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Product Description:
100% Dyneema SK 75 12 strand single braid, treated with our unique Marine-Tech coating for excellent abrasion and UV resistance.
Colors Available:
Lengths Available:
Very little degradation from sunlight. Can be used outside over long term if inspected regularly.
HMPE has good resistance to most minerals, organics, acids, and weak alkalines. HMPE also has excellent resistance to bleaches and other oxidizing agents and to most solvents.
HMPE melts at 300°F with progressive strength loss above 150°F.
Good resistance to the passage of electrical current. However, dirt, surface contaminants, water entrapment, and the like can significantly affect dielectric properties. Extreme caution should be exercised any time a rope is in the proximity of live circuits.
Recommended sheave diameter to rope diameter is 8:1.
Working Loads:
No blanket safe working load (SWL) recommendations can be made for any line because SWL's must be calculated based on application, conditions of use, and potential danger to personnel among other considerations. It is recommended that the end user establish working loads and safety factors based on best practices established by the end user's industry; by professional judgment and personal experience; and after thorough assessment of all risks. The SWL is a guideline for the use of a rope in good condition for non-critical applications and should be reduced where life, limb, or valuable property is involved, or in cases of exceptional service such as shock loading, sustained loading, severe vibration, etc. The Cordage Institute specifies that the SWL of a rope shall be determined by dividing the Minimum Tensile Strength of the rope by a safety factor. The safety factor ranges from 5 to 12 for non-critical uses and is typically set at 15 for life lines.
Disclaimer: Specifications and prices are believed accurate but must be confirmed upon ordering.
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As you go around the world and experience each awesome scene possible, your trip would not be complete without trying out the best restaurants of the country you'll visit. It would then simply be practical to check out a restaurant finder and pick the cuisines which you'd be interested to try out. Here are just some of the sumptuous treats you can sample and get filled with:
Visit the Local Restaurants in Poland
With its rich and flavourful Slavic influences and from other parts of Europe, Poland came up with one of the world's favourite bread, the bagel. You must also try some of its traditional and welcoming dishes such as the Lazanki (made of meat, cabbage, pasta and cheese), Barszcz, which is a soup filled with dumplings and many more.
It would also be advisable to consider restaurant reviews, so you would know the restaurants which certain types of tourists would usually go to. There are bootstrapping travellers, refined and culturally inspired tourists and even adventurous visitors who are gung ho on tasting every exotic food possible in a country.
Taste-Bud Bursting Treats in Spain
If you will be dropping by one of Europe's most famous peninsulas, you must certainly taste the selections among its best restaurants. Locals and tourists alike will give you an idea of where to try the yummiest paella, calamares, tapas, patatas bravas and so much more! Spanish cuisine has a festive characteristic and tourists who try out their various servings will get pleasantly filled as they soak in the country's rich cultural atmosphere.
Yummy British Cuisines
Upon visiting the United Kingdom, it would be advisable to go over a restaurant finder so you may also see which culinary centres will be the favourites among tourists and locals alike. They're usually warmly prepared with generous servings which can be quite comforting.
Your choice among the best restaurants will depend on what you would like to eat during specific times of the day. If you're up for some traditional English breakfast, then their versions of fried eggs, sausages and hash browns are a must try. However, no trip to the UK will be complete without trying out the traditional way of drinking English tea.
Filling Hungarian Dishes
Whether you're dropping by Budapest or any fun part of Hungary, you'll definitely need to consider visiting the country's best restaurants via a restaurant finder. From savoury dishes such as Chicken Schnitzels to desserts like the Rakott Krumpli, tourists will certainly never run out of reasons to get filled by the mouth-watering delicacies of the country.
If you plan to go around in Poland, Spain, UK or Hungary soon, be sure to visit their local restaurants. This way, you'll have a fuller experience of your visit.

subset: commoncrawl


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Mike's Auto Spa is a full-service car wash with convenient locations to serve you better. We also provide complete automotive detailing, fleet services, and windshield chip repair in Denver. We are a locally owned and operated business that values the relationships and trust we create in our communities, as we put our customers first and promise to provide the best paint restoration in each visit.
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Full-Service paint restoration to Clean and Protect Your Vehicle
Colorado is known for its beautiful natural landscapes, outdoorsy culture, and harsh weather. It is no secret that sometimes we get pounded by heavy rain and even hailstorms and that we may get several feet of snow all at once. Since most of us use our vehicles for transportation during those crazy weather episodes, they end up being all dirty and full of damaging road salts and slush underneath.
To avoid premature and unnecessary damage to your car, it is recommended that you have it often washed, especially after one of those bad storms. At Mike's Auto Spa in Denver, we offer professional full-service paint restoration and a special underbody wash with rust inhibitor that protects the critical underside of your vehicle.
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Don't wait any longer! Visit Mike's Auto Spa today and see for yourself why we are the premier car wash provider in Denver. We only use state of the art equipment and focus on providing a personalized customer service experience for great added value during your visit.


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Columbia, S.C. – With a 3-1 loss to the Fighting Koalas of Columbia College, the Coker volleyball team's losing streak was extended to seven matches on Wednesday night. The Lady Cobras (1-9, 0-2) lost the first set 25-13, but bounced back with a 25-21 win in set number two only to lose sets three and four with scores of 25-17 and 25-15.
Lisa Ross (Bowling Green, Ky.) led the Coker attack, netting seven kills with nine digs, while Cynallyhia Indriago (Columbia, S.C.) had six kills. Trisha Moore (Rock Hill, S.C.) led the defense with 10 digs and Abby Frame (Sylvania, Ohio) had 18 assists and seven digs.
The Lady Cobras will take a much needed break before returning to action on Tuesday, Sept. 15 when they host St. Andrews Presbyterian College in their home opener at 7:00 p.m. in the Timberlake-Lawton Gymnasium on the campus of Coker College.


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BEVERLY HILLS, Calif. – Annette Bening, Katie Holmes, CBS President Nina Tassler, director Pamela Fryman and cinematographer Reed Morano have been recognized as leaders in their fields by Women in Film.
The nonprofit group honored the women Thursday at its annual Crystal and Lucy awards ceremony in Beverly Hills.
In accepting her award, Bening said she is "entering into a new phase" and "beginning again" and hinted at some interesting projects in the coming year. Holmes thanked her parents, who were in the audience, and husband Tom Cruise, "whose commitment to his work and family inspires me daily."
Tassler oversees primetime, daytime and late-night programming at CBS. Fryman is a director of "How I Met Your Mother." Morano's credits include 2008's "Frozen River."
Elizabeth Taylor was also recognized for her humanitarian efforts. Her granddaughter Naomi Wilding accepted the award.
Women in Film President Cathy Shulman dedicated the evening to Laura Ziskin, the "Spider Man" producer and Stand Up To Cancer co-founder producer who died earlier this week of breast cancer.
"Bridesmaids" star Melissa McCarthy sang and danced as host of the fundraising event at the Beverly Hilton hotel, where Martin Sheen, Geena Davis, Neil Patrick Harris, Elle Fanning and Jenna Elfman were among the celebrity guests.
Women in Film was established in 1973 to help women succeed in the entertainment industry by providing scholarships, classes and other services and support.


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"The secret of becoming a star is knowing how to behave like one."I may or may not have expressed my undying love for Todd Haynes' Velvet Goldmine in this blog before. I saw it in the cinema back when it was first released in 1998, when I was 14 - and I'm not even kidding when I say that it pretty much changed my life. Now, in 2011, I have seen it tens and tens of times and I'm still as in love with it as I was back in the day. It is one of those films that I can watch countless of times and never tire of it. Instead, I always find something new and interesting. And, most of all, for me Velvet Goldmine equals two hours of pure, unadulterated entertainment.
So when my darling friend, soulmate and fellow Velvet Goldmine devotee Mycah visited me in London this fall, we spent a day visiting locations related to our favourite movie. We first hopped on the train to Chiswick and headed over to the gorgeous Chiswick House and Gardens, where the photoshoot montage featuring Brian and Mandy Slade and his band was filmed. We were so giddy to be there and discover that very little has changed about the location since the filming of the movie. Needless to say, we could not resist re-enacting the scenes much to the horror and/or delight of the onlookers. As they once wrote, camp isn't just a row of tents. Next we returned back to central London and went to Lambeth Bridge, where parts of the opening credits featuring glam rock fans were were filmed. Lastly, we visited the location depicted as the birthplace of Oscar Wilde, set in Dublin 1854, which was filmed just off Brick Lane.
It was an amazing day and made our geek hearts very, very happy indeed. Here's a collage that Mycah put together of our Velvet Goldmine day.


