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To refer to this article use this url: http://contributionstozoology.nl/vol68/nr03/a03
Contributions to Zoology, 68 (3) ..-.. (1999)
Consequences of the discovery of Stenasellus (Crustacea, Isopoda, Asellota) in the underground waters of Oman (Arabian Peninsula)
Stygofauna of Oman, 4*
Guy J. Magniez , Jan H. Stock (†)
Keywords: Arid climate, cohabitation of species, ecotones, gen. Stenasellus, , marine ancestors, paleobiogeography, Quaternary glaciations, recent expansion, underflow.
An overview of the present knowledge of the family Stenasellidae (Asellota: Aselloidea) is presented, focusing on the success of recent investigations of the underground waters of Oman (SE Arabian Peninsula). We take up the discovery of four new species of the genus Stenasellus : small species adapted to interstitial biotopes and larger ones typical of karstic aquifers. These species cohabit in ecotones between interstitial and karstic water systems. The putative presence of stenasellids in hypogean waters of Yemen and South Iran is suggested. The taxonomic status of the genus Stenasellus auct. needs to be reconsidered in the future A scenario to explain the origin and the presence of these Isopods in continental underground waters is advanced.
The family Stenasellidae Dudich, 1924
At present, this isopod family (Asellota: Aselloidea) includes 10 genera and more than 70 taxa. All stenasellids are anophtalmous and lack integumental pigment, but they possess pink or red haemolymphatic pigment and live in continental underground waters. The smallest of the species is 2 mm long, the largest 26 mm. First discovered in 1896, in the sink-hole near Padirac, southwestern France, they also have been collected in many other places, in the Pyrenees, the Iberian Peninsula (1924), the Balkan (1924), Turkmenistan (1949), West Africa (1938), the Zaire Basin (1951), East Africa (1966), the Indochinese Peninsula (1971) and the western hemisphere from Mexico and Texas (1972) (cf. Coineau et al., 1994; Henry et al., 1986; Lanza, 1966; Magniez, 1983).
The investigation of underground waters in Oman
Between March, 23, 1996 and April, 9, 1996, Prof. J. H. Stock and Mr. J.J. Vermeulen made a very accurate survey of underground waters in the region of Jabal Akhdar (between J. Nakhl, Rostaq and Nizwa, SW of the city Muscat, Oman). Sampling was done mainly in the coarse alluvium of temporary surface streams (wadis), using the Bou-Rouch pump system, and also in some springs and wells. Similar sampling was undertaken by Dr Wewalka, February 17-22, 1998. Stenasellids were present in 42 of the localities and point to the fact that the settlement of these stygobitic isopods is very important in this southeastern corner of the Arabian Peninsula (Fig. 1).
Fig. 1. Map with the localisation of the East African and Asiatic species of the genus Stenasellus Dollfus, 1897, car. emend. Racovitza, 1924.
The species of Oman: ecology and taxonomy
The four species
The study of these numerous samples (more than 42, as certain localities were sampled several times) show that 4 different species (Fig. 2) exist in this area. All belong to the genus Stenasellus Dollfus, 1897, car. emend. Racovitza, 1924, the same genus already represented in southwestern Europe, Kenya, Somalia and the Far East (Fig. 1) by some 34 taxa. These 4 new species are to be described in a separate paper (Magniez & Stock, in prep.). Their provisional appellations are:
Stenasellus sp. A -- average size 12 mm (may be longer), present in 10 localities;
Stenasellus sp. B -- average size 8 mm, present in 2 localities;
Stenasellus sp. C -- average size of adults 3-4 mm, present in 32 localities;
Stenasellus sp. D -- average size of adults 2-2.5 mm, present in 15 localities.
Some 28 of the localities harbor only one species, 11 others show the cohabitation of 2 species, and the remaining 3 localities contain 3 species together. Cooccurrences of stenasellid species were already known from cave waters, viz., Mexistenasellus wilkensi and M. parzefalli Magniez, 1972; and in interstitial biotopes: -in the phreatic layers of Guinea-Bissau or Ivory-Coast viz., Parastenasellus chappuisi (Remy, 1938) and Magniezia guinensis (Braga, 1950) or M. africana (Monod, 1948); -in the water-table of the Guadalquivir River valley, SW Spain, viz., Stenasellus escolai Magniez, 1976 and S. bragai Magniez, 1977. Nevertheless, we bring here the first record of the presence of three species in the same biotopes. This situation requires the study of each specimen of each sample, to avoid any confusion between adults of dwarf species with juveniles of large ones!
Fig. 2. Relative size of the adults of the four species of Stenasellus living in the underground waters of Oman.
Ecological relations
The study of the material shows that the samples of Stenasellus sp. C and Stenasellus sp. D include a large number of specimens, juveniles and adults. Among these, numerous females in reproductive intermolt, their brood pouches full of embryos, or empty after release of the larvae. This observation points to two facts: 1) We really know the size of these species (females of 2 mm of S. sp. D and females of 3 mm of S. sp. C are in reproductive stage). More important, 2) The underflow of the wadis represents the true biotope of these two species, as it harbours true populations. However, the large species, S. sp. A and S. sp. B are present only in a few number of localities. The composition of their samples is never representative of a population: we find them for the most part only as young stages (with sizes similar to adults of S. sp. C or S. sp. D ), and only a small number of larger subadults and "young adults". We noticed that females with a brood pouch and even females with small oostegites are absent. We conclude two things. 1) The normal adult size of these species is larger than the size of the largest specimen captured. For instance, we think that for S sp. A, the maximum size could be similar to that of the karstic European form Stenasellus buili Remy, 1949 (14 mm for the male and 15-16 mm for the female). 2) The samples are not taken in the true biotope of these species, as they are not representative of a normal population. So, these samples are composed of erratic specimens, wandering in an ecotone, beyond their actual biotope. This region of Oman is rich in limestone an has caves with a karstic aquifer with even troglobitic fish in some of them. We can consider that the two large stenasellid species are actually karstic taxa and propose a scheme (Fig. 3) to explain the local occurrences together between the little interstitial and the larger troglobitic species. The communication between a karstic aquifer and an alluvial habitat is well known by hydrogeologists, and permits the expansion of stygobitic species from one type of underground aquifer to the other (cf. Magniez, 1979 and Fig. 4).
Fig. 4. Ecological relations between the four Stenasellus species of Oman; M = main biotopes, E = ecotones.
Taxonomic relations
Even though they are genetically independent (specific morphological characters and sizes quite different), these four species appear closely related to each other; obviously, they arose from a single original stock.
When descripting new species of Stenasellus from the Far-East (Cambodia, Borneo, Thailand, Sumatra), we were struck by their strong relationship with those of East Africa (Kenya and Somalia). The Oman species, geographically situated between the East-African and the Far-Eastern ones, fully belong to this taxonomic entity. Moreover, we can say that the species of East Africa, the Arabian Peninsula and may be the species Stenasellus asiaticus Birstein & Starostin, 1949 from a thermal brook in southern Turkmenistan represent a single center of settlement (Fig. 5).
So, the genus Stenasellus appears to be composed of three nuclei: 1) a western one in the Tyrrhenian region (Iberian Peninsula, S. France, Corsica, Sardinia, little part of W. Tuscany), 2) a central one: the horn of Africa (Messana, 1988) and Middle-East region, and 3) the Indochinese Peninsula and ancient Sunda continent (now reduced to islands) (Magniez, 1989, 1993). Thus the history of genus Stenasellus appears more complicated than that of West-African genera (Magniezia, Metastenasellus, Parastenasellus), which represent endemic taxa confined to paleobiogeographic units (Magniez, 1984, 1986, 1998).
Presence of stenasellids in Yemen and South Iran ?
Species of Stenasellus are present in Somalia + Kenya, the southeastern corner of the Arabian Peninsula and southeastern Turkmenistan. So we might ask if they are present in intermediate geographical regions. Yemen, southwestern Oman and southern Iran could harbour this fauna (Fig. 1). Ecological conditions indicate the existence of permanent underground aquifers, either as underflow in coarse grain alluvium (deposits of mountain streams), or in cavities in limestone, even at low altitude. This presence might be original and linked to the primitive expansion of the fauna after the colonisation, or, more recently, bound to a secondary expansion during intervals of wet climate or low sea-level.
This possibility concerns particularly southern Iran. We must not forget that, as late as 18,000 BP, the Persian Gulf was reduced to a series of small lakes and the Strait of Hormuz entirely emergent, offering a continuity of ground water between the Oman and Iranian aquifers. In order to reinforce this idea, we can invoke the existence of a similar system in the Far-East. Stenasellids are present in underground waters on the two shores of the Strait of Malacca, south on Sumatra, with Stenasellus covillae Magniez, 1987 and S. strinatii Magniez, 1991, and north on the Malayan Peninsula, with S. brignolii Pesce & Argano, 1981 and S. bedosae Magniez, 1991. However, recent exchanges of fauna across the Bab-El-Mendeb Strait don't seem possible.
Unity or heterogeneity of the genus Stenasellus auct.
As stated above, the status of this genus, with its 17 taxa in southwestern Europe, 12 in the Middle East and 9 in the Far East, is difficult to understand. Two groups of species appear in the European stock: "virei" group and "breuili" group (Magniez, 1996). The "virei" group, Middle-Eastern and Far-Eastern species are so strongly related that we can imagine that they are derived from a same, but widely distributed marine ancestor of the Tethys that succeeded in three different passages to continental underground waters. It remains difficult to explain the present distribution, from Portugal to Borneo and to Kenya with a single settlement, as the paleogeography of the Mediterranean-Tethysian region is more complex than that of the African plates. The genus Stenasellus needs a general revision sometime in the future.
The best scenario for the evolution of Stenasellids in underground continental waters
We can summarize our hypotheses:
-The existence of a very low number of marine ancestors in the warm Tethys sea (these forms already anophtalmous, deprived of integumental pigment and adapted to life in sediments),
-The passage into continental, fresh or oligohaline underground waters (no intermediate step in surface waters), in a very few number of points (may be during Upper Cretaceous ?),
-The wide geographical expansion in all types of underground waters together with occurrence of subsequent speciation (during the major part of Tertiary Era), giving to the family a global distribution larger than the presently known one,
-The drastic reductions of these settlements, possibly destruction of entire species in two areas: in the temperate regions of the Northern Hemisphere by Quaternary glaciations (obvious in Europe, possible in North America and Asia, maybe with temporary reconquest of biotopes during Interglacial times), and in northern Tropical zone; with the development of arid climate (the case is obvious for West-African genera, possible for the Middle-Eastern settlement of Stenasellus),
-The recent expansion of some eurytopic species, adapted to life in cool water (Magniez, 1985), which rapidly colonized new interstitial biotopes developed in coarse post-glacial channels of alluvium, that is the case in southwestern Europe, in the underflow of the hydrographic basins north and south of the Pyrenees (Magniez, 1996).
Coineau N, Henry J-P, Magniez G, Negoescu I. 1994. Isopoda Aquatica. In: Juberthie Ch & Decu V, eds. Encyclopædia Biospeologica 1: 123-140.
Henry J-P, Lewis JJ, Magniez G. 1986. Isopoda: Asellota: Aselloidea, Gnathostenetroidoidea, Stenetrioidea. In: Botosaneanu L, ed. Stygofauna Mundi. Leiden: Brill, 434-464.
Lanza B. 1966. Stenasellus pardii sp.n. della Somalia e note sistematische sugli Stenasellinae (Crustacea Isopoda). Monit.Zool. Ital. 74: 221-256.
Magniez G. 1979. Les Sténasellides de France (Crustacés Isopodes Asellotes souterrains): faune ancienne et peuplements récents. Bull. Soc. Zool. Fr. (1978), 103: 255-262.
Magniez G. 1983. Biogéographie et paléobiogéographie des Sténasellides (Crustacés Isopodes Asellotes des eaux souterraines continentales). Mém. Biospéol. 10: 187-191.
Magniez G. 1984. Sur la biogéographie des Stenasellidae africains (Crustacés Isopodes stygobies). Mém. Biospéol. 11: 51-54.
Magniez G. 1985. Regressive evolution in Stenasellids (Crustacea Isopoda Asellota of underground waters). NSS Bull. 47: 118-122.
Magniez G. 1986. Répartition transsaharienne de Metastenasellus Magniez ; description d'une nouvelle espèce d'Algérie (Isopoda Asellota). Stygologia 2 : 267-275.
Magniez G. 1989. Les Stenasellidae (Crustacés Isopodes) et la vie insulaire. Mém. Biospéol. 16: 87-90.
Magniez G. 1991. Bons et mauvais caractères taxinomiques: exemple des Sténasellides d'Extrême-Orient. Mém. Biospéol. 18: 99-104.
Magniez G. 1993. Vie insulaire des Asellidae et Stenasellidae en Extrême-Orient. Mém. Biospéol. 20: 139-144.
Magniez G. 1996. Histoire des Stenasellidae ibéro-aquitains (Crustacea, Isopoda, Asellota, Aselloidea). Mém. Biospéol. 23: 173-179.
Magniez G. 1998. Réflexions sur les Asellidae et Stenasellidae d'Afrique du Nord. Mém. Biospéol. 24: 89-96 (1997).
Messana G. 1988. Stygobitic Isopods of East Africa. Biogeographia XIV: 113-124 (publ. 31/12/1990).
Racovitza EG. 1924. Diagnose des genres Asellus et Stenasellus et description de deux Stenasellus nouveaux. Bull. Soc. Sc. Cluj 2: 81-92.

