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Throughout the 1950s and 1960s, the U.S. was a powerhouse in the fluid power industry, with one of the largest research facilities in the world at MIT. When that facility closed its doors in 1969, however, the world stage changed, and soon, new research centers were established in Germany and Bath, England. As technology changed and became more complex, it was easy for these new centers to become world leaders. And as computers and integrated systems took greater hold, countries like China and Japan jumped into the fray.
Today, educators, researchers, and business leaders say it is critical for engineers using fluid power to have easy access to training and development. Although fluid power education has been somewhat disjointed in the U.S., these many pieces and parts are coming together to create a more knowledgeable workforce, and hopefully, a growing one.
A plethora of options
Engineers can obtain education about fluid power in several ways — industry-led courses, certification programs run through the International Fluid Power Society (IFPS), and online training courses and self-study guides from organizations like the National Fluid Power Association (NFPA). Technical and specialized schools offer introductory and advanced in-person and online courses, and undergraduate and graduate classes are available at universities countrywide.
Most everyone agrees that to obtain proper understanding of fluid power, training must be done in two ways — with classroom training in theory and by putting those theories into practice with hands-on training.
Jonny Carlos da Silva, associate professor and coordinator of mechanical engineering graduate course at the mechanical engineering department at UFSC-Federal University of Santa Catarina, Brazil, says this most eloquently: "Considering fluid power as a broad field, the best way to learn it can be seen as a combination between a solid theoretical background with a good degree of technical experience in some fluid power application, be it maintenance, design, dynamic modeling or other area — automotive, industrial, agriculture."
Pat Monroe, hydraulic system specialist with CFP Ltd., Dartmouth, N.S., agrees. He runs a private registered trade school that trains in hydraulic system operation, maintenance, and troubleshooting. "A combination of theory and hands-on is the only way to see what the system is doing. I think training has to stress the basics and the details."
Monroe stresses the importance of fluid power specifics at the college level. "Engineers should be educated at the university level with heavy industry involvement. This is where research needs to take place," Monroe says. "The engineers we graduate are the ones making the decisions on the power transmission solutions of the future. If we do not have engineers that are fully aware of the technology, then its application in industry will suffer."
Eric Lanke, executive director of the NFPA, says this is something his organization and other industry leaders are working to address.
"Like many professional disciplines, a life-long approach to education will best serve the needs of the fluid power industry. Fundamentals should be taught in science and engineering courses at the middle school, high school, and undergraduate levels, and should include hands-on applications whenever possible," Lanke says. "The specifics of fluid power products are best communicated by the employers manufacturing or distributing those products. And since the state of the technology is always advancing, continuing education opportunities should be offered by educational institutions, fluid power associations, publishers, and others with the appropriate expertise in fluid power."
A team approach
This team approach is best exemplified in the Engineering Research Center for Compact and Efficient Fluid Power (CCEFP), which has brought industry and universities together to both advance fluid power technology and improve the state of fluid power education at multiple levels — graduate, undergraduate, high school, and middle school.
"NFPA has also launched the NFPA Education and Technology Foundation to help build and sustain a reliable funding mechanism for its fluid power research, education, and recruitment programs," Lanke continued. "Close alignment between industry and educational institutions is essential for the success of all these programs."
Business-led courses are offered through manufacturers and distributors to educate their customers on the proper use of their products. Applied Industrial Technologies, Cleveland, offers several training opportunities, says Tom Nash, hydraulic product manager. "Our external customers can attend five fluid power courses on basic and advanced pneumatics and hydraulics, and hydraulic troubleshooting. These are fee based. Internally, we have fluid power specialists that work hands-on for more of a one-onone training," Nash says. "We have also developed an internal resource that is available for all associates. This is an interactive web based training with full cutaway type animations."
Others, like Bosch Rexroth, Eaton, Parker Hannifin, and more, provide a variety of training materials on general fluid power and specifically, their products and uses. Materials from these can be found at the NFPA's Workforce Development Resource Center website.
Some disagree, however, saying that the options available are not adequate to have properly trained, dedicated fluid power engineers and maintenance persons. "They should have the capabilities to apply the equipment and give knowledgeable feedback to the manufacturers about shortcomings of their product — plus, be capable of asking for new innovations," says Edgar W. (Bud) Trinkel Jr., consultant, author, and founder of Hydra-Pneu Consulting.
Rory S. McLaren, a teacher, author, inventor, and director of the Fluid Power Training Institute who conducts hands-on hydraulics training, agrees. "There is no end to available options. The problem is, of the untold number of options available, how many are worthwhile?"
McLaren believes fluid power education should be three-fold — through universities, technical schools, and businesses. "Universities should teach engineers. Engineers must make safety the nucleus of their respective designs. Technical schools and colleges should teach practical hydraulics and diagnostics. However, the industry should dictate its needs to the schools. Currently, the schools move forward without industry guidelines. There should be a uniform standard of hydraulic education across the country. Finally, machinery and equipment manufacturers must also 'raise the bar' when it comes to hydraulics education. I think that they are most qualified to teach their unique hydraulic systems. However, their instructors must also be properly certified."
Nash says that his experience mirrors how many fluid power users learned the technology. He worked for a regional fluid power distributor who trained him on the theory of fluid power. He also attended manufacturer schools because they had a hands-on element with each school.
"I did not feel I truly knew fluid power until I was employed with a small OEM actually designing and building specialty equipment that primarily used hydraulics," Nash says. "I have rarely met anyone who had fluid power as a college course and can see a big difference in those with theory training and those with real world application experience. If you don't include industry in training, the technologies being taught will get outdated."
Is certification the answer?
As for certification, the opinions vary. Some say certification is not valuable while others argue that it's necessary to set some standards for the industry.
McLaren holds that certification is not the way to go. "There are tens of thousands of people holding fluid power 'certification' who are unable to promote safety, devise and implement a proactive maintenance system, and worse, cannot troubleshoot hydraulic systems," he says.
Trinkel, who had several certifications throughout the years, does not see their value any longer, either. "In my opinion, certification is a Mickey Mouse way of giving titles to anyone who can read and answer enough of 40 questions to make a passing grade. It is just a money-maker for the several societies that certify their members as far as I'm concerned," Trinkel says. "The certifications had absolutely no bearing on what I knew or was capable of doing, they were just pieces of paper for me to look at. Not even one customer asked about my certifications in the years I had them or since."
Yet others see certification as a way to increase standards in the industry. "Certification is necessary, especially in an environment where many fluid power employees enter industry through non-traditional pathways and where many engineering curriculums do not contain the core fluid power instruction sought by the industry," Lanke says. "NFPA recently came out in support of the certification programs overseen by the International Fluid Power Society as playing an important role in building a better fluid power workforce."
Monroe says until more standards are developed at the university level, certification is necessary. "Certification does work because it sets a bar. Fluid power engineers should be certified by testing that is developed by fluid power component or system designers," Monroe says. "Engineers study for four years to get a degree. If they want to specialize in fluid power, then they should have to pass a rigorous test."
John R. Groot, who is retired from fluid power distributor Knotts Co., and is also active in the IFPS and the Fluid Power Educational Foundation, and who pioneered IFPS' pneumatic specialist certification, concurs. "Just like a college degree, a certification program properly designed and executed, provides a level playing field. Certification I believe, does work, but what that means may be complex."
Universities key to future
Kim Stelson, director of the CCEFP, attended the University of Bath in England to learn more about the field because that university is a world leader in fluid power. At the time, there were no research centers in the U.S. That is different today, as Purdue, Minnesota (where Stelson is co-lab director), Milwaukee School of Engineering, and others are now working with CCEFP to extend research capabilities domestically.
There has been much discussion of whether the industry needs a specialized fluid power degree. Some say it's necessary; others say it would hinder students' learning.
Groot thinks fluid power cannot be a standalone subject any more. "At the technician and mechanic level, most large customers are probably happy with the level of education and training, but the lack of an engineering degree in fluid power is a problem."
McLaren also sees a degree as being absolutely necessary, but stresses that the curriculum be written around safe design practices and devised by the industry, not the universities.
Rather than have a full bachelor's degree dedicated to fluid power, Stelson would like to create a situation where every undergraduate understands what fluid power is, the basics of it, and why it is used.
"I think an undergraduate degree in mechanical engineering is very important for people to have a broad background in fundamentals," Stelson says. "The problem is, fluid power is almost absent in the curriculum.
"However, not everyone will work with fluid power. Each year, about 20,000 bachelor's degrees are given in mechanical, aerospace, and agricultural engineering; probably only a few hundred actually go into fluid power."
At the University of Minnesota, all seniors must take a lab, with one of the choices being fluid power. The fluid power lab accepts 20 students per semester; so that's only about 20% of the graduating class.
"We need graduate courses that teach certain specialties and this is where the research is and the where the specialty is," Stelson says. "Purdue had a fluid power option and it's slowly being developed in other universities."
Degree or no degree, educators and researchers do see a practical need for more training at the university level. At NFPA's Educator-Industry Summit in 2007, it was decided that getting more fluid power instruction into the curriculum of mechanical engineering programs was a more pressing need than working towards a bachelor-level degree in fluid power. "The objective should be to make sure that every mechanical engineer graduates with fluid power as one of the essential tools in his/her toolbox," Lanke says.
Dr. Monika Ivantysynova, MAHA Professor Fluid Power Systems at Purdue University's School of Mechanical Engineering & Department of Agricultural and Biological Engineering, is working to develop a specialized fluid power program at Purdue.
"Experience does not have as high a value as in the past," Ivantysynova says. "In this country, you take good engineers with bachelor's degrees and companies educate them in fluid power. That used to be okay because systems were designed much more simply, but now it's not just about products and components; it's a system level design now. Back then, you put components together to make them work. This has totally changed since we have computers. Now we need to design and develop products and components for systems that run on a computer and models that run on a computer."
In 2005, she introduced a new course in mechanical engineering — Design and Modeling of Fluid Power Systems. She believes it's crucial to have elective or standard fluid power in curriculum. "To teach this on a bachelor's degree course is very hard. I think we need, at a number of universities, special courses in fluid power as Purdue does," Ivantysynova says. "With this introduction to fluid power, we will hopefully attract more students for this field, then hopefully, they will do a Master's degree or specialization in the field."
Silva agrees. "I don't see that a degree in fluid power is necessary as part of a mechanical engineering course. The tendency seems to be to offer a course as master/doctorate levels in the area of product design, with emphasis on fluid power," Silva says. "In this case, the engineer's knowledge will be evaluated much more by the skill he/she demonstrates when faced with challenges in fluid power rather than by a specific degree."
Ivantysynova concludes, "Our goal is to have degree programs or possibly to specialize on an integrated level or certification. If we could do this, it would be very great for this country. It is really time the U.S. takes over again and tries to catch up so we can be competitive."
For more information and to read an online exclusive article about the need to attract young students to fluid power, visit forums.hydraulicspneumatics.com. Also, see page 10 in this month's Industry News department to learn more about the CCEFP's university test beds. And, don't miss other online education exclusives from Bosch Rexroth, Festo, AEM, and NFPA in our forums as well.
Your source for fluid power training
To find fluid power training near you, contact your local distributor or visit the following websites for a comprehensive list of associations, businesses, technical schools, and universities holding fluid power training:
Center for Compact & Efficient Fluid Power:
National Fluid Power Association:
NFPA's Workforce Development Resource Center:
The International Fluid Power Society:
The Fluid Power Distributors Association:
The Fluid Power Educational Foundation:
Milwaukee School of Engineering:
University of Minnesota:
Purdue University:
Fluid Power Training Institute:http://www.fpti.org/
CFP Ltd.:


