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Thursday, 12th June, 2008, 04:49 AM #1
Grandmaster of Flowers (Lvl 18)
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Stalker0's Alternate Core Skill Challenge System: FINAL VERSION 1.8!
The final product is ready.
Version 1.8 will be the last version for a while, barring on gross mistakes or things that people just find flat out offensive.
As before, I am going to show the system here, and then I will detail whats going on in the next post.
For those who want to see version 1.0, you can get that here:
First, some ground rules:
1) If you don't believe the current system is broken, then please do not mention it in this thread, as this thread is for those who do believe it.
2) This thread is to discuss my system, not for you to talk about yours. If you would like to post your own system, I would be happy to take a look and comment in your own thread. But please keep comments focused on what is presented here.
VERSION 1.8 Its Time to be Bold!
The skill DC and Complexity tables are the heart of the new system, carefully crafted to provide balanced skill challenges for a party. Complexity 4 and 5 challenges are especially difficult, generally for parties with stronger than average skills.
Table 1. Skill DC Table
Level Easy Med High 1 14 18 23 2 15 19 24 3 15 19 24 4 16 20 25 5 16 20 25 6 17 21 26 7 17 21 26 8 19 23 28 9 19 23 28 10 20 24 29 11 20 24 30 12 20 25 31 13 20 25 31 14 22 27 33 15 22 27 33 16 23 28 34 17 23 28 34 18 24 29 35 19 24 29 35 20 25 30 36 21 25 31 38 22 26 32 39 23 26 32 39 24 27 33 40 25 27 33 40 26 28 34 41 27 28 34 41 28 30 36 43 29 30 36 43 30 31 37 44
Table 2: Complexity Table
Complexity Table Comp. Success Failure 1 3 3 2 5 4 3 7 5 4* 9 6 5* 11 7
Changes from 1.7
1) The easy DC at 11th level has been changed from 19 to 20 to prevent possible confusion.
2) Complexities 4 and 5 have opened up to normal parties. They will provide a near 50/50 win rate for normal parties.
Setting up a Skill Challenge:
Allowed Skills: When creating a skill challenge, the DM selects 3-4 skills as the standard skills for the encounter. In some cases, the Dm will leave allowed skills open-ended, allowing the player to describe why certain skills should be allowed skills.
Non-allowed skils: In some cases, a player will want to use a skill that is not allowed for the skill challenge. If the players argument is convincing enough, the DM may place the skill on the allowed list. However, if the DM wishes to allow the skill in a limited fashion, he can allow it with Guiding Light only. Never penalize a player by allowing it with a hard DC, as this not only penalizes the player, but every player in the challenge!
Setting up Skills: All allowed skills are given a medium difficult. Easy and Hard difficulties are only designed for special rolls during the challenge.
Optional Setup Rules for the DM
Skill Tags: If a DM wishes to spice up a challenge a bit, he can add various tags to some of the skills in a challenge, to let players get extra benefit when doing certain actions. Here are some example tags:
Bold: A skill that has the bold tag is particularly helpful when making heroic actions. If the player uses a heroic surge when using a bold skill, he gets an extra +1. If he uses Bold Recovery with the skill, he gains a +2 to the roll.
Helpful: These skills are particularly useful when helping out another player. If the Guiding Light uses a helpful skill, he provides a +3 power bonus to another's skill check (instead of +2).
Secondary: Secondary skills are linked to another skill (the primary skill), and cannot be used at the beginning of the challenge. Whenever a player gets a success with the primary skill, and also would have beaten the hard DC, the secondary skill is unlocked, and can be used for the rest of the challenge. Secondary skills often have special tags and benefits as well.
Playing in a Skill Challenge:
Guiding Light (Easy): Each round the party can choose one character to be a Guiding Light, which is generally the character with the lowest skill bonus for the challenge. Instead of the character's normal turn, he rolls an allowed skill check that does not count as a success or failure. If he beats an easy DC, he can do the following:
1) Provide another character a +2 power bonus to his next skill check.
2) Reroll one of his own skill checks later in the challenge, though he must take the new result. He can accumulate multiple rerolls should he be a Guiding Light multiple times.
Heroic Surge: Before making a skill check, you may spend a healing surge to get a +2 to your skill check. If the skill challenge has entered the Time of Trials (see below), heroic surge provides a +3. Each character can use heroic surge once per skill challenge.
The Time of Trials:A skill challenge enters the time of trials when the party accumulates their second to last failure. In other words, one more failure will end the skill challenge for the party. During the time of trials, the party receives the following benefits:
1) When using heroic surge, the character receives a +3 to skill checks (instead of the normal +2)
2) All characters can now use the Bold Recovery skill check (see below).
Bold Recovery (Hard): During the time of trials, a player can use a bold recovery as an immediate reaction whenever another player rolls a failure. The player rolls an allowed skill at a hard DC. If he fails, the skill challenge ends in a failure.
On a success, he adds +4 to the failed players roll, or a +6 if he takes a -5 to his skill check. If the +4 (+6) turns the failed roll into a success, the failure is negated and the skill challenge continues to the next player. Each player can use Bold Recovery once per skill challenge, but never on their own rolls.
Example Skill Challenge: The Negotiation.
Complexity: 2 (5 successes before 4 failures)
Allowed Skills: Bluff, Diplomacy, Insight
Diplomacy: You use persuasion to win aid to your cause. If you get a success and also would have beaten a hard DC, you unlock the History Skill.
History (Secondary, Helpful): History is unlocked through the diplomacy skill. It is especially useful when helping other party members, if you use the skill while you are a Guiding Light, you provide a +3 to a skill (instead of +2).
Bluff (Daring): You try to convince the other party using false pretenses. If you use a heroic surge with bluff, you gain an additional +1. You also gain a +2 to your roll if you use it with a Bold Recovery.
Insight: You empathize with the NPC and use that to encourage assistance.
Change log from Version 1.7
1) Aid Another is now called Guiding Light.
2) Guiding Light now gives the character a skill reroll on a success, in addition to the normal +2 he provides.
3) Guiding Light now provides a power bonus to skill rolls.
4) Heroic Surge now provides a +2 bonus to skill rolls normally, and a +3 while in the Time of Trials (changed from +1/+2)
For more detailed information on the system, especially for DMs who would like to tweak it, look to the next post.
Last edited by Stalker0; Friday, 4th July, 2008 at 12:08 AM.
Thursday, 12th June, 2008, 04:50 AM #2
Grandmaster of Flowers (Lvl 18)
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DM's Corner, adjusting the system to your party
This system assumes (at 1st level) the following average party.
Two players at +9 (+5 training, +4 ability).
One player at +7 (+5 training +2 ability, or +9 -2 for armor check penalties)
One player at +2 (+2 stat only)
One player +11 (+5 training, +4 stat, +2 racial)
Your party is likely different from this one, but as long as the differences aren't that great, you won't have to change a thing. the following are some guidelines for DMs who want to tweak the system to fit their party a bit better. These are just guidelines and most parties should function fine without any changes.
When to consider adding 1 to the DC of the Challenge:
You are running a complexity 1 challenge
Your best skill user has a +13 or higher to his skill (generally more than +3 the next best skill users)
Your party (not including your lowest skill user) has +4 more in bonuses than this one.
When to consider subtracting 1 from the DC of the Challenge:
You are running a complexity 4 or 5 challenge with a normal party.
You are running a complexity 3 challenge AND you have no good skill user in the group (no one above +9).
You party has a low skill user who does not use Guiding Light.
The rest are design notes and technical information, feel free to skip it if you have no interest in the under workings of the system.
The Nuts and Bolts of Version 1.8
Lets Begin: The Problems with the Standard Skill Challenge system.
1) A party handling a skill challenge of their level has a very low chance of succeeding. This is of course the heart of the issue. If a party is handling a skill challenge of their level they should at the bare minimum a 50/50 chance of winning. But in general, players are supposed to win, so even 50/50 would be regarded by many as too low. As currently stands, those numbers stand at around a 10% win rate or lower, which is completely unacceptable.
2) Skill Challenges have a huge variation in win rate based on DC and complexity. This is a problem hidden in the math of the skill challenge system. For example, lets say the skill challenge is perfectly balanced at complexity 3 at a set DC. The win rate is exactly where you like it, and everyone is happy. If you add even +1 to the DC you can throw off the win rate by 15-20%. Change the complexity and you can change that number even more. If a party is just slightly weaker in skills than another party, they can literally go from a decent chance of beating the challenge to a very poor chance with the most minor changes in skills.
3) Increasing complexity can actually make a challenge easier depending on the skills of your party. This one isnt necessarily a problem as much as it is unintuitive. For example, if your party on average will succeed on each individual skill check of a challenge 70% or more of time, you will actually increase the partys win rate by increasing the complexity. However, if the party has only a 65% chance, then their win rate will drop by increasingly complexity.
Tackling the Problem: Our basic assumptions
Before we can do any math to fix these problems, we need to know what the solution is. In other words, how often should a party beat a skill challenge? I took my own personal intuition, and asked many other people I game with. We each came to around the same conclusion:
We will assume that a party of 5 is facing a skill challenge of their level with complexity 5. All checks for the skill challenge will be medium difficulty (the standard skill challenge). Each player will have the ability to use their best or close to their best skills for this challenge. In other words, we are assuming skill training and a high ability score (probably +4 or more). So at 1st level, each player will roll at a +9 in general.
With this assumption, we felt that a party should succeed at that challenge 80% of the time. However, at the same time, we thought that each individual check should succeed around 70% of the time. We all know how it feels when your DM gives you a skill DC, and everyone looks at each other across the table thinking that DC is absolutely crazy. With a standard skill challenge, every check should have a reasonable chance of succeeding, so that players dont get frustrated.
Pen and Paper: Our major limitation.
An important part of this process is to remember that we are playing a pen and paper game. Players are doing math in their heads and looking up charts in books. I could create an absolutely beautiful mathematical model that would run skill challenges perfectly across multiple skill levels, and you would never want to play it because it would simply be too darn complex! So while we are fixing the system, it is important to remember that the end product must be as easy to use as it is clean in its final results.
The Motto: Its Time to Be Bold!
From the start, I wanted to do more than just fix the math of the system, I wanted to make the system more exciting. After all, a high complexity challenge is supposed to be as entertaining as a combat, and I wanted to add exciting elements that also helped fix the math. Youll notice a lot of Bold mechanics in these rules. My goal is for players to feel empowered in using the system, while DMs can be comfortable knowing the system will support their party without breaking.
Heroic Surge: The more I cracked open the numbers, the more I realized that no system made with the pen and paper limitations could ever truly account for the variation in a party. Now, because my system has less variance in it than the core system, it can handle a lot more punishment but it still cant work miracles. I decided the only way to ensure a solid system was to the give the players the ability to save their own skin. The first of these bailout mechanics is heroic surge. The idea is that players can consume resources (healing surges) to give themselves an edge. Its also a tactical choice, do they use their surges early to get an early advantage (and possible get to use more do to critical success) or save them and get a bigger bonus if the time of trials started.
Overall, if players are using a lot of surges, they get a very large bump in win rate. Generally I think most DMs are fine with this, if a party is using a lot of resources they get an edge, just as if they were expending a lot of potions. And it curbs the failure rate up. Generally a party that is failing will want to use surges more than a party is doing well. This was a way to help losing parties get back into the winners circle without a lot of complicated math.
Originally I had Heroic Surge at +1, and then +2 during the time of trials. I changed this because I realized I could give a higher bonus without hurting the math too much, and it gives more incentive to use heroic surge before the time of trials. Previously, the bonus was so much more useful during TOT that mathematically it was stupid to use it earlier.
Secondary Skills and New Skill Tags One of the unfortunate things I had to do in the system was erase the hard and easy skills from the core mechanic. It wasnt something I wanted to do, and believe me I worked endlessly to fix it. I begged and pleaded with the numbers, I yelled out the numbers, I even threw my keyboard at the monitor (okay not the last thing, but I thought about it!!). In the end though, the variation it caused was just too much. So I worked on ways to spice up the medium skills. I definitely wanted to include secondary skills, but I wanted something to be special about them.
So I included a mechanic so that secondary skills are unlocked by a particularly amazing skill roll. Unlike the original system, secondary skills are permanently in the challenge, so players can keep getting benefits from them.
In order to spice up the skills a bit more, I added the Daring and Helpful Tags.
Critical Success: Just like a natural 20 is a fun event in a combat, I wanted skill challenges to have a similar effect. The critical success provides both a fun moment for the player, as well as encouraging team work.
So...where are they? In the end I dropped the concept because people's greatest complaint was there were too many little things to keep track of in the system. I realized that CS didn't play a strong role in the system, so it got hit with the hammer and taken out.
Time of Trials and Bold Recovery: Oh how I love this mechanic! This is my brainchild, my solution to a host of problems. (and if you dont like it, Skilly McAwesome will come a knocking!!)
My problem was this, any time you changed the basic probability of a party, the numbers would fly off the hook. The problem is laid within the complexity numbers. Any system where you have X success before Y failures has a lot of variance in it innately. And the more total rolls you have, the higher that variance gets.
I realized I need a bounceback mechanic. Basically I needed a way to say Hey this party is losing!! Lets give them a hand! Or in other words, the more the party lost, the more it won. I tried numerous mechanics. I tried making DC adjustment specific to complexity. I tried giving parties a +1 to rolls after each failure. I spent 6 hours on one mechanic I thought would be perfect, and then wound up dropping it because I realized it had secondary effects that were outright bad for the system. Most ideas were either such a small difference it was a waste of time, or had such a huge impact I couldnt rely on it.
And then I hit upon the Bold Recovery idea. This mechanic provides a very significant benefit, but only when a party really needs it. It also allows Skilly McAwesomes to shine, as they are normally going to be the first to use a Bold Recovery. Further, it increases the drama of the challenge. It bails the party out of a failure, but then they have to make that next roll and it could always end in a failure again.
The mechanic went through 3 distinct versions, and the first two just didnt fit the math. But the third worked like a charm. The mechanic was fun, it greatly reduced the variance between complexities, and it reduced the variance when I changed the partys probability. A 3 in one shot!
Guiding Light One distinct problem with the core system is its very casual about aid another, and mathematically it CANNOT be. Aid Another is the single most powerful mechanic in the entire system, and by the rules theres very little restriction on it. Mathematically thats suicide, parties can go from 7% to 90% win rates in the core system depending on how the DM utilizes aid another.
However, I had to keep the aid another idea in the system in some form. The reason there has to be something for a low skill player to do other than roll a success or failure, because low skill guys screw up the system! But we can't just stop them from rolling, where's the fun in that?
First thing I did was heavily regulate it, and made sure only 1 player could use it per round. Its just too powerful otherwise. Then I made sure to use easy checks instead of DC 10, so that it would scale with level.
Unfortunately, aid another was still the weakest part of the system. Parties get a much lower win rate if their weakest skill guy decides not to be a sport and aid. I didn't want to force anyone to aid, but at the same time, the system works so much better if they do.
So I created a compromise. I tried to create a new incentive for people to use the aid another action. First I changed the name to Guiding Light. I think the name is much cooler and evocative. Further, it differentiates the mechanic from traditional aid another, which avoids confusion.
Then I made sure that the Guiding Light got a little something for his selfless ways, in the form of a reroll on his own skills. That way if the GL decided next round to take his crappy +2 to a check and have a go, he would a least have a reroll backing him up.
While not a perfect solution, GL provided a nice bridge between someone forced to aid all the time, and no one aiding ever.
So after all of this work,
The Final Result:
A system,
1) That can tolerate variations in partys skill use, including parties with high and low skill users.
2) That is resilient to odd ball party members.
3) Where the players can take active rolls in determine the fate of the challenge.
4) Where increasing skill complexity equals a more difficult challenge.
5) That allows for high drama and excitement when the chips are down.
6) That gets a Win rate of about 72-84%, with an individual rate of around 60-65%, very close to my original goal.
I am very proud to present this system to you all, and I hope that it will see use in many games, that it will provide an excellent source of enjoyment for peoples 4e system, which other than problems like these I have found an excellent system so far, one I hope to play in for many years into the future.
Last edited by Stalker0; Sunday, 15th June, 2008 at 03:58 AM.
Thursday, 12th June, 2008, 05:52 AM #3
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This is, once again, fantastic. I've already copied it and formatted it into a no frill document I can print out for my players. Thanks for putting in the effort.
Thursday, 12th June, 2008, 05:57 AM #4
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A solid system, but it looks like it would be difficult to run in actual play. Only trial will tell for sure though.
My key question is how do you assign experience for a successful challenge? How do different sized groups and complexity levels affect experience gained?
The answer was fairly straightforward in the stock version; less so here.
Thursday, 12th June, 2008, 06:27 AM #5
Grandmaster of Flowers (Lvl 18)
Originally Posted by Azurecrusader
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Thursday, 12th June, 2008, 06:36 AM #6