subset: commoncrawl


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Independent game developer Jon Blow recently ignited a mini-firestorm across the Internet due to his comments in a feature piece in The Atlantic, in which he proclaimed the mainstream game industry to be "a fucked-up den of mediocrity. There are some smart people wallowing in there, but the environment discourages creativity and strength and rigor, so what you get is mostly atrophy." (Coincidentally, this exact quote serves as an accurate assessment of several aspects of modern post-secondary education… but there's a different argument for a different day.)
The creator of Braid, the game most frequently cited by those in support of the perception of gaming as an art form (a closely-related debate), went on to describe his first venture into game creation as "a slot machine where you had to press a button at the right time to match a number on the screen, but I made the screen flash different colors and added sound effects. Really polishing the turd, so to speak which, really, was a good education for the modern game-development industry."
Blow is certainly not one to mince words.
In the same piece, journalist Taylor Clark concurs, writing:
[V]ideo games, with very few exceptions, are dumb. And they're not just dumb in the gleeful, winking way that a big Hollywood movie is dumb; they're dumb in the puerile, excruciatingly serious way that a grown man in latex elf ears reciting an epic poem about Gandalf is dumb. Aside from a handful of truly smart games, tentpole titles like The Elder Scrolls V: Skyrim and Call of Duty: Black Ops tend to be so silly and so poorly written that they make Michael Bay movies look like the Godfather series. In games, brick-shaped men yell catchphrases like "Suck pavement!" and wield giant rifles that double as chain saws, while back-breakingly buxom women rush into combat wearing outfits that would make a Victoria's Secret photographer blush. In games, nuance and character development simply do not exist. In games, any predicament or line of dialogue that would make the average ADHD-afflicted high-school sophomore scratch his head gets expunged and then, ideally, replaced with a cinematic clip of something large exploding.
As you might expect, Clark's work drew considerable ire, as he indicated in a follow-up piece defending and elaborating upon his position.
Clark and Blow naturally concede that there are exceptions to the rule, but point out that for every Flower, Braid, or Shadow of the Colussus, there are a hundred Call of Dutys, Dead or Alives, and Duke Nukems. The ratio of what they define as "intellectual" games as compared to mainstream games is miniscule, at best.
Clark also cedes that while the intellect of a game can be viewed as immaterial if the game in question is, bottom-line, fun, it is difficult to for a "creative medium" to demand respect and recognition if, in any debate over intellectual or creative merit, the same handful of examples keeps getting recycled over and over again from a pool of thousands, if not millions, of candidates.
While the recent resurgence of the independent gaming market may help stem the tide and slowly start changing the perception of gaming as a whole, the questions of whether or not it is too late, or whether this apparent perception even matters, are certainly reasonable ones to ask.
And so we pass it to you, dear readers. Are these concerns pretentious or valid? Have we, as gamers, lowered our standards irredeemably, as evidenced by the glut of so-called mediocrity flooding the gaming market? Is external perception of the medium our medium, let's be honest here irrelevant, so long as we enjoy what we do? Or do we owe it to ourselves to chastise the laziness and cookie-cutter nature of the mainstream, and call for new ways of thinking and playing in order to garner respect for our shared passion?
In other gaming news this week, God of War goes multiplayer, the Uncharted franchise takes a hit, Lord Diablo claims your television set in the name of all that is unholy, Bethesda announces Skyrim's first DLC, and Valve's Gabe Newell professes his love of My Little Ponies… wait, what? Read on.
- Kratos returns to PlayStations everywhere in God of War: Ascension, this time with multiplayer goodness. But don't get your Blades of Chaos in a tangle if you're a series purist – there will be an extensive single player campaign as well, set sometime before the events of the first game.
- Too poor to buy a PlayStation Vita? Buy a car and get it for free! …wait a minute.
- Bethesda has announced that Skyrim: Dawnguard, the game's first DLC, will launch later this summer. Rumors that significant new content will be included persist, the most notable addition of which might be dragon mounts.
- Uncharted 3's lead designer, Richard Lemarchand, is leaving Naughty Dog to pursue a teaching opportunity at the University of Southern California. Before taking up his new position, Lamarchand plans to channel Nathan Drake and backpack around the globe for a few months.
- Contrary to popular belief, Bethesda claims that development on Prey 2, a first-person sci-fi shooter with a Bladerunner vibe, is simply delayed, not cancelled. This doesn't jive with the rumors swirling around Human Head, the game's developers, which suggest there is a deep rift between Human Head and their parent company. Human Head has reportedly moved on to working on Rune 2 until all issues involving Prey 2 are resolved.
- With Diablo III's May 15 release date nearing, Blizzard's hype train has begun to pick up speed. The game's latest TV spot showcases Blizzard's trademark beautifully rendered cutscenes and gives viewers a brief glimpse at some of their demonic foes.
- Activision Blizzard is being sued for patent infringment for using a "system and method for enabling users to interact in a virtual space" in games such as World of Warcraft and Call of Duty. Perhaps it's just us, but that's an awfully broad patent, and could potentially apply to virtually any MMO, RPG, or sandbox game already released or under development.
- Finally, Valve head Gabe Newell has been exposed as a My Little Ponies fan a Brony, if you will. This might explain the insidious infiltration of the disgustingly endearing equines througout the gaming world.
If there are games you'd like us to cover or blogs you think we should be following for more news, please let us know @tdelucci or @pritpaulbains.


