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Individuals, groups, or organizations that are active users of the organization's services. For example, active financial services clients may include those with active credit or savings accounts (excluding remittances or other financial transactions) or clients who have had transactions with microfinance institutions (MFI) during the reporting period.
Housing for which the associated financial costs are at a level that does not threaten or compromise the occupants' enjoyment of other human rights and basic needs and that represents a reasonable proportion of an individual's overall income.Source: Adapted from the United Nations Human Rights Commission
Agricultural Land may be defined broadly as land used primarily for production of food and fiber. Agricultural land subcategories identified in the Anderson Land Classification system include cropland and pasture; orchards, groves, vineyards, nurseries, and ornamental horticultural areas; confined feeding operations; and other agricultural land.Source: Anderson Land Classification System
A resource controlled by an entity as a result of past events; and from which future economic benefits are expected to flow to the entity.Anything tangible or intangible that is capable of being owned or controlled to produce value and that is held to have positive economic value is considered an asset. Simply stated, assets represent ownership of value that can be converted into cash (although cash itself is also considered an asset). Source: International Financial Reporting Standards
Barren land is land of limited ability to support life and in which less than one-third of the area has vegetation or other cover. In general, it is an area of thin soil, sand, or rocks. Vegetation, if present, is more widely spaced and scrubby than that in the Shrub and Brush category of Rangeland. Unusual conditions, such as a heavy rainfall, occasionally result in growth of a short-lived, more luxuriant plant cover. Wet, nonvegetated barren lands are included in the Nonforested Wetland category.
Barren land subcategories identified in the Anderson Land Classification system include: dry salt flats, beaches, and sandy areas other than beaches; bare exposed rock; strip mines, quarries, and gravel pits; transitional areas; and mixed barren land.Source: Anderson Land Classification System
Individuals for which the organization intends to provide opportunities through consumption, production, or distribution of its products or services.
Benefit Corporations are a new class of corporation that:
Source: Benefit Corp Information Center
Capable of decomposing under natural conditions.Source: United States Environmental Protection Agency
A group of people legally responsible to govern a corporation and responsible to the shareholders and other relevant stakeholders. A governing body with a different name (e.g., "advisory body") may be considered a Board of Directors provided it has a fiduciary responsibility to shareholders and/or other relevant stakeholders.
Renovation/remodeling of old buildings. Some guidelines specify that to be considered building reuse, the building(s) must have been initially constructed (and completed) at least 40 years ago. The purpose of building reuse can vary, such as saving natural resources (including raw material, energy, and water required to build new buildings), preventing pollution (byproducts of extraction, manufacturing and transportation of virgin materials), avoiding solid waste creation, etc.Sources: Adapted from Triple Bottom Line Collaborative and the National Trust for Historic Preservation
Organization operates by selling its goods or services to other businesses, formally or informally.
Organization operates by selling its goods or services to the end consumer (individuals, households, communities, etc.).
Organization operates by selling/providing its goods or services to government agencies.
Individuals who provide preventative, curative, rehabilitative, and promotional health services. A caregiver could be a doctor, nurse, clinician, community health worker, etc.
Caregiver health professionals provide preventive, curative, rehabilitative, and promotional health services based on an extensive body of theoretical and factual knowledge in diagnosis and treatment of disease and other health problems. They may conduct research on human disorders/illnesses and ways of treating them, as well as supervise other workers.
The knowledge and skills required are usually obtained as the result of study at a higher educational institution in a health-related field for a period of 3–6 years leading to the award of a first degree or higher qualification. This includes general and specialist medical practitioners, nurses, dentists, paramedics, etc.
Sources: Adapted from the World Health Organization and the International Labor Office's International Standard Classification of Occupations
Cash equivalents are short-term, highly-liquid investments that are readily convertible to known amounts of cash and are not subject to significant risk of changes in value.
Persons under the age of 19, as defined by the World Health Organization (WHO). For specific details, the WHO defines infants as birth to 1 year, children as 1 to 10 years, and adolescents as 10 to 19 years.Source: World Health Organization
A certification must be from a third party, be standards-based, have those standards be transparent, and have an assurance process. The process of certification is carried out by a recognized body, independent from interested parties, which demonstrates that a product or organization complies with the requirements defined in the standards or technical specifications.
Receiving certification from a recognized body that is independent from interested parties and can demonstrate that the organization complies with the requirements defined in the standards or technical specifications.
Client protection can be a relevant concept in a number of sectors. Specifically for the microfinance sector, the definition is linked to The Campaign for Client Protection in Microfinance, which seeks to unite microfinance providers worldwide to develop and implement standards for the appropriate treatment of low-income clients based on the following seven principles:
Sometimes called a Code of Conduct or Code of Business Standards. This is a formal document that establishes behavioral expectations for the organization and the people who work there.
A policy that encourages and allows employees to volunteer or engage in charitable giving.
Source: Conflict of Interest in Medical Research, Education, and Practice, Lo and Field, 2009.
A contract is an agreement with specific terms between two or more persons or entities in which there is a promise to do something in return for a valuable benefit, such as payment. The existence of a contract requires that there be a proposed and accepted offer, a promise to perform by one entity as well as a promise to provide a valuable benefit by the other (payment), and a time or event by which performance must occur.
An autonomous association of persons united voluntarily to meet their common economic, social, and cultural needs and aspirations through a jointly-owned and democratically-controlled enterprise.
Source: International Labor Organization, and search for "cooperative"
Corporate governance is the system by which business corporations are directed and controlled. The corporate governance structure specifies the distribution of rights and responsibilities among different participants in the corporation (such as the boards, managers, shareholders, and other stakeholders) and spells out the rules and procedures for making decisions on corporate affairs. By doing this, it also provides the structure through which the company objectives are set, as well as a means of attaining those objectives and monitoring performance.
Source: Organization for Economic Co-operation and Development
Critical equipment or facilities are those fixed assets necessary for the organization to provide its products and services in the sense that they are materially necessary. Materially necessary means that if the equipment were destroyed, degraded, or compromised, it would make it difficult or impossible for the organization to provide its services/products. It is also typically equipment that has a maximum utilization that is a limiting factor on the units produced or services provided. For example, a hospital might cite patient beds, an MRI machine, or sterile surgical rooms as critical equipment/facilities.
Cultural Values/Services are the nonmaterial benefits obtained from ecosystems.
Source: WRI
A carbon credit, or a carbon offset, is a financial unit of measurement that represents the removal of one metric ton of carbon dioxide equivalent (tCO2e) from the atmosphere. Carbon credits, also known as Certified Emission Reductions (CERs), enable businesses to compensate for their emissions, meet their carbon reduction goals, and support the move to a low carbon economy. Carbon offsetting markets were created as a mechanism to achieve the targets set within the Kyoto Protocol, adopted by the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCC).
Carbon offsetting delivers financing to essential renewable energy, forestry, and resource conservation projects which generate reductions in Greenhouse Gases (GHG) emissions. Projects can be validated and verified to demonstrate that they are generating GHG reductions and can be monitored on a regular basis through independent third parties.
Organizations can refer to the following resources for additional guidance on carbon offsets:
-United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change
Charitable donations include financial contributions and in-kind donations of goods and services to charities, private foundations, non-profit organizations, or non-governmental organizations. Pricing discounts do not count as charitable donations; only free services are considered to be in-kind donations.
Depreciation and Amortization is the systematic allocation of depreciable assets, tangible (depreciation) and intangible (amortization), over the assets' useful lives.
Source: Adapted from International Financial Reporting Standards
Emissions of greenhouse gases that are from sources that are owned or controlled by the reporting organization.
Source: GHG Protocol
A person with a disability is defined as someone who has, or considers themselves to have, a long-term or recurring issue that impacts one or more activities that others may consider to be a daily function. This definition also includes the perception among others that a disability exists.
Source: Lime Connect
An individual or organization that sells products or services to other distributors (wholesale) or to the ultimate consumer (retail).
A student who, for any reason other than death, leaves school before graduation without transferring to another school/institution.
Land area under the organization's direct control is land for which the organization completely controls land use through direct operation or management. This includes situations where the organization's employees cultivate the land directly.
Note that land ownership is not always equivalent to control. For example, in situations where land is leased to another entity or individual to cultivate, land is only directly controlled if the lease is accompanied by exhaustive land use criteria. If this land use criteria still allows the organization to have financial control and management over the land, the land is still considered to be directly controlled by the organization.
The destruction of forests in order to make the land available for other, non-forest uses. Organizations can refer to the following sources for further information on deforestation:
-Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change
The value of the portion of a policy's premium that applies to the expired portion of the policy. Although insurance premiums are often paid in advance, insurers typically earn the premium at an even rate throughout the policy term. The remainder is the unearned premium.
Ecological restoration is the process of assisting the recovery of an ecosystem that has been degraded, damaged, or destroyed. An ecosystem has recovered - and is restored - when it contains sufficient biotic and abiotic resources to continue its development without further assistance or subsidy. It will sustain itself structurally and functionally. It will demonstrate resilience to normal ranges of environmental stress and disturbance. It will interact with contiguous ecosystems in terms of biotic and abiotic flows and cultural interactions.
For example, if the objective is to establish tree cover with a designated species composition and species abundance on former cropland, one intervention could be to plant sapling trees of the designated species at specified densities. Refer to Society for Ecological Restoration Guidelines for Developing and Managing Ecological Restoration Projects for additional background information.
