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South African Journal of Science
versão On-line ISSN 1996-7489
versão impressa ISSN 0038-2353
S. Afr. j. sci. vol.104 no.7-8 Pretoria Set./Ago. 2008
Long-term effects of a low dosage of grape seed proanthocyanidin extract on blood pressure in spontaneously hypertensive rats
Nico J. AllersI, *; Leon HayI; Paul J. SchutteI; Christiaan M.L. SteinmannII, *, Sandra H. du PlooyII; Linde H. BöhmerII
IDepartment of Physiology, University of Limpopo, Medunsa Campus, P.O. Box 130, Medunsa 0204, South Africa
IIDepartment of Biomedical Sciences, Tshwane University of Technology, Pretoria, South Africa
Most studies on the antihypertensive effects of bioflavonoids have reported short-term effects (within 7 weeks) at high concentrations (40100 mg kg1 day1). The present study by contrast has investigated long-term effects of low concentrations of bioflavonoids on arterial blood pressure and left ventricular performance in spontaneously hypertensive rats (SHR). Spontaneously hypertensive rats were divided into a treated (n = 16) and a control (n = 16) group. The treated group received daily a grape seed proanthocyanidin extract (GSPE) at a concentration of 4 mg kg1 day1 over six months. Arterial blood pressure (ABP) was measured once monthly on six randomly selected rats from both groups using an indirect tail-cuff method. After three months, the remaining rats underwent catheterizations to measure left ventricular performance and aortic pressure. The possible role of nitric oxide (NO) in the effects of GSPE was investigated by blocking NO synthase with N-nitro-L-arginine methyl ester (L-NAME). Animals in the treated group had significantly lower arterial end-diastolic pressures (AEDP) after three months of treatment compared with control animals, and this trend continued until six months. In the treated group, left ventricular systolic pressures (LVSP) were reduced by 16.6% (P = 0.005), their dP/dtmax (left ventricular pressures) were reduced by 19.7% (P = 0.050), and cardiac work was reduced by 22.0% (P = 0.045) at the end of three months. Treatment with L-NAME suggested a contribution of NO to the effects of GSPE on blood pressure. A low concentration of GSPE administered over six months lowered AEDP significantly, and the L-NAME response suggested that NO is involved. The decreased AEDP had a lowering effect on left ventricular dynamics of hypertensive rats.
In the case of the Dietary Approaches to Stop Hypertension (DASH) diet, it was found that the inclusion of increased bioflavonoids in the diet substantially reduced ABP in humans.1 Most animal studies on the antihypertensive effects of bioflavonoids reflect short-term effects (17 weeks) at high concentrations (40100 mg kg1 day1).27 Little information is available on long-lasting antihypertensive effects at bioflavonoid concentrations of 410 mg kg1 day1 in animals, a concentration which would correlate better with the bioflavonoid intake in humans following a diet rich in fruit and vegetables. Various human studies have provided evidence that bioflavonoids have a protective effect in lowering BP.810 The DASH diet, rich in fruits, vegetables and low-fat dairy foods, reduced arterial peak systolic pressure (APSP) by 5.5 mm Hg or more, and arterial end diastolic pressure (AEDP) by at least 3.0 mm Hg.11
In an observational study based on a parametric model, it was suggested that a long-term drop in AEDP of between 5 and 6 mm Hg was associated with an approximated 3540% reduction in the number of cerebral strokes and a 2025% reduction in the number of CHD.12,13 Another study suggested that a reduction in AEDP as small as 2 mm Hg could result in a 15% decline in the risk of strokes and a 6% decline in the risk of coronary heart disease (CHD).14
A cross-cultural correlation study9 involving seven countries indicated that the mean average bioflavonoid intake varied from 2.6 mg day1 in west Finland to 68.2 mg day1 in Ushibuka, Japan, whereas the average bioflavonoid intake in the Zutphen study,8 which examined the relation between bioflavonoids and mortality in elderly men, was 26 mg day1. When the previous results are taken into account, the 68.2 mg day1(rounded off as 70 mg day1) (or ~1 mg kg1 day1 for a 70-kg human) value can be considered as the highest natural bioflavonoid intake in humans. Since adult rats have a metabolic rate about four times faster than humans,15 a matching GSPE dose would be 4 mg kg1day1 for these animals.
The aim of this study was to assess long-term blood pressure-lowering effects of bioflavonoids in a hypertensive rat model consuming GSPE at a concentration which reflects a human diet rich in fruits and vegetables. In addition, the effects of GSPE on left ventricular variables were determined, and the question asked whether NO played a role in the BP-lowering effects of GSPE.
Materials and methods
See Appendix.
Effects of GSPE on arterial blood pressure over a six-month period
Between three and six months, during which the AEDP of the control group had increased to a level above 100 mm Hg, a significant lowering and stabilizing effect of the AEDP was seen in the GSPE-treated group (Table 1).
Effects of GSPE on left ventricle parameters and aortic blood pressure at three months
Rats receiving the GSPE had significantly lower cardiac parameters (except LVEDP, HR and VBR, which did not change significantly) when compared with the control group (Table 2). Their LVPSP was less by 16.6%, their dP/dtmax by 19.7% and CW by 22.0%. The AoPSP, AoEDP, MAoP, and AoPP values recorded during this procedure were also significantly lower in the treated group than in the control group (Table 2).
Effects of L-NAME on GSPE-treated rats after three months
The results show a drop in AoDBP of 12.5 ± 4.5 mm Hg for the control group and 28.7 ± 4.7 mm Hg for the treated group (P = 0.019) with the L-NAME intervention. L-NAME had a much greater effect on the AoEDP of treated animals (130% higher) than on the non-treated control animals, while all the other parameters (AoPSP, MAoP, and HR) were not significantly affected by the L-NAME procedure (Table 3).
Discussion and conclusion
The study indicated that a low dosage of GSPE (4 mg kg1 day1) given to SHR daily over a six-month period led to lower AEDP values than those of control rats (Table 1); this lowering effect became significant after three months compared with the control group. The higher indirect APSP for the treated group compared with that of control group at the end of month 3 cannot be explained; because arterial systolic blood pressure is predominantly a function of the heart's pressure development and not of arterial action, and as the direct effect of GSPE is mainly on arterial dynamics, systolic pressure is not the parameter of interest, however. The aortic blood pressures (Table 2), especially the AoPSP, did not correspond with the blood pressures measured at the end of the third month with the tail-cuff method; different states of consciousness could have contributed to this. (It is well documented that blood pressures taken with the tail-cuff method are lower than intra-arterial measured aortic pressures.17,18) The decreased contractility as reflected by the decrease in dP/dtmax, as well as the decrease in LVPSP in the treated group, suggest the beneficial effect of a reduced afterload caused by GSPE (Table 2). The decreased contractility in this study should not be confused with decreased contractility during pathological fibrosis, since the results did not show any significant difference in the ventricular weight/body weight ratio (VBR) (Table 2), indicating the absence of myocardial hypertrophy during the first six months in the lifespan of the SHR. As the AEDP values were lowered in the treated group (Table 1), their left ventricles in turn generated less pressure to eject blood into the aortas as seen from the reduced LVPSP, reduced dP/dtmax and reduced CW (Table 2).
We surmised that the decrease in contractility in the treated group might be attributable to a NO-induced reduction in afterload. Administration of L-NAME, a NO synthase inhibitor, resulted in a larger increase in AoEDBP in the treated group (Table 3). This suggests that higher concentrations of NO might have been present in the GSPE-treated group when compared with the control group, and points to a mechanism through which GSPE can produce blood pressure-lowering effects, because it is known that NO is a powerful vasodilator.
In conclusion, this study indicates that a low dosage of GSPE (4 mg kg1 day1) administered over a six-month period significantly reduces the AEDP in SHR after three months (Table 1). The study further suggests that the reduction in afterload leads to a significantly beneficial reduction in left ventricular contractility as well as cardiac work in hypertensive rats (Table 2). The results support the concept that this in vivo antihypertensive effect of the extract might in part at least be due to the vasodilator actions of NO. Lastly, this study supports studies on humans which have indicated that a high consumption of fruit and vegetables which contain large amounts of bioflavonoids might provide protection against hypertension and other related cardiovascular diseases.7,11
We thank Harold Majane, Hosea Lephalala, Danila Correia and Annette de Frietas for technical assistance. This research was supported by a grant from Value Added Life (Pty) S.A. and we declare that there is no conflict of interest between any parties.
1. Most M. (2004). Estimated phytochemical content of the Dietary Approaches to Stop Hypertension (DASH) diet is higher than the control study diet. J. Am. Diet Assoc. 104(11),17251727. [ Links ]
2. Bernatova I., Pechanova O., Babal P., Kysela S., Stvrtina S. and Andriantsitohaina R. (2002). Wine polyphenols improve cardiovascular remodeling and vascular function in NO-deficient hypertension. Am. J. Physiol. 282, H942H948. [ Links ]
3. Duarte J., Perez-Palencia R., Vargas F., Ocete M.A., Perez-Vizcaino F., Zarzuelo A. and Tamargo J. (2001). Antihypertensive effects of the flavonoid quercetin in spontaneously hypertensive rats. Br. J. Pharmacol. 133, 117124. [ Links ]
4. Duarte J., Jimenez R., O'Valle F., Galisteo M., Perez-Palencia R., Vargas F., Perez-Vizcaino F., Zarzuelo A. and Tamargo J. (2002). Protective effects of the flavonoid quercetin in chronic nitric oxide deficient rats. J. Hypertens. 20, 18431854. [ Links ]