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Get the Look: Elizabeth Olsen's Allure Magazine Cover
by Emily L. Foley
It's very rare that I'll do a breakdown of a magazine cover look, but this one was just too good not to share. I also must really have a thing for blue eyeshadow, because look at the last magazine cover I featured! Ha.
Hung Vanngo is one of my favorite celeb MUAs, and he is often the genius behind Elizabeth's red carpet looks. He is also the master behind this gorgeous 70s-inspired makeup.
Here's how he created the look:
First, he rimmed the eyes with Make Up For Ever Aqua XL Waterproof Eye Pencil in I-24 and smudged them with a brush (I love this brush from NARS for smudging).
Next, he blended Make Up For Ever Artist Shadow in Azure Blue (S234) over the lid and into the crease for a 'elongated shape'.
He swirled champagne-colored highlighter (here's a great option) and Make Up For Ever HD Blush in 320 English Rose on the cheeks and finished things off by lining her lips in a nude liner (try this one) followed by Make Up For Ever Rouge Artist Natural Lipstick in N18 Powdery Pink.
A couple coats of mascara and a filled in brow, and you're done.
Are you as crazy for this look as I am?
Peace, Love and Cover Makeup,


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Report prepared by: P.J. Milburn.
Departed: 07:15 returned at approx. 16:00.
Sea conditions: to 1.5m NW.
Swell: SE to 0.5m.
Weather: Bright sunshine all day.
Temperature range: 18.1 to 18.6°C.
Barometric pressure: 1030 HPa.
Wind: NW 5kts at first, to WNW 10kts later in the afternoon.
Sea surface temperature: 17.1 to 18.1°C.
Primary chumming location: S 34° 29 E 151° 19.
This trip was the replacement for the scheduled June pelagic, which had been cancelled as a result of a monstrous 5 to 7m NE ground swell closing Wollongong Harbour.
Given the anticyclonic conditions and westerly winds we expected a pleasant cruise but little more. The day was strongly reminiscent of an outing on a park lake in more ways than one. Apart from the tranquil conditions, there were few indications of water mixing and the water had the greenish tones resulting from low oxygenation.
Bird numbers were exceptionally low all day and fortunately, at least, a reasonable number of mammals provided substitute entertainment. The seabird species total for the day was the lowest that I have experienced.
Appropriately for the conditions, pelagic sightings of Pacific Black Duck were of greatest interest to regular attendees!
Birds recorded according to the latest Environment Australia Reporting Schedule:
Species code: Species name: Numbers:
(Note: numbers in parenthesis = highest count at any one time)
005 Little Penguin Eudyptula minor 3 (3)
971 Solanders Petrel Pterodroma solandri 3 (2)
068 Fluttering Shearwater Puffinus gavia 14 (4)
088 Black-browed Albatross Thalassarche melanophrys 2 (1)
864 Indic Yellow-nosed Albatross T. carteri 11 (6)
104 Australasian Gannet Morus serrator 31 (16)
106 Australian Pelican Pelicanus conspicillatus 1
980 Brown Skua Catharacta lonnbergi 1
981 Kelp Gull Larus dominicanus 4 (4)
125 Silver Gull L. novaehollandiae 400+ (95+)
115 Crested Tern Sterna bergii 11 (3)
In the harbour:
096 Great Cormorant Phalacrocorax carbo 1
106 Australian Pelican Pelicanus conspicillatus 6
11 species of seabird identified outside the breakwater.
Other birds:
208 Pacific Black Duck Anas superciliosa 3 (3)
Australian Fur-Seal Arctocephalus pusillus 2 (2)
Humpback Whale Megaptera novaeangliae 2 (2)
Short-beaked Common Dolphin Delphinus delphis 150+ (150+)


text: "Ramses Rodstein is hot under the collar and Jacques LeFemme's to blame. A graduate of the school of hard knocks (or was it cocks?), Jacques delivers an expert blend of tough blows and tender touches worthy of a pharaoh. Then it's Ramses's turn to pump up the volume…." – Keymaster


