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Research, Libraries and Archives Collection Conservation Task Force
INTRODUCTION: What is RELACT? RELACT stands for the Research, Libraries, and Archives Collections Conservation Task Force, which develops educational resources to improve preservation of paper-based collections throughout the Smithsonian. Most of the resources are also available to allied professionals worldwide. Many have been developed in conjunction with collections based research.
Many institutions maintain extensive collections of important and irreplaceable paper-based research records, including documents, photographs, and drawings. Because of continuous use for research, these records are not always stored and managed within a regular archive, but rather by research professionals or collections managers, who often have little or no training in preservation issues.
RELACT was begun in 1992 as a pan-Smithsonian collaborative initiative by the Smithsonian's Museum Conservation Institute (formerly the Smithsonian Center for Materials Research and Education; formerly the Conservation Analytical Laboratory) in partnership with the Smithsonian Institution Archives and the Smithsonian Institution Libraries, to educate constituents on preservation issues through diverse activities. Within the institution, collection caretakers provide training grounds and materials for preservation projects, while benefiting from RELACT's contributions of training and other resources.
RELACT's homepage, events and calendar of lectures, demonstrations, workshops, and guidelines, provides professionals involved in the use and management of these collections with an understanding and appreciation of the applicable principles and practices of preservation and access. The activities list below describes RELACT's meetings, tours, publications, posters, websites, videos, surveys, treatments, grants, preventive conservation resources center, rehousing projects, and gallery of photographs.
To support RELACT's efforts, a SCMRE-based special resource center provides collection managers, trained in RELACT's programs, with the materials and facilities to perform preservation activities such as preparation of rehousing materials and documentation of collections. The center illustrates the integration of activities mandated by national preservation strategic plans, including preservation management, duplication, environmental control, collections maintenance, treatment, research and training.
RELACT's programs are open to Smithsonian staff, interns and volunteers, as well as allied professionals and other interested parties. Hundreds of colleagues have participated in RELACT's past programs. To participate in a future program, contact Dianne van der Reyden, Senior Paper Conservator.
Training of Smithsonian staff in preventive collections care, proper handling procedures, collections condition surveys, conservation prioritization, and rehousing materials and procedures for paper-based materials through lectures series and a web-based curriculum.
Initiation of phased conservation approaches such as assessment and prioritization surveys, and rehousing projects for selected collections.
Provision of access to paper laboratory facilities and some materials for rehousing activities at SCMRE to trained staff.
Training of SCMRE conservation fellows and interns within these research collections.
Interagency informational exchange with members of the preservation staffs of the Library of Congress, National Archives, and National Park Service.
International curriculum development in association with world-class organizations.
Special outreach programs serving international constituents and neighbors, including Hispanic archives (HAP Program) and Asian archives (AAP Program).
As in all preventive care efforts, activities in the RELACT program are grounded in the custodial obligation for safeguarding the collections for future use, and in the cost efficiency of preventive care when compared to the expense of remedial conservation treatment. Interbureau collaboration and resource sharing generates an optimum impact from minimal resource allocations.
BACKGROUND: RELACT is a conservation task force for research, library and archives collections, spearheaded by the Smithsonian Center for Materials Research & Education (SCMRE) in conjunction with the Smithsonian Institution Libraries (SIL) and the Smithsonian Institution Archives (SIA). Since its establishment in FY93, RELACT has coordinated dozens of training and supplemental activities for Smithsonian staff interested in strategic planning for preservation and preventive care of paper-based collections.
Through training lectures, symposia, and workshops, RELACT has examined national and international models of strategic planning for preventive care of cultural resources, including some derive from programs designed for natural resources. Cultural resources are as perishable and irreplaceable as natural resources, and models linking the preventive care strategies of cultural and natural resources can be found in two European plans. The first example is the "STEP" Program (Science and Technology for Environmental Protection), initiated by the European Community to fund research protecting the environment, including cultural resources. A second model is the "Delta Plan," initially adopted by the Netherlands to maximize minimum economic resources funding disaster prevention for natural resources, and subsequently adapted to cultural resources. The disaster prevention plan incorporates risk management and emergency responses not only for "loud disasters" such as flooding, but also for "quiet disasters" of persistent decay that inevitably destroy cultural resources if left unchecked. Key to the success of the plan is a pragmatic insistence that museums, libraries and archives expeditiously develop mission statements to justify their collections, and conservation conduct assessment surveys to safeguard them as part of their strategic planning process.
National preservation strategic plans have been examined by RELACT through interagency partnerships with the Library of Congress and the National Archives. RELACT has identified consensus on seven responsibilities critical to a comprehensive preservation program:
Preservation administration
SCMRE's Paper Conservation Laboratory has established a resource center for RELACT members and other Smithsonian staff to use. We've organized dozens of lectures on preservation management issues ranging from photo preservation planning, to cost-benefit analysis of storage vs digitization, to appropriate display of materials. We've done numerous demonstrations, like the our recent "Angels Project" collaboration with the Society of American Archivists and the dinosaur collection, where we showed storage and housing options, including display techniques, and digitization for access. We're in the process of organizing a disaster management workshop to supplement our A Primer on Disaster Preparedness, Management, and Response: Paper-Based Materials.
Preservation duplication
Environmental control (storage, exhibition, disaster management)
We are currently testing scanning on demand in cold storage to cost-effectively halt deterioration before all inherent and informational value is destroyed, by placing items in cold or cool storage rooms immediately, to be scanned when called on first demand. This process allows items to be preserved indefinitely in cold or cool storage, in order to compensate for the fact that digitization, not a permanent medium, captures only an image, not inherent information.
Collections maintenance (handling and housing)
We have directly assisted collections by training dozens of students and staff on how to do assessments and surveys; over 57 surveys of tens of thousands of items have been done. We've trained staff and volunteers on how to process collections safely and select cost-beneficial housing techniques; as well as how to make custom-made housing when needed; we've trained staff to write grants for supplies to rehouse 9 collections. We are currently considering some training of staff in collections maintenance procedures to aid access, such as dry cleaning and spot testing as a prelude to humidification and flattening.
Conservation treatment
We've trained over 37 conservation interns in the treatment of over 300 documents, ranging from flattening parchment, to using a suction disk or table to spot treat prints or apply linings, to repairing drawings, photographs, and pamphlets.
Conservation research
We've undertaken dozens of research studies, to train students, that have resulted in over 33 publications and 51 presentations nationally and internationally on topics ranging from treatment development to characterization of media and of tracing and pigment coated papers (prevalent in archival collections), before and after accelerated aging.
Preservation training
Mid career training: In addition to dozens of internships, we've sponsored courses ranging from parchment to photograph conservation. Outreach: In addition to dozens of publications and presentations, we've sponsored courses in Latin America and elsewhere that have lead to development of curricula tailored for Hispanics and Asians. Exhibits: For the American Association of Museums meeting, we developed an exhibit on the problems and solutions of conserving collections. TV shows: Episodes on Smithsonian World and National Geographic featured paper conservation activities and the opening a time capsule from Washington's inauguration. Videos: The first in a series on Rescuing Records: Recognizing Problems of Preserving Documents in Research Collections, focused on the elements of a core preservation program, including:
- Assessing Value, Use and Risk
- Format Identification and Survey Techniques
- Duplication and Environmental Control
- Handling and Collection Maintenance
- Conservation Treatment
- Conservation Research
Several of these responsibilities are addressed by individual Smithsonian bureaus. For instance, some museums have laboratories responsible for conservation treatment, and the Smithsonian Center for Materials Research & Education (SCMRE) is responsible for conservation research and training of conservators. However, currently there is no coordination of preservation administration, duplication, environmental control, or collections maintenance Smithsonian-wide. Therefore, in conjunction with RELACT, SCMRE has initiated preliminary training efforts in preservation administration, duplication, environmental control and collections maintenance through the RELACT activities from FY93 to 2000, and through the introduction of preservation strategies such as phased conservation.
Phased conservation maximizes minimum resources of funding, staff and time, by developing a step-by-step approach to improve care and access of collections, and by emphasizing preventive care to forestall interventive care. Preventive care measures that can be implemented immediately and that have low cost but high impact on the preservation of collections include the following phased initiatives:
Writing policies and guidelines on, among other things,
- Handling procedures for staff and users (depending on available expertise, such guidelines can be basic or complex, i.e. incorporating information on environment and the nature and deterioration of materials).
- Appropriate materials and techniques to be used for storage or for exhibition.
- Framing and packing procedures, etc.
- Disaster prevention, preparedness, management, and response.
Undertaking assessment surveys, to identify needs, costs, and schedules for short-, mid-, and long-term improvement in protection and accessibility of materials through reformatting, storage, maintenance, treatment, research and training, employing
- Environmental surveys, which can assess, prioritize, and address the preservation needs of a facility, its structure, storage and environmental controls, security, emergency preparedness, etc. to establish or modify handling, exhibition, loan and emergency planning policies.
- Preservation priority surveys, which can prioritize groups of collections by comparing factors such as their relative value, use, condition, and risk, etc., and recommend options for collections maintenance care, duplication for access to high use collections, and treatment for high risk collections.
- Random sampling surveys, which can assess and quantify the resource needs of large collections (targeted by prioritization surveys) by, for instance, evaluating the size, condition, housing, and nature of the collection to determine the type, format, quality and quantity of new housing, etc. needed.
- Item-by-Item surveys, which can assess individual needs of specific items for exhibits or treatment scheduling, etc.
Initiating collections or holdings maintenance procedures including
- Protecting and improving accessibility of collections by preventive care storage or by duplicating or reformatting fragile or damaged items by photocopying, microfilming or making a facsimile, model or replica.
- Removing and replacing harmful housing or storage techniques (such as acid envelopes), and rehousing with stable materials and techniques to protect collections from handling and the environment.
- Removing and replacing harmful attachments (such as inappropriate fasteners on paper documents).
- Supporting and reinforcing damaged collection materials.
Developing short-, mid-, and long-range Preservation Responsibilities Program including
- Fundraising to support resource needs of staff, supplies, equipment, environmental controls, maintenance, treatment, research, and training.
- Treatment selection and scheduling following a triage protocol.
- Research characterizing materials, technology, deterioration and care, leading to the development of new treatment, training and administrative protocols.
- Training in preservation administration, duplication, storage, treatment and research.
In order to facilitate these preservation efforts, members of RELACT joined together to successfully seek a grant and other funding opportunities to initiate collections maintenance projects.
Many practical collections maintenance procedures involve simple handling and housing practices. Since many older housing materials and techniques are inappropriate and require replacement, supplies must be purchased. Since most bureaus have inadequate budgets for supplies, it was necessary to write a proposal to secure supplies in support of a pan-Smithsonian pilot holdings maintenance initiative in four bureaus was submitted for a Smithsonian Institution Research Resources Grant.
However, in addition to supplies to appropriately house some materials, it was necessary to acquire equipment to modify some supplies. This is because appropriate housing requires matching the needs of the collection (i.e. adequate support, protection from handling and light) with stable housing materials and techniques. Appropriate housing materials (paper, polyester) can be commercially purchased, but appropriate housing techniques often must be custom-made in-house. Examples include fitted boxes for damaged bound volumes, neutral wrapper sink mats for brittle mounted photographs, or spot-welded polyester enclosures for separate fragments of documents. This requires special training and equipment. In order to tailor some techniques to the specific needs of some collections, the special equipment required included a heavy duty board shears and board bender for making fitted boxes, and a polyester film welding encapsulator. Funds for such equipment were secured by a proposal to the Smithsonian Institution Archives.
