text:
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text:
Posted 7 years ago
(153 items)
This is a Vintage bell I believe was used for fishing. I was told that the bell was mounted on a fishing boat and the fishing line was attached to it.
If a fish was on the line it would pull the lever and ring the bell to let the fisherman know he has something on the line. Similar to a bicycle bell with a different set-up. There is a manufacturer name "CAPTAIN LEECH, SARASOTA, FLA."
The bell works great!

subset: commoncrawl


text:
ARLINGTON, Texas The biggest difference over the last seven weeks for the Rangers as they steadily tracked down the Houston Astros was the remaking of the bullpen.
It was the biggest difference between the two teams this week as well, as the Rangers not only caught Houston, but passed them and then kicked a bit of red dirt in their faces by completing a four-game sweep Thursday night.
A 6-2 win turned on the Rangers' ability to shut down Houston late with waves of fresh arms. The Astros, who didn't invest nearly as big in the bullpen at the trade deadline, couldn't do the same. As a result, the Rangers lead in the AL West grew to 2 1/2 games with 16 to play.


text:
IFPE 2014 will be the place to be to learn about all things fluid power. As in they have since 2002, IFPE and ConExpo will be held simultaneously at the Las Vegas Convention Center. This year's Conference is scheduled for Tuesday, March 4 through Saturday, March 8, with the IFPE Technical Conference running Wednesday, March 5 through Friday, March 7. Specifically, conference sessions will be held in the South Hall Bridge Meeting Complex. In addition, four-hour short courses will be conducted Tuesday, March 4, and a series of free fluid power seminars will be conducted Wednesday and Thursday, March 5 and 6. The IFPE Technical Conference will emphasize new technologies and methods related to improved analysis, design, manufacture, and performance of fluid power components and systems.
Registration for the IFPE Technical Conference is $85, which includes admission to all technical presentations, two keynote presentations, a flash drive with the Conference, and a certificate for PDH or CEUs.
Wednesday, March 5
W1 Modeling: Hybrid (Green), PCB Stability, Controls | 8:45 am - 10:15 am
PCB System Dynamic Stability Utilizing Digital Protyping
Michael Beyer, Senior Technical Specialist, Eaton Corp.
Innovative Hybrid Modeling Approach to Enhance Green Design Based on Fully Integrated Mechatronic System
Vincent Remillard, Application Engineer/Technical Manager, Famic Technologies Inc.
Optimizing Hydraulic Control Systems with Modeling and Simulation
David Ruxton, Applications Engineer, HydraForce and Nick Stabile, Design Engineer Group Leader, HydraForce
W2 Wireless Technology: Applications, Performance, Safety | 8:45 am - 10:15 am
High Speed Real-Time Industrial Ethernet Technology Revolutionizes Off-Highway Vehicle Automation Architectures
Sari Germanos, Technology Marketing Manager, Ethernet POWERLINK Standardization Group
Global Navigation Satellite Systems (GNSS) technologies for Off-Highway Agricultural Vehicles: The Benefits of Using State-of-the- Art Mobile Hydraulics Technology
Leroy Garciano, Systems and Application Engineer, Danfoss
Machine Control with Only Two Hoses
Douglas Anderson, Systems and Application Engineer, Danfoss
W3 Controls: Analysis, Performance, Systems | 8:45 am - 10:15 am
Servo Motion Control with Custom Feedback Increases Operation Uptime, Reduces Maintenance, and Improves Monitoring of Machine Parameters
Peter Nachtwey, President, Delta Computer Systems Inc.
Practical Solutions for Open Circuit System Instability
Chad Daniel, Manager, BA Sales Americas, Danfoss
Hydraulic "Jerk" on Articulated Vehicles
Jared Cave, Systems and Applications Engineer, Danfoss
W4 Modeling Pumps for Design and Performance | 10:30 am - 12:00 pm
Comparison of Steady State Flow Loss Models for Axial Piston Pumps
Samuel Hall, System and Application Engineer, Danfoss
On the Hydraulic Pumps Modeling for Applications Engineers
Medhat Khalil, Director of Professional Education, Milwaukee School of Engineering
Mathematical Modeling and Experimental Research on Influence of Improved Stator Curve on the Characteristic of Vane Pump
Radovan Petrovic, Professor, College of Applied Engineering, Center for Power Control Hydraulics
W5 Noise Control: Modeling and In-Line Supression | 10:30 am - 12: 00 pm
Variable Displacement Radial Piston Pump-Motor
Frank Walker, President, Hydraulic Innovations LLC
Prediction of the Acoustic Radiation from a Hydraulic Piston
Michael Beyer, Senior Technical Specialist, Eaton Corp
Optimization of Dissimilarly-Sized Dual In-Line Suppressors
Elliott Gruber, Graduate Student, Georgia Institute of Technology
W6 Hydraulic Energy Storage Methods | 10:30 am - 12:00 pm
Fluid Power in Transportation
Charles Juhasz, Director of Engineering, Scientific Services Inc
Experimental Studies of Viscous Loss in a Hydraulic Flywheel Accumulator
Kyle Strohmaier, Master's Student, University of Minnesota
Industrial Application of an Intelligent and Efficient Fluid Power Storage System
Leonid Sheshin, Head of Fluid Power Department, Lumex-Marketing Ltd
Keynote Presentation
Energy Consumption in Fluid Power – The Impact and Potential Savings in Mobile Machine Applications 1:00 - 2:00 pm
Lonnie Love, PhD, Group leader of Oak Ridge National Laboratory's (ORNL) Automation, Robotics and Manufacturing Group
Fluid Power is a foundational technology for both the manufacture and operation of mobile machines. However, there are many areas where fluid power can improve. A recent ORNL/NFPA study suggests that between 2% and 3% of U.S. energy consumption is derived from fluid power components and systems. Furthermore, the average efficiency of fluid power systems is approximately 21%--although typically higher in mobile machines. Therefore, moderate improvements in efficiency can yield tremendous energy savings. Emerging trends in advanced manufacturing (additive processes, light weight metals, low cost carbon fiber) can simultaneously increase efficiency as well as improve competitiveness. Another challenge is workforce development. How can we inspire youth to not only consider careers in science and engineering, but become knowledgeable about the benefits and efficiency potential in fluid power?
W7 New Pump Designs (Digital/Discrete) and Applications | 2:15 - 3:45 pm
Midsize Wind Turbines with Hydraulic Transmissions
Feng Wang, PhD, University of Minnesota
Applications for Discrete Flow Pumps
Matt Kronlage, Product Applications Engineer, Turolla OpenCircuitGear
Digital Hydraulic Transformer – DHTM475
Elton Bishop, Manager, DigitalHydraulic LLC
W8 Using Hydraulics for Tier 4 Off Highway Compliance | 2:15 - 3:45 pm
Engine Overspeed Protection for Tier 4 Machines with Hydrostatic Transmissions
Simon Nielsen, Systems Engineer, Danfoss
Modern Hydrostatic Propel Drives Change Wheeled Off-Road Vehicles
Jӧrn Petersen, Sales Director Construction Machinery Sector, Bosch Rexroth
W9 Controls: Analysis, Performance, Systems | 2:15 - 3:45 pm
Coordinating Subsystem to Maximize Efficiency
Timothy Post, Application Engineering Manager, Hydro Electronic Devices
Hydraulic Generator Drive Robust Control
Christian Daley, Engineer, Danfoss
Pressure Control in Pulsed Electrohydraulic Forming of Sheet Metal
Celestine Okoye, University Lecturer, Federal Ministry of Education Headquarters
W10 Novel Methodology for Analysis of Pumps and Motors | 4:00 - 5:00 pm
Equations to Fluid Power Components
Nahum Goldenberg, CEO, HydroCAD-Nahum Goldenberg Ltd
A Novel Methodology of Displacement Calculation for the Swash Plate Axial Piston Pump with Conical Cylinder Block
Will Guo, Engineering Team Leader, Danfoss
W11 Pneumatics: Reusable Energy, Robotics, Orthotics | 4:00 - 5:00 pm
Heat and Efficiency Considerations in Fluid-Powered Co-Robotics Applications
Douglas Cook, Staff Researcher, Milwaukee School of Engineering
Walking Energy Hydraulic Regeneration Potential to Extend Range of Active Orthotic Exoskeletons
Keith Fisher, Associate Professor, Montana State University
W12 Work/Duty Cycles: Determination and Optimization | 4:00 - 5:00 pm
Establishing an Optimal Work Cycle for an Alternative Wheel Loader Concept
Bobbie Frank, Alternative Drivetrain Research Engineer, Volvo Construction Equipment and Lund University
Drive Cycle Formation Procedures for Off-Highway Vehicles
QingHui Yuan, Manager, Eaton Corp
Thursday, March 6
T1 Fluid Performance: Temperature, Film Thickness, Base Stock | 8:45 - 10:15 am
Study of Temperature and Lubricant Effects on the Efficiency of a Complete Hydrostatic Drive System
Shubhamita Basu, Technology Manager, The Lubrizol Corporation and Edward Akucewich, Technical Fellow, The Lubrizol Corp
Effect of Base Stock Type on Film Thickness and Performance in Hydraulic Pumps
Edward Akucewich, Technical Fellow, The Lubrizol Corp
Hydraulic Fluid Efficiency Effects in External Gear Pumps
Paul Michael, Research Chemist, Milwaukee School of Engineering
T2 Modeling: Vane Pumps and Valves | 8:45 - 10:15 am
A Numerical Model for the Simulation of Flow in Radial Piston Machines
Pulkit Agarwal, Graduate Student, Purdue University
New Non-Linear Model for a 4-Way Directional Control Servo or Proportional Valve
Jack Johnson, Electrohydraulic Engineer, IDAS Engineering Inc
A Non-Linear Valve Model is Applied to a Highly Overlapped Proportional Valve
Jack Johnson, Electrohydraulic Engineer, IDAS Engineering Inc
T3 Wireless Technology: Application, Performance, and Safety | 8:45 - 10:15 am
Connecting Your Vehicle to the World
Christopher Kolbe, Vice President of Sales & Marketing, Hydro Electronic Devices
Applying Wireless Technology to Electro-Hydraulics: Architecture, Compliance, and Safety Considerations
Anthony M. Di Tommaso, Manager, Product Development, Cervis Inc.
CAN Be Safe
Brian Spranger, Software Engineer, Danfoss
T4 Hydraulic Hybrids: Simulation, Design, Performance | 10:30 am - 12:00 pm
Control System Development for a Hydraulic Hybrid Lift Truck
Michael Olson, Lead Engineer - Controls and Modeling, Eaton Corp
Comparison of Two Different Electronic Feedback Methods to Increase the Damping in the Simulation Model of Electro-Hydraulic Hybrid Actuator System for Off-Highway Working Vehicles
Rafael Aman, Post-Doctoral Researcher, Lappeenranta University of Technology
T5 Valves: Modeling, Performance, Contamination | 10:30 am - 12:00 pm
Control and Stability Analysis of a Practical Load-Sense Systems
Abhijit Das, Advanced Systems Engineer, Danfoss
Improvements in Controllability and Efficiency of Electronically Controlled Valve Systems
Gary LaFayette, Sr Engineer, Danfoss
Servo Valve Design for Faster Response in motion Systems and Also Low Contamination Susceptibility
K. Osaka, Design Engineer, R&D Department, Yuken Kogyo Co
T6 Fluids: Environment, Performance (Including Hybrids) | 10:30 am - 12:00 pm
Environmental Lubricants in the Fluid Power Industry
Mark Miller, Executive Vice President, Terresolve Technologies/RSC Biosolutions
The Effects of Fluid Properties on the Efficiency of Hydraulic Hybrid Vehicles
Steven Herzog, OEM Liaison Manager, Evonik Oil Additives USA Inc.
Improving Fuel Efficiency, Productivity and GHG Emissions of Off-Highway Equipment Through the Use of Energy Efficient Hydraulic Fluids
Thomas Schimmel, Business Segment Manager, Hydraulic Fluids, Evonik Oil Additives USA Inc.
Keynote Presentation
Hydraulic Hybrid Excavator – Customers, Diversity Drives Innovation 1:00 - 2:00 pm
Ken Gray, Global Product Manager, Large Hydraulic Excavators, Caterpillar Inc.
The fuel-saving Cat® 336E H Hybrid was launched in 2013 as the industry's first hydraulic hybrid excavator. With over 300 patents filed, the innovative hydraulic hybrid technology is a significant departure from the typical hybrid approach. To accomplish such a feat required an acute, intense focus on the customer and a diverse, global team empowered to drive an innovative solution. Learn the story behind the development of this game-changing product from Caterpillar.
T7 Hydraulic Hybrids: Energy Recovery and Reuse | 2:15 - 3:45 pm
Towards a New Kind of Energy Recovery for Electric Vehicles
Jose Garcia, Assistant Professor, Purdue University
Hydraulic Hybrid System for Swing Energy Recovery and Reuse
Jiao Zhang, Engineering Technical Steward, Caterpillar Inc.
Series Hybrid Hydraulic System
James O'Brien II, President, NRG Dynamix
T8 Fluids: Filter Testing, Water Monitoring and Control | 2:15 - 3:45 pm
Got Water?
Jawad Khan, Data Analyst, Polaris Laboratories
Laboratory and Field Investigations of Water-Adsorbing Oil Filters and Relative Humidity Sensors
Paul Michael, Research Chemist, Milwaukee School of Engineering
Impact of the Use of Secondary Particle Counter Calibration Samples on Particle Count and Filter Test Results
Bryan Steffan, CV Test Engineer, Cummins Filtration Inc.
T9 Hydraulic Fan Drive Systems: Design and Performance | 2:15 - 3:45 pm
Improvements in Reversing Fan Drives
Stephen Frantz, Staff Engineer, Danfoss
Dedicated Closed Circuit Hydrostatic Fan Drive Control
Josh Cronbaugh, Product Engineer, Danfoss
Open Circuit Fan System Stability Analysis
Robert Harris, Systems and Application Engineer, Danfoss
T10 Valves: Adjustment, Modeling, Empirical Evaluation | 4:00 - 5:00 pm
Methods to Adjust the Characteristic Curves of Electro-Hydraulic Proportional Valves in Mobile Applications
Mark Jankowski, Engineering Manager, Thomas Magnete USA LLC
Empirical Method Produces Improved Consistency In Variable Discharge Coefficient Effects
Jack Johnson, Electrohydraulic Engineer, IDAS Engineering Inc
T11 Test Stands and Procedures: Digital Pumps/Motors, Air-Borne Noise | 4:00 - 5:00 pm
Meeting ISO3744 – Determination of Airborne Noise Generated by Hydrostatic Unit
Jaromir Tvaruzek, NVH Senior Engineer, Danfoss
Development of a Digital Pump/Motor Test Stand
Farid Breidi, Student, Purdue University
T12 Sensors: Thermal Properties and Pressure Ripple Energy for Sensing | 4:00 - 5:00 pm
Applications of Thermal Actuation Technologies within the Fluid Power Environment
Gary Swanson, President, Thermotion LLC
Pressure Ripple Energy Harvester Enabling Autonomous Sensing
Ellen Skow, Research Graduate Assistant, Georgia Institute of Technology
Friday, March 7
F1 Connectors, Manifolds, Cylinders | 8:45 - 10:15 am
Corrosion Protection Methods for Fluid Connectors
Josef Pfister, Division Engineering Manager, Parker Hannifin Corp
New Process for Improved Seamless Forged Pipes for Hydraulic Cylinders
Pierre Sutter, Product Manager, Vallourec
Pressure Ratings and Design Guidelines for Manifold Applications
Robert O'Rourke, Product Engineering Manager, Dura-Bar
F2 Pneumatics: Performance, Reusable Energy, Seal Friction | 8:45 - 10:15 am
Two-Phase Heat Regeneration in Hydraulic Accumulators: Efficiency Improvement at Low Cost
Alexander Stroganov, President, Lumex Instruments Canada
Characteristics of Air Flow Control Components for the Emergency Breathing System
So-Nam Yun, Valve Developer, Korea Institute of Machinery & Materials
Pneumatic Lipseal Friction
John Berninger, Consultant, Parker Hannifin Corp
F3 Air in Fluids: Effect and Elimination | 8:45 - 10:15 am
Air Bubble Separation and Elimination from Working Fluids for Performance Improvement of Hydraulic Systems
Yutaka Tanaka Sayako Sakama, Professor, Hosei Univeristy
Impact of Gas Cavitation in the Instantaneous Flow Provided by External Gear Pumps
Andrea Vacca, Assistant Professor, Maha Fluid Power Research Center, Purdue University
Improvement of Air Release Performance with the Use of High VI Hydraulic Fluids
Michaël Alibert, OEM Liaison Manager/Technical Service Manager, Evonik Industries, AG
F4 Charge Pump, Reservoir Design, Seal Friction | 10:30 am - 12:00 pm
Mobile Equipment Reservoir Baffle Innovation
Robert Post, Contributing IFPS Member, on behalf of IFPS
Onto Fast Numerical Prediction of Hydraulic Seals Friction for Engineering Applications
Mickael Sansalone, Researcher, SKF Engineering & Research Centre
Charge Pump and Loop Flush Sizinng for Closed Loop, One Pump, Multi-Motor Systems
Brent Sinclair, Systems and Application Engineer, Danfoss
F5 Modeling: Valves, Analysis, Performance | 10:30 am - 12:00 pm
Modeling, Simulation and Analysis of a Simple Load-Sense System
Leroy Garciano, Systems and Application Engineer, Danfoss
Improving the Position Control Performance of a Proportional Spool Valve, Using 3D CFD Modeling
Emma Frosina, PhD Student, University of Naples Federico II
F6 New Pump Designs | 10:30 am - 12:00 pm
Design of a Variable Displacement Triplex Pump
Shawn Wilhelm, PhD Student, University of Minnesota
Experimental Characterization of External Gear Machines with Asymmetric Teeth Profile
Ram Sudarsan Devendran, PhD Student, Maha Fluid Power Research Center, Purdue University
Using Helical Gear Form to Reduce Ripple and Noise in External Gear Pumps
Agostino Martini, Manager, Settima Meccanica Co
F7 Improved Quality and Safety, Using FMEA and Component Coding | 1:00 - 2:00 pm
Using System FMEAs to Improve Safety, Quality and Performance in Off-Highway Hydraulic Systems
D. Dean Houdeshell, Manager, Systems & Application Engineering – Americas, Danfoss
Using 3D-Color Coding to Communicate Fluid Power Designs
Vito Gervasi, Director R&D, RPR, Milwaukee School of Engineering
F8 Test Stand Design: Hi-Bandwith and Impulse Fatigue | 1:00 - 2:00 pm
Design of a High-Bandwidth, Hydrostatic Absorption Chassis Dynamometer with Electronic Load Control
Daniel Skelton, Graduate Research Assistant, Purdue University
Energy Efficient Impulse/Fatigue Testing
Timothy Kerrigan, Fluid Power Consulting Engineer, MSOE - Fluid Power Institute
Development of a Portable Pneumatic Educational Tool for STEM Education
Farid Breidi, Student, Purdue University
F9 Innovative Applications of Hydro-statics for Small Machines | 1:00 - 2:00 pm
Novel Use of a U-style Hydrostatic Transmission to Develop a Low-Power Dual-Mode Transmission
Wyatt Hall, Engineering Intern, Danfoss
Hydrostatic Baja Vehicle
David Johnson, Student/Applications Engineer, Milwaukee School of Engineering
For additional information, including fees and how to register, click here.
Click here for information about free fluid power seminars being held in conjunction with IFPE and ConExpo/ConAgg.
Click here for information about college level short courses offered at IFPE.