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9219 Aura St
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The Village of Kaleva is located in the Heart of Manistee County, only 10 miles from beautiful Lake Michigan. Established in 1900 by Finnish immigrants who with hard work and Sisu (Finnish Word loosely meaning perseverance or resilience), have built a quaint Northwest Michigan community. Many of the village street names and the name Kaleva itself are taken from the Finnish epic poem "The Kalevala"
Kaleva has become a utopia for outdoor recreational activities year round, with nearby access to the Manistee National Forest and numerous fresh water streams and lakes. During the spring, summer, and fall there is plenty of opportunities for hunting, fishing, hiking, and swimming. During the winter months outdoor activities continue with Ice Fishing, and Snowmobiling. Kaleva is located only 8 miles from Crystal Mountain Resort were you can enjoy the excellent ski slopes and 2 beautiful golf courses.
Our Village Roadside Park host many community events during the warm summer months and is also a popular spot for overnight camping. Some of the events include Juhannus (Celebrating the Summer Solstice and St John's Day) on/or around the June 21st and Kaleva Days on the 3rd weekend in July. The Park is a favorite camp spot to hunters and fishermen especially during the fall salmon run and deer season.
Kaleva is home to a diverse number of businesses downtown and in our industrial park. Residents and visitors have access to our own bank branch and Post Office along with stores, restaurants, auto repairs, beauty shops, and gas station. Kaleva also has a full service lumber yard and a hardware/sporting goods store. Couple of the businesses in our industrial park includes an industrial service company and a L.P. tank and cylinder refurbisher. Also within the Village is the Maple Grove Twp Volunteer Fire Department, where West Shore EMS also staffs a full time paramedic team. The Kaleva Norman Dickson Schools is located only 5 miles from Kaleva.
The active service and social clubs reflect the personality of the community spirit of Kaleva. The service organizations/clubs include the Lions Club, the Veterans of Foreign Wars post, the Kaleva Historical Society, Kaleva Beautification Team, Kaleva Crusaders Relay for Life team, and the Neighborhood Watch. The social clubs include the Manistee-Benzie Snowbirds Club and Big Bear Sportmens Club. Kaleva includes 2 active churches, Bethany Lutheran ELCA and Kaleva Baptist.
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A Public Hearing will be held on Monday, December 18, 2017, at 6:30 pm at the Kaleva Village Office, 9219 Aura Street, Kaleva, MI 49645, for the purpose of presenting to the public the Village of Kaleva's 2018 proposed budget.
The Kaleva Village Counsel
Sonya L. Potts, Village Clerk
Copy of Rental Standard Ordinance is on our website at: http://villageofkaleva.com/pages/ordinances.htm
Copies are also available at the Kaleva Library
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Vilage of Kaleva • 9219 Aura St • Kaleva, Michigan 49645 • (231) 362-3366
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Bernard Meehan's new history of the Book of Kells is a reminder of what an amazing creation it really is, writes Peter Murray
THE 500,000 visitors who file past the Book of Kells in Trinity College library each year, pausing to admire its elaborately decorated vellum pages, continue a tradition of veneration and respect that stretches back well over 1,000 years.
From the time it was first compiled, the Book of Kells has enjoyed extraordinary fame, while its ownership, involving both privileges and responsibilities, has often been contested.
Even before it was completed, around the beginning of the 9th century, this great manuscript had to be transferred from Iona, an island off the coast of Scotland, to the relative safety of Kells, in Co Kildare, to protect it from marauding Vikings.
Founded by St Columba (also known as St Colum Cille) the monastery at Iona was an Irish creation, and so the Book of Kells is correctly described as Irish, even though a good part of it was completed in what is now Scotland.
In AD806, Viking raiders attacked Iona and massacred its religious community. Interested only in valuable ivory, jewels or silver mountings, they would happily have consigned the Book of Kells to the flames.
Fortunately, it survived, and is still in relatively good condition, due in no small part to the librarians at Trinity College who have looked after it over the past 400 years.
In 1953 it was expertly restored and rebound in four volumes by Roger Powell, the leading bookbinder of his day. The present keeper of manuscripts, Bernard Meehan, who has overseen the complete conservation of the manuscript and has studied it over many years, has now written a detailed description and history of the Book of Kells.
Published in a fine hardback volume, with dustcover and slipcase, Meehan's homage to the original is impressive. It runs to some 256 pages of superb colour reproductions and detailed texts that examine the making of the great manuscript, as well as explaining the meaning of many of the images and details employed by the scribes on Iona and at Kells.
The Thames & Hudson publication is divided into five main chapters detailing the historical background of the book, along with its contents, decoration, the scribes and artists who worked on it, and its physical features.
When it entered the library at Trinity, the Book of Kells was already 800 years old. Described as "Insular", it reflects the realities of an age when the northern part of Ireland, controlled by the great O'Neill family, and a good deal of what is now Scotland, formed one political entity. Celtic Christianity played a key role in this world and when the kings of Northumbria wanted to improve life for their pagan tribes, they turned to Christianity, not least because its art, literature and ceremonies recalled the order and civilisation of ancient Rome.
Although British tribes had been sidelined in Roman times, England had enjoyed economic stability under the Caesars. During the turbulent centuries that followed the departure of the legions, many rulers looked back with nostalgia to those more prosperous times.
To this end, Irish monks were invited to found monasteries and to lead the conversion of the peoples of northern England and Scotland to Christianity. St Columba founded Iona, while off the coast of Northumbria, St Aidan founded a monastery on the island of Lindisfarne.
In the centuries leading up to its destruction by Vikings in 793, Lindisfarne, like Iona, was one of the great centres for the production of illuminated manuscripts.
Pages of the Lindisfarne Gospels are painted in a style so close to the Book of Kells that one could believe the same scribes were involved in both these great books. However, as the Lindisfarne Gospels are dated to almost a century earlier, what becomes clear is that the tradition of manuscript illumination was handed down, over centuries, from teacher to pupil.
Notwithstanding regular calls for it to be returned to the cathedral at Durham, the manuscript of the Lindisfarne Gospels is preserved today in the British Library in London. A facsimile copy is displayed in the Cathedral Treasury in Durham, and in like fashion, visitors to Kells in Co Meath have to be content to view a reproduction of the Book of Kells, rather than the real thing.
Arguments that it would be impossible for one of the four sections of the Book of Kells to be displayed in its home town have been undermined by the decision by the British Library to display its recently-acquired St Cuthbert Gospel, the oldest surviving European bound book, for equal periods both in London and in Durham. However, when compared with the St Cuthbert Gospel, the value of the Book of Kells is incalculable.
The former, with its original 7th century tooled leather binding, was acquired in April 2012 by the British Library, for £9m, from the Jesuit College at Stoneyhurst. It is a small volume, not much bigger than the palm of a hand, with an exquisitely written text, but with no illustrations.
The much larger Book of Kells, with four times as many pages, and a profusion of illumination and decoration, is literally priceless, and as Ireland's greatest national art treasure, its safety and preservation is paramount.
Small pieces of paint became dislodged when one of the volumes was last loaned, to an exhibition at Australia's National Gallery in 2000.
Like the Lindisfarne Gospels, the Durham Gospels and the Book of Durrow, the Book of Kells represents a visual blending together of Mediterranean forms with Celtic vitality. Revered as an example of art created by a self-confident Irish civilisation, prior to the Viking, Anglo-Norman and English invasions, it paradoxically also represents an Irish colonisation of Britain, albeit one carried out by peaceful missionaries, rather than ruthless warriors.
When the book was brought to Ireland, it is likely that the monks involved in its making also travelled to Kells, where they continued work on completing its 344 vellum pages. However, probably because of further Viking raids, it was never finished and some pages contain only the traced outline of the proposed decoration.
It must be admitted also in that some parts of the book, in particular the Canon Tables intended to detail the chapters of the Gospels, the scribes got a bit muddled. In the early 11th century, the book was stolen from the sacristy at Kells, and, torn from its jewelled and gold bindings or shrine, was later recovered in a field.
Around 40 pages were lost, probably as a result of this incident. In the 16th century, the book was in the possession of a Gerald Plunkett, probably a relative of Richard Plunkett, the last abbot of Kells. After the dissolution of the monasteries, the Plunkett family held on to the Book of Kells but Gerald's high regard for the volume's artistic qualities did not prevent him from scribbling notes, using his own pen, over several of the pages.
Plunkett was one of a number of old Anglo-Irish families who remained Catholic after the Reformation, vainly hoping for tolerance from the British crown.
In 1641, when an uprising took place against English rule, Kells was pillaged and plundered. Leading an infantry regiment, Charles Lambert, 1st Earl of Cavan, regained the town from the rebel Hugh McMulmore O'Reilly, and took the book into safe-keeping.
He then transferred it to Dublin, where Henry Jones, a former officer in Cromwell's army and later vice-chancellor of Trinity College, presented it to the college. Jones was shortly afterwards to lead the collecting of Depositions relating to the rebellion of 1641, documents that provide an extraordinary insight into the turmoil in Ireland at that time.
In its new home, the Book of Kells became part of a wider mission to convert Irish Catholics to Protestantism. To this end, Jones followed William Bedell's example of promoting the Irish language, and also did much to improve the college library and to add to its collection of manuscripts.
He was assisted in this by Archbishop James Ussher, also a keen collector of manuscripts, whose contribution to Irish learning has been often overlooked and who is, perhaps unfortunately, best remembered for a chronology he drafted, based on the Old Testament, that dated the creation of the world to October 4004BC.
With Trinity College becoming an important repository of Irish manuscripts, on the continent several Catholic colleges also embarked on a similar mission. Founded in 1593 by Thomas White, a Jesuit from Clonmel, the Irish College of Salamanca emerged as a centre for the preservation and copying of manuscripts.
The two main Christian denominations in Ireland, Catholic and Protestant, began to compete for 'ownership' of the early Irish church. The Protestants argued that the early Celtic church, famous for maintaining an independence from Rome, was an antecedent of a more recent Christian church that had entirely rejected Roman rule.
However, such independence as was enjoyed by the early Irish church seems to have rested on hotly contested issues such as hairstyles and the date of Easter. On the Catholic side it was argued that while the early Irish church may have not been fully under the rule of Rome, it was clear from the lives of saints such as St Declan, and the pilgrimage trail that led through St Gall in Switzerland, that the early abbots looked to Rome for their authority.
A race began to transcribe and preserve old manuscripts and the lives of Irish saints. The college at Salamanca played a key role, and the Codex Salamanticensis, a collection of transcriptions from old Irish manuscripts, is now preserved in the Bibliotheque Royale in Brussels.
The era when the Book of Kells had been created was seen as a golden age in Irish history, and not just physical but also cultural 'ownership' of these Gospels and Lives of the Saints became important.
The libraries of religious houses and monasteries in Switzerland, Italy and Germany were scoured for old Irish manuscripts, and a project was initiated at Louvain to systematically copy them.
However, in Ireland, the rebellion of 1641, followed by the depredations of Cromwell's army a decade later, resulted in the destruction not only of property, but also of the possibility of understanding between scholars of the period paradoxically united in their love for the art of the early Irish Christian church. Given the conditions and troubles of those times, it is something of a miracle that the Book of Kells has survived, and that its magnificence can still be appreciated today.
The book itself combines pages covered with elaborate designs, with more or less undecorated pages containing the text of the four Gospels. Written in Latin, using the translation made by St Jerome in the 4th century, the Gospels are completed mainly in black or red ink, with decorative embellishments in yellow, green and blue.
Unlike other Insular manuscripts such as the Book of Lindisfarne, that were completed by one artist or scribe, not all of the artwork in the Book of Kells is of the same standard, and several artists and scribes were involved in its making. On the basis of a reference in the Annals of the Four Masters, art historian Francois Henry identified an abbot of Iona, a scribe named Connachtach, as working on the Book of Kells. Meehan is more cautious in attempting to identify the scribes but nonetheless his text is fascinating, as he describes how 'Scribe B' went over some of the work of an earlier writer, adding decorative embellishments.
Meehan explains the significance of motifs in the book, such as the frequently recurring lozenge shape that represents logos or the word of God, and the flowering chalices that refer to the vine as a symbol of Christ and the church. A motif appearing on several pages, of peacocks drinking wine from a chalice, is common in Early Christian and Byzantine art. There are visual puns also; the initial letter of the Nativity page is decorated with little circular multi-leafed crosses in the shape of the Star of Bethlehem flower, while communion hosts appear on many pages, as do crosses, fish and trumpet spirals.
Even a simple interlaced knot, such as that forming the 'O' of Orate, can be paralleled in a mosaic pavement in the Villa Massimo in Rome. Many of the decorative motifs in the book were common throughout the ancient classical world and survived in books and art through the centuries following.
Meehan also points out parallels between the decorative style in the Book of Kells and Irish metalwork from the eighth century such as the Tara Brooch.
The two pages, with small photographs, given over to 'Preludes and Parallels' are tantalisingly brief, although within the main text Meehan goes into far greater detail in drawing comparisons between motifs in the Book of Kells and other manuscripts and works of art from the ancient world.
While the decorative style used by the scribes of the Book of Kells is largely Celtic, the design of most pages is based on earlier manuscripts produced in and around the Mediterranean.
The most important centre for the production of these manuscripts was Byzantium, or Constantinople (now Istanbul), where Christianity continued after Rome had been overrun by pagan Germanic tribes. But there were also important centres in Italy, Greece and Armenia. St Catherine's at Mount Sinai in Egypt was a key monastery, with its library of books in various languages. Books created in Coptic Egypt clearly influenced Irish monks in faraway Iona and Lindisfarne, even down to the way the volumes were bound with cord and their leather covers decorated with embossed patterns.
In the Nubian Museum in Aswan, an early Coptic prayer book with Celtic interlace shows how easily and widely decorative motifs were transmitted in the ancient world by pilgrims. It is likely that such books, copied and re-copied, were almost a form of currency, donated to monasteries by grateful pilgrims in return for accommodation and hospitality.
An exhibition on the art of the ancient Armenian city of Dvin, held recently at the Civic Museum in Rome, included one of the oldest surviving manuscript Bibles, a book dating from the 5th century.
Although created three centuries before the Book of Kells, the Armenian bible demonstrates that the Irish manuscript was part of a tradition that stretched across Europe and had strong links to the Arab world and the East.
Mediterranean influences can also be seen in the Canon Pages of the Book of Kells, where decorative designs of vertical columns, surmounted by arches, preserve a memory of the architecture of the Roman basilica, with its central nave and aisles — motifs that also appear in the Armenian bible, and were common in many Christian manuscripts even before St Jerome produced his famous translation of the Bible in the fourth century. However, the Book of Kells, of all the manuscripts of its time, stands out as being in no way derivative or secondhand in its inspiration.
Although some of the pages may be based on Byzantine originals, the scribes on Iona and at Kells display a breathtaking originality and creativity in their treatment of the illuminated pages. Meehan details how the intricate interlace decoration and spirals, sometimes a dominant feature in the decorated pages, sometimes almost microscopic, were drawn.
Debunking the myth that expensive lapis lazuli was used by the artists, he shows how they instead used blue indigo, as was also employed in the Lindisfarne Gospels. He draws parallels between many details in the Book of Kells and other manuscripts of the period, but he also points out that the books and manuscripts that have survived are but a fraction of the original number in circulation throughout Europe, the Mediterranean world and further afield, citing the chance discovery in 2006 of a late 8th century manuscript in a bog in Faddan More, Co Tipperary.
Probably hidden to save it during a Viking raid, after 1,000 years in the bog this manuscript was in a very sorry state and almost unrecognisable as a book.
Thames and Hudson are to be commended for this magnificent publication, although it is in many ways a repeat of a book they produced almost 40 years ago. The 1974 Book of Kells closely resembles the present publication, right down to its size, slipcase, and overall design.
It is to be hoped that T&H enjoy similar success with this volume, handsomely printed in China, and out in the bookshelves in good time for Christmas.
* Peter Murray is director of the Crawford Gallery in Cork
© Irish Examiner Ltd. All rights reserved