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Thanks to an outstanding pitching performance by Randy Wells and two timely home runs by Tyler Colvin and Marlon Byrd (and by timely I mean even thought it's only game three, it was about time a HR led to a victory) the Cubs finally put up a 1 in the W column for 2010!!!
It's a shame Colvin is buried behind Soriano and Fukudome's giant sacks of cash in the Cubs dugout. The kid has a ton of potential that could help the team win now and only bad contracts keeping him from playing on a regular basis. I'm happy Lou thought to put him out there though last night and here's to hoping he's not shy about it in the future. You want to talk about a gut to trust? Lou's your guy.
Thing is I think a lot of Cubs fans forgot with all the excitement of the new season starting is that, the Braves are a tougher team than most give them credit for and now that they have this new kid Heyward lighting fires under the vets and their fan base, Atlanta isn't exactly an easy place to play. At least we got out without being swept and now will go into a less challenging opponent setting in Cincinnati.
I like the club they've put together. I think they are headed in the right direction. But now is not their time. They aren't quite at the caliber of competitiveness or talent that the Cubs or Cards are for that matter. We honestly should sweep this series, although it will be interesting to see how Zambrano reacts to being moved up in the rotation to pitch on Saturday. This was done in order to lineup our righties against the Brewers next week. I guess the quicker we can get him out there to forget the horrible outing on Monday, the better. Then again, after watching him stink up the joint, who is really in any rush to seehim on the mound again? We'll see how this plan works out.
Tonight, we'll also get to see what we ended up getting back for good 'ol Milty in the Seattle trade when "Other Carlos" takes the mound. Hopefully Silva delivers and we even up the record at 2-2 instead of ending our opening week with two sad carLosses.
And I wouldn't have any problem seeing Colvin in left field again tonight either. Just saying.
Go Cubs Go!

