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Colloid - Related Links
Open Access Articles- Top Results for Colloid
Journal of Neonatal BiologyColloidion Baby: A Treatment Challenge for Dermatologist and Neonatologist
Journal of Plant Biochemistry & PhysiologyAntioxidant Activity of Pulse Hydrocolloids: Classical Screening Methods Depending on Water Soluble Phenolic Antioxidants Need Revision to Measure T
Journal of Food Processing & TechnologyThe Rheological Modeling and Effect of Temperature on Steady Shear Flow Behavior of Cordia abyssinica Gum
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Journal of Nanomedicine & Biotherapeutic DiscoveryA New Cyanoacrylate Colloidal Polymer with Novel Antibacterial Mechanism and Its Application to Infection Control
A colloid is a substance in which microscopically dispersed insoluble particles are suspended throughout another substance. Sometimes the dispersed substance alone is called the colloid;[1] the term colloidal suspension refers unambiguously to the overall mixture (although a narrower sense of the word suspension is contradistinguished from colloids by larger particle size). Unlike a solution, whose solute and solvent constitute only one phase, a colloid has a dispersed phase (the suspended particles) and a continuous phase (the medium of suspension). To qualify as a colloid, the mixture must be one that does not settle or would take a very long time to settle appreciably.
The dispersed-phase particles have a diameter of between approximately 1 and 1000 nanometers.[2] Such particles are normally easily visible in an optical microscope, although at the smaller size range (r<250 nm), an ultramicroscope or an electron microscope may be required. Homogeneous mixtures with a dispersed phase in this size range may be called colloidal aerosols, colloidal emulsions, colloidal foams, colloidal dispersions, or hydrosols. The dispersed-phase particles or droplets are affected largely by the surface chemistry present in the colloid.
Some colloids are translucent because of the Tyndall effect, which is the scattering of light by particles in the colloid. Other colloids may be opaque or have a slight color.
Colloidal suspensions are the subject of interface and colloid science. This field of study was introduced in 1861 by Scottish scientist Thomas Graham.
Colloid: Short synonym for colloidal system.[3][4]
Colloidal: State of subdivision such that the molecules or polymolecular particles dispersed in a medium have at least one dimension between approximately 1 nm and 1 μm, or that in a system discontinuities are found at distances of that order.[3][4][5]
- 1 Classification
- 2 Hydrocolloids
- 3 Interaction between particles
- 4 Preparation
- 5 Stabilization (peptization)
- 6 Destabilization (flocculation)
- 7 As a model system for atoms
- 8 Crystals
- 9 In biology
- 10 In the environment
- 11 Intravenous therapy
- 12 References
- 13 Further reading
|This section does not cite any references or sources. (June 2014)
Because the size of the dispersed phase may be difficult to measure, and because colloids have the appearance of solutions, colloids are sometimes identified and characterized by their physico-chemical and transport properties. For example, if a colloid consists of a solid phase dispersed in a liquid, the solid particles will not diffuse through a membrane, whereas with a true solution the dissolved ions or molecules will diffuse through a membrane. Because of the size exclusion, the colloidal particles are unable to pass through the pores of an ultrafiltration membrane with a size smaller than their own dimension. The smaller the size of the pore of the ultrafiltration membrane, the lower the concentration of the dispersed colloidal particles remaining in the ultrafiltered liquid. The measured value of the concentration of a truly dissolved species will thus depend on the experimental conditions applied to separate it from the colloidal particles also dispersed in the liquid. This is particularly important for solubility studies of readily hydrolyzed species such as Al, Eu, Am, Cm, or organic matter complexing these species. Colloids can be classified as follows:
|Dispersed phase
| Dispersion
| None
All gases are miscible and thus do not form colloids
|Liquid aerosol
Examples: fog, hair sprays
|Solid aerosol
Examples: smoke, ice cloud, atmospheric particulate matter
Example: whipped cream, shaving cream
Examples: milk, mayonnaise, hand cream
Examples: pigmented ink, blood
|Solid foam
Examples: aerogel, styrofoam, pumice
Examples: agar, gelatin, jelly
|Solid sol
Example: cranberry glass
Based on the nature of interaction between the dispersed phase and the dispersion medium, colloids can be classified as: Hydrophilic colloids: These are water-loving colloids. The colloid particles are attracted toward water. They are also called reversible sols. Hydrophobic colloids: These are opposite in nature to hydrophilic colloids. The colloid particles are repelled by water. They are also called irreversible sols.