The benefits people obtain from ecosystems. These include provisioning services such as food and water; regulating services such as regulation of floods, drought, land degradation, and disease; supporting services such as soil formation and nutrient cycling; and cultural services such as recreational, spiritual, religious, and other non-material benefits.
Provisioning services are goods provided by ecosystems and include crops, timber, and livestock as well as genetic resources for medicines. Regulating services maintain healthy ecosystem functioning and include water purification, pollination, water regulation, and climate regulation. Cultural services are intangible and non-material value people derive from nature and include spiritual and aesthetic benefits as well as recreation and tourism. Supporting services are the natural processes that maintain the three other ecosystem services.
Organizations can refer to the following sources for additional information on ecosystem services:
-United Nations Environment Programme
All species with the status of "Near Threatened," "Vulnerable," "Endangered," or "Critically Endangered" on the Red List of Threatened Species prepared by the International Union for the Conservation of Nature (IUCN).
Source: IUCN
Energy conservation refers to efforts made to reduce the total amount of energy needed to carry out current processes or tasks. The term does not include overall reduction in energy consumption from reduced organizational activities (e.g., partial outsourcing of production).
Source: Global Reporting Initiative
An Environmental Management System (EMS) is a set of processes and practices that enable an organization to reduce its environmental impacts and increase its operating efficiency. An EMS helps a company address its regulatory demands in a systematic and cost-effective manner. It can also help address non-regulated issues such as energy conservation and can promote stronger operational control and employee stewardship.
Source: Adapted from the EPA
Reasons for dismissal which shall be not be considered valid include those based on union membership or participation in union activities, filing of a complaint against an employer, race, color, sex, marital status, family responsibilities, pregnancy, religion, political opinion, national extraction or social origin, temporary absence due to illness, or absence from work during maternity leave.
Source: International Labor Organization
Organizations can refer to the following sources for additional clarification on the definition:-Microfinance Information Exchange Social Performance Indicators -Microfinance Information Exchange Glossary
Forest lands have a tree-crown areal density (crown closure percentage) of 10 percent or more, are stocked with trees capable of producing timber or other wood products, and exert an influence on the climate or water regime. Lands from which trees have been removed to less than 10 percent crown closure but which have not been developed for other uses also are included; for example, lands on which there are rotation cycles of clear cutting and block planting are part of Forest Land.
Lands that meet the requirements for Forest Land and also for an Urban or Built-up category should be placed in the latter category. The only exceptions in classifying forest land are those areas which would otherwise be classified as Wetland if not for the forest cover. Since the wet condition is of much interest to land managers and planning groups and is so important as an environmental surrogate and control, such lands are classified as Forested Wetland.
Forest Land subcategories identified in the Anderson Land Classification system include: Deciduous, Evergreen, and Mixed.
Full-time paid employees work year round and typically work 35-50 hours per week. If local definitions of full-time equivalency differ, use the appropriate standard.
A full-time equivalent (FTE) job is the equivalent of one person working full time as defined by local laws. FTEs is equal to the number of full-time employees plus the number of employees on part-time schedules converted to a full-time basis. In most instances this should include seasonal, contractual, part-time, and full-time employees hired directly by the financed enterprise or through third-party agencies.
Source: Adapted from the United States Small Business Association
A publicly-known feedback system that clients or employees can use to provide feedback, ask questions, and file complaints that is broadly recognized and promoted by the company and that most/all clients/employees are aware of. A publicly-known system does not include a company that accepts feedback through informal systems (such as occasional phone calls from customers or reliance on self-volunteerism from employees).
Non-saline bodies of water located within terrestrial environments and unconnected to any tidal or estuarine water bodies. Excludes ephemeral bodies of freshwater, which are rain dependent and flow only after precipitation.
Source: Adapted from the International Union for the Conservation of Nature, search for "Fresh water".
A forest management plan is the application of appropriate technical forestry principles, practices, and business techniques to the management of a forest to achieve the landowner's objectives.
Sources:-International Labor Organization's standards on Freedom of Association -Ethical Trading Initiative's ETI Base Code
Full-time paid employees work year round and typically work 35-50 hours per week. If local definitions of full-time equivalency differ, use the appropriate standard.
Part-time paid employees work year round but do not meet full-time equivalency standards (typically less than 35 hours a week).
Gender identity refers to one's innermost concept of self as male, female, a blend, or neither. It is how individuals perceive themselves and what they call themselves. Gender identity can be the same or different than biological sex or the sex assigned at birth.
Gender expression is the external appearance of one's gender identity, usually expressed through behavior, clothing, communication patterns, and interests, and which may or may not conform to socially-defined behaviors and characteristics consistent with socially-prescribed gender roles.
Source: Adapted from the Human Rights Campaign
Green building is the practice of creating structures and using processes that are environmentally responsible and resource-efficient throughout a building's life-cycle from sitting to design, construction, operation, maintenance, renovation, and deconstruction.
Greenhouse gases (sometimes abbreviated GHG) are gases that trap heat in the atmosphere. The most common gases include carbon dioxide, NOx, SOx, methane, etc.
Organizations can refer to the following sources for further guidance:
Water below the surface of the Earth, where it occupies spaces in soils or geologic strata. Most groundwater comes from precipitation, which gradually percolates into the Earth, often via aquifers.
Refuse that could present dangers through the contamination and pollution of the environment. It requires special disposal techniques to make it harmless or less dangerous. A list of specific hazardous waste categories to be controlled can be found in Annex I to the Basel Convention (http://archive.basel.int/pub/annexes.pdf).
The baseline water stress is a ratio of the total water withdrawal to the freshwater availability in a specific water source. High water stress is defined as a ratio of 40-80% and extremely high is defined as a ratio of greater than 80%. High levels of baseline water stress indicate that demand for freshwater approaches or exceeds the renewable surface freshwater supply, which may lead to greater socio-economic competition for freshwater and a higher risk of supply disruptions.
Source: World Resource Institute
Areas with environmental and social values that are considered to be of outstanding or exceptional importance. A High Conservation Value Forest (HCVF) can be a small part of a larger forest, such as an archeological site, or can be an entire forest unit, as is sometimes the case when the forest is habitat for a threatened or endangered species.
Source: Rainforest Alliance
A housing unit is a separate and independent place of abode intended for habitation by a single household. This category includes housing of various levels of permanency and acceptability and therefore requires further classification in order to provide for a meaningful assessment of housing conditions.
Source: Organization for Economic Co-operation and Development
A policy, set by an organization, that codifies decisions to support personnel functions, performance management, employee relations, and resource planning. Areas of a human resources policy might include: wages/salary scales, benefits, and working conditions (including rights concerning overtime pay, safety at work, non-discrimination, freedom of association, grievance resolution, whistleblower policy, anti-harassment safeguards, disciplinary procedures and possible sanctions, provision of any collective bargaining agreements, exit formalities, etc.).
Organizations can refer to the following source for additional information on human resources policies: The Social Performance Task Force's Universal Standards for Social Performance Management, Standard 5A
Indirect control refers to land that the organization supports or influences but does not directly cultivate or manage.
Examples in which the organization indirectly controls land may include purchase contracts or sourcing from farmer cooperatives.
Independent Board Members are defined as individuals who are not an employee of the company, not a material investor/owner (owning less than 5%), and not a spouse or family member of a material owner.
Emissions of greenhouse gases that result from the activities of the reporting organization but are generated at sources owned or controlled by another organization. In the context of this metric, indirect emissions refer to GHG emissions from the generation of electricity, heat, or steam that is imported and consumed by the reporting organization.
Source: GHG Protocol
A loan made to an individual borrower who is solely responsible for its repayment.
Source: Adapted from the Microfinance Information Exchange
The amount of money an insurer charges to provide the coverage described in the policy or bond. Insurance premiums may vary due to factors (e.g., geography or policy length).
Businesses with more than 250 workers.
Source: Adapted from the International Finance Corporation
An organization that is owned by one or more members and controlled by members or managers.
Source: Adapted from the United States Internal Revenue Service
A liability is a present obligation of the organization arising from past events, the settlement of which is expected to result in an outflow from the entity of resources with economic benefit.
Source: Adapted from the International Financial Reporting Standards
A loan officer is a field staff member of record who is directly responsible for arranging and monitoring client loans.
Low-income people are individuals living above the poverty line but below the national median income. Organizations should clearly footnote the poverty and median income thresholds used and the sources referenced. For more information about poverty lines and Purchasing Power Parity visit: http://www.povertytools.org
For U.S. individuals, some sources define low-income as: individuals whose annual (gross) income does not exceed 80% of the median family income for the area (adjusted for family size). Please refer to HUD standards here: http://www.huduser.gov/portal/datasets/il/fmr98/sect8.html. To determine the 2015 income limits by area please refer to: http://www.huduser.org/portal/datasets/il/il15/index.html
For organizations operating in developing countries, commonly used tools to help determine the absolute poverty level of individuals include:
A geographic area (neighborhood, village, other region) where the median family income is less than 80% of the median family income of the surrounding vicinity.
Source: Adapted from the US Department of Housing and Urban Development
A formal legal or regulatory complaint includes any complaint levied against the organization by an individual, other organization, or government body, due to the organization's violations of rules of any government, regulatory organization, licensing agency, or professional association governing their professional activities and any resulting externalities.
Managers are individuals who have the responsibility to oversee organizations or units within organizations. Managers plan, direct, coordinate, and evaluate the overall activities of enterprises, governments, and other organizations, or of organizational units within them, and formulate and review their policies, laws, rules, and regulations.
Source: Adapted from the International Labor Organization, see page 7.