subset: commoncrawl


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Re: What do you do when you're not on BFFC?
Listen to music play guitar go out etc.
I think, therfore i am I destroy, therfore i endure - IG-88 tales of the bounty hunters
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Listen to music play guitar go out etc.
Humorbot5 wrote:
Plot the downfall of the human race!
and play the 360 a bit, y'know.
Wow!! Scared of You!!
I was only kidding, gettit? Ho Ho!
In other news, I also listen to music, eat, sleep, school and shower.
When I'm not on the BFFC, I make SW and DW figure reviews. I watch TV, play, and generally just do normal things.
sounds like a good life.
i spin in a circle until a pass out..
I either hang out with my beings. I practice playing bass almost everyday for my band. And I love to draw.
i write science fiction books and draw
I enjoy a good number of activities, but I usually find myself working and doing school work. I'm currently finishing up a BS degree in Ecology, hoping to continue my education and get into herpetology more. I like being outside and telling my friends 'useless' information about the outside world around them.
Instead of hanging out here, I should be working on my website and online portfolio. There's just so much to do there, I don't know where to start.
oh i have some late work, but i don't want to do it. ><
I apologise for my absence lately, been busy with the baby. He sounded like he said "Mum" and "Bub" yesterday. He got his first tooth Tuesday last week.
Also been writing a Twilight parody in my spare time. I thought I could improve it
Congratulations!! It sounds like your little one has seen a few milestones. I you could improve Twilight. I saw the first one but as for New Moon I'm not going to bother. The whole series looks like it could stand improvement.
When I'm not here or on the internet full stop, I'm either writing Star Wars, sci fi stories, drawing sci fi influences and being a soldier in the British Army. I'm on my leave at the moment so I've got more 'me' time for now. Saw James Cameron's Avatar last Friday, enjoyed it immensely.
Read star wars books and other fiction. Play Video Games and watch movies
I post here: http://mercs.firespray.net/forum/index.php?action=forum
But mostly here: http://forum.clonecommandos.net/
When I'm not here of course.
I could improve the twilight series, Just throw it into a fire. Big improvement. LOL just kidding. My wife would kill me if she read that. She would whack me upside the head. LOL
What about drink, Mel?
You have to drink otherwise you'll die.
Unless your a zombie......
( raises flamed torch and beckones fellow Peasants )
lol, j/k.
Oh no... The zombies are back...
I go to fanfiction, DeviantART, Myspace, and Facebook... Oh and play video gaems... And yes I do sleep eat stuff drink stuff and go to bed and that's all... i do mean nothing else.
When you're a fan of the Fett how much else is there really?
I still spend way too much time on my PC for my own good. It's the summer and the weather is wonderful outside. What did I do today? Spent hours trying to draw realistic ripped jeans. Not stuff I'll wear. Just stuff that can be worn by characters in a videogame. For the curious ones of you, here's where my last couple hours of life went. In drawing holes like this.
Hours. If anyone has techniques to go faster (or increase realism without having a model sit in front of me for each detail), please tell. Feel the texture, they say, but it's hard to feel pixels.
Lately I spend my whole days developing my ability to texture. I would never do so many hours at something for a job, but since I am not paid for this, it is my new conception of fun apparently.
And today my toddler spent a couple hours watching that. She has a million toys, puzzles and stuff of all kinds, but no, she wanted to watch me smudge my pixels.
Going out? Seeing people? Get a tan? Spend some money on me and my pretty girls? Maybe another day.
Wasting time on art is awesome, though. I just got Photoshop back, I really need to sit down and really learn how to use it/practice using it. And yes, I plan on taking a class on how to use it soon.
As for my current time waster, video games. Shortly before Memorial Day last month I sat down and had a mega Metroid marathon. Played Metroid (the original), Metroid Prime, Metroid Prime 2: Echoes, Metroid Prime 3: Corruption, Super Metroid, and Metroid Fusion. In the span of about eight days. And then I played Super Metroid a second time. And then I played it a third time. And a fourth. And a fifth. And now I'm fighting off an addiction to play it again because I've really perfected my "100% in well under 2:30" technique. Oy. XD
I plan on writing some more this summer as well. ...When I'm not playing video games, lol!
We're such indoor bugs, aren't we.
With temperature nearing 100 degrees right now where I live, I don't have much of a choice but to stay indoors right now.
Yeah in Tucson right now it gets well over 100 every day now. And the slowly rising humidity as monsoon season approaches will just make it wrose. At least, it will if it doesn't cool down after a storm.
I should've known Arizona would have it worse than North Carolina. Right now we are in a sort of drought.
Here in Montreal we are on an island. So humidity can feel like breathing through a blanket sometimes in the summer. And we get these .. clouds of bugs. Like moths but something else. Millions and millions of them, you can't open the eyes or breathe while you walk through that. It lasts maybe a day or two. In June. It's past now. But we get that each year. It's like they come, reproduce like crazy, then they all die or go off, no idea where.
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Most soybean farmers in the Mid-South and Southeast will remember 2003 as one of their better years. Soybean yields met or exceeded past records in many states. State average yields ranged from 33 bushes per acre in Georgia to 43 bushels per acre in Kentucky.
Since 1980 — a contrasting drought year in much of the Mid-South — state average soybean yields have been increasing. The yield increase has averaged about 0.3 bushel per acre per year in Georgia and the Carolinas to 0.5 bushel per acre per year in most Mid-South states.
A number of plant nutrition questions are being asked by soybean farmers and landowners who recognize the opportunity of good markets in 2004. This article includes many of the more popular questions, and it provides science-based answers.
Q: What soybean yields are possible in the Mid-South and Southeast United States with good management?
A: Research at a number of locations across the Mid-South and Southeast has shown that soybean yields ranging from 45 to 50 bushels per acre are common, and that yields above 55 to 60 bushels per acre are within reach for many farmers using good management practices with adequate moisture or irrigation. In fact, many researchers are consistently producing yields above 70 bushels per acre with progressive management.
Q: How much phosphorus (P) and potassium (K) is removed from fields in the harvest of soybean seed?
A: Soybeans remove about 0.8 pound of P2O5 (0.35 pound of P per acre) and 1.4 pounds of K2O (1.17 pounds of K per acre) for each harvested bushel per acre. So a 50-bushel-per-acre soybean harvest removes about 40 pounds of P2O5 per acre and 70 pounds of K2O per acre.
Q: How much P and K do soybeans need to take up from the soil and from fertilizer to achieve good yields?
A: The uptake of P2O5, K2O, magnesium (Mg), and sulfur (S) by soybeans is shown in the following table:
|lb/A taken up
|Note: P and K are expressed in oxide terms to better relate to fertilizer equivalents.
Q: What are the optimum soil test P and K levels for soybeans?
A: University researchers have correlated soil test P and K levels with soybean yields. As soil test P and K levels increase, soybean yields increase up to optimum levels where P and K are no longer yield limiting.
A review of current university soil test P and K interpretations indicates there is a great deal of similarity in interpretations of the agronomic optimum P and K levels for soybeans. Most land grant university research shows that 90 to 95 percent of the maximum soybean yield is reached when extractable soil test P levels are at or above 40 to 50 pounds per acre (20 to 25 parts per million (ppm), assuming a 6-inch soil sampling depth) and extractable soil test K levels are at or above 220 to 280 pounds per acre (110 to 140 ppm) on silt loam soils, based on most common soil test extractants employed in the region. The optimum interpretations will differ for very sandy soils and for clays (consult your laboratory for specific interpretations).
Q: Are the fertilizer recommendations developed 10 to 20 years ago appropriate for the higher soybean yield expectations and reduced tillage systems used today?
A: Soybean yields achieved today are frequently much greater than the yields achieved in past fertilization and crop nutrition research. It is safe to assume that soil P and K needs today will be at least as high as predicted by past studies. The key is to strive for high soil fertility levels to remove P and K as factors limiting soybean yields. With reduced tillage (no-till, strip till, ridge-till, stale seedbed), farmers must pay very close attention to the soil sampling depth. Be sure to use a very consistent sampling depth, and sample accurately from the surface to the depth recommended by your laboratory.
In reduced tillage systems, P and K levels are often much higher in the top 3 inches than at 3 to 6 inches deep. Sampling 3 to 4 inches deep instead of 6 inches deep can result in high soil test results and may cause farmers and crop advisers to mistakenly believe soil fertility is adequate.
Q: How much will soil test P and K change in one year after a high-yielding soybean crop (like in 2003)?
A: Soil test levels — determined by different soil extractants and methods — are just indicators of the relative fertility level, and they do not measure the exact amount of nutrients accessible to a given crop during a growing season. On silt loam soils, it generally takes 6 to 14 pounds of P2O5 per acre to raise the soil test P level by 1 pound per acre, and it takes 4 to 8 pounds of K2O per acre to raise the soil test K level by 1 pound per acre. So, it may take similar P2O5 and K2O removal rates to lower soil test P and K levels by 1 pound per acre.
A 50-bushel-per-acre yield may lower soil test P by about 4 pounds per acre and soil test K by about 12 pounds per acre. Years of harvest removal of nutrients without replacement fertilization can take a heavy toll on soil fertility and limit the yield potential.
Research by Iowa State University scientists showed that without P fertilization for 10 years, a corn-soybean rotation cut soil test P levels in half: From the initial 84 pounds per acre down to about 40 pounds per acre. Farmers who have not collected soil samples on their fields, or who have not fertilized in recent years might be surprised to learn how much they have mined soil P and K.
Q: What kind of yield response can be expected from P and K fertilization on low fertility soils?
A: Response to adequate P fertilization on low P soils can range as high as 11 to 18 bushels per acre per year. Response to K on low K soils can exceed 10 bushels per acre per year. If 60 pounds of P2O5 per acre and 90 lb of K2O per acre were applied on a low P and K soil, with soybean prices at $8 per bushel, the net return could exceed $100 per acre (assuming costs: $0.27 per pound of P2O5, $0.16 per pound of K2O, and an application cost of $4.50 per acre).
Q: Is all the fertilizer P2O5 and K2O used up the year it is applied?
A: On average, about 10 to 20 percent of the applied P is taken up by the crop the year it is applied. The remainder, because of P chemistry reactions in the soil, is stored in the soil for future crop use. Plant recovery of the applied K may range from 30 to 60 percent during the season of application. The remainder is held on soil cation exchange sites and in clay minerals for subsequent crop use.
Q: Cotton responds well to K applications, but I have heard that soybeans actually remove more at harvest than cotton. Is that true?
A: A cotton crop yielding 1,200 pounds of lint per acre takes up about 170 pounds of K2O per acre (142 pounds of K per acre), with about 50 pounds of K2O per acre (42 pounds of K per acre) actually removed from the field at harvest in the seed and lint. A 50-bushel- per-acre soybean crop also takes up about 170 pounds of K2O per acre, with 70 pounds of K2O per acre removed from the field at harvest in the seed. So, even though the K uptake by cotton and soybeans at these yield levels is the same, about 40 percent more K is removed in the harvest of soybeans, compared to cotton.
Phosphorus and potassium are essential nutrients for all crops and animals. Adequate amounts of these nutrients enable soybeans to:
- capture sunlight and convert it to energy more efficiently,
- increase root growth for efficient uptake of soil moisture and other nutrients,
- increase the absorption of N2 gas from the air by symbiotic bacteria in nodules on roots, to nourish plants with nitrogen necessary for making amino acids and protein,
- resist damage from several plant diseases, and
- yield more, which will result in a higher profit potential.
Cliff Snyder is southeast director for the Potash & Phosphate Institute.


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Despite major advances in the treatment of cancer during the past few decades, recovery from cancer is not always possible. If a cure or long-term remission (no signs of cancer) becomes unlikely or impossible, the disease may be called advanced, end-stage, or terminal cancer. However, incurable does not mean untreatable. People with advanced cancer continue to have treatment options and can maintain a good quality of life for months or even years.
This booklet (PDF) is designed to help people with advanced cancer, their families, and their caregivers understand the treatment options available throughout the course of the illness, discuss these options, and find support. Clarifying what you value and hope for during this time, and then openly communicating these wishes with the members of your health care team, will not only help your doctors identify the best plan for your care, but also can give you a sense of power in a situation that may seem out of your control.
More Information
Caring for the Symptoms of Cancer and its Treatment
The Oncologist's Perspective: Essays and podcasts from physicians about difficult conversations doctors and patients have.