text:
KTM 1190 RC8 R will launch in India
The excellent technology blessed superbike, KTM 1190 RC8 R is a innovative product of the KTM which comes loaded with latest features and eye catchy appearance which you want to get. The new wonder, RC8 R is will be major competitor of other international superbikes like Honda, Ducati, BMW and Suzuki.
The fuel efficient KTM 1190 RC8 R will come with sound braking system and very smooth suspension system which ensure you of good security, stability and control to the bike. With it front portion of this complete different and stylish look blessed bike has been covered with fibre body cover that gives is classy look and rough bikes image in the segment of superbikes.
Dimension of the bike is rider friendly and chassis is sporty stylish which help in the catch zipper acceleration and excellent performance. The broad alloy wheel and electric start KTM 1190 RC8 R is really superb and innovative product of the KTM that attracts onlookers. The company has not announced the price of the bike but it is expected that the bike will fall with the price of Rs.16 lakh in the Indian market.
It is expected that the bike might be got good response from market as other superbikes in India. So very soon ready to enjoy with this superbike.
KTM 1190 RC8 R features and specifications in bullets:
Engine type: 2-cylinder, 4-stroke, V 75°
Displacement: 999 cc
Bore x stroke: 105 x 69 mm (4.13 x 2.72″)
Performance (homologated): 129 kW @ 10250 rpm
Max. torque: 127 Nm at 8000 rpm
Compression ratio: 13.5:1
Starter/Battery: Electric Starter/12 V 11.2 Ah
Transmission: 6 gears, dog clutch engagement
Fuel Mixture Generation: Keihin EFI (throttle body 52 mm (2.05″))
Control: 4 V/DOHC
Lubrication: Pressure lubrication with 3 Eaton pumps
Engine lubrication: Motorex, SAE 10W-50
Primary drive: 40:76
Final drive: 17:37
Cooling: Liquid cooled
Clutch: Wet multi-disc clutch, operated hydraulically
Motor Management: Keihin EMS
Frame: Chromium-Molybdenum trellis frame, powder-coated
Subframe: Aluminium
Handlebar: Aluminium stump handlebar
Front suspension: WP-USD Ø 43 mm
Rear suspension: WP-Monoshock
Suspension travel front/rear: 120/120 mm (4.7 / 4.7″)
Front brake: 2 x Brembo four piston, radially bolted caliper, brake disc 320 mm (12.6″)
Rear brake: Brembo two piston, fixed caliper, brake disc 220 mm (8.66″)
Rims, front/rear: Cast aluminium wheels 3.50 x 17"; 6.00 x 17"
Tires, front/rear: 120/70 ZR 17; 190/55 ZR 17
Chain: X-ring 5/8 x 5/16″
Main silencer: Stainless steel underfloor silencer with regulated catalytic converter
Steering head angle: 66.7°
Trail: 97 mm (3.82″)
Wheel base: 1425 mm (56.10″)
Ground clearance (unloaded): 110 mm (4.33″)
Seat height: 805/825 mm (31.69/32.48″)
Tank capacity: approx. 16.5 liters/3.5 liters reserve (4.36/0.92 gal)
Weight (no fuel): approx. 184 kg (without fuel)


text:
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Sunday, February 26th 2006, 2:54pm
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text: > Would anyone on this list have pointers to > which network cards on market support > RDMA (Remote Direct Memory Access)? ammasso seems to have real products. afaikt, you link with their RDMA-enabled MPI library and get O(15) microsecond latencies. to me, it's hard to see why this would be worth writing home... > Would anyone have hands on experience > with performance, usability, and cost aspects > of this new RDMA technology? they work, but it's very unclear where their natural niche is. if you want high bandwidth, you don't want gigabit. if you want low latency, you don't want gigabit, even RDMA-gigabit. the truth is that reducing networking overhead is always a bit of a hard sell. consider the appeal of avoiding context switches - it sounds great, right? how much of that appeal is based on the (mistaken) impression that context switches are expensive? lower CPU overhead also sounds great, but it made a lot more sense 5-10 years ago when systems had .3 GB/s memory bandwidth (<5% of today). afaikt, gigabit-RDMA folks are really pinning their hopes on 10 Gb.


text:
Issue Brief: The Prevention Benefits of HIV Treatment
January 10, 2013
The advent in 1996 of potent combination antiretroviral therapy (ART), sometimes called HAART (highly active antiretroviral therapy) or cART (effective combination antiretroviral therapy), changed the course of the HIV epidemic.1 These "cocktails" of three or more antiretroviral drugs (ARVs) used in combination gave patients and scientists new hope fighting the epidemic,2 and have significantly improved life expectancy -- to decades rather than months.1,3
For many years, scientists believed that treating HIV-infected persons also significantly reduced their risk of transmitting the infection to sexual and drug-using partners who did not have the virus. The circumstantial evidence was substantial, but no one had conducted a randomized clinical trial -- the gold standard for proving an intervention works. That changed in 2011 with the publication of the findings from the HIV Prevention Trials Network (HPTN) 052 study, a randomized clinical trial designed in part to evaluate whether the early initiation of ART can prevent the sexual transmission of HIV among couples in which one partner is HIV-infected and the other is not. This landmark study validated that early HIV treatment has a profound prevention benefit: results showed that the risk of transmitting HIV to an uninfected partner was reduced by 96%.4
As a concept and a strategy, treating HIV-infected persons to improve their health and to reduce the risk of onward transmission -- also known as treatment as prevention -- refers to the personal and public health benefits of using ART to continuously suppress HIV viral load in the blood and genital fluids, which decreases the risk of transmitting the virus to others. The practice has been used since the mid-1990's to prevent mother-to-child, or perinatal, transmission of the virus. Research published in 1994 showed that zidovudine, more commonly known as AZT, when given to HIV-infected pregnant women and to their newborns reduced the risk of perinatal transmission from about 25% to 8%.5 Since then, routinely testing pregnant women and treating infected mothers with ART during pregnancy, delivery, and while breastfeeding, when practiced according to recommendations, has reduced the mother's risk of transmitting HIV to her child by 90%.6 In one study, women who received at least 14 days of ART reduced the risk of transmitting HIV to their babies to less than 1%.7
Putting Treatment as Prevention in Perspective
By itself, treatment as prevention is not going to solve the global HIV epidemic. On the domestic front, controlling and ultimately ending the epidemic will require a combination of scientifically proven HIV prevention tools as highlighted in the National HIV/AIDS Strategy, including
Providing treatment to people living with HIV infection to improve their health must always be the first priority. Getting an HIV test is the first step to identifying persons with HIV infection and the pivotal entry point into the medical care system for both treatment and prevention. More than 1.1 million persons in the United States are living with HIV, and almost 1 in 5 (18.1%) do not know they are infected.8 By lowering the level of virus in the body, early ART helps people with HIV live longer, healthier lives and also lowers their chances of transmitting HIV to others. Although observational data had suggested that ART significantly reduces viral load and the risk of sexual transmission of HIV in heterosexual couples where one partner is infected and the other is not,9,10 it was the HPTN 052 study that definitively showed that early treatment of HIV-infected persons dramatically cuts the rate of new infections. Studies of communities with high concentrations of injection drug users (IDUs) and men who have sex with men (MSM) have shown that as ART use increased within the community, the community's viral load declined as did rates of new HIV diagnoses.11,12 However, it is critical to remember that the prevention benefit of treatment is not 100%, and at least one instance of HIV transmission from a person with suppressed viral load to an uninfected sexual partner has been reported.13
For persons living with or at risk for HIV infection, emphasizing these fundamental safeguards will continue to be crucial:
Test and Treat
The ability of antiretroviral drugs to prevent secondary transmission of HIV from an infected person to an uninfected sexual or drug-using partner has led to several proposed "test-and-treat" strategies. Test-and-treat programs are based on the premise that the rate of new HIV infections will be maximally reduced by using aggressive methods to test and diagnose all people living with HIV infection, treat them with ART regardless of CD4 cell count or viral load at diagnosis, and link them to care. In one study, mathematical modeling suggested that a universal test-and-treat-strategy in which all adults aged 15 years or older are tested annually could control the South African epidemic, reducing both HIV incidence and mortality to less than one case per 1,000 people per year within 10 years of full implementation of the strategy -- and reducing prevalence of HIV infection to less than 1% within 50 years.14 Other investigators have not been as optimistic about the ultimate benefits of this strategy. Only 50% of persons in the United States with HIV remain in care,15,16 and about 18% do not know they are infected; these persons may contribute to the onward transmission of HIV. In addition to expanding testing and treating HIV infection earlier, overcoming the challenges of undiagnosed infection and poor engagement in care will result in better care of HIV-infected populations and reduced numbers of new HIV infections.17,18
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I just returned from vacation with three new reviews ready for this week. Unfortunately there won't be video accompanying them, but we'll be back to the vids starting next week. First up on the review front is Old Forester Bourbon. 1512 Barbershop Rye and Very Old Barton (BIB) are up next. Cheers!
Old Forester Bourbon has been around a long time, since around the 1870's in fact. Produced by Brown-Forman in Shively, Ky, Old Forester's 72% Corn, 18% Rye, and 10% Malted Barley is the same mashbill used for Woodford Reserve and Old Forester Birthday Bourbon, two bourbons I rated quite highly. There is no age statement on the bottle, but this one is around 4+ years in age and at a great price point. So how does it fare?
Old Forester Bourbon, 43% abv (86 Proof), $15
Color: Medium Amber
Nose: The strength of this whiskey – caramel corn, ripe apricot, wood spices, earth, and barrel.
Palate: Corn, caramel, vanilla, a diluted fruitiness, and a pinch of cinnamon/nutmeg spice – all encapsulated by a sturdy oak veneer.
Finish: The finish is moderate in length with dry oak asserting itself mightily, along with some bitter char, and a faint caramel sweetness struggling to bust through.
Overall: This one starts with a bang – the nose is very good and presents numerous layers, especially for a whiskey at this price point. The flavors on the palate however lean a bit towards pedestrian. The sweetness, fruit and spice never quite assert themselves as much as the oak influence on the palate. However, considering the price point, Old Forester packs some value in that simple bottle.
Sour Mash Manifesto Rating: (7.9 Good)