Microenterprises are those with 10 or fewer workers and which are often unregistered and run by the Poor or Very Poor.
Source: Adapted from the Inter-American Development Bank
Individuals and groups historically denied power of one of the following sorts:
The term minority or previously excluded should relate to local guidelines for places with well-established policies (e.g., South Africa: Broad Based Black Economic Empowerment (BBBEE) definition of previously excluded, India: based on backward caste).
Source: Adapted from the UN Empowerment Policies
The mission statement is a concise message that expresses how an organization generates financial, social, and/or environmental value through its business activities.
The lowest wage permitted by law or by a special agreement (such as with a labor union). Note that a minimum wage differs from a living wage, which also takes into account external factors such as the local cost of living and number of dependents.
Since the minimum wage varies according to geography, IRIS does not define a minimum wage. Organizations can refer to the following resources for further guidance on defining their local minimum wage:
Species native to a given territory means a species that has been observed in the form of a naturally occurring and self-sustaining population in historical times.
Source: "Nature and Environment, No. 119." Texts Adopted by the Standing Committee of the Convention on the Conservation of European Wildlife and Natural Habitats. Berne: Council of Europe Publishing, 1979. 35. Google Books. Web.
Students who are provided schooling who previously were not in school because of the distance they had to travel, the cost they had to pay, or requirements of entry that prohibited the student from attending.
Previously un-electrified households served with access to electricity either from utility/community generation, distributed generation, or improved distribution during the reporting period.
Individuals who previously were not served by formal health care because of the distance they had to travel, the cost they had to pay, or requirements of entry that prohibited them from seeking such services.
Households that previously did not have reasonable access to water. Reasonable access to water is defined as the availability of at least 20 liters per person per day from an acceptable source within 1 kilometer of the user's dwelling.
Acceptable water sources include: household connection, public standpipe, borehole, protected dug well or spring water, rainwater collection, connection to a public sewer or septic system, pour-flush or simple-pit latrine, and ventilated improved pit-latrine.
A non-profit organization is one that is registered as a non-profit entity according to the rules/regulations of the country in which it is based. A non-governmental organization (NGO) has primarily humanitarian or cooperative, rather than commercial, objectives and is largely independent of government. Refer to national regulations of the country in which it is based.
Non-renewable energy is from sources that cannot be replenished (made again) in a short period of time, so their quantity is considered finite. Non-renewable energy sources include oil and petroleum products (including gasoline, diesel fuel, heating oil, and propane), natural gas, coal, and uranium (nuclear energy).
Source: Adapted from the Global Reporting Initiative
Refuse that is not considered hazardous.
Employees who are paid on a variable basis (e.g., hourly, daily, other specified time cycle, or other specified parameter). Non-salaried employees' earnings are contingent on the amount of time worked or specific tasks completed.
An occupational injury is any personal injury, disease, or death resulting from an occupational accident. An occupational accident is an unexpected and unplanned occurrence, including acts of violence, arising out of or in connection with work which results in one or more workers incurring a personal injury.
Source: International Labor Organization, and search "occupational injury"
An occupational fatality occurs if an event or exposure results in the fatal injury or fatal illness of a person, either on the employer's premises and the person was there to work, or off the employer's premise and the person was there to work (or the event/exposure was related to the person's work or status an employee).
Source: Adapted from the United States Department of Labor, Bureau of Labor Statistics
Pesticides refers to insecticides, fungicides, herbicides, disinfectants, and any substance intended for preventing, destroying, attracting, repelling, or controlling any pest, including unwanted species of plants or animals during the production, storage, transport, distribution, and processing of food, agricultural commodities, or animal feeds that may be administered to animals for the control of parasites.Organizations that use pesticides with varying levels of hazard can refer to the following source for further information on recommended classifications of pesticides by hazard level: The WHO Recommended Classification of Pesticides by Hazard
Sources: United Nations Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO), World Health Organization (WHO)
An organization that is owned by two or more individuals or other entities and is controlled by those partners.
Source: Adapted from the United States Internal Revenue Service
Part-time paid employees work year round but do not meet full-time equivalency standards (typically less than 35 hours a week).
Land with perennial snow cover, including perennial snowfields, and glaciers.
The areas immediately adjoining urban areas. Such areas are found outside formal urban boundaries and urban jurisdictions which are in a process of urbanization and which therefore progressively assume many of the characteristics of urban areas. Inhabitants in these areas generally fall into the low-income group of the community and mostly live in slums. These peri-urban areas are also seen as an interface between the urban and rural areas.
Source: Adapted from the United Nations Food and Agriculture Organization
Protected land for which legal land use restrictions set for the purposes of maintaining biological diversity and natural resources are permanent and established in perpetuity. Being established in perpetuity means that the deed of conservation easement must state that the restriction remains on the property forever and is binding on current and future owners of the property. See definition for "Protected Land."
Source: Adapted from the United States Internal Revenue Service
The poor are people living below a recognized poverty line. Commonly recognized poverty lines include (1) persons living below the poverty line established by the national government, or (2) persons living on less than US $3.10 per day in daily per-capita expenditures at 2011 Purchasing Power Parity (PPP).*
Commonly used tools to help determine the absolute poverty level of individuals include:
As many poverty estimation tools require sampling or other estimation techniques, organizations that rely on assumptions should footnote details used in the calculation process. For example, organizations that sell solar lanterns via a series of local network distributors might estimate the number of poor clients based on government data on poverty levels based the geography of units sold. Details on how and why these assumptions were made should be footnoted.
*Sourced from The World Bank and their World Development Indicators
Water safe enough to be consumed by humans or used with low risk of immediate or long-term harm. Potable water can be used for domestic purposes, drinking, cooking, and personal hygiene.Source: Adapted from the World Health Organization
An area of land especially dedicated to the protection and maintenance of conservation values and managed through an enforceable legal mechanism.
Legal restrictions protecting land may be permanent or nonpermanent. See permanently protected land.Source: Adapted from the International Union for the Conservation of Nature (IUCN)
Provisioning Values/Services are the goods or products that are obtained from ecosystems.
Source: World Resources Institute
Organization operates by matching client individuals who have a service to offer, to other client individuals who could use that service.
An organization is qualified if it is a government entity or a publicly recognized charity or social purpose organization. The organization must be committed to ensuring the conservation purpose of the land. For example, qualified conservation organizations will generally have an established monitoring program such as annual property inspections to ensure compliance with the conservation goals or terms of the legal encumbrances on the land. The organization must also have the resources to enforce the restrictions of the conservation easement. Resources do not necessarily mean cash. Resources may be in the form of volunteer services such as lawyers who provide legal services or people who inspect and prepare monitoring reports.
Source: Adapted from the United States Internal Revenue Service
Peer review/supervision: formal quality performance assessment of staff, either through peer review mechanisms or supervision. Assessments often focus on documentation and record keeping. Emphasizing outcomes measurement and providing structured assessment criteria and forms improve the reliability of these mechanisms.
Audit and feedback: involves assessing how well staff are meeting accepted guidelines or standard practice, often by reviewing patients' charts or other documentation. The most common types of audit and feedback systems are (a) clinical error tracking, (b) guideline adherence monitoring, and (c) stocking and storage monitoring.
Checklists and logs: checklists, prompts, and log sheets are common tools for quality assurance in healthcare. Common examples are safety checklists for surgery and equipment maintenance logs.
Electronic monitoring systems: these systems collect and organize patient health and organizational performance data. They can be used to track patient outcomes, client flows, and manage equipment utilization.
Communication and education: structured learning and a focus on communication, human factors, and systematized ways of interacting. The most common techniques include classroom or small group-based training methods, conducting practical activities, and work based learning. Communication and education programs can target staff or patients.
Guidelines, protocols, and registries: these tools help provide more integrated, continuous, and evidence-based care. They provide recommendations and instructions for patient management and care.
Rangeland historically has been defined as land where the potential natural vegetation is predominantly grasses, grasslike plants, forbs, or shrubs, and where natural herbivory was an important influence in its pre-civilization state. Management techniques which associate soil, water, and forage-vegetation resources are more suitable for rangeland management than are practices generally used in managing pastureland. Some rangelands have been or may be seeded to introduced or domesticated plant species. Rangeland subcategories identified in the Anderson Land Classification system include: herbaceous range, shrub and brush rangeland, and mixed rangeland.
Recycled Water is treated waste water that is used for beneficial purposes (e.g., previously used and treated water to be used for irrigation, toilet water, etc.).
Source: World Resources Institute
The reprocessing of materials into new products, which generally prevents the waste of potentially useful materials, reduces the consumption of raw materials, lowers energy usage, and decreases greenhouse gas emissions compared to virgin production.
Source: Adapted from the Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development
Planting of forests on lands that have previously contained forest but have since been converted to some other use.
Regulating Values/Services are the benefits obtained from an ecosystem's control of natural processes. They include:
Source: World Resources Institute
Renewable energy sources are those derived from natural processes that are capable of being replenished in a short time through ecological cycles. These sources have the benefit of being abundant, available in some capacity nearly everywhere, and they cause little if any environmental damage. Renewable energy sources include: Geothermal, Wind, Solar, Hydro, and Biomass. They also include electricity and heat generated from ocean, hydropower, biofuels, and hydrogen derived from renewable resources.
Source: Adapted from the Global Reporting Initiative
The reporting period is the time from the Report Start Date (OD6951) to the Report End Date (OD7111).