In order to assure appropriate storage and distribution of the supplies for four collections selected for this pan-Smithsonian pilot program, SCMRE temporarily allotted a place to be set up as an example of collections maintenance resource center. Supplies for storage of documents, manuscripts, photographs, etc., such as folders and polyester film enclosures L-welded or containing up to 9 pockets, are stored in cabinets designated by examples. Techniques for storing and displaying sensitive items, using for instance wrapper window mats, are illustrated on the walls of the room. In addition, the place houses equipment needed for custom work. It also serves as a training center for staff, interns and volunteers in the use of the equipment and preventive care holdings maintenance procedures.
Since many of the bureaus have no personnel available to undertake appropriate preventive care, temporary measures being undertaken include securing grants for contracting personnel, writing proposals to attract conservation interns, or training volunteers. Such personnel can be trained in the theory and practice of assessment surveys and holding maintenance procedures. Conservation interns can be further trained to undertake or develop pilot treatment trials to formulate treatment prototypes that can be used to aid resource management and allotment by providing cost, time and personnel estimates. In some cases, interns can aid in the formulation of research design to develop and evaluate new approaches that can lead to new theories affecting and enhancing preventive care of research collections.
To summarize, a multi-phased preventive approach for paper-based collections can include developing
a) theoretical understanding of the nature and impact of hazards faced by collections having special value, use and risk factors (i.e. hazards caused by poor storage conditions can lead to damage such as discoloration and planar distortion of paper materials, which can irrevocably destroy the research value of special collections);
b) assessment of collections and their hazards, based on research, using new survey techniques (i.e. prioritization and computerized random sampling surveys, designed to assess and statistically quantify the relative value, use and risk of damage occurring in large and diverse collections throughout institutions);
c) collections maintenance procedures to stabilize and rehouse collections using newly designed materials and techniques;
d) new conservation treatment prototypes to facilitate resource management and initiate of research designed to develop and evaluate new preventive care approaches, as well as measure the effects of conservation treatments on properties of specific papers, before and after aging (i.e. scientific research and technical studies, undertaken to assess and characterize quantitatively the relative sensitivity and aging properties of specially-made dyed, transparent, or pigment-coated papers used as supports for botanical drawings, architectural tracings, photographs, etc.).
Over 40 meetings open to SI staff, including the following lecture/workshops
- 6 on preservation programs
- 3 on preservation surveys
- 3 on paper conservation
- 3 on disaster management and preparedness
- 1 on display problems
- 5 on photo preservation
- 1 on oversized materials
- 1 on scrapbook preservation
- 1 on digitization vs microfilm
- 1 on on-site preservation of a collection (a "Angels Project" with SAA)
- 2 collaborative projects
- 1 exhibitions techniques
- 2 use of collection maintenance equipment
- 1 training trainers
- 1 integrated pest management
- 5 connoisseurship courses
- 1 environmental monitoring
- 1 on videotapes
- 1 on tape removal
- 1 on Moving Archives: Lessons Learned From Relocating Collections
- 1 on Preservation Principles for Paper-Based Collections: Fundamentals and Future Directions in a Digital World - Introduction to Papermaking Furnish & Formation
====Event Summaries====
Past Lectures and Workshops
FY93 (2/26/93 - 8/20/93) Collections Management Series Schedule
Summary of FY93 Events for RELACT
Summary of Disaster Day Lectures
Summary of RELACT's Visit to the Library of Congress
FY94 (11/18/93 - 5/26/94) Collections Management Series Schedule
FY95 (5/4/95 - 9/7/95) Collections Management Lecture Series Schedule
FY96 (5/22/96 - 8/14/96) Collections Management Lecture Series Schedule
FY97 (11/26/96 - 9/18/97) Collections Management Lecture Series Schedule
FY98 (6/23/98-9/16/98) Collections Management Lecture Series Schedule
1999 (3/24/99-10/14/99) Collections Management Lecture Series Schedule
2000 (3/16/00-11/16/00) Collections Management Lecture Series Schedule - highlights and images
2001 (3/21/01-11/9/01) Complete Activities List (for more details, see also RELACT Calendar for specific dates), highlights and images
2002 (3/20/02-11/8/02) Complete Activities List (for more details, see also RELACT Calendar for specific dates), highlights and images
Over 35 articles have been published and are available in various formats, including:
Collections Care:
"Paper Documents," for Storage of Natural History Collections: A Preventive Conservation Approach. (C.L. Rose, C.A. Hawks, and H.H. Genoways, eds.) Pittsburgh, PA: Society for the Preservation of Natural History Collections, 1995, pp. 327-354.
"Disaster Preparedness - Prevention, Response and Recovery Procedures for Water-Based Emergencies: Paper-Based and Magnetic Media Materials," Preprints and postprints of The Symposium on the Conservation and Preservation of Cultural Properties, 1996, pp. 462-498.
A Primer on Disaster Preparedness, Management, and Response: Paper-Based Materials
Normas básicas para la preparación, gestión y respuesta ante desastres: Materiales con soporte de papel
"SCMRE Web-based Products" prepared for AIC
"RELACT" presented to Congress
"Maximizing Minimum Resources, and An Ounce of Prevention" presented at IIC
Preventive Care Course Material is being translated from English into Spanish and Chinese. (Outline)
Guidelines on caring for paper-based materials.
Preserving Principles for Paper-Based Collections: Fundamentals and Future Directions in a Digital World curriculum for 6 week SCMRE/ICCROM international course.
Collections-Based Research and Treatment in Paper Conservation
Preservation Video: Rescuing Records: Recognizing the Problems of Preservation Documents in Research Collections (Spanish and Chinese versions available)
46 preservation priority surveys for dozens of SI bureaus
4 collections of the Smithsonian Institution Archives (OSIA)
2 collections of the Smithsonian Institution Library (SIL)
6 collections of the Freer Gallery of Art Archives
5 collections of the National Air and Space Museum (NASM)
29 collections of the National Museum of Natural History (NMNH)
50 items for the National Air and Space Museum (NASM)
10 items for the National Museum of Natural History (NMNH)
4 grants received for supplies for 13 collections
1997 Research Resources awarded $6,000
1995 Research Resources awarded $30,000
1994 Research Resources awarded $17,000
1993 Research Resources awarded $30,000
====Preventive Conservation Resource Center====
Preventive Conservation Resource Center located at the SCMRE Paper Conservation Laboratory with total $30,000 equipment (such as Ultrasonic Welder, Board Shear, Board bender, and Mat Cutter); supplies (such as different sizes of folders, archival storage boxes, archival quality pockets, as well as polyester film); and different types of storage cabinets.
====Rehousing Projects====
8 collections (Smithsonian Institution Archives, National Museum of Natural History, and National Air and Space Museum)
10 notebooks of handouts for lecture participants
====Gallery of Facility's Photographs====
Figure 1: Example of a Conservation Laboratory & Equipment
Figure 2: Example of a Collections Maintenance & Storage Area & Equipment (Various catalogs for archival quality supplies and specifications [Conservation Online, MCI, Gaylord, University Products, Gaylord Archival, Conservation Resources]; environmental control and monitors [Gaylord, PRG Inc, Dickson]; closed shelves and drawers, flat drawers, vertical shelves for boxes [1] [2]; disaster preparedness; display; albums; enclosures like: inert polyester film L-welds & sheets with 1-6 or 4-20 pockets; acid-free matboard, flat & vertical folders, flat and vertical storage boxes; mat cutter; boardshears; boardbender; welder; bookcradle)
Figure 3: Detail of Conservation Equipment (Suction tables & plattens; ultrasonic humidifier)
Figure 4: Example of surface cleaning materials and tools
Paper Laboratory Consultations
====Archives Preservation Programs====
RELACT's preservation efforts aim to respond to the needs of SI's diverse constituents both in the US and abroad. Special efforts have included outreach to the needs of Hispanic communities. This began in 1992 when SCMRE's Senior Paper Conservator Dianne van der Reyden was invited to lecture on preservation in both Spain and Latin America, while at the same time initiating in-house projects including a Getty-funded "Conference on Preventive Care in Latin America" and the publication of a Spanish language disaster primer. The scope of current and future projects has led to the development of a subcategory under the RELACT umbrella of programs, focusing on a Hispanic Archives Preservation Program (HAP) in order to improve coordinated response to a broad category of needs. RELACT's system of on-going short preservation programs parallels many similar efforts gaining support in Latin American libraries, archives, museums, and private collections. One early co-sponsor of these efforts was ICCROM, which for two years invited van der Reyden to teach a two-week course on conservation treatment in Santiago, Chile for conservators from all over Latin America. This was followed by similar programs in Venezuela and Argentina. Curricula for the courses follows closely chapters on preservation and treatment of works on paper which van der Reyden prepared for publication by SPNHC and Butterworth-Heinemann. Theoretical issues include conservation ethics, safety, sampling and condition surveys techniques, and selection criteria for digitization, testing and treatment. Practical training includes cleaning, consolidation, removal of adhesives and stains, deacidification, mending, humidification, flattening, and use of solvents and enzymes.
A recent 6-week program co-sponsored by ICCROM and hosted in SCMRE's paper conservation laboratory served an international audience, including conservators from Brazil and the Caribbean.
Summary of Programs:
Websites, publications, and videos:
Normas básicas para la preparación, gestión y respuesta ante desastres: Materiales con soporte de papel
Preservación: Como reconocer los problemas y los soluciones para colecciones de los materiales de papel
Introducción: Reconocer los problemas
Introducción: Desarrollando soluciones
Other HAP programs and lectures by SCMRE's D. van der Reyden:
1999 (Jun 28-Aug.6) "Preservation Principles for Paper-Based Collections: Fundamentals and Future Directions in a Digital World," designed, hosted, co-organized and co-taught six-week ICCROM international course for conservators from 12 countries, SCMRE.
1998 (Aug. 3-14) "Preventive Conservation Strategies for Paper-Based Collections," two-week course for Argentinean conservators, sponsored by the Fundación Antorchas, Buenos Aires, Argentina.
1997 (Nov. 5-15) "Conservation Treatment of Paper Documents," two-week course for professional conservators, for the "Catedra Miguel Arroyo" preservation program, co-sponsored by SI's Voices of Discovery, the USIA, the Museo de Bellas Artes, the Galeria de Arte Nacional, and the Biblioteca Nacional, Caracas, Venezuela.
1996 (Nov. 4-15) "Treatment of Paper Documents," two-week course for professional conservators from Latin America, sponsored by ICCROM and the Centro Nacional de Conservation y Restauracion, in Santiago, Chile.
1994 (Oct. 31-Nov.2) "Treatment of Paper Documents," two-week course for professional conservators from Latin America, sponsored by ICCROM and the Centro Nacional de Conservation y Restauracion, in Santiago, Chile.
1993 (Aug. 19-20) Co-organized "Preventive Care in Latin America," a two-day, bilingual seminar featuring over a dozen speakers from Latin American countries, co-sponsored by SCMRE, LC, APOYO, and GCI the week before ICOM, and awarded a $30,000 grant by the Getty. Moderated a panel on Strategies for Preventive Care in North America. (Models of Preventive Conservation Strategies in North America, Moderator: Dianne van der Reyden, Senior Paper Conservator, Conservation Analytical Laboratory, Smithsonian Institution, Prepared for Postprints of PREVENTIVE CONSERVATION IN LATIN AMERICA 1993)
1992 (September) "Diagnosticio y Evaluacion della Condicion de Colecciones en Exhibiciones y Depositos de los Museos de Smithsonian Institution" at the National Botanical Gardens, Madrid, Spain, co-sponsored by Head Archives Curator Maria de Dan Pio and Head of Research Maria Higueras from the Naval Museum.
RELACT programs have attracted interest in the Far East, where preservation awareness is expanding. For example, in Taiwan, the number of museums has grown rapidly since 1994 and the public has realized the need for preserving cultural property. Consequently several preservation efforts, such as public lectures, symposia and workshops, have been organized in Asia in the last few years. SCMRE's Archives Conservator, Fei-Wen Tsai has been invited to lecture for three of these events, and is currently involved in strategic planning for future efforts. As a result, a subcategory has been formed under RELACT focusing on Asian Archives Preservation Programs (AAP). In 1996, Tsai was invited to present "Preventive Conservation and Preservation Responsibilities" to museum colleagues and the public at the National Palace Museum. On a second occasion, she was invited to speak on disaster preparedness for the Symposium on the Conservation and Preservation of Cultural Properties, Taiwan. The symposium, organized by the Hwa Kang Museum at the Chinese Culture University, was funded by the government to raise public awareness of conservation of historical works of art. A third presentation effort in Taiwan aims to establish the National Conservation Center for the Cultural Properties. In early 1997, a lecture introducing SCMRE and its resources was presented to the Project Review Committee of the National Conservation Center, which is studying organizational structures and equipment used in conservation laboratories in the US.
In 1998, Tsai was invited by the Project Planning Office at the National Center for Research and Preservation of Cultural Properties (NCRPCP) to teach a four-day collection survey course (May 6 to 9). The purpose of this project is to collect museum data in Taiwan for strategic preservation planning in the future. During her visit, Tsai was also asked to write an article (in Chinese) about paper preservation. The paper has been submitted for editing to NCRPCP. On July 23, "Seven Areas of Preservation Responsibilities" was presented at the Kaohsiung Museum of Fine Art, Kaohsiung, Taiwan. At the end of November, Tsai was invited by the National Museum of History, Taipei, to teach a three-day paper conservation session (November 28 to 30). The session is part of the Conservation Outreach Program, sponsored by the National Yunlin University of Science and Technology. This is the first conservation training course organized by the university. The university plans to establish a master degree program in conservation for the fall semester, 1999. A final collaboration involves research of Chinese paper. Products of the AAP outreach efforts include publications and handouts in English and Chinese, some of which are being modified for SCMRE's web site.
RELACT/PAPER - Preservation: 7 Areas of Responsibilities (in Mandarin)
Preservation Responsibilities (Chinese software program needed to view this properly)