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Air warfare, also called aerial warfare, the tactics of military operations conducted by airplanes, helicopters, or other manned craft that are propelled aloft. Air warfare may be conducted against other aircraft, against targets on the ground, and against targets on the water or beneath it. Air warfare is almost entirely a creation of the 20th century, in which it became a primary branch of military operations.
Through World War I
Powered aircraft were first used in war in 1911, by the Italians against the Turks near Tripoli, but it was not until the Great War of 1914–18 that their use became widespread. At first, aircraft were unarmed and employed for reconnaissance, serving basically as extensions of the eyes of the ground commander. Soon, however, the need to deny such reconnaissance to the enemy led to air-to-air combat in which each side tried to gain superiority in the air. Fighter planes were armed with fixed, forward-firing machine guns that allowed the pilot to aim his entire aircraft at the enemy, and the effective range of these weapons (no more than about 200 yards) meant that the first aerial combat took place at very short range.
By the second year of the war fighter tactics emerged on all sides emphasizing basic concepts that, with modification, remained applicable through the jet age. First was the surprise attack; from the very beginning of aerial warfare in World War I, "jumping" or "bouncing" unsuspecting victims accounted for more kills than did the spectacular aerobatics of dogfighting. Because a pilot's only warning system was the naked eye, attacking fighters, whenever possible, approached from the rear or dove out of the sun, where they could not be seen. The German ace Max Immelmann, in exploiting the superior abilities of his Fokker Eindeker to climb and dive quickly, helped expand aerial combat from the horizontal into the vertical dimension. Immelmann developed what became known as the Immelmann turn, in which an attacking fighter dove past the enemy craft, pulled sharply up into a vertical climb until it was above the target again, then turned hard to the side and down so that it could dive a second time. Fighters operated at least in pairs, flying 50 to 60 yards apart, so that the wingman could protect the leader's rear. Flying speed averaged 100 miles per hour, and communication was by hand signaling, rocking the wings, and firing coloured flares.
The next role to emerge for military aircraft was ground attack, in which planes, by strafing with machine guns and dropping rudimentary bombs, aided an advance on the ground, helped cover a retreat, or simply harassed the enemy. By the late stages of the war, ground-attack aircraft had forced almost all large-scale troop movements to be carried out at night or in bad weather.
By war's end a fourth vision of air power arose—that of an independent air force attacking the enemy far from the front lines, the purpose being to destroy essential elements of the enemy's war capability by bombing factories, transportation and supply networks, and even centres of government. This role, never effectively implemented in World War I, was spurred largely by the German air attacks on London. Carried out at first by zeppelin airships, the bombing was later done by aircraft such as the Gotha bomber, which, by flying at night and often as high as 20,000 feet (forcing the crew to breathe bottled oxygen through a tube in the mouth), operated beyond the ceiling of many defensive fighters.
Thus, the basic roles that aircraft would play in modern war were presaged in World War I: reconnaissance, air superiority, tactical ground support, and strategic bombing.
Through World War II
The all-metal monoplane represented a huge increase in performance and firepower over the aircraft of World War I, and the effects were first seen in fighter tactics.
Air superiority
Airspeeds of the new fighters jumped to more than 400 miles per hour, and some planes could operate at altitudes of 30,000 feet. Wing-mounted machine guns and aerial cannon were lethal at 600 yards, and pilots communicated with one another and the ground via the radio telephone. These developments—especially the greater speeds—led Germans participating in the Spanish Civil War (1936–39) to fly their Bf-109 fighters in loose, line-abreast Rotten, or pairs, about 200 yards apart. Two of these Rotten formed a Schwarm, and this flexible formation—called "finger-four" by English-speaking airmen—was eventually adopted by all the major air forces in World War II. An exception was the U.S. Navy, whose fighter pilots developed a system called the "Thach weave," whereby two fighters would cover one another from attack from the rear. This proved highly successful against the Japanese.
Attacking out of the sun was still favoured, both because it preserved the element of surprise and because diving added speed. An alert defending fighter pilot, however, might use his attacker's speed to his own advantage by executing a maneuver called a rudder reversal, in which he would turn and do a snap roll, suddenly reducing his forward motion so that the speeding attacker would overshoot and find the intended victim on his tail. Tight maneuvers such as the rudder reversal were most effective when attempted with such agile fighters as the British Spitfire and the Japanese "Zero." Fighters such as the Bf-109 and the U.S. P-47 Thunderbolt, which were noted for their speed, best escaped by diving hard and pulling back up when the attacker had been shaken.
A diving maneuver called the split-S, half-roll, or Abschwung was frequently executed against bombers. Heavily armed fighters such as the British Hurricane or the German Fw-190, instead of approaching from the side or from below and to the rear, would attack head-on, firing until the last moment and then rolling just under the big planes and breaking hard toward the ground. The object was to break up the bomber formations so that individual ships could be set upon and destroyed.
Defensive fighter squadrons were directed by radar control stations on the ground to the vicinity of the bombers, at which point the pilots would rely once more upon the naked eye. This was adequate for day fighting, when enemy bombers could be seen miles away, but at night the pilots had to get within a few hundred yards before spotting a bomber's silhouette against the sky or against the conflagration on the ground. For this reason, night fighting was ineffective until radar was installed in the planes themselves. This beginning of the age of electronic warfare required a novel teamwork between pilot and navigator, and it was best carried out in two-seat aircraft such as the British Beaufighter and Mosquito and the German Ju-88 and Bf-110. Some of these long-range, twin-engined night fighters also served as "intruders," slipping into enemy bomber formations, following them home, and shooting them down over their own airfields.
Ground attack
The German Air Force, or Luftwaffe, was configured primarily to fly in support of ground forces, and, in the Spanish Civil War and the first years of World War II, the Ju-87 Stuka dive-bomber was its principal ground-attack craft. In a typical Stuka attack, several planes would circle above the target, then one plane after another would peel off to dive almost vertically before releasing its bombs, pulling up, and returning to the circle to dive again. In the Pacific Theatre, carrier-based dive-bombers such as the U.S. Dauntless and Helldiver and the Japanese Type 99 "Val" applied this maneuver to naval warfare. Dropping straight down from a cruising altitude of about 15,000 feet and releasing their bombs from below 2,000 feet, these planes destroyed or damaged many battleships and aircraft carriers. During the assault phase of amphibious landings, U.S. dive-bombers helped compensate for the flat trajectories of naval guns in disabling Japanese shore defenses. Because dive-bombers generally had top speeds in level flight of less than 300 miles per hour, they were most effective where air superiority had been secured by fighters such as the Zero or the U.S. F6F Hellcat. Spitfire pilots of the RAF made such short work of unescorted Stukas that they referred to these one-sided dogfights as "Stuka parties."
Ground attack was most devastating when conducted by fighter-bombers, which were often converted air-superiority fighters. Taking advantage of their speed, British Spitfires and Mosquitos and U.S. P-51 Mustangs and P-38 Lightnings, flying very low to avoid radar detection, bombed and strafed countless airfields and infantry columns. Pilots of the P-51, after escorting bombers into Germany (see section immediately below), often freely attacked ground targets while racing back to England at treetop level. In North Africa in 1942–43, the Royal Air Force (RAF) perfected close-air support by concentrating its air power under a centralized control that was exercised jointly by the senior ground and air commanders in the theatre of operations. This system, by concentrating maximum force at decisive points as the desert campaigns unfolded, achieved a flexibility of employment that later emerged as the central tenet of air power.
Strategic bombing
World War II saw massive bombing of military targets and major cities. The big, slow-moving bombers operated in formations (sometimes numbering 1,000 or more) that were intended not to evade enemy defenses but to beat them back or simply swamp them with numbers.
The key to bombing during the day was to provide an escort of fighters adequate to turn back defending fighters. (Antiaircraft artillery was of little hazard to bombers flying above 30,000 feet, though few early World War II bombers would fly this high, the B-17 being the exception.) During the Battle of Britain (July–September 1940), a typical formation of German He-111, Ju-88, and Do-17 bombers would cross the English Channel at about 15,000 feet. Close escort would be provided by Bf-109s and Bf-110s weaving in and out of the formation. The Germans quickly learned that the twin-engined Bf-110s could not hold their own against the humbler Spitfires and Hurricanes and removed them from frontline daylight service. More effective were fighter sweeps, in which Bf-109s would leave the bombers and attack distant airfields before the defending fighters could get off the ground. But the Luftwaffe, in one of the major miscalculations of the aerial war, usually confined its fast, deadly fighters to close escort of the bomber formations.
The U.S. Army Air Force learned the value of fighter sweeps in its long-range daylight bombing of Germany, but not before placing what proved to be excessive faith in the capacity of its B-17 Flying Fortress and B-24 Liberator bombers to defend themselves with their own heavy armament. In late 1942 and early 1943 these bombers began to fly in what became known as the "combat box" formation, devised by Col. (later Gen.) Curtis E. LeMay. In such a formation, a single combat wing of about 48 bombers would be divided into three groups, with the lead group flying at 20,000 feet and the others trailing in echelon at intervals of 500 to 1,000 yards and at slightly higher altitudes. Within each group would be three squadrons, composed of two elements of three aircraft each, and the bombers would be staggered in such a way as to give their guns as free a field of fire as possible to cover themselves and their fellows.
The defensive formation was sorely tested in 1943, when, flying beyond the radius of the fighter escorts then available (less than 200 miles), U.S. bombers suffered losses too severe to be borne regularly. Activity over Germany was curtailed until the widespread adoption in late 1943 and early 1944 of droppable external fuel tanks that enabled P-38, P-47, and, particularly, P-51 fighters to fly escort the 1,000 miles to Berlin. With enough fighters to allow one escort for every bomber, some were cut loose to sweep the airspace hundreds of miles away. In this way, the Luftwaffe was finally overwhelmed.
Night bombing relieved bombers of the fighter threat (at least until effective radar was installed in planes), but it presented difficulties in finding and hitting targets. With visual navigation impossible except on the clearest moonlit nights, electronic aids became vital. In the blitz of London and other cities, the Luftwaffe used a system called Knickebein, in which bombers followed one radio beam broadcast from ground stations on the continent until that beam was intersected by another beam at a point over the target. Lead bombers dropped incendiary bombs, which set fires that guided other bombers carrying high explosives as well as more incendiaries.