5. Pataki T., Bak I., Kovacs P., Bagchi D., Das D.K. and Tosaki A. (2002). Grape seed proanthocyanidins improved cardiac recovery during reperfusion after ischemia in isolated rat hearts. Am. J. Clin. Nutr. 75, 894899. [ Links ]
6. Sato M., Bagchi D., Tosaki A. and Das D.K. (2001). Grape seed proanthocyanidin reduces cardiomyocyte apoptosis by inhibiting ischemia/reperfusion-induced activation of JNK-1 and C-JUN. Free Radic. Biol. Med. 31, 729737. [ Links ]
7. Soares D.M., Costa Viana F.S., Souza M.A., Kovary K., Guedes D.C., Oliveira E.P., Rubenich L.M., Carvalho L.C., Oliveira R.M. et al. (2002). Antihypertensive, vasodilator and antioxidant effects of a vinifera grape skin extract. J. Pharm. Pharmacol. 54, 15151520. [ Links ]
8. Hertog M.G., Feskens E.J., Hollman P.C., Katan M.B. and Kromhout D. (1993). Dietary antioxidant flavonoids and risk of coronary heart disease: the Zutphen Elderly Study. Lancet 342, 10071011. [ Links ]
9. Hertog M.G., Kromhout D., Aravanis C., Blackburn H., Buzina R., Fidanza F., Giampaoli S., Jansen A., Menotti A. and Nedeljkovic S. (1995). Flavonoid intake and long-term risk of coronary heart disease and cancer in the seven countries study. Arch. Intern. Med. 155, 381386. [ Links ]
10. Rimm E.B., Katan M.B., Ascherio A., Stampfer M.J. and Willett W.C. (1996). Relation between intake of flavonoids and risk for coronary heart disease in male health professionals. Ann. Intern. Med. 125, 384389. [ Links ]
11. Apple L.J., Moore T.J., Obarzanek E., Vollmer W.M., Svetky L.P., Sacks F.M., Bray G.A., Vogt T.M., Cutler J.A., Windhauser M.M., Lin P. and Karanja N. (1997). A clinical trial of the effects of dietary patterns on blood pressure. N. Engl. J. Med. 336(16), 11171124. [ Links ]
12. Collins R., Peto R., MacMahon S., Hebert P., Fiebach N.H., Eberlein K.A., Godwin J., Qizilbash N., Taylor J.O. and Hennekens C.H. (1990). Blood pressure, stroke, and coronary heart disease. Part 2. Short-term reductions in blood pressure: overview of randomised drug trials in their epidemiological context. Lancet 335, 827838. [ Links ]
13. Hebert P.R., Moser M., Mayer J., Glynn R.J. and Hennekens C.H. (1993). Recent evidence on drug therapy of mild to moderate hypertension and decreased risk of coronary heart disease. Arch. Intern. Med. 153, 578581. [ Links ]
14. Cook N.R., Cohen J., Hebert P.R., Taylor J.O. and Hennekens C.H. (1995). Implications of small reductions in diastolic blood pressure for primary prevention. Arch. Intern. Med. 155, 701709. [ Links ]
15. Preuss H.G., Montamarry S., Echard B., Scheckenbach R. and Bagchi D. (2001). Long-term effects of chromium, grape seed extract, and zinc on various metabolic parameters of rats. Mol. Cell. Biochem. 223, 95102. [ Links ]
16. Bunag R.D. (1973). Validation in awake rats of a tail-cuff method for measuring systolic pressure. J. Appl. Physiol. 34, 279282. [ Links ]
17. Bunag R.D. (1983). Facts and fallacies about measuring blood pressure in rats. Clin. Exp. Hypertens. A 5(10), 16591681. [ Links ]
18. Kurtz T.W., Griffen K.A., Bidani A.K., Davisson R.L. and Hall J.E. (2005). Recommendations for blood pressure measurements in humans and experimental animals. Part 2. J. Hypertens. 45, 299321. [ Links ]
19. Hay L., Schutte P.J., du Plooy W.J., Kgwefane K. and Kahler C.P. (1995). The effects of left ventricular loading on three indices of isovolumic relaxation rate in primates. Med. Sci. Res. 23, 285286. [ Links ]
Received 31 October 2008. Accepted 8 May 2008.
* Authors for correspondence. E-mail: firstname.lastname@example.com or email@example.com
Animals and experimental design. A six-month study was conducted on 32 spontaneously hypertensive female rats (SHR), obtained from the Animal Unit of the University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, when they were eight weeks old. On arrival, the 32 rats were randomly divided into a control group (n = 16) and a treated group (n = 16). The rats were kept in separate cages in a temperature-controlled room, and had free access to water and nutritionally balanced rat cubes (Epol, South Africa). The dietary composition of the cubes was given by the manufacturer to be 18% crude protein, 57% carbohydrate, a minimum of 2.5% fat, a maximum of 6% fibre, 1.8% calcium, 0.7% phosphorus and 12% moisture. The study was approved (approval no. AEC08/O4) by the Research and Ethics Committee of the University of Limpopo (Medunsa Campus) and was conducted in accordance with internationally accepted principles for laboratory animal use and care as found in the European Community guidelines (EEC Directive of 1986; 86/609/EEC).
Experimental diet. The treated group received gelatine blocks enriched with GSPE (4 mg kg1) on a daily basis for six months, in addition to the rat cubes. The increase in the average mass of the rats from 146.8 ± 7.8 g to 221 ± 7 g during the experiment was taken into account when the dose was determined. There was no significant difference between the mass increase between the experimental and control group of rats (control = 148.2 ± 4.8 g to 224.3 ± 5.2 g). The rats were fond of the gelatine blocks and all these blocks were consumed by the rats within minutes after introduction into the cages. GSPE is a commercially available product (Value Added Life, South Africa) prepared from the seeds of Vitis vinifera (Vitaceae). Grape seed extract contains up to 78% of proanthocyanidin.5 Proanthocyanidin belongs to the second-largest group of the bioflavonoids. The control group received non-enriched gelatine blocks over the same period.
Indirect arterial blood pressure measurements. APSP, AEDP, mean arterial pressure (MAP) and heart frequency (Hf) were measured in 12 of the 32 rats using tail-cuff plethysmography.16 For this purpose, six rats were randomly selected from the treated group and six from the control group. The pressures and Hf values were measured on these selected animals at the end of each month for six months. Measurements were made with a tail-cuff placed around the base of the tail and pulses detected with a LE 5002 blood pressure recorder (Letica Scientific Instruments, Spain). This instrument is equipped with a microprocessor with a memory specifically designed not only to measure non-invasively APSP, MAP and Hf but also AEDP. The method includes the restraining and pre-warming of rats for 30 min in an environmental chamber at 32°C to cause dilatation of the caudal artery. Rats were sufficiently preconditioned to become used to the restraining and higher environmental temperature for two days before the actual procedure. Because of the controversy17,18 around the use of tail-cuff plethysmography and to minimize errors, our laboratory has validated our method under uniform experimental conditions.
Direct blood pressure measurements and cardiodynamic parameters. Since the tail-cuff blood pressure measurements suggested significant differences between the AEDP of the two groups after three months, additional cardiac information was obtained to elucidate the mechanism of action via direct catheterization via the carotid artery of the aorta and the left ventricle using methods previously described.19
For this purpose, the remaining rats (10 in each group) were anaesthetized with an intramuscular injection of 0.5 ml of a mixture of ketamine (100 µg ml1) (Kyron Laboratories, South Africa) and xylaxine (2%) (Premier Pharmaceuticals, South Africa) at a ratio of 1:3. The anaesthesia was maintained throughout the procedure by 0.1-ml injections when needed. Anaesthetic depth was regularly assessed by means of testing for the tarsal pinch reflex. The procedure was performed in a sterile environment on a pre-warmed operating table. Rats were placed on their backs and the right carotid artery was exposed. The distal end of a catheter (Cordis 2.5 F) was inserted into the carotid artery and advanced into the left ventricle. Great care was taken to minimize blood loss to a minimum during these procedures. Finally, the proximal end of the catheter was connected to a fluid-filled Hewlett-Packard (HP) quartz transducer, which was connected to a HP 8-channel recording system (HP7758). The recorded data were stored on a personal computer for later analysis. During these procedures, pressure recordings were also monitored on an oscilloscope to confirm the position of the catheter in the left ventricle and to verify the quality of the pressure curves. After correct positioning of the catheter, enough time was allowed for the left ventricular blood pressure to stabilize (approximately 7 min) before baseline pressure curves were recorded and stored on the computer. Thereafter, the catheter was carefully pulled into the aorta and aorta peak systolic pressure (AoPSP), aorta peak diastolic pressure (AoEDP), and aorta mean pressure (AoMP) recorded.
L-NAME intervention. Further experiments were then conducted using the NO synthase inhibitor, N-nitro-L-arginine methyl ester (L-NAME). During this procedure, L-NAME (10 mg kg1) was administered as a single bolus injection to both groups of rats in order to ascertain the possible contribution of NO to the blood pressure-lowering effects of GSPE. This injection was done after the baseline recordings in the ventricle and aorta. The post-baseline values were recorded in the aorta for 15 s, at time zero, and thereafter at one-minute intervals for a 15-min post-injection period. The maximum aortic blood pressure response recorded (between 710 min after the injection of L-NAME) was compared with the baseline readings obtained directly before the L-NAME administration. The following indices were obtained from the aortic and left ventricular pressure curves: Hf, left ventricular peak systolic pressure (LVPSP), left ventricular end-diastolic pressure (LVEDP), the maximum rate of rise in left ventricular pressure (dP/dtmax) and cardiac work (CW), calculated by multiplying HR and SBP. Aortic peak systolic pressure (AoPSP), and aortic ventricular end-diastolic pressure (AoLVEDP) were also recorded.
Statistical analysis. Results are expressed as means ± s.e.m. Student's t-test indicates significance of difference between control and treated group at each time interval, and between pre-L-NAME and post-L- NAME administration