In some cases, a colloid suspension can be considered a homogeneous mixture. This is because the distinction between "dissolved" and "particulate" matter can be sometimes a matter of approach, which affects whether or not it is homogeneous or heterogeneous.
|This section does not cite any references or sources. (June 2014)
A hydrocolloid is defined as a colloid system wherein the colloid particles are hydrophilic polymers dispersed in water. A hydrocolloid has colloid particles spread throughout water, and depending on the quantity of water available that can take place in different states, e.g., gel or sol (liquid). Hydrocolloids can be either irreversible (single-state) or reversible. For example, agar, a reversible hydrocolloid of seaweed extract, can exist in a gel and solid state, and alternate between states with the addition or elimination of heat.
Many hydrocolloids are derived from natural sources. For example, agar-agar and carrageenan are extracted from seaweed, gelatin is produced by hydrolysis of proteins of mammalian and fish origins, and pectin is extracted from citrus peel and apple pomace.
Gelatin desserts like jelly or Jell-O are made from gelatin powder, another effective hydrocolloid. Hydrocolloids are employed in food mainly to influence texture or viscosity (e.g., a sauce). Hydrocolloid-based medical dressings are used for skin and wound treatment.
Other main hydrocolloids are xanthan gum, gum arabic, guar gum, locust bean gum, cellulose derivatives as carboxymethyl cellulose, alginate and starch.
Interaction between particles
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The following forces play an important role in the interaction of colloid particles:
- Excluded volume repulsion: This refers to the impossibility of any overlap between hard particles.
- Electrostatic interaction: Colloidal particles often carry an electrical charge and therefore attract or repel each other. The charge of both the continuous and the dispersed phase, as well as the mobility of the phases are factors affecting this interaction.
- van der Waals forces: This is due to interaction between two dipoles that are either permanent or induced. Even if the particles do not have a permanent dipole, fluctuations of the electron density gives rise to a temporary dipole in a particle. This temporary dipole induces a dipole in particles nearby. The temporary dipole and the induced dipoles are then attracted to each other. This is known as van der Waals force, and is always present (unless the refractive indexes of the dispersed and continuous phases are matched), is short-range, and is attractive.
- Entropic forces: According to the second law of thermodynamics, a system progresses to a state in which entropy is maximized. This can result in effective forces even between hard spheres.
- Steric forces between polymer-covered surfaces or in solutions containing non-adsorbing polymer can modulate interparticle forces, producing an additional steric repulsive force (which is predominantly entropic in origin) or an attractive depletion force between them. Such an effect is specifically searched for with tailor-made superplasticizers developed to increase the workability of concrete and to reduce its water content.
There are two principal ways of preparation of colloids:[6]
- Dispersion of large particles or droplets to the colloidal dimensions by milling, spraying, or application of shear (e.g., shaking, mixing, or high shear mixing).
- Condensation of small dissolved molecules into larger colloidal particles by precipitation, condensation, or redox reactions. Such processes are used in the preparation of colloidal silica or gold.
Stabilization (peptization)
The stability of a colloidal system is defined by particles remaining suspended in solution at equilibrium.
Stability is hindered by aggregation and sedimentation phenomena, which are driven by the colloids tendency to reduce surface energy. Reducing the interfacial tension will stabilize the colloidal system by reducing this driving force.
Aggregation is due to the sum of the interaction forces between particles.[7][8] If attractive forces (such as van der Waals forces) prevail over the repulsive ones (such as the electrostatic ones) particles aggregate in clusters.
Electrostatic stabilization and steric stabilization are the two main mechanisms for stabilization against aggregation.
- Electrostatic stabilization is based on the mutual repulsion of like electrical charges. In general, different phases have different charge affinities, so that an electrical double layer forms at any interface. Small particle sizes lead to enormous surface areas, and this effect is greatly amplified in colloids. In a stable colloid, mass of a dispersed phase is so low that its buoyancy or kinetic energy is too weak to overcome the electrostatic repulsion between charged layers of the dispersing phase.
- Steric stabilization consists in covering the particles in polymers which prevents the particle to get close in the range of attractive forces.
A combination of the two mechanisms is also possible (electrosteric stabilization). All the above-mentioned mechanisms for minimizing particle aggregation rely on the enhancement of the repulsive interaction forces.
Electrostatic and steric stabilization do not directly address the sedimentation/floating problem.
Particle sedimentation (and also floating, although this phenomenon is less common) arises from a difference in the density of the dispersed and of the continuous phase. The higher the difference in densities, the faster the particle settling.
- The gel network stabilization represents the principal way to produce colloids stable to both aggregation and sedimentation.[9][10]
The method consists in adding to the colloidal suspension a polymer able to form a gel network and characterized by shear thinning properties. Examples of such substances are xanthan and guar gum.
