the full 100 GB of free space. However, when they exceed their quota, an administrative event would be logged in the system event log for the Administrator's attention.
Note that at any point, an administrator may review quota usage on a volume using the Quota Entries tool. This is accessed from the property page for the appropriate NTFS drive.
Enforced disk quotas are otherwise transparent to the user. This design provides two benefits:
Users will have less cause to ask system administrators for more disk space if they do not know how much free space really exists.
Applications will be aware of how much space is available to the current user on a volume, and any existing application rules on how much temporary file space to use will work correctly.
The disk quota facility of the Windows 2000 operating system includes storage usage in facilities such as Remote Storage and sparse files in its quota calculations. Quota tracking is protected by NTFS metadata transactioning design. This ensures that disk quotas are a reliable mechanism for controlling storage on Windows-based systems. Also, since the quota information is stored inside the NTFS volume's data structures, quotas are naturally compatible with enterprise configurations such as Windows Clustering and Storage Area Networks (SANs).
The disk quota options included in the Windows 2000 operating system provide reports or enforcement on a per-user basis. In addition, the NTFS quota system exposes both COM and Windows Script Host interfaces. This allows developers to configure quota configuration and extract quota usage information. Such information can be used to build scripts or applications that report per-group quotas or cross-volume quotas; it can also be for tracking and charge back purposes.
Finally, the Windows 2000 File System Filter architecture allows ISVs to build additional quota management tools that provide more features than the built-in quota system, so that solutions can be made available for servers that require active quota enforcement on a per group, per share, or even cross-volume basis.
NTFS Sparse File Support
A sparse file is a file with one or more regions of unallocated data in it. An application will see these unallocated regions as containing bytes with the value zero, but there is actually no disk space used to represent these zeros. In other words, all meaningful or nonzero data is allocated, whereas all nonmeaningful data (large strings of data composed of 0s) is not allocated. When a sparse file is read, allocated data is returned as stored and nonallocated data is returned, by default, as 0s, in accordance with the C2 security requirement specification. Sparse file support allows data to be deallocated from anywhere in the file.
An example of sparse file use is a scientific application that might require 1 terabyte of storage for data used in a matrix. Actual meaningful data in the matrix may only account for 1 MB. With the sparse file attribute set, the file system can deallocate 0-filled space from anywhere in the file. If a calling application requests this data, the file system identifies the 0 data by range, instead of storing and returning actual data. The result is that file access requests are satisfied with the correct bits, and disk space is managed efficiently. The example is illustrated in Figure 4.
Figure 4: . Sparse file storage allocation comparison
Sparse files are also useful for many other purposes. For example, both Remote Storage and the NTFS Change Journal use sparse files.
Chkdsk Utility
The NTFS Chkdsk utility has been rewritten for the Windows 2000 operating system to support the new features, provide more appropriate progress information, and also to provide significantly faster performance. The exact performance gains will depend on the size of the volume and the number of files, but on volumes with millions of files, performance gains of up to 10 times are possible.
In addition, the Chkdsk utility gains two new options to disable parts of the Chkdsk process: /I reduces index checking, and /C removes cycle checking. These are non-essential, but time-consuming stages that an administrator may wish to disable, and re-enable later.
Storage Management tools in Windows 2000
Several storage management tools and services are included in the Windows 2000 operating system. These cost-effective technologies are designed to reduce the costs associated with managing storage and writing storage applications. Some of the tools are enhanced versions of Windows NT–based tools, while others are new.
Storage Tools and Service Descriptions
The following is a list of the storage-related tools and services included in the Windows 2000 operating system:
Remote Storage. This is a storage management service designed to lower storage costs by trading latency for media cost. Based on established criteria, data can automatically be migrated from local volumes to directly attached jukeboxes of tape-based storage libraries. Reparse points specifically related to remote storage remain on the primary storage so that migrated files can be recalled from secondary storage devices.
Removable Storage. This core I/O service in the Windows 2000 operating system manages removable storage media, bulk storage libraries, and storage jukeboxes. Removable Storage provides access to storage devices through a single set of APIs. Removable Storage eliminates the need for ISVs to support bulk media devices on a per device basis. Removable Storage enables multiple applications to share a bulk storage device. Removable Storage abstracts bulk media, so that storage application developers can concentrate on customer-related features, rather than hardware issues.
Backup. The Windows 2000 Server Backup tool is integrated with the core Windows 2000 Server distributed services. It provides support for Windows 2000 services such as Active Directory® directory service, encrypted files, and sparse files. Using this tool, back up can be made to tape libraries (using Removable Storage), or to a backup file on a disk.
Indexing Service. Indexing Service is a base service in the Windows 2000 operating system. Indexing Service tracks file system objects across volumes, computers, and websites so that Windows 2000-based file systems can become rich data stores for Internet and intranet searches.
Two-way File System Replication. The Windows 2000 Server operating system allows any file system object and/or directory attribute to be duplicated on another server in a consistent fashion. File system replication provides a powerful mechanism for creating several replicas of data in the Windows 2000 distributed file system (Dfs) that are kept in a synchronized state.
Distributed File System. The Distributed File System (Dfs) is a network server component of the Windows 2000 Server operating system that presents a logical view of distributed physical storage. Dfs allows distributed file systems to be united into a single name space. Its usage provides higher data availability, load balancing, name transparency, and flexible volume administration.
Offline Files. This caching capability allows network users to access files on network shares, even if the user is disconnected from the network. The user can still see the shares, and the files and directories that have been cached on the client. If changes are made while disconnected, the changes will be transferred to the server when the system reconnects. If the file changed on the server, the client who is reconnected can resolve the conflict by choosing which version to keep.
Storage Application Details
The following sections describe each of the storage-related tools and services included in the Windows 2000 operating system in detail.
Remote Storage
Remote Storage is a storage management service that transparently migrates data between local disk storage and slower, but less expensive, tape libraries. This service is a Hierarchical Storage Management (HSM) system, because it contains two defined levels of storage: local storage and remote storage. Local storage refers to the NTFS disk volumes on the computer running Remote Storage on Windows 2000 Server. The remote storage level refers to the tape library or stand-alone tape drive that is typically connected to the computer running Windows 2000 Server by a SCSI-2 or SCSI-3 cable connector. Remote Storage reduces the overall cost of storage by ensuring that infrequently used data is automatically archived to tape, and requires little or no administrator intervention to retrieve the data. Other benefits of Remote Storage are listed here:
Users keep their data on file servers, and are not tempted to copy excess data to local disks or backup media where it might be lost.
The location of the files (disk or tape) is transparent to the user, so that migrated files are still shown in folder listings and can be accessed by the appropriate application.
Hard disk storage is not typically used for infrequently accessed data.
The underlying tape library is provided by the Removable Storage subsystem (described later in this paper) so that Remote Storage can share a tape library with another storage management feature, such as a backup utility.
The Windows 2000 Server operating system not only includes an HSM service, but computers running Windows 2000 Professional are also HSM-aware. Many elements of the storage, application, and GUI are aware of HSM and work together to ensure that HSM is fully integrated into the user experience. This integration includes, (but is not limited to) the following scenarios:
The Windows 2000 graphical user interface (GUI) indicates that access to a remotely stored file incurs retrieval latency by applying a clock icon to such files.
When files are retrieved from the Remote Storage, the user is notified that the file is being retrieved
Network timeouts are automatically extended for files that are stored on tape.
Backup is aware of Remote Storage files and will not de-migrate files just to back them up (Remote Storage has an additional mechanism for duplicating its own tapes)
The NTFS Change Journal includes flags to indicate when a file shifts between storage tiers. In this way, Indexing Service is aware of Remote Storage files and understands that a migration between disk and tape does not require the file to be re-indexed.
Remote Storage can detect a rogue application that is de-migrating the entire jukebox, and can terminate the application if the configured runaway recall limit is encountered.
Reparse points ensure that no extra code is invoked for non-migrated files in the I/O subsystem
Figure 5: . Remote Storage process
Remote Storage, illustrated in Figure 5, is a two-tiered remote storage solution. Third-party software developers are able to develop multi-tiered remote storage solutions that make use of the new system infrastructure such as the high latency file attribute.