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I dont know how she does it, but HWTM Jenn always comes up with spectacular tabletop ideas. It is so easy to OD on using peacock feathers and this color palette, but Jen's version is glamorous, chic and so festive!
ps: she did this arrangement for a project with Chambord – A Holiday Gift Set:Have a Ball This Holiday Season! The gift set comes with a 375ml bottle of Chambord Black Raspberry Liqueur, 2 pretty flute glasses, and a holiday tips booklet filled with Peacock-themed decorating ideas from me and yummy recipes from Chambord like the "Pomegranate Sparkle" and "French Polynesian". congrats jenn!
images: HWTM


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$50,000 on the line in cash prizes & contingency for class podium finishers at GEICO MMSX
The 2010 GEICO MiniMotoSX, presented by Monster Energy, is the richest mini bike race of all-time!
ANAHEIM, Calif. (April 29, 2010) – A bunch of guys are gonna walk out of the Orleans Arena next Friday, May 7th, each with a wad of cash big enough to entice an entire catwalk of Vegas strippers into a limo – or possibly outfit their already blinged-out mini bikes with even more titanium and carbon fiber parts.
The richest mini bike race in history is posting cash prizes, product and industry contingency totaling more than $50,000!
"Though the bikes are mini, the cash prizes are huge – which attracts the best racers in the world to GEICO MiniMotoSX," said Lance Bryson, Director of Sales & Marketing for GEICO MiniMotoSX. "With a packed house and gracious sponsors we're able to put together the biggest purse in mini cycle racing history. And with money on the line you know the racing's going to be great – if not a downright fistfight to the finish!"
With nearly $20,000 in cash prize purse money alone, the 10″ and 12″ Expert class winners, along with the inaugural GEICO MMSX World Final winner, will each pocket three grand – or almost a cool TEN GRAND if one guy can sweep all three events.
The annual GEICO MiniMotoSX, presented by Monster Energy, is the largest indoor motorsports competition of its kind. With more than 600 registered riders in 2009 the event literally allows for mini bike enthusiasts to become part of the show. As one racer put it: "At GEICO MiniMotoSX you don't just show up and watch racing in Vegas – you boot up and get on the track yourself to race in front of a packed house at the Orleans." Featuring numerous classes at all age and ability levels, GEICO MiniMotoSX delivers an unforgettable day of racing action for both fans and racers alike, along with an affordable 'Vegas experience' given the hotel and ticket package at the Orleans Hotel and Arena. Registration for the event is open right now on www.minimotosx.com
Tickets On-Sale NOW at the Orleans Arena, 888-234-2334; or online at www.OrleansArena.com
For rules and race information visit www.EnduroCross.com or email [email protected]
For TV airing dates/times visit www.motorsportshour.com
Sports_colorSource Interlink Media Motorsports:
Encompassing the highly successful AMA GEICO MiniMotoSX presented by Monster Energy, the AMA GEICO EnduroCross Championship Series and the AMA EnduroCross Grand Championships, the Source Interlink Media Motorsports brands reach millions of motorcycle enthusiasts with live events, DVD packages, web sites, television and magazine coverage. Visit www.minimotosx.com or www.endurocross.com.


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The City of Middletown Police Department is seeking the public's assistance in helping us to address quality of life issues in an around our neighborhoods. We would like to remind everyone that if you see something, please say something. Our dedicated officers are actively working to address problems within our community, but you can assist them by calling the police department anytime you see illegal activities taking place. Some common complaints that we are looking to address are:
• Traffic & speeding violations • ATVs riding on City streets
• Loud music from vehicles, residences, & businesses • Illegal dumping, especially during clean-up weeks
• Narcotics activities • Underage alcohol consumption
Please remember that our department is here to serve you. For assistance, contact us directly at (845) 343-3151. Together, we can build a stronger, safer Middletown!