From late 1943 the RAF used two radar-beam systems called Gee and Oboe to guide its Lancaster and Halifax bombers to cities on the Continent. In addition, the bombers carried a radar mapping device, code-named H2S, that displayed reasonably detailed pictures of coastal cities such as Hamburg, where a clear contrast between land and water allowed navigators to find the target areas. In order to "spoof" the Germans' radar warning system, RAF planes dispensed "window," which consisted of clouds of tinfoil strips that masked the bombers' movements.
Because Japan had only limited defense radar capability and few fighters that could operate effectively at the U.S. B-29 Superfortresses' bombing altitudes of 30,000 feet and above, the Superfortresses faced only spotty opposition in their long-range assaults on the Japanese home islands beginning in November 1944. Nevertheless, unpredictable weather over the target areas, plus the action of the jet stream on bombs dropped from 30,000 feet, made high-altitude bombing imprecise. In response, LeMay ordered low-level bombing runs. Flying at night to avoid enemy defenses, B-29s dropping incendiary bombs from 5,000 to 9,000 feet devastated more than 60 cities between March and July 1945.
The jet age
Toward the end of World War II, the first operational jet fighter, the German Me-262, outflew the best Allied escorts while attacking bomber formations. This introduced the jet age, in which aircraft soon flew at more than twice the speed of sound (741 miles per hour at sea level and 659 miles per hour at 36,000 feet) and easily climbed to altitudes of 50,000 feet. At the same time, advanced electronics removed the task of early warning from the pilot's eye, and guided missiles extended the range of aerial combat, at least in theory, to beyond visual range.
Air superiority
Flying at supersonic or near-supersonic speeds, often climbing into the thin air of the stratosphere, jet fighters were far less maneuverable than their propeller-driven predecessors. This made necessary a formation even more flexible than the finger-four. One solution was the fluid-four, in which two fighters flying 300 yards apart would be trailed by another pair flying 2,000 to 3,000 yards to the side, 600 yards back, and 1,000 yards above. Separation of a mile or more would allow the trailing pair to cover the lead pair from surprise attack. This tactic was favoured by the U.S. Air Force during the Vietnam War. By contrast, the U.S. Navy had developed the World War II Thach weave into the loose deuce, a more flexible formation—either pilot, depending upon the combat situation, could adopt the role of lead fighter while the other covered as wingman—and, as experience over Vietnam would show, one better suited for the jet age.
Because jet fighters had excellent climbing but poor turning ability, fighting in the vertical plane became more important than ever. The scissors maneuver acquired a vertical variation, in which two fighters would execute a series of climbing turns or barrel rolls, each with the aim of slipping behind the plane that climbed too fast. Speed—usually the greatest asset of the fighter—could easily become a liability, and many maneuvers were developed to preserve its advantage. One such maneuver was the "high-speed yo-yo," in which an attacking fighter, in pursuing a more maneuverable opponent in a tight circle, would pull up while turning; this would reduce his speed, allowing him to remain within the circle while placing him in a position to swoop down from above.
Supersonic speed actually accounted for a tiny fraction of flying time, since igniting the jet's afterburner could consume a fighter's fuel in minutes. Military cruising speed was almost always subsonic, with the afterburner being used only for pursuit or escape. In fact, fuel became such a pressing concern in jet warfare that fighters often could spend no more time flying combat air patrol than they spent flying to and from the patrol area.
Suppression of air defense
Beginning in the 1960s, radar-directed antiaircraft weapons proved so dangerous that they threatened to sweep aircraft from the sky. By flying low and fast, jinking (making quick, irregular changes in direction and speed), or diving in a steep spiral, aircraft often succeeded in evading these weapons, but only at the price of spoiling the mission. Air defenses had to be destroyed; in order to do this, aircraft had not only to outfly and outgun the weapons but also to foil their guidance mechanisms with electronic countermeasures (ECM).
In the Vietnam War the North Vietnamese deployed a formidable air-defense system based on Soviet-made anti-aircraft guns and SA-2 surface-to-air missiles (SAMs). In response, the U.S. Navy and Air Force mounted complex air strikes employing aircraft of multiple types and capabilities. One such operation might begin with F-4 Phantom II fighter-bombers entering the target area first to drop clouds of radar-reflecting metallic fibres called chaff. These would be followed by F-105 Thunderchiefs modified into "Wild Weasels" by the addition of radar homing and warning devices designed to jam some enemy radars and locate others. The Wild Weasels would guide other F-105s armed with radar-homing missiles, which would destroy the radars and SAM sites and clear the target area for the main strike force.
That air warfare in the jet age had effectively become electronic warfare was confirmed by the Arab-Israeli War of October 1973. In the first two days of that conflict, Israel lost 40 aircraft to Egyptian and Syrian air defenses. In June 1982, however, the Israeli air force displayed a new mastery of tactics in the electronic age by destroying Syrian SAM sites in al-Biqāʿ Valley, Lebanon. The attack began with a wide array of ECM equipment—Boeing 707s modified into electronic warfare aircraft, E-2C Hawkeye early warning aircraft, and A-4 Skyhawks flying reconnaissance—to confuse and deceive Syrian communications and the radars of Syrian SA-2, SA-3, SA-6, and SA-8 SAM units. Small remotely piloted vehicles were sent over the valley; when the Syrians fired on these, Israeli F-4s spotted the SAM sites and destroyed them with radar-homing missiles and cluster bombs. Israeli F-15 Eagles and F-16 Fighting Falcons then destroyed the Syrian air force, downing more than 80 MiG-21s and MiG-23s.
The importance of destroying enemy air defenses and establishing supremacy in the air in order to assert mastery on the ground was reinforced during the Operation Desert Storm air offensive of the Persian Gulf War (1990–91). Allied air forces, led by the United States Air Force and Navy but including hundreds of French, British, Saudi, and Kuwaiti planes, had three objectives: to win air supremacy, to destroy strategic targets, and to degrade Iraqi ground forces in preparation for driving them out of occupied Kuwait. On Jan. 17, 1991, the allies launched the most intense bombing campaign in history, and by January 28 they had gained air supremacy. The Iraqi air defense system of aircraft, surface-to-air missiles, antiaircraft guns, and ground-controlled interception radars was rendered ineffective. Iraqi losses included some 35 aircraft downed in air-to-air combat, some 100 destroyed on the ground, and 115 flown to Iran to avoid destruction. Allied losses totaled only 39 aircraft, none in air combat. The allied air forces then destroyed targets vital to the Iraqi war effort. These included command, control, and communications facilities; ammunition; chemical and biological weapons facilities; petroleum, oil, and lubricant stockpiles; and manufacturing plants. Allied air forces also engaged in search-and-destroy missions against mobile launchers for Iraq's Scud missiles. Continuing the air war in order to maximize Iraqi, and minimize allied, casualties, the allied air forces disabled some 30 percent of Iraqi ground forces in the combat zone before the launching of the Operation Desert Sabre ground assault. Operation Desert Sabre lasted only 100 hours. Large numbers of Iraqi troops surrendered without fighting, collapsing under the cumulative effects of the allies' prolonged massive air bombardment and the concentrated firepower and speed of the ground attack.
Strategic bombing
The importance of ECM in long-range bombing became apparent in 1972, when U.S. B-52 Stratofortresses struck targets in North Vietnam. By flying under escort at night and at about 30,000 feet, the B-52s were reasonably safe from MiG fighters and antiaircraft guns, and Wild Weasel and chaff-dropping aircraft helped suppress the SA-2s. But the most important ECM was provided by jammers built into the bombers. These flew in cells of three in order to create "blankets" of radar suppression that largely foiled the SAMs.
The next generation of variable-wing bombers, such as the U.S. B-1 and the Soviet Tu-26 Backfire, were designed to avoid more sensitive electronic warning systems by penetrating enemy airspaces at extremely low altitude. Flying in groups was to be abandoned, since the large radar cross section and radio communication of several bombers would be easily detected. Instead, the new bombers were designed for solo missions and carried standoff weapons such as nuclear-armed cruise missiles, which could be launched beyond the range of SAMs guarding the target areas.
In March 1999 the North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO), which had won the Cold War without firing a shot, launched a 78-day bombing campaign against Serbia to stop the mistreatment of ethnic Albanians in the province of Kosovo. By the time the Yugoslav government finally accepted a peace accord in June, aircraft from 13 NATO countries had flown more than 37,000 sorties, of which more than 14,000 were strike missions that dropped 23,614 bombs in an air campaign designed to destroy and disrupt the Yugoslav army and special police units in Kosovo. Strategic targets throughout Yugoslavia, such as the integrated air defense system, military command and control headquarters, petroleum storage facilities, and electrical power stations, were also attacked by aircraft and cruise missiles. Some of the alliance's most sophisticated weapons systems were used, such as the United States' B-2 and F-117 stealth bombers, which dropped bombs guided by inputs from the satellite-based global positioning system, or GPS. NATO had begun the campaign with great respect for Serb air defenses; in order to minimize risks from antiaircraft guns and missiles, combat aircraft flew no lower than 1,500 metres (5,000 feet). Only two NATO aircraft were lost in combat, but one was an F-117, supposedly invisible to radar. Air tactics in the jet age were indeed being shaped by electronics as much as they were by aerodynamics.David MacIsaac The Editors of Encyclopaedia Britannica
Learn More in these related Britannica articles:
Korean War: Air warfareAir power gave the UNC its greatest hope to offset Chinese manpower and increasing firepower. The FEAF clearly won the battle for air superiority, pitting fewer than 100 F-86s against far more numerous Soviet, Chinese, and North Korean MiG-15s. Pilots from all the…
strategy: Strategy in the age of total warAir warfare was a different matter. Aircraft had proven invaluable during World War I for a variety of missions—reconnaissance, artillery spotting, strafing, bombing, and even transport. All major powers rushed to acquire a variety of combat aircraft and to experiment with new types. At sea…
naval warfare: The age of the aircraft carrier…attack by one or more air wings. Despite every intention, though, air strikes against alerted defenses were rarely delivered as compactly as practiced, nor were they as decisive tactically as naval aviators had expected. In the five big carrier battles, one attacking air wing took out an average of only…
The United States Air Force…forces, with primary responsibility for air warfare, air defense, and the development of military space research. The Air Force also provides air services in coordination with the other military branches.…
Giulio DouhetGiulio Douhet, Italian army general and the father of strategic air power. Trained as an artillery officer, from 1912 to 1915 Douhet served as commander of the Aeronautical Battalion, Italy's first aviation unit (also the first to practice aerial bombardment, in Libya during Italy's war with…
More About Air warfare4 references found in Britannica articles
Assorted References
- strategy and tactics
- United States Air Force
- use in Korean War