Revenue is the gross inflow of economic benefits arising in the course of the ordinary activities of an organization when those inflows result in increases in equity, excluding increases relating to contributions from equity participants. Revenue includes only the gross inflows of monies received and receivable by the organization on its own account. Amounts collected on behalf of third parties, such as sales taxes, goods and services taxes, and value added taxes are not economic benefits which flow to the entity and do not result in increases in equity. Therefore, they are excluded from revenue. Similarly, in an agency relationship, the gross inflows of economic benefits include amounts collected on behalf of the principal and do not result in increases in equity for the entity. The amounts collected on behalf of the principal are not revenue. Instead, revenue is the amount of commission.
Source: Alexander, David, Anne Britton, and Ann Jorissen. International Financial Reporting and Analysis. 3rd ed. London: Thomson Learning, 2007. 417. Google Books. Web.
Rural areas are those not characterized as peri-urban or urban. The traditional distinction between urban and rural areas within a country has been based on the assumption that urban areas, no matter how they are defined, provide a different way of life and usually a higher level of living than are found in rural areas. In many industrialized countries, this distinction has become blurred and the principal difference between urban and rural areas in terms of the circumstances of living tends to be a matter of the degree of concentration of population. Although the differences between urban and rural ways of life and standards of living remain significant in developing countries, rapid urbanization in these countries has created a great need for information related to different sizes of urban areas. This is when classification by size of locality can usefully supplement the urban-rural dichotomy or even replace it depending on the circumstances in the country.
Source: United Nations Statistical Commission, Principles and Recommendations for a Vital Statistics System, 2013
Recalls are actions taken by the organization to remove a product from the market. Recalls may be conducted on an organization's own initiative, by a regulatory body's request, or by a regulatory body's order under statutory authority.
Unwelcome sexual advances or verbal or physical conduct of a sexual nature which has the purpose or effect of unreasonably interfering with the individual's work performance or creating an intimidating, hostile, abusive, or offensive working environment.
Behavior that qualifies as sexual harassment includes the following:
Source: International Labor Organization, and search "sexual harassment"
Small-to-medium enterprises (SMEs) are businesses defined by specific characteristics (e.g., number of employees, assets, revenue, capital and investment, turnover, or other) with parameters defined by the either a government agency in the business's domicile country or by private financial institutions. For example, the World Bank defines SMEs as having a maximum of 300 employees, maximum revenues or turnover of $15,000,000, or maximum assets of $15,000,000, whereas the Multilateral Investment Fund (MIF) of the Inter-American Development Bank (IADB) defines SMEs as having a maximum of 100 employees or maximum revenues or turnover of $3,000,000. Organizations can refer to the following resources for additional information on defining SMEs for their context and should footnote the source they use.
- Brookings Global Economy and Development
- International Finance Corporation
Smallholder farmers are marginal and sub-marginal farm households constrained in size and resources. Some sources define smallholder farmers as those who cultivate between 1 hectare to 10 hectares (for more semi-arid areas) of land. While they will vary in farm size and crop/livestock distribution according to their activity and region, common characteristics of smallholder farmers are that they have low access to technology, limited resources in terms of capital, skills, and risk management, depend on family labor for most activities, and have limited capacity in terms of storage, marketing, and processing.
Organizations should detail the characteristics of the smallholders they reference, including the size of land managed.
Social Performance Management (SPM) is the implementation of management practices that translate the institution's social mission into practice with Specific, Measurable, Achievable, Realistic, and Time-specific (SMART) social performance objectives. SPM involves the process of effectively collecting and using information in order to adapt and improve an organization's products and institutional systems so that every day operations can contribute directly to the long term goal of mission fulfillment. SPM is a term often applied to microfinance institutions (MFIs) but can also be applied to other organization types.
Sources: Adapted from the Microfinance Center and the Social Performance Task Force
An organization controlled by an individual owner.
Source: Adapted from the United States Internal Revenue Service
Solidarity Group lending refers to the use of groups for disbursement of funds and collection of repayment on loans to either the group as a whole or to the individual members of that group. Borrowers of such groups often bear joint and several liability for the repayment of all loans to the group and its members. This group liability may also determine credit decisions made by the institution. Solidarity Groups vary in the degrees to which they use groups for credit decisions, disbursement, collection, or to reduce credit risk. For IRIS, loans are considered to be of the Solidarity Group methodology when some aspect of loan consideration depends on the group, including credit analysis, liability, guarantee, collateral, and loan size and conditions.
Water on the surface of the Earth, such as streams, rivers, lakes, wetlands, or oceans.
Business that provides goods or services to an organization to help move a product or service from the organization to its customer.
Supporting Values/Services are the natural processes that maintain the other ecosystem services
Source: World Resources Institute
Sustainable cultivation/farming practices commonly include: crop rotations that mitigate weeds, disease, insect, and other pest problems, provide alternative sources of soil nitrogen, reduce soil erosion, and reduce risk of water contamination by agricultural chemicals. Common practices also include pest control strategies that are not harmful to natural systems, farmers, their neighbors, or consumers. This includes integrated pest management techniques that reduce the need for pesticides by practices such as: scouting, use of resistant cultivars, timing of planting, biological pest controls, increased mechanical/biological weed control, more soil and water conservation practices, strategic use of animal and green manures, and use of natural or synthetic inputs in a way that poses no significant hazard to man, animals, or the environment.
Sustainable stewardship is a holistic approach intended over the long-term to: enhance environmental quality and the natural resource base; make the most efficient use of nonrenewable resources and integrate, where appropriate, natural biological cycles and controls; sustain the economic viability of working landscapes; and enhance the quality of life for those living and working on the land, and society as a whole.
Stewardship refers to land management practices, as opposed to legal restrictions on the use of the land. Economic activities that take place on sustainably stewarded land may include sustainable farming, ranching, forestry, and recreation. More specifically:
Employees who are paid on a fixed basis, receiving a predetermined amount (as defined in a contract, for example) that is not subject to deductions for the quality or quantity of work. Salaried employees' earnings are not contingent on the amount of time worked and are typically paid for a defined term (e.g., yearly).
A stream refers to a natural flowing body of water. It typically has a current and is confined within a bed and stream banks.
Organizations can refer to the following sources for further information on the definition of a stream:
-USGS, Science in Your Watershed
Employee tenure is a measure of how long salaried and non-salaried workers have been with their current employer at the time of measurement.
Source: Adapted from the United States Department of Labor, Bureau of Labor Statistics
Temporary employees are defined as seasonal and contract employees. Seasonal employees are primarily used in agriculture or fisheries. Contracted employees are generally hired for the completion of a specific task.
Source: Adapted from the International Labor Organization
Materials contaminating the environment that cause death, disease, or birth defects in the organisms that ingest or absorb them. The quantities and the length of exposure necessary to cause these effects can vary widely.
Source: Organization for Economic Co-operation and Development
Tundra is the term applied to the treeless regions beyond the limit of the boreal forest and above the altitudinal limit of trees in high mountain ranges. The timber line which separates forest and tundra in alpine regions corresponds to an arctic transition zone in which trees are increasingly restricted to the most favorable sites. The vegetative cover of the tundra is low, dwarfed, and often forms a complete mat. These plant characteristics are in large part the result of adaptation to the physical environment (one of the most extreme on Earth), where temperatures may average above freezing only one or two months out of the year, where strong desiccating winds may occur, where great variation in solar energy received may exist, and where permafrost is encountered almost everywhere beneath the vegetative cover.
The Anderson Land Classification System includes the following subcategories of Tundra: shrub and brush tundra, herbaceous tundra, bare ground tundra, wet tundra, and mixed tundra.
The length of time until a loan is due.
Source: Nasdaq
The theory of change (also referred to as the Theory of Value Creation or Logic Model) is an expression of the sequence of cause-and-effect actions or occurrences by which organizational and financial resources are assumed to be converted into the desired social results. It provides a conceptual road map for how an organization expects to achieve its intended impact and is often displayed in a diagram. A framework built around concepts of activities, inputs, outputs, outcomes, and impacts is called a logic model or impact value chain.
Sources:-Social Impact Investment Taskforce
Threatened species are any species (including animals, plants, fungi, etc.) which are likely to become an endangered species within the foreseeable future throughout all or a significant portion of its range. The term threatened is an umbrella term for a group of categories that captures various levels of threat to the species, ranging from vulnerable species to endangered species to critically endangered species.
Organizations can refer to the following sources for further guidance and for clarification on the classification definitions cited herein:
-International Union for the Conservation of Nature
-Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Fauna and Flora
Urban areas are characterized by higher population density and vast human features in comparison to areas surrounding it. Use guidelines as defined by the area's national government.
Urban or Built-up Land is comprised of areas of intensive use with much of the land covered by structures. Included in this category are cities, towns, villages, strip developments along highways, transportation, power, communications facilities, areas such as those occupied by mills, shopping centers, industrial and commercial complexes, and institutions that may, in some instances, be isolated from urban areas.
The very poor are people living below a recognized absolute extreme poverty line. Organizations should clearly footnote the poverty thresholds used and sources referenced. Commonly recognized extreme poverty lines include (1) persons in the bottom 50% of those living below the poverty line established by the national government, (2) persons living on less than US $1.90 per day in daily per-capita expenditures at 2011 Purchasing Power Parity (PPP), (3) the USAID extreme poverty line, which varies by country.*
Commonly used tools to help determine the absolute poverty level of beneficiaries:
As many poverty estimation tools require sampling or other estimation techniques, organizations that rely on assumptions should footnote details used in the calculation process. For example, organizations that sell solar lanterns via a series of local network distributors might estimate the number of poor clients based on government data on poverty levels based the geography of units sold. Details on how and why these assumptions were made should be footnoted.