text: On Fri, 6 Oct 2000, Jon Tegner wrote: > In a disussion of clusters I got the question why not using systems > running microsoft NT. I only came up with cost and stability in a > sweeping way, and I couldnt present more quantitative arguments. Later, > I even found that an nt cluster sits on place 207 on the top500 list > (see http://www.top500.org/lists/TOP500List.php3?Y=2000&M=06) > is that an exception, or are there many of these beasts around? > > I would appreciate to be enlightened on this issue. The fine people on this list can provide a large number of reasons for choosing Linux over NT. Let me give you an empirical observation. I have not read about or seen any reference many production NT clusters. (Those that are actually doing something useful) On the other hand, I can tell you we have quite a few customers who are designing aircraft, computing molecules, and finding oil with Linux clusters. There are many other applications out there running day in and day out on Linux clusters. I have not seen this with NT. My only conclusion is that if it worked well you would see more. One sure reason is that HPC (High Performance Computing) has been and will continue to be a *NIX world. Just seems to work better. Doug ------------------------------------------------------------------- Paralogic, Inc. | PEAK | Voice:+610.814.2800 130 Webster Street | PARALLEL | Fax:+610.814.5844 Bethlehem, PA 18015 USA | PERFORMANCE | http://www.plogic.com -------------------------------------------------------------------