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So between getting my masters in NUIG, and going to San Francisco to visit my kick ass family over there.... My summer has been pretty amazing.
But although my summer was great, my love for my home town of Galway has remained constant throughout it all. I've been spending a lot of time walking and taking pictures of Galway on some of the warmest and prettiest days of the year. And it really is one of the most beautiful places to live, (when the weather is good, of course.)
From walks in Dangan to walks in the forest by my house, it's been a Summer of photographs.... all of which were taken on my iPhone.
Walks on the Salthill prom.....
Blackrock Diving Bords.... three height, and I'm sorry to say I've never jumped off any of them.
|The Lone Ranger.

subset: commoncrawl


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Mac OS X Leopard Edition: The Missing Manual
author: David Pogue
pages: 893
publisher: O'Reilly Media Inc.
rating: 10
reviewer: John Suda
summary: Great Manual for all levels of users
Every one of the editions has been exceedingly well-designed and written combining serious treatment of subject content with style, wit, and humor, as well as honest evaluation and critique of features of the Mac operating system. All of the OS X Missing Manuals have addressed issues for a broad range of users, from the lightly experienced, the intermediate, and for power users. For the most part, however, the primary focus of each edition has been on the less experienced users. This has changed with the Leopard edition.
There seems to have been a deliberate effort to make the book more appealing and useful to upper-end users without losing any utility at all for others. There seems to be more material for power users- -there are more Power Users Guides providing advanced information and techniques, more UNIX references for those willing and able to take avail of the UNIX kernel underlying the operating system, more identifications of keyboard shortcuts, and more disclosure of undocumented and advanced features than in previous editions.
For example, Pogue itemizes and describes at least 20 UNIX utilities that only power users would want to use, explains how to configure preferences for the Terminal application, explains how to deal with the file and folder permissions system using UNIX commands, and even notes the existence of the venerable Eliza therapist emulator program hidden in a part of the emacs text editor. At each juncture of describing operating system features, Pogue explains from the perspective of different levels of users, including the power user, like himself. Unlike in many other books purporting to cover a broad range of users, this one does not short on the higher-end.
This is all well and good as casual users are still widely well-taken care of by the thorough and well-organized explanations of nearly every feature of OS 10.5. The book is illustrated profusely with screenshots of system features, configuration processes, comparison of the Mac OS X versions, comparisons of Mac OS X to Windows features, and more. Nearly every page is loaded with Tips, Notes, FAQs, lists, tables, and sidebars. Throughout, there are nuggets of insight and technical arcana that even Mac veterans will be surprised to learn about. I learned, for example, that the one-button Apple Mighty Mouse has a secret 2-button feature. Also there is a similar way to operate a laptop with a two finger trackpad technique. There are a lot of tips and tricks like that in the book. Even beyond description and explanation, Pogue provides useful recommendations for configurations of the Dock, recovery from common errors, and using Automator to design practical workflows for common tasks.
The subject content builds upon that of previous editions and updates it with material relating to the 300-plus new features of Leopard. Much of the new material covers the Leopard update highlights the backup program called Time Machine, a desktop switching application called Spaces, the Stacks organizing feature, the file previewer, QuickLook, and the feature enhancements in iChat, Mail, and especially Spotlight, the search tool.
Spotlight is much more than a mere search tool although it is a great one. A whole chapter is devoted to it alone. Pogue explains how to use it not just for casual and advanced searching (using over 125 types of data and metadata) but as a quick launcher of files, folders, and applications; as a calculator; and as a dictionary. Sophisticated query languages can be used and Pogue lists a series of power user keyboard shortcuts for Spotlight use.
I see the book as especially useful for those Windows users of all levels gravitating to the Mac platform. Not only is the treatment of the Mac OS done well, but at nearly every juncture, Pogue takes the perspective of a Windows user and provides practical comparisons and contrasts of operating systems.
Weaving all of these perspectives into a harmonious, readable manual is a fine achievement. The content discussions and explanations are never abstract but written from the viewpoint of the thoughtful and practical user and no one is better at this than David Pogue who has been cited before as one of the worlds best (technical) communicators. The denseness of the treatment of the subject content diminishes somewhat from the readability of the book compared to prior editions and there is a bit less wit, humor and style. That is the trade-off, I presume, for the increased breadth and depth of the content treatment but this Missing Manual is still as well written as a computer manual can be expected to be.


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Fitness Month continues around these parts with sleep and relaxation apps for our Windows Phones being the focus this week. To kick things off we turn our sights on a fairly basic sleep/relaxation app, Sound Sleep.
Sound Sleep is a sleep aid and stress reliever with a decent selection of relaxing sounds. Sounds that should ease the tension of the day and allow your body to relax and get more peaceful rest.
The layout of Sound Sleep has tiles populating the center of the screen for each sound. There are eighteen sounds ranging from Rainforest to a vacuum cleaner. At the very top of the screen are your sound controls which include tagging a sound as a favorite, playing the sound, adding accent sounds, volume controls and a sleep timer.
The timer has preset countdown timers ranging from 5 minutes to 120 minutes. There are twelve accent sounds that include chimes, dolphins, frogs and eagle sound effects. You also have tabbed sections for all of the sounds, recently played sounds and your favorites.
Sounds can't be stacked but you can add multiple accent sounds into the mix (i.e. dolphin and splash accent sound with the sea shore main sound). The app will run under your Windows Phone lockscreen so you can set the time and fall asleep without worrying that the sounds will end prematurely. You may want to make sure your Windows Phone is connected to a power source though.
There's really not much to Sound Sleep. Its an easy to use sound generator with some nice, quality sounds. It would be nice if sounds could be pinned to your Start Screen for easier access but that's really not a deal breaker.
Sleep Sound is a free app for your Windows Phone 7.x and 8 devices and you can find it here in the Windows Phone Store.