*Sourced from The World Bank and their World Development Indicators
Village Banking and Self-Help Groups refer to methodologies that provide access to credit and savings services through group or community managed associations. Loans from microfinance institutions (MFIs) are considered of this type when the MFI lends to the group, which in turn uses this money to lend to its members. Loans to the Village Bank or Self-Help Group are made under the collective guarantee of the group. Loans may also be made from the retained profits of the group or from group members' savings. These loans are considered internal to the Village Bank or Self-Help Group.
A comprehensive term referring to those aspects of the educational process involving deliberate interventions in the study of technologies and related sciences to bring about learning that supports the acquisition of practical skills, attitudes, understanding, and knowledge that make people more productive in designated areas of economic activity (e.g., economic sectors, occupations, specific work tasks, etc.).
Source: United Nations Educational, Scientific, and Cultural Organization (UNESCO) International Centre for Technical and Vocational Education and Training
Deposit or savings accounts held by clients in a financial institution (e.g., a microfinance institution) on a voluntary basis (i.e., clients are not required to maintain the accounts to access loans or other financial services).
Source: Adapted from the Microfinance Information Exchange Social Performance Indicators
An individual that works for the organization without payment or other formal compensation for their time or services.
Source: Adapted from the International Labor Organization Manual on the Measurement of Volunteer Work
A type of guarantee that an organization makes regarding the condition of its product or effectiveness of its service. It also refers to the terms and situations in which repairs or exchanges will be made in the event that the product or service does not function as originally described or intended.
Source: Adapted from the U.S. Federal Trade Commission
A combination of one or more of the following:
Source: Adapted from the United Nations Environment Programme
Water areas include streams and canals, lakes, reservoirs, and bays and estuaries.
Water conservation refers to efforts made to preserve, control, develop water resources, and prevent pollution. This may include reducing the total amount of water needed to carry out current processes or tasks but does not include overall reduction in water consumption from reduced organizational activities (e.g., partial outsourcing of production). Conservation efforts include organizational or technological innovations that allow a defined process or task to consume water more efficiently. This includes improved water management practices, process redesign, the conversion and retrofitting of equipment (e.g., water-efficient equipment), or the elimination of unnecessary water use due to changes in behavior.
Source: Adapted from the Organization for Economic Co-operation and Development
Wetlands are those areas where the water table is at, near, or above the land surface for a significant part of most years. The hydrologic regime is such that aquatic or hydrophytic vegetation is usually established, although alluvial and tidal flats may be nonvegetated. Wetlands are frequently associated with topographic lows, even in mountainous regions. Examples of wetlands include: marshes, mudflats, and swamps situated on the shallow margins of bays, lakes, ponds, streams, and manmade impoundments such as reservoirs. They also include wet meadows or perched bogs in high mountain valleys and seasonally wet or flooded basins, playas, or potholes with no surface water outflow. Shallow water areas where aquatic vegetation is submerged are classified as open water and are not included in the Wetland category.
Extensive parts of some river flood plains qualify as Wetlands, as do regularly flooded irrigation overflow areas. These do not include agricultural land where seasonal wetness or short-term flooding may provide an important component of the total annual soil moisture necessary for crop production. Areas in which soil wetness or flooding is so short-lived that no typical wetlands vegetation is developed properly belong in other categories.
Cultivated wetlands such as the flooded fields associated with rice production and developed cranberry bogs are classified as Agricultural Land.
Uncultivated wetlands from which wild rice, cattails, wood products, and so forth are harvested or wetlands grazed by livestock are retained in the Wetland category. Wetland areas drained for any purpose belong to other land use and land cover categories such as Agricultural Land, Rangeland, Forest Land, or Urban or Built-up Land. When the drainage is discontinued and such use ceases, classification may revert to Wetland. The Anderson Land Classification System includes two subcategories of Wetland: Forested and Nonforested.
The insurance premium registered on the books at the time a policy is issued and paid for.


text:
Express. Home of the Daily and Sunday Express.
Flynn: I'd welcome back Giggs
Brian Flynn admits he may call upon several players, including Manchester United winger Ryan Giggs, to come out of retirement for Wales after he was appointed interim manager.
Flynn has been appointed as John Toshack's successor for the country's next two qualifiers - against Bulgaria and Switzerland next month. The 54-year-old former Wrexham boss has made it clear that he wants the job on a permanent basis despite the likes of Chris Coleman, Sven-Goran Eriksson and Martin O'Neill also being linked with the position.
Giggs, who retired from international football in 2007, is just one of a few players who called time on their Wales careers while Toshack was in charge. When asked whether he would consider recalling Giggs for next month's qualifiers, Flynn said: "My telephone is always on, my door is always open, age is no barrier to me. Young or old."
He added: "I remember when I was at Wrexham and we were second in the league and with 10 games to go I needed something a little bit special to happen and I signed a 38-year-old Jimmy Case from Halifax Town in the Conference.
"He had been there, done it with Liverpool. He came and he played well and got us over the line. That was one of the best signings I ever made."
Flynn's first task as caretaker boss will be to turn the country's Euro 2012 qualifying around after the opening defeat in Montenegro which prompted Toshack's departure.
The Welsh will first take on Bulgaria in Cardiff next month before travelling to Basle for a tricky tie against Switzerland.
The FAW will decide after those two qualifiers whether to give Flynn the job on a permanent basis. The former Wales captain, who won 66 caps as a player, is determined to impress his employers over the next month.
He said: "I'm proud and privileged to have been given this position. It's initially for two games and then there will be interviews for the position so I'm determined to get two good results to help me get the job full-time.
"I am very, very hungry to succeed to help Welsh football in the short-term, by qualifying for Euro 2012, and in the long-term. John set the ball rolling in terms of getting young people into the side. That plan will continue to work under me for the next two games."

subset: commoncrawl


text:
Knowledge Medina vs Yung ZM Rap Battle [Grind Time Florida]
Drect reports "Battle from Grind Time's Grizzlemaina. Two of the top emcees from their respective divisions go head to head in one of the best battles of the day. "
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text:
For all of the ebullience that followed the signing of the new farm bill, there was a touch of sadness as the two-year effort to bring meaningful assistance to farmers drew to a close.
Many farmers were dismayed by the criticism from the big daily newspapers, the European Union and even farm-state members of Congress. But they were also chagrined by the fact that the farm bill process took so long, spilling over into this year's planting season.
When the Senate finally passed the farm bill conference report, 64-35, the afternoon of May 8, more than one grower or ag industry member was heard to remark: "Too bad it came too late."
Few were complaining about the bill. Most Southern, row crop producers never expected to get the kind of help the legislation promises to provide. Nor did they think Rep. Larry Combest, the conference chairman, and Rep. Charlie Stenholm, the House conferees' ranking member, would work their magic with the Grassley payment limits amendment.
Still, most growers know at least one farmer or several farmers who didn't plant a crop this year because they or their lenders finally despaired of seeing new legislation that would bring certainty to their situation.
"I think the bill is good for farmers," said Cecil Williams, executive vice president of the Agricultural Council of Arkansas, who is retiring after working on more farm bills than he may care to remember. "The real problem is that we are losing farmers so fast. We're going to get to the point where there is nobody to work this ground."
Some farmers weren't able to put together financing for 2002 prior to the signing of the bill, "and some farmers went out. If we had been faced with three more years of what we've faced, there would be hardly anybody left farming. We'd have the big corporations running agriculture."
Farmers had to be cheered by the Bush administration's decision to come out fighting for legislation that it did not prefer. Three days after the signing ceremony, an official with the U.S. Agency for International Development told a group of trade and finance ministers from the European Union to clean up their own act before they criticized others.
"I would just urge the Europeans to stop their protectionist stand and look at their own policies, which are the problem," Andrew Natsios was quoted by the Reuters news agency as saying. "I think there's a little hypocrisy in arguing that our subsidies are the problem. If the Europeans would reform their subsidies, we'd certainly be willing to discuss the subject."
Since then, Agriculture Secretary Ann Veneman has turned the criticism back on the source on several occasions, even writing a "letter to the editor" to farm newspapers, refuting some of the "inaccuracies."
While they applaud such efforts, producers also know the farm bill battle may not be over; that the Sen. Grassleys and Lugars are trying to attach payment limit amendments to other bills or water down the legislation.
And that may be the saddest part of all: that those who represent such large farm states are still doing their best to hurt working farmers.
e-mail: email@example.com.