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Well before Pope Francis was elected, the Vatican announced that World Youth Day 2013 would take place in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil. As we all know by now, our new Pope came to the papacy from the Diocese of Buenos Aires in Argentina. Organizers originally estimated that 2.5 million youth would attend the event, but with the Church's first Latin American Pope installed all bets are now off – unless the Pope decides to make a side trip to Buenos Aires! The theme of this event, which will take place July 23-28 – in the country with the most Catholics in the world – is: "Go and make disciples of all peoples." With the hand of God so clearly on this event, it's no wonder that people are so excited!
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Farewell Ceremony at the Galeão/Antonio Carlos Jobim International Airport
Sat, July 28 2013
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I am about to leave your country to return to Rome. I depart with many happy memories which I know will nourish my prayers. ... - Read More


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Post Title : Ergonomic office chair – design, characteristics and basic requirements
Image Title : Office Furniture Ergonomic Computer Chair Design High Backrest
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The IPAC12 conference has successfully concluded!
IPAC 12 Photo Gallery
Welcome to IPAC 2012
We are pleased to announce that the International Particle Accelerator Conference IPAC'12 will take place at the Morial Convention Center, New Orleans, USA, from May 20 - 25, 2012. This is the third conference in the new IPAC series, resulting from the combining of the previous regional accelerator conferences held in North America, Europe and Asia. This is the first IPAC to be held in the USA.
IPAC'12 will provide an opportunity for Accelerator Scientists, Engineers, Students and Industrial Vendors to meet and interact in a convivial environment, encouraging the exchange of information and ideas across the broad spectrum of accelerator science and technology. The Morial Convention Center, with its superbly modern facilities, provides a perfect venue to encourage that process, while the historic city of New Orleans has all the necessary infrastructure to cater to delegates arriving from around the world.
New Orleans, located in the State of Louisiana, lies astride the mighty Mississippi river in the deep south of the USA. It is renowned for its unique multi-ethnic culture having roots in the 17th century, for its outstanding cuisine, and, of course, as the birthplace of jazz. Described as America's most walkable city, there are endless opportunities for shopping, dining, culture, tourism, and music--all of which provide a perfect backdrop for the conference. So please come along and experience firsthand our fabled southern hospitality.
IPAC'12 is sponsored by IEEE(Nuclear and Plasma Sciences Society) and the American Physical Society(Division of Physics of Beams) and is hosted by Louisiana State University through its synchrotron light facility CAMD.
We look forward to welcoming you to New Orleans and meeting you at the conference.
Vic Suller (CAMD) Conference Chair
Jeff Corbett (SLAC) Science Program Chair
Kevin Morris (CAMD) Local Committee Chair


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Robert Veltri, associate professor Of Urology and Oncology at the Johns Hopkins School of Medicine and Director of the Fisher Biomarker Biorepository Laboratory, will present the talk Quantitative Histomorphometry of Digital Pathology: Case study in prostate cancer," to members of the Denis Wirtz Lab and the Johns Hopkins Physical Sciences-Oncology Center on Monday, December 9 at 2 p.m. in Croft G40 on the Homewood campus. Seating is limited.
Veltri studies the biomarkers for prostate and bladder cancer and is collaborating on applications of Quantitative Digital Image Analysis (QDIA) using microscopy to quantify nuclear structure and tissue architecture. Collaborations include Case Western Reserve University biomedical engineering and the University of Pittsburgh Electrical Engineering departments studying to assess cancer aggressiveness in prostate cancer (PCa). Furthermore, he is studying the application of molecular biomarkers for prostate (CaP) and bladder cancer (BlCa) detection and prognosis. Veltri's work is funded by the National Cancer Institute's PS-OC program grant), Early Detection Research Network (EDRN), and the Department of Defense related to research on Active Surveillance for PCa. He is also a co-investigator on a SBIR-I and II grant studying the application of microtransponders to multiplex molecular urine and serum biomarker testing for CaP. Veltri has authored over 152 scientific publications and is either inventor or co-inventor on over twenty patents and two trademarks.