Particle settling is hindered by the stiffness of the polymeric matrix where particles are trapped.[9] In addition, the long polymeric chains can provide a steric or electrosteric stabilization to dispersed particles.
The rheological shear thinning properties find beneficial in the preparation of the suspensions and in their use, as the reduced viscosity at high shear rates facilitates deagglomeration, mixing and in general the flow of the suspensions.
Destabilization (flocculation)
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Unstable colloidal dispersions can form flocs as the particles aggregate due to interparticle attractions. In this way photonic glasses can be grown. This can be accomplished by a number of different methods:
- Removal of the electrostatic barrier that prevents aggregation of the particles. This can be accomplished by the addition of salt to a suspension or changing the pH of a suspension to effectively neutralize or "screen" the surface charge of the particles in suspension. This removes the repulsive forces that keep colloidal particles separate and allows for coagulation due to van der Waals forces.
- Addition of a charged polymer flocculant. Polymer flocculants can bridge individual colloidal particles by attractive electrostatic interactions. For example, negatively charged colloidal silica or clay particles can be flocculated by the addition of a positively charged polymer.
- Addition of non-adsorbed polymers called depletants that cause aggregation due to entropic effects.
- Physical deformation of the particle (e.g., stretching) may increase the van der Waals forces more than stabilization forces (such as electrostatic), resulting coagulation of colloids at certain orientations.
Unstable colloidal suspensions of low-volume fraction form clustered liquid suspensions, wherein individual clusters of particles fall to the bottom of the suspension (or float to the top if the particles are less dense than the suspending medium) once the clusters are of sufficient size for the Brownian forces that work to keep the particles in suspension to be overcome by gravitational forces. However, colloidal suspensions of higher-volume fraction form colloidal gels with viscoelastic properties. Viscoelastic colloidal gels, such as bentonite and toothpaste, flow like liquids under shear, but maintain their shape when shear is removed. It is for this reason that toothpaste can be squeezed from a toothpaste tube, but stays on the toothbrush after it is applied.
Monitoring stability
Multiple light scattering coupled with vertical scanning is the most widely used technique to monitor the dispersion state of a product, hence identifying and quantifying destabilisation phenomena.[11][12][13][14] It works on concentrated dispersions without dilution. When light is sent through the sample, it is backscattered by the particles / droplets. The backscattering intensity is directly proportional to the size and volume fraction of the dispersed phase. Therefore, local changes in concentration (e.g.Creaming and Sedimentation) and global changes in size (e.g. flocculation, coalescence) are detected and monitored.
Accelerating methods for shelf life prediction
The kinetic process of destabilisation can be rather long (up to several months or even years for some products) and it is often required for the formulator to use further accelerating methods in order to reach reasonable development time for new product design. Thermal methods are the most commonly used and consists in increasing temperature to accelerate destabilisation (below critical temperatures of phase inversion or chemical degradation). Temperature affects not only the viscosity, but also interfacial tension in the case of non-ionic surfactants or more generally interactions forces inside the system. Storing a dispersion at high temperatures enables to simulate real life conditions for a product (e.g. tube of sunscreen cream in a car in the summer), but also to accelerate destabilisation processes up to 200 times. Mechanical acceleration including vibration, centrifugation and agitation are sometimes used. They subject the product to different forces that pushes the particles / droplets against one another, hence helping in the film drainage. However, some emulsions would never coalesce in normal gravity, while they do under artificial gravity.[15] Moreover segregation of different populations of particles have been highlighted when using centrifugation and vibration.[16]
As a model system for atoms
In physics, colloids are an interesting model system for atoms. Micrometre-scale colloidal particles are large enough to be observed by optical techniques such as confocal microscopy. Many of the forces that govern the structure and behavior of matter, such as excluded volume interactions or electrostatic forces, govern the structure and behavior of colloidal suspensions. For example, the same techniques used to model ideal gases can be applied to model the behavior of a hard sphere colloidal suspension. In addition, phase transitions in colloidal suspensions can be studied in real time using optical techniques,[17] and are analogous to phase transitions in liquids. In many interesting cases optical fluidity is used to control colloid suspensions.[17][18]
A colloidal crystal is a highly ordered array of particles that can be formed over a very long range (typically on the order of a few millimeters to one centimeter) and that appear analogous to their atomic or molecular counterparts.[19] One of the finest natural examples of this ordering phenomenon can be found in precious opal, in which brilliant regions of pure spectral color result from close-packed domains of amorphous colloidal spheres of silicon dioxide (or silica, SiO2).[20][21] These spherical particles precipitate in highly siliceous pools in Australia and elsewhere, and form these highly ordered arrays after years of sedimentation and compression under hydrostatic and gravitational forces. The periodic arrays of submicrometre spherical particles provide similar arrays of interstitial voids, which act as a natural diffraction grating for visible light waves, particularly when the interstitial spacing is of the same order of magnitude as the incident lightwave.[22][23]
Thus, it has been known for many years that, due to repulsive Coulombic interactions, electrically charged macromolecules in an aqueous environment can exhibit long-range crystal-like correlations with interparticle separation distances, often being considerably greater than the individual particle diameter. In all of these cases in nature, the same brilliant iridescence (or play of colors) can be attributed to the diffraction and constructive interference of visible lightwaves that satisfy Bragg's law, in a matter analogous to the scattering of X-rays in crystalline solids.