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Scroll Down to Helmet Size Guides
Why not wear a helmet? If you have ever watched the X-Games or the Winter Olympics, it is pretty obvious. Even the most experienced Pro's can catch an edge and get thrown out of balance. One common accident is actually being hit from behind by some skier or snowboarder out of control. So it does not matter how good snowboarder or skier you are, any rider at any level can have an unsuspected fall. Wearing a helmet could make all the difference. In some indoor slopes and resorts it is also a requirement.
Years ago there were a lot of people not wearing a helmet on the slopes. Helmets back then where a lot bigger, heavier and nowhere near as comfortable as today's helmets.
This has changed; today you will see a lot more snowboarders and skiers wearing a helmet. Snowboard & Ski helmets have become a vital piece of equipment for the majority of snowboarders and skiers.
Snowboard & Ski Helmets are now well ventilated, surprisingly light, very comfortable and comes in many different shapes and forms. If you have not tried on a helmet for a couple of years, we highly recommend that you do so now. This is the most important safety equipment that could potentially save your life.
Before ordering a helmet online, it is important to measure your head and check the brand's specific size chart for the particular helmet that you are purchasing. While all of the different brands measure for sizes in centimetres, the sizes do vary by brand and even model. Please note that head shapes are different and therefore there are different types of helmet shapes. We highly recommend trying on a helmet if you can, to ensure you have got the best fit for you.
It is also important to try the helmet on with your goggles to ensure that you are getting a comfortable fit. Your snowboard goggles should fit tightly to your snowboard helmet not leaving any gap between the frame of the helmet and goggle which leaves your skin exposed to the elements. At the Board Basement we call this the twat gap. Having a freezing point on your forehead is extremely uncomfortable.
It is important that the goggles are not pushing down too much on your nose and restricting breathing through your nose.
It is important to keep the measuring tape level and above your ears. You should aim for roughly two fingers width above your eyebrows. This will ensure that you are measuring the largest part of your head.
You want to use a flexible measuring tape or string if you can't find a flexible measuring tape to measure all the way around.
If you need to use a string to measure, simply wrap the string around your head as described above. Then simply measure the length of the string.
As well as using standard sizes, some Brands choose to add levels of customisation to certain models, such as a boa coiler to each size for extra fit and comfort.
You will find the size charts below.
All helmets available at the Board Basement are half shell helmets. They feature a hard shell upper with soft ear flaps and liners providing a more comfortable, adaptable fit while making it easier to hear. There are a few different types of constructions to choose from.
Featured on some Bern helmets, In-Mold or Zip mold snowboard / ski helmets are produced by creating a hard plastic outer shell which is fused with the snowboard helmets impact absorbent foam liner, typically made from EPS foam. In-Mold snowboard helmets are created in a single molding process which means that you can easily spot if the helmet has split on impact. The in-mold construction also allows the manufacturers to sculpt better ventilation systems. This process creates a very lightweight and strong helmet that is more comfortable to wear. All In Mold helmets available at The Board Basement comply with the CE EN and ASTM Certification Standards.
This is the most common helmet construction. Sometimes referred to as ABS Construction, Hard Shell Construction uses an injection molded ABS Shell which is designed to withstand high-impacts. This hard shell is then bonded to an EPS Foam Liner. The EPS hard foam is designed to absorb and break apart on impact. It is therefore important that you inspect your helmet after an impact. As soon as EPS foam has got any cracks, you must replace the helmet. The hard shell of this style of snowboard helmet is typically more durable than an In-Molded Snowboard Helmet Shell and safer that a Hard Hat. All Hardshell / EPS helmets available at The Board Basement comply with the CE EN and ASTM Certification Standards.
Bern technically uses Hard Shell Construction to create their Hard Hats. Instead of using traditional EPS hard foam inside the helmet, Hard Hats use Bern's soft Brock Foam inside their thicker ABS Shell. Brock Foam is open cell foam designed for low multi-impact protection. This means that the hard hat is softer and more breathable and therefore more comfortable. Protective headwear such as Hard Hats designed for multi-impact protection does not comply with the way the CE EN and ASTM Certification Standards are written, and therefore cannot be classified as a helmet. The Bern hard hats are great for the person who normally would not wear a helmet and looking for comfortable and low profile protection.
There are two major certification systems for Snowboard Helmets; CE EN and ASTM. Most snowboard / ski helmets sold at the Board Basement meets the certifications, apart from Bern Hard Hats as they do not meet the standards.
ASTM is one of many American organizations dedicated to testing products to ensure that, in this case, the helmet can provide appropriate protection in simulated crashes. ASTM F2040 is the section regarding recreational snow sports helmets. Snowboard helmets which are awarded this certification status are intended to protect snowboarders and skiers against a hard single impact only. After one serious impact or if you discover cracks in the foam or outer shell of the snowboard / ski helmet you should dispose and replace the helmet.
CE EN is a European based organization that helps to protect consumers by ensuring that products meet certain standards in order to be sold in the European market place. CN EN Certifications are often seen on snowboard helmets, which are produced in Europe. Much like the American rating system snowboard helmets meeting CN EN certifications are designed to protect against a hard single impact only. After one serious impact or if you discover cracks in the foam or outer shell of the snowboard / ski helmet you should dispose and replace the helmet.
Ventilation is great if you are using the helmet in warmer conditions. The ventilation will create a cooling air flow inside the helmet so you don't get too hot. If you know that you normally get really warm or you are going to ride during spring, you should definitely considering a helmet with vents. There are fixed and adjustable vents. Please use the filters on our website to find a helmet featuring vents. As the ventilation types vary, please read product descriptions for details.
If you normally feel cold, maybe a helmet without ventilation is the better option for you, as they will hold the warmth better.
If you prefer to listen to your favourite music whilst cruising down the slopes, then you should look at a helmet featuring Audio speakers. Many of the helmets available at The Board Basement come with speakers integrated with the liner. Audio liners are also sold separately if you would like to update your non audio helmet. Please make sure you order compatible audio liners for your helmet. However, it is more economical to purchase a helmet already featuring audio system as buying audio liners separately can be much more expensive.
They are not just there for styling. The peaks are there to prevent cold wind blowing on your forehead by creating a wind shield. A peak / visor are also good at stopping rain and snow from landing on your face or goggles and protecting you and your goggles if you are riding amongst trees.
Most snowboard helmets available at The Board Basement have removable winter liners to accommodate washing / cleaning them and replacing them with audio liners.
You can replace the winter liners with a summer liner for use as a skate or bike helmet.
Please be aware that just because the winter liners are removable doesn't make it suitable for all year round use. Check the product description for the specific snowboard / ski helmet to ensure that it is truly designed for all seasons.
|20.1" - 20.5"
|20.9" - 21.3"
|21.7" - 22.0"
|22.4" - 22.8"
|23.2" - 23.6"
|18.875" - 20.125"
|20.5" - 21.625"
|22" - 23.125"
|23.5" - 24.375"
The K2 Stash is the one that everyone loves! This versatile helmet is both snow and bicycle certified so its got your head covered from the snow and to the pedals. Its low profile In-Mold construction with EPS liner is premium for ultra-lighweight performance helmets. It has passive channel venting, which directs the air-flow between your head and the helmet, keeping it cool. The K2 Stash also features their Dialed fit system, which creates a custom-fitting helmet with the twist of a dial.
Audio liner is included. Play your favorite music whilst cruising down the slope.
No Audio included with this helmet but you can upgrade the liner if you want to. Audio liner is sold separately.
You cannot upgrade the liner to an Audio liner. You will need a different helmet if you require audio.
This helmet comes with a peak that will protect your face from outer elements such as wind, rain, snow and sunshine. The peak creates a protection between the helmet and the top section of your goggles.
This helmet has got vents. There are many different types of ventilation systems. Please read description for more details.
Please note that helmets often comes in different colours, filter by main colour only.
There are no reviews for this product yet.
Super light in-mold constructed helmet with washable liner.
A Women's specific luxurious helmet with a variable venting.
Adult Styling in a Youths Helmet
Single Sided Wrist Protection Developed By a Doctor
Protecs stylish and classic peaked helmet the Riot
Miltary Styling with Miltary Protection
Extremely Lightweight and Low Profile
The K2 Diversion has the ability to open and close the venting depending on the conditions
A Protec classic snow helmet for the kids
Old school is new school, throw back with the full cut
A classic snow helmet with Volcom custom graphics
The Classic skate inspired helmet certified for the snow
Made from recycled polystyrene collected from japanese auto makers
Made from recycled polystyrene collected from japanese auto makers
Single Shoulder Brace with D30 Protection
Upper body protection with D30 material that can connect to match X-connect lower body protection.
Protect that Bum!
Basic Spine Guard with Hard Shell Protection
Excellent Value Impact Short
Upper Body Protection for Some Piece of Mind
Spine Protection with D30
Upper body protection with D30 material on the back section.
Knee Pads with Soft Flexible Protection
Knee Pads with D30 Protection
Ventilation and low profile on the Macon helmet.
Forest Bailey designed sock.


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Tomorrow will be the first day not waking up to have to go to work. Now all I have to do is move and then I can get to important things like NCAA Football 2009.
For those of you who left jobs with a longer tenure, how much notice did you give? The standard 2 weeks?
Another question for the day:How many days left before you quit your job???


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April 16, 2018
How Safe is Cozumel? Safest Place in Mexico, and by a long shot too!
Normally, when inquiries are made about how safe a certain place is, it almost never is. If you've been fortunate enough to travel around the world then you will find that nothing compares to the beaches of Cozumel Mexico.
What immediately becomes clear when you visit a country you only hear about on television are the exaggerated differences. I'm the kind of person who used to imagine Africa as a wild jungle, so you can understand how much of a shock it was to see Cozumel differently. Naive you might say, but we see the world through the often biased lens of mainstream media, and there are people out there who, to this day, think exactly that. So how safe is Cozumel? To be deadpan honest, I'd bet my life on it being the safest place in Mexico!
An island municipality forming part of the Mexican state of Quintana Roo, Cozumel is actually an Island with a budding population of over 100 000 people. So any geographic association with mainland Mexico is simply on paper and, as a result, tainted with bias. In fact, if you were sneaked into the island from mainstream Mexico you'd probably think you were somewhere else, perhaps halfway across the world. That's the enchanting nature of Cozumel, so full of surprises.
Tropical Savannah climate with a short dry season. Temperatures are generally stable with a mean monthly high temperature of 21 degrees Celsius. So it's a conducive holiday destination throughout the year for those who often struggle to time their work leave days with their destination of choice.
A Tourism Based Economy
Its economy is largely based on tourism, something that is apparent from the countless number of cruise ships that dock there on a regular basis. That said, you'll be spoiled for choices as far as adventure, leisure and entertainment are concerned. Be prepared for the flood of adrenaline from:
* Windsurfing. A Local favorite pastime activity that draws visitors from as far afield as Japan.
* Paddle-boarding.
* Scuba diving.
* Biking ($0 miles along the beachfront)
* Night running is a very popular pastime activity. At first it's a bit unusual to see people walking or running alone. But with time, you'll slowly realise that they do so because they feel safe.
* Snorkeling
* Host to the 2010 Iron Man competition.
* Annual Carnivals, the most popular being the Santa Cruz and Cozumel cultural Festivals and the El Cedral Fair.
Relocate with ease
Love at first sight often transforms into an irresistible temptation to relocate permanently for many adventure seekers who land on the doorstep of Cozumel by chance. You stumble upon expats who -without any money- started from almost scratch to make a decent living. For evidence of this, the expat population is hard to miss, all testament to the fact that if a foreigner can make a home of Cozumel, then anyone else can.
Watch and Beautiful features as well write up on the beautiful beach and resort town.
Information contained on this page is provided by an independent third-party content provider. This Site make no warranties or representations in connection therewith. If you are affiliated with this page and would like it removed please contact support [at] perpetualwire.com.