The Windows 2000 operating system provides an efficient and user-friendly platform for hierarchical storage management by running Remote Storage on the Windows 2000-based computer, and by supporting the development of ISV products.
Removable Storage
Removable Storage provides a single set of APIs that allow applications to catalog all removable media (except floppy disks and similar small-capacity media), whether housed on shelves (offline) or in robotic libraries (online). In disguising the complexities of underlying robotic library systems and bulk media libraries, Removable Storage, illustrated in Figure 6, lowers development costs of storage applications and provides consistency to customers who purchase these applications.
Figure 6: . Removable Storage architecture
Media Pools
Removable Storage uses media pools to organize media. Media pools have several functions in the management of a media server. They control the selection of media and media type, allow media to be shared across applications, and allow such sharing to be tracked. (See Figure 7.)
There are two classes of media pools: system and application. The system media pools are categorized as free, import, and unrecognized. A free pool holds media that contains no useful data and is freely available to any application. The import and unrecognized pools are holding places for media newly added to the system. If Removable Storage recognizes the format of a new piece of media, it adds it to the import pool. If Removable Storage does not recognize the format, the media is added to the unrecognized pool. Applications then move media from these pools into either the free pool or to the second class of pools, application pools. Application pools are pools that applications create to hold media for their own use. For example, Backup, a backup application that is included in the Windows 2000 operating system, creates its own application pool for backup media. Remote Storage creates an application pool in the same manner.
Figure 7: . System and application media pools
Indexing Service
The Indexing Service is part of the core Windows 2000 operating system. Indexing Service uses a document filter to extract the content and properties of files across volumes, computers, and the Web, and stores the information in an index. Users can then easily and efficiently search the Windows file systems, or the Web, whether they are using the Windows 2000 Search function, the Indexing Service query form, or a Web browser.
Indexing Service is an integral part of the Windows 2000 operating system, particularly when used with NTFS:
When indexing NTFS volumes, the Indexing Service uses the Change Journal to provide efficient index updates. There is no need to scan an entire volume's directory information to learn if each file has changed.
On NTFS volumes, the Indexing Service works with Windows Explorer to generate thumbnails of image files, and store the thumbnails in a NTFS stream on the file. If Remote Storage migrates the files to tape, then the thumbnails will not be migrated, and so the user is able to view these thumbnails without need for a recall.
On NTFS volumes, if a user has no access to read a file, Indexing Service will not return that file in the results list to the user. Similarly, Indexing Service will not indicate that a match was found, but the file cannot be accessed. Indexing Service does not compromise information security.
Indexing Service is integrated with the Windows 2000 Search function, so it is easy to use.
Indexing Service is available and installed by default on all versions of the Windows 2000 operating system. However, since Indexing Service can require noticeable levels of I/O to build the initial index, it is disabled by default. Users and system administrators should enable Indexing Service as soon as they have the opportunity to do so.
Backup Utility
The Windows 2000 Backup utility, an enhanced version of NTBackup, is included in the Windows 2000 operating system. Backup provides support for Windows 2000 features, such as Active Directory, encrypted files, and sparse files. Encrypted files are stored on the backup media in their encrypted format. The Windows 2000 operating system also provides ways for users to back up their encryption keys separately. Users can now back up tape libraries using Removable Storage, or back up files on a disk. Backup also features a new user interface, and several wizards that make backing up and restoring data easier.
Distributed File System
The Distributed File System (Dfs) is a network server component that presents a logical view of distributed physical storage. Dfs allows distributed file systems to be united into a single name space. Its usage provides higher data availability, load balancing, name transparency, and flexible volume administration.
The Dfs server component presents distributed volumes in a logical manner by mapping physical UNC names to logical paths. Thus, \\MS_Server\Public\Users\Bob as a logical path could actual have the following physical topology underneath:
Dfs logical path
Physical location
Root share
Junction to employee directories.
Junction to Bob's computer.
For more information on Dfs, see the "Distributed File System: A Logical View of Physical Storage" white paper on the Windows NT Server website.
File Replication Service
Full two-way file replication for NTFS is introduced in the Windows 2000 operating system. File replication provides a mechanism for duplicating any file system object and/or directory attribute to another server in a loose but consistent fashion. The Windows 2000 File Replication System (FRS) is based on the NTFS Change Journal.
Although Active Directory uses file replication for internal needs, the true power of FRS in enterprise storage lies in the distributed file system. Dfs allows up to 32 alternate volumes (physical locations) to be configured for a single logical share point. Dfs alternate volumes provide both scalability and fault tolerance for enterprise data. The File Replication service ensures that updatable data on these alternate volumes is kept consistent across physical locations by automatically replicating files when they are modified and closed. For more information, see "Distributed File System: A Logical View of Physical Storage," on the Windows NT Server site.
Offline Files
Offline Files is an IntelliMirror® management technology, included in the Windows 2000 operating system, which allows network users to access files on network shares, even when the client computer is disconnected from the network. When a mobile user views the share while disconnected, he or she can still browse, read, and edit files, because they have been cached on the client computer. When the user later connects to the server, the system reconciles the changes with the server. This process is highly configurable, synchronization policy and behavior can be defined based on the time of day and network connection type, using Synchronization Manager. For example, synchronization might happen when the user logs on to a direct LAN connection, but only at a users' request when using a dial-in connection.
Offline Files also provides performance advantages for networks: While connected to the network, clients can still read files from the local cache, reducing the amount of data transferred over the network.
Offline Files solves a dilemma facing most enterprise organizations today. Many organizations implement a backup policy that requires all user data to be stored on managed servers. Data stored on local disks is often not backed up by the organization's IT group. This becomes a problem for mobile users of portable computers. In order to access data when offline, they need some mechanism to replicate data between the portable computer and the servers. Some organizations use the Windows Briefcase; others use batch files, or even manual procedures. In the Windows 2000 operating system, replication between client and server is managed automatically. Files may be accessed while offline, and are automatically synchronized with the managed server.
The Windows 2000 operating system provides administrators with three options to control the type of caching behavior available to clients:
Manual Caching for Documents. This option provides offline access to only those files that someone using your shared folder specifically (manually) identifies. This caching option is ideal for a shared network folder containing files that are to be accessed and modified by several people. This is the default option when you set up a shared folder to be used offline.
Automatic Caching for Documents. This option makes every file that someone opens from your shared folder available to them offline. However, this setting does not make every file in your shared folder available to them offline, only those files that are opened. Files that are not opened are not available offline.
Automatic Caching for Programs. This option provides offline access to shared folders containing files that are not to be changed. This caching option is ideal for making files (.dll and .exe) available offline that are read, referenced, or run, but that are not changed in the process. Automatic Caching for Programs reduces network traffic because offline files are opened directly, without accessing the network versions in any way, and generally start and run faster than the network versions.
Rapidly evolving technologies and business needs are placing more demand than ever on distributed systems. As the demand for data and services provided by distributed systems escalates, storage availability and manageability become increasingly important. The Windows 2000 operating system offers significant enhancements in its storage subsystem architecture. These enhancements provide a foundation for storage-based features, applications, and services designed to help manage storage more effectively and efficiently at the enterprise level. Better storage management results in better control, easier growth and expansion, increased data availability, and improved recoverability. In addition, the Windows 2000 operating system includes significant features and tools to assist in this process. Microsoft is also working with independent software and hardware vendors to provide a wide range of value-added storage applications and options that address the special needs of customers in a variety of computing environments.
For Additional Information
For the latest information on Windows 2000 Server, check out Microsoft TechNet or visit the Microsoft Windows 2000 Server website or the Windows 2000 Server Forum on the Microsoft Network (GO WORD: MSNTS).
|Data source: Strategic Research Corporation, 1997 Network Demographics, 1998 Database Operating Practices, Mission Critical Application Architecture, and 1998 Backup and Archive Profile. Strategic Research Corporation:

subset: commoncrawl


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Fly you flag, whatever it may be.
We Are Architects, Grand Street Community Arts and the City of Albany are presenting The Vacant Lot Flag Project.
The one-day, public, outdoor art event is part of Grand Street Community Arts' Vacant Lot Project and the city of Albany's Vacant Lot Stabilization Program. The Flag Project will be part of Albany's First Friday, taking place on Friday, August 6, 2010 at 2 PM, at 43 Catherine St. Participants will be encouraged to create a flag using the provided materials, including paints, markers, tape, pre-assembled flags in various sizes and colors, and a plethora of unique stencils designed by We Are Architects.


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My 2000 Toyota Tacoma Prerunner extended cab leans 1 inch from the passenger side to the drivers side. What can I do to repair this problem? I have replaced the front struts and the drivers side rear leaf spring, but this did not repair it. The truck only has 106,000 miles on it.
Sunday, March 17th, 2013 AT 4:56 AM


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We've got 1 definition for 95007 »
What does 95007 stand for?
What does 95007 mean? This page is about the various possible meanings of the acronym, abbreviation, shorthand or slang term: 95007.
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What does 95007 mean?
- 95007
- 95007 is the US ZIP code of Brookdale - California
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"95007." Abbreviations.com. STANDS4 LLC, 2018. Web. 18 Feb. 2018. <https://www.abbreviations.com/95007>.