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SAN LUIS OBISPO — Another close game, one might say, slipped through the hands of the UC Irvine men's basketball team in a 72-67 Big West Conference loss at Cal Poly San Luis Obispo on Saturday.
But UCI Coach Russell Turner was willing to concede it may not have slipped, but was rather yanked from the grasp of his Anteaters, who have seemingly found a way to come up a couple plays short in close contests this season.
UCI (7-9, 1-2 in conference) is now 0-6 in games decided by six or fewer points, including a pair of galling setbacks the last three days along the Central Coast. Three of those losses have come in overtime and all were away from home.
Against Cal Poly (7-6, 3-0), UCI overcame a somewhat tentative opening half that ended with an 11-point deficit, to seize a 48-42 lead with 13:01 left in the game.
Senior post Adam Folker and freshman point guard Alex Young, both of whom were scoreless in a first half, scored 16 and 14 points, respectively to spark a strong second-half comeback.
Young had 10 points, including a pair of three-pointers, and Folker had eight points during the 'Eaters' 20-4 run early in the second half to help them climb into control.
But clutch shooting from three-point range and the foul line helped the Mustangs close out their third straight conference conquest.
"We played a good second half," said Turner, who was clearly disturbed by his team's lack of physical presence that helped create 10 first-half turnovers. "We played a good first half against Santa Barbara [UCI led, 37-32 at intermission but lost, 74-71 on Thursday] and a good second half against Cal Poly [outscoring the Mustangs 42-36 and making 16 of 28 field-goal tries after the break (57.1%)]. A lot of games are decided by a play or two here or there and decided by toughness."
Cal Poly trumped the Anteaters in the toughness department, which was most obvious on a handful of possessions on which the hosts simply snatched the ball from UCI players.
"I was most disappointed by the fact that they just went and took it out of our hands," Turner said. "I told our guys at halftime that we need to lift nine times a week if we are so physically weak that they can just take it from us. I think that we need to get physically stronger. That's a clear weakness in our program."
Cal Poly committed eight of the 12 turnovers after halftime, as UCI upped its intensity on both ends of the floor.
The Anteaters made 10 of their first 11 field-goal tries after the break.
But Cal Poly, led by 6-foot-7 junior Chris Eversley's 24 points and six rebounds, and senior reserve Chris O'Brien's career-high-tying 16 points, asserted its will down the stretch.
Back-to-back three-pointers by senior Dylan Royer gave Cal Poly a 57-56 edge with 5:51 left, before UCI sophomore Travis Souza drained a three-pointer 33 seconds later to put the 'Eaters on top, 59-57.
Young, who had a career-high 18 points at UCSB, sank a layup with 3:21 left to knot the score at 63-63, and junior Chris McNealy netted a pair of free throws to put UCI up with 2:29 left.
But after an Eversley layin, O'Brien converted a three-point play with a determined drive with 1:14 left to give the hosts a 68-65 cushion.
Folker followed with a layup and Young stole the ensuing inbounds pass to give UCI a shot with 58 seconds left. After a timeout, Mike Wilder stumbled over a defender with the shot clock running down and was called for traveling.
Eversley missed the front end of a one-and-one situation one second later, but Young missed a three-point try form the left corner with 17 seconds left.
After two Eversley free throws, Daman Starring missed a three-point attempt from the top of the key with seven seconds left that would have tied it.
UCI finished shooting 54.2% from the field, but lost the rebounding (23-20) and turnover battles (14-11). UCI was nine for 14 from the foul line, while the Mustangs netted 21 of 25 free-throw attempts.
Big West Conference
Cal Poly SLO 72, UC Irvine 67
UCI – Davis 6, Wilder 3, Folker 16, Starring 8, Young 14, McNealy 11, Clifford 6, Souza 3.
3-pt. goals – Young 2, Starring 1, Wilder 1, McNealy 1, Souza.
Fouled out – Folker.
Technicals – None.
CPSLO – Eversley 24, Bennett 8, Johnson 9, Royer 9, Odister 0, O'Brien 16, Morgan 5, Gordon 1.
3-pt. goals – Royer 3, O'Brien 2, Morgan 1, Johnson 1.
Fouled out – None.
Technicals – None.
Halftime – CPSLO, 36-25.
Twitter: @BarryFaulkner5


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बैटरी वाला ई-रिक्शा
सरकार द्वारा मान्यता प्राप्त ई रिक्शा
कमाई ज़्यादा खर्चा ऑटो से कम
बैटरी वाला ई-रिक्शा
सरकार द्वारा मान्यता प्राप्त ई रिक्शा
बैटरी वाला ई-रिक्शा
सरकार द्वारा मान्यता प्राप्त ई रिक्शा
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Extended Life replacement Oxygen Sensor for Drager Fabius Anesthesia Machines.
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Suites at the Denny Sanford PREMIER Center Sell Out in Three Days
SIOUX FALLS - The City of Sioux Falls has announced the 18 private luxury suites in the Denny Sanford PREMIER Center recently offered for sale have officially sold out.
Darrin Smith, the city's Director of Community Development, says selling the suites in three business days is, in his words, "just an incredible statement of support by the entire community. "
But Smith says there is more to come with the new facility, calling the sale of the suites "just the tip of the iceberg."
And Benham Wrigley of Legends Sales and Marketing says it's the fastest selling out of luxury suites he's seen in eighteen years in the industry.
Wrigley says he expects the demand to continue after the doors of the facility open in the fall of 2014.


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The unique opportunity to bring together SYNNEX and Westcon-Comstor Americas has enabled us to leverage one another's expertise, products, and services. It also positions the business where technology is growing, addressing the global complexities and emerging demands facing our partners.
The Westcon-Comstor Americas team will continue to operate business as usual, making the transition seamless.


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UFC Fight Night: Hunt vs Bigfoot Media Day Gallery
Dezember 05, 2013
40 Photos
UFC Ultimate Media Day at the Brisbane Marriott Hotel on December 5, 2013 in Brisbane, Australia.
Getty Images reserves the right to pursue unauthorized users of this image or clip. If you violate our intellectual property you may be liable for: actual damages, loss of income, and profits you derive from the use of this image or clip, and, where appropriate, the costs of collection and/or statutory damages up to $150,000 (USD).


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Simms Freestone Pant
The trek into Slough Creek's upper meadows is a haul by most standards. And when you're lugging several days' worth of gear, provisions, and a rod in hand, you can't beat the stop-and-go capabilities of this stalwart pant. Freestones® keep you warm and dry when it counts, with the performance to check off all the niches on your fishing hit list.