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Women Sharing a Chemical Moment in TimeActivity by Mary Garson | added on May 08, 2010 | International
"Women Sharing a Chemical Moment in Time" will bring together women chemists from 37 countries on 18 January 2011 using modern communication tools; each country/region will arrange its own event(s) and individual breakfasts will be linked together by SKYPE/video, and by using Twitter.
MARCH 2 update --- post-event video available on YouTube; click here.
JANUARY 10 update --- pre-event video available; click here.
JANUARY 15 - The FINAL list of registered breakfast functions/contact points is available; please see down below to the right and use this to plan linkages. Check out also the two Powerpoint files made available to all to share.
STOP PRESS: follow us on Twitter; The name of the account is IYC_Breakfast and you can see the twitter profile here: http://twitter.com/IYC_Breakfast.
We recommend tweeters add the hashtags #IYC2011 and #chemhandshake to their tweets. This then allows anyone to follow tweets that are using these tags (without being signed up to twitter or following IYC_Breakfast) by accessing the following two webpages:
We have created Women Sharing a Chemical Moment in Time to bring chemistry women together worldwide for a breakfast meeting on a single selected day in 2011 as a pre-launch event for the International Year of Chemistry. In addition to networking, the aim is to celebrate the pivotal role of Marie Curie in chemistry, and to reflect on the current landscape for women chemists. The day chosen for the international breakfast event is Tuesday January 18th, that is in the week preceding the official launch of IYC2011 in Paris. During the event, dIfferent breakfast events in similar time zones are linked up with each other by modern communication tools such as Skype so that we may celebrate a special moment of chemical time together, thereby creating a global chemical handshake.
If the information given below gives you some ideas on how the event might work in your community, please get in touch by email (firstname.lastname@example.com) and tell us what you have in mind. We would very much like to have this activity running in a number of venues worldwide. We have interest and enthusiasm from colleagues in over 20 countries worldwide to participate in the international component of this networking event, and (as of December 28) 17 different countries have so far registered breakfasts; in some countries there are multiple events taking place in different cities, It is not yet too late to register your event, but since other breakfast events will need to know of your activity in order to plan a link with you, we do encourage you to register as soon as possible, and certainly before January 8. So please add your event to the growing list of breakfasts shown on this website, contact other breakfasts in your region, and suggest a time when you might link up with them. You will need to provide a Skype contact address for your event.
On the day, regional or international connections can be made using Skype or other VOIP/conferencing methods, or simply using SMS text messaging if all else fails. We are also considering whether social networking sites such as Twitter should be used. We are preparing a short Powerpoint file that you may share with your local audience, and a short video will be placed on UTube. These are made available for all, but particularly for breakfast events where the use of Skype is not permitted for security or other reasons. Photographic images and video footage from some events will be transferred to Paris for use during the official launch of IYC on 27 January 2011. More information on these communication/recording issues will be provided to registered breakfasts in early January.
How does an event run? What to do next? In my own location of Brisbane (Australia), we have booked a suitable central venue that is not too expensive to hire, and where a reasonably-priced breakfast is served, since of course we would like many chemistry postgraduates to attend. The "communication needs" of the event are essentially a laptop, a data projector and a screen. We have approached local companies and universities to support the event and to sponsor the participation of younger attendees, particularly postgraduates and/or schoolchildren, or who might provide "lucky door" prizes. We are also considering whether to have a speaker or not. Our aim is that the venue and event be accessible to as many women chemists as possible. We have sent out a date claimer leaflet by email to our local chemistry networks, and we have a draft program of activity for the breakfast that includes a period of time for networking with other breakfasts in our region. A different model which also captures the spirit of the initiative is for a small groups of individuals to get together for a simple breakfast, either in a cafe or even in the home of a participant; again all you really need is a laptop and an internet connection!
|networking, celebrating chemistry
|women chemists
What a brilliant idea! We were thinking of planning a simialr women's event later in the year. January 18 seems very early, as some people/students may still be on holiday.
Will discuss this great idea further with our local chemistry branch
Great Idea. We are hoping to run this in different locations in Ireland. University of Limerick have agreed to organise one of the networking breakfast meeting.
that is a good idea does anyone know of any arrangements in Krakow or anywhere in Poland where the Chemical moment will be happening.
We are gladly joining this event from Prague. I'd like to know who will be coordinating the connections between the individual events so that we can plan our breakfast for the most suitable time.
Thank you all for the various messages. You can either look over the list and decide whom you might like to contact "electronically" on the breakfast day - January 18 - or we can help you put some communication links in place. We will provide details on how to do this very soon!
We expect some other breakfast meetings to be registered over the next few days, and this may impact on how the linkages are set up.
We would very much like to obtain photographs of breakfast functions for publicity use during the IYC year, and also to get video footage of different breakfasts interacting with each other. Please let me know by email if you are able to assist with either of these requests.
Regards Mary Garson
Exciting idea! I'd like to join but will be on a ship around S America on the day - but that should offer an opportunity to two - there may be other women chemists on baord or we might link to those in S America..
Mary - there is a breakfast in Columbia that you may be able to link up to, also one in Florida. You will need an internet connection on board! We are also looking at Twitter as a possible communication tool.
Mary Garson
Thanks for the marvelous idea.
I am interested in hosting a breakfast on Jan 18 at UT El Paso, TX.
In addition to female faculty in the chem department (already on board), I plan to invite all (female) chemistry majors, graduate students, local community college students enrolled in chemistry courses and local chemistry teachers and their female students.
My idea is to give presentations about the central role of chemistry in the comforts of modern life and the role that women (starting with Marie Curie) have played in chemistry. If time permits, we also plan to give a tour of a couple of research labs to our guests from outside the university.
The Royal Society of Chemistry (RSC) Beijing Section in conjunction with the British Embassy and supported by the Chemical Industry and Engineering Society of China (CIESC) and Chinese Chemical Society (CCS) are organizing a breakfast meeting on 18 January in the Diaoyutai State Guesthouse which will be attended by female Academicians of the Chinese Academy of Sciences and Chinese Academy of Engineering, other senior women chemists as well as younger researchers and students. Dr. Richard Pike (CEO of the RSC) will address the breakfast and introduce a pre-recorded short video message from a prominent UK female scientist who will talk briefly about her career and will end by asking the Chinese guests: "what message would you give to aspiring young female scientists in the UK?" Then during breakfast, a number of Chinese guests will have the opportunity to record their message to young female scientists in the UK to a video camera. This recording will then be immediately sent to the UK and edited overnight ready to be played to the audience at the corresponding event in Burlington House, London, which will take place several hours later.
We would like to link our breakfast meeting (held between 0730 and 0930) by video with other breakfasts in the appropriate time zone. Beijing time is GMT+8 so the same as Perth and 2 hours behind Brisbane.
David Evans
Chair RSC Beijing Local Section
Beijing University of Chemical Technology
Hi everybody,
regarding the technical means, my institution will allow Skype only reluctantly, due to security concerns. Is there anyone out here who is able and willing to connect with us in Prague over a phone and webcam using a LifeSize system?
Looking forward to your replies
Congratulations for this excellent idea, in terms of a global day to celebrate the role and importance of women in science. In everywhere, the women journey has been long but, we are being recognized by our great contribution in science. Working with sense and sencibility the woman, as scientist, professor, management, and in other activities, has contributed markedly to the sustainability of the planet.
Vanderlan da silva Bolzani
Full professor – São Paulo State University
Past president of Brazilian Chemical Society (SBQ)
We have several activities dedicated to IYC-2011 in Brazil, which will be organized in different parts of our country diring this year. January is holidays in Brazil, and we are going to joint to our colleagues in the Networking Breakfast Activities on January 18, in São Paulo city, Brazil.
A list of registered breakfast meetings/contact details/time zones details has been added to the website today. Please take a look and start to use it to plan your communication links to other breakfast functions.
The chemistry women of the Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry of the Faculty of Sciences of the University of Lisbon- Portugal will be joining the initiative "Women Sharing a Chemical Moment in Time" as a pre-launch activity of IYC networking over breakfast on 18 January 2011 between 9:00h and 10:30 h (GMT). The event is being publicised and an open invitation is addressed to female chemistry students, technicians, teachers and researchers from nearby or further away institutions. Since we commemorate the first centenary of Madame Curie's Nobel Prize, we find it most appropriate to select as our local role model Branca Edmée Marques (1899-1986) who was a Professor of Chemistry to generations of Portuguese men and women and, between 1925 and 1928, was a post-graduate student of Madame Curie, in Paris, having later, 1936, started the first research laboratory (Laboratório de Radiquímica) of the Faculty of Sciences of the University of Lisbon. Professor Branca Edmée Marques was a guest of the French Government to the celebrations of the first centenary of Marie Curie's birth. On this occasion the Portuguese women chemists are also celebrating several other first centenaries, namely those of the University of Lisbon and its Faculty of Sciences, and the Portuguese Chemical Society, where they are currently the face of many relevant activities in chemistry.
Maria Filomena Camões
Breakfast networking meeting in Moscow, Russia will be held on Jan 18, 2011 at 11:00 local time (GMT + 3) in the Institute for problems of chemical physics (Russian Academy of Sciences) in an auditorium which is equipped with all modern facilities needed for videoconferences.
Video-connections will be established (if it is not possible in some cases loud phone connections will be used) with participants of similar events in Russia and CIS countries:
- Baku (Azerbaijan), organizer: State Committee of Azerbaijan Republic for problems of family, women, and children;
- Minsk (Belarus), organizer: Commission of the Belarus Republic for UNESCO;
- Ufa (Republic of Bashkortostan), organizers: regional branches of D.I. Mendeleev Russian Chemical Society in Bashkortostan and Division for Chemico-Technological Sciences of the Academy of Sciences of Bashkortostan;
- Kursk, organizers: Kursk branch of D.I. Mendeleev Russian Chemical Society;
- Syktyvkar, organizers: Komi Institute of Chemistry of the Ural Brach of Russian Academy of Sciences;
- Kazan, organizers: State Kazan Technological University.
In Paraguay we gonna celebrate the "Women Sharing a Chemical Moment in Time" the january 18th at 18:00 at local time (GMT -3) in the Information Center of the United Nations, i hope that someone can contact us by Skype, here is mi user name in skype is lourdes.gisella.
Anyway, I'll be connected from the previous day to contact people from Europe, Africa,Asia to see if we may send a greeting to Paraguay so we can display it in our meeting because we hardly match any country to make at the same time.
What a great idea! We are having the chemistry students gather for a causal Networking Breakfast January 18th, 10am (EST), Park Science Building Rm 273, Bryn Mawr College, Bryn Mawr, PA 19010. To celebrate "Women Sharing a Chemical Moment in Time" we will try to link up via Skype, twitter and take pictures.
Hello Everybody
Is my pleasure to announce that Peru will join this global event "Women sharing a chemical moment in time". It will be hold in Marriot Hotel, Miraflores-Lima on january 18th al 17h (local time, GMT-5). More info firstname.lastname@example.com
Grettings from Peru
Myra E. Flores
skype myra.evelyn.flores.flores
Hi, Everybody.
Finally, I am so greatful to announce that department of chemistry education, Tanjungpura University, Indonesia, will join the global event "Women Sharing Chemical Moment in Time" . The chemistry women lectures and students will have breakfast meeting in chemistry education campus on January 18, 08.00 am (local time). We will try to use skype and record the activities with video. More info firstname.lastname@example.com
We would like to have handshake to all of you.
Greeting from Indonesia
Rini Muharini
Hello fellow Chemistry enthusiasts!
I will be sharing a Marie Curie themed lunch in Jacksonville, Florida, USA with my High School chemistry students and collegues on Tuesday 18th January. Thank you for the powerpoints and film :-)
Breakfast just was not practical for us (it is exam week) but our school lunch time on the US East Coast corresponds with breakfast on the US West Coast, so please forgive me for 'tweaking' the timeframe so that we can share this global handshake with you.
Happy 2011, let's really spread the word this year that the magic that is Chemistry, is our Future.
Best regards from Florida
Rebecca Jane Austin-Datta
And now ... here is the video to share!
See it here on YouTube !
Want to submit your own activity or comment?
In order to do so you need to be part of the IYC network. Please log in or sign up now.
Join the IYC Network
This photo is the only record that a group in Hawaii spoke with New Zealand across the dateline, and confirms that (yes!) we did complete a global chemical handshake!
Wordle image of the 44 participating countries created by Gwen Lawrie, The University of Queensland