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Situated on a hilltop along the Southern shoreline of Big Bear Lake, Evergreen International is the perfect equilibrium of small town charm and big city glamour. Evergreen's cozy, 'cabinesque' atmosphere provides the perfect ambiance in which to settle in for a quiet dinner with friends or a romantic meal for two. Thinking of popping the question? The lake view from the main dining room and the outdoor deck are breathtaking, as the natural beauty of the lake provides a stunning backdrop against which the most romantic of scenes could be acted out.
As we entered Evergreen International, we were passed by a local in sweats who had just stopped by to pick up a to-go order, but don't let the outward lodge-like appearance fool you! Upon entering we were surprised to see the elegant main dining room beautifully adorned with flowers and a gazebo nestled into the corner of the window-lined walls. An intimate wedding had just taken place an hour before and the wedding party had happily gathered together for the reception in the very same room. We were pleasantly surprised at how the the servers managed to attend to us with such detail and continue to dote on the wedding party. Several times throughout the course of our meal we heard guests of the bride and groom exclaim, 'Oh, this is so good!' and, 'You've got to try this!'
Speaking of things you've got to try, don't even THINK of visiting Evergreen without ordering the Bacon Wrapped Shrimp. This was voted 'best appetizer' and rightfully so, what with it being unreasonably delicious and an absolute steal at $8.95 for six. My fiancee had the Chicken Cordon Bleu and thoroughly enjoyed it that evening AND the next, as Evergreen's generous portion sizes proved too much for even his big, Wisconsin appetite. I chose the Char Broiled Salmon and indeed it was so delightful that I was finally able to think of something other than my aching gluteus maximus after a day of learning to snowboard. When we ordered the hamburger for our little girl, we took the owner's suggestion to upgrade to Kobe beef. This was truly the best suggestion yet, as out came a hamburger so tender and juicy that even the most fickle four year-old was rendered excuse-less and devoured this masterpiece in its entirety.
Evergreen International is a versatile restaurant that allows large banquet dining, quiet dinners for couples, and family dining to take place simultaneously and harmoniously within. With a full bar and wine list, friendly and courteous servers, and food so wonderful you will want to extend your stay by a few days, you will find that your weekend mountain getaway doesn't have to mean leaving all the glitz of the city at home.
Evergreen International
Phone: (909) 878-5588
Email: [email protected]
Website: http://evergreenrestaurant.com/