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SARAH ROSCOE WORKS on wooden airplane toys at Maple Landmark in Middlebury last Thursday morning. The local toy company has been the unexpected beneficiary of a surge in business as consumers respond to recent recalls of toys manufactured in China.
Independent photo/Trent Campbell
By JOHN FLOWERS
MIDDLEBURY — A recent spate of toy recalls has turned many consumers away from major manufacturers and foreign markets and prompted them to seek out smaller, more environmentally friendly companies — like Middlebury-based Maple Landmark Woodcraft.
"We're seeing a huge increase in the demand," said Michael Rainville, founder and president of Maple Landmark. "We are the beneficiaries of the problem that has been going on. And there are not too many U.S. manufacturers (of wooden toys)."
Rainville said that incoming orders in early October were about 70 percent ahead of where they were at the same time last year. Shipments last month were up 37 percent.
"Almost all of this change we're seeing is related to people being afraid of what they're buying," Rainville said. "There is a segment of people that is not willing to trust anything that says 'Made in China' on the back right now. So they are coming to us."
That sentiment has come through loud and clear through client input Maple Landmark has received through its Web site.
"They'll write all sorts of things in the comment box, like 'We threw out all our toys and we're starting over,'" Rainville said. "Some dealers are realizing they have too many 'Made in China' toys on their shelves and are looking for a better balance."
They are looking to Maple Landmark to help achieve that balance, and orders for the company's more than 1,000 different products have been flying in.
November 12, 2007
MIDDLEBURY — Addison County Community Action Group (ACCAG) officials are concerned there may be fewer holiday gifts for area needy children this year because eligible families are not getting enough information about a key program that offers free presents.
At issue is ACCAG's "Giving Tree Program," through which income-eligible families can fill out wish-list applications for children under 18 years old. The application is then condensed into an tree-shaped tag that is forwarded to participating businesses. Customers and employees of those businesses can pick up one of the tags and buy a present, which is then picked up by ACCAG and given to the family. The recipients' names are kept confidential.
Last year ACCAG received 760 Giving Tree applications and has previously taken in more than 900 in one year. But ACCAG Executive Director Jeanne Montross on Thursday noted that she had received only 300 applications thus far, a very low number compared to previous years.
Montross theorized a big reason for the drop has been because some Addison County schools have now declined to send Giving Tree Program application forms home with students. In the past, all students had been given the forms and eligible families would then return them to ACCAG. But Montross said some schools don't want to run the risk of having students bringing confidential family information at school.
"It's been significant," Montross said of the impact on the schools' decision on the Giving Tree program. She said Middlebury schools have continued to send the forms home with kids, but Vergennes and Bristol-area schools have not participated this year.
By CYRUS LEVESQUE
ADDISON COUNTY — Kathy Ciociola of Vergennes had tried to stop smoking more than once, but never managed to stay away completely until she found out about the "Ready, Set… Stop!" program of the Addison County Tobacco Control Roundtable. Ciociola found the atmosphere of that program more helpful than trying to quit on her own, and she has now been smoke-free since June 15, 2002.
To Ciociola, the difference was the program's message. "It's not one of those 'smoking is bad' things. It's more of a positive, 'How can we help you' thing," Ciociola said. "Smokers know it's bad for them … (Quitting) doesn't have to be that bad."
Those looking for a reason to stop smoking could look for help this Thursday, when the Addison County Tobacco Control Roundtable will join with the rest of the nation in recognizing the Great American Smokeout, a day when smokers take a day away from their cigarettes, cigars and pipes.
Ciociola, 52, decided to quit when she began thinking about her son starting a family of his own.
"I didn't want to be a smoking grandmother," she said. When she Melanie Clark, program coordinator of the Addison County Tobacco Control Roundtable (and now Ciociola's daughter-in-law) asked her for advice about the program, she decided to sign up.
She said the program was successful for her partly because it had an intentionally positive message rather than focusing on the many problems caused by smoking. The health effects of smoking are well documented and the messages right on cigarette packages warn that "smoking causes lung cancer, heart disease, emphysema and may complicate pregnancy.
"Smokers know it's bad for them," Ciociola said. "Quitting doesn't have to be that bad."
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I've worked out at various weight rooms for nearly seven years and have become familiar with more than just the equipment. While the equipment is what makes a weight room, the people inside the gym provide the environmental flavor. It doesn't matter their age, background or location, these universal gym goers can always be found.
The Know Nothing: a unisex role
These people don't know a microscopic amount about gym etiquette. Know Nothings realize that the gym can help them get into better shape, but their comprehension stops right there. They aimlessly walk around wearing nothing but a blank expression, jeans, dark socks and 20-year old Reeboks — trying to copy those around them.
The Regular: a unisex role
These people tend to go to the gym five times a week for about an hour. They can lift an above-average amount of weight but nothing record breaking. Usually listening to music on an iPod, Regulars drown out the metallic clinks of weights and the soft rock pumped through the speakers. Never spending too much time on a particular machine, you can tell that they know what they're doing, but they just want to get in, get out and get on with their lives.
The Lord of the Gym (LOTG): a male role
These guys live at the gym, have bodies that would make the Incredible Hulk jealous, get easily irritated with Know Nothings and look at themselves in the mirror — a lot. LOTG attire is either very loose- or very tight-fitting tank tops, with tiny, tiny shorts. LOTGs often carry around a jug of water — as in a gallon-sized container that originally contained milk. I have never understood this. There is a water fountain located near the weight room. Apparently their legs can squat 500 pounds but can't carry them the 10 steps it takes to get to the water fountain.
The Showoff: a unisex role
The Showoffs are typically women who are very confident, dressing in "booty shorts" and sports bras. The LOTGs love to flirt with the Showoffs. The male Showoffs like to wear tight-fitting tank tops and strut around the gym flexing every muscle while trying to make it seem as though they're not flexing at all.
The Lightweight: a female role
Never seen sweating, these women lift two-and-a-half pound weights a few times with exaggerated breathing. The workout accomplishes nothing except the satisfaction of telling their friends that they went to the gym.
The Personal Trainer: A predominately male role
You may have thought that the LOTGs ranked the highest on the gym totem pole, but the Personal Trainers outrank the LOTG. They get an official uniform — usually a polo and track pants — and while the LOTGs treat working out as though it is their job, Personal Trainers have actually made it their job. The enjoyment these people get from the gym is so great that they must be there for their regular workout routine on top of a nine-to-five workday. Often wanting to converse for long periods of time, they can usually be seen standing among the LOTGs, the only other people in the gym who stay just as long as the trainers.
Then, there's me. Of course, I do not see myself in any of these archetypes. I see myself as a TT, short for "Truth Teller." TTs believe they are in their own personal sitcom that occurs in the gym.
Michael J. Goldberg is a student at the Tisch School of the Arts at New York University and loves working out with the universal gym goers.


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In case you missed it, here's part one. Tomorrow, I'll post honorable mentions — prospects that just missed the list. Moving on…
10. Ehire Adrianza, age 22, SS
Plus defensive shortstop, and as such, the bar for his offense is set pretty low. Showed glimpses of potential for reaching that bar (.300/.375/.470 at San Jose).
9. Heath Hembree, age 22, RHP
Hesitant to rank him higher because of the walks and the fact that he's a reliever, but his stuff is legit.
8. Francisco Peguero, age 23, OF
High ceiling, but the lack of plate discipline is a major issue (five walks in 296 PAs at Richmond)
7. Tommy Joseph, age 20, C
Age and positional value work to his favor, and he saw tremendous improvement (defensively and offensively) as the year went on. Plate discipline, however, is not his strong suit.
6. Hector Sanchez, age 21, C
Fairly advanced for his age, and he has quality defensive tools (as well as good power potential at the plate). That said, his conditioning could be a major roadblock in his development.
5. Eric Surkamp, age 24, LHP
He dominated Double-A, but was quite underwhelming in six starts in the majors. A low-ceiling arm, but I think he could still develop into a useful back-end starter.
4. Kyle Crick, age 18, RHP
Ace potential, but very raw at this point.
3. Andrew Susac, age 21, C
Above-average defensive catcher with on-base skills; a pretty polished product.
2. Joe Panik, age 21, SS/2B
Either he stays at shortstop, where he could be as good as average defensively, or he moves to second-base where he projects as an above-average defender. In any event, his bat plays well for a middle-infielder — good contact/on-base skills.
1. Gary Brown, age 23, CF
Legitimate all-star potential: plus defensive outfielder with speed on the basepaths, and a quality bat (especially from an up-the-middle position). Hopefully he'll do well in his transition to Double-A Richmond (a notoriously pitcher-friendly environment).


text: On Wed, 3 Sep 2008, Robert G. Brown wrote: >> I don't know what to make of Vincent saying that I sound like an >> average guy who watches TV. I haven't watched TV much since 1983, but > > It just means that Vincent is a narrowly brilliant wacko. Narrowly Jesus, I shouldn't be allowed near a keyboard before I have my coffee. Vincent, I apologize. This isn't funny (although somehow, at the time...) This is clearly uncalled for ad hominem crap and a product of a mix of pre-coffee crankiness and a profound lack of sleep. I love chess. I love go. I suck at both of them, and they are very, very hard problems and humans learn a lot from trying to solve them. If I offended you (and I don't see how I could miss, sorry) I apologize. If I offended Greg, Peter, or anyone else, I apologize again. I think I'll go crawl back under a rock for a while with the rest of the exoskeletal mindless creatures. rgb -- Robert G. Brown Phone(cell): 1-919-280-8443 Duke University Physics Dept, Box 90305 Durham, N.C. 27708-0305 Web: http://www.phy.duke.edu/~rgb Book of Lilith Website: http://www.phy.duke.edu/~rgb/Lilith/Lilith.php Lulu Bookstore: http://stores.lulu.com/store.php?fAcctID=877977