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Visits, Admit Days, and Open Houses / Phoenix School of Law....« on: March 02, 2011, 11:37:39 AM »
Any feedback for this school? Any students who want to share their experiences ?
This section allows you to view all posts made by this member. Note that you can only see posts made in areas you currently have access to.


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The Orange Leader, Citizen-Record Consolidated (Orange, Tex.), Vol. 16, No. 12, Ed. 1 Friday, August 12, 1904
Description: Weekly newspaper from Orange, Texas that includes local, state and national news along with extensive advertising.
Date: August 12, 1904
Creator: Harris, J. L. & Ford, Arthur L.
Item Type: Refine your search to only Newspaper
Partner: Lamar State College – Orange


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To Cap or not to cap? What does Kenya's experience tell us about the impact of interest rate caps on the financial sector?
Interest rate caps can have far-reaching consequences on the composition and maturity of commercial bank loans and deposits. From both a policy and research standpoint, it is important to understand the mechanisms behind such impacts and the channels through which they affect various players in the financial sector.
While cross-country evidence suggests that interest rate caps can reduce credit availability and increase costs for low-income borrowers1, rigorous micro-evidence on the channels of impact within an economy is missing.
In a new working paper that uses bank-level panel data from Kenya, Mehnaz Safavian and I carefully examine the impact of the recently imposed interest rate caps on the country's formal financial sector.2
In September 2016, the Kenyan Parliament passed a bill that effectively imposed a cap on interest rates charged on loans and a corresponding floor on the interest rates offered for deposit accounts by commercial banks. This new legislation was in response to the public view that lending rates in Kenya were too high, and that banks were engaging in predatory lending behavior. The interest rate caps were therefore intended to alleviate the repayment burden on borrowers and improve financial inclusion as more individuals and firms would be able to borrow at the lower repayment rates.
- Tags:
- Kenya
- Financial Sector


text: Advanced Laboratory Class Joe Peidle developed this class with Melissa Franklin to help expose advanced physics students to apparatuses that they may encounter in a real research lab. Students come into experimental lab sections to perform simple activities with the staff to learn how to use the apparatuses throughout the entire class. ... Read more about Advanced Laboratory Class


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Saw this at the beach and was impressed by its soft leaves and then saw it at Home Depot so I brought it. Planted around September 2011
The Silver Bottonwood is getting bedraggled by all the other plants. Not sure if it will make it really.
Still there, again.
Still there.
Still there.
Has sent up a little bit of growth but its not really flourished. Maybe its just focussing on its roots. Its leaves initially seemed to be a bit mouldy and manky but at least its still there. Can decide it its just settling in slowly or if it doesnt like being there. Personally I think its in a great position as it will get sun and water but will be shaded for much of the day plus it will probably cope quite well across winter. The hardest time for this has to be a hot summer? But im not really sure at all really why its not really going for it.
Its definatly grown a bit but its looking a bit manky, especially near the grown, maybe thats the winter or the closeness to the dirt when the rain comes off of the roof caking the leaves or a mixture or maybe its just not well? I looks like its grown a couple of inches though. Maybe spring will see it bloom?
Hopefully this will grow into something decent.