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Czech literature, the body of writing in the Czech language. Before 1918 there was no independent Czechoslovak state, and Bohemia and Moravia—the Czech-speaking regions that, with part of Silesia, now constitute the Czech Republic—were for a long time provinces of the Habsburg Holy Roman and Austrian empires. Because of this, the evolution of the Czechs' literary language became historically linked to their efforts to maintain their ethnic identity.
Origins and development through the 17th century
The earliest origins of literature in Czech are connected with Old Church Slavonic, which was devised by Saints Cyril and Methodius in the 9th century to counter Frankish (German) influence. Latin was established as the liturgical language of the Bohemian state in 1097, however, and its script was adopted for what would become the Czech language. The earliest preserved texts in the Czech language, mainly hymns, were written in the late 13th century at the courts of the Přemyslid kings of Bohemia.
The 14th century brought a continuous stream of Czech literary works, mostly consisting of biographies of saints (hagiography), legends, epics and chronicles, and adaptations of chivalrous romances, all in verse. The earliest secular work in the language was the epic Alexandreis, a life of Alexander the Great based on a Latin poem by the French writer Gautier de Châtillon. From about 1350, prose genres began to be cultivated, initially descriptions of the lives of saints and chronicles and then versions of popular medieval tales. From the last part of the century dated a group of verse satires and didactic poems as well as the political allegory Nová rada ("The New Council"), written by Smil Flaška to defend the rights of the Bohemian nobility against the crown.
Religious reforms begun by Jan Hus in the early 15th century set in motion the Hussite movement, which for two centuries pitted Czech reformers or Protestants against the Roman Catholic rulers of the Holy Roman Empire. The religious controversies and civil strife of this period fostered the use of Czech writing for practical and polemical purposes. Hus himself composed strong sermons in Czech and wrote various treatises, of which De ecclesia ("The Church") was the most important. Petr Chelčický, one of his successors, wrote treatises containing radical social ideas from which sprang the Unitas Fratrum, or Bohemian Brethren, a sect and prototype of the Moravian church that became an important source of Czech literature for the next two centuries.
Czech literature in the 16th century was predominantly didactic and scholarly, reflecting the humanism of the European Renaissance. The Moravian bishop Jan Blahoslav completed an early translation of the New Testament, and the lexicographer Daniel Adam of Veleslavín further enriched the vocabulary of humanist Czech, but the most significant landmark of the period was the Unitas Fratrum scholars' translation of the Bible into Czech, known as the Kralice Bible (1579–93). The language of this version became the model for classical Czech.
The Austrian Habsburgs defeated the Protestants of Bohemia in 1620, after which Protestantism was eradicated and Bohemia was brought under direct rule within the Austrian Habsburg domain. The (largely Protestant) Bohemian nobility was crushed and replaced by newcomers with little knowledge of Czech. Under the Habsburgs, the literary traditions of the past two centuries were proscribed, and it was only among political exiles that Czech literature survived at all. Among these exiles Jan Ámos Komenský (John Amos Comenius) was preeminent. His Latin works on education and theological problems and his works in Czech revealed him as a writer and thinker of European stature. His Labyrint světa a ráj srdce (1631; "Labyrinth of the World and Paradise of the Heart") stands as one of Czech literature's great achievements in prose.
The 18th and 19th centuries
By the 18th century, however, Czech had practically ceased to be used for higher literary purposes. The historicism and antiquarianism of the late 18th century led many Czech scholars to investigate their country's earlier literature and history. Moreover, Bohemian patriotism revived in reaction against the centralizing tendencies of the Habsburg government under the empress Maria Theresa. These two phenomena combined with currents of the Romantic movement to inaugurate a Czech national literary revival in the first half of the 19th century. At the same time, social and economic developments were helping create a new middle-class audience for Czech literature.
Czech Romanticism drew impetus from the efforts of both scholars and literary artists. The scholar Josef Dobrovský studied and codified a revived Czech literary language. Josef Jungmann set out to extend and modernize the Czech vocabulary through his translations (including John Milton's Paradise Lost, 1811) and his monumental Czech-German dictionary (1835–39). The revival was also furthered by the Moravian historian František Palacký and the Slovak archaeologist Pavel Josef Šafařík. The Slovak Jan Kollár, who wrote in Czech, produced the first significant work in the revived language with his allegorical sonnet cycle Slávy dcera ("The Daughter of Sláva"). Interest in early Czech literature was further stimulated by several brilliant hoax manuscripts, purported to be from the early Middle Ages but actually written by Václav Hanka, which have held their own as examples of Romantic poetry.
The greatest poet of Czech Romanticism, and perhaps of all Czech poets, was Karel Hynek Mácha. His lyrics, prose fragments, and a lyrical epic, Máj (1836; May), showed the influence of Lord Byron, Sir Walter Scott, and the Polish Romantics but transcended these influences by its intensity of poetic vision and perfection of language. In the 1840s there was a reaction against the Romantic vision. The political journalist Karel Havlíček Borovský and the novelist Božena Němcová were both concerned with practical issues and did much to emancipate Czech prose from the older classical manner, bringing it nearer to everyday speech. Němcová became best known for Babička (1855; "The Grandmother"), an idealized portrayal of country life in sketches whose precise, realistic descriptions and firmly individual language were new in Czech prose.
The Máj group, named in honour of Mácha's great lyrical epic, was a school of writers in the second half of the 19th century who sought to create a Czech literature imbued with their own liberal and pragmatic nationalist aims. Prominent in their ranks was the poet and short-story writer Jan Neruda, known for his sardonic sketches in Povídky malostranské (1878; "Tales of Little Quarter"). Other notable figures of the Máj group were the novelist Karolina Světlá and the poet Vítězslav Hálek.
By the 1870s Czech literature had fully established itself in poetry and the novel but not yet in the drama. Literary life crystallized around two groups associated with the periodicals Lumír and Ruch ("Stir"). The former stressed the need to Europeanize Czech literature, while the latter looked to the strength of native traditions and themes. The leading representative of the cosmopolitan tendency was Jaroslav Vrchlický (pseudonym of Emil Frída), who was probably the most prolific of all Czech writers. His lyrics show an amazing mastery of language, while a vast cycle of historical epics contain probably his best work. But his greatest influence was exercised by his many translations of major European writers. Cosmopolitanism also found expression in Julius Zeyer's novels and short stories. The principal figure in the nativist trend was Svatopluk Čech, who composed historical epics, idyllic pictures of Czech country life, and prose satires aimed at the philistinism of the Czech middle classes.
The Czech novel of the late 19th century exhibited a trend toward realistic description in the works of the historical novelists Alois Jirásek and Zikmund Winter. Both men presented romanticized versions of Czech history, but their historical details were based on scholarly research. Jirásek's novels presented an entire history of the Czechs up to his own time, concentrating in particular on the Hussite period and the national revival of 1780 onward. In the last decade of the century new trends in poetry began to appear in the works of Josef Svatopluk Machar, Antonín Sova, Otakar Březina (pseudonym of Václav Jebavý), and Petr Bezruč (pseudonym of Vladimír Vašek). Březina expressed a personal religion in a language of great subtlety and originality, and his metrical structures (including free rhythms) had great influence on later poets. Bezruč was a regional poet, obsessed by the national and social oppression of the Moravians of German-ruled Silesia, but in his powerful verse he achieved national and universal relevance.
After 1918
With the establishment of an independent Czechoslovak state in 1918, Czech literature flourished. Czech drama came into its own in the idealistic and satirical plays of Karel Čapek and František Langer. Čapek's best plays exposed the threats of a centralized, mechanized society of the 20th century: R.U.R. (1920), which introduced the word robot into English, and Ze života hmyzu (1921; The Insect Play). Narrative prose reached a new peak with such writers as Čapek, Jaroslav Hašek, Vladislav Vančura, Ivan Olbracht, and Jaroslav Havlíček. Shortly after World War I ended Hašek began his sequence of novels called Osudy dobrého vojáka Švejka za světové války (1921–23; The Good Soldier Schweik). These works set in the collapsing Austro-Hungarian Empire remain widely read to the present day. Čapek's fiction included Wellsian fantasies, subtle psychological studies, and short stories.
In the period between 1918 and 1945, the lyric poetry of Jakub Deml, Josef Hora, František Halas, Vítězslav Nezval, and Jaroslav Seifert exhibited great vitality and variety, with work of the highest quality being produced. After World War II, however, the newly established communist regime suppressed free literary activity and permitted only works conforming to the drab and restrictive tenets of Socialist Realism. Czech writing consequently underwent a marked decline. When strict political controls were relaxed in the early 1960s, the novels of Josef Škvorecký and Milan Kundera, the short stories of Bohumil Hrabal and Arnošt Lustig, the poetry of Miroslav Holub, and the plays of Václav Havel began attracting international attention. In the wake of the Soviet-led invasion in 1968, many of these writers were suppressed in Czechoslovakia, though their reputations continued to grow abroad. Of the writers who emigrated to Western countries, Kundera, Lustig, Škvorecký, and Pavel Kohout soon attained prominence in their adopted countries. During that same period, belated interest was shown abroad in the achievements of Czech lyric poetry in the interwar period, and Seifert, its chief surviving representative, was awarded the Nobel Prize for Literature in 1984. After the democratic revolution of 1989, freer literature flourished, and the playwright Václav Havel, who had been a dissident, became president of Czechoslovakia and, later, of the Czech Republic.
Learn More in these related Britannica articles:
biblical literature: Slavic versionsNo manuscript in the Czech vernacular translation is known to predate the 14th century, but at least 50 complete or fragmentary Bibles have survived from the 15th. The first complete Bible was published in Prague in 1488 in a text based on earlier, unknown translations connected with the heretical…
Czechoslovak history: National awakening and the rise of constitutionalism…Jungmann, was used by both Czech and Slovak authors, especially Protestants. But the growing national awareness among the Slovak intellectual elite led to the development of a Slovak literary language for the sake of reaching more Slovaks, including those with no more than an elementary education. The work of Slovak…
Czech Republic: LiteratureCzech literature can claim a remote ancestry in the vernacular writing connected with the mission sent to Moravia in 863
ceby the Byzantine emperor Michael III. As Christianity reached the Slavs of Bohemia from the west under the political aegis of the Frankish empire,…
Slavic languages: The emergence of the individual Slavic languages…the same century, the first Czech verses in the local dialect were written; they were the precursors of the rich poetic literature in the Old Czech language that appeared in the 14th century. The early Czech literary language was marked by the influence of Latin, which had replaced the Bohemian…
Jan Hus: Beliefs and writings…have since become classics of Czech literature and are equally important in the history of the Czech language, because Hus developed a new and simpler orthography. The most important of these works is his popular tract
Vyklad viery, desatera a patere("Exposition of the Faith, of the Ten Commandments, and…
More About Czech literature5 references found in Britannica articles
Assorted References
- biblical translation
- contribution by Hus
- cultural life of Czech Republic
- development of Slavic languages
- historical use of Czech language