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U-20 MNT's Villarreal Represents Growing Presence from Academy Base
Pateadores and LA Galaxy Academy Product Flourishing on Professional and International Fronts
The past two years have been a whirlwind for U.S. Under-20 Men's National Team forward Jose Villarreal.
From a U.S. Soccer Development Academy championship, to scoring his first professional goal in Major League Soccer, to now representing the U.S. with the hopes of advancing to the FIFA U-20 World Cup, Villarreal has been a true product of the youth soccer system.
The same can be said for many players on the U.S. U-20 MNT, which is preparing for its second group match on Friday against Costa Rica in the 2013 CONCACAF U-20 Championship.
"You're seeing a lot of players signed as homegrown players like Wil Trapp, Shane O'Neill, Dillon Serna, and clubs are looking at the talent there is in the Academy," Villarreal said. "The Academy is growing each year and it's getting bigger and better. The competition is definitely getting better and the talent is there. It's just a matter of how teams are using it."
Villarreal references his move to Pateadores as one of the biggest turning points in his soccer career. His previous club coach took over the U-17/18 Pateadores side and brought several players with him – including Villarreal – to the team.
During the 2010-11 Development Academy season, the stars aligned as Pateadores won the U-17/18 Academy crown.
"We had an extremely good season with the Pats," Villarreal said. "We went to the Finals and ever since then my life changed. I got called into the U-18s for the Milk Cup, I started training with the LA Galaxy Academy, and about three or four months in I was talking with now-president Chris Klein, who at the time was the Galaxy's technical director."
Villarreal scored both Pateadores goals in the 2010-11 Academy Final for a 2-1 victory against FC Dallas. Current U-20 MNT teammates Danny Garcia and Boyd "OC" Okwuonu were on the runner-up side with FC Dallas.
"It's funny because two weeks after the Final, I flew to Ireland with the U-18s and obviously OC was there," Villarreal said. "There was a play during the game after I scored the second goal where he tackled me. It was a bad tackle and I had to step out of the game with about two minutes left. In Ireland, OC said, 'I'm sorry about the tackle. I was just so mad that you scored both goals on us.' That was funny, and we're good friends now. We bring it up every now and then and get a laugh."
That accomplishment set the stage for a memorable 2012 that included his first MLS game against the Portland Timbers, followed by a memorable equalizer on the road against the Vancouver Whitecaps for his first goal as the LA Galaxy went on to win its fourth MLS Cup.
"It's been crazy," Villarreal said. "It's probably been the best time of my life soccer-wise. The atmosphere for my debut was awesome, and I was a little nervous because it was my first game. The guys teased me: 'You had a good 30 seconds.' Then to travel to Vancouver and score that goal was just amazing to be able to help the team like that. After that, we picked it up, made a run and we won it all."
MLS is in preseason mode, but Villarreal is putting all of his focus with the U-20s, coached under National Soccer Hall of Famer Tab Ramos.
For Villarreal, the experience of Ramos' guidance has been one that he can relate to closely as a player.
"He obviously knows a lot about soccer and he's played at the highest level," Villarreal said. "He's one of the top players ever in U.S. Soccer history. Playing that offensive role, that attacking midfield role, we kind of have the same mentality. He gives me tips and gives me things I can do and guides our talent."
Villarreal's guidance and development from the Academy ranks certainly is being put to the test with all eyes on the USA's bid for a World Cup spot. For many players who have gone through this similar progression, their professional and international futures look bright.
"The Academy is definitely a good starting point for any player who wants to get to the high professional level," Villarreal said. "It's very competitive and there are a lot of good players. During the time I was there, I felt like I was ready to make the transition to the next level."


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Steelers owner, chairman Dan Rooney dies at 84
Dan Rooney, the son of Pittsburgh Steelers founder Art Rooney and longtime team owner who oversaw six Super Bowl championship teams, died Thursday. He was 84.
Rooney took over day-to-day control from his father in the 1960s and guided the franchise as it rose to great heights in the 1970s. The Steelers assembled a roster full of future Hall of Famers like Terry Bradshaw, Joe Greene, Franco Harris, John Stallworth, Lynn Swann and Mike Webster, who helped win Pittsburgh's first four championships in the 1970s.
Rooney became one of the most influential and popular owners in the NFL. The league's "Rooney Rule, which is named for him, was established in 2003 and requires teams to interview at least one minority candidate for head coaching positions. He championed the rule as chairman of the league's diversity committee. Later, he would hire Mike Tomlin to be the first African-American coach of the Steelers.
Along with leading one of the NFL's marquee franchises, Rooney was the U.S. ambassador to Ireland from 2009 to 2012.
Former President Barack Obama sent a statement on the passing of Rooney:
Dan Rooney was a great friend of mine, but more importantly, he was a great friend to the people of Pittsburgh, a model citizen, and someone who represented the United States with dignity and grace on the world stage. I knew he'd do a wonderful job when I named him as our United States Ambassador to Ireland, but naturally, he surpassed my high expectations, and I know the people of Ireland think fondly of him today. And I know the people of Pittsburgh, who loved him not only for the Super Bowl championships he brought as the owner of the Steelers, but for his generosity of spirit, mourn for his passing today. Michelle and I offer our condolences to the Rooney family, some of the most gracious and thoughtful people we know – even as we celebrate the life of Dan Rooney: a championship-caliber good man.
Rooney was inducted into the Pro Football Hall of Fame in 2000, joining his father.
His son, Art II, has been the Steelers president since 2003, with Dan becoming chairman.