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Please give a warm welcome to Elle James, who is visiting the virtual offices to chat about her latest release, Voodoo for Two. Elle also brought along an awesome prize pack, so be sure to enter after the interview!
[Manga Maniac Cafe] Describe yourself in 140 characters or less.
[Elle James] A former IT professional, I now write full-time, penning edge of the seat adventures. I love traveling, snow-skiing, boating, or riding my ATV.
[Manga Maniac Cafe] Can you tell us a little about Voodoo for Two?
[Elle James] Be careful what you wish for… Determined to marry the most eligible bachelor in the parish to save her family, Lucie LeBieu turns a love bug loose to cast its Voodoo spell.
What she doesn't count on is hitting two targets—the golden boy congressional candidate, Eric Littington and her Cajun-hot ex, Ben Boyette. She has to undo the spell in order to set things straight before she falls back in bed—and in love—with a certain down and dirty heartbreaker.
Undercover investigator Ben Boyette is on special assignment to discover who is threatening Littington when he runs across his old flame, Lucie, cooking up trouble. Again. And when threats turn deadly, Lucie is caught in the middle. Can Ben find a way to protect the politician from falling victim and himself from falling for the irresistible bayou temptress?
[Manga Maniac Cafe] How did you come up with the concept and the characters for the story?
[Elle James] I wanted to see some of the same characters from VOODOO ON THE BAYOU in this story and give the Voodoo Queen's granddaughter a shot at concocting a potion that would backfire on her. Seemed appropriate that she arms a bug with a hex and her ex is undercover as a bug exterminator.
[Manga Maniac Cafe] What three words best describe Lucie?
[Elle James] Desperate Voodoo Novice
[Manga Maniac Cafe] If Ben had a theme song, what would it be?
[Elle James] Bruno Mars – Locked out of Heaven
For too loooonnnnnnggg, For too loooonnnnnnggg…
(Now is that song stuck in your head? I love it!)
[Manga Maniac Cafe] Name one thing Lucie is never without.
[Elle James] Her friends
[Manga Maniac Cafe] What three things will you never find in Ben's bedroom?
[Elle James] Floral pillows, a television (he can find better entertainment), pajamas (hehehe)
[Manga Maniac Cafe] What is Lucie's greatest regret?
[Elle James] Sending Ben away seven years ago.
[Manga Maniac Cafe] What are your greatest creative influences?
[Elle James] My sister Delilah Devlin, my writing friends that I sprint with, travel!
[Manga Maniac Cafe] What three things do you need in order to write?
[Elle James] Diet Dr. Pepper, a computer, my character sketches (mostly because I can't remember names worth a darn)
[Manga Maniac Cafe] What is the last book that you read that knocked your socks off?
[Elle James] Shattered Souls by Delilah Devlin
[Manga Maniac Cafe] If you had to pick one book that turned you on to reading, which would it be?
[Elle James] Little House on the Prairie. Loved living in Laura Ingalls Wilder's world.
[Manga Maniac Cafe] What do you like to do when you aren't writing?
[Elle James] Traveling, reading, four-wheeling, boating, playing with my dogs.
[Manga Maniac Cafe] How can readers connect with you?
[Elle James] ….escape with elle
Website | Blog | Facebook | Twitter | GoodReads
[Manga Maniac Cafe] Thank you!
Elle has this awesome prize pack that she is giving away. This is tour wide giveaway, so make sure you visit the other blogs on her tour and enter for more chances to win! The other tour stops are listed at the end of this post.
Didn't win? You can purchase Voodoo For Two from your favorite bookseller or by clicking the link below:
About Voodoo For Two:
Be careful what you wish for…
Determined to marry the most eligible bachelor in the parish to save her family, Lucie LeBieu turns a "love bug" loose to cast its Voodoo spell. What she doesn't count on is hitting two targets—the golden boy congressional candidate, and her Cajun-hot ex. To set things right, she must undo the spell before she falls into bed—-and back in love—with a certain down and dirty heartbreakin' cop.
Undercover investigator Ben Boyette is back in Louisiana on special assignment when he runs across his old flame, brewing up trouble as usual. But when hometown threats turn deadly, Lucie's life is on the line. Determined to protect both her and his politician assignment from falling victim to a murderer, Ben finds that he's the one who's falling hard…for the irresistible bayou temptress.
Elle's Bio:
Elle James spent twenty years in South Central Texas, ranching horses, cattle, goats, ostriches and emus. A former IT professional, retired Army and Air Force Reservist, she's proud to be writing full-time, penning intrigues and paranormal adventures that keep her readers on the edge of their seats or laughing out loud. Now, living in northwest Arkansas, she's given up wrangling cattle and exotic birds to wrangle her muses, a malti-poo and a yorkie. When she's not at her computer, she's traveling, out snow skiing, boating, or riding her four-wheeler, dreaming up new stories.
Social Media:
Facebook: https://www.facebook.com/ellejamesauthor
Twitter: https://twitter.com/MylaJacksonAuth
Website: http://www.ellejames.com/
Blog: http://ellejames.blogspot.com/
Voodoo For Two Buy Links:
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Morrison & Foerster's Government Contracts + Public Procurement practice handles litigation, compliance, and counseling matters for clients throughout the United States, Europe, Latin America, and Asia. Our attorneys represent prime contractors and subcontractors, manufacturers and service providers, as well as companies that work with government agencies through grants, cooperative agreements, and other vehicles.
Morrison & Foerster represents global leaders in a wide spectrum of industries, including:
Our clients range from Fortune 50 companies to small and medium-sized companies just entering government markets. We advise both U.S. and non-U.S. companies involved in federal, state, and local government contracting and related procurement matters. The practice has been named Government Contracts Practice Group of the Year by Law360 and its attorneys have been recognized by Chambers.
We counsel clients in the areas of Contract Formation and Performance, Cybersecurity, Investigations and Enforcement Actions, Intellectual Property and Licensing, M&A Due Diligence, International Procurements, and Global Infrastructure and Public-Private Partnerships. In Litigation, we represent clients in bid protests, claims and contract disputes, government investigations, as well as in criminal, civil, and administrative actions relating to government transactions, including False Claims Act (FCA) and Foreign Corrupt Practices Act (FCPA) matters, and suspension and debarment proceedings. We also provide compliance training for our clients and their employees, and conduct due diligence for mergers, acquisitions, and financing transactions involving government contractors.
Non-U.S. Public Procurement
Companies seeking to provide products to or to perform work on behalf of government entities face a multitude of complex regulations and bureaucratic policies, which often vary widely from one country to the next. Our attorneys can help clients navigate this maze. Our public procurement capabilities and experience stretch across the globe, through our offices in London, Berlin, Hong Kong, and Tokyo. Our global team of attorneys is familiar with and prepared to advise our clients concerning the unique legal and business challenges of public procurement work in almost any country.
Areas of Focus:
Counseling Related to Contract Formation and Performance
Investigations and Enforcement Actions
Intellectual Property and Licensing
M&A Due Diligence
Our government contract lawyers assist clients in addressing the government contracting issues that arise in the acquisition or sale of a company that does business as a government contractor. These efforts involve due diligence reviews, strategic alliances, novations, Committee on Foreign Investment in the United States (CFIUS) reviews, and resolution of national security issues.
International Procurements
We address transactional issues and disputes, as well as the requirements relating to international compliance issues, export controls, the Buy American Act, the Trade Agreements Act, international anti-corruption laws, and FCPA compliance.
Global Infrastructure and Public Private Partnerships
Morrison & Foerster has a long, successful history in infrastructure projects delivered in traditional ways, including transportation (road, rail, municipal transit, airports, and ports), water (water and wastewater), telecommunications, healthcare (hospitals), and sports (arenas and venues).
Today, "Public Private Partnerships" (PPP) are popular, as governments seek new ways to deliver public infrastructure, facilities, and services. Through PPP, the public sector seeks to harness private sector financing, skill, and resources to provide public sector facilities and services. Over the past two decades we have been advising governments and private parties on numerous PPP transactions, from airports, to water works, courthouses, toll roads, railroads, re-use of military facilities, among others.
Our clients in infrastructure and PPP include the private sector (developers, contractors, public service operators, and financial institutions) and national, regional, and local governments, and multinational organizations, particularly in the U.S. Asia, and Latin America. Through our multidisciplinary teams, we provide efficiently the full range of legal experience and skills that these undertakings require.
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Annotation (BT 43/68)
Class 4. Bezique Box. Proprietor Benjamin Milne, 134 Fleet Street, London IV [in pencil] The ornamental shape of the box alone is registered and not the ornament upon it. William Brookes 62 Chancery Lane, London. Patent & Registration agent.
Bezique is a two-player card game. The basic version is played with a double pack of 64 cards (two copies of A-K-Q-J-10-9-8-7 in each suit). It originated in France and became popular in the mid 19th century throughout Europe. It is reported to have been a favourite pastime of Winston Churchill.
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Staggered holidays for comfort. Artist Eileen Evans, 1939-1946. INF 3/94
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Unofficial Opinion 2009-3
Speaker, Georgia House of Representatives
A lawyer/legislator may represent the legal interests of a
You have asked for my opinion on two separate questions related to activities that may be undertaken by a lawyer/legislator in
It is my opinion that a lawyer/legislator may represent the legal interests of a
While determining whether a conflict of interest exists is usually a fact-specific inquiry, there are some general principles in
Any analysis of "conflicts of interest" under
2004 Op. Att'y Gen. 2004‑7. In concurrence with this constitutional mandate, the General Assembly has also noted:
It is essential to the proper operation of democratic government that public officials be independent and impartial, that governmental decisions and policy be made in the proper channels of the governmental structure, that public office not be used for private gain other than the remuneration provided by law, and there be public confidence in the integrity of government. The attainment of one or more of these ends is impaired whenever there exists a conflict between the private interests of an elected official or a government employee and his duties as such. The public interest, therefore, requires that the law protect against such conflicts of interest and establish appropriate ethical standards, with respect to the conduct of elected officials and government employees in situations where conflicts exist.
O.C.G.A. § 45-10-21(a).
However, both the Supreme Court of Georgia and the General Assembly itself have recognized that constitutional, statutory, and common law prohibitions against conflicts of interest must also be interpreted and tempered by "not unnecessarily or unreasonably [impeding] the recruitment and retention by the government of those men and women who are best qualified to serve it." Georgia Ports Auth. v. Harris, 274
All members of the General Assembly hold positions of trust and loyalty. This creates a fiduciary responsibility for them never to be placed in situations where they might have divided loyalties or where the interests of the State and its people would be compromised for personal benefit. Although the specific facts and circumstances of a particular case will always need to be examined to determine whether a conflict actually exists, the circumstances you have described are premised on the concept that all legal work that is being provided by the lawyer/legislator would be done outside of the State and without any involvement related to the member's service in the General Assembly.
Provided that the facts and circumstances of the out-of-state employment are in fact totally separate from a lawyer/legislator's service as a member of the General Assembly, it does not appear that such out-of-state employment would raise concerns regarding conflicts of interest. There is no indication that a lawyer/legislator in these circumstances would be placed in a position of choosing between obligations to a client and his or her fiduciary obligations as a
The second question that you have raised is somewhat more problematic and does not necessarily lend itself to as definitive an answer as your first question. The same legal strictures outlined above continue to be applicable. The lawyer/legislator cannot, by virtue of his or her legal representation of a client, be placed in a situation where he or she has divided loyalties or there is any adverse impact on the official's fiduciary duties.
The factual situation that you have described is that the lawyer/legislator's client seeks to promote the passage of legislation in the General Assembly where the lawyer/legislator still serves. This legislation would be similar to legislation prepared or promoted by the lawyer/legislator outside of the State, who would now refrain from active involvement in further promoting that legislation here in
On the surface, this situation would not appear to present any per se conflict of interest because of the lawyer/legislator removing himself or herself from all active involvement in the passage of the legislation. However, there are circumstances that could occur where the lawyer/legislator, even without such active involvement, could still impact that process. The general knowledge that such legislation was prepared by the lawyer/legislator elsewhere, even without a formal endorsement by him or her of the legislation in the General Assembly, would certainly be perceived as an endorsement of the legislation and consistent with the lawyer/legislator's previous out-of-state employment.
Even so, I can identify no specific law which defines such actions as a per se conflict of interest. Legislators have the ability to introduce and promote what they believe are appropriate pieces of legislation. They must do so in accordance with the constitutional and statutory framework outlined in
Legislators must be also aware of the "Code of Ethics of Government Service," which provides aspirational guidelines for any person in government service. O.C.G.A. § 45‑10‑1. "These tenets include the admonishment that a government official or employee should not engage in any business with the government which is inconsistent with the conscientious performance of his governmental duties and that such person should never use any information coming to him confidentially as a means for making a private profit. O.C.G.A. § 45‑10‑1, VII, VIII." 2004 Op. Att'y Gen. 2004‑7.
Because the General Assembly, as a co-equal branch of state government, shares the same concerns over guarding against conflicts of interest and addressing ethical issues, the lawyer/legislator may wish to raise the proposed activities with the Joint Legislative Ethics Committee. See O.C.G.A. § 45-10-91. This legislative committee has the authority to issue, upon request of a member of the House or Senate, "written advisory opinions, based on a real or hypothetical set of circumstances" regarding whether there are ethical or conflicts issues raised by a particular question.
Therefore, it is my opinion that a lawyer/legislator may represent the legal interests of a
Prepared by:
Deputy Attorney General