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Quam oblationem tu, Deus, in omnibus, quaesumus, bene + dictam, ad + scriptam, ra+tam, rationabilem, acceptabilemque facere digneris: ut nobis Cor+pus, et San+guis fiat dilectissimi Filii tui Domini nostri Jesu Christi Do Thou, O God, deign to + Bless what we offer and make it approved, + effective, right and wholly pleasing in every way, that it may be for our good, the + Body and the + Blood of Thy dearly beloved Son, Jesus Christ our Lord.
I've heard that there are Western Rite parishes within ROCOR and the Romanian jurisdiction - does anyone know where they are located?
Also, does it seem like the Western Rite parishes are growing?
From what I've read, the history of Western Rite Orthodoxy has been dismal.
I think it would be a huge boon for Orthodoxy to put more energy into this area since the ethnic thing can turn many potential converts away (though it doesn't bother me). I have great respect for the Eastern cultures, but I also appreciate the art, architecture, and culture of Western Europe and it would be nice to see Orthodoxy embrace the whole European human tradition without necessarily embracing those theological aspects they consider heterodox.
The Antiochians had to deal with Byzantine Catholicism--they lost half their patriarchate to Rome in 1724.
I agree that there are many obstacles to overcome but here are my opinions on the revival of Western Rite Orthodoxy:I think it should use something very similar to the Tridentine mass as the Tridentine was a codification of many other Western liturgies of the time and shows great similarity to even older rites (like the Ambrosian rite or the Dominican rite of the 1200s).
What should a Western Orthodox Church look like architecturally and iconographically?
How many times do I have to say this? Iconography, and most architecture, isn't that important in the West.
QuoteHow many times do I have to say this? Iconography, and most architecture, isn't that important in the West.Only to protestant iconoclasts. Look at Traditional Roman Catholic Churches in Europe...
No. You have totally missed the point. None of those statues and paintings has any liturgical function. They are all ornament.
I've also been puzzled/amused by liturgical-looking Protestant churches (that would make better Catholic churches than most Catholic churches) with congregations that don't seem to know or care what the symbols mean.
Because iconography eventually became integral to the Byzantine Rite, in a slow process described by Wybrew, Novus Ordo-ish iconoclasm is a virtual impossibility in the Orthodox churches. Glory to God.
Novus Ordo isn't where this iconoclasm came from. "Efficiency" is what did it. Post WW-II RC buildings tend to be sparing of decoration; modern architecture pushed the trend along. Big expanses of brick are cheaper than big expanses of fresco, after all. And when money is no object, the resulting excess of decoration is not necessarily favorable-- consider the National Shrine.
I would argue that it's not groundless historically, all the western Churches who weren't under the Pope before 1054 like England and Ireland(1066 for the UK) certainly weren't Byzantine in everything they did. I don't particularly like Western Rite, but I don't think it's artificial either.
Keble already has done a good job on this board of arguing that the notion of the English Church as this Orthodox paradise destroyed by those Awful Romans in 1066 is a fantasy, or as I would say, rank BS.
Pristine Orthodox England--as condescending and bloody irritating as Catholic Byzantium or Byzantine Catholic Hagia Sophia.
Western Rite Orthodoxy is artificial and unhistorical for at least two reasons.1. Reconstructing extinct rites doesn't mean there will be a real following for those rites and there probably won't be.
2. Nobody really does this anyway, though some Orthodox pretend they do. They mimic traditional Roman Catholic liturgical practices and copy Roman Catholic and usually Anglican texts, sometimes byzantinizing them by adding things like the epiklesis to 'make them Orthodox', an unhistorical bastardization as wrong as Eastern Catholics' self-latinizations (tearing down icon screens and putting up statues to 'make it Catholic'). As Keble has pointed out well, this dishonest, willy-nilly borrowing from all over history is also characteristic of the undisciplined ways of vagantes.
Now Serge, surely you must realize how foolhardy it is to try to co-opt my argument in support of a position with which I do not agree!
"Orthodoxify" the 1979 BCP? The same book that has an inclusive language Psalter?
Simply adding an epiclesis is unecessary-didn't Nicholas Cabilsas (sp?) already mention 800 years ago that the Roman Rite already had an ascending epiclesis, or something like that? It seems like too many liturgical "reformers" in the West over the past 40 years or so have an inferiority complex with regards to Orthodoxy-Western Christendom has its own homegrown liturgies that don't need epiclesies (or whatever the plural is) tacked on.
There's also the many petitions to the saints, and adding a more sacrificial character to the Eucharistic Canon-something with the Book of Divine Worship, used by Anglican-Use RC's, has rectified.
Quote from: Serge on June 09, 2003, 08:30:41 AMA way out of this trap is to remember that the faith is universal - catholic - and includes but transcends East and West ... But does that not argue for Western Rite Orthodoxy?
A way out of this trap is to remember that the faith is universal - catholic - and includes but transcends East and West ...
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The troubleshooting process must follow a logical sequence. This rule cannot be overemphasized. A Machine Fault Checklist, Figure 1, provides an orderly plan to determine the cause or causes of a machine's a malfunction.
Initial troubleshooting procedure
Step 1. Any fluid power actuator is operating improperly if you notice:
- no movement
- movement in the wrong direction
- erratic movement
- incorrect speed
- creep (drift)
- incorrect sequence, or
- incorrect force.
Whatever the reason, the problem should be defined in terms of flow, pressure, or direction.
Step 2. Using the circuit diagram, identify each component in the system and determine its function.
Step 3. Compile a list of components that could possibly cause the problem. Thus, slow actuator speed can be related to flow, even though low pressure may be indicated. Remember that a leaking or improperly adjusted relief valve (i.e., a pressure control valve) could affect flow to the actuator.
Step 4. Arrange the list of components in rough order of priority based on your past experience and the ease with which they can be checked.
Step 5. Conduct a preliminary check of each component on the list. Look at installation, adjustment, signals, etc. Also determine if any component shows abnormal symptoms such as excessive temperature, noise, vibration, etc.
Step 6. If the preliminary check reveals no obviously faulty component, conduct a more exhaustive repeat test of each using additional instrumentation – without removing any unit from the system.
Step 7. The instrument checks should identify the faulty component. Someone then must decide whether to repair or replace.
Step 8. Before re-starting the corrected machine, stop and consider the cause and consequence of the failure. For example, if the failure was caused by contaminated or over-heated fluid, you should anticipate additional component failures until you take remedial action against that underlying cause. If a pump failed mechanically and debris entered the hydraulic system, the system should be thoroughly cleaned before a new pump is installed and operated.
Again, think about what caused the failure and its potential consequences.
Coming next: Chapter 3: Use Your Senses to Begin the Troubleshooting Process


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Bendora Dam, Namadgi National Park.
Bendora Dam was the half-way point of a 30km loop walk I did starting from Bulls Head. On the way to the dam was pleasant walking on various trails which included Moonlight Hollow Rd, Warks Rd and some others. The descent towards Bendora Rd near the dam was quite steep – great for exercising those leg muscles.
On the way back to Bulls Head was all on Bendora Rd. But, unlike the first half of the walk I found this leg rather irritating because the damn road just kept on climbing and climbing (not steeply but just enough to feel it), and there was no let-up virtually all the way back to Bulls Head. Not much fun.
My conclusion: if your main objective is to visit Bendora Dam itself only, just drive there!
There are no kangaroos in Austria. We're talking about Australia, the world's smallest continent. That being cleared up, let's dive right in! Australia is a sovereign state under the Commonwealth of Nations, which is in turn overseen by Queen Elizabeth the Second, by the Grace of God, Queen of Australia and Her other Realms and Territories, Head of the Commonwealth. The continent was first sighted and charted by the Dutch in 1606. Captain James Cook of Britain came along in the next century to claim it for Britain and name it "New South Wales." Shortly thereafter it was declared to be a penal colony full of nothing but criminals and convicts, giving it the crap reputation you may have heard at your last cocktail party. This rumor ignores 40,000 years of pre-European human history, especially the Aboriginal concept of Dreamtime, an interesting explanation of physical and spiritual reality. The two biggest cities in Australia are Sydney and Melbourne. Sydney is more for business, Melbourne for arts. But that's painting in very broad strokes. Take a whirl around the panoramas to see for yourself! Text by Steve Smith.