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Editor's Note: I am the "Mayor" of E Street Pub on Foursquare. As far as I know, I am the "Mayor" of every place I visit in Richmond because I think I'm the only one using it right now. This article should get you up to speed on what Foursquare is and how you can use it to have some fun with the businesses in our area and hook up with the other users in the area as well.
Local businesses listen up: Learn about Foursquare in the links below this article. How to get listed and how to use the service to encourage more business from your patrons!
By Patric Welch
Have you dreamed of ruling the world…or maybe your city…or how about just the local pub? Now you can. Foursquare is a new (sort of) location-based social networking application that lets you record and share your whereabouts as well as tips related to visiting stores, bars, restaurants and other locales. Browse tips that others have shared to discover great new places, products and people.
Getting Started with Foursquare
Foursquare is "sort of" new because it wet its feet in New York City then it was launched to other major metropolitan areas throughout the world (including Indianapolis-home of Noobie). Even more recently, Foursquare became available to all regardless of their physical location.
It's most convenient to "check in" with your current location information using a smartphone, unless, of course, you plan to connect your laptop or desktop computer to the Internet every time you shop at WalMart. Slick apps on the iPhone and Android are fun to use or you can use a mobile version of the Foursquare website on any phone with a web browser. U.S.-based users also can text in their location using SMS shortcode. Beyond that, all you need is a Foursquare account. Create a username and password on the Foursquare website then Foursquare will help you start finding friends using your Facebook, Twitter and/or Gmail accounts.
Is There Already an App for That?
If location-based social networking sounds somewhat familiar, you may have heard of Brightkite. For many cities it has been around longer than Foursquare. Brightkite continues to grow and expand, however it doesn't boast quite as many features as Foursquare.
Foursquare is Also a Game
The primary difference between Brightkite and Foursquare is that, like its name-sake playground pass time, Foursquare is a game. You can earn points by checking in at locations, adding new locations, visiting multiple locations in one day or visiting the same location more than one day in a row. Are the points good for anything? No, but if you have a competitive streak you may find yourself trying to top your city's points-based leader board.
In addition to earning bragging rights for your point total, you can earn badges for being a Super User, Gym Rat, Bender, Explorer and more. The more badges you earn, the more you'll unlock. The pièce de résistance is earning the title of Mayor: check in at a location more than anyone else then watch out as others try to snag your crown. Some locales grant Mayors discounts and other privileges, but it's mostly about street cred.
Foursquare in Action
So how will Foursquare affect your everyday life? Imagine you check in at your favorite coffee shop and notice that another Foursquare user also has checked in there. If it is someone you know, you can look around for him and strike up a real, live conversation. If it is someone you don't already know, then use his profile picture to see if you can spot him in the crowd-before he spots you.
When users check in at locations they also can provide recommendations or "tips," like: @The Ram Restaurant and Bar – "Try the new peanut butter burger. Wasn't sure if I'd like it, but it's actually pretty good!"
@Paradise Bakery & Cafe – "Get up before 11 am and order the oatmeal. You won't regret it. Be sure to get the shot glass of milk on the side."
When you check in to a location, you can use these tips as real-time advice. Stuck at home? Browse the location tips you've saved to your Foursquare "to-do list" to get ideas about where to go and what to do. To keep Foursquare all fun and games, use a little precaution when checking in with your location information. While it may be easy to become mayor of your own household, it's probably not a good idea to publicize your home address. And, publicly posting your whereabouts during a Bangkok business trip may become bittersweet if someone sees that information as an opportunity to break into your house.
If you want a little privacy, but you still want to log that you've been somewhere, collect your points and try to earn badges, you can select the "don't tell my friends" option to check in "off the grid." In general, Foursquare is a fun way to share and exchange information with new and old friends. Take a little time to get to know the interface, exercise some caution and start your rise in the Foursquare ranks!
Patric Welch, also known as "Mr. Noobie," empowers people to confidently approach technology and use it to enhance their lives. He has a passion for understanding and answering your technology challenges. You can find Mr. Noobie on the web at http://www.noobie.com.
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Dr. Lori Leavell, a 2000 Ouachita Baptist University graduate and currently an assistant professor of English at the University of Central Arkansas in Conway, will return to Ouachita on Friday, Feb. 8, to present her research about 18th century American print culture and to share personal reflections about earning a doctorate in English.
Leavell's first talk, which will begin at 2 p.m., is titled "What Archives Reveal about Antebellum White Readerships of African American Texts." Her second presentation will start at 4 p.m. and is titled, "Considerations for Pursuing Graduate Study in English." Both presentations will be held in Lile Hall, room 200.
The extensive research Leavell will draw on for her first talk focuses specifically on interactions between people and literature during the antebellum period, addressing such questions as: Who read what? How did it affect them? Which books were banned and why? How was literature in the South regulated for political and cultural reasons? How did new mass production technologies before the Civil War spread ideas found in the antebellum period?
"The second talk will be more about how you can get into a good grad school, how you can thrive," said Dr. Doug Sonheim, the Clarence and Bennie Sue Anthony Professor of Bible and Humanities at Ouachita and chair of the Department of English and Modern Foreign Languages. "And she really did thrive, so she knows what she's talking about."
Describing Leavell's continuing education as a process of discovery, Sonheim said her passion for the field of English led her to pursue both master's degree and doctorate. Her address on the issue will advise students about applying for, entering, financing and succeeding in grad school.
Leavell earned her Master of Arts degree in English from the University of Arkansas and her Ph.D. in English from Emory University. This is her fifth presentation at Ouachita and one of many prestigious presentations shehas made across the nation. The Library Company of Philadelphia, the Northeast Modern Language Association and Emory University have all invited Leavell to present research within the last three years. She has also spoken at national conferences in Boston, San Francisco and Los Angeles.
She has designed and taught writing and composition courses, as well as courses in African, African American, American and World literature. Leavell has held teaching assistantships at Emory University and Karolinen Gymnasium in Frankenthal, Germany. She has been published in the Southern Literary Journal, A Journal of the American Renaissance and the Encyclopedia of Literature and Politics: Censorship, Revolution, and Writing. Her most recent honor, in the summer of 2012, was the Lillian Gary Taylor Visiting Fellowship in American Literature sponsored by the Mary and David Harrison Institute for American History, Literature and Culture at the University of Virginia Library.
For more information, contact Dr. Doug Sonheim at firstname.lastname@example.com or (870) 245-5554.
By Rachel Gregory