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- Australian Open
Murray: Don't accuse me or my rivals of doping
In the week that Lance Armstrong finally admitted to doping throughout his cycling career, Andy Murray has strongly rejected the suggestion of Christophe Rochus that drug abuse exists in the sport of tennis.
Murray is currently preparing for his third-round match against Ricardas Berankis at the Australian Open, which takes place on Saturday.
But the British No. 1 was forced to answer questions on the claims of Rochus, a retired Belgian player, who claimed the game's top players are playing at a standard not achievable by natural means. "The guys can't play five or six hours and then come back the next day and run around like a rabbit," Rochus was quoted as saying.
Murray was beaten by Novak Djokovic in a semi-final that lasted almost five hours at last year's Melbourne tournament, and then the Serb returned to defeat Rafael Nadal in six hours two days later. Murray insists the top players are able to match such demands due to the hard work they put in during training.
"I would say that is far from the truth," Murray said of Rochus' claim. "Anyone can see the amount of hours of training and practice that go into what we do and there are other sports that are far more challenging than tennis endurance-wise. When guys play five or six hours in the slams, like we often do, we have a day's rest.
"I was told that on his day off after our match here last year Novak didn't practice, didn't hit a ball, didn't get out of bed until three o'clock. Providing you put the work in it doesn't mean it hurts any less when you have to play a couple of days later after a five-hour match but I would not say it's impossible."
Murray also credited Nadal with raising the physical level of tennis, saying: "Rafa was the first one to have that physique that looked like a true world-class athlete across any sport. Tennis players are always in good shape, but I think he looked like he could do any sport. The game has changed for sure physically. It's much more demanding and I've adapted my preparation and training."
Djokovic admitted on Friday he has not had a blood test in over six months, but expressed his confidence that anti-doping measures are sufficient to prevent a Lance Armstrong scenario happening in tennis.
"I wasn't tested with blood for the last six, seven months," he said. "It was more regular in the last two, three years. I don't know the reason why they stopped it.
"As long as it's fair, it's clean, we're trying to protect the identity of this sport. I believe tennis players are [some] of the cleanest athletes in the world and one of the most competitive sports. So as long as we keep it that way, I have no complaints about testing."


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Charges could come Friday in Oakland County against roadway shooting suspect Raulie Casteel
Charges against Raulie Wayne Casteel -- the only suspect in two dozen shooting incidents in four Michigan counties -- will be filed and possible appearances are expected to be made Friday.
The Oakland County Prosecutor's Office is reviewing police reports related to the serial roadway shootings that started in the Wixom area.
Livingston County Prosecutor David L. Morse said Wednesday it is only a matter of time before Oakland County brings charges against Casteel.
The story has grown since Oct. 16, when reports of a man firing rounds at motorists on roadways started flooding the Wixom Police Department. The number of random shootings stands at 24 and spans Oakland, Livingston, Ingham and Shiawassee counties.
Casteel, a Michigan State graduate and Wixom resident, was charged Wednesday at a Howell district court on three counts of a firearms felony, assault with a dangerous weapon, carrying with unlawful intent and discharging a firearm from a vehicle -- a total of six charges.
The arraignment sprouted out of one incident, in which Jennifer Kupiec was shot at while driving westbound on I-96 near mile-marker 135 in Howell Township.
While three incidents have been reported in Livingston County, a dozen have been reported in Oakland County, according to task force tallies.
Wednesday's arraignment seemed like it might be the first of many to come in the four affected counties.
Ten reports originated in Wixom, just a few miles from where Casteel lived, on the 1500 block of Kings Crown Court.
Two more were reported to the Oakland County Sheriff's Office.
A $2 million bond and a Nov. 14 pretrial exam conference were set Wednesday in the Howell incident.
Judge Carol Sue Reader, who read Casteel's charges out in full as he listened in a video arraignment from the Livingston County Jail, said Casteel is too great a flight risk to allow him pretrial release.
"The probability of (Casteel) not returning to court is high," Reader said.
She said that because of that, the seriousness of the charge and the safety to the public, a high cash bond was appropriate.
Contact staff writer John Turk at 248-745-4613 or email@example.com.


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If you've ever been to San Marco Square in Venice, Italy, then you've surely been bombarded by the flying-rats we call pigeons that lay reign over the city's square. Milan, located only about a couple of hours away from Venice, had an avis rex of its own during the EICMA motorcycle show: the 2010 Ducati Multistrada 1200.
Taking the show's honors as the top bike on display, and surely one of the most hyped motorcycles of the year, the Multistrada 1200 won over crowds, despite its face…literally. Love it or hate it, but the bird-beaked bike is here to stay, and we've got all sorts of delicious pictures of it after the jump.


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50/50 Hairstyles
50/50 Hairstyles Game: In this game, you'll have to select the two colors you want to use to dye Lisa's hair locks, to prepare them and then to carefully color her hair. Great job! Next, you can do her make up look, dress her up and accessorize her cool new look with funky hair-pins and glittering earrings. Have a great time playing our fun 50/50 Hairstyle game for girls! Much fun! Enjoy game. Use your mouse to play.