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From APRSWiki
MFJ-1270 -- TNC-2 Packet Controller
Models Line[edit]
- MFJ-1270C -- TNC2 HF/VHF Packet
- MFJ-1270CT -- TNC2 HF/VHF Packet Turbo
- MFJ-1270CTX -- TNC2 HF/VHF Packet Turbo w/ 240 VAC
- MFJ-1270CX -- TNC2 HF/VHF Packet w/ 240 VAC
- MFJ-1270D -- Link
- MFJ-1270X -- Link
The MFJ-1270D has a world-wide reputation as the most reliable TNC in the world. Thousands are used as digipeaters, nodes, BBS and used in all kinds of commercial applications working 24 hours -- many work for years without a single failure.
- Fully TAPR TNC-2 Compatible. You get full TAPR TNC-2 compatibility -- all software and hardware designed for the TAPR TNC-2 standard works without modification. You get X1J, NETROM, theNET and Rose Switch compatibility that turns your MFJ-1270D into a Layer Three and Four networking node.
- VHF and HF Operation. You get high performance VHF and HF modems as standard equipment -- for double the fun. You get a true DCD circuit that dramatically reduces sensitivity to noise and dramatically increases completed QSOs.
- Enhanced Personal Mailbox. The enhanced EasyMAILTM personal mailbox lets you use a dedicated call-sign for your mailbox. Your mailbox can stay on while you operate packet. It will also auto forward or reverse forward mail to and from other BBSs. A check mail LED blinks when you have mail. More features: remote sysop access, sysop paging, mailbox C-text, chat mode and many other features not available in other TNCs. 128K mailbox memory is expandable to 512K.
- UIDIGI Compatability. You get full plug-in compatability. Turn your MFJ-1270D into a fantastic Digipeater with remote weather capabilities by adding your programmed Eprom in place of the MFJ Eprom. No board modifications required.
- KISS Interface and MFJ Host Mode. You get a KISS interface that lets you run TCP/IP and MYSYS and MFJ's Host Mode -- easy write efficient application programs.
- MFJ Anti-CollisionTM Technology. You get MFJ's Anti-CollisionTM Technology that prevents packet collisions and improves performance on busy channels. You also get 32K RAM, IC sockets for easy service, 256K ROM, speaker jack, lithium battery backup, RS-232, radio cable (you have to add a connector for your radio), Fast-StartTM Manual plus much more. Use 12 VDC or 110 VAC with optional MFJ-1312D, $15.95. 6 1/8W x 2H x 5D inches.
- Lower power consumption. Improved CMOS technology has allowed the power consumption to be reduced to 1/3 of the MFJ-1270C, less than 100 mA on stanby. Great for remote/mobile operation. The MFJ-1270D case is much smaller (saves over 5") than the original MFJ-1270Cs (7 1/2W x 1 3/4H x 9 1/2 D). Less room is taken in the shack!
- EmComm Ops/Host Mode Software. It's easier for emergency radio operators to maintain a state of readiness with EmComm Ops for MFJ TNCs (formerly Multicomm Host for Packet). Add EmComm Ops to your desktop or laptop and control Packet Radio in TNC modes from your shack or vehicle. Tune hard-to-hear Packet signals, log contacts automatically and more!
- Price: $199.95.


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Shavasana (corpse pose)
This asana is known as Shavasana or Corpse Pose as it looks like a dead body. This asana is one of the easiest asanas to get into but the most difficult to practice. It is one of the best relaxation poses and if practiced correctly and with full efforts, can relax every body part, relaxing not only the body but also the mind.
Taking the asana position
|Spread the legs one to two feet apart, the toes are turned outwards, the heels facing each other, a comfortable distance apart.
|Bring the arms a little away from the body, palms turned upward.
|Relax the neck and allow it to turn to the side if it is more comfortable.
Close the eyes and focus the attention on the body, breathing normally.
Begin focusing each body part and relaxing it, then moving on. Keep the mind focused on relaxation, the breath should be normal. Relax the whole body.
The asana position
This asana looks very simple to practice but is actually highly difficult. To keep the body in a corpse like state is the external position and is not so important. What is important, and lies in the success of this asana is keeping the mind focused on relaxing every body part. To be able to do this the body needs to be in a comfortable, soothing position and state. In each position of the body there is a kind of strain or pressure on every muscle, called tone. The aim of this asana is to reduce this strain and give the muscles the real rest and relaxation that they need. All the muscles cannot be relaxed immediately after taking the shavasana position, therefore one has to relax each muscle with great deliberation. One has to pacify and relax the mind, freeing it from thoughts, worries and ideas. One has to think of each and every body part (the amount of detail will depend on the time available) and relax it, from the crown of the head to the toes. The direction of relaxation can vary from crown to toes or from the right hand, to right foot and then left hand to left foot, finishing with the back and head. The mind and body are deeply connected. If the mind is occupied by thoughts and worries then the shavasana will be unsuccessful. Therefore one has to acquire the stability of the mind along with the stability of the body.
When one first goes into the asana the motor neurons that innervate the skeletal muscles are still firing nerve impulses. As the breath becomes more regular and relaxed the nerve impulses slowly begin to drop. The rhythmical movement of the respiratory diaphragm leads to deeper relaxation and eventually even the nerve impulses to the deep postural muscles of the torso are minimised.
After taking the position first attempt to free the mind from thoughts and worries and concentrate on the body. Then concentrate on each body part, relaxing it. After relaxing the whole body turn the mind to the direction of the breath. Do not allow the mind to control the breath but let it be slow and relaxed. The more the body relaxes, the slower the breath will become. In the final position the whole body is completely relaxed, the breath is very slow and the mind is stable and quiet.
When one first goes into the asana the motor neurons that innervate the skeletal muscles are still firing nerve impulses. As the breath becomes more regular and relaxed the nerve impulses slowly begin to drop. The rhythmical movement of the respiratory diaphragm leads to deeper relaxation and eventually even the nerve impulses to the deep postural muscles of the torso are minimised.
After taking the position first attempt to free the mind from thoughts and worries and concentrate on the body. Then concentrate on each body part, relaxing it. After relaxing the whole body turn the mind to the direction of the breath. Do not allow the mind to control the breath but let it be slow and relaxed. The more the body relaxes, the slower the breath will become. In the final position the whole body is completely relaxed, the breath is very slow and the mind is stable and quiet.
Releasing the asana position
|First one should prepare ones mind for releasing the asana.
|Make small movements of the fingers and toes
|Straighten the neck.
|Bring the arms back next to the sides.
|Bring the legs together and open the eyes.
Anatomical focusOn every body part.
AwarenessOn relaxing every body part, relaxed breathing.
|Keep the mind focused on relaxing. If thoughts come do not stress about them but let them pass.
|Keep the spine in a straight line.
|Avoid moving the body parts as even the slightest movement will use many muscles and increase the nerve impulses.
|Keep the eyes closed.
|Go to sleep, let the mind wander or move the body.
|Wear tight fitting clothing.
|Right from the time of conception to the time of death innumerable processes continue operating incessantly inside the human body. Even when the body seems quiet or asleep these processes do not stop. It can be said that the relaxation of the body depends upon the scale of slowness of these operations, therefore an attempt is made to slow down these internal operations.
|Every activity inside the body needs oxygen, supplied through blood circulation. When we need more oxygen the circulation is increased which leads to an increase in respiration. In Shavasana an attempt is made to break this cycle by slowing down the speed of activities in the body. By practicing this asana the internal operations slow down, slowing the breath and therefore pacifying the mind. A new cycle is formed.
|Leads to a relaxed mind which allows you to see and relate to the world in a more realistic light, be more efficient in work and bring more happiness into life.
|Integrates the feeling of relaxation into the conscious and unconscious awareness.
|Relaxation of entire nervous system, body and mind.
|Relieves stress on the body and mind.
|Removes disturbing thoughts and tensions.
|Relaxes the muscles which lead to a decrease in the demand for blood and oxygen, giving the circulatory and respiratory systems a break.
|Beneficial for all stress related ailments.
|Rejuvenates the body and mind.
|Removes stress and fatigue.
|Improves the functioning of the brain.
|Decreases high blood pressure.
|Useful for preventing and improving heart complaints.
|When the body is relaxed the awareness of the mind increases and this leads to the development of pratyahara.
|Can be used for insomnia.
Benefits for Women
|The benefits of shavasana cover the whole body but there are also some benefits especially for women.
|Shavasana can be very useful during menstruation as it gives a deep relaxation to the muscles and also to the mind. If a women is feeling tearful, angry, irritable, tired or just plain stressed Shavasana will help. It will give the peace and calm needed by relaxing the muscles, focusing the mind and getting rid of any anxieties or worries. Shavasana can also help if there is any lower back or pelvic pain. By focusing on the stressed parts the women can relax the area and relieve the pain.
|During pregnancy it is a great practice to do at any time of the day, especially if feeling tired or emotional.
|Irregularities in the menstrual cycle are often indicative of a larger problem. Shavasana helps to rebalance the body and relaxes every body system.
|It is beneficial for emotional disturbances, stress, anger, depression and frustration, redirecting the energy and giving a feeling of calmness and freshness.
Therapeutic applications
|All stress related diseases
|High blood pressure
|Heart complaints
Precautions and Contra-indications
Avoid going to sleep as this will prevent the decrease in nerve impulses as well as the deep relaxation.
There is no time duration as it is a relaxation pose. It should be practiced whenever the body becomes tired, before and after asanas it is necessary and also between asanas when required. It is especially necessary after dynamic asana series like surya namaskar. It may also be practiced separately during the day, when needed, after a hard days work or before going to sleep.
Variations and tips
|There should be some padding under the body and if necessary a little under the head, however the mat should not be soft as this will induce sleep. If the ground is slanted then let the head be lower, this prevents a drop in blood circulation to the brain and other vital organs. For those with lower back pain and light cushion can be placed under the lower back. Some may need a small cushion under their knees also.
|Lengthen the body a little as when the muscles relax they also lengthen. If the body is relaxed without a little stretch then the body may feel cramped a bit after the practice.
|If you are prone to low blood pressure then very slowly move from shavasana by first turning to the left side and then sitting up. This will increase the blood flow through the heart and prevent dizziness.
|If you are prone to falling asleep then keep the legs a little closer together. This will give a mild moola bandha which will prevent sleep. Either this or bring the upper extremities closer together which will give a small amount of tension. If this is not enough then focus on the breath, giving a simple inhale and exhale focus.
|For those who are not accustomed to relaxing the muscles and body many issues may arise, such as mental or psychological issues. If you cannot come to terms with these issues then you may try to avoid or be uncomfortable in this asana. To overcome this a wholistic yoga practice of asanas is needed, ideally with other yogic techniques.
|If it is consistently difficult to relax then try a sequence of tensing and then relaxing the muscles. First the arms, then the legs, then the pelvis, lower back and abdomen, followed by the chest and upper back, then the facial muscles. Finish by tensing the whole body and then relaxing. By doing this the Golgi tendon receptors stimulate relaxation.