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Ottawa County
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COL Steve Ellsworth is noted for his expertise in Civil War
history and numismatic security among other fields. This collection
of over 360 large cents in unusual and important die states, formed
over more than four decades, will give early copper aficionados a
chance to own pieces in seldom-seen states of die progression.
Among the collection's many highlights are a
1793 S-5 Wreath cent in unbroken Die State I, VF25 PCGS; a
1799 S-189 cent in Die State IV, ex: Naftzger with a pedigree
stretching back to 1890, VF25 PCGS; an
1800 80 Over 79 S-194 cent with Style Two Hair, Breen Die State
III with a distinguished pedigree, AU55 PCGS; and an
1809 S-280 cent, Breen Die State II, AU58 NGC.
Additional highlights include:
This collection and the rest of the Long Beach auctions are
open for bidding now
Back to Top
At the recent American Numismatic Association show in Chicago,
the Numismatic Literary Guild (NLG) presented their annual awards.
NLG honors went to:
Congratulations to the honorees!
We are proud to provide our Heritage Live!TM software
on all auctions marked as
This software allows you to participate in a live Heritage auction
from the comfort of your home or office over the Internet. You will
be able to browse and BID LIVE during the auction event against
other Internet bidders and floor bidders.
Heritage Live! will be featured on all Signature (and Signature
Session), Grand Format & Platinum Auctions, most offering both
live streaming audio and video.
To participate, please go to
www.HA.com/Live during the live portion of the auction. Just
enter your Heritage user name and password, and you can use the new
Heritage Live! software to begin bidding. We strongly suggest you
leave proxy bids at
www.HA.com before the live session in the event either side
experiences internet problems during the live auction.
First, a peek at the Heritage Live! interface layout:
To get to the Proxy bidding section, click on the LiveProxy
Bidding tab at either the top or the bottom of the screen. You can
place LiveProxy bids on all upcoming lots. LiveProxy bids bid live
for you and will NOT compete against any other bids you have
Heritage Auctions and Antique Trader magazine are teaming up to
offer a $500 auction credit as the grand prize in the 5th Annual
Favorite Finds Contest!
The contest is an opportunity to share your most memorable
stories with your fellow collectors. Your submission puts you in
the running for the grand prize of a $500 auction credit with
Heritage, or the runner-up prize: a 10-volume reference library
courtesy of Krause Publications and a one-year subscription to
Antique Trader.
It's free to enter and every participant gets a free copy of the
Favorite Finds issue featuring their story. All entries must be
received by 11:59 PM ET Sept. 30, 2013. Learn how to enter and
read how one collector discovered an amazing bronze
Tiffany cigarette box at a garage sale.
The twelve highest valued AU-graded US coins to sell in Heritage
Do you have a suggestion for a future top ten list?
Send it to us!
Coin Buyer Wanted - Dallas Office
Heritage Auctions is seeking talented numismatists with a broad
range of expertise to join our Dallas office. If you have a good
working knowledge base of U S. coins and currency and are
comfortable dealing with the public, we have openings for permanent
positions as a buyer. Duties will include dealing with walk-in
clients, evaluating and purchasing coins and currency, working
local coin shows, and accepting Auction consignments. Pay will be
commensurate with numismatic experience.
If you are interested in this position, please contact
Reduced Auction Commissions When You Resell Your
When you win any lot worth with a hammer price of $1,000 or more
(or $2,500 for Art and Nature & Science lots), you will receive
a coupon that entitles you (or your heirs) to re-consign that lot
to Heritage at a reduced seller's commission. Selling through
Heritage is a convenient and hassle free way to maximize your
return (find
out why). Maybe you'll need to make room in your collection for
something better, perhaps your collecting tastes will change, or
maybe it will be your heirs that benefit; but be sure to save the
coupon, which could be worth hundreds or thousands of dollars.
As the fastest growing American-based auction house, financially
rock-solid Heritage Auctions continues to grow and seek the best
talent in the industry. If you are a specialist or have strong
general collectibles knowledge, we want to hear from you. These
specialists will, in some cases, head new departments and in others
will enhance existing department expertise. We have positions open
at our headquarters in Dallas as well as at our new
state-of-the-art galleries in prime locations in both Midtown
Manhattan and Beverly Hills.
Heritage is seeking to hire the world's best specialists in
the following categories:
If you are interested and feel you have the qualifications we
seek, please email your resume and salary history to
We are also seeking to fill the following corporate
If you are interested in applying for one of these Corporate
positions, please
apply here.
Samuel H. Walker Daguerreotype May Sell For
$75,000+ As Part Of The John N. McWilliams Texas Ranger
"The focus of the collection is in two parts: The
1840s-1850s-era, which would be the Jack Hayes and RIP Ford era,"
McWilliams said about the collection in a special video now posted to Heritage Auctions'
YouTube channel. "The second portion of the collection, which
is equally as important, is the frontier battalion era, which is
dating from the early 1870s until about 1900."
A cabinet card, taken circa 1888, which depicts the
only-known original print of an iconic group portrait of the
Company "D" Rangers at the height of their notoriety, is
estimated to bring $7,000+. Among the Rangers pictured are Captain
Frank Jones, Bass Outlaw, J. Walter Durbin, William "Tink" Durbin,
Cal Aten, and Frank Schmid. The card, which has been extensively
published, was previously in the collections of Robert W. Stephens
and George Jackson.
More information about historical auctions.
The September 18 consignment deadline will be here before you
know it, so call our Consignment Hotline at
x1000 today!
2013 November 1 - 3 US Coin Signature Auction - New
Consignment Deadline: September 18, 2013


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I needed a dolly with the correct profile to planish out the dents in a crumpled 1930s Ariel motorcycle front mudguard. As there is no such thing obtainable, I made my own.
I had one point on this old moonscape guard with a reasonably intact original profile. Using a piece of cereal packet and a pencil stub I was able to create a template approximately a pencil radius shy of the inside profile – ignoring the center ridge.
I transferred this to 1″ x 1/4″ flat bar stock to make a backbone for the dolly.
With the welder in flux-core mode, a MAPP-GAS torch and my little welding table, I bent some 1-1/2″ x 3/16″ flat stock around this profile and secured it in place.
I've never found propane to be hot enough for anything but soldering. MAPP is much better and can quickly get the steel to a low red where it will deform at will.
I left the long end on for leverage and concentrated the heat at the specific point needing bending and worked my way around. Some hammering happened too.
Digging around on the net for specs on MAPP gas it seems that true MAPP gas has been out of production since 2008. The replacement is MAPP-Pro which the specs, at first glance, seem to say burns significantly colder. The old high MAPP temp is for an oxy torch, not for the basic atmospheric torch. Atmospheric performance is supposed to be about the same. I have actual MAPP gas, as I apparently haven't needed a new cylinder in over 6 years, so I can't really say if the new stuff will work as well or not. Apparently "effective BTU" is more important than temperature, and MAPP Pro is 10% better than propane and 15% less oomph than MAPP.
The completed dolly is not quite symmetrical, with slightly different curves on each side, so I picked the one I like and rotate it as needed. When the gueard is "right" it wedges in tightly above the valance seam. It really shows up how distorted the whole thing is. The center mount was pulled up 3/8″ and the front area is splayed out nearly 1″.
Here are some pics of the fabrication.


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Aquinas' Summa Theologiae Hardback
by Stephen Loughlin;
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Aquinas' Summa Theologiae
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This is an introduction to the most important theological work of the Middle Ages. In the intellectual tradition of the Christian faith, few thinkers have had a more profound effect upon both the nature of theology and the materials with which it deals than Thomas Aquinas. A knowledge, therefore, of his major work, the "Summa Theologiae", is necessary for the student of theology, let alone any who are concerned with the Western intellectual tradition, so pervasive is Aquinas' thought to the fabric of Western thought. This, together with the immensity, length, and difficulty of the Summa, make a Reader's Guide valuable, even crucial, to a student's first exposure to this work. To address the needs of undergraduates who attempt a reading of this work, Stephen Loughlin presents the basic principles that underlie the "Summa Theologiae" both as a whole and with respect to its three parts, and the varying treatises found within them. "Continuum Reader's Guides" are clear, concise and accessible introductions to key texts in literature and philosophy.Each book explores the themes, context, criticism and influence of key works, providing a practical introduction to close reading, guiding students towards a thorough understanding of the text. They provide an essential, up-to-date resource, ideal for undergraduate students.
Aquinas' Summa Theologiae by Stephen Loughlin was published by Bloomsbury Publishing PLC in July 2010. The ISBN for Aquinas' Summa Theologiae is 9780567511416.
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Details for Aquinas' Summa Theologiae
|Author / Artist
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Natural gas gathering and processing: A major business for many MLPs (Part 3 of 7)
Increased production
One factor that has been driving major growth in the natural gas gathering and processing arena is the increase of natural gas production over the past few years.
Natural gas production growth in the U.S. has been driven by the "shale revolution." The shale revolution generally refers to the widespread application of new technologies such as hydraulic fracturing and horizontal drilling to develop areas that were previously uneconomic to drill. With the adoption of these new techniques, plays such as the Haynesville Shale (where Chesapeake is increasing drilling this year, see Where will Chesapeake concentrate its drilling activity?, with natural gas gathering and processing being serviced by Access Midstream Partners) in North Louisiana and the Marcellus Shale in Appalachia were "discovered" and upstream companies rushed in to produce natural gas.
In some of these new plays, there was little infrastructure to gather and process natural gas, creating a significant opportunity for midstream companies to come in and build up the necessary infrastructure, grow their asset base, and generate returns to unitholders.
For example, certain areas of the Marcellus Shale in Appalachia are considered to be the U.S. premier natural gas assets due to extremely flush production as well as a high content of natural gas liquids. MarkWest Energy (MWE) is one of the companies with the most exposure to this region, and it has invested significant amounts of capital for natural gas gathering and processing there, as well as of natural gas liquids takeaway and logistics. MWE's stock price has increased from ~$11 per unit in March 2009 to ~$64 per unit currently (which doesn't take into account distributions over the years). Book assets for the company increased from $2.7 billion at the end of 2008 to $9.4 billion at the end of 2013 as well.
Natural gas gathering is also in demand in areas where oil and liquids production is the goal, such as the Eagle Ford (where MLPs such as Regency Energy operate), as natural gas is often a significant part of the total stream of hydrocarbon production.
The increase in drilling and production affects natural gas gathering and processing names across the board, including Regency (RGP), MarkWest Energy (MWE), Access Midstream (ACMP), and Targa Resources (NGLS), which are all components of the Alerian MLP ETF (AMLP).
Read on to the following part of this series to learn about other trends affecting natural gas gathering and processing operations.
Browse this series on Market Realist:


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Product Features
DC Banshee snowboard pants are standard fit pants designed for kids. They feature critically taped seams and a 3,000 G breathability rating which mean these pants are designed to hold up against the elements while still keeping your kid warm and dry. Whether it''s a long day on the slopes of your favorite mountain or just a day at the park sledding down that popular hill, Banshee pants waterproofed with Exotex 3,000 and insulated with Fill 80, can be trusted to keep both you and your kid happy.
Key Features of the DC Banshee K Snowboard Pants:
- 3,000mm Waterproof
- Critically taped seams
- 80gm poly-insulated
- Standard fit pants
All Gear by: DC


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Over the past several months the staff has added over 200 trees and shurubs throughout the property. Some plant material has been concentrated in screening Galltin Road from the golf course and other plant material has been installed to reestablish the tree lines separating each hole. As the mature trees have gotten older, many have died or fallen from storms leaving open voids around the course. Utilizing the Master Tree Plan created last year we have set priorties to follow over the next several years to continue a consistant reestablishment plan.
The staff has begun our first year of applying fertilizers to feed the mature and new trees for increased health and the ability to grow stronger. Our recent goal has been to supply the neccessary water to establish a root system on the new planted trees. By adding tree bags we provide a slow steady supply of water to keep the trees hydrated that we fill a couple times a week.
Watering the tree bags typically takes one crew member about half a day by using an old sprayer trailer converted to a water tank. The water tank hasn't been operational for over 5 years and abandoned in the back of the shop. Now the tank has been restored and makes a perfect piece of equipment to provide water for the trees.