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Journal of Energy in Southern Africa
versión On-line ISSN 2413-3051
versión impresa ISSN 1021-447X
J. energy South. Afr. vol.25 no.1 Cape Town ene. 2014
Numerical simulation of atmospheric boundary layer and wakes of horizontal-axis wind turbines
Ali M AbdelSalam; Ramalingam Velraj
Institute for Energy Studies, Anna University, Chennai, India
Simulations of wind turbine wakes are presented in this paper using the three-dimensional Reynolds-Averaged Navier-Stokes (RANS) equations employing the k-ε turbulence model appropriately modified for the atmospheric flows. The actuator disk approach is used to model the action of the turbine rotor. Modified formulations of the inlet conditions and the wall functions are used to allow consistency between the fully developed atmospheric boundary layer (ABL) inlet profiles and the wall function formulation. Results are presented and compared with three wind turbines running under neutral atmospheric conditions. The results demonstrate that the accurate simulation of the atmospheric boundary layer applying enhanced inlet conditions and wall function formulation consistent with the k-ε model can give very useful information about the wakes, directly contributing to the accurate estimation of the power of the downstream turbines.
Keywords: atmospheric boundary layer, wake, wind turbine, actuator disk
1. Introduction
The wind turbine wake is characterized by stream-wise velocity deficit, which leads to less power available for the downstream turbines. It also causes high turbulence levels which can give rise to high fatigue loads. Thus, it is important to predict the effect of these wakes so as to maximize the power output of a wind farm. To predict the wakes in the near and far wake regions of a wind turbine, the representation of the rotor forces with a computationally inexpensive method is necessary. Further, modelling the equilibrium atmospheric boundary layer (ABL) in the computations is important as it is a precondition for modelling the flow of wind turbines.
The actuator disk method, which is a simplification in the representation of the turbine rotor, allows for the gross effects of the rotor to be captured with an appreciable decrease in computing time as the blade geometry is not resolved. It was intensively used by Masson and his team for wind turbine simulations (Masson et al., 2001; Smaili and Masson, 2004; Masson and Smaili, 2006). Despite its simplicity, it is often a useful representation to reproduce wind deficits and wake losses. However, it bears the assumption that the rotor is just acting as a momentum sink without any further influence on the Reynolds stress tensor. Using the actuator disk model, along with the standard k-ε model failed to predict the wake behaviour accurately, and a significant underestimation of the near wake deficit compared to the measurements was observed (Rethore, 2009; Rados et al., 2009; Cabezon et al., 2009).
Since the dissipation rate equation is highly empirical, improvement in model performance is usually achieved by modifying the dissipation rate ε equation (Hanjalic and Launder, 1980). Chen and Kim (1987) have taken a general approach, testing for several problems; their approach yielded much better results than had the standard k-ε model. El Kasmi and Masson (2008) used a numerical model based on the actuator-disk model, combined with the Reynolds-Averaged Navier-Stokes (RANS) equations, to calculate the flow in the vicinity of the turbine. An extra term has been added to the ε equation in the near wake. The method proposed has been shown to yield much better results than the standard k-ε model. Despite the improvement, the term added to the ε equation has a constant that is to be determined through the experimental data and a single optimum value for the constant cannot be extracted. On the contrary, the optimum values for each case are so far from each other that they cannot define an optimum constant value, even for neutral conditions (Prospathopoulos et al., 2011).
Atmospheric turbulence has a major contribution to the turbulence in the wake of a wind turbine and within a wind park. Therefore, modelling equilibrium ABL in computational fluid dynamics (CFD) is an important aspect in the simulations. The practical simulations of the ABL flows are often carried out using RANS in combination with two-equation k-ε turbulence models. This model, with standard model constants, has been applied over a wide range of turbulent flow problems. Crespo et al. (1985) have proposed values for the model constants appropriate for the neutral atmospheric boundary layers. As far as the inlet profiles for ABL simulations are concerned, profiles by Richard and Hoxey (1993) were usually used as inlet conditions. They proposed fully developed inlet profiles of mean velocity, turbulent kinetic energy and dissipation rate for neutral stratification conditions. However, the inflow boundary conditions should satisfy the turbulence model employed. The inflow conditions proposed by Richard and Hoxey are not accurate to satisfy these conditions. Furthermore, the assumption of constant turbulent kinetic energy k proposed by Richard and Hoxey contrasts to wind-tunnel and full scale measurements, where a decrease of k with height is observed. It is mentioned by Richards and Quinn (2002) that in some published CFD studies, the combination of the inlet conditions, the turbulence model and the ground roughness resulted in a boundary layer which changed considerably between the inlet and the object under investigation. Improper ABL modelling can yield large errors in the numerical results. Yang et al. (2009) proposed a new set of inflow turbulence boundary conditions as an approximate solution to the standard k-ε model transport equations. The capability of these boundary conditions to produce equilibrium ABL was demonstrated in their numerical simulations.
There is still a gap between CFD results and wake measurements, and the transition to the 3D CFD computations using more improved realistic boundary conditions to simulate the atmospheric boundary layer seems a logical extension for better wind farm and turbine design. In the present paper, a numerical method based on the actuator-disk model, combined with RANS and employing a k-ε turbulence closure suitably modified for neutral atmospheric boundary layer flow, has been used to simulate the wakes of a wind turbine. The rotor disk is simulated as a momentum sink through the actuator force, which is related to a constant thrust coefficient over the rotor area. A set of enhanced inflow turbulence boundary conditions proposed by Yang et al., (2009) as an approximate solution to the standard k-ε model transport equations were conducted.
2. Theory
2.1 Rotor modelling
The wind flow is governed by the incompressible steady three-dimensional Navier-Stokes equations. The wind turbine rotor is simulated as a momentum sink through the actuator force, which represents the effect of the rotor on the flow, according to:
2.2. Turbulence formulation
The standard k-ε model proposed by Jones and Launder (1972) appropriately modified for the atmospheric flows is considered in the present simulation. The transport equations for the turbulent kinetic energy k and its dissipation rate ε are written as:
where uj is the velocity vector, σk, and σε are the turbulent Prandtl numbers for k and ε, respectively. C1ε, C2ε are constants. Pt is the production of the turbulence kinetic energy.
The turbulent (eddy) viscosity µt is computed according to:
where Cµ is a constant.
A constant ratio of σκ/σε - 1.5 was recommended by Poroseva and Iaccarino (2001) for practical purposes instead of the standard values. The value of the coefficient C1ε = 1.44, which depends on the type of flow and on the Reynolds number, has large effects on the calculated results (Poroseva and Iaccarino, 2001). There are some formulations available in the literature to define the value of C1ε as function of various flow and geometrical parameters (Durbin 1995). Based on this information and the relationship between the constants in the standard k-ε model (Richards and Hoxey, 1993), the modified turbulence model constants used by Yang et al., (2009) are:
The fully developed inlet profiles of mean velocity, turbulent kinetic energy and dissipation rate for neutral stratification conditions proposed by Yang el al. (2009) are implemented. The mean velocity profile is represented by the logarithmic law as:
Where, u* is the friction velocity, u* = √τ0/ρ and τ0 is the surface shear stress, κ is the von Karman constant (equal to 0.42) and z is the vertical distance, and z0 is an aerodynamic roughness length that corresponds to the site topology. The inflow boundary condition of the turbulent kinetic energy is represented by:
Where C1 and C2are constants that can be determined from experimental data.
The dissipation rate profile at inlet is given by:
2.3 Wall function formulation
The Richards and Hoxey (1993) boundary condition has been implemented at the wall to specify velocity, turbulent kinetic energy and turbulent dissipation rate consistently with the inlet profiles and turbulence model. The production of turbulent kinetic energy at the wall is not integrated over the first cell height but computed at the first cell centroid (Parente et al, 2011).
Where zp is the distance between the centroid of the wall-adjacent cell and the wall.
3. Computational domain
A side view of the computational domain considered for analysis is shown in Figure 1. The rotor disk that represents the wind turbine is located 2 D downstream of the inlet boundary (D is the rotor diameter) and the centre of the disk is considered as the origin point. The domain is extended 25 D downstream of the turbine in the axial direction and 8 D in the spanwise direction.
The static pressure at the outlet boundary of the domain is considered to have a zero value relative to the atmospheric pressure. The side boundaries are far enough from the wind turbine, and are considered as symmetry boundary conditions. The height of the domain above the rotor hub is 4 D. The computational domain was meshed by ICEM with a mixed three-dimensional mesh, to carry out the wind turbine fluid flow simulation. A fine mesh is constructed in the area of the wind turbine rotor disk with grid spacing close to 0.025 D, and the mesh grows in size outward from the rotor surface to the extended domains.
4. Solution methodology
The complete set of fluid equations consists of the continuity equation, the three momentum equations for the transport of velocity, and the transport equations for k and ε. To solve the RANS equations in the near and far wake regions of the wind turbines, the wind turbines are modelled as momentum absorbers, through the actuator disk approach, by means of their thrust coefficient.
In this paper, CFD is applied using the commercial multi-purpose CFD solver FLUENT. The inlet conditions described in section 2.2 are implemented in the solver using user defined functions UDF. A special treatment is conducted to account for the wall function formulation, as described in section 2.3. The three-dimensional fluid flow equations are solved using control-volume-based technique for converting the governing equations into algebraic equations, to be solved numerically. The solution algorithm adopted is SIMPLE, and the first-order upwind scheme is used for all the dependent properties to avoid convergence problems associated with higher order schemes (Ameur et al., 2011). The results were extracted from the computational domain along different sections downstream of the wind turbine rotor.
5. Results and discussion
The results presented in this section are intended to demonstrate the ability of the proposed model to accurately predict the wind turbine wakes by comparing the numerical predictions with the measurements of three wind turbines concerning neutral atmospheric conditions.
The first comparison is the three-blade Nibe-B 630-kW wind turbine operating at a rotational speed of 33 rpm with a 40 m diameter located at a hub height of 45 m (Pederson and Nielson, 1980; Taylor et al., 1985). The computations are carried out at different conditions including the freestream wind speed at hub height Uref, the free stream turbulence intensity Ti, and the thrust coefficient CT of the wind turbine. The cases studied corresponding to the measured data for the Nibe wind turbine are illustrated in Table 1.
Figures 2, 3 and 4 compare the results obtained using the present methodology with the measurements for different inflow conditions. It presents the horizontal profiles of the axial velocity u/U in a centreline passing through the centre of the rotor at hub height at distances of 2.5, 6 and 7.5 D downstream of the wind turbine. In the near wake (x/D=2.5), the present simulation slightly over-predicts the velocity deficit, but captures the spreading of the wake observed in the experimental data and predicts the correct trough-like profile. At the distance of 6 D downstream the turbine, the predictions produce a relatively thin shear layer. However, the evaluated velocity deficits at the centre of the wake match well with the measurements. Due to the turbulent diffusion, the shear layer thickness increases with downstream distance of 7.5 D, which causes the wake recovery. The higher thrust coefficients produced at lower wind speeds causes the numerical results to give slow wake recovery.
The second case is the Sexbierum wind farm (Cleijne, 1993) which is composed of 18 W/Ts with 310 kW rated power, 30 m diameter and 35 m hub height, positioned in three parallel rows of six wind turbines. In addition to the wind speed, the turbulence intensity was measured in different positions located in the wake of the wind turbine. During the experiment, the free stream conditions at hub height were Uref = 8.5 m/s and Ti = 10%. For this free stream wind speed, the thrust coefficient of the turbine was estimated to be CT = 0.75. The numerical simulations provide a good agreement with the measurements, as shown in figure 5. However, the wake deficit at x/D=2.5 downstream the wind turbine is slightly underestimated for this case also.
The turbulence intensity predictions of the Sexbierum wind turbine are illustrated in Figure 6. The characteristic double shoulder pattern is not reproduced by the predictions. Measurements of the turbulence intensity exhibit a different pattern at the 2.5 D distance. Higher peaks appear at the regions of mixing flow caused by the rotation, while much lower levels exist in the inner region of the wake, almost reaching the undisturbed value of turbulence intensity. It seems that the different characteristics of the wind turbine have an influence in the near-wake turbulence pattern. These differences attenuate as the distance from the wind turbine increases.
The last case is the three-blade Danwin 180-kW wind turbine, operating at a rotational speed of 42 rpm with a rotor diameter of 23 m and located at a hub height of 31 m (Magnusson et al., 1996; Magnusson and Smedman, 1999). Figure 7 depicts the predictions from the simulation of the Danwin wind turbine for wind speed of 8 m/sec. There is good agreement between the obtained flow velocity, and the available experimental results.
The results of the above wind turbine are also tested for the inflow wind speed of 11 m/sec, for which the experimental data are available at 6.2 D downstream the turbine. It is seen from Figure 8 that, the results obtained from the numerical simulations are matching well with the experimental results.
6. Conclusions
In the present paper, three-dimensional numerical simulations of flow around horizontal-axis wind tur- bines were conducted. The proposed method was tested by comparison of the predictions and the experimental measurements of three wind turbines. The rotor was modelled using the actuator disk approach and the turbulence was modelled using k-ε model appropriate for the neutral atmospheric stratification.
For a more realistic representation of the flow field, a set of enhanced inlet conditions are used to satisfy the k-ε turbulence model equations. An additional requirement for modelling equilibrium ABL is the correct modelling of the ground roughness. A modified wall function formulation consistent with the inlet profiles of the neutral atmospheric flow was conducted.
Comparison of the results obtained from the numerical analysis and the measurements indicates the capability of proposed approach of predicting the wind turbine wakes. There is good agreement between the flow velocity evaluated from the CFD analysis and the experimental results measured downstream the wind turbine. The characteristic double shoulder pattern of the turbulence intensity was not reproduced by the predictions. However, the peak values are in reasonable agreement. This suggests the need to model the atmospheric boundary layer accurately and its effect on the turbulence quantities to better understand the physical mechanisms that govern the wind turbine wakes.
Ameur, K., Masson, C. and Ecen, PJ. (2011). 2D and 3D numerical simulation of the wind-rotor/nacelle interaction in an atmospheric boundary layer, Journal of Wind Engineering and Industrial Aerodynamics, 99: 833-844. [ Links ]
Cabezon, D., Sanz, J., Marti I. and Crespo, A. (2009). CFD modelling of the interaction between the Surface Boundary Layer and rotor wake. Comparison of results obtained with different turbulence models and mesh strategies, In: European wind energy conference & exhibition proceedings, Parc Chanot, Marseille, France, 16-19 March 2009. [ Links ]
Chen, Y.S. and Kim, S.W. (1987). Computation of turbulent flow using an extended k-ε turbulence closure model, NASA Contractor Report. NASA CR-179204. [ Links ]
Cleijne, J.W. (1993). Results of the sexbierum wind farm; single wake measurements, TNO Report 93082, TNO Institute of Environmental and Energy Technology, The Netherlands. [ Links ]
Crespo, A., Manuel, F, Moreno, D., Fraga, E. and Hernandez, J. (1985). Numerical analysis of wind turbine wakes, Proceeding of Delphi Workshop on Wind Energy Applications Delphi, Greece, 15-25. [ Links ]
Durbin, P.A. (1995). Separated flow computations with the k-ï-v2 model, AIAA Journal, 33: 659-664. [ Links ]
El Kasmi, A. and Masson, C. (2008). An extended k-ï model for turbulent flow through horizontal-axis wind turbines, Journal of Wind Engineering and Industrial Aerodynamics, 96: 103-122. [ Links ]
Hanjalic, K. and Launder, B.E. (1980). Sensitizing of the dissipation equation to irrotational strains, Trans. ASME, 102: 34-40. [ Links ]
Jones, W.P and Launder B.E. (1972). The prediction of laminarization with a two-equation model of turbulence, Int. J. Heat and mass transfer, 15: 301-314. [ Links ]
Magnusson, M., Rados, K.G. and Voutsinas, S.G. (1996). A study of the flow downstream of wind turbine using measurements and simulations, Wind Engineering, 20: 389-403. [ Links ]
Magnusson, M. and Smedman, A.S. (1999). Air flow behind wind turbines. Journal of Wind Engineering and Industrial Aerodynamics, 80: 169-189. [ Links ]
Masson, C., Smaili, A. and Leclerc, C. (2001). Aerodynamic analysis of HAWTs operating in unsteady conditions, Wind Energy, 4: 1-22. [ Links ]
Masson, C. and Smaili, A. (2006). Numerical study of turbulent flow around a wind turbine nacelle, Wind Energy, 9: 281-298. [ Links ]
Parente, A., Gorlé, C., van Beeck, J. and Benocci, C. (2011). Improved k-ε model and wall function formulation for the RANS simulation of ABL flows. Journal of Wind Engineering and Industrial Aerodynamics 99: 267-278. [ Links ]
Pederson, B.M. and Nielson, P (1980). Description of the two Danish 630kW wind turbines, Nibe-A and Nibe-B, and some preliminary test results, DEFU, Denmark. In: Third International Symposium on Wind Energy Systems, August 26-29, pp. 223-238. [ Links ]
Poroseva, S. and Iaccarino, G. (2001). Simulating separated flow using k- ε model, Annual Research Briefs 2001, Centre for Turbulence Research, Stanford University. [ Links ]
Prospathopoulos, J.M., Politis, E.S., Rados K.G. and Chaviaropoulos, P.K. (2011). Evaluation of the effects of turbulence model enhancements on wind turbine wake predictions, Wind Energy, 14: 285-300. [ Links ]
Rados, K.G., Prospathopoulos, J.M., Stefanatos, N.Ch., Politis, E.S., Chaviaropoulos, PK. and Zervos, A. (2009). CFD modelling issues of wind turbine wakes under stable atmospheric conditions, In: European wind energy conference & exhibition proceedings, Parc Chanot, Marseille, France, 16-19 March 2009. [ Links ]
Rethore, P.E. (2009). Wind turbine wake in atmospheric turbulence, PhD Thesis, Aalborg University, Department of Civil Engineering, ISSN 1901-729. [ Links ]
Richards, PJ. and Hoxey, R.P (1993). Appropriate boundary conditions for computational wind engineering models using the k-ε turbulence model, Journal of Wind Engineering and Industrial Aerodynamics, 46 & 47: 145-153. [ Links ]
Richards, PJ. and Quinn, A.D. (2002). A 6m cube in an atmosphere boundary layer flow, part 2. Computational solutions, Wind and Structures, 5: 177-192. [ Links ]
Smaili, A. and Masson, C. (2004). On the rotor effects upon nacelle anemometry for wind turbines, Wind Engineering, 28 (6): 695-714. [ Links ]
Taylor, G.J., Milborrow, D.J., McIntosh, D.N. and Swift-Hook, D.T. (1985). Wake measurements on the Nibe windmills, In: Proceedings of Seventh BWEA Wind Energy Conference, Oxford, pp. 67-73. [ Links ]
Yang, Yi., Gu, M., Chen, S. and Jin, X. (2009). New inflow boundary conditions for modelling the neutral equilibrium atmospheric boundary layer in computational wind engineering, Journal of Wind Engineering and Industrial Aerodynamics, 97: 88-95. [ Links ]
Received 20 May 2013
Revised 17 December 2013