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You've probably seen the photo. Grainy and gray, it shows the neck and head of some type of large sea monster rising from the water -- the freshwater of Scotland's Loch Ness. When the photo first appeared in 1933, many people believed it was real. After all, it was taken by Colonel Robert Wilson, a respected doctor, and stories of a monster in the loch had been swirling around Scotland for more than 1,400 years. But in 1994, the photo was exposed as a hoax. A man named Christian Spurling confessed that he, his stepfather and Wilson created it by attaching a piece of plastic to a toy submarine [source: Owen].
Hoaxes have been around for centuries, created by people as jokes, or for profit or attention. And as crazy as some of them seem in hindsight, people are always willing to buy into them. Maybe believing in seemingly unbelievable things is part of the human psyche. Or maybe we just like to believe in whatever scientists and experts don't. Whatever the reason, don't think you'll never be fooled. Because sages and fools alike have been tricked by the following 10 hoaxes.
In the 1930s, the world was drawing closer and closer to a second global war. Radio broadcasts were constantly being interrupted to bring news of what was happening near and far. Technology was also rapidly evolving, with space travel looming on the horizon. And science fiction was emerging as a literary genre. So maybe it wasn't too surprising when, on Oct. 30, 1938, thousands and thousands of Americans believed Martians were invading the United States. Why shouldn't they? They'd been listening to the radio, when the program was interrupted by a news bulletin that Martians had landed in New Jersey and were preparing to attack [source: Lovgen].
Panic ensued, as people tried to figure out whether, and where, to flee, and how to protect themselves from the poisonous gas the Martians were said to be releasing in New Jersey. People jammed the roads. Hid in their homes. Armed themselves. Some collapsed and received treatment for shock and hysteria [source: Lovgen].
But, of course, no Martians had landed. The program, narrated by writer-director Orson Welles, was merely a radio play based on H.G. Wells' 1898 book The War of the Worlds. Before the play began, CBS Radio announced it was a play based on Wells' novel. But many listeners had tuned in while the broadcast was in progress, and therefore missed the explanatory introduction. Some estimates say 20 percent of listeners believed in the invasion, or somewhere around 1 million people [source: Lovgen].
Who can resist the idea that somehow, some way, Grand Duchess Anastasia Nikolaevna Romanov escaped and lived to see another day? Anastasia was the youngest daughter of Czar Nicholas II and his wife, Alexandra. When Russia's Bolsheviks revolted in the early 20th century, they rounded up the czar and his family and shot them all, execution style. Anastasia was 17.
For years following the slayings, people whispered Anastasia had escaped. Some said her brother, Alexei, had survived as well [source: Maugh II]. Then women began emerging in various spots around the globe, all claiming to be Anastasia. One woman, Anna Anderson, fought for 32 years -- from 1938 to 1970 -- to be legally recognized as the heir to the Romanov throne [source: Levy].
Then in 1991, a grave in Yekaterinburg was discovered that held nine bodies, including members of the Romanov family and their servants. But the bones of Alexei and one daughter were missing. Could it be that Anderson or another one of those female claimants really was Anastasia? Nope. In 2007, another grave was discovered near the Yekaterinberg one, and guess what it contained? The bones of two Romanov youngsters, a boy and girl [source: Maugh II].
And you thought Anne Frank's diary was a big deal. In 1983, Der Stern, a German newsweekly publication, proclaimed one of its investigative reporters, Gerd Heidemann, had stumbled upon a set of secret diaries penned by none other than Adolf Hitler. The precious manuscripts had apparently been stashed away for decades by a "Dr. Fischer" after they were discovered near a Dresden-area plane crash in 1945 [source: Levy].
Before Der Stern published this bombshell, it did subject the diaries to three separate handwriting tests for authentication, and the tests had come back positive. But the magazine didn't conduct any other tests, probably because they were so anxious to publish such a major scoop -- and profit from it by selling reprint rights to other publications [source: UnMuseum].
When the news broke, German World War II experts (and skeptics) pored over the diaries. West Germany's Federal Archives also ran scientific tests on them. Der Stern had been tricked. The researchers found numerous historical inaccuracies in the documents, while the Federal Archive tests proved they were created with modern-day paper and ink [source: UnMuseum].
Konrad Kujau, an infamous Stuttgart forger, was revealed as the hoaxer. Heidemann was somehow in on it, too, although no one knows the exact arrangement between the two. But both profited from the estimated $4 to $6 million Der Stern had forked over for the diaries. Kujau, his wife and Heidemann ended up in the clink for forgery and embezzlement [sources: Levy, UnMuseum].
Russian tanks rolled into former Soviet Georgia in 2008, supposedly to protect the Russian nationals living in South Ossetia, a Georgian province. South Ossetia was home to an antsy separatist movement, and Georgia had sent in troops to maintain control. Not surprisingly, they weren't happy Russia was interfering in their business, and called Russia's actions aggressive and hostile [source: The Telegraph]. A five-day war ensued, with Georgia squaring off against Russia and South Ossetia. The result? Georgia lost control of South Ossetia and an area called Abkhazia [source: Harding].
Less than two years later, Georgians were terrified when the pro-government TV station Imedi interrupted prime-time viewing one Saturday night to report the Russians were back. The station went on to report that Georgia's pro-Western leader, Mikheil Saakashvili, had been assassinated [source: Levy].
Georgians ran out into the streets screaming. The country's cell phone network went down. People ended up in the hospital, suffering from acute stress. One woman reportedly had a heart attack and died. In Russia, state news agency Interfax jumped on the Georgians' announcement, sending out a quick report about the invasion and Saakashvili's death [source: Levy].
Thirty minutes later, former reporter David Cracknell, now a Georgian governmental employee, uncovered the truth: There was no invasion, and Saakashvili was alive. Apparently the fake broadcast was made to simulate what might happen in Georgia if Russia once again did invade and the citizens were so warned. Imedi claimed announcers had noted it was merely a hypothetical scenario before the broadcast, but most viewers didn't pick up on that [source: Harding].
In 1868, atheist George Hull hired a stonecutter to carve a slab of gypsum into a 10-foot-tall man with 21-inch-long feet. He then had it buried on the farm of distant-relative William Newell in Cardiff, N.Y. [sources: Brown, The Skeptic's Dictionary]. The following year, workers digging a well on the property discovered the stone man, and people all over were quickly enthralled [source: Radford]. Was it an ancient carving? Or a fossilized giant? If it was the latter, some said, it was proof the Bible was literally true, for Genesis 6:4 says, "There were giants in the earth in those days ..." [source: Radford].
Experts smelled a rat, and tried to warn people not to get too excited. But it was too late. People flocked to the remote farm site -- hundreds and even thousands per day -- paying 50 cents a head (a whole lot of money in those days) to see "Goliath." Even more amusing, P.T. Barnum quickly created a duplicate which people paid to see, thinking it was the original. So they were double-duped [sources: The Skeptic's Dictionary, Brown].
Hull created the behemoth as a practical joke, and also to make those who believed in a literal interpretation of the Bible look foolish [source: Radford]. He confessed after an associate sued Barnum for claiming Barnum's giant was the original one [source: Brown]. The fake fossil is still around for viewing at the Farmer's Museum in Cooperstown, N.Y. [source: The Skeptic's Dictionary].
The minute Darwin published his theory of evolution in 1859, scientists began frantically searching for the "missing link." Some kind of fossil from a transitional creature in between a full ape and full man. Someone in the midst of evolving. In 1912, Englishman Charles Dawson claimed he'd found it -- eureka! -- in a gravel pit in a place called Piltdown [source: Bartlett].
Taking the fossils they'd found, Dawson and a colleague recreated a skull with a human-sized brain and apelike jaw. The skull was dubbed Piltdown Man. England merrily celebrated its new status as the birthplace of modern man. But some scientists cried foul. The skull didn't match other finds around the world, namely the famed Australopithecines fossil discovered in South Africa. Dawson then announced in 1915 that he'd found another fossil similar to Piltdown Man. With evidence of two Piltdowns, most people believed the hoax [source: Bartlett].
Piltdown Man's demise occurred in 1953, when British scientists, using new technology, dated his remains at 500 years old -- not the 1 million necessary to be the missing link. They also discovered his jaw was from an orangutan whose teeth were filed to match human wear patterns. All of the fossils had been stained to match each other. Piltdown Man wasn't just an erroneously identified find, it was a hoax [source: Bartlett].
We'll never know who perpetrated the hoax, as most of the folks involved were dead by the time the truth was revealed. One intriguing suspect is Sir Arthur Conan Doyle, author of the Sherlock Holmes books. Doyle lived near Piltdown, was a member of the same archaeological society as Dawson and was into spiritualism, which scientists mocked. Perhaps this was his way of getting back at them [source: Bartlett].
In 1917, when Elsie Wright and her cousin, Frances Griffiths, were kids living near Cottingley, England, they wanted to prove fairies existed. So they took a few photographs of each other with fairies dancing around them. Elsie had drawn the paper cut-outs, and the two used hatpins to invisibly set them in place. The girls' parents assumed they were trick photos, although the girls refused to admit it [source: Coppens].
Their fairy tale would have been nothing but a harmless home prank, except Sir Arthur Conan Doyle -- a possible culprit in the previous hoax -- heard about the photos. Doyle was a big believer in fairies, and was about to write an article about them. He viewed the photos and mentioned them in his article. Soon people all over the world were viewing the girls' photos and excited to learn of the existence of fairies [source: Coppens].
The cousins stuck to their story for decades, only admitting the photos had been faked in the 1980s, when they were old and long retired. Today, people still travel to Cottingley to see the glen where the fairies were once photographed [source: Coppens].
There's a sucker born every minute, as P.T. Barnum is famed for proclaiming. (Although someone else actually said it. But that's another story.) Barnum, a circus operator and huckster, operated a popular, 19th-century sideshow of "curiosities, freaks and oddities." Many of the people and objects in his sideshow were real: the Fat Lady, the little person Tom Thumb, the Bearded Lady. Then, in 1842, he included the Fiji Mermaid in his sideshow. The Fiji Mermaid, Barnum said, was the mummified remains of a real mermaid [source: TruTV].
People came, saw and believed. But a few skeptics were out there, and they dug around until they found out the truth -- Barnum was a liar. Gasp! The Fiji Mermaid wasn't a deceased sea maiden after all. She wasn't even necessarily a she. Barnum had simply attached the head and torso of a baby monkey onto the tail of a fish, then covered the whole thing in papier-mâché [source: TruTV]. Kinda gross, really.
On Oct. 15, 2009, the world was riveted as images of a giant, homemade weather balloon floating through the skies -- presumably with a 6-year-old boy huddled inside -- flashed across their TV screens. Parents Richard and Mayumi Heene tearfully told authorities they'd created the silver, saucerlike helium balloon, launched it from their home in Fort Collins, Colo., then noticed their son, Falcon, was missing. They searched their home, calling out for him everywhere, and realized with a sinking feeling that Falcon may have climbed inside the balloon's compartment when they weren't looking.
For 50 minutes, the balloon -- which intriguingly resembled a UFO -- floated around the Colorado skies while authorities frantically tracked it in an effort to get Falcon safely back on terra firma. The Federal Aviation Administration even suspended some departures from Denver International Airport during the debacle [source: Hughes and Bazar].
The balloon eventually landed, but Falcon wasn't inside after all. He was later discovered hiding in the family's attic. A media frenzy surrounded the Heenes, but only until their hoax was discovered, thanks to the honesty of little Falcon. Falcon and his parents were on CNN's "Larry King Live" when Falcon said the reason he didn't come out from his hiding spot in the attic when his parents were looking for him was because his parents had told him not to. The family, which had previously appeared on the reality show "Wife Swap," had devised the balloon incident in the hopes it would interest TV producers in creating a reality show about them [source: CNN].
One of the most amazing (and gross) hoaxes of all time took place in England in 1726. That's when Mary Toft, a servant from Godalming, in Surrey, went into labor and delivered some animal parts. Local obstetrician John Howard was called in, and, over the next month, he helped deliver a rabbit's head, the legs of a cat and nine dead baby rabbits, the latter all in one day. Soon everyone from a Swiss surgeon-anatomist to the Prince of Wales' secretary visited Toft, who had become local celebrity, to witness the unbelievable births. And unbelievable they deemed them to be [source: University of Glasgow].
After examining one of the rabbits, a German surgeon found corn, hay and straw in its dung, proving it couldn't have developed inside Toft. Others reached the same conclusion after studying the bunnies' lungs and other organs. A porter was then caught trying to smuggle a rabbit into Toft 's room. Eventually Toft confessed she'd been inserting the rabbits and other animal parts into her vagina, then letting the various physicians "deliver" them [source: University of Glasgow].
Why in the world would she do this? Toft was poor, and in 18th-century Europe, people eagerly paid money to see human oddities and deformities. Her stunt was an effort to earn money and live a life of relative ease [source: Curry, Morris, Samuels and Shrout, University of Glasgow].
What's the Fascination With Number 23?
Many people believe that the number 23 has magical properties. HowStuffWorks looks at the number.
Author's Note: 10 Crazy Hoaxes that Duped the World
I don't think I've ever fallen for a hoax. But I did always want to believe that Anastasia was alive somewhere. Especially after seeing the animated movie.
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- Bartlett, Kate. "Piltdown Man: Britain's Greatest Hoax." BBC. Feb. 17, 2011. (Nov. 13, 2012) http://www.bbc.co.uk/history/ancient/archaeology/piltdown_man_01.shtml
- Brown, R.J. "P.T. Barnum Never Did Say 'There's a Sucker Born Every Minute.'" History Buff. (Nov. 19, 2012) http://www.historybuff.com/library/refbarnum.html
- CNN. "Authorities: 'Balloon boy' incident was a hoax." Oct. 19, 2009. (Nov. 13, 2012) http://www.cnn.es/2009/US/10/18/colorado.balloon.investigation/index.html
- Coppens, Philip. "Fairy dust: the Cottingley Fairies." Philip Coppens. (Nov. 18, 2012) http://www.philipcoppens.com/cottingley.html
- Cottingley. "Cottingley Fairies." (Nov. 13, 2012) http://www.cottingley.net/fairies.shtml
- Curry, Andrew and Holly Morris, Art Samuels and Maggie Shrout. "Hoaxes of the ages." U.S. News. (Nov. 18, 2012) http://www.usnews.com/usnews/doubleissue/mysteries/great.htm
- Harding, Luke. "Russian invasion scare sweeps Georgia after TV hoax." The Guardian. March 14, 2010. (Nov. 19, 2012) http://www.guardian.co.uk/world/2010/mar/14/russia-georgia-fake-invasion-report
- Hughes, Trevor and Emily Bazar. "Lawyer: Family in balloon incident 'under siege.'" USA Today. Oct. 19, 2009. (Nov. 19, 2012) http://usatoday30.usatoday.com/news/nation/2009-10-17-balloon-boy_N.htm
- Levy, Glen. "Georgia On Everyone's Mind." Time. March 16, 2010. (Nov. 13, 2012) http://www.time.com/time/specials/packages/article/0,28804,1931133_1931132_1972067,00.html
- Levy, Glen. "Hitler's Diaries." Time. March 16, 2010. (Nov. 13, 2012) http://www.time.com/time/specials/packages/article/0,28804,1931133_1931132_1931123,00.html
- Levy, Glen. "The Last of the Romanovs." Time. March 16, 2010. (Nov. 13, 2012) http://www.time.com/time/specials/packages/article/0,28804,1931133_1931132_1931131,00.html
- Lovgen, Stefan. "'War of the Worlds': Behind the 1938 Radio Show Panic." National Geographic News. June 17, 2005. (Nov. 13, 2012) http://news.nationalgeographic.com/news/2005/06/0617_050617_warworlds.html
- Maugh II, Thomas. "DNA testing ends mystery surrounding Czar Nicholas II children." LA Times. March 11, 2009. (Nov. 19, 2012) http://articles.latimes.com/2009/mar/11/science/sci-romanov11
- Mother Nature Network. "Hoaxes: Fiji mermaid." (Nov. 13, 2012) http://www.mnn.com/lifestyle/arts-culture/photos/15-of-the-biggest-scientific-hoaxes/fiji-mermaid
- Owen, James. "Loch Ness Sea Monster Fossil a Hoax, Say Scientists." National Geographic News. July 29, 2003. (Dec. 4, 2012) http://news.nationalgeographic.com/news/2003/07/0729_030729_lochness.html
- Radford, Benjamin. "Article: The World's Greatest Hoaxes." Live Science. Oct. 19, 2009. (Nov. 13, 2012) http://www.livescience.com/23609-religious-hoaxes.html
- Radford, Benjamin. "New Nessie Photo: 'Convincing' Proof of Loch Ness Monster?" Live Science. Aug. 3, 2012. (Nov. 19, 2012) http://www.livescience.com/22118-loch-ness-monster-nessie-photo.html
- The Skeptic's Dictionary. "Cardiff giant." Dec. 9, 2010. (Nov. 13, 2012) http://skepdic.com/cardiff.html
- The Telegraph. "Russia 'invades' Georgia, as South Ossetia descends towards war." Aug. 8, 2008. (Nov. 19, 2012) http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/europe/georgia/2524550/Russia-invades-Georgia-as-South-Ossetia-descends-towards-war.html
- TruTV. "Top 10 Paranormal 'Hoaxes' Of All Time." (Nov. 13, 2012) http://www.trutv.com/conspiracy/phenomena/paranormal-hoaxes/gallery.html?curPhoto=15
- UnMuseum. "The Hitler Diaries." (Nov. 19, 2012) http://www.unmuseum.org/hitlerdiaries.htm
- University of Glasgow Library Special Collections Department. "The Curious Case of Mary Toft." August 2009. (Nov. 13, 2012) http://special.lib.gla.ac.uk/exhibns/month/aug2009.html


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Futures mixed after weak durable goods report
NEW YORK (AP) — U.S. stock futures were mixed on data showing that businesses cut back sharply on big-ticket purchases last month.
The report from the Commerce Department Monday followed a report Friday revealing that new home sales tumbled last month.
Dow Jones industrial futures fell 34 points to 14,956. S&P futures gave up 1.2 points to 1,660.20. Nasdaq futures rose 1.75 points to 3,123.
Orders for durable goods plunged 7.3 percent in July, the steepest drop in nearly a year, the government reported. That's almost twice the decline forecast by economists.
Economists tend to exclude volatile transportation orders and if that figure is removed, orders fell just 0.6 percent.
It's the second time in as many trading days that the consensus figures were way off.
The new-home sales numbers may have revealed the chilling effect that higher mortgage rates are having on a hot housing market.
However, many investors in recent months have taken the arrival of bad news as a reason to pour more money into the market.
The theory is that the government will be less likely to ease back on its massive bond-buying program, $85 billion per month, which has kept global markets flush with cash.
Also on Monday, the steel mill servicing company TMS International said it is being acquired by members of the Pritzker family, which founded the Hyatt chain of hotels, in a cash deal valued at about $1 billion, including debt.