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It's not so much that it's confusing, rather that it is detailed. With this system I now need to keep track of specific successes and failures and make announcements about the progress of the challenge to account for things like Heroic Surges, Bold Recoveries and the Time of Trials. I'm not saying this is a bad thing right away, I'll have to see how it plays out, but it is a lot more book keeping and a lot less transparency to the players. My impression of the stock system is that players never really know how many successes they have or are trying to get, with this system that is vital information which in my opinion pulls them out of the game.
With all that said, I'm going to give this a try and see how it goes.
How about that experience question in my other post above though?
Thursday, 12th June, 2008, 06:39 AM #7
Grandmaster of Flowers (Lvl 18)
Originally Posted by Azurecrusader
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Remember that the only real time you need to tell your players what's up is at the time of trials, which means they only have 1 failure left. Then they can start frantically trying to save themselves Personally I think that's better than a player roll a failure and the dm declares teh challenge a failure without the party having known....but I can understand the desire for transparency for some.
Thursday, 12th June, 2008, 07:28 AM #8
Acolyte (Lvl 2)
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I still balk at the complexity of your system. If possible I would like to be able to play a skill challenge without looking up the rules and this doesn't look like it would fit inside my head.
Spending healing surges to gain bonuses is a great idea and I'll probably use that for my own version, in one way or another.
Thursday, 12th June, 2008, 08:26 AM #9
Waghalter (Lvl 7)
Originally Posted by Fredrik Svanberg
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I've gone for simplicity over rock-solid mathematics, but that's where my tastes lie. If you agree, it might work for you too.
Thursday, 12th June, 2008, 08:33 AM #10
Not having tried it I can't speak to the viability of this system in play, but your dedication and creativity are astounding! I'm especially pleased to see that recoveries are not contingent on rolling 20s but come at crunch-time, are totally elective, but still limited. Some thoughts:
- Much resistance has and will come from the apparent complexity. Much of that complexity is on presentation rather than nuts and bolts of the system. Core system has a lot of hard to remember fiddly bits as well but is perhaps "eased into" better. I recommend rewriting to completely separate a concise designer-notes-free explanation (e.g. FAQ/IAQ) and all the fun why/how bits. I also suggest not starting with tagged skills, which are odd to see out the gate. Instead, start with the default, which is a normal skill check to gain a success (or suffer a failure). Move on to the next (chrono)logically relevant thing, probably Aid Another, then the unlocking secondary skills, etc. Leave stuff related to Time of Trials toward the end because this deals with a near end situation.
- I suggest renaming Bold Opening to avoid confusion with Bold Recovery. I like something including "unlock" in the name. I would present a list where a primary skill with this capacity would be followed by an indented secondary skill to visually indicate that one is unlocked by the other. The same convention can be used if a skill's main or only use is to aid another; often this will logically be only relevant to aiding another specific skill or angle of approach, which could be indented after the primary. (I know your system doesn't deal with narrowed options for how one skill can aid another, but I think some verisimilitude is appropriate and that it shouldn't hurt the players if the DM makes clear when the Aid is successful what would benefit and what wouldn't.
- I disagree with the idea that DM's should always or even routinely tell players what the secondaries (unlocked skills) are. I think it depends on the situation. For instance, if an Insight or History check gives info about the Duke's motivations in a negotiation scenario, I wouldn't specifically tell the players that there is something the Duke personally wants or that there is some historical precedent that will help their Diplomacy. Many times the fun is in the PCs discovering these things through reasoning or trial-and-error.
- This is not a well thought out proposal on my part, but in terms of XP, how about saying a skill challenge of your level is like a fight of your level and that for every row you go up or down (i.e. 1-2 levels) the XP go up/down a level's worth? The skill challenge RAW says raise or lower DC by 1 per level of change in encounter and your system's DCs usually go up/down one per row (1-2 levels). I would actually suggest that the Complexity 2 be the default because I don't think 3 successes is comparable to a combat vs. your level. You can marginally in/decrease the XP for Complexity 1 or >2 to reflect not added difficulty but more time and effort (just as longer fights are sometimes no more difficult but do take more time and effort).
- (Separate from concisely presented rules) any guidance you can provide from your analyses about average PWR increases/decreases from tweaking numbers would be helpful. I don't take issue with your using medium difficulty by default because I think that should be for a level-appropriate skill challenge and that an easier/harder one will correspond to a higher/lower level with attendant effect on both difficulty and XP. That said, unlike combats where you usually want to avoid excess difficulty and TPKs (though there are captures and you-should-flee scenarios), skill challenges should allow for much more difficult situations, like one in which parlaying may but probably won't allow PCs to avoid a tough fight. I'd like to know how to handle a range of target skill challenge success probabilities with your system.
- Not to open a can of worms, but since you list so many mechanics or ideas you considered, how about one in which blowing a check does not result in a failure per se unless it fails by 5 or more, as opposed to the binary outcome of helpful/hurtful for primary checks? Just curious as to your thoughts on that sort of thing.
- In place of the fun but lengthy (ha, lengthy, I'm a hypocrite) example of monologue from the rogue in your example, I would recommend a concise but complete example showcasing your system, complete with specific DCs (which the DMG sadly lacked in its examples).
- Any info on effects of varying party size?
Thanks again for all of this!
Last edited by Magus Coeruleus; Thursday, 12th June, 2008 at 10:30 AM. Reason: typos and a couple of extra points added
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This network gives you some of the best hardcore out there and it's devoted to a variety of themes including masturbation, one-on-one encounters, gangbangs and college orgies. It not only provides you with a lot of porn, but also updates daily. The content is always high in quality, but if you want access to downloads, it's going to cost you extra each month. Full review
You can't go wrong with a big black ass. The ebony babes on this site have great big badunkadunks that bounce like crazy and will drive you absolutely insane. Packed with hot and horny girls, this site pays hardcore homage to the great brown bum and satisfies you with many 1080p videos and bonus sites. Updates are slow though and downloads cost extra. Full review
Do you have a hankering for soft tacos and sexy accents? Then take a stroll down 8th Street where Latinas imported from South America demonstrate their willingness to do pretty much anything and everything on camera. You'll enjoy a heavy dose of high-quality hardcore porn with fun reality themes as well as lots more action on the bonus Reality Kings sites. Full review
A guy hunts down the mothers everyone wants to fuck. It's a widely copied concept in porn, but you can't beat beating off to the original! When this hunter goes on the prowl, he finds the sexist mature muffs to film and often you'll see him doing it in 1080p. You also get the rest of the Reality Kings sites, but take note that downloads cost extra each month. Full review
Need an apartment, but don't have the money for a deposit? Not to worry - our friendly landlord puts down his own deposit in the babe's unit. Rent is paid with money shots, not cash, so Mike sure connects with his tenants. You can see it all by streaming his Full HD videos - downloads cost extra. He doesn't always update consistently, but you get bonus sites. Full review
A duo of lesbian roommates combs the neighborhood for fresh pussy to welcome back home. It's all about clit-licking and tit-sucking fun with these lesbian threesomes, often filmed in Full HD. The girls they find start off straight, but once the two roomies flirt with them, soon enough the babes are nude and munching carpet. It's a very easy recommendation. Full review
Big tits are a beautiful thing. Just take a look at this Reality Kings site for proof. Here you'll see gorgeous women and their all-natural titties featuring in all kinds of hardcore reality porn. You get 100s of high-quality videos to stream, but downloads cost extra. Updates occur regularly and you get plenty of bonuses, including another network of sites. Full review
Beautiful babes do more than just expose their gorgeous bodies. They also finger themselves and other girls and have sex. Besides the network's babe-centric content, you'll also get porn from several other sites including one with office sex and another with stepmoms seducing their stepfamily members. The videos are high in quality, but downloads cost extra. Full review
This is a unique and innovative site. Be skeptical of anything that's free, but not here. You can tip the performers to get them to show off and show more, or you can just sit back and watch as other folks tip them and the girls work their magic to garner more of them. There are 1,500+ performers and the community aspect behind the site is legendary. Full review
If you've been around the porn block, you'll recognize this pornstar's name. His site provides you with a horde of smoking-hot female pornstars, like Scarlett Pain and April O'Neil, and all the titty-fucking, facials and anal you crave. He also directs some of them and updates regularly. There are Full HD and some 4K videos and some great bonus channels too! Full review