text:
Nottoway General and Juvenile and Domestic Relations District Combined Courts
11th Judicial District of Virginia
General District Courts Informational Pamphlet
Juvenile and Domestic Relations District Courts Informational Pamphlet
Ms Mary R. Childress
email: firstname.lastname@example.com
Phone: (434) 645-9312
Fax: (434) 645-8584
Clerk's Office Hours
328 West Courthouse Road
P. O. Box 25
Nottoway, VA 23955
General District Judges
- Hon. Ray P. Lupold III, Chief Judge
- Hon. Robert Beman Beasley Jr.
Juvenile and Domestic Relations Judges
- Hon. Valentine W. Southall Jr., Presiding Judge, Chief Judge
- Hon. Phillip T. DiStanislao
Court Schedule
Traffic Wed., 9:00 a.m., Arraignments and Pre-Trial Motions Wed., 9:15 a.m., Trials Criminal Wed., 10:30 a.m., Arraignments & Pre-Trial Motions Wed., 10:45 a.m., Trials Wed., 11:30 a.m., Extradition Cases Civil Wed., 1:30 p.m., Garnishments & First Callings - Warrants in Debt and Warrants in Detinue Wed., 1:45 p.m., Unlawful Detainer Actions & Contested Cases (other) Wed., 2:00 p.m., Small Claims Division Cases Juvenile Criminal & Domestic Relations Thurs., 10:00 a.m. Custody/Non-Support/Juvenile Traffic Thurs., 1:00 p.m.
Continuance Policy
Continuances granted by Judge in General District Court. Continuances governed by Rule 8:14. Clerk may grant continuances consented to by all parties in JDR Court Rule 8:14(a).