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IRVINE — The first-phase plans for the development of nearly 5,000 homes and 1.2 million square feet of commercial space to ring around the Orange County Great Park was submitted to the city by project officials this week.
Five Point Communities LLC, the development manager of Great Park Neighborhoods, announced that the formerly stalled project would be moving forward with land-grading and infrastructure to begin as early as the end of this year.
The announcement comes in the wake of a $400-million recapitalization in new cash and credit signed by a new lender, Boston-based State Street Bank & Trust Co.
Under the agreement, Lehman Brothers Holding Inc., which formerly held the loan, wrote down debt on the development from $625 million to $210 million and State Street provided a $180-million line of credit. Additionally, about $200 million in fresh capital was invested by Lennar Corp., LNR Property LLC, Rockpoint Group LLC and MSD Capital LP.
"It is very unusual in today's world to be talking about a project of this magnitude as one that is moving forward," Emile Haddad, chief executive officer of Five Point, said at a press conference this week. "We are now looking at one of the few projects of this size in the country that … has fresh capital that is ready to propel it forward."
The first phase of home construction is expected to be complete, with homeowners already moving in, by 2013, Haddad said.
Plans have been submitted for homes that range in sizes and price ranges from $400,000 to "north of a million," Haddad said.
However, Haddad could not say how many homes would be built in the first wave of construction; that will depend on the number of homes that the housing market can absorb at that time.
"If you are telling me that we're still going to be in a recession in 2013, then what that means is that we might have to adjust how many homes we put up," Haddad explained. "I, for one, believe that 2013 is going to be a healthier year than 2010 and 2011."
Along with homes, the developer will also be creating more than 1 million square feet of space designed for retail, recreational, office, research and development, and education purposes, according to a press release.
Included throughout the development will be neighborhood parks with trails and bike paths that connect to the adjoining Great Park.
Five Point will be working with the Irvine Unified School District to determine future school needs as the development is ongoing, according to Five Point spokeswoman Carol Wold.
Homeowners will pay a Mello-Roos tax to offset the development cost, but the amount can not be set until the time homes are ready to sell, according to Wold.
Irvine Mayor Sukhee Kang, who lauded Five Point for bringing in jobs and economic growth to the city, said that members of the City Council would be working closely with the school district during development.
"One of the reasons why Irvine has been a successful model is because of our excellent school systems, so that is always on top of our priorities in moving forward," Kang said.
Five Point and the city have been engaged in a public-private partnership since the 2005 sale of the El Toro Marine Corps Air Station by the U.S. Navy, with Five Point responsible for developing the Great Park Neighborhoods and the city responsible for developing the Orange County Great Park.
While initially the housing development was to be built first, and the resulting tax revenue would help fund the park, the bankruptcy of Lehman Brothers in 2008 stalled the project.
"The whole country realized that Lehman was an 8.5 earthquake that was going to shake the whole world, and it didn't matter anymore if you were residential, commercial, institutional or anything else — everything was connected," Haddad said. "That obviously meant that we had to go back to the drawing board with city staff and revisit our thinking."
In August 2009, council members approved an amended development agreement that would require that Five Point provide $40 million in park infrastructure and three months later made the decision to go ahead with a nearly $70-million development plan of the Western sector of the park.
"Clearly, if we had not gone ahead with our comprehensive master plan, if we had not decided to activate some small portion of the great park, we would have more money in the bank right now," said Councilman Larry Agran, chairman of the Great Park Corp. "But, we would be starting from zero."
While members of the Great Park Board were hard-pressed to admit any mistakes, Councilwoman Beth Krom credited current development at the park in playing a role in securing the restructuring agreement and pointed out the complexity of the project.
"Had we not gone forward with the public side of the project … I think it would have been more difficult for Five Point Communities to sell to their financial backers the viability of the project," Krom said.
"There's no roadmap, no magic wand, no crystal ball, no big book of How to Build a Great Metropolitan Park," Krom later continued. "So nobody gets it right 100 [%] of the time, but I really believe that we have been fortunate to have a city that has been focused in a particular direction and has remained committed."
The completion of public hearings and city approvals is expected by late summer 2011.
"I hope that we never have another question to answer of, 'Where is the great park?' and, 'Where are we in the process?' and 'When will it be built?'" Haddad said.