text: Hi, We're in the process of setting up a new 32-node dual-athlon cluster running Redhat 7.3, kernel 2.4.18-19.7.smp. The configuration is attached below. We're having problems with nodes hanging during calculations, sometimes only after several hours of runtime. We have a serial console connected to such nodes but that is unable to interact with the nodes once they hang. Nothing is logged either. It seems that running jobs on one CPU doesn't seem to present too much of a problem, but when the machines are fully loaded (both CPU's 100% utilization) errors start to occur and machines die often up to 8 nodes within 24 hours. Temperature of nodes under full load is approximately 55C. We have tried using the "noapic" option but the problems still persist. Using other software not requiring enfuzion 6 also produces the same problems. The seek feedback on the following: 1/ Are there issues using redhat 7.3 as opposed to 7.2 in such a setup ? 2/ Are there known issues with 2.4.18 kernels and AMD chips ? We suspect the problems are kernel related. 3/ Are there any problems with dual-athlon clusters using the MSI K7D Master L motherboard ? 4/ Are there any other outstanding issues with these machines under constant heavy load ? Any advice/help would be greatly appreciated. Thanks in advance Chris -------------------------------------------------------------- Cluster configuration node configuration: CPU's: Athlon MP2000+ RAM: 1024Mb Kingston PC2100 DDR Operating system: Redhat 7.3 (with updates) Kernel: 2.4.18-19.7.xsmp Motherboard: MSI K7 Master L motherboard (Award Bios 1.5). Network: On-board PCI (Ethernet controller: Intel Corp. 82559ER (rev 09)). (Using latest Intel drivers, "no sleep" option set) head-node: CPU single Athlon MP2000+ Dataserver: CPU: single Athlon MP2000 & Network: PCI Gigabit NIC Network Interconnect: cisco 2950 (one GBIC installed) Software: Cluster management Enfusion 6 Computational Dock V4.0.1


text:
Is This The Hit of the Year? South Carolina's Jadeveon Clowney Blows Up Michigan [VIDEO]
At least there's one USC that finished its season on a high note -- the University of South Carolina, comeback winners over the Michigan Wolverines, 33-28. And the guy who started that move? Defensive end Jadeveon Clowney. Michigan had just been handed a first down they should not have had after a fake punt. Clowney took matters into his own hands with -- to me -- the hit of the year. If you can disagree, show me a link to one that's better.


text: I'm running the public, free version of bz8. Is it true that we can, with a little toil, make it work with GB ethernet? I'm bying 3com cards and a Catalyst 4K switch. Art Edwards On Thu, Sep 26, 2002 at 11:35:50AM -0400, Karen Keadle-Calvert wrote: > Stanley, > > I know you said you modified all of the files, but just to review, under > 27z-8, you need to modify the file /etc/beowulf/config.boot to add the > device and vendor information for the newer e1000 card. So you'll need > to add the following line: > > pci 0x8086 0x100E e1000 > > In addition, make sure you have a 'bootmodule' entry for "e1000" near > the beginning of the file. Next rebuild your node boot floppy and > beoboot images and try rebooting. > > If you've already done all of that (which it sounds like you have), then > attached are some directions for building an e1000 driver under Scyld. > > Hopefully, this solves your problem. > > Regards, > > Karen > > > Stanley, Matthew D. wrote: > > >I have several clusters running the public release of 27Z-8. They have > >been, up until now exclusively via-rhine and 3c59x based 100mbit clusters. > >We wanted to upgrade to gigabit ethernet and decided to upgrade our 4 > >machine cluster using Dlink DGE-500T cards (ns820/ns83820 based). I > >compiled the latest netdrivers.tgz file and the ns820 driver appeared to > >work fine as a link to the outside world but did not function on the > >beoboot floppy even though I compiled for that kernel and even did a full > >kernel set rebuild (rpm -bb) including the new netdrivers.tgz file. What > >happened was right after it would find the card, find the master server > >and assign the IP address it would just sit at the line where it requests > >/var/beowulf/boot.img. > > > >Ok, so I gave up on Dlink cards, and purchased 4 Intel PRO/1000MT cards, > >the new version which requires the new release of drivers since it's PCI > >id is 8086:100E and not 8086:1000. I again compiled the drivers and > >tested the card to the internet side with 0 problems. I then create my > >boot images and try to boot, it gets a little farther than the Dlink, it > >will actually starts to boot the net boot image and then locks up and > >never completes. > > > >Am I missing something here? Ive modified all of the files, it finds the > >cards, it even works for days on the internet if I switch my card to the > >eth0 and not eth1. It appears to be a driver issue yet I have similar > >problems with two completely different sets of cards. I have even tried > >using a 100 mbit hub instead of a gigabit switch with identical results. > >I can also just take out the cards and put in 3c59x cards and the problem > >is fixed! > > > >We use our clusters for NAMD only, is there a way to just install full > >versions of Scyld and then execute bpslave? If so, what modifications > >need to be done to the node_up and other scripts to make that work. I > >realize this means more administration, but at this point I have spent > >weeks trying to make this work, I can install and update 4 machines in a > >matter of a couple hours. > > > >Are there settings in beoboot which changes the way it gets the > >information from the master node, maybe making it more reliable like > >broadcast/multicast, etc? > > > >Any help would be appreciated, > > > >Matt Stanley > >Systems Administrator > >Structural Biology Core > >University of Missouri - Columbia > >_______________________________________________ > >Beowulf mailing list, Beowulf at beowulf.org > >To change your subscription (digest mode or unsubscribe) visit > >http://www.beowulf.org/mailman/listinfo/beowulf > > > > > > HOW TO ADD DRIVERS - Example shown for Intel Pro/1000 series gigabit adapters > ------------------ > > > => If available, get the prebuilt modules for the appropriate kernel from: > ftp://www.scyld.com/pub/beowulf/<version>/updates > > For example, for the 2.2.19-12 kernel: > ftp://www.scyld.com/pub/beowulf/27z-8/updates/e1000-184.108.40.206.tar.gz > > => If not available, download source code for driver. The Intel Pro/1000 > series driver can be found at ftp://www.intel.com/df-support/2897/eng or > http://downloadfinder.intel.com/scripts-df/Product_Filter.asp?ProductID=415 or > http://support.intel.com/support/go/linux/e1000.htm > > NOTE: If the kernel source rpm was not installed, you'll have to do that > first. It is installed by default under 27cz-9, but not under > 28cz-8-beta2. The kernel source is available on the distribution > CD under Scyld/RPMS/kernel-source-2.4.9-21.1.i386.rpm > > => Add this line to the beginning of the Makefile > CFLAGS = $(KCFLAGS) > > => Make the beoboot, SMP, and UP modules for the version of the Scyld > kernel that you are running under (27cz-9 shown here): > > > make KCFLAGS="-D__BOOT_KERNEL_H_ -D__module__beoboot" > > mv e1000.o /lib/modules/2.2.19-14.beobeoboot/net > > make KCFLAGS="-D__BOOT_KERNEL_H_ -D__BOOT_KERNEL_SMP=1" > > mv e1000.o /lib/modules/2.2.19-14.beosmp/net > > make KCFLAGS="-D__BOOT_KERNEL_H_ -D__BOOT_KERNEL_UP=1" > > mv e1000.o /lib/modules/2.2.19-14.beo/net > > => Add new entries for this module to the PCI table > > 1. Add, if necessary, the following bootmodule entry to the configuration > file (in /etc/beowulf/config.boot for 27cz-9 and /etc/beowulf/config for > 28cz-4): > bootmodule e1000 > > 2. Add entries to the device list for each device supported by this driver > (in /etc/beowulf/config.boot for 27cz-9 and /usr/share/kudzu/pcitable for > 28cz-1): > pci 0x8086 0x1000 e1000 > pci 0x8086 0x1001 e1000 > pci 0x8086 0x1004 e1000 > pci 0x8086 0x1008 e1000 > pci 0x8086 0x1009 e1000 > pci 0x8086 0x100c e1000 > > => Build the dependency file (for each kernel) used by modprobe to load the > correct module: > > For single processor kernel: > depmod -a -e -F /boot/System.map-2.2.19-14.beo 2.2.19-14.beo > > For SMP (more than one processor machine) kernel: > depmod -a -e -F /boot/System.map-2.2.19-14.beosmp 2.2.19-14.beosmp > > For beoboot kernel (Stage 1 image): > depmod -a -e -F /boot/System.map-2.2.19-14.beobeoboot 2.2.19-14.beobeoboot > > > => Rebuild the Phase 1 and Phase 2 kernel images: > /usr/bin/beoboot -1 -f -o /dev/fd0 -c "apm=power-off" > /usr/bin/beoboot -2 -n -k /boot/vmlinuz-`uname -r` -o /var/beowulf/boot.img -c "apm=power-off" > > > NOTE: > ---- > If your master node is single processor and your compute node is SMP, > and you don't have a SMP kernel installed, you'll have to get the RPM > from the distribution CD and install it (using rpm -U). This happens > when you install on a single processor machine because the installer > selects the kernel to be installed based on the machine being installed > on. You must run the same kernel on all of the machines in the cluster. > The SMP kernel can run on both single processor and SMP machines. >


text:
New York, June 29, 2009--The Committee to Protect Journalists calls for an independent investigation into the death of Vyacheslav Yaroshenko, editor-in-chief of the Rostov-on-Don newspaper Korruptsiya i Prestupnost, who succumbed today to head injuries suffered in an April attack, according to press reports.
Yaroshenko was found unconscious with a head wound in the entrance of his apartment building early on the morning of April 30. He was hospitalized with skull and brain trauma, underwent surgery, and spent five days in a coma, his deputy, Sergei Sleptsov, told CPJ at the time.
Sleptsov told Russian news outlets today that Yaroshenko's
condition had taken a turn for the worse in the past few days; doctors operated
again today, but the editor did not survive. Sleptsov told press outlets that
Sleptsov said he believes Yaroshenko was attacked in
retaliation for his newspaper's work. Korruptsiya
i Prestupnost, an independent paper whose title translates as "Corruption
and Crime," has reported on corruption allegations involving
"We send our heartfelt condolences to Vyacheslav Yaroshenko's
family, friends, and colleagues," CPJ Europe and
In the weeks before the incident, Korruptsiya i Prestupnost had published a number of articles on
alleged corruption in the


text:
Acerca del libro
Características y detalles
- Categoría Libros de arte y fotografía
Cuadrado pequeño, 18×18 cm
90 Páginas
- Fecha de publicación dic. 15, 2010
Acerca del creador
I first developed my photographic eye in Montreal, where I studied photography at Dawson College. But Dawson Collage teaches commercial photography, and in any case I found that I was more comfortable wandering the streets with my camera than being locked up in a studio. Montreal's streets were not enough for me, however, so I started to travel to different places. I became resolved to document the lives of people who are persecuted or neglected. In 1998, during the war in Kosovo, I encountered the Czech NGO, People in Need, and since then I have contributed to their efforts with my work. It's very important for me to be involved in the environment that I am photographing. To be accepted by the people I photograph and to become one of them is a part of what I do. This takes time, but it allows me to be a privileged witness of social occasions and rituals that would otherwise be off-limits: births, baptisms, spiritual ceremonies, weddings and funerals.