subset: commoncrawl


text:
Looking astern on the NOAA Ship FAIRWEATHER.
Image ID: ship0688, NOAA's Fleet Then and Now - Sailing for Science Collection
Photographer: Commander George Leigh, NOAA Corps (ret.)
• High Resolution Photo Available
of the U.S. Department of Commerce, National Oceanic & Atmospheric
Adminstration (NOAA),
NOAA Central Library
NOAA Privacy Policy
| NOAA Disclaimer
Last Updated:
November 10, 2017


text:
Komal Jagasia needed a new logo design and created a contest on 99designs.
A winner was selected from 56 designs submitted by 21 freelance designers.
Jagasia Consultants
I am a small out of the house consulting firm specialising in providing advice to my clients on Australian migration and it includes all visa categories and dealing with tribunals.
I have just begun this business and for the past 3 years have been a stay at home mom and since my son is still young this business models helps me achieve intellectual and personal life balance.
But i am a person with an undying need for doing more and more or simply put I am very ambitious. i am also very driven towards my goals
My educational background is an MBA along with a bachelor's degree in economics, I am also PS 146 compliant and of course I have completed the migration law course from Australian National University.
I am an Indian by birth but like to embrace all cultures and with my family I have been living in Australia for the last 4 years and we love this country.
The immigration industry has been very successful over many years and thus competition is high. I would like to position myself in the small medium business, law firms, medical industry sectors but not for a minute disconnect from providing advise on tourist, student or family visa etc.
The audience that i would like to specifically target is the SME market that is hiring skilled workers from overseas or overseas skilled workers wanting to work or live in Australia
I am Indian but not for a moment do I want prospective clients to believe that I am run of the mill...professionalism, ethics, drive, honesty and ability to deliver under pressure are some of my key traits.
•Above the
•Attract companies and professionals
•Create a log that is a mix of my professional and personal aspirations
•Make it look non indian
Find out how a design contest works or learn more about our logo design services.


text:
Oshkaabewis Native Journal Vol 8, No. 1
Paperback, 159 Pages
List Price: $14.95
Price: $14.20
You Save: $0.75 ( 5% )
Prints in 3-5 business days
The Oshkaabewis Native Journal is a interdisciplinary forum for significant contributions to knowledge about the Ojibwe language. Vol. 8, No. 1 contains stories from several knowledgeable Ojibwe speakers in Minnesota, Wisconsin, and Canada.
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Product Details
- 9781105409035
- Copyright
- Bemidji State University Indian Studies Publications (Standard Copyright License)
- Publisher
- Bemidji State University Indian Studies Publications
- Published
- February 13, 2012
- Language
- English
- Pages
- 159
- Binding
- Perfect-bound Paperback
- Interior Ink
- Black & white
- Weight
- 0.64 lbs.
- Dimensions (inches)
- 6 wide x 9 tall
- Product ID
- 18888045
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text:
Fotos de Disney World a través de Instagram
Walt Disney World takes on a new light in these shots by Instagram. We want your shots too. Tag your Disney shots #thedailydisney in Instagram and we may contact you about posting them in this gallery. Happy shooting.
Copyright © 2019, El Sentinel


text:
Published Mar 22, 2017
These restaurants take old ideas and melt them into tasty new ones. Who does it best?
If it comes from the sea, these restaurants know how to serve it right... see the Top 5 →
So many choices… porterhouse, T-bone, filet… what's your choice? see the Top 5 →
There's nothing like fresh, carefully prepared sushi. Who makes the best? see the Top 5 →
Noodles, soups, and fresh veggies and teas! Who is your choice for the... see the Top 5 →
Come on, veggie lovers! Tell us where you go to graze! see the Top 5 →
In the mood for a warming bowl of Pho, or a cheap Banh Mi? What is your... see the Top 5 →
The 2017 Denver A-List awards are based on more than 74,000 votes from local Denver-area experts.