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There is little over a week left of the summer transfer window - just seven days until it *slams* shut until January.
Will your club make any last minute moves?
DO you still need to bring in that extra striker/defender/keeper/superstar-who-will-fire-you-to-the-Premier-League-title?
The fax machines are set to 'ON', the agents are on Pro-Plus and we are ready to bring you all the very latest.
Read on for all the latest from Sunday's Daily Mirror and the rest of the key newspapers and websites.
Transfer stories from today's Sunday Mirror
Angel di Maria will move to Man Utd for £60m - but only after rivals City said no.
Danny Welbeck keen to join Tottenham either on a £15m permanent deal or on loan.
For more Tottenham transfer news, click here.
Tottenham are also set to complete Federico Fazio deal which will see Michael Dawson leave.
Manchester City keeping Alvaro Negredo and Stevan Jovetic but struggle to shift Etihad outcasts.
Manchester City dropped Ross Barkley pursuit after Everton demanded £50MILLION for youngster.
Chelsea outcast Fernando Torres is 'my third striker' but he's going nowhere, insists Mourinho.
Roberto Soldado and Fernando Torres targeted to replace Mario Balotelli at AC Milan.
Other stories from today's Sunday Mirror
Luis Suarez 'must deal with going from top dog to third man at Barcelona'.
Gus Poyet says Sunderland's ex-Manchester United stars can pile more pressure on Louis van Gaal.
Roy Hogdson will retain sports psychiatrist Dr Steve Peters despite England's World Cup flop.
Darren Fletcher is the man to unite Manchester United's dressing room says Phil Neville.
Mario Balotelli is in a Last Chance Saloon at Liverpool, says the striker's agent.
Manuel Pellegrini says Steven Gerrard's slip didn't cost Liverpool the title as City were better anyway.
Louis van Gaal admits Manchester United need a MIRACLE to win the title this season.
Transfer stories from today's Sunday People
Everton in talks with Samuel Eto'o over sensational move to Goodison Park.
Fulham consider replacing struggling manager Felix Magath with former Spurs boss Tim Sherwood.
Esteban Cambiasso flies into London ahead of signing a two-year deal with Leicester City.
Lazio and AC Milan target Marco van Ginkel tells Chelsea to pick him or sell him.
Tottenham line up Fabian Schar transfer as Franco Baldini seeks alternatives to Mateo Musacchio.
Joel Campbell wanted by AC Milan on loan as they search for Mario Balotelli's replacement.
Other stories from today's Sunday People
Manchester United's Marcos Rojo could face prison if convicted of 'bottle attack' on neighbour.
Calum Chambers in frame for first England call-up as Hodgson begins to plot for Euro 2016.
Forget Mario Balotelli - Lazar Markovic may already have the biggest ego at Anfield.
Liverpool new boy Lazar Markovic: Gianfranco Zola inspired me and I want to play like him.
Transfer news and rumours from other papers
Arsenal TWICE rejected the chance to sign Mario Balotelli before the striker's £16 million move to Liverpool was in place (Daily Star Sunday).
Manchester United are lining up a double swoop for Dutch pair Nigel de Jong and Daley Blind (Daily Star Sunday).
Chelsea goalkeeper Petr Cech is set to spend this season on loan in France (Sunday Express).
Arsenal are lining up Olympiakos defender Kostas Manolas to replace Thomas Vermaelen (Sunday Express).
Tottenham are offering Michael Dawson in another bid to land QPR striker Loic Remy (The Sun on Sunday).
Tottenham are still in the chase for PSV Eindhoven winger Memphis Depay (Daily Star Sunday).
Ajax are set to step in for Manchester City striker John Guideyyi after his Hannover move fell through (Daily Star Sunday).
Leicester and Hull are keen to take Manchester United misfit Wilfried Zaha on a season's loan (The Sun on Sunday).
Southampton goalkeeper Artur Boruc is considering a move to Cagliari (The Mail on Sunday).
Qatar side Al-Rayyan are ready to offer Newcastle £6 million for Papiss Cisse (The Sun on Sunday).
West Ham have made an enquiry about Manchester City defender Micah Richards (The Sun on Sunday).
Blackburn have told Hull Boss Steve Bruce he can forget about landing striker Jordan Rhodes (Daily Star Sunday).
Sunderland have asked to take Liverpool defender Sebastian Coates on loan (The Mail on Sunday).
Tottenham misfit Sandro has a four-year deal on the table from, Napoli, who are willing to pay £10 million to sign him (Daily Star Sunday).
Reading will make QPR pay £8 million to sign highly-rated goalkeeper Alex McCarthy (Daily Star Sunday).
QPR are looking at Guingamp's £2 million Mali striker Mustapha Yatabare (The Sun on Sunday).
Blackpool have opened talks with former Arsenal winger Quincy Owusu-Abeyie The Mail on Sunday).
Lassana Diarra is poised to join QPR this week after his sacking by Lokomotiv Moscow (The Mail on Sunday).
Bolton midfielder Jay Spearing is a target for QPR and Aston Villa (The Sun on Sunday).
All Premier League ins and outs so far:


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We're now in holiday mode full-force. Decorations are lining the windows of homes and stores, shopping malls are laced with special deals, and local radio stations are blasting Christmas classics 24/7. The end of the calendar year is coming; many businesses have already started working on a list of goals for 2013, whether in their minds or on paper. Of course, owners aspire to grow their businesses in the coming year, and most probably wish to help out the community as well. If you're looking to grow, connect, and stay on top, you must have one thing on your wishlist for 2013: an awesome Intern.
While you're looking for ways to build your business, eager college students are hunting for internship opportunities that will add valuable experience to their resumes. Students and recent grads are no longer brushing the internship off as a simple course requirement; they're looking for real opportunities, real responsibilities, a meaningful experience that will help them transition to a new career (or, in a best-case scenario, lead them straight into a fantastic position.)
We have many candidates who would be an easily marketable, perfect fit for a specific position, but lack the valuable internship experience. By offering internship opportunities, you're helping college students / young professionals pave their way to a rewarding first career – but what's in it for you?
Shiny, bright, and new ideas
An intern will likely have the most recent training/education in the field, helping businesses get the upper hand in using new technology and marketing techniques. Often times interns just need the right platform to open up and extend their knowledge and talent. Vibrant, energetic and eager to learn, interns are the perfect addition to a team that needs a little kick. Businesses that enable interns to thrive in the environment by allowing them to take part in projects will get a good glimpse as to the type of employee the intern will eventually be – an insider's look into the best, new talent in the area!
Great relationships with local colleges and universities
Making lasting connections with local colleges and universities is extremely important to the local economy. By providing internship opportunities to college students and recent graduates, you're adding value to the college education and aiding in students' success. Schools will trust you as a great resource, not only for student internship gigs, but for the actual services you provide as well.
Free advertising
Offering internship opportunities to students is a great way to pass the word along about the services you provide. Word of mouth is one of the best ways to advertise, and college students talk.
Future star employee
Bringing an intern on board is a great move that comes with new ideas, potential connections, and free advertising. Above all, it's the chance to begin a professional relationship with someone who's just starting off and can be molded into the employee you would like to add to your team in the future.
Stephanie Snyder, Social Media Marketing Strategist
Walrath Recruiting, Inc.
Dedicated to the Perfect Fit
3 Winners Circle, Albany NY
Phone: 518.275.4816