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The K-5 IIs distinguishes itself from the K-5 II because the anti-aliasing filter has been eliminated from its sensor's design. The filter reduces digital distortion, in particular the moiré pattern found in certain shots, however it also decreases detail resolution. Removing the anti-alias properties means the K-5 IIs offers superior resolution and intense details and is ideal for photographers who shoot in RAW and can control better moiré and distortion without the in-camera filtering.
The ISO sensitivity range on the K-5 IIs is impressive, ranging from 100-12800 in normal setting and expandable from 80-51200. Combine this with the Pentax body-based Shake Reduction stabilization system and you have a camera that performs incredibly well in low light situations and when shooting telephoto. Expect nothing but sharp, blur-free images in both photo and video. The K-5 IIs also allows for a shutter speed as fast as 1/8000 of a second which will stop fast motion subjects in their tracks and provide wonderfully detailed sports and wildlife shots. And, at 7 frames per second of continuous shooting, you will never miss that action shot! Accurate exposure metering is provided by the Pentax 77-segment metering system, so whether you prefer to shoot with auto exposure or with full manual control, the K-5 IIs is for you.
The K-5 IIs has Full HD 1080p video capture at 25 frames per second. Stereo sound recording is available via the built-in microphones or through external microphones connected at the camera's 3.5mm stereo microphone jack. An HDMI port connects your camera directly to HDTV and allows for immediate screening of your widescreen video in glorious HD.
For playback and composition, the K-5 IIs has an air-gap-free, scratch resistant 3.0" LCD with 921,000 dots of resolution that offers detailed and color-accurate images even in bright sunlight. A pentaprism viewfinder with 100% field of view and 0.92x magnification is available for classic SLR framing, and a built-in electronic level with tilt scale display will help keep images straight when shooting products or architecture.
For the photographers who shoot primarily in RAW, the Pentax K-5 IIs offers native support for both Pentax PEF and Adobe DNG 14-bit RAW files. A customizable RAW/Fx button allows for easy access to your most used shooting settings including immediate RAW access and the RAW Data Retrieve function saves the original RAW data of a just-recorded JPEG format image.
The Pentax K-5 IIs also has a wide range of in-camera image processing and filters available for creative touches and HDR capture to provide balanced exposures when shooting high contrast scenes.
While the Pentax K-5 IIs is a user-friendly camera accessible to all, it is particularly ideal for shooters who work in extreme conditions. A durable magnesium alloy cover surrounds a stainless steel chassis and the body is fully weather sealed with 77 protection seals throughout the body. It is cold proof to 14ş F (-10°C) and has been tested to 100,000 shutter releases which means you can count on this camera, especially when the going gets tough.
Note! Please note - The K-5 IIs is optimized for photographers that want the maximum sharpness from RAW files. Those that shoot mostly JPEGs may want to choose the K-5 II model instead. To achieve maximum sharpness in RAW files, the low-pass filter in the K-5 IIs is not configured with anti-aliasing properties. While this may incur an increase in moiré patterns in some images, this presents less of a post-production concern when working exclusively with RAW files. JPEG formats that are affected by moiré could become more difficult to work in the post-production process.
Anti-aliasing Filterless Design The K-5 IIs is offered without an anti-aliasing filter, which is commonly found in most DSLRs (including the K-5 II) in order to smooth computer generated imagery by decreasing high frequencies and distortion. However, the filter adversely reduces detail resolution. Without the filter, the K-5 IIs creates deeply rich, detailed imagery at supreme resolution levels. It is the perfect solution for photographers who practice commercial and studio photography where camera settings, lens selection, lighting, and other shooting conditions are controlled to prevent moiré.
ighly advanced and accurate 11 point SAFOX X autofocus system improves low-light and wide aperture auto-focusing and provides more sophisticated focus tracking for moving subjects
Widescreen 1080p HD video at 25 FPS, with sound via built-in or external 3.5mm stereo microphone jack
High sensitivity 80-51200 ISO range with excellent noise performance
Air-gap-free, scratch resistant, 3.0" LCD with 921,000 dots of resolution provides clear LCD viewing with minimal reflection
Pentax body-based, mechanical Shake Reduction (SR) stabilization system
Fully weather sealed and coldproof design features 77 individual body seals and durable magnesium alloy covers surrounding a rugged stainless steel chassis
The DR II (ultrasonic vibration to low pass filter) Dust Removal System with Dust Alert function keeps the sensor clean and free of dust specks
Speedy 7 frames per second captures fast action shots
Accurate 77 segment metering system for great auto exposure even in tricky lighting
Power Zoom and SDM function for quiet and smooth auto focus
Color Depth of 8 bits per channel in JPG
Pentaprism viewfinder with 100% field of view, 0.92X magnification and a choice of three grid patterns while in Live View mode, including "Golden Section"
Maximum 1/8000 second shutter speed
Exposure Mode selection includes: Green, Hyper Program (P), Sensitivity Priority (Sv), Shutter Priority (Tv), Aperture Priority (Av), Shutter & Aperture Priority (TAv), Metered Manual, Bulb, X-Speed, USER (5 presets), Movie
White Balance fine adjustment available in all White Balance modes and CTE mode, to automatically adjust the white balance to emphasize the dominant colors of a specific scene
HDMI port outputs high definition images, video and sound to your HDTV
Native support for both PENTAX PEF and Adobe DNG 14 bit RAW files
Customizable RAW/Fx button for one-touch changeover from RAW to JPG or back. Also customizes other one-touch settings of importance to the shooter
RAW data retrieve function to save the original RAW data of a just-recorded JPEG format image
Built-in electronic level with tilt scale display.
SDXC memory card compatibility
In-camera HDR image capture and a wide range of in-camera image processing including Cross Process and Bleach Bypass
Digital filters include: Toy Camera, Retro, High Contrast, Extract Color, Soft, Starburst, Fisheye, Posterization, Sketch and Custom
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Supports the following languages: English, French, German, Spanish, Portuguese, Italian, Dutch, Danish, Swedish, Finnish, Polish, Czech, Hungarian, Turkish, Greek, Russian, Korean, Chinese (Simplified/Traditional), Japanese.
Know the Pentax camera you are looking for?Go directly to the camera by using the drop-down menu below


text: > I'm a little confused by the two types of pxe setup that are described. The bw > cluster that I am now admin for, uses pxe+dhcp+tftp to kickstart the nodes > altho it uses intel on-board NICs. according to the docs at mandrake, pxe isnt > needed at all... The fact is there is two implementations in PXE roms. When the bios starts the PXE ROM, one brand of network cards needs after the DCHP/Discover a service which is running on the server side (upd port 4011) that gives to the client a menu. Then the client can choose the image it needs. Then it download a kernel or another pxe bootstrap. The other brand choose doesn't need the pxe service (udp 4001) and directly download the pxe bootstrap on a tftp server. This pxe bootstrap will show a menu (i.e pxelinux). -- Erwan Velu Linux Cluster Distribution Project Manager MandrakeSoft 43 rue d'aboukir 75002 Paris Phone Number : +33 (0) 1 40 41 17 94 Fax Number : +33 (0) 1 40 41 92 00 Web site : http://www.mandrakesoft.com OpenPGP key : http://www.mandrakesecure.net/cks/ -------------- next part -------------- A non-text attachment was scrubbed... Name: signature.asc Type: application/pgp-signature Size: 189 bytes Desc: not available URL: <http://www.beowulf.org/pipermail/beowulf/attachments/20030129/65c06950/attachment.sig>


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Tiki Barber's Take: The Unsettled and Fascinating Landscape of College Basketball
Tiki Barber is the all-time leading rusher in New York Giants history and a 3 time Pro Bowler. Each week, he'll provide his take on some of the biggest stories in sports. This is Tiki Barber's Take.
Selection Sunday is upon us, and as we begin to gear up for what always promises to be the most exciting stage of the college basketball season, I'm struck with how unsettled, yet fascinating, the college game seems right now. Conference realignment is in full force, parity is the word of the day, and if you should dare climb to the top of the mountain, watch out! An upset is surely in the making.
It's hard to keep up with who has been number 1 this season. For all purposes we've had five teams that contend for that spot - Duke, Louisville, Michigan, Indiana and now the Gonzaga Bulldogs, led by Kelly Olynyk, who are for the first time in their school history atop the AP, making them the poster child for mid-majors. Of course, the jockeying at the top really doesn't matter until the video montage plays under "One Shining Moment" on April 8th in the Georgia Dome. After the regular season, I could probably pick my bracket at random and have as good a chance as anyone.
Speaking of March Madness, I think it's easy sometimes to lump the mid-majors in the category of Cinderella heading into the post-season - as if their weaker schedules disqualify them from being good teams and being able to hang with the big boys. Why should we though - are they any less predictable than the majors?
There are still those that say the #1 team in the land doesn't deserve a #1 seed in the tourney because of "weaker" regular season schedules. Simply put, these teams can't help who they play during the regular season, so if they are "number 1" why shouldn't they have the "number 1" seed?
In truth, there really shouldn't be that much surprise about some of these less visible schools that will make it deep into our brackets. They have great talent just like the majors.
I admit, I forget that some great talent has found its way out of the mid-majors throughout the history of the game. Stephen Curry went to Davidson. Tim Hardaway was a proud UTEP Miner! Steve Nash - Santa Clara. Karl Malone - Louisiana Tech. Walt Frasier - Southern Illinois. The great Bill Russell attended San Francisco. And that's the short list.
Maybe I forget because I grew up having the known commodity - that player whose greatness made him either hero or villain - year after year trolling the hard court. Duke had a bunch because they are always there - Bobby Hurley, Christian Laettner, or Jay Williams. The Fab Five were a cult of personalities - Jalen Rose and Chris Webber. And of course, my all-time favorite, Patrick Ewing, whose Hoyas I always wished would fall from greatness, yet remain in my mind because they never did!
Many of the current stars, mid-major or not don't resonate as much as players in the past. It would be easier with this generation if so many guys wasn't one and done, jumping to the NBA and leaving the college teams needing to rebuild and re-recruit every off-season. It's almost impossible for the emotional connection to form if you see a guy for a year, and then lose him in the abyss of the perennial lottery pick of the NBA franchise.
I miss the years of seeing a player develop and hone his game while growing up protected in the undergraduate environment. I like to see our great college coaches and shapers evolve the game of the high school star and send him to the league as a man.
Unfortunately, college basketball has become somewhat of a sea of ambiguity. Mid-majors, majors, favorite or underdogs, it's anyone's guess who truly ranks where. I'm not sure it even matters as long you don't have bad losses and win 20 games - not counting the automatic qualifiers, of course, who can get in with 15.
Next season, I likely won't even know which schools are in which conference. I guess it doesn't matter, anyway, because somewhere, great players will emerge and carry their teams to great heights and force me to keep trying to keep up.
Tiki Barber is the all-time leading rusher in New York Giants history and a 3x Pro Bowler. He is the co-founder and chairman of Thuzio, an online marketplace to connect the public with professional athletes for appearances, coaching, speaking and unique fan experiences. He was a correspondent for NBC and currently co-hosts CBS Sports radio's weekday morning show. Tiki graduated from the University of Virginia with a concentration in Management Information Systems.