text:
March 21, 2011
Ryan C. Crocker, dean and executive professor at the George Bush School of Government and Public Service at Texas A&M University, will receive the 2011 George Catlett Marshall Medal, the highest award presented by the Association of the United States Army (AUSA).
The Marshall Medal is awarded annually to an individual who has exhibited selfless service to the United States of America. It will be presented to Crocker by the Association's Council of Trustees to recognize his contributions to the United States Foreign Service, the diplomatic corps, national defense and the men and women of the armed forces.
The award presentation will take place October 12, at the George Catlett Marshall Memorial Dinner, the final event of the three-day AUSA Annual Meeting and Exposition held at the Walter E. Washington Convention Center in Washington.
"As an exceptional diplomat and ambassador, who served his country for over thirty-seven years in many of the world's most volatile, dangerous and challenging posts with extraordinary heroism, dedication and diplomacy, Ambassador Crocker is a true American icon who represents the best of public service and sacrifice to the nation," AUSA President Gen. Gordon R. Sullivan, USA, Ret., said. "Through his close collaboration with General David H. Petraeus in Iraq, Ambassador Crocker has demonstrated how potent strong civil-military partnerships can be in addressing the global challenges we are faced with today," Sullivan added.
Born in Spokane, Washington, Crocker grew up in an Air Force family, attending schools in Morocco, Canada and Turkey, as well as the U.S. He received a B.A. in English in 1971 and an honorary Doctor of Laws degree in 2001 from Whitman College (Washington).
Crocker's U. S. Foreign Service career included five ambassadorships: Iraq, Pakistan, Syria, Kuwait and Lebanon, as well as other senior posts in the Near East and service as Deputy Assistant Secretary of State for Near Eastern Affairs. From May to August 2003, Crocker was in Baghdad as the first Director of Governance for the Coalition Provisional Authority.
He retired from the Foreign Service in April 2009 after a career of over 37 years, having been named Career Ambassador—the highest rank in the Foreign Service—by President George W. Bush. In 2009, President Bush also presented Crocker with the Presidential Medal of Freedom, America's highest civilian award. In May 2009, Secretary of State Hillary Clinton announced the establishment of the Ryan C. Crocker Award for Outstanding Achievement in Expeditionary Diplomacy.
"Ambassador Crocker's unparalleled accomplishments and his extraordinary diplomatic career – in the tradition of soldier-statesman General George Catlett Marshall – make him truly deserving of the Marshall Medal, and we at AUSA are proud to recognize him in this way," Sullivan said.
"I am deeply honored and humbled to be selected as the 2011 recipient of the George Catlett Marshall Medal from the Association of the United States Army. A strong partnership between America's civilian agencies overseas, led by the Foreign Service and the U.S. military, is crucial to America's security. As Secretary of State and Defense, George Marshall personified this imperative. Working with great army officers such as General David Petraeus and General Ray Odierno, we strove to achieve full unity of effort. This same principle is upheld at Texas A&M through coordination between the Corps of Cadets and the Bush School. It is vital for America's future."
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Dose (Feat. Fabolous & Rick Ross) - Where Dey Do That At?!
Video for Dose "Where Dey Do That At?!" featuring Rick Ross & Fabolous from his debut album The Overdose coming soon.
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BACK TO BASICS: Creating Quality Content for the Web
by Jessica Lee, February 15, 2011
In 2010 and early 2011, Google made several changes to its algorithm targeting spammy or low-quality websites. Specifically, two algorithm changes target sites that don't have the most relevant or quality content for a user's query.
In typical Google fashion, we don't have specific details into the search engine's criteria of good content; however, based on what we do know about writing quality content, we can offer tips on how to create it.
What is good content? It's a question that comes up frequently and can be hard to define. To start, let's talk about what good content isn't:
Google's Algorithm Aims to Cut Low-Quality Sites from the SERPs
Google is concerned with one thing with regards to its search engine results pages (SERPs): serving up the most relevant results for a searcher's online query. In the past year, Google has made a few tweaks to its algorithm to refine its results where relevant content is concerned.
One of those algorithm changes, dubbed "Mayday" by many webmasters, occurred in May 2010. The algorithm update left some webmasters scratching their heads at lost rankings. Matt Cutts, head of Google's Webspam team, explained the update was meant to "assess the quality of sites . to find the best sites that match up to long-tail queries."
What does this have to do with content? Cutts went on to say that if a website has been affected by May Day, to go back and assess the site based on quality criteria such as adding great content, making sure people consider the website an authority and to ensure the site doesn't offer something off-topic to the query or something that users won't find useful.
To hear more about May Day, here's a video of Matt Cutts explaining the algorithm change:
The most recent update to Google's search engine again targets sites with low-quality content. This time, it's an algorithm update that Google calls a "document-level classifier" targeting specifically the documents it's looking at, in other words, on-page content.
Here's an excerpt from a January 2011 post discussing this algorithmic change:
". we recently launched a redesigned document-level classifier that makes it harder for spammy on-page content to rank highly. The new classifier is better at detecting spam on individual Web pages, e.g., repeated spammy words-the sort of phrases you tend to see in junky, automated, self-promoting blog comments."
In a post by Search Engine Land following the algorithm change, reports say Cutts confirmed this latest change was targeting sites that scrape content. Content scraping is the act of plagiarizing content from other sources on the Web.
The Content Farm Controversy
Here's where the controversy comes in. Originally, many speculated the latest Google algorithm change was to target sites deemed, "content farms." A content farm is typically looked at as a site with huge amounts of user-generated, low-quality content on a myriad of topics.
Even though the algorithm change wasn't targeted to those types of sites, the idea of content farms as being spammy for the results has long been a topic of discussion, and recently heated up due to the latest algo tweak. Many wonder how long it will be before Google targets those types of sites specifically.
On the other hand, the search engine Blekko came riding in on the tail-end of the Google announcement when it reported earlier this month it was slashing what it deemed content farms from its index altogether. This includes sites like AllExperts.com, eHow.com, Experts-Exchange.com, Encyclopedia.com and many more.
The content farm controversy's hot spot seems to be surrounding Demand Media's über successful eHow.com. Owned by former MySpace chairman, Richard Rosenblatt, Demand Media went public at the end of January, but has been criticized for some of its Web properties producing low-quality content.
eHow.com has been under the microscope for using a strategy that identifies long-tail keyword phrases as topics to build massive amounts of shallow content by authors who aren't always experts on the topic and who don't always uphold quality standards for producing content.
Going back to Cutt's recent statement on Mayday, and how it was meant to produce the most relevant results in a SERP for a long-tail query, one might think eHow.com would be left in the dust if it wasn't considered "quality" content by Google. However, a recent statement from Rosenblatt in an All Things Digital post says Demand Media is getting along just fine with Google despite all the recent algo updates.
A 2008 interview with Demand Media's Rosenblatt and All Things Digital's Kara Swisher discusses eHow.com's content development strategy a little further. Rosenblatt says (around 7:30 in the video embedded in the article):
"So, what Google is great at is having you find long-tail content. What they're not good at is providing that content. So, what we do, is while they provide a way for you to find the long tail, we fill it. And we fill that long-tail through these niche vertical networks and through our platform we call The Studio that allows anybody to create qualified content in certain areas that people are interested in."
Here's where it becomes sticky. As search engine marketers, we often use keyword phrases to build content for our Web pages and there isn't a clear-cut definition or guidelines by the community or Google as to what exactly quality Web writing is. So oftentimes, it leaves people wondering if they're approaching quality content correctly.
We could argue those points by saying:
Quality Content: Who's Responsible and How to Uphold It
In a January blog post from the Official Google Blog discussing Google search engine spam as it relates to content, Google defines webspam as those sites that "violate search engine quality guidelines." What those guidelines are specifically isn't always clear, but we do have a good understanding of what Google does want:
Essentially, Google does not want to return a site in a SERP that ranks for the keywords of any given query that doesn't offer the most relevant, quality content to the user. Google wants to offer sites that are an authority on the query.
So, who is responsible for upholding quality content on the Web? Is it Google? Is it the people who hire the writers? Is it the writers themselves? The answer may be: all of the above.
As long as spammers exist, Google will need to step in to some extent. Where the community can take responsibility is working with Google to set standards. Unfortunately, the definition of quality writing is oftentimes a gray area, mainly because there aren't rules for Web writing like there are for trained journalists, for example. It's also fuzzy when individual standards of writing vary, leaving quality to be in the eye of the beholder.
Webmasters can join Google in the mission to uphold good Web content by keeping in mind that the marriage of SEO objectives and quality equals relevance. And relevance is what Google strives for. In order to be the most relevant to both human readers and search engine bots, there needs to be an understanding of:
But the quandary of exactly what good content is and how to stay within Google guidelines in order to rank remains somewhat of a challenge. The problem lies within the definition of what is low-quality content, who or what is defining it and who is responsible for upholding it.