text:
Over the last few weeks, I've been making cinemagraphs celebrating just a handful of some of the most visually striking games. These were games that were either creatively or technically breathtaking, that really showed off what you're able to do with the medium.
Here are some of the most gorgeous games 2012 has had to offer:
Halo 4
The Unfinished Swan
Papo & Yo
Guild Wars 2
Assassin's Creed III
Far Cry 3
Need for Speed: Most Wanted


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text: Several rack hardware manufacturers make shelves that have EIA spaced ears on the front. It's just a single piece of sheet metal with 4 bends, and a few punches. If you're getting more than a dozen or so, a local sheet metal fabrication place could probably make a bunch for you, and put in all the mounting holes you'll need for the mobo, etc. Check the companies supplying stuff to the music industry. (I seem to recall a company called Middle Atlantic Products that does all sorts of these folded and punched things) In single unit quantities, they'll probably be around $50-60... At 11:42 AM 1/13/2003 -0800, Paul English wrote: >We are looking at building a second cluster and I have some physical >installation questions. > >When I was at NASA goddard, I got a look at one of the Beowulf clusters >there which had nodes which were just motherboards mounted on rails or a >shelf which sat in the rack. Seems great to me to avoid purchasing a case >if it isn't really needed - does anyone know any vendors for this sort of >a mounting solution? I found this one, but it looks like it includes the >motherboards and the rack, while I'd like to just buy the shelves: > http://www.kingstarusa.com/co-location/co-location_intelirack21.htm >I'd rather not fab my own, although I suppose that is an option. > >For the above setup, it seems ideal if it could use just one big power >supply for the whole cabinet - are there any vendors for something like >this? Ideally if it could be a UPS also to provide brown-out power that >would be helpful, otherwise I'd have to sacrifice more rack slots to a >UPS. > >Fortunately (and with a lot of help) I've pretty much got hardware and >software built and tweaked pretty well for my needs now, so what I need >to do for more power is - buy more! > >Thanks, >Paul > >_______________________________________________ >Beowulf mailing list, Beowulf at beowulf.org >To change your subscription (digest mode or unsubscribe) visit >http://www.beowulf.org/mailman/listinfo/beowulf


text:
Our book club started in 1999 with a group of friends who graduated from Loyola University in the '70s. We have grown over the years to include other friends, and we now number about 15.
Our meetings begin with a dinner hosted by rotating members and occur about four times a year. Dinner can last about three hours, and the book discussion follows, lasting at least an hour.
Worst excuse for not reading a book: Members don't feel they have to have an excuse. Not having read a book never stops any of our members from participating in a discussion.
Books we loved: "Crossing to Safety" by Wallace Stegner, "Cold Mountain" by Charles Frazier, "The Magician's Assistant" by Ann Patchett, "Life of Pi" by Yann Martel and "Hannah Coulter" by Wendell Berry
We like books that embody hope for a better future and the value of having consistent friends.
One of our least favorite books was "White Doves at Morning" by James Lee Burke. We felt that Burke failed in his attempt to step out of his genre as a mystery writer, and the story line was disjointed.
The authors we would most like to meet are Bill Bryson, with his brilliant sense of humor, and Wendell Berry, with his keen observations about human nature.
Up next: "The River of Doubt" by Candice Millard.
Editor's note: Entries are edited. Also, we are updating our book club feature; find details at
chicagotribune.com/printersrow. Please email your submissions to email@example.com, and include a phone number.


text:
Huntington Beach Hospital to Not-for-Profit Status
Wednesday, January 2, 2013
Huntington Beach Hospital said that it has converted to not-for-profit status from for-profit status.
Prime Healthcare Services, the Ontario-based parent company of 131-bed Huntington Beach, said it donated the hospital to Prime Healthcare Foundation effective Jan. 1.
The conversion does not require approval from the state attorney general's office.
Prime Healthcare Foundation is a nonprofit public charity founded by Prem Reddy, who is also the founder of Prime Healthcare Services.
Huntington Beach ranked No. 22 on the Business Journal's most recent list of local hospitals. The facility, which has about 500 staff members, had net patient revenue of $59.2 million for the 12 months ended in September 2011, the most recent numbers available. It has 300 doctors on staff.


text:
"The Nickel Box" was made from copper, wood, bolts, screws, epoxy, scrap metal, skeleton key, paint, and nails. The tiny box was made from scratch, using scrap wood from another cigar box. All of the copper was hand cut to fit the box. I love this routine, because no electricity is required for it to work. The goal of this project was to create a magic effect that works like a crank toy.
Wednesday, December 16, 2009
The Nickel Box
Posted by Mario Marchese at 8:31 AM
Subscribe to: Post Comments (Atom)


text:
Yellow Monkey Ass Protective Case available for iPhone 6 or iPhone 6s Plus. Perfect for the monkey fanatics who like a bit of a rude graphic.
This form-fitting, lightweight custom case provides full protective coverage to your iPhone 6/6s Plus while still keeping your device ultra sleek and stylish.
The super light case provides complete protection for your iPhone 6 / 6s plus without thereby add or subtract volume elegance to your device.
- Made of a thin, light polycarbonate plastic with a smooth, matte finish
- Solid, one-piece construction
- Snaps on and off with ease
- Precisely aligned cuts and holes that match phone's functions
Additional information
Additional information
|Select iPhone Type
iPhone X, iPhone 7 Plus/8 Plus, iPhone 7/ 8, iPhone 6/6s, iPhone 6 Plus/6s Plus
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text:
Nancy Bolt RE: First Approach to Issues
Hi Friends, This is my First Attempt at Issues. I see this as the beginning of a report for Gates with all of the information below needing to be filled in. Please contribute as you see fit.
1. What are the uses that a library might need bandwidth for?
Need a Big Picture that incorporates the detail. (Bob)
Number of PCs and other equipment connected
Internet access and web site
Social networking, games
Regional or local Integrated library systems
Bob Bocher says on average 20% of bandwidth goes to this.
Database storage and access
Web-ex (from Linda, I don't know what this is)
Connectivity between branches (Bob)
Remote management of technology allowing rural libraries to get technology support(Carson Block)
E-government access and storage of digital government documents (John B)
Disaster relief and assistance capability (John B)
Storing digital images (photographs, audio, video)
Audio/video support of online education
I-pod downloads for patrons (Denver Public Library¬)
Movies and books as downloads for patrons
Full motion video-conferencing (H.323/264)
Bob B says this can take up to 768K in bandwidth)
Wireless access for staff and public
Day-to-day uses of local telephone service, long-distance telephone service, fax, TTY, also VOIP (Linda and Carson)
services etc
Difference between upstream and downstream uses/needs.
How do we determine how much bandwidth would be needed for the uses that are identified?
Linda keeps reminding us that we need to be sure and include more than Internet. I'm unclear what all goes over the Internet and what does not?
John B says to look at Question 13 on their study.
2. What are the arguments that libraries can use to get support for more bandwidth?
Meet user needs
Economic development
Educational support
Disaster relief
3. How do libraries connect to get larger bandwidth?
Telecom companies
Cable companies
Electric companies
Through the local school district or city government (who might use one of the ways above?
Connection should be scalable (Carson)
4. What methods can they use to get support?
Coalition building
Government regulation or requirement for a certain level of connectivity?
These are from the Bertot and the McCarthy papers
5. How do they pay for connectivity?
city/county other government budget
libraries own budget
contribution to a coalition
combination of the above
donations (Carson)
From John B: Back to telecom. If you look at the way we changed the bandwidth (q. 9a) question, you will see that we parsed out the type of connection so as to begin getting at the upstream/downstream issue. We also get into wireless, etc. Overall, you may find the survey, with some changes, helpful if you go down the road of an "audit". It may serve as a beginning template. I would also recommend that you review the checklist regarding the "successfully networked library" in the report we issued in September.
From Carson: It appears one of the greatest needs is helping folks work through those variables on both the broad and granular levels. On the broad, governments and agencies need help identifying and tackling the big funding and large-scale project challenges. On the granular, individualized attention is essential for guiding libraries through a technical planning process and inventory of local resources (including available tech support and infrastructure), putting some numbers in place of the variables, and creating an achievable action plan.
From Linda (I think): The transport services to libraries for the Internet access. For example, the connection to the Internet service provider often times actually only occurs between the Main library and the ISP. Then the Main library often distributes this capability to its branches, or in the case of consortia, to its member libraries. It is this pipe between the main and the branches (or consortium members) that is often overlooked when defining capacity needs.
From Linda: I recall there was something that Caroline LeBlanc defined when we were in Chicago but I can't recall what it was. It was some very specific library use. (Does anyone remember what that was?)
From Linda: For example, in speaking with the State Librarian of Kansas this week, > they are undertaking a project to acquire capacity for them to support interconnected meeting locations around the state. They've received substantial funding to support this project. The biggest problem they're having is capacity. The "pipe" for this purpose has nothing to do with access to the Internet and yet it is a fundamental library need to meet their communication needs.