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Elliott Smith | WIG51 | Released: 17/02/01
This July see's the 20th anniversary of the now seminal, sophomore album by Elliott Smith. The self-titled 10-track masterpiece went under the radar at the time of release, but has been retrospectively lauded by press and fans alike. Kicking off with; 'Needle In The Hay' – used in the Wes Anderson film 'The Royal Tenenbaums', this record is an extremely personal and intimate outing from the now legendary singer-songwriter.
The raw potential on display in Heatmiser (the group where Smith cut his musical teeth) and 'Roman Candle' (Smith's debut solo record) reaches its full fruition on 'Elliott Smith'. Baroque tinged melodies and dreamy chord progressions are the order of the day and we hear a very candid and emotionally charged Smith throughout.
To Celebrate this anniversary we are having a Elliott Smith Summer sale;
You have to own these records!
Roman Candle
Elliott Smith
Either / Or
From a Basement on the Hill
New Moon
An Introduction to............


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Chicken yakitori is Japanese grilling simplicity at its best, in which skewered thigh meat, cooked quickly over very hot coals, is served with a dipping sauce.–William Cooper
LC You Say Yakitori...Note
You can tweak this nifty little weeknight number to suit your time-frame and your tastes. Because the eminently quick chicken skewer recipe requires just a quick brush of sauce at the end, you can multitask and make dinner in minutes by grilling the chicken while the sauce reduces on the stove-top. And if you like things slightly sweet, a little salty, with just a hint of Japanese aromatics, then there's no jiggering necessary. Not got a sweet tooth? Cut back a little on the honey. Prefer a little heat? Toss a long, slender red chile in the sauce. One of our testers brilliantly used the aromatics strained from the sauce—that is, the ginger, garlic, and scallion—and tossed together a quick fried rice to go on the side. Another tester simply drizzled the rest of the sauce over rice. Oh, the places you'll go…
Chicken Yakitori with Honey Sauce
- Quick Glance
- Serves 6
- 1/2 cup light (that is to say, low-sodium) soy sauce
- 1/4 cup mirin or other rice wine
- 1/4 cup sake
- 3 tablespoons honey (or a little less, if you haven't a sweet tooth)
- 2 cloves garlic, minced
- 2 tablespoons peeled and grated ginger
- 2 scallions, white and green parts, finely chopped
- 2 1/2 pounds skinless, boneless chicken thighs
- Salt
- Sesame oil for brushing
- 24 bamboo skewers, soaked in water for at least 30 minutes
- 1. In a small saucepan over medium-high heat, combine the soy sauce, mirin, sake, honey, garlic, ginger, and scallions and bring to a boil. Reduce the heat to medium and simmer until the sauce is slightly thickened and maybe even a little glossy, 10 to 20 minutes. Strain the sauce into a bowl and set aside or cover and refrigerate until ready to use.
- 2. Meanwhile, pat the chicken dry with paper towels. Unfold the thighs and, using a sharp knife, slice each thigh into strips about 2 inches long and 1/2 inch thick. You should have about 72 strips, although the size and number of strips will depend on the size of thighs. (We've noticed that thighs on chickens tend to vary almost as widely as those on people, so if you end up with more or fewer strips, don't worry.) Thread 3 or 4 chicken pieces onto each soaked skewer, without crowding them, then lightly season the chicken with salt and lightly brush them with the oil.
- 3. Prepare a charcoal or gas grill for direct grilling over high heat. Brush and oil the grill grate.
- 4. Grill the chicken yakitori skewers directly over high heat, turning once, until well marked and cooked through, 3 to 5 minutes per side. Arrange the skewers on a platter. Brush or drizzle the chicken skewers with some of the honey sauce. Pass the remaining sauce on the side for drizzling and dipping at the table.
If you make this recipe, snap a photo and hashtag it #LeitesCulinaria. We'd love to see your creations on Instagram, Facebook, and Twitter.


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Tod Maffin needed a new wordpress theme design and created a contest on 99designs.
A winner was selected from 20 designs submitted by 9 freelance designers.
CaseStudiesOnline.com will be launching in January. It will be a pay membership site where members can get access to the database of content. The content exists of summaries and links to social media case studies.
While case studies exist already online, there's no way to search for a SPECIFIC kind of case study. For instance, "Show me all case studies when a non-profit in the entertainment industry used YouTube successfully, with a budget of less than $50,000."
The site will be loaded with 500+ such case studies. There are about 75 in there now.
Ages 25-60, all genders.
There will be two main kinds of audiences.
1. Social media evangelists, keynote speakers, authors, etc. who are looking for anecdotes about how social media is being used in business to include in their speeches, workshops, and books.
2. VPs of marketing or other outreach executives at organizations seeking ideas of how they can use social media to help their business.
These are busy people. They'll be arriving at the site deliberately and expect to pull up case studies matching their criteria within 10 seconds.
Design brief is at http://www.casestudiesonline.com/ac…sign-brief


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Compton CA Dental Examinations
Compton Total Dentistry, Pediatric Dentists, Cosmetic Dentists, Orthodontics, General Dentists, Emergency Dentists and more: (855) 263-4605
Open 24 hours | Your only stop for all Dental Needs in Compton, CA
Don't Wait, Call 24 Hours for Free Quotes: (855) 263-4605
{zip Dental Group strives to provide the people of this community with the best dental services possible with genuine enthusiasm, warmth and commitment to quality. It is our goal to maintain a caring environment that is respectful of all people. We at 90220 Dental Group are united in the effort to deliver excellent dental service and make each patient as comfortable as possible.
Getting the Care You Need at 90220 Dental Group:
Like any major metropolitan area, Compton has significant Dental Care needs. Because of this, we accept most major Insurance Brands, and will do what we can to accommodate you. Call Us at (855) 263-4605 to help us help you get a free quote!
What We Do:
- Crowns
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Contact Us at (855) 263-4605 to get started Today!
People also ask
What to Do If You Have A Dental Emergancy? – River Run Dental
Tooth Abscess Dental Emergency – McCarl Dental Group
Dental costs in Compton CA – do you know the charges and your entitlements?
Toothache Symptoms and Information – Reddy Urgent Care Centers
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Dental Infections in Emergency Medicine Medication: Topical, Antibiotics
Why to avoid the ER for Dental Emergencies | Emergency Dental Care …
What To Do About a Lost Filling or Crown – Colgate
Seeking Treatment for Oral Care Problems in Emergency Rooms
Can You Go to the Emergency Room for a Toothache or Should You …
- Severe, persistent, throbbing toothache that can radiate to the jawbone, neck or ear.
- Sensitivity to hot and cold temperatures.
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- Fever.
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- Tender, swollen lymph nodes under your jaw or in your neck.
Tooth abscess – Symptoms and causes – Mayo Clinic
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How Much Does a Root Canal Cost in 90220 Compton? – The Simple Dollar
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Long Beach-CA-90801-Implant Crowns
Tujunga-CA-91042-Root Canals
Montrose-CA-91020-Complete and Partial Dentures


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Atlas Press books are published in various series, which are listed on the
left (Arkhives, Anti-Classics etc). Some of these are available
in bookshops, others can only be purchased directly from the publisher at
this site, by post, or from
bookartbookshop in London.
These non-trade titles are individually identified in the pages
on this site.
Site contents Copyright © Atlas Press 1999-2019
BCM Atlas Press, 27 Old Gloucester Street, London WC1N 3XX, UK


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The herd was thinned on Crystal Mountain's Northway run yesterday. The conditions were pretty tough, with a sheer ice layer sitting below a small layer of cold powder, but that didn't stop the field of riders from charging. Those who balanced fast riding, good edge grip and a few stomped airs on the chunky, rigid terrain beneath moved on. Of the 83 competitors, 36 made it into the finals. They will join top ranked World Freeride Tour riders like Xavier De Le Rue and pre-qualified heavies like Forrest Burki and Aaron Robinson in today's finals on the Silver King face.
Eager kids were sending it all day yesterday though. The progression alone, from one year to the next at this event is pretty remarkable. Young guns like Mammoth's Josh Warnick and Snowbird's Jon Rodosky took to some big drops. Stoked AMs searched for lines on top of the drop in all day. And there seemed to be more new, eager faces than I remember seeing before. Plus, with the addition of the Freeride World Tour, there're a lot more foreign languages trickling in the background and some serious skill from a handful of European and Japanese riders. Today should be a good show.
Check out the results and video highlights and even watch the finals LIVE. Stay tuned for a full photo video wrap up on twsnow.com soon.


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I am asked a similar query more as the spring gets closer and folks want to have a new fiberglass spa or pool quickly.
Although we do have
people call on May 1st wanting to be in their pools by Memorial day,
most families
understand that the
date to get started is in January, and even better in December.
Part II: Pool Unloading and Placement....
the truck
to the
pool location'


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The Davenport Premium Nylon Strap w/Brushed HardwarePrevious Product Next Product
Color: Red
Style: 1-Color Solid
Hardware: Brushed Stainless Steel, stitched in place
Material: Ballistic Nylon
Width: 22mm
Thickness: 1.2mm
Length: 300mm
Returns Policy
At Ague Trading Company our goal is 100% satisfaction. If you have to return something you probably aren't satisfied and we want to make it right.
We are happy to accept returns or exchanges for unworn/unused merchandise within 30 days of receipt. Straps that have been mounted on a watch are considered used so please make sure you are happy with your purchase before installing or using it.
Returns and exchanges must be mailed to Ague Trading Company at your expense unless the item is defective or Ague Trading Company made a mistake on your order. In cases where we have shipped defective merchandise or made an error we will cover shipping.
To initiate a return or exchange please Contact Us via our web form. Include your name, your order number and the reason for exchange or return. We will respond within 24 hours with further instructions on exchanging or returning merchandise.
Free shipping on ALL US orders / International orders over $50
We can ship to virtually any address in the world. Note that there are restrictions on some products, and some products cannot be shipped to international destinations.
When you place an order, we will estimate shipping and delivery dates for you based on the availability of your items and the shipping options you choose. Depending on the shipping provider you choose, shipping date estimates may appear on the shipping quotes page.