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First things initially. The very best way to clean up a blocked drain is to never have one. There are some basic things you can do so that clogged up drains pipes take place rarely or never. If you prevent having drain issues completely, you'll avoid a lot of hassle and expenditure in emergency plumber calls.
The Jelm WY 82063 24-7 Plumbers That Can Take Your Breath Away
Whether you decide to DI.Y repair work or take the safe and easy way out and employ your local emergency plumber, get acquainted with the pipes essentials on clearing and unclogging drains pipes. The bottom area of the drain is called a trap that works to "trap" some water in the line and create a water seal avoiding offensive drain gases from permeating the house. Restroom drains of tubs, sinks and showers may become blocked due to a build up of hair, soap scum and bodily oils and fats.
Make certain that the business that you do choose offers a complimentary price quote before any work is done. This is essential due to the fact that there are scam plumbers out there that will keep raising rates as they go and you end up with a very pricey expense. By getting a free price quote initially, you can avoid the fraudsters and make sure you know what it will cost you in advance.
In Depth Diagnosis And Long Lasting Remedies
As quickly as you noticed that something was incorrect, you might have wondered what does it cost? this is going to cost. Generally it depends upon whether you are going to fix it or have it changed. The very best way to determine exactly what kind of assistance you are going to need is making a visit and having a representative provide you with a price quote. You can constantly call another business for a second viewpoint on your water heater repair if you are stressed that you aren't getting adequate details.
Water pressure decreases when there is any block in the pipes. Then it is difficult to get rid of, if the blocks are to the middle of the pipelines. Calling a plumber is the finest way to resolve the problem. They will have block detection makers that can identify blocks in pipelines and remedy it.
Water Heater Repair In 82063
Call somebody quick! You'll require to make a couple of fast phone calls to an 24 hour plumber if water is leaking out at a fast paced rate. While you're doing that, drain pipes the water away from the home by flushing a few toilets and letting water roll down the drain.
The next action is clearing the blockage. Once again, previously, the cylinders needed to be dug up and private parts cleaned up and put in place once again. Now high pressure water jets are sprayed inside and cause of clogging is required out. The strength of the jet is often in excess of 10000 psi, which is usually sufficient to clear any obstacle. In the process, the pipelines get cleaned also. This method entails no digging up of the pipes or taking them apart. It not just conserves time but also on costs.
Our client base includes Domestic Builders and Customers in addition to Industrial Customers. No task is too huge or too little. Please view our image gallery to see past and present projects.


text:
Laboratory Autoclaves and Sterilizers Datasheets
from Despatch - ITW EAE
Despatch 's LCC and LCD Clean Process Benchtop Ovens have a stainless steel interior and exterior, rugged, programmable process controls and provide a variety of tailored options for your specific needs. For production environment processes where minimal contamination is essential, the LCC and... [See More]
- Application: Curing; Drying; Depyrogenation; Laboratory; Sterilizing
- Capacity: 14.0
- Temperature Range: 104 to 500
- External: Bench / Cabinet
from Terra Universal, Inc.
The BactiZapper has an asbestos-free core element that uses infrared heating to produce 815 °C (1500 °F). It completely sterilizes microorganisms in 5 - 7 seconds. Ideal for use on platinum inoculating loops, needles, glass tube/pipette mouths and various metal and borosilicate glass... [See More]
- Application: Laboratory; Sterilizing
- External: Bench / Cabinet
- Temperature Range: 1500
- Internal Configuration: Dry Heat
from BMT USA, LLC
Steripro cGMP Steam Sterilizers are designed not only to meet the US FDA cGMP guidelines, but to exceed industry standards. Reliability and serviceability are engineered into every unit. Validation is one of the biggest concerns in purchasing a cGMP sterilizer so special attention has been given to... [See More]
- Application: Industrial; Laboratory
- External: Front Load (incl. Walk-in, Truck-in)
- Capacity: 0.0
- Internal Configuration: Steam
from Carl Stuart Co.
Autoclaves LaS-3-20-ECZ-J [See More]
- Application: Laboratory
from Cole-Parmer
bull; Offer fast, safe, dependable steam sterilization for your lab. • Sterilize liquids, media, instruments, glassware, clothing, or waste. • Models available with printer to meet GLP requirements. • No plumbing or hard-wiring required. These compact benchtop autoclaves are... [See More]
- Application: Laboratory
- Voltage: 120
- Capacity: 0.8
- Current: 11.7
from Priorclave, Ltd.
Priorclave Pass-Through autoclaves, also known as double. ended sterilisers, enable sealed laboratory environments to be. maintained, door interlocks preventing potential for. laboratory standards to be compromised. Every double-ended autoclave provides a sterile path in and. out of sealed... [See More]
- Application: Laboratory
- Capacity: 5.3
- Temperature Range: 284
- Pressure Range: 34.81


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Shaheen's fake Facebook account still active
The fake Facebook profile of Shaheen Dhada - the woman arrested over a remark posted on Facebook following Shiv Sena supremo Bal Thackeray's death - is yet to be deleted even as the family fears its 'misuse'.mumbai Updated: Nov 22, 2012 22:36 IST
The fake Facebook profile of Shaheen Dhada - the woman arrested over a remark posted on Facebook following Shiv Sena supremo Bal Thackeray's death - is yet to be deleted even as the family fears its 'misuse'.
The girl decided to quit Facebook after irate Shiv Sainik's ransacked the hospital of her uncle Dr Abdul Dhada and her subsequent arrest. The family had given an application to the Palghar police on Monday when they learned that a fake profile has been operated on her name. Even after three days of submitting the application, the profile still persists.
Shaheen's family members stated that such account could be misused for propagating wrong information. "The fake profile could be misused. We will not be responsible if some posts are made from the fake account. We have decided to remind the police to delete the fake profile," said Farooq Dhada, Shaheen's father.
Shaheen's counsel Sudhir Gupta said, "The police should have a mechanism to delete such accounts quickly. This is an offence and police should nail the culprits who are doing it."
Palghar police have claimed that actions were initiated on the same day when they received the application. "We had deleted the account on the same day but it seems that a new fake account has been created. We will verify this and initiate actions," said S Pingale, senior police inspector, Palghar police station.
The fake profile already has 1820 subscribers. The picture used for the profile showcases a girl with her mouth shut with tapes strapped across her mouth (indicating the loss of freedom of speech).
Meanwhile, several pages in support of Shaheen have been created on Facebook. While a page compares Shaheen with Taliban targeted Malala Yousafzai, another page wants Shaheen to come back on Facebook. Angry posts against curtailing freedom of speech are been witnessed.
The two women were arrested by the Palghar police for allegedly promoting hatred between the masses on Monday after Shaheen posted an update on her Facebook profile denouncing Sunday's Mumbai bandh in the aftermath of the demise of Shiv Sena chief, Bal Thackeray. They were subsequently released on bail.