text:
Last month we reported on a new study that showed that the more women executives a startup has, the more likely it is to succeed.
It looks like JPMorgan Chase wants to take a page from the playbook of successful startups: Yesterday, the nation's largest bank named a new chief financial officer yesterday–and guess what? It's a woman.
Continue Reading Below
Marianne Lake, 43, is currently the chief financial officer for JPMorgan's consumer unit. She will now become the sole female executive out of 14 at the company … and one of the most powerful women on Wall Street.
RELATED: 6 Ways the Next President Could Actually Close the Wage Gap
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Get What You Want Out of Your Money
JPMorgan CEO James Dimon called Ms. Lake "an outstanding choice for this critically important role," and also told The Wall Street Journal that even though he is conscious of the need for more women at the top levels of the company, Lake's gender "wasn't a consideration at all—we were simply looking for the best person for the job."
The appointment comes in the wake of a European Union law, passed last week, mandating that 40% of corporate boards at public European companies be women. Additionally two studies in the past few months showed that companies with more women on their boards and startups with more female executives perform better than those with fewer women. And let's not forget: A couple weeks ago, voters elected several women senators, bringing the number of women in next year's class to a record high.
Just to see how JPMorgan stacks up against competing banks, here is the breakdown of women at the top levels of the nation's biggest banks and securities firms:
- JPMorgan Chase: Out of 14 executives, one woman
- Bank of America: Out of 11 executives, four women
- Citigroup: Out of 13 executives, no women
- Wells Fargo: Out of 11 executives, three women
- Morgan Stanley: Out of 11 executives, one woman
Here's to more women making it into the top ranks at our biggest banks–and across all industries. It could give a boost to the companies (like JPMorgan, which suffered a multibillion-dollar loss earlier this year). And it might even help close that peskily persistent gender wage gap.
Image credit: Kent Wang/Flickr


text:
"Let there be peace on earth, and let it begin with me."
I remember hearing these words every time I went to see Eric Butterworth's Sunday Service at Avery Fisher Hall in NYC. They are nice words, beautiful words and they may be the first steps to consciously creating peace. Most importantly, we need to conduct ourselves in kind, peaceful and caring ways.
Here are important questions:
How am I creating peace in my life?
Am I a peaceful person?
How do I treat others?
There are many ways that you can best contribute to the world you live in.
The simplest way is to start with the people in your life, the people that you interact with.
The most important person you need to create peace with is your self.
Every day you have choices of how to respond to people and situations that create either peace or fighting.
Peace is a function of unconditional love and caring.
War, fighting, control, hatred and anger is a function of the ego and fear.
A good friend recently told me that the Middle East dominates the entire world
and that until there is peace in the Middle East the world economy will suffer.
All I know is that each of us has a choice of how to live our lives and use our time, energy and resources. When we focus on helping people and improving our lives, we are wisely using the gifts God gives us.
I believe that by doing my best to live in harmony with proper principles that my example and energy ripples out in the universe. Each person living in this way creates a stronger universal energy for peace, kindness and good.
Time is so precious. What am I doing today to create peace?
What can I do today to help others?
What is the best use of my time and resources?
What good can I do now?
By focusing our attention on kindness and peace we create that in our lives.
It is time to follow the principles of Gandhi, Mother Teresa and Martin Luther King.
"Faith is taking the first step, even when you don't see the whole staircase."
"We must learn to live together as brothers or perish together as fools."
Martin Luther King
"I believe that unarmed truth and unconditional love will have the final word in reality. That is why right, temporarily defeated, is stronger than evil triumphant."
Martin Luther King, Nobel Peace Prize Acceptance Speech
🙂 Lee
The Mega Coach