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Film Finance TV has announced the latest confirmed speakers for its event on May 19 in Cannes.
A panel on changing opportunities in Europe will feature Eurimages' Roberto Olla, Aviva Silver from the European Commission, and Katriel Schory from the Israel Film Fund. Event co-producer Amos Rozenberg of Paramax Films said: "We wanted to focus some roundtable discussions on the subject of Europe, not only because we are broadcasting live from the Cannes Film Festival, but because filmmakers worldwide do not realize the opportunities available to them here in Europe."
International co-productions and other film investments will be discussed on a panel led by Magnet Media's Jeanette Buerling with Fox's Shebnem AskinSchreger, Umedia's Adrian Politowski, and Paradox's Fredrik Malmberg.
Magnet's Michele Ohayon will lead a discussion about monetizing new media forms with CAA's Roeg Sutherland, Cinedigm's Chris McGurk [pictured], Peter Iacon of Lionsgate, H2O's Mark Horowitz and Vumanity's Walter Josten.
Joe Woolf of One West Bank will moderate a panel with Loeb & Loeb's Mickey Mayerson, Aldamisa's Jere Hausfater, Escape's David Bloomfield and advisor Hal Sadoff.
The day will also include pitches of new projects from Élie Chouraqui, Jen Delia and Julie Pacino and James Simpson.
FilmFinance TV is supported by the media partners Screen International and Bloomberg TV and produced by Magnet Media Group and Paramax Films and Monde Ouest, as well as MPH Entertainment.
The event will be held at the Majestic hotel in Cannes on May 19. The series is also available for streaming. To register or for more information, visit the website.
Russia's ROSKINO has also come on board as a strategic partner for the event. Ian Roberts of Paramax said: "We are delighted to have recently signed ROSKINO as our strategic partner and look forward to their thought leadership and insight into their market opportunities."


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Apple to Produce Line of Macs in the US Next Year
NEW YORK (AP) - Apple CEO Tim Cook says the company will produce one of its existing lines of Mac computers in the United States next year.
Cook made the comments in part of an interview taped for NBC's "Rock Center," but aired Thursday morning on "Today" and posted on the network's website.
Cook didn't say which line of computers would be produced in the U.S. or where in the country they would be made.
Cook says the consumer electronics world has never really had a big production presence in the U.S.
A call to Apple for comment was not immediately returned.
The news comes a day after Apple posted its worst stock drop in four years, erasing $35 million in market capitalization.
Copyright 2012 by The Associated Press. All rights reserved. Material may not be redistributed.


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DOWNEY – The state fined a local skilled nursing and rehabilitation center $80,000 for "inadequate care" leading to a patient's death in 2010, public health officials said Tuesday.
The California Department of Public Health fined the Downey Rehabilitation Care Center at 13007 Paramount Blvd. after investigating a complaint concerning a woman who went into a diabetic coma and died.
Public health investigators concluded the woman went into the diabetic coma and died after the facility failed to check her blood sugar levels – even though the facility knew she had a history of diabetes, said Dr. Ron Chapman, state public health officer and director of the California Department of Public Health.
The Downey Rehabilitation Care Center also received an "AA" citation, the most severe penalty a facility can receive under state law. A second "AA" citation over the next two years could result in the the facility losing its license.
The Downey facility filed an appeal two days after the fine was issued on Jan. 24. This is its first fine by the state, Department of Public Health spokesman Ralph Montano said.
Jen Hone, executive director and administrator at Downey facility, did not return phone messages seeking comment.
The woman who died was not named by the state due to federal privacy laws.
She was admitted four times to the center in 2009, according to the state report. Each time, a physician ordered blood sugar monitoring and insulin dosages.
The patient was readmitted to the facility in 2010 with a recurrent urinary tract infection, nausea, vomiting and dehydration. But the admitting documents didn't include medications for diabetes or orders to monitor blood glucose levels.
After 29 days without blood glucose monitoring, her breathing was shallow, and nurses could not obtain vital signs. The nursing home called 911 and paramedics transported her to a local hospital, according to the report.
Nursing home staff told investigators they didn't check the patient's blood sugar levels because they didn't have a doctor's order. The patient's blood sugar was checked the day she was transferred to a hospital "because it was an emergency," according to the report.
Doctors at the hospital said the woman, who was on a breathing tube, was "deeply comatose clinically consistent with brain death." Family members removed her breathing tube, and she was pronounced dead.
The cause of death was listed as septic shock, urosepsis, diabetic ketoacidosis and diabetes mellitus type II, according to the report.
In response to the report, the facility was required to file a plan of correction with state, Montano said.
Officials at the facility said they would review all records of patients with diabetes. For those patients who didn't have blood glucose monitoring, their physicians would be notified and requested to monitor the blood glucose levels.
Patients who are admitted with diabetes would have their records reviewed by a physician, who would determine their blood glucose monitoring and medication needs, according to the report.
firstname.lastname@example.com, 562-714-2098, http://twitter.com/zonkelpt


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Elgibility criteria for tender for driver's training - Download
This Corporation was established on 23rd March 1984 under Companies act 1956. The aims and objective of this corporation is to elevate the economic and social conditions of the down-trodden minorities ( Muslim, Christian, Sikh, Buddhist & Parsis) whose annual income is below the double of poverty line income i.e. Rs. 55,000/- for urban areas and Rs 40,000/- for rural areas. They are financially assisted as loan at a simple rate of interest of 6% per annum.
This corporation is engaged in implementing the programmes of National minority Development & Finance Corporation, New Delhi as its channelizing agency.
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Soulja Boy Interview Says "50 Cent Is One Of His Favorite Old School Rappers" [Tim Westwood]
Tim Westwood - Soulja Boy interview&IP=126.96.36.199
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I love the music, personally, its so professional and very very high quality.
Quote from: Sander Scamper on February 22, 2006, 01:46:08 amI love the music, personally, its so professional and very very high quality.Yeah, I feel the same.However, I think Steve will have to change the music once he runs out of different beginnings, and endings (Like the go read a damn book comment) Or he'll have to record more, and thats where I think the fans should come in. It would be cool to have contests having us create new beginnings and endings.Mine would be: Ladies and gentlemen put your hands together for the hardest working man in the game industry. The one man vortex of gaming information. The man who taught K.K slider to play guitar, gaming Steve!
Sam is basically right, he's just cranky.
"...The man who rushed the Zerg!"
"...The man who stole Gordon Freeman's Crowbar!""...The man who punched out Mike Tyson!""...The man who rushed the Zerg!""...The man who completed the Sims!"The possibilities are limitless.
The man who beat the magic cow level in Diablo II.
...The man who built his house from tetris bricks...
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B.o.B (Feat. Future & Trae Da Truth) - How Bout Dat
E.P.I.C MixTape
Grand Hustle/Rebel Rock
Directed By: @DirGabriel Hart
Vietnam Films
@Bobatl @1Future @TRAEABN
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