text:
© St. Petersburg Times, published January 29, 2001
We're an insecure bunch in the Tampa Bay area, judging by the way we react to other's observations about us.
We know the outside world sometimes sees our home as a motley collection of strip clubs, pawn shops and theme parks, and it rankles. That's why we let knuckleheads from out of town unsettle us with their ill-informed opinions about our perceived lack of nightlife, lack of culture and preponderance of go-go joints.
That's also why it was interesting to see how little of the Tampa Bay area actually showed up on TV in the blitz of programming that led up to CBS' Super Bowl telecast Sunday.
Sure, there were many reverential mentions of Tampa -- pregame host Jim Nantz noted our status as a "20-minute city. Because everything you need is 20 minutes' distance" -- and lots of loving, picturesque shots that made Raymond James Stadium look like the $168-million football palace it is.
But those who might have hoped for sweeping visuals of Ybor City landmarks, way cool footage of Clearwater Beach or an in-depth look (or any look) at the Salvador Dali museum were likely disappointed.
Instead, the gussied-up settings for most of the pregame festivities -- the NFL Experience, MacDill Air Force Base and Raymond James Stadium itself -- looked like they could have been any place with nice weather. At least we had the occasional shot of guys in Gasparilla pirate gear to lend a little local flavor.
Not that CBS didn't have time to bring us more varied images of the Tampa Bay area. With a slate of pregame programming that stretched back to noon Saturday -- including a star-studded Ricky Martin concert at MacDill on Saturday and a live edition of MTV's Total Request Live at noon Sunday -- the network had loads of air time to fill before the 6:25 p.m. kickoff.
But Saturday's Martin concert was little more than a glitzy, well-produced showcase for the singer, marred only slightly by awkward interview segments that brought Dan Rather and Tom Arnold together while 'N Sync traded quips with Joe Namath. (Have they ever even heard of each other?)
Though MTV later proved it can stage an eye-popping halftime show, its non-music programming for corporate sister CBS was more hit-or-miss. In particular, the version of MTV's Total Request Live that aired on CBS Sunday seemed to lack energy, despite Jennifer Lopez lip synching her way through two sizzling numbers in a skin-tight football jersey.
"I like her uniform," mumbled Kevin Richardson of the Orlando-based Backstreet Boys, in one of his more coherent observations. A proud moment for any fan of Florida-bred music.
CBS' TRL show led into a five-hour blitz of pregame programming that was less about readying fans for the game than it was about providing a home for more ads. Even a story on the physical punishment absorbed by NFL players (featuring Tampa Bay Buccaneer John Lynch, among others) felt a little superficial and rushed.
New President Bush couldn't add much during a heavily edited interview with Nantz. "Any big game that is prone to be close depends on (who gets the) turnovers and breaks," noted Bush, repeating the boilerplate analysis sports journalists had been tossing around all week (as it turned out, he was right). "I think it all may depend upon a dangling field goal."
Elsewhere, analysts on ESPN and Fox Sports Net dissected the coming game from picturesque perches at the stadium and on Tampa's Harbour Island, sealing our image as a tourist's paradise.
But even if the Tampa Bay area didn't get much of a showcase in TV's pregame programming, we did emerge as an enthusiastic party town, bursting with colorful fans and good weather. In a world filled with hanging chads and strip club ordinances, maybe that isn't such a bad thing.


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|Warranty length
|2 Years
Tech Specs
- Power Output: 330/60mW, 30Ω/ 300Ω
- Headphone Connection: >30 ohms
- SNR: 95dB (112dB/AWtd) @full output
- Freq Response: 30Hz - 20kHz / -0.05dB
- Frequency: 10Hz - 120kHz (-1dB)
- THD: 0.005% /0.007% (30/300Ω, 11dB Gain)
- Headphone Jack: 3-Pole (6.3mm) Coax
- Outboard PSU: 18V / 500mA AC
- Power Consumption: 18V / 100mA DC
- Dimensions (WHD): 103 x 36 x 104mm
- Weight: 600g (without PSU)
Product Description
Pro-ject Head Box S is the latest version of this stunning little headphone amplifier, designed to give your headphones the drive they need to sound better than when plugged into any standard headphones socket.
Music Sources
Use the Head Box S with any music source for stunning headphones listening. Plug in the output from your PC, laptop, Mac, CD player, mp3 player or any other music source (using suitable cable). You can also daisy chain it in between your source and amplifier (via RCA in/outs), saving the need to keep plugging and unplugging it when you want to listen through your hi-fi speakers instead.
Key Features
- HQ headphone amplifier with vol control
- Low noise semiconductors
- Metal case shielded (prevents interference)
- Gold plated phono sockets
- Power supply included
Customer Reviews
27 Oct 2012Bought this headphone amp to drive my Senhiesser headphones, so far have only needed a quarter to a third of the volume available from it - this substantial solid little box will drive anything. The rest of my system is iMac sending 24/96 high res music files to a Musical Fidelity V-Dac 2, then on to the S headphone amp. I have heard better set-ups at 5 times the price.. .... if your audio budget is hundreds rather than thousands this is very good indeed.
Finally I should mention the firm I got this from, Audio Affair. Good price matching anything I could find on the net, speedy delivery. I will use them again.
17 May 2012Sound is Fantastic with cd players and iPod docks I am using a teac DS H01 Digital dock and chord crimson plus cables and grado sr80 headphones I tested this system with other headphone amps that cost over 400 pounds and the project head box s sound was better. 5 stars.