text:
World of Warcraft is a MMORPG game, also named wow.
World of Warcraft gold is made by Blizzard Entertainment. It is a game with many different online roles. World of Warcraft was tested openly in North America. At the same year it was published in North America and Oceania. In China main land /Taiwan /Hongkong and Macao servers all have on -line operation one by one. By now, players of World of Warcraft take 62% market occupation in worldwide computer games.
Don't be hesitated to buy Wow gold on Itemgarden. It is the most effected way.
If you have any problems about purchasing it, please contact with our 24 hours on-line service.
In addition to the WoW EU and US server gold, you can also buy currency in other games. For more information, please consult our website or our Live Support representatives.
Diablo 3 and World of Warcraft (wow) are both the products of Blizzard Entertainment.World of Warcraft (wow) have more servers than D3. D3 and wow game have the same trade mode. Many wow players also play diablo 3.
Diablo III(Diablo III gold) is the third installment in the Diablo franchise by Blizzard Entertainment.Comparing to the Diablo II, Auction House features Diablo III from which you can buy things like equipment (weapons and armor), blacksmith, and jewel crafting plans. All of these make gold become some important part in Diablo III.
First you need a suit of GF gear and follow the high level player to find equipment and others that can increase your main ability and HP. Besides, a good weapon is essential because high DPS may result in high efficiency. Notice that hunting in purgatory where exist purgatory monster champion and elite can affect the efficiency of farming.
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Guild Wars 2 gold used for an MMORPG, Guild Wars 2 is the latest expansion set of the Guild Wars series developed by ArenaNet in 2007. The video the lost shores was released on Nov. 15.
How to gain gold in Guild Wars 2 is the most concerned question. How to forge your unique armour with necessary materials? I'd like to share with you means of making a large amount of gold such as avoid death, collect resources all over the world, forge rare equipment, team together, do raids, and cut expense of your journey but it doesn't make sense to be on foot all the time.
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Lineage 2 is a MMORPG game in North Korea,but the wow developer is Blizzard Entertainment
Lineage 2 is an MMORPG in North Korea and the development of which took over three years. The online game currency is L2 adena uses 3D graphics. Players' character can increase their own level respectively and request to transfer. Thus it's really necessary to cooperate with other players in exploring the underground city.
Adena is a important part in Lineage 2. It's not easy to get adena so you'd better kill bosses with your buddies to make it or to collect materials when on the relatively lower grade. You can find it's difficult to fight bosses at high levels yourself, but you can be with your team to go to Dimensional Rift to collect something like lumps of rough iron and stones of purity。Another way of making adena is fishing.
Add us on facebook you can get free 3000 wow gold now.
Final Fantasy XI is developed by Square (later Square Enix) as the eleventh part of the Final Fantasy series and the first MMORPG among all it's counterparts. The game currency named Final Fantasy XI gil.
Players can control their own Player Character (PC) at their will and develop it by exploring, fighting with monsters, competing national tasks and solving assignments in the fantasy world of Vana'diel. At the same time, it happens the interactions with other players to enjoy the game in the virtual society which makes the FFXI gil become a necessary part.
Aion(The Tower of Eternity) is a sort of MMORPG game and developed by AION Team of North Korea NCsoft.The mystic Aion combined PVP and PVE. The game currency named Aion kinah.
To get gold is one important part of Aion, the new player just need 1 minute to talk with NPC, and go to deal it, then can get 500 award. To beat the article equipment dropped by monster, sell the useless item exchange cash in the store. To complete task kill boss, beat equipment, the player can get some gold by auction.
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FFXIV and FF14 is the short for Final Fantasy XIV, the game currency named FFXIV gil. it is the 14th exoterica of this series developed by Square Enix at the same time, it is also the second network game of MMORPG, sold in sep 30th,2010. FFXIV race close to FFXI, there is five races chosing by players, every races have two tribes, the five races is Hyur, miqo'te , Lalafell,Elezen and Roegadyn.
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Rift is MMORPG from western fantasy theme and is developed by TrionWorlds. The game currency named RIFT gold. It released in North America in the first quarter. After that, the game released in Europe, Australia, and Russia.
In the rift city, it has 4 kind of basic occupation, warrior, robber, rabbi and paladin, different occupation has a flexible orientation, it depend on the spot way of the ghost tree.
In the rift city ,the player can get a variety of stone or important gold from outsider particles ,those gold can exchange different level equipment .According to different level , player can get different stone .therefore, player want to get proper equipment, need go to beat rift in the proper level.
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There are many Europe players in TERA and World of Warcraft.
《TERA》is a MMORPG developed by Bluehole Studio in Korea, the game currency named TERA gold. In game, there are six races, eight professes, multiplicity politics, economy system and some correlation task, meanwhile, combine with the real war, luxuriance pictures and tightly social interactive. it is the whole important elements of MMORPG.
The whole system function is very clarity, scroll can buy with money, then put it in the auction bank in game, the scroll player can change into the extra game time. in this way, the players who have many gold can buy the game time with it.
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TERA and World of Warcraft both have many United States players.
"Age of Conan" is a network action RPG game designed for Microsoft's latest operating system. The game currency named AOC gold. The game is set in a dark and evil world as the background. Players can define their exclusive character , such as appearance, special combined skills, and magic arts, etc.
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EVE Online is a Massive Multiplayer Online Game developed by Crowd Control Productions from Iceland. The game currency named EVE Online ISK. The game is set in a science fiction space scene, players can drive all kinds of self-transformation ship shuttle lines through five thousand galaxies.
Unlike other online games, EVE Online players acquire the skills or experience through real-time training, not the game action or ingame task. During the training process, the training will continue, no matter player character is online or not.
The only currency in EVE Online is InterStellar Kredit(ISK).
Players can purchase or sell items through barter or money market transactions, obtain transportation services to develop a contract between the players, purchase items by loyalty points from the non-player characters at lower prices, or exchange the ship or equipment, which is not available normally.
Players can also choose to get cheap eve online isk with real money, as itemgarden is dedicated to providing such gold with a good business reputation.
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RuneScape is developed by the British Jagex based on Java .the game currency is named RuneScape gold. It is a massively multiplayer online role-playing game (MMORPG).It's very popular in the world, especially in the United Kingdom and the United States.
With the increase in the players ,gold demand will inevitably increase.There are many ways to earn money in runescape,such as: fighting , fishing , killing icegiant, mining, killing monsters,etc. But you can also trade gold with relevant players directly. You can buy cheap RuneScape gold on itemgarden.com.
Cheap gold price, secure transactions, fast transaction time, excellent service team will allow you to save time and experience the fun of the game.
Star Wars (the-old-republic) is abbreviated swtor, but World of Warcraft is abbreviated wow.
SWtor and wow game both have the US servers.


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The post Vegan Spinach Artichoke Dip Recipe 30 Mins! appeared first on Vegan Richa.
Easy 1 Pot Vegan Spinach Artichoke Dip Recipe. Ready in 30 Minutes! This Creamy Cheesy artichoke dip is perfect for parties, picnics, game day. No Cream cheese or vegan cheese subs. Can be glutenfree, nutfree. Jump to Recipe
Planning the Superbowl Party"! Add this creamy spinach artichoke dip to the line up. Simple everyday ingredients, no cream cheese, Easy, creamy, cheesy and delicious! This Vegan Spinach artichoke comes together within minutes, needs just 1 skillet and is a crowd pleaser. Scoop it up warm bread, pita bread, chips, carrots, or veggies. This dip also makes a great addition to wraps, topping on a pizza, or spinach artichoke melt sandwich. Add some roasted veggies or greens and a good helping of the dip and grill for a melty creamy sandwich.
Lets make this! Change up the flavor, herbs to preference while cooking it in the skillet. See Recipe notes for nutfree and glutenfree options. Continue reading: Vegan Spinach Artichoke Dip Recipe 30 Mins!The p...
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Henry Hub natural gas prices will become far more volatile and influenced by global market conditions once the United States begins to export liquefied natural gas, according to a study released by the PIRA Energy Group.
The New York-based energy market consulting firm concluded that although much attention has been focused on how exports will influence pricing in other parts of the world, the impact on domestic prices also will be significant.
Other studies have suggested exports won't have a dramatic impact on U.S. prices. In January, the Deloitte Center for Energy Solutions predicted exports of natural gas would boost domestic prices only slightly, while lowering prices for Europe and other U.S. allies.
And a separate study commissioned by the Energy Department last year concluded that the United States would glean big economic benefits — with only modest natural gas price increases — from exporting the fossil fuel.
Financial drag: Exxon underestimated natural gas hit
The Energy Department so far has granted approval to just two companies, Cheniere Energy and Freeport LNG, to export domestically produced natural gas. And only Cheniere has received approval from the Federal Energy Regulatory Commission to build the facilities that will liquefy natural gas for overseas transport at its Sabine Pass terminal in Louisiana.
Energy Secretary Ernest Moniz told Congress Thursday the department would move quickly to process additional applications — 16 are pending to export natural gas to countries that don't have free trade agreements with the United States, including Japan.
Moniz said those applications will be reviewed with a consideration of their cumulative impact on the market.
The PIRA Energy study, "Liquefied Henry Hub: The Repercussions of North American LNG Exports at Home and Abroad", concludes that the more export capacity that is approved and built, the greater the pricing volatility will be.
It says U.S. liquefied natural gas exports are forecast to peak at about nine billion cubic feet per day by 2025.
"Depending on the degree to which this new form of demand is indifferent to North American market developments, the Henry Hub price ramifications will be substantial, at least in the short-term," study author Mickey Kwong said in a written statement.
Analyst: Natural gas demand will push price to $5
The Henry Hub is a distribution hub on the natural gas pipeline system in Louisiana; natural gas spot and future prices set there serve as the benchmark for North America.
Traditionally, natural gas prices in North America haven't been linked with those in the rest of the world, and natural gas here is currently far less expensive than it is in most other countries.
That's a key driver behind the call for the United States to export natural gas. Other countries, particularly those in Asia, hope it will give them access to less expensive gas, and U.S. producers hope the new markets will drive up natural gas prices enough to make drilling more lucrative.
The PIRA study says issues ranging from Russian gas production to Japanese nuclear policy will have a direct impact on Henry Hub prices, much the way issues in the Mideast or West Africa influence crude oil prices.
"The changing dynamic in the market is that the fairly insular world of North American gas markets and Henry Hub pricing will be immediately exposed to supply, demand, inventory, and pricing issues in other parts of the world," Ira Joseph, executive director of PIRA's global gas group said. "These factors were previously insignificant or ignored entirely by North American gas trade."
Read FuelFix coverage of the debate over exporting U.S. fuel:


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No visit to London would be complete without soaking up the unique atmosphere in the West End. It is one of London's most vibrant areas for shopping, shows, culture and history as well as food and drink.
When people refer to London's West End, they are talking about:
- London's entertainment district around Leicester Square and Covent Garden
- Shopping along Oxford Street, Regent Street, and Bond Street
- The city centre area to the west of the historic City of London, within the City of Westminster
Travel to and around the West End
London's West End is a large area. You'll need to travel around by bus, Tube or taxi. Or, if you're feeling fit, on two wheels under the London Cycle Hire Scheme.
There are many underground stations around the West End. The major hotspots for exiting include Oxford Circus, Covent Garden, Piccadilly Circus and Leicester Square.
If you're going to be in London for more than a day, it's worth buying a Visitor Oyster Card in advance. The Visitor Oyster Card is delivered to your home before you arrive in London. It is one of the easiest ways to get around London.
If you do not have a Visitor Oyster Card, but still plan to travel around London for more than a day, buy an Oyster card at the Tube station. Learn more about Oyster Cards.
Things to do in the West End: Museums and galleries
London's top attractions include sites within the West End. The most popular museums and galleries in the area are The National Gallery, The National Portrait Gallery, The Royal Academy of Arts and the London Transport Museum.
Things to do in the West End: Shopping
The West End contains some of London's finest shopping streets. Check out Oxford Street, Regent Street, Bond Street and St Christopher's Place for big-name flagship stores such as Topshop, Ralph Lauren, Selfridges, Hamleys, and The Apple Store.
When shopping in Soho, you'll find the famous mock Tudor department store, Liberty, close to excellent boutique shopping areas such as Berwick Street, Carnaby Street and Kingly Court.
Covent Garden is a lovely area to explore on foot. There are smaller West End shopping streets in the area. Don't miss St Martin's Courtyard and Seven Dials.
Read more on shopping in London.
Things to do in the West End: Theatre
Perhaps the most famous thing about London's West End is its theatre scene. Alongside Broadway in New York, West End theatre represents the highest quality theatre in the world.
There are around 40 theatres in London's "Theatreland." Theatre performances in the West End tend to be musicals, classic plays and comedies. Visit the TKTS booth in Leicester Square for discount theatre ticket for on-the-day performances and advance booking shows.
At the moment, you can choose from a wide range of West End shows: From musicals like Wicked, Mamma Mia, Les Miserables and Phantom of the Opera, to plays like The Woman in Black and The Mousetrap.
Find out more about London theatre.
West End theatre deals
Save up to 60% on London's top 10 shows
Things to do in West End: Cinema and casinos
The West End is also London's glamorous centre for red carpet movie premieres. Hollywood stars can be seen posing for photos almost every week.
If you want to see a film in London, the chances are you'll be able to see it at one of several cinemas in the West End, which are mostly located on or near Leicester Square.
This historical square is also where you'll find the 24-hour Hippodrome Casino which has space for live shows as well as a restaurant and five bars.
Things to do in West End: Bars and clubs
There is never a dull moment in London's West End bar scene. You can dance the night away at Cafe de Paris or Tiger Tiger. You can find trendy bars such as Dirty Martini on Covent Garden piazza or you can simply enjoy a romantic cocktail or two in the swanky surroundings of hotel bars like Artesian at The Langham, and Leicester Square Kitchen in the Radisson Blu Edwardian, Hampshire
Soho is the best area in the West End for bars and clubs. It's also the place to go to find the most gay and lesbian bars and clubs in London.
Read more about bars and clubs in London.
Things to do in West End: Restaurants
Take some time to explore the extensive options West End restaurants have to offer. This area of London has possibly the most diverse range of food, from decadent fine dining to cheap eats and take-outs.
In Chinatown you'll find the highest concentration of authentic Asian cuisine in the UK. In Mayfair, you'll enjoy more Michelin-starred restaurants than any other UK postcode. In Covent Garden's Opera Quarter, you'll find the best pre-theatre dining in London.
Throughout the West End you can enjoy:
- shrimp and more at Forrest Gump themed Bubba Gump Shrimp Co.
- Asian delights of Mint Leaf, Tamarind and Cinnamon Soho
- fresh seafood at J Sheekey and Randall & Aubin
- the sharing craze at Polpo, Opera Tavern and Blanchette
- a taste of the Far East at Aqua Kyoto
- the familiarity of comfort food at Jamie's Italian or Spaghetti House
- Peruvian-inspired tapas in Monmouth Kitchen
Read more about restaurants in London.
Restaurant offers
Fill your stomach without emptying your wallet!
Hotels and hostels in London's West End
Some of London's finest hotels can be found in the West End. Take your pick from the following, or browse our hotels section for more options:
- One Aldwych
- Hilton Waldorf
- Hotel Café Royal
- St Martins Lane
- The Savoy
- Radisson Blu Edwardian Mercer Street Hotel
- The Trafalgar
- The Hampshire
- The Langham
- The Charing Cross Hotel
The West End caters to visitors on a budget as well. The Central London YHA hostel and LSE Grosvenor House's self-catering studio rooms offer great value for money in Central London.
Read more about accommodation in London.
Cheap hotels in Soho
Enjoy our best price guarantee
Special events in the West End
The West End hosts a number of fantastic events and festivals. Trafalgar Square is home to special events throughout the year. Both Oxford Street and Regent Street have family-friendly traffic-free days during the year.
During Christmas in London, the West End sparkles with festive decorations and seasonal special events. The Christmas lights along Regent's Street and Oxford Street always prove popular with Londoners and visitors alike. London's New Year's Day Parade also takes place on the streets of the West End.