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Krugman On GOP Budget: "Ridiculous And Heartless"; And Why Did Heritage Scrub Ryan's Numbers?
Paul Krugman correctly states that the GOP budget plan is simultaneously "ridiculous and heartless." And we are back to voodoo economics as Republicans make the false claim that tax cuts pay for themselves. The proposal put out by Budget Committee Chair Paul Ryan (pictured) and backed by the Heritage Foundation was erased from the Heritage website.
Specifically, the Ryan proposal trumpets the results of an economic projection from the Heritage Foundation, which claims that the plan's tax cuts would set off a gigantic boom. Indeed, the foundation initially predicted that the G.O.P. plan would bring the unemployment rate down to 2.8 percent -- a number we haven't achieved since the Korean War. After widespread jeering, the unemployment projection vanished from the Heritage Foundation's Web site, but voodoo still permeates the rest of the analysis.
The Congressional Budget Office finds that much of the spending cuts would pay for tax cuts, not deficit reduction. And the plan to abolish Medicare and replace it with private vouchers won't cover rising health costs leaving an aging population with inadequate health care.
…as the Center on Budget and Policy Priorities points out, of the $4 trillion in spending cuts he proposes over the next decade, two-thirds involve cutting programs that mainly serve low-income Americans. And by repealing last year's health reform, without any replacement, the plan would also deprive an estimated 34 million nonelderly Americans of health insurance.
What Ryan and his GOP cohorts want to do hurts seniors and non-seniors. It's cruel. And it's ridiculous.
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There is nothing better than having crunchy, maple sweetened granola on hand to eat with milk or sprinkle on yogurt and oatmeal (or honestly, just eat by the handful). Let me introduce you to my new favorite: Homemade Apple Pie Granola.
Using up the last lone Fuji and Braeburn apples from my fruit share this fall, I dehydrated some of them in the oven into dried apple bits to mix into this granola. And then accidentally ate most of them before making this recipe! That's when you know you've stumbled onto something good.
- 5 medium apples (or 2 cups dried apple rings)
- 3 cups old fashioned oats
- 1 tablespoon cinnamon
- 1 teaspoon vanilla extract
- ½ teaspoon salt
- ¼ cup maple syrup
- ¼ cup melted coconut oil
- 1 egg white
- 1 cup chopped walnuts
- Preheat the oven to 200 degrees.
- Dice apples (leaving the skin on) into very small ½ inch pieces and spread them on a baking sheet covered in parchment paper or a baking mat.
- Bake the apples for 3-4 hours, mixing them around halfway through to allow even drying. They are ready when there is little moisture left (use the taste test and see if they have gotten to the texture of dried apple rings). It is fine if some small pieces are more like apple chips.
- Preheat the oven to 350 degrees.
- In a bowl, combine oats, cinnamon,vanilla, and salt. Add in the maple syrup, melted coconut oil, and the egg white and mix thoroughly.
- Add in the chopped walnuts and 2 cups of the dried apple bits. If you are using dried apple rings, dice them and measure out 2 cups before adding to the mixture.
- Bake the granola on a parchment or silpat lined baking sheet for 20 minutes. Remove the granola from the oven and let it cool to room temperature before sealing it in an airtight container.
Take my adoration for these little dried apple bits to heart, and at least make yourself some homemade dried apple bits to snack on. They would be a great addition to some trail mix!
I now wish I had made another batch of this granola before dissembling our kitchen for painting the cabinets, because I need the crunchy snack to keep me going! It's a chore to find my kitchen items that are spread out from emptying the cabinets, and I've been staying out as much as possible so the mess is minimized.
Anyone willing to bake me my own granola? That would be much appreciated. Or at least bake it for yourself or gift to a friend, and send me a picture of your pretty jar with a bow!
What's your favorite granola?


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I try to update my skincare routine based on the seasons because the essentials I use in Spring and Summer are completely different from Fall and Winter. Make sure to leave a comment below telling me what your fall skincare essentials are! I want to thank Götz for sponsoring this post and sharing their product with me. Without it, I would have never known a difference one treatment could make to my skin.
1| Makeup Remover
I changed up my makeup remover for fall to an oil-based makeup remover that's not so harsh on my skin, which is why I've been loving the boscia makeup-breakup cleansing oil. I would definitely recommend this if you want a remover that won't irritate your skin and that will remove all your makeup easily.
2| Cleansers and Scrubs
Cetaphil's face cleanser has been in my routine for five years and I've used Lush's Cup o' Coffee for over two years. I can say that both products are wonderful for fall. I treat my skin to a scrub because of the change in weather, but I don't need to change my skin cleanser because it works well anytime of year. Both are great for normal to oily skin types.
3| Moisturizer
Another set of products I've used for more than five years is the DayWear collection from Estēe Lauder. I've tried other moisturizers and serums over the years, but I've found that this collection works best for fall. Both products are incredibly hydrating but they don't leave my skin oily or feel weighed down.
4| Treatments
Another newer product I've been loving this oxygen facial tonic from Götz. This product balances excessive oils in your skin, without drying out my skin for fall. It also helps soothe redness from blemishes. Let's be honest, we all have pimples from time to time, so it's nice to have a product in stock that helps treat any blemishes fast.
After using the facial tonic for a month, I've noticed my pores are smaller, and I have less redness in the problem areas of my skin when I have breakouts. I love that it removes all impurities and leaves my skin feeling refreshed. If you're interested in trying the product yourself, be sure to shop the facial tonic here!
What products have you been loving recently for your skincare routine? Leave a comment below so I can check them out!


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Ivan Sorokin is missing. Who wants him out of the picture - his wife, his business partner, or the stripper who holds his heart?
Josie Tucker stands on Beach Street with her back to the San Francisco wharf. Above her, the Ghirardelli sign winks in the dusky twilight, seducing her. The ice cream parlor lights beckon like a lactose lothario, a casein casanova, trying hard to woo her. But her heart longs for dumplings, for dim sum.
Dim sum means "heart's delight." Imagine nibbling at a savory golden pouch stuffed with delicately seasoned meat. If a lover offers the morsel on the tips of exquisitely lacquered chopsticks late in the morning while reclining on silken cushions - that's food for the heart.
Chinatown. Dim sum. Murder. Josie's perfect ingredients for adventure.
©2015 EM Kaplan (P)2016 EM Kaplan
"josie sinks her teeth into the world of burlesque"
sunny lu's melodic tones helps draw you into the tale, totally entrancing
as Josie starts to get her life back together after being buried alive in her first tale, she embarks on a journey to san Francisco to get the low down on her best friends boyfriend and his start up company, just as she gets there everything starts falling apart, with her new P.I. licence she starts to get into the swing of things with her natural ability to get people to talk, her nose for trouble and a couple of local cops, she delves into the murky world of china town, silicone valley and burlesque strippers!the story is faster paced than the first book and the witty one liners abound making this a very good read indeed, would recommend!
"great murder mystery"
great murder mystery really entertaining had me thinking about what's going to happen the whole time great writing kept me captivated would highly recommend reading this book or listening to it
"Book Review"
Loved the 2nd book as much as the first. Keeps you interested from the beginning to the end.
"I LOVED this series!"
I thoroughly enjoyed everything about this book. Josie is the perfect amateur sleuth and food critic, though she is challenged by gastric issues that put a hamper on her livelihood. This is a fun, fast-paced mystery filled with twists and turns I didn't expect. A real page turner! And Sunny Lu was a fabulous narrator. Great series. I know what I want for Christmas...Dead Man on Campus. Thanks EM!
"Great Book"
This is a fun series that I really enjoy. I can't wait for the next book.
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Brilliant Artwork by Kevin DartCategories Articles
This is a guest post by Steven Atuah – a freelancer web designer and active in pursuing any inspiration work. He runs Cuded, a place to showcase exciting work from the best artists, designers, architects and llustrators.
Kevin Dart is a freelance illustrator living in Southern California, and a co-owner of Fleet Street Scandal. Kevin has a great mix of influence in each of his pieces, a bit of Japanese character design, a dash of 30s travel postcards, hint of James Bond all wrapped up in a B-movie poster. Let's have a taste of the beautiful palette of his great work.