text: Nikolay Mladenov <nickm at sitius.com> writes: > I can't get boost_python to compile with this swich, and I have > 1.29.0 compiled with it. You're saying Boost.Python 1.29.0 used to compile with /vmg? > The problem is that one generally shouldn't mix binaries compiled > with different pointer_to_member option and we have everiting built > with /vmg which acording to the ms docs is the safest, since all the > pointer-to-members have the same "sizeof". Can the problem be that > some "trait" switches because of the sizeof(pointer_to_member)? I seriously doubt it. This code is designed to be portable and agnostic to how the compiler represents member pointers. The errors we see are all of the form: "error C2039: 'member_name' : is not a member of 'some_template<instantiation>'" But if you look at the definition of 'some_template<instantiation>', the member is certainly there. This is compiler insanity, plain and simple. If indeed it used to compile, all I can suggest is that you do what I did this morning: a binary search through time for the CVS change which caused /vmg to start failing. Tedious but effective. -- Dave Abrahams Boost Consulting www.boost-consulting.com


text:
The kitchen cabinet provides the storage of the kitchen utensils and the cooking ingredients. Normally, the kitchen cabinet consists of three main combinations namely the base cabinet and the tall cabinet and the wall cabinet. The base cabinet is the cabinet which is located beneath and usually shapes a table. The next one is the tall cabinet which is the kind of cabinet that stands from the kitchen floor until the top of the wall. The last one is the wall cabinet. The wall cabinet is the cabinet that hangs on the wall of the kitchen. It can help the house owners to bring the additional storage and the maximum kitchen usage. This kind of kitchen cabinet has smaller size about 30 centimeter to 43 centimeter. Normally, it is useful to keep the seasoning and the food or drink ingredients such as instant noodle and coffee as well as milk, etc. In the wall cabinet arrangement the house owners can choose shapes either the I shaped kitchen cabinet also the L shaped kitchen cabinet or the U shaped kitchen cabinet. For the wall cabinet, they can think about the other colors as well for example the kitchen furniture with the kitchen floor and the kitchen wall. To get the elegant accent, they can paint the wall cabinet with the cherry color. Or, they can use orange or light green colors to bring brighter for the kitchen.
As the time passes, the decoration of the kitchen has improved. This is because the kitchen is not only as the place to do cooking but also to have a chat and to come together among family members, or even to have relax. Thus, the house owners develop their kitchen design according to their taste to increase the activities in this area. it is not surprising that there are the unique kitchen designs which are applied by the house owners in order to explore their personal characteristics. In addition, they are willing to spend much money to create the favorite kitchen decoration. One way to get the wonderful kitchen design is placing the kitchen cabinet.
© 2005-2018 NILA HOMES. Reproduction without explicit permission is prohibited. All Rights Reserved. Theme by NILA theme


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Denmark striker Nicklas Bendtner could face sanction by Uefa after revealing the logo of a betting company while celebrating his second goal against Portugal in their Uefa Euro 2012™ clash on Wednesday.
Pictures taken by a Reuters photographer show Bendtner lifting his shirt to show the name of an Irish firm on the waistband of his underpants.
Sponsors pay millions to be associated with the European Championship and governing body Uefa has strict rules preventing ambush marketing.
A spokesperson said Uefa was investigating the matter.
Bendtner scored twice in Denmark's 3-2 defeat by Portugal in Group B, prompting a spokesman for the betting company to release a statement praising his performance and claiming credit for Bendtner's good luck.
The spokesman also said no money had changed hands with Bendtner and that the underpants have been sent to several unnamed players so could make a reappearance in the tournament.
Denmark face Germany on Sunday in their final group game as they look to reach the last eight.


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THG on TV: From Desperate Housewives to The Vampire Diaries...by Hilton Hater at . Comments
Charlie Sheen got wasted this week and threatened the life of a porn star. That kind of thing takes up almost all of our time at THG.
Fortunately, our friends at TV Fanatic have the small screen world covered. Click on the following links to get caught up now...
- ON SUNDAY... Bree had tons of sex on Desperate Housewives, while Dexter actually made us sleepy.
- ON MONDAY... Freddy Kruerger showed up on Chuck, while a friend of Kono's was found dead on Hawaii Five-0.
- ON TUESDAY... Glee honored The Rocky Horror Picture Show, while Abby got very involved in a case on NCIS.
- ON WEDNESDAY... Cheerleaders were auction off on Hellcats.
- ON THURSDAY... Stefan and Damon plotted to kill Katherine on The Vampire Diaries, while a rape took place on Private Practice.


text:
Listen carefully to the name and beginning sound of each picture: Echo,
"e"; exercise, "e,"; evergreen, "e"; edge, "e"; E, "e." This is the short
sound of "e!" Now write this letter, and say its short sound again. Then
read the review at the bottom of the page. Do this once a day until you
know the short sound of "e," and then go on to the next vowel.
Go back to main Phonics Pathways page


text:
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text:
Chip Kelly is not the only former University of New Hampshire offensive coordinator who will have a change of address.
Tim Cramsey, who led Central Catholic to its first state football title in 1993 and played for and worked on the same staff as Kelly at UNH, has been hired as the new offensive coordinator and quarterbacks coach at the University of Nevada. It's his first Football Bowl Subdivision-level coaching position.
Cramsey heads to Reno after a successful stint in charge of the offense at Football Championship Subdivision-power Montana State. The Bobcats averaged 37.6 points and 475 yards of offense in three seasons under Cramsey.
Last year at Montana State,...


text:
Ravenna – The 34th Annual Balloon A-Fair was deemed a success. The event offered two parades, a fireworks display, vendors, live entertainment, food, rides and, of course, two spectacular balloon launches.
Saturday's balloon launch drew near record numbers to Sunbeau Valley Farms to watch the sky become a kaleidoscope of colors as 22 balloons took flight.
The crowd started forming around 4pm to watch the 6pm launch. Following the launch, folks visited the vendors, rode rides, and listened to live music as they waited for the anticipated fireworks display that was set off at dusk.
Sunday morning activities started off early with a car/tractor show at Sunbeau Valley Farms and ended with the second balloon launch of the weekend, once again turning the blue skies into a kaleidoscope.


text:
Mach 3 isn't swinging the voltage during jog direction change. After reading through other people's posts and trying what they did, I still haven't solved the problem...any ideas? Here is what I've tried so far.
With my BIOS set to "Normal" for the Parallel Port:
High Voltage with the Port Monitor is 3.3V
Low Voltage is 0V
With my BIOS set to "EPP" or "EPP+ECP" for the Parallel Port:
High Voltage is 4.5V
Low Voltage is 4.0V
Either of these setups Mach 3 does not change the pin voltage from High Voltage to Low Voltage after jog direction change; it just stays at the high voltage. I am reading the voltage straight out of the motherboard port. I have an option for "Enable Legacy PnP detection" in my device manager for the parallel port and I've tried that, but it didn't seem to do anything.
Yes, I have:
Enabled Port #1 and verified Hex Address shown is the same as in Device Manager
Enabled X->Z axis
Set Step Pin# to 0 for all three axises (just for verifying port)
Set Dir Pins to 2->4 for X, Y, and Z
Set Dir and Step Low Active
Set Dir and Step Port as #1
Any ideas?