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The Grouch & Eligh (Feat. Slug) - !BOOM!
The official music video for "!BOOM!" featuring Slug of Atmosphere, and produced by Amplive of Zion I.
Please click the "Report" button below if the video on this page is not working properly.
Comments will only be displayed by verified emails. No Spamming or Racism.


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Monday – 8am to 10pm
Tuesday – 8am to 10pm
Wednesday – 8am to 10pm
Thursday – 8am to 11pm
Friday – 7am to 11pm
Saturday – 7am to 11pm
Sunday 7am -11pm
Rideau Carleton Raceway Casino, located in Ottawa, has been operating since 1962. And from even earlier beginnings, 1886, Horse Racing has been Canada's oldest form of legal gaming. Today it has evolved and is flourishing in Ontario as an exciting crowd-pleasing sports spectacle.
Please Note: All guests to the Rideau Carleton Raceway dining room must be 19 years of age or older and in possession of valid, government issued, photo identification; guests 19 – 25 years old will be required to present a second piece of i.d. with a signature on it.
Exception: Special events, and Sunday from 11am to 3pm and 5pm to 10pm the dining room is open to all ages; enjoy for our fabulous buffet with your family. There is a family entrance conveniently located on the south side of the building (right hand side when facing the building)


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Reba McEntire Donates 200,000 Meals to Oklahoma Food Bank
Reba McEntire is looking out for her fellow Oklahomans. The singer made a generous donation to the Regional Food Bank of Oklahoma after she learned about the organization's Food for Kids program, which aims to provide healthy food choices to school children.
According to The Oklahoman, McEntire's sizeable donation will provide over 200,000 meals for needy Oklahoma residents or for 2,3000 families for a week. In truly classy fashion that kept the focus on that she gave, rather than how much she gave, McEntire elected not to reveal the amount of her donation and she did not want to make a comment about the amount via her PR rep.
However, Rodney Bivens, the executive director of the Regional Food Bank, did issue a statement about Reba's offering and how positively it will effect the community, saying, "We are thankful for this generous donation from Reba McEntire. No child should ever have to go to bed with the pains of hunger in their stomach."
Hunger has developed into a bit of a social problem in the state, as one in four children in Oklahoma battle hunger. This particular food bank has developed a series of children-specific food programs that help provide quality nutrition to the young. Of special interest to Reba is the fact that the programs serve Kiowa, which is where she went to school.


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AmpedUpApparel makes a lot of cool novelty items, but their coolest might be their GrassSlides. These flip flops are perfect for lounging around or wearing after practice and will be sure to turn heads. They may not Continue Reading
Most cleats that I have had in the past have been pretty uncomfortable for me and I never found a pair that I really liked, just some that felt decent. After hearing so many good things about the Highlights cleats Continue Reading
Holmes, PA – This fall, 55 programs including 38 collegiate men's and women's lacrosse teams united on the playing field to make a powerful statement in support of the HEADstrong Foundation™ (HF™). Through 5 Continue Reading
Video: Under Armour, Boston College Honor 9/11 Hero "The Man in the Red Bandana"Lacrosse Playground /
Thursday marks the 13th anniversary of the terrorist attacks of September 11, 2001, that claimed the lives of 22 Boston College alumni, including Welles Crowther (BC '99). Crowther, a former Boston College lacrosse Continue Reading
New Brunswick, NJ — The famed Adrenaline Black Card Recruiting Event is set to take place this Friday, June 13th, at Rutgers University in New Brunswick, NJ. Always known for exceeding expectations, Adrenaline has Continue Reading
Nike Football accelerates innovation with 3D printed "concept cleat" for shuttle drill. One of three cleats influenced by 3D printing technology. Read More...Continue Reading
Warrior adds a new product to their leisure line of footwear, The Chancla. Chancla which means slippers in Spanish are available in a variety of colorways. The shoe features premium corduroy and textile uppers that Continue Reading
One of Lax.com's Pros, Mike Barrett, is back once again. This time he's counting down the top must have cleats for the upcoming 2014 season. Read More...Continue Reading
If the state of Maryland had a mascot, there's no doubt it would be a blue crab. Read More...Continue Reading


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Great authentic stogie flavorSteve I dont know how you do it but this is the best cigar flavor I have ever tried. My second favorite has to be the Cubana blend! Keep up the good work!
Fabulous!I put in a long review of the "Full" version of this juice so I won't repeat it here because the difference is not as big as I would have expected. The bottom line is I can't say it literally tastes like a cigar but it satisfies in a very comparable way: strong flavor, smoky mouthfeel, huge vapor volume, depth of flavor that hits the cigar spot for me. This is a dark juice so the tradeoff is it'll gum up the cart faster, but well worth it. Mine got better after steeping for a week or so -- the flavors blended better and got less harsh. If you like a strong, dark juice with spice and clove (or something like clove) then you must try this.
true tasteAfter waiting patiently for a while to receive my juice(usps sent it to Puerto rico) it finally arrived. Definitely worth the wait. First juice I've ever ordered that actually taste like tobacco. Very good flavor!
Bring it backEasily & by far my favorite juice from any brand, when are you bringing it back?!?!
Does not taste like a cigarCannot begin to describe the flavor, other than the pepper aftertaste ! If you are expecting a "Cuban" cigar don't buy this you will be disappointed ! I sent s message to the seller on Saturday its late Monday - no response so I guess they don't care


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- The eurozone crisis has forced many Portuguese to migrate to Mozambique
- They are looking for jobs and better economic opportunities
- The economy of Mozambique, a former Portuguese colony, grew by 7.2% in 2011
- Locals say there has been little backlash to the influx of Portuguese in the country
Maputo, Mozambique (CNN) -- In their new apartment in Maputo, the vibrant and cosmopolitan capital of Mozambique, Bruno Gabriel and his girlfriend unpack their last suitcases, still trying to settle in their new surroundings.
The Portuguese couple relocated to the southeastern African country a few months ago, making a deliberate career move to swap the economic uncertainty of their crisis-hit country for the prospect of a better future abroad. They are part of a growing Portuguese community fleeing the severe eurozone crisis in search for jobs and economic opportunities in their country's former colony.
"In Europe everybody is a little bit afraid with their own future because (of) the crisis, worldwide crisis, in terms of economics," says Gabriel, a marketing director who has head-hunted to work in Maputo. "Once we start to enter the labor business, once we start to work, we understand that to plan the future is a little bit more difficult than what you expected."
Although Mozambique gained its independence from Portugal in 1975, and retains Portuguese as its national language, many in the African country continued until recently to see the former colonial power as a land of opportunity.
But now, with Portugal mired in financial woes amid a worsening European debt crisis, that notion is increasingly being reversed.
How Mozambique turned from war zone to tourist hotspot
In the Portuguese consulate in Maputo, consul general Graca Pereira says she's seen a rise in experienced, university-educated Portuguese migrating to Mozambique looking for a brighter future.
"In the last two or three years, people began to come increasingly," she says. "Lots of people for small investments, some others working with the companies, some others working contract by other people. So a variety of people."
In addition to the common language, the familiar architecture and the rich culture, the main draw for Portuguese in Mozambique is the country's impressive economic performance in recent years.
In 2011, Mozambique's real gross domestic product grew by 7.2%, boosted by the country's first overseas export of coal, as well as strong performances by the transport, communications, construction and financial services sectors, according to the African Economic Outlook.
The country's economy is also forecast to grow by 7.5% and 7.9% in 2012 and 2013 respectively -- an alluring incentive for those Portuguese wishing to escape the lack of opportunity back home.
Locals in Maputo say the new arrivals from Portugal fly into Mozambique nearly every day.
Pedro Alvin Castro, entrepreneur
"None of us is facing financial difficulties or is unemployed," says Portuguese entrepreneur Pedro Alvin Castro. "What we envisage is to find places for the future because in the next five to 10 years Portugal will slow down and stagnate.
"We want to find places like Mozambique where there is the reverse, where we have sustainable growth for the next five to 10 years."
The Africans looking to make it in China
One of many new Portuguese immigrants in Maputo is Vanessa Souza. The 32-year-old left Lisbon in January and now she is working for AVI, a successful South African consumer goods company, helping to promote and sell tea, biscuits and coffee to Mozambique's growing middle class.
She says she's now earning more than she did back home, works shorter hours, and can afford a car, cell phone and insurance.
"New life, new country," says Souza, explaining that she can now build her future -- something she didn't dare to do in Portugal where many are struggling under the weight of austerity and unemployment is at around 15%.
"We have jobs here and the language is the same," adds Souza. "We have opportunity here."
Yet it's not only the cosmopolitan Maputo that's attracting large numbers of Portuguese. The recent discoveries of vast reserves of coal and gas off Mozambique's northern coast have also sparked a big swell of investment in the country as well as the emergence of second industries in the towns around the mines.
According to the consul general, there are many Portuguese who are bypassing Maputo to set up restaurants, join small companies or offer skills in these frontier towns.
"People are moving outside Maputo and are even beginning their businesses outside of Maputo," says Pereira. "So it is very interesting. It could be very useful also."
Why Asian giants scent opportunity in Africa
As for the Mozambicans, locals say there has been little backlash to the return of the Portuguese to the country -- this time, however, under very different circumstances compared to the colonial era.
"Yes, they're coming but I think (it's) really positive," says economist Hipolito Hamela. He explains that the new businesses that are being set up create jobs for local Mozambicans, while the influx of foreign skills help the country's development. Also, government quotas on the number of foreigners that a company can hire ensure that local jobs are protected.
Yet, notwithstanding the recent improvements, life in Mozambique, which is still one of the poorest countries in the world, is not without challenges.
Souza says her biggest concern in Maputo is security while Gabriel notes that he is frustrated with the slow pace of life compared to Europe.
"It's a little bit more difficult to make things happen than it is in Europe," he says. "Mozambique is a challenge every day."
But despite all the difficulties, it is here where Gabriel and many of his compatriots have chosen to develop their careers. And if Portugal's economy remains stuck in turmoil, many others could follow them, lured by Mozambique's growing and untapped opportunity.
Teo Kermeliotis contributed to this report.