text:
"The nastiest show I've seen all year." Read on for the verdict on last night's TV.
The Hoarder Next Door, Channel 4
"Yes, it was touching to see Nigel get his life back, but would it really have made it less interesting to squeeze a few crumbs of nuanced psychological insight in among those picturesque piles of rubbish?"
Tom Sutcliffe, The Independent
"Besides turning people's private misery into a form of circus entertainment, the programme peddles the idea that there is an instant solution to that misery. It's the nastiest show I've seen all year."
Matt Baylis, The Express
"This current offering [of hoarding documentaries] would have worked better at 30 minutes."
Andrew Billen, The Times
Playhouse Presents: King of the Teds, Sky Arts 1
"Jim Cartwright's script didn't really have the elbow-room to avoid coming across as a little trite. But Tom held up his corner of the triangle well and there was a nice echo of Nigel's sorrows when Ron's wife pulled an old drape jacket out of the wardrobe."
Tom Sutcliffe, The Independent
"Still, it was quick and painful. And it was a chance to marvel anew at how very, very brilliant Blethyn and Steadman always, always are. If only the rest could have been silence."
Lucy Mangan, The Guardian
Shakespeare in Italy, BBC2
"I don't know who was more outrageously misrepresented by Count Francesco da Mosto, Shakespeare or the Italians."
Andrew Billen, The Times
"It's a butterfly programme, beautiful, insubstantial, flitting from point to point and lingering nowhere for very long. But as long as Francesco keeps talking, I don't care."
Lucy Mangan, The Guardian


text:
Veterans Services
As a veteran, member of active duty military personnel or dependent, you may qualify for a variety of resources to help you pay for your education as well as other services that may help you to achieve your educational goals. Benefits include:
- 50 percent off tuition waiver for qualified military personnel and veterans
- Early registration for veterans each quarter
- Easily transferable credits
- Courses taught on campus, online and through distance learning programs
- College Transfer program and Professional/Technical programs
- Active and diverse campus dedicated to student success
Veterans Affairs Program Coordinator
The Veterans Affairs Program Coordinator will be your link between the college and the Department of Veterans Affairs (DVA) by assisting you in applying for educational funding, offering guidance on Veterans Affairs policies and certifying your enrollment to the DVA. The Program Coordinator serves as the Certifying Official and Veterans Representative.
Financial Aid Office/Veterans
Tony Diaz
Room BE1104
Student Veteran's Support Center
Seattle Central's Student Veterans Support Program assists veteran students, their dependents and partners with the tools and resources to successfully navigate the transition from military to college life.
VetCorp Navigator's BE 3204
Student Lounge BE 3210 C
VetCorp Navigator
The Washington Department of Veterans Affairs VetCorps Navigator on campus connects you with all of your resources and benefits. In addition to VA education benefits, the VetCorps Navigator helps with housing referrals, educational programs and scholarships, job search assistance, resume prep and providing access to other campus and community resources. Note: Navigator available only during the academic school year.
VetCorp Navigator Office
Will Schwab
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Seattle Veterans Affairs Vet Center at Seattle Central
A counselor from the Seattle Vet Center is available to meet with students who have served in the military, been stationed in a combat zone or experienced sexual trauma/coercion while in the military. Veterans, active duty personnel or anyone serving in the National Guard or Reserves may meet with the counselor.
During school year, visit the Veteran Students Center 1–4 p.m. on 2nd and 4th Wednesday of every month.
Arthur Satterfield
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Additional Student Support Services
Beyond helping with accessing educational funding, we offer additional support services to help you achieve your goals:


text:
Unemployment Crisis in America
now would not be the best time to mention my senior thesis-- or my grad school major, or the fact that i spent the better part life as a volunteer and advocate for children at-risk.. working to give them hope and a second chance at life.
systematically invalidating such bogus, barnum-type feedback that one typically gets from a MBTI type of personality test that is given during high school or in college. i won't bother to mention the standardization of SAT scores to help our country feel better-- or the fact that the stanford-binet was created for military issue only.
who gives a shit anymore??? if you told a me a fat bearded lady at the circus could decide my fate and tell me what direction i should choose next-- i'd take it! and throw in a fat tip for being smart enough to know that any answer-- no matter how grim, is far better than just wandering aimlessly through life looking back on what might have been-- at THIRTY? at THIRTY-SIX???
after receiving five letters of rejection from jobs that require nothing more than a GED or a high school diploma, i decided to go to the tennessee career center hoping to find a job that will allow me to afford the most basic necessities of life. toothpaste, toilet paper, cat food... i got hooked up with a counselor that afternoon. he has two masters degrees-- one in educational career counseling, and a second in counseling psychology. could this be the guidance counselor i have been asking for since.. well... since... i was old enough to know was in need of guidance?
surely someone else must have recognized i was in need of guidance, but god knows my parents weren't paying attention, and having good genes just doesn't cut it these days. but now more than ever, i realize that having all the smarts in the world won't get you anywhere if you never learned how to apply them.
i am the exact same five year old who needed to win the spelling bee. in college, i was the one to set the curve, not just make it. the one to break the rules, and, break them i did, but there is no glory in being second best, second smartest, second brightest, or second anything.
i wish i could say that after all this time i developed other ego strengths and finally felt okay with who i am, you know.... "just being me," but i am sad to report that my "condition" (diagnosis) was amazingly accurate and predictable. just like all the doctors said! i wonder if they derive joy out of being right-- if they crack open a bottle of aged liquor in my fathers office and say, "see, we told you so. we told you their was nothing you could do." and so nothing they did.
and by doing nothing, and i do mean nothing-- the illness will just take will its course. and i am now, in fact, nothing. nothing costs nothing (at least to them) and daddy made another fine investment. on the other hand, nothing has drained every hope, fear, security-- every chance-- and every last breath from my body. i might have believed in me. but i know i'm alive because a tear just rolled down the side of my cheek. i am home.
but i still haven't learned. for some reason with all of my failures i am reminded of in so many ways... me, myself, as i watch them play out every time i shut my eyes or open them. yes- blink.
sometimes i ask myself, how did i get here? how did this happen? what happened to all of the plans i made for myself? where did they go? where did I go? constantly replayed over and over and over again in my mind. i must be F---ING CRAZY!
but at this moment, here, even as i say the words, i am not truly insane, i am merely in pain. what a tragedy that those two words rhyme-- they ruin what could have been a very profound misnomer of the human condition and the labels we hold so dear.
i am the exact same 5 year old who needed to ACE the spelling bee, set the curve, not just make it; break the rules, and, break them i did. there is no glory in being second best. second smartest, second brightest, or second anything. being second sucks. it sucks every god-damned second of the day.
and so my search for mediocrity continues and i wait for it each and every day hoping it will find me beaten and worn from the storm. all of the storms, but dammit, its still there. i still have questions those damn elyssa questions that made all my professors so proud, damn ideas, damn thoughts, damn hope.
my mother still calls me everyday to see if i went to get food stamps to feed myself, #EFF her, and her #EFF'n things. #EFF diamonds, couture, and #EFF that life. i was here mom, the whole #EFF'n time. just not pretty enough with out any surgery. not pretty at all, with all those damn scars.
i hope someone out there still loves me. i do actually believe that i deserve love and kindness despite the obvious fact that i am a royal pain in the ass. i refuse to work in burger king. for right now, at least.
so goodnight my dear friends. let's all try to have sweet dreams. pepe awaits, as does alanis, and a pack of smokes that i can already taste.
yes, what could have been, what should have been-- what MIGHT have been if you let me be
"When written in chinese, the word Crisis is composed of tvo characters: One represents danger and the other represents opportunity." -JFK