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Our friend Steve Silverstein is an acknowledged racing Sunbeam Alpine authority, so when someone comes up with a mystery car, he usually gets the call.
He got the call last weekend, with a batch of photos of an Alpine someone has owned since '85. "It was a race car that he had worked on in 1968 as a teenager. He didn't know the history prior to '67, other than it and another Alpine race car were on display at a Ring Free Oil distributor's facility."
It was worth the research: "It turns out that it was the Alpine, one of two, that Ring Free sponsored to run the 24 Hours of Daytona in 1966. These two Alpines were driven by all-female teams. Janet Gutherie, Donna Mae Mims and Suzy Dietrich drove one car and the other was driven by Smokey Drolett and Rosemary Smith the British Rally driver." That appears to be this car, which completed the 24 Hours to finish 30th overall, two places ahead of the Mims/Guthrie/Dietrich car.
Those are some serious names, but their 24 Hours car had been forgotten for decades. It's in traditional Alpine racing livery today and clearly restored, but still has its #42 intact–we're assuming the #80 car was the other entry. Monterrey Historics, anyone?
I have always liked the alpines, infact a friend of mine has a collection of V8 sunbeam tigers and a AMC gremlin. Looks like this Alpine owner is also an AMC fan as I see a corner of what apears to be a hornet in front of the alpine…I bet Dan can verify this.
What memories! I was in attendance that year and remember the ladies posing in pit lane for a team picture.
I am currently producing a commemorative DVD celebrating 50 years of the Alpine with the SAOC here in the UK. I am trying to get hold of some supplementary film and photo archive for the project. Can you help??
Would love to use a copy of the racing picture above if possible.
kind regards
Alun, I gave your email to Steve, I expect he'll be in touch.
Very nice… however this car is a SeriesIII Alpine . Rosemary Smith/ Smokey Drolett drove a Series V Alpine (No 78) at Daytona In 1966. Most likely this car pictured, Car No 80 was Driven by Janet Gutherie, Donna Mae Mims and Suzy Dietrich . Just a small point !!.
I just came across your article. A good friend of mine was the PR Director for the Ring-Free racing team. Len Marino is now 91 and as sharp as ever. If Steve would like to speak with Len, please e-mail me.
Kind regards,


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Tuesday, 11 July 2017, 13:00
For the third year running Faded bring you to Croatia's Fresh Island Festival as an official UK partner bringing the Faded vibes and pre-parties to Europe's #1 Beach Hip Hop & RnB Festival, having featured the likes of Chris Brown, Wiz Khalifa, Snoop Dogg, Rick Ross, Kehlani, Ty Dolla Sign, Iggy Azalea, Joey Badass, Pusha T and many more it brings the biggest names in Hip Hop, RnB and Grime and mixes it with beach vibes in the beautiful surrounding that is Zrce Beach. Party day and night across multiples arenas, with pool parties, boat parties and so much more.
Festival Dates: Tuesday 11 July - Thursday 13 July (last event ends 6am Friday 14th July)
Pre-Parties from Sunday 9 July
2nd of 3 Line Up Announcements made // Current Line up below:
Rae Sremmurd
Sean Paul
French Montana
Krept & Kokan
DJ Jazzy Jeff
Lady Leshurr
Tim Westwood
Faded // Cheese On Bread // Gold Teeth // Rilla // Urban Friday // Gin N' Juice // Shorebitch // Rompa's Reggae Shack // So Fresh So Clean // Frank Jez // The Menendez Brothers
• With the GA 3-Day Festival ticket you will be able to enter the festival areas during the festival.
• Entrance to VIP areas, pre-parties, after-parties and Boat parties is not included.
To Upgrade to VIP from a GA ticket, please visit: https://shoobs.com/events/17819/fresh-island-vip-upgrade
• With the VIP 3-Day ticket you will be able to enter the festival areas and the VIP festival areas.
• Entrance to pre-parties, after-parties and Boat parties is not included.
• VIP 3-Day ticket does not include drinks or backstage access.
• VIP table reservations are available only in club Papaya.
• VIP table reservation is possible only with a valid VIP ticket for the festival.
• Wristbands enable access to the festival areas on Zrće beach, according to the wristband type.
• Every customer is going to need to pick up the wristband personally at the wristband exchange boxes at the festival with a valid personal document.
• They are not to be cut or damaged in any way or they will no longer be valid.
• We are not offering packages with accommodation or flights but advise you source these independently, it will likely prove cheaper and logistically better than full trip packages.
• The closest airports (in order) are Zadar (1.5 hours), Split (2 hours), Rijeka (2.5 hours), and Zagreb (3.5 hours). Direct flights from London should cost around £150-250 if booked in advance.
• Accommodation is advised in the town of Novalja, this is where the majority of guests will be staying and is as much a part of the festival experience as Zrce Beach (festival site) itself.
• Novalja is a 10-minute drive (shuttle buses are every 15-30 minutes) to Zrce Beach.
• Accommodation is advised on 5 or 7-night stay usually arriving or departing on a Saturday.
• There will be pre-parties and events on the days leading up to and following the festival, we also recommend visiting some of Croatia's other cities, towns and tourist attractions on off days, such as Krka National Park or Dubrovnik.
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Faded, , London, United Kingdom
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Protecting Our Babies From Toxic Chemicals
Recent media attention concerning chemicals in baby products has caused much concern and alarm. The No More Toxic Tub report from the Campaign for Safe Cosmetics, a non-profit agency whose goal is to bring attention to harmful chemicals in our skin care products, informs us that many of the baby products that we know, love, and have used for many years contain cancer-causing (carcinogenic) chemicals, specifically, 1,4-dioxane and formaldehyde. In addition to these two harmful chemicals, parents have to worry about the presence of phthalates and parabens in their personal care products as well as their baby's.
These chemicals are not federally regulated here in the United States, but have been banned in other countries. 1,4-dioxane has been banned in Europe and formaldehyde is banned in Japan and Sweden. The U.S. and Europe have banned three phthalates (DEHP, DBP, and BBP) from children's toys.
1,4-dioxane is not a product added intentionally, but instead is considered a contaminant and therefore is not required to be listed on product labels. This chemical is used as a foaming agent and found in many of the products that we use today, such as shampoos, liquid soaps, deodorants, laundry detergents, toothpastes and much more. 1,4-dioxane is readily absorbed into the bloodstream potentially causing damage to the central nervous system, liver, kidneys and may even result in death.
Formaldehyde exposure occurs everyday in the air that we breath and from some of the foods that we eat. Formaldehyde is a gas which can cause throat, nose, skin, and eye irritation. Exposure can cause coughing, wheezing, watery eyes, itching, and skin irritations. Formaldehyde exposure has been linked to allergies and asthma in children. The U.S. Environmental Protection Agency classifies formaldehyde as a carcinogen and high levels of this chemical have been linked to the development of nose, lung and brain cancer as well as leukemia.
Phthalates are another man-made chemical found in many of our personal care products. Phthalates are used to make plastics flexible and used in many fragrance oils to help prolong the fragrance's scent. A study conducted by the American Academy of Pediatrics concluded that many young infants are frequently exposed to phthalates in common baby lotions, powders, and shampoos thereby making them more vulnerable to the developmental and reproductive adverse effects of these chemicals. Phthalates have been linked to hormonal changes, birth defects, reproductive abnormalities in baby boys (i.e. low sperm count, testicular cancer, deformities of the penis), and damage to the liver, kidneys, and lungs.
Parabens are used as a preservative in many cosmetics, foods and pharmaceutical products. Parabens can mimic the hormone estrogen and when absorbed through the skin, parabens have been linked to breast cancer and male reproductive abnormalities.
Even natural and organic products have been shown to contain these worrisome chemicals. How can you tell if your products contain harmful ingredients? Read the label (find out what to look for here). Be sure to visit the Skin Deep database to find out the safety rating of your products.
Manufacturers of these baby products argue that their product only contains a small amount of these chemicals and are below acceptable levels. Sure, they may be "below acceptable levels", but isn't it possible that repeated exposure over a life-time can increase the risk for cancer? And is it worth the risk? Here are some sad cancer statistics:
- Cancer is the leading cause of death by disease in children between the ages of 1 and 15.
- Cancer kills more children than any other disease.
- The median age for a child with cancer is 6 years old.
Maybe, just maybe, we can help reduce these sad and shocking numbers by becoming more informed and making better choices in the products that we use, the food that we eat and the water that we drink. Hopefully, our choices will influence manufacturers to produce products that are safe, non-toxic and healthier for our families.
American Academy of Pediatrics
Campaign for Safe Cosmetics
Environmental Protection Agency
Environmental Working Group
National Cancer Institute. Snapshot of Pediatric Cancers
Northern Nevada Children's Cancer Foundation
Organic Consumers Association
Be sure to like, comment and share Babies 411 content with your friends to help keep babies healthy and safe.
Author : Diba Tillery RN, BSN, IBCLC, CPST