Not all sites that are deemed low-quality content farms are rendered completely worthless by all consumers. If some people find the results to be useful to them, who's to say what goes and what stays?
These are all questions that will likely spark heated debates for a long time to come. In the meantime, upholding your own standards of Web content while keeping in mind what you do know about spam guidelines is the best thing you can do for the health of your site.
Update 3/4/11: In a recent interview between Wired.com and Google's Matt Cutts and Amit Singhal, a discussion of how Google defines low-quality content reveals some very interesting information. Turns out, it's a mix of human feedback and algorithm criteria both aimed at defining low-quality sites through a series of specific questions. For more, read the Q&A with Google's top search engineers.
Editor's note: The regularly scheduled Part II Back to Basics article on international search and India will be delayed a month. We will publish the conclusion of the International series in a future SEO Newsletter.
For permission to reprint or reuse any materials, please contact us. To learn more about our authors, please visit the Bruce Clay Authors page. Copyright © 2011 Bruce Clay, Inc.


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- Enough already with the early-morning Tuesday flights. Next year, if I need to be at Tales on Tuesday, I'm arriving Monday afternoon or evening. Also, it's impossible to get a drink at 6am in my home airport.
- Always eat when you're offered food, especially if said food is free. You'll be drinking the rest of the day; you need something to absorb the booze.
- Ditto for water. The bottles of Fiji they offer at every session and in every tasting room? I drink more bottles of Fiji water in five days at Tales than I do the rest of the year.
- You really don't have to finish every drink that's offered at seminars. I relearn this lesson every year, and will probably continue to relearn it.
- The Cocktail Apprentices, or CAPs, work their asses off. They deserve to be thanked by name at every panel, by every moderator. I saw Eric Seed do this on the Full Proof/Overproof panel and vowed to do it at mine. For the record, ours were Frank Cisneros, Hal Wolin, and Lou Bustamante.
- Enough already with the early-morning Monday flights. I was bored, bored, bored on Sunday (in part because I blew all my money on Tales and couldn't go to Cure or Cochon). Also, it's impossible to drink in the airport at 6am. Hell, it's nearly impossible to eat in the airport at 6am, assuming you want hot food. Either leave after the last panel Sunday or leave later on Monday and find something to do Sunday night.


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October 10, 2013
"We're a decade away," says Mitchell Warren, Executive Director of the AIDS Vaccine Advocacy Coalition. "It just depends on when you start the clock."
HIV vaccine science is incredibly complicated, particularly given HIV's elusiveness and ability to mutate rapidly. Not to mention that we're still trying to fully understand how HIV infects humans and how our immune system works. To share knowledge and discuss the latest developments in the field, researchers from all over the world have gathered this week in Barcelona, Spain, for the 13th annual AIDS Vaccine conference.
The scientific keys to a successful HIV vaccine are still: finding the right vector (an attenuated version of a different virus that's been modified or engineered to "look" like HIV) and eliciting the right immune response (one particular approach involves using broadly neutralizing antibodies, which can identify and target a wide range of viruses, including HIV).
At AIDS Vaccine 2013, Jim Maynard and Steve Wakefield of the HIV Vaccine Trials Network emphasized the importance of vaccine trials and recruiting trial participants; they also highlighted the lack of education that still exists. The No. 1 misconception that people have is that a vaccine candidate might infect them with HIV, they said. This is simply not true, because vaccine candidates are engineered to "look" like HIV, but do not actually contain HIV, they explained.
Even though HIV vaccine science continues to progress, people still aren't using the prevention methods that are already available, Wakefield said. He shared common reasons people have for not using condoms, such as, "He was really cute," "He told me he loved me," or "I got an HIV test last week." But as Wakefield pointed out, "Love and an HIV test don't protect us against infection."
In addition, experts here noted that some HIV prevention methods need to be better developed to be more practical and easier to use. In particular, microbicide gels for women can be cumbersome to adhere to, as highlighted by the low adherence levels in the VOICE study. An effective prevention tool will need to take into account the needs of women, Glenda Gray, Executive Director of the Perinatal HIV Research Unit and Associate Professor of Pediatrics at the University of the Witwatersrand in South Africa, pointed out at a satellite symposium. "Nobody wants to apply vaginal gel and have wet panties all day," Gray remarked.
We're still years away from an HIV vaccine, but hopefully, when it gets here, it will cut new HIV infections significantly. Even if current global HIV prevention funding stays stagnant, a vaccine with a significant level of efficacy would reduce HIV incidence by at least half, Margaret McGlynn, President and Chief Executive Officer of the International AIDS Vaccine Initiative, stated at the same symposium.
We have many great HIV prevention tools, but if we really want to get to zero and stay at zero, we'll need an HIV vaccine, McGlynn concluded.
Warren Tong is the research editor for TheBody.com and TheBodyPRO.com.
Follow Warren on Twitter: @WarrenAtTheBody.
Copyright © 2013 Remedy Health Media, LLC. All rights reserved.
|HIV Vaccine Primer: Basic Science and Concepts
|Fact Sheet: AIDS Vaccines
|Matthew Rose: Confessions of an HIV Vaccine Trial Participant
The content on this page is free of advertiser influence and was produced by our editorial team. See our content and advertising policies.
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CWK Scholarships
Last Updated on Thursday, 15 December 2016 10:03
The Carole Wolfe Korngold Scholarship is awarded to two Adult Learners each year who demonstrate commitment to the Montessori community and are working in Infant, Toddler, or Early Childhood Montessori programs.
Candidates should submit a 3-5 minute video they have made, demonstrating how Montessori has influenced their life and work with children.
In honoring the characteristics of our beloved Carole, the video should show evidence of humor, wisdom, playfulness, and love of Montessori teaching.
A $750 tuition reduction scholarship will be awarded before the start of the CME|NY 2017 summer training program.
Please use the subject heading CWK Scholarship Application in your email.
Include your name, address, program level, school, TITLE of the video, and video-link in the body of the email.
By submitting your video, you give CME|NY the right to use the video in our promotional materials.
All scholarship applicants will be notified of the winners by June 10, 2017.


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IPhones Sound Death Knell for BlackBerry - Again
Apple sold nine million iPhone 5s in three days, versus BlackBerry, which sold about a third as much in three months. George Stahl looks at the latest skirmish in the smartphone wars. Photo: AP.
This transcript has been automatically generated and may not be 100% accurate.
... mm mm mm mm ... welcome to MoneyBeat I'm Paul vignette Apple shares this morning to rising sharply back near five hundred dollars suit there for eighty seven after reports of the company sold nine million ... I phone five S is the ABC's this week in ... a record amount higher than most people were expecting ... to break down the numbers are old friend George Stahl joins us this morning ... I how impressed she an idea about this nine million figure George the is pretty impressive anemic think about it ... we've had all these Proms with black for a bright beacon on Friday they said they sold three point seven million on its side on top of its smartphones and the whole second quarter ... Apple did nine million just over three days right says and it isn't present I think expectations have gotten a little below because lives here was that the supply me with the I phone five people had ... these types of eight to nine million sales numbers laced year ... the I phone five sells came in at more than five million ... this this time people were little more cautious Apple's not people are not as enthused about Apple General ... Synod expectations were low below and then Apple came out with ... and the response to the phones in the first unveiled them ... was not overwhelming I mean there are a lot of grapes about ... it it's not a game changer they routinely I've done much to put new colors on the deal will ... put people snapped these things up ... why why why did this happen so what one thing helping Apple's this time as opposed to previous launches has to be launched in China they had me never Ahead China ... as one of the countries where it launched an I phone ... that first weekend so ... adding that huge market of China and data bleed petted some of the numbers that we saw today ... plus I think ill sector member ... there's just this network of I phone users that ... owned Korea have to have the news I Phones that Annika every couple years ... upgrade to the two to the next model just because that's the way the cycle works as a baby keep these people who are previous I phone users and I like them into the new one right ... now if you wonder if this full so to recap for all magic for Apple really that Tim Cook over the weekend ... he was out the values in the store is a simple tweet out ... you can see right there visited the retail stores and El Alto today ... seeing so many happy customers from mines is why we do what we do ... that might sound a little self serving him it's on a little C or B ... by Disney does this big ones does is bring back the call Apple's been missing right that that that war of down and that they do this great game ... does this launches its new phone store to bring a little bit of that back ... in the short-term ... ATN and there's still ... a still need that next long-term growth driver ... he added the Apple going to have good I phone sales for well despite the concerns of people people have about that Apple but the question for them has been a continues to be what's next what's the next big product ... the call is Ifo continues to see competition from Samsung to from other smartphone makers good sounds so said they are going you know it it is still to be a strong product for them ... but keen to resume neckwear Pannett Wiesel Apple had a couple years ago the guard is still the product ... it all out competition e mention it up and said whew just when we have to bring this up ... BlackBerry ... Grandpa and seventy seven it's been over the weekend is that you know what what what what is with BlackBerry what's the problem ... I said that one worked out well ... yet and you look at these numbers I mean ... they didn't sell four million in the remarks Apple sold by million in the region he's ... if you want will BlackBerry's problems down the debt is it right there ... right and I just Aneel and their cotton being there are lots of books and stories written about the demise of Black parade but the big thing there is to be completely missed the consumerization of the smartphone ... a soccer ball with their ahold of the enterprise market ... not realizing that with Apple and Apple gaining the consumer ... debt at that Apple would be able to get the business' customer to write in this that