text:
hepatitis(redirected from Lifrarbólga)
Also found in: Dictionary, Thesaurus, Encyclopedia.
Previously endemic throughout much of the developing world, viral hepatitis now ranks as a major public health problem in industrialized nations. The three most common types of viral hepatitis (A, B, and C) afflict millions worldwide. Acute viral hepatitis is characterized by varying degrees of fever, malaise, weakness, anorexia, nausea, and abdominal distress. Hepatocellular damage causes bilirubin retention, often with jaundice, and a rise in serum levels of certain enzymes (particularly transaminases). Hepatitis A, caused by an RNA enterovirus, is spread by the fecal-oral route, most often through ingestion of contaminated food or water. The case fatality rate is less than 1% and recovery is complete. The presence of antibody to hepatitis A virus indicates prior infection or successful immunization, noninfectivity, and immunity to future attacks. Hepatitis B, due to a small DNA virus of the Hepadnaviridae family, is transmitted through sexual contact, sharing of needles by IV drug abusers, needlestick injuries among health care workers, and from mother to fetus. This disease is a leading cause of chronic hepatitis, cirrhosis, and hepatocellular carcinoma. The annual incidence of hepatitis B in the U.S. is 300,000 cases. The incubation period is 6-24 weeks. Some patients become carriers, and in some, an immune response to the virus induces a chronic phase leading to cirrhosis, hepatic failure, and risk of hepatocellular carcinoma. Hepatitis B surface antigen (HbsSAg) appears in the serum early in the disease; its persistence correlates with chronic infection and infectivity. Core antigen (HbcCAg) appears later and also indicates infectivity. The presence of antibodies to these antigens implies recovery and noninfectivity. Hepatitis C, caused by an RNA virus of the Flaviviridae family, was the principal form of transfusion-induced hepatitis before the early 1990s, when screening of donor blood for this virus was initiated. About two thirds of those currently infected have a history of IV drug abuse. The disease can also be transmitted by needles used for body piercing or tattooing and (less often) sexually or from mother to fetus. Early infection is usually asymptomatic. Antibodies to various components of the virus appear early but do not neutralize the virus. The disease is nonetheless self-limited in 15-20% of patients. The rest develop chronic infection, with persistence of detectable viral RNA, and about half experience slowly progressive deterioration of hepatic function. Cirrhosis occurs in 15-20% of patients with hepatitis C. Extrahepatic manifestations of hepatitis C virus infection include cryoglobulinemia, glomerulonephritis, and non-Hodgkin lymphoma. Acute infection with hepatitis B or C has a higher mortality rate than hepatitis A. Effective vaccines are available for active immunization against hepatitis A and hepatitis B. Interferon-alfa 2b and lamivudine are sometimes effective in hepatitis B. Combination therapy with interferon-alfa 2a, interferon-alfa 2b, and ribavirin brings about clinical remission in some cases of hepatitis C. Responsiveness depends in part on the genotype of the virus. Hepatitis D is due to a defective RNA virus capable of causing disease only in those previously infected by hepatitis B virus. People infected by both hepatitis B and hepatitis D viruses are at high risk of developing fulminant hepatitis and cirrhosis. Prolonged treatment with interferon is somewhat effective. Hepatitis E, which occurs chiefly in the tropics, resembles hepatitis A in that it is transmitted by the fecal-oral route and does not become chronic or lead to a carrier state, but it has a much higher mortality rate.
hepatitis/hep·a·ti·tis/ (hep″ah-ti´tis) pl. hepati´tides Inflammation of the liver.
hepatitisA generic term for any type of liver inflammation.
• Viruses—HAV, HBV, hepatitis non-A, non-B (HCV, HDV, HEV, CMV), coxsackievirus, herpesvirus, EBV, measles, mumps, rubella, rubeola;
• Bacteria;
• Parasites;
• Fungi.
• Alcohol;
• Drugs;
• Chemicals and toxins;
• Hyperthermia;
• Radiation.
Clinical findings
Anorexia, nausea, vomiting, malaise, jaundice, myalgia, arthralgia, photophobia, bleeding, diathesis.
Increased transaminases (ALA, AST, GGT, BR), immunoglobulins; decreased vitamin K-dependent coagulation factors, ergo increased prothrombin time. Viral hepatitis is diagnosed by serology, measuring viral antigen(s) or antibodies formed against the antigens; non-viral hepatitides are diagnosed by history and exclusion of virus.
Acute hepatitis—no treatment (steroids, IFN-a are not recommended); chronic hepatitis—corticosteroids, IFN-a may prolong survival and improve outcomes.
hepatitisHepatology Liver inflammation Etiology-infectious HAV, HBV, hepatitis non-A, non-B–HCV, HDV, HEV, CMV, coxsackievirus, herpesvirus, EBV, measles, mumps, rubella, rubeola, bacteria, parasites, fungi Etiology-noninfectious Alcohol, drugs, chemicals and toxins, hyperthermia, radiation Clinical Anorexia, N&V, malaise, jaundice, myalgia, arthralgia, photophobia, bleeding diathesis Lab ↑ Transaminases–ALA, AST, GGT, BR, Igs, ↓ vitamin K-dependent coagulation factors, ergo ↑ prothrombin time; viral hepatitis is diagnosed by serology, measuring viral antigen(s) or antibodies formed against the antigens; non-viral hepatitides are diagnosed by history and exclusion of virus Management Acute hepatitis, no treatment–steroids, IFN-α are not recommended; chronic hepatitis–corticosteroids, IFN-α may prolong survival and improve outcomes. See Acute hepatitis, Biochemical hepatitis, Chronic hepatitis, Giant cell hepatitis, Halothane hepatitis, Hepatitis A, Hepatitis B, Hepatitis C, Hepatitis D, Hepatitis E, Hepatitis F, Hepatitis GB, Hepatitis non-A–G, Lupoid hepatitis, Neonatal hepatitis, Non-A, non-B hepatitis.
hepatitisa serious disorder of the liver that leads to severe jaundice, liver degeneration and even death. The condition is caused by two viruses: hepatitis A virus, which produces infective hepatitis transmitted by the intestinal-oral route, and hepatitis B virus, which produces serum hepatitis transmitted via infected blood or its products. Although these two viral types can be distinguished in tests, the acute diseases caused by each may be clinically indistinguishable, the chief difference being that type A usually has a shorter incubation period than type B. No specific therapy is available for hepatitis, although vaccines are being developed.
hepatitisliver inflammation due to acute or chronic viral infection Table 1
|Hepatitis type
|Clinical features
|Viral hepatitis type A (HAV)
|The commonest form of viral hepatitis, occurring mostly in the autumn, and affecting children and young adults
Spread via the faecal–oral route, especially in overcrowded and unsanitary conditions, or from the ingestion of contaminated foodstuffs
No carrier state
Causes a flu-like illness (patients show viral particles in blood and faeces); some cases progress to jaundice and 10% develop splenomegaly, lymphadenopathy and rashes
Symptoms generally clear in 3–6 weeks, and most cases recover totally; some show occasional relapses; mortality rate is 0.1%
|Viral hepatitis type B (HBV)
|Spread via the intravenous route (transfusion of infected blood or blood products; contaminated needles; intimate personal contact [especially male homosexuals])
The carrier state is common: 300 million carriers worldwide (0.5% in UK and USA; 10–15% in Africa, Middle and Far East), with the virus occurring in body fluids Causes a subclinical infection similar to that of HAV in most cases; 25% also develop fever, rashes and small-joint polyarthritis, some develop arteritis and/or glomerulonephritis
The majority recover completely, but 1% show fulminant hepatitis; some later develop chronic hepatitis and liver cancer, or the carrier state
|Viral hepatitis type C (HCV):
|Much more common than HBV, approximately 10 times more common than HIV, and which has been transmitted to approximately 80% of all haemophiliacs through transfusions of contaminated blood products
Most infections are asymptomatic, but 10% of cases show flu-like symptoms with jaundice, arthritis, agranulocytosis, anaemia and neurological problems 50% of cases go on to develop chronic liver disease, and of these 30% develop cirrhosis, and 15% hepatocellular carcinoma
|Viral hepatitis type D (HDV):
|Arises as a co-infection with HBV, or as a superinfection in a case with previously quiescent HBV (the HDV is activated by the presence of the HBV), especially in intravenous drug abusers
Cases develop severe fulminant hepatitis
|Viral hepatitis type E (HEV)
|Causes hepatitis similar to HAV
It is transmitted via infected water, causing epidemics
Mortality rate is 1–2% due to liver failure (rising to 20% in pregnant women)
No carrier state, and does not progress to chronic liver disease
|Viral hepatitis type non-A, non-B (HGV)
|Parenteral transmission, affecting intravenous drug abusers, haemophiliacs and dialysis patients
The virus is present in 1–2% of US voluntary blood donors, and 15% of Africans 75% of cases with the virus are symptom-free, and there is no direct evidence that the presence of HGV in the blood leads to later liver infections
HIV, human immunodeficiency virus.
hepatitis (heˈ·p·tīˑ·tis),
hep·a·ti·tis, vi·ral, non-A, non-B(NANB) (hepă-tītis, vīrăl)
hepatitis (hep´ətī´tis),
delta agent.
n 2. hepatitis caused by a viral infection, including that by Epstein-Barr virus and cytomegalovirus.
Patient discussion about hepatitis
Q. Do I have hepatitis? I'm volunteering in a shelter for homeless people, and there are many drug addicts there. Yesterday, as I was serving them food one of the residents of the shelter (who I know to be a long term drug addict that uses heroine) coughed and expelled blood on my bare hands (apparently he had some lung disease). Do I now have hepatitis? I know that it's very common among drug addicts, and that it's transmitted through blood contact. I checked my hands and I didn't have any wounds or scratches, but I heard the virus can infect you even if you don't have any wound, is that right?
Q. Is Hepatitis C contagious? My Girlfriend is a carrier for Hepatitis C. She got infected from a blood transfusion as a kid. Can I catch it from her?
Q. How Do You Become Infected With Hepatitis C? Can I get hepatitis C from touching someone with hepatitis?