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Tonight on WWE NXT: With The Shield introducing themselves to the NXT crowd last week, General Manager Dusty Rhodes forced NXT Champion Seth Rollins to put his title on the line in a singles bout with Corey Graves. Momentum and the gold are on the line in a high-stakes main event this week.
We are TAPED from the NXT Arena in Orlando, Fla. Tony Dawson and William Regal have the call, with Jim Ross joining the announce crew later.
The feed cuts the intro and The Shield is shown putting the boots to two wrestlers having a match in the ring. The group quickly downed both men before Commissioner Dusty Rhodes came to put a stop to the mauling. Ambrose tells Rhodes that this is what everyone can expect from The Shield in the future. The group announced that they plan to take over all facets of the WWE and no one could stop them. Commissioner Rhodes says that he can do something about it and places Seth Rollins in a match with Corey Graves with his NXT Championship on the line. Ambrose says no one will tell the group what to do, but Rhodes says they are in his house and Rollins will be stripped if he doesn't defend the belt. Rollins reluctantly agrees, but he and Reigns gave Rhodes an ominous warning to be careful what he wished for.
Match #1: Bo Dallas (Brooksville, Fla.) vs. Epico (San Juan, Puerto Rico)
Primo accompanied his partner to the ring.
Dallas and Epico exchange submission holds to start the bout. Dallas taking control with shoulder blocks. Epico turns that around with a running knee to the abdomen of Dallas. Epico using some aerial maneuvers to grab a nearfall. Epico keeping Dallas grounded with methodical offense. Dallas showing some fight and turns the tide with a huge overhead suplex. Dallas lands a spear and that puts an end to Epico's night.
Winner by pinfall: Bo Dallas
Epico and Primo made an attempt to take out Dallas after the match, but Michael McGillicutty clears the team out to save Bo Dallas.
Match #2: Sasha Banks (Boston, Mass.) vs. Tamina Snuka (The Pacific Islands)
Snuka immediately puts Banks down with huge strikes. Snuka unloading with stomps and clubbing blows. Abdominal stretch is locked in by Snuka. Banks escapes and starts to bring the fight back to Snuka. Banks puts Snuka down with a huge chop. Flying armdrag out of the corner from Banks leads to a nearfall. Snuka thwarts all of this offense with a big Samoan Drop. Superfly Splash and hook of the leg by Snuka brings this match to a close.
Winner by pinfall: Tamina Snuka
Match #3: Kassius Ohno (Dayton, Ohio) & Leo Kruger (Johannesburg, South Africa) vs. Tyson Kidd (Calgary, Alberta) & Justin Gabriel (Cape Town, South Africa)
Ohno and Kidd start the match. Grappling exchange is dictated by the power advantage for Ohno. Kidd gets the tag to Gabriel and Kruger is brought in soon afterward. The two teams exchanging quick tags. Kidd and Gabriel leading the match with their speed and innovative offense. Kruger starts grounding Kidd with big strikes. Kidd goes for the sharpshooter, but this brought the action to the outside as Kruger got to the ropes. Flying maneuvers for International Airstrike down Kruger and Ohno. The group is proud of their offense and play to the crowd.
Gabriel holding Kruger in an armbar submission. Kidd is in and some double-team offense gets a nearfall. Kruger using his power to reverse Kidd's advantage and he brings in Ohno. Ohno with strikes and slams to keep the quicker Kidd down. Kruger and Ohno exchanging tag after tag. Both men taking turns in beating Tyson Kidd down. Kidd evades the offense and brings in Gabriel, who cleans house. Ohno and Kidd are sent outside. Gabriel and Kruger left in the ring and Kruger hits the Kruger End.
Winners by pinfall: Leo Kruger & Kassius Ohno
Match #4: WWE NXT Championship: Seth Rollins (c) (Davenport, Iowa) vs. Corey Graves (Pittsburgh, Pa.)
The two starting with a wild brawl. Graves working Rollins in the corners with strikes. Inside cradle from Graves earns a nearfall. Backslide from Graves gets the same. Graves puts the boots to Rollins. Graves unleashing an onslaught of elbows on the left leg of Rollins. Graves aims to keep Rollins grounded.
Rollins fighting back with punches, but Graves again grounds the champion. Rollins drops Graves on the top rope and the momentum turns. Rollins with a spinning back kick and running knee to the chest of Graves for a nearfall. Leg scissors wrapped around the head of Graves. Rollins turn it into a triangle choke, but Graves rolls through and hooks the legs to get a nearfall. Rollins lets Graves know how he feels about this by putting him down. Rollins runs into a Graves strike after coming off the ropes. Dragon Screw takedown by Graves only leads to a Rollins enzuigiri.
Both men are down and Rollins stands first. Rollins charges a cornered Graves, but Graves with a shoulder block to the knee of Rollins. Graves has The 13th Step leg submission in and Rollins looks to tap. Dean Ambrose and Roman Reigns charge out to prevent the tapout and Rollins retains in a loss.
Winner by disqualification: Corey Graves
The group puts the boots to Graves and Dusty Rhodes sends the troops in. Superstars such as Yoshi Tatsu and Bo Dallas hit the ring, but The Shield ends up cleaning house and the group looks as strong as ever. The group stands triumphant, but Big E Langston makes his entrance. Langston gets to the ring and The Shield decides to leave. Commissioner Rhodes announces that Seth Rollins will defend his strap against Big E next week. Reigns and Ambrose try to launch a plan of attack, but they think better and jump off the apron. Show ending with Langston standing tall in the ring.
Nolan Howell can be reached at firstname.lastname@example.com for any questions or comments. Click here to follow Nolan on Twitter.


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The Dr. Pat Show: Talk Radio to Thrive By!: Life SOULutions with Mary Manin Morrissey.
07/03/2006 12:00 am PDT
Dr. Pat Baccili
Dr. Pat Baccili helps individuals and organizations break through their limiting Crust so they can reach their unlimited potential. Her specialty is assisting people face t...Find out more »
Dr. Pat Baccili
Dr. Pat Baccili is a leader in the field of human potential and the host of The Dr. Pat Show. As a top host of the internationally acclaimed, The Dr. Pat Show – Talk R...Find out more »
Mary Morrissey
Speaker, best-selling author, and consultant for over three decades,Mary Morrisseys transformational talks and seminars have made her one of the elite teachers in the human ...Find out more »


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Hi everyone,
I want to practice more regularly and I'm looking to find regular hitting partner(s). I have a flexible work schedule and can meet most mornings and evenings. I live in Alexandria but could meet in Arlington and even at the East Potomac tennis center in DC, where I take lessons.
Let me know if you want to play!
Views: 115
Replies to This Discussion
Hi Jonathan,
Are you available tomorrow evening to hit around in Arlington? VA Highlands Park in Pentagon City. I'm about a 3.0 so you might be a little better than me, but I'm definitely interested in hitting around. Just let me know!
Hi Allison, thanks for the reply! I'm actually not back in town until Saturday, but I would definitely be able to play in Pentagon City, which is close to where I live. Do you want to set up a time for next week? Shoot me a couple of dates/times and let's see if we can make it happen.
I could do Monday or Wednesday around 6:15/6:30 or if you want to try to beat the heat I could do Friday morning 7:30/7:45-ish but would have to leave around 9:00am.
Let me know what works for you!
Friday morning would be best. Why don't I check in with you around Wednesday next week to confirm?
sounds good.
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It Goes Down Next Month: NBA 2K13 Gameplay! (Lakers Vs Heat)
"Dig 10 minutes of seeing Nash and Howard in Laker unit take on LeBron and the champion Heat." - IGN
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text: Health reform continues to be debated on national and state political stages. Sometimes the power of personal stories is lost in these debates. As we head toward another winter of debating health care in Montpelier I wanted to share a couple of my own experiences and ask you to share yours with me. The names in the stories below are not fictional because they all helped save my life. In an effort to be polite I have refrained from naming those who have not assisted in this effort.


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Game of Thrones: The anatomy of a scene, as filmed by Vancouver cinematographer Robert McLachlan.
Game of Thrones fans still reeling from last weekend's gruesome, and controversial, "Red Wedding" episode, and others who don't watch Game of Thrones but heard about the controversy, may not be aware of it but there was a strong Canadian connection to the hour.
Robert McLachlan, the episode's director-of-photography and the cinematographer for this weekend's season finale as well, is a longtime veteran of Vancouver's film and television production scene.
McLachlan was handpicked for the final two episodes of the season by longtime, Los Angeles-based director David Nutter, who himself was chosen by HBO after directing a particularly strong outing for Game of Thrones last season. McLachlan has been based in Vancouver his entire career, and counts Vancouver-based Human Target, The Secret Circle, Strange Luck and The Commish among his list of credits. McLachlan is currently the director-of-photography for the new Turner Network Television spy drama King & Maxwell, also in Vancouver.
Nutter and McLachlan first worked together on Chris Carter's X-Files spin-off series Millennium, in Vancouver in the late 1990s. Nutter made his reputation as one of episodic television's most respected directors with early episodes of The X-Files.
In last weekend's much talked-about episode, fans watched in disbelief as the story's hero Robb Stark (Richard Madden), his pregnant bride Talisa (Oona Chaplin) and matriarch Catelyn Stark (Michelle Fairley) were savagely and repeatedly stabbed to death at a celebratory wedding banquet.
Even by Game of Thrones' already high threshold for shock and horror, the scene left fans feeling uncomfortably numb, while raising new questions of how far — even for HBO — TV can go, where sex and violence are concerned.
In killing off beloved characters who were there from the beginning, Game of Thrones' makers were simply following the story conceived by novelist George R.R. Martin in his book series A Song of Ice and Fire, from which HBO's Game of Thrones series has been adapted, loosely in parts and more faithfully in others.
For McLachlan, the nearly hour-long wedding banquet scene posed several technical and creative challenges. The episode was filmed at Game of Thrones' sprawling standing set in Belfast, Northern Ireland, earlier this year, with additional location photography in Morocco.
"The show is dark at the best of times, and bad things do happen," McLachlan told Postmedia News. "(Because of that) I wanted to put viewers at ease by the time the banquet was in full swing. I wanted the audience to be pretty sure they were getting the happy ending they were hoping for and not see anything coming, so that when the rug was pulled out they would go down all the harder."
McLachlan said he opened the banquet with typical dismal, gloomy Game of Thrones lighting, then brightened the scene as it wore on and the revellers loosened up.
"I wanted then to move into unusually bright light, by Game of Thrones' standards, for the feast," McLachlan continued. "I had the art department add a great deal more candlesticks and torches than they wanted and then, thanks to the new Arri Alexa camera, was able to tip my hat to Stanley Kubrick (in Barry Lyndon) and use only candlelight for the scene, which made it very pretty."
McLachlan said he then asked director Nutter to have the day players take the candle sticks and torches with them when they left the hall, with the bride and groom having already retired to the bed chamber, leaving Robb Stark and Catelyn Stark to their fate.
"This was an organic way of removing the light from the room," McLachlan explained.
The doors were barricaded, and the slaughter began, suddenly and swiftly.
"I thought using the remaining pretty candle light to illuminate a massacre made a perfect counterpoint to the scene and made it more horrible," McLachlan said. "I think it worked."
Game of Thrones fans numbed by the massacre may feel better once they've seen the season finale, McLachlan said.
"I think you'll agree it goes out on a real high note. There are some scenes there that will provide at least some catharsis for traumatized viewers," he said. "It has a gorgeous look, with a very uplifting ending."
"Cinematographers do more than just turn lights on, and candles for that matter," he added. "A very big reason Game of Thrones has such high production values is that we all get a lot of prep time. That gives me time to plan the best approach. It gives me time to work with the art department, get them involved. It's crucial.
"Most of the time (in episode television), one is always just reacting and shooting, pardon the pun, from the hip."
Game of Thrones' season finale airs Sunday on HBO at 9 ET/MT, 8 PT.