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Judaism and HIV/AIDS
August 1994
The 1991 United Synagogue resolution on AIDS described the epidemic spread of that disease as "one of the most devastating public health crises faced in modern times... which has the possibility of destroying civilization as we know it." Indeed, AIDS has taken hundreds of thousands of lives already, and infection rates are still on the rise. In the United States alone, there is at least one HIV-related death every six minutes, and the number of people who have died is triple the total number of American casualties from the Vietnam War.
Synagogues can play a vital role in addressing the AIDS crisis by undertaking education and prevention programs, providing welcome and support for people living with HIV/AIDS and their friends and families, and by working with AIDS service and advocacy organizations. The enclosed material is intended to serve as an introduction to Jewish involvement in AIDS work. It includes Jewish source material, programming ideas, and a list of resources.
You may be wondering why we have chosen to focus on HIV/AIDS when so many diseases affect our community. In fact, most of the material in this packet can be applied to addressing other illnesses. But we believe that AIDS demands special attention for a number of reasons. First, unlike cancer or heart disease, we know what causes AIDS and how to prevent it in nearly every case. Thus, the task of saving lives is directly dependent upon our ability to educate effectively about HIV/AIDS and to help promote prevention. By becoming a strong link in the chain of AIDS education and prevention efforts, synagogues can help to avert the tragedy of AIDS altogether.
Second, people living with AIDS and their families have been painfully stigmatized by society. Often, they require a great deal of the comfort and support that synagogue community can provide. Since much of the stigmatization of people infected with HIV has come from religious quarters, synagogue involvement in AIDS activities can send the message that people living with HIV/AIDS have not been abandoned by the Jewish community. On the contrary, they will discover that the Jewish community is there for them when they need it most.
Finally, confronting HIV/AIDS can be difficulty, frightening, and spiritually exhausting. This applies not only to those who are ill, but to those involved in caring for and supporting them within the community as well. By dealing with HIV/AIDS within the synagogue context, congregants can be assured of receiving the hizuk -- spiritual and emotional strength -- necessary for the task at hand.
The Commission of Social Action and Public Policy of the United Synagogue of Conservative Judaism is proud to present this publication, its fourth in a series of resolution implementation packets. We pray that its fruits will be comfort and healing for those who are sick and the saving of many lives.
This material was prepared by David Rosen, a rabbinical student at the Jewish Theological Seminary of America and edited by Sarrae G. Crane.
United Synagogue Resolution On AIDS (1991)
WHEREAS, the world is currently experiencing one of the most devastating public health crises faced in modern times, Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome (AIDS), a disease which has the possibility of destroying society as we know it; and
Terms And Definitions
AIDS -- stands for Acquired Immuno Defficiency Syndrome, an illness that impairs a person's ability to fight off disease. AIDS itself is not a single disease, but a group of symptoms caused mainly by infections and/or cancers that develop in the absence of proper immune-system defenses.
HIV/AIDS And The Jewish Tradition: Concepts And Sources
The Jewish tradition contains rich resources for dealing with many of the issues we confront when dealing with HIV/AIDS. Above all, the tradition's respect for human life mandates that we do everything possible to prevent the further spread of the disease. Alongside the mandate for education and prevention, there is much that our tradition has to teach about care and compassion for those who are ill. Below is a brief glossary of halakhic and theological concepts related to HIV/AIDS
and the sources in which they can be found.
HIV/AIDS Resources
For information on HIV/AIDS publications, videos and educational material, call the clearinghouse numbers below. For confidential answers to questions about HIV/AIDS, emergency counseling, and referrals
for local testing, treatment and hospices, call the hotline numbers below.
Conservative Movement Resources
The Conservative movement has developed the following materials on HIV/AIDS. All are available directly from the United Synagogue of Conservative Judaism, 212-533-7800.
Jewish Materials on HIV/AIDS
Being A blessing: 54 Things You Can do to Help People Living with AIDS by Rabbi R. Goldstein, from Alef Design Group at 1-800-845-0662.
Program Suggestion: Collecting Things for People Living With AIDS
People living with AIDS often are completely penniless just a few months after their first opportunistic infection. Those people who had jobs are no longer working. Once they are not working, they lose their access to health insurance. To qualify for Medicaid, a person has to have almost no money and no assets. As a result, in New Jersey more than 50% of people living with AIDS are homeless,
not because they're bums, but because there is no way for them to survive financially. Many live on the generosity of family and friends, kindly strangers with an extra room, basement, or garage.
Collect food for people living with AIDS
If you or your congregation are not involved in a food bank, please consider collecting canned and packaged foods for people living with AIDS. (If your congregation is already involved with a food bank, please skip to some of the other action steps below.) Focus on easy to cook food with a high nutritional content, preferably low in salt and fat but high in calories. Cans and packaged foods last a long time, which may be helpful as you develop a distribution system. Fresh produce, breads, milk products and meats would be great, but first you have to be able to come up with a sure way to get them into the hands of the people who need them before they spoil.
Program Suggestions For Congregations
The Jewish Healing Center: 141 Alto Avenue, San Francisco, CA 94116, 415-387-4999 (In NY, 212-580-0099). Many resources for meeting the spiritual needs of Jews dealing with illness.
Collect over-the-counter medications and personal hygiene products
Over-the-counter medications are a particular problem for people living with AIDS. Many can't be accessed through Medicaid, which pays for prescription medications only. Food stamps also do not pay for medications. So some common items become difficult to obtain. One method for raising people's awareness of this problem and getting them to help is to encourage people to buy two over-the-counter products whenever they buy one for themselves. Set a collection date every six weeks. Please note that all medications are made available for people living with AIDS in consultation with their physicians.
Collect household supplies for people living with AIDS
If you can barely afford to pay for food, buying simple household supplies become a real challenge. People living with AIDS need to live in an environment which won't make them sick, yet they may not be able to afford to buy the very items which can help them keep the germs to a minimum. They also need to be able to prepare meals, which means they need basic kitchen equipment.
How You Can And Cannot Become Infected With HIV*
You can become infected with HIV in two main ways:
Also, women infected with HIV can pass the virus to their babies during pregnancy or during birth. In some cases, they can pass it on when breast-feeding. Some people have been infected while receiving blood transfusions, especially before 1985, when careful screening and laboratory testing of the blood supply began. You cannot be infected by donating blood.
Not all of the answers are in.
This article was provided by United Synagogue of Conservative Judaism.


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After David's Announcement
How did David Plotz feel after he delivered his big news to the Slate team?
At Monday's staff-wide meeting, Slate editor David Plotz made two big announcements.
"The first announcement is that I am stepping down, as editor, as of … now. The second is that Jacob has chosen Julia to succeed me. So please join me in congratulating Julia," David said.
You can read the rest of David's goodbye here. Here's what David had to say after Monday's big announcement.


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Oh woe is me what is it about peaches and makeup that gets me so excited" Missha Peach Land Peach Tool Kit has my eye today for Spring and I don't need it but I sure as hell do want it! If I'm honest I can talk myself out of this easily but I don't have willpower strong enough to do so. I kind of wish it was a makeup collection in someways but another part of me is all, "Oh my god it'll look so cute on my vanity!" The set includes 12 peachy tools for makeup application including a face brush, powder brush, two eyeshadow brushes, peach hair brush, two hair velcro hair sheet, hand mirror, brush cleansing pad, and blending sponge, and blending sponge holder!
As you can see of it is shaped like a peach and peach in color. Now Missha, I really need a makeup collection to go with all these adorable tools!
I probably won't stand strong long.
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"Café scientifique started in the late-20th century as an informal discussion about scientific subjects. They were never intended to be lectures. The same holds true for CIHR Café scientifiques. They provide insight into health-related issues of popular interest to the general public, and in turn provoke questions and provide answers. For that reason, the CIHR Café science are all about accessibility.
They involve interaction between the public and experts in a given field at a café, a pub or a restaurant. If you want to take part in a CIHR Café scientifique, there is no need for you to have a science degree. You just need to have a deep-rooted desire to talk about a particular health subject. That way you could learn how health research may provide answers to any questions that are on your mind." -- CIHR


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Number of dollars spent per week on a girl divided by number of orgasms attained from said girl. For example if you spend $100 dollars week and you came 5 times FROM THE SAME GIRL that SAME week. Your Jizzcost is 20. The lower the Jizzcost the more financially sound your future may be.
Remember: It's similar to P/E Ratio. $$$/# of Orgasms.
Remember: It's similar to P/E Ratio. $$$/# of Orgasms.
"I know she is hot bro, but have you really analyzed your jizzcost with that girl?" Typically, Jizzcost can be very high for married guys. If you are DINKS your Jizzcost goes down but only if you have a joint account.
by Deltapirate March 19, 2013
buy the domain for your foodie blog