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Istanbul reflects both the exotic beauty of its past and the fast-forward pulse of today. Let Four Seasons help customise plans for your group or party. The following is a sample group itinerary. We invite you to discuss your needs with us.
Arrival at Hotel
Transfer by deluxe coach or private boat to Four Seasons Hotel Istanbul at the Bosphorus. Relax after your flight:
- Unwind beside the heated pool overlooking the Bosphorus
- Revitalise with a massage or body treatment in The SPA
- Work out in the fitness centre
- Enjoy a traditional Turkish bath
- Relax with a cocktail in Lobby Bar and Lounge
Welcome to Istanbul dinner - Join us for an evening of fine cuisine at Aqua restaurant, and enjoy beautiful views of the shimmering Strait and the yachts cruising by.
Enjoy breakfast at leisure, either in Aqua restaurant or in the privacy of your room. We can also set up one of our function rooms for a private group breakfast. Then choose from the following options:
- A full-day city tour focusing on Basilica Cistern, Topkapi Palace and the Blue Mosque
- A full-day city tour including Haghia Sophia, the Archaeological Museum and shopping at the Grand Bazaar and Spice Market
An evening along the Bosphorus - Go by boat to a traditional fish restaurant along the Bosphorus and spend the evening. Or you might choose cocktails and dinner at one of Istanbul's trendy, elegant restaurants.
Enjoy breakfast at leisure, either in Aqua restaurant or in the privacy of your room. We can also set up one of our function rooms for a private group breakfast. Then choose from the following options:
- Experience the true beauty and history of the Bosphorus – with a guide on a private boat, learn the history of the Ottoman Summer Palaces and the 18th- and 19th-century Ottoman yalis (private mansions)
- Visit Dolmabahçe
- Enjoy a private tour of Sak
- Explore Kanyon, the Guggenheim-style, open-air shopping mall, or Istinye Park, with its designer brands
- Discover the small boutiques of the elegant European-style Nisantasi area
- Visit Ortaköy and shop for handicrafts and gifts
Farewell to Istanbul gala dinner - Celebrate your successful event with an elegant dinner, accompanied by magnificent views, in one of Istanbul's favourite restaurants, such as Mikla or 360. Then dance till dawn in Reina, the city's most popular nightclub!
Enjoy breakfast at your leisure. Then choose from these options:
- Revitalise with a massage in The SPA
- Experience a traditional Turkish bath
Before your departure, enjoy a tasty lunch at Beyti Restaurant, famous for its delectable grills and kebabs and conveniently close to the airport.


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Nov. 24, 2013
TALLAHASSEE, Fla. – Thanks to a 26-7 run between the second and third sets, the 19th-ranked Florida State indoor volleyball team defeated No. 13 Duke in straight sets, (25-22, 25-22, 25-17) on Sunday at Tully Gym.
"We've really been focusing on limiting our mistakes," head coach Chris Poole said. "We kicked it up to another degree in the second set and we weren't making as many mistakes and we forced them to play more on their side."
With the win, the Noles move to 22-7, 15-3 as they cut Duke's conference lead in half as it drops to 25-5, 16-2 with two matches remaining in the regular season.
"We can't control our own destiny," Poole said. "We can't win the ACC unless Duke loses another match, but today we knew we were playing the top team in the conference and we certainly wanted to show that we were capable of playing with the best in the ACC."
For the fifth-straight game, sophomore outside hitter Nicole Walch led the Seminole attack as she had 15 kills, eight digs and four blocks. She also swung a hitting percentage of .419.
Senior right side hitter Nicole Walch was clutch in the upset as she tallied 10 kills and hit .625 percent. She was also behind three blocks.
Both middle blockers contributed five blocks each as redshirt freshman Sarah Burrington also added seven kills. Senior Ashley Neff accounted for four kills.
Once again, Olivera Medic was solid as she was under 16 digs while adding six kills.
Junior setter Sarah Wickstrom had 21 assists, while freshman Hailey Luke accounted for 16.
Redshirt junior libero Katie Mosher was under 11 digs while contributing a pair of assists.
As a team, the Seminoles totaled 10 blocks and hit for .340. In addition FSU held Duke to a .185 hitting percentage.
The first set saw some intense play, with 10 lead changes and 13 ties in the score. With the set knotted at 22, Duke committed back-to-back attack errors before Laura Dadoski set up Elise Walch for the kill to take the set, 25-22.
In the second, the Seminoles stumbled in the middle eventually falling in to a 19-13 hole. Down the stretch, FSU closed out the set on a 12-3 run, stealing the 2-0 lead from the Blue Devils after taking the set 25-22.
FSU carried its run over to the third set, extending it to a 26-7 streak before the Blue Devils rallied to close the Seminole lead to four. However, the Noles buckled down and closed out the match 25-17.
"We wanted to come out and defend our ACC home winning streak," Neff said. "It was really important for us to come out with a lot of energy and ready to play and we did."
The Seminoles have now extended their ACC home winning streak to 26 matches after defeating their fifth top 25 opponent of 2013.
Florida State finishes the regular season this week as it takes on Clemson on Wednesday, Nov. 27 at 7 p.m. before hosting Georgia Tech at 4 p.m. on Friday Nov.29.
Follow Florida State indoor volleyball on Seminoles.com as well as on the team's official Twitter (@FSU_Volleyball) and Facebook pages (Facebook.com/FSUVolleyball).


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ALMATY, Kazakhstan, April 4 (UPI) -- Iran has the right to a peaceful enrichment program under international protocols, Iranian nuclear negotiator Ali Asghar Soltanieh said from Kazakhstan.
U.S. diplomats are dubbing upcoming talks Almaty 2. The first round of talks between Iran, the five permanent members of the U.N. Security Council and Germany concluded after two days in February.
U.N. weapons inspectors this year said there weren't able to gain access to military compounds in Iran to confirm the country's peaceful intent. Iran is suspected of pursuing the technology needed to produce a nuclear weapon, an allegation it denies.
A high-ranking U.S. official briefed reporters on background about the prospects for talks to start Friday. What the negotiations may lead to is up to the Iranians, however.
"There has been a very positive line out of Tehran on the talks so far," the official said. "We hope that that positive talk will now be matched with some concrete responses and actions on the Iranian side."
Iran maintains the right to nuclear research under the auspices of the Nuclear Non-proliferation Treaty. Soltanieh said Iran's nuclear program is meant for energy, medicinal and agricultural purposes.
"Iran uses nuclear technology for completely peaceful objectives, which have been reiterated in the NPT," he was quoted by the semiofficial Fars News Agency as saying.


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Researchers cautioned that study results involving laboratory mouse models do not always translate into clinical treatment of human patients
Researchers used blood platelets and bone marrow cells to deliver potentially curative
to mouse models of the human genetic disorder Hurler syndrome – an often fatal condition that causes organ damage and other medical complications.
Scientists from Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center and the National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke (NINDS) report their unique strategy for treating the disease the week of Feb. 3-7 in Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences (PNAS).
Researchers were able to genetically insert into the cells a gene that produces a critical lysosomal enzyme (called IDUA) and then inject the engineered cells into mice to treat the disorder. Follow up tests showed the treatment resulted in a complete metabolic correction of the disease, according to the authors.
"Our findings demonstrate a unique and somewhat surprising delivery pathway for lysosomal enzymes," said Dao Pan, PhD, corresponding author and researcher in the Division of Experimental Hematology and Cancer Biology at Cincinnati Children's. "We show proof of concept that platelets and megakaryocytes are capable of generating and storing fully functional lysosomal enzymes, which can lead to their targeted and efficient delivery to vital tissues where they are needed."
The mice tested in the study modeled human Hurler syndrome, a subset of disease known as mucopolysaccharidosis type I (MPS I), one of the most common types of lysosomal storage diseases. MPS I is a lysosomal storage disease in which people do not make an enzyme called lysosomal alpha-L-iduronidase (IDUA).
IDUA helps break down sugar molecules found throughout the body, often in mucus and fluids around joints, according to the National Library of Medicine/National Institutes of Health. Without IDUA, sugar molecules build up and cause organ damage. Depending on severity, the syndrome can also cause deafness, abnormal bone growth, heart valve problems, joint disease, intellectual disabilities and death.
Enzyme replacement therapy can be used to treat the disease, but it is only temporary and not curative. Bone marrow transplant using hematopoietic stem cells also has been tested on some patients with mixed results. The transplant procedure can carry severe risks and does not always work.
Pan and her colleagues – including Roscoe O. Brady, MD, a researcher at NINDS – report that using platelets and megakaryocytes for gene therapy is effective and could reduce the risk of activating cancer-causing oncogenes in hematopoietic stem cells.
The authors said tests showed that human megakaryocytic cells were capable of overexpressing IDUA, revealing their capacity for potential therapeutic benefit. While engineering megakaryocytes and platelets for infusion into their mouse models of Hurler, the scientists report they were able to release IDUA directly into amply sized extracellular spaces or inside micro-particles as the cells matured or activated. The cells were able to produce and package large amounts of functional IDUA and retained the capacity to cross-correct patient cells.
After infusing mouse models of Hurler with the genetically modified cells, researchers said this led to long-term normalization of IDUA levels in the animal's blood with versatile delivery routes and on-target preferential distribution to the liver and spleen. The treatment led to a complete metabolic correction of MPS I in most peripheral organs of the mice.
Researchers cautioned that study results involving laboratory mouse models do not always translate into clinical treatment of human patients, and that additional research is needed for this prospective therapy.


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Pause: The Secret to a Better Life One Word at a Time
Imagine a quiet walk, hand in hand with a loved one, really listening, really connecting. Bask in the moment, feel the love. It sounds wonderful, doesn't it? Much too often these potentially precious moments are swept away in the rush of everyday life. Now is the time to enter the world of PAUSE … a time to think, evaluate, listen, observe and enjoy. Pause with author Chris Maxwell as he explores a collection of words. Words of wonder, confession, hope, longing and dreams. Words we often rush past, rather than taking time to ponder their meanings and true value.Immerse yourself in each story. Ponder and meditate on each reflective word. Reconnect with life and all it has to offer. Pause.
Click here to read more about and order Pause.
"Here it is, my friends: a great book to be read one word at a time. My major mistake while reading Pause was that I did so too quickly. I must read it again…and again until I slow down and let it change me."
— Calvin Miller / Author
"Chris Maxwell has done it again! His creative insights about life, God, situations, and hope come through in this collection designed to take us through a weekly encounter that will inspire and transform."
— Dr. A.D. Beacham / General Superintendent, International Pentecostal Holiness Church
"Spending time with God is not a religious duty or a mundane exercise. Intimacy with God is like breathing. The words in this book will draw you deeper into your own daily dialogue with God."
— J. Lee Grady / Author, Speaker
Founder of The Mordecai Project


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