The large number of experiments exploring the physics and chemistry of these so-called "colloidal crystals" has emerged as a result of the relatively simple methods that have evolved in the last 20 years for preparing synthetic monodisperse colloids (both polymer and mineral) and, through various mechanisms, implementing and preserving their long-range order formation.[citation needed]
In biology
|This section does not cite any references or sources. (June 2014)
In the early 20th century, before enzymology was well understood, colloids were thought to be the key to the operation of enzymes; i.e., the addition of small quantities of an enzyme to a quantity of water would, in some fashion yet to be specified, subtly alter the properties of the water so that it would break down the enzyme's specific substrate,[citation needed] such as a solution of ATPase breaking down ATP. Furthermore, life itself was explainable in terms of the aggregate properties of all the colloidal substances that make up an organism. As more detailed knowledge of biology and biochemistry developed, the colloidal theory was replaced by the macromolecular theory, which explains an enzyme as a collection of identical huge molecules that act as very tiny machines, freely moving about between the water molecules of the solution and individually operating on the substrate, no more mysterious than a factory full of machinery. The properties of the water in the solution are not altered, other than the simple osmotic changes that would be caused by the presence of any solute. In humans, both the thyroid gland and the intermediate lobe (pars intermedia) of the pituitary gland contain colloid follicles.
In the environment
Colloidal particles can also serve as transport vector[24] of diverse contaminants in the surface water (sea water, lakes, rivers, fresh water bodies) and in underground water circulating in fissured rocks[25] (limestone, sandstone, granite, ...). Radionuclides and heavy metals easily sorb onto colloids suspended in water. Various types of colloids are recognised: inorganic colloids (clay particles, silicates, iron oxy-hydroxides, ...), organic colloids (humic and fulvic substances). When heavy metals or radionuclides form their own pure colloids, the term "Eigencolloid" is used to designate pure phases, e.g., Tc(OH)4, U(OH)4, Am(OH)3. Colloids have been suspected for the long-range transport of plutonium on the Nevada Nuclear Test Site. They have been the subject of detailed studies for many years. However, the mobility of inorganic colloids is very low in compacted bentonites and in deep clay formations[26] because of the process of ultrafiltration occurring in dense clay membrane.[27] The question is less clear for small organic colloids often mixed in porewater with truly dissolved organic molecules.[28]
Intravenous therapy
Colloid solutions used in intravenous therapy belong to a major group of volume expanders, and can be used for intravenous fluid replacement. Colloids preserve a high colloid osmotic pressure in the blood,[29] and therefore, they should theoretically preferentially increases the intravascular volume, whereas other types of volume expanders called crystalloids also increases the interstitial volume and intracellular volume. However, there is still controversy to the actual difference in efficacy by this difference,[29] and much of the research related to this use of colloids is based on fraudulent research by Joachim Boldt.[30] Another difference is that crystalloids generally are much cheaper than colloids.[29]
- ↑ "Colloid". Britannica Online Encyclopedia. Retrieved 31 August 2009.
- ↑ Levine, Ira N. (2001). Physical Chemistry (5th ed.). Boston: McGraw-Hill. ISBN 0-07-231808-2., p. 955
- ↑ 3.0 3.1 Richard G. Jones, Edward S. Wilks, W. Val Metanomski, Jaroslav Kahovec, Michael Hess, Robert Stepto, Tatsuki Kitayama, ed. (2009). Compendium of Polymer Terminology and Nomenclature (IUPAC Recommendations 2008) (2nd Ed. ed.). RSC Publ. p. 464. ISBN 978-0-85404-491-7.
- ↑ 4.0 4.1 "Dispersity in polymer science (IUPAC Recommendations 2009)" (PDF). Pure and Applied Chemistry 81 (2): 351–353. 2009. doi:10.1351/PAC-REC-08-05-02.
- ↑ "Terminology of polymers
and polymerization processes in dispersed systems (IUPAC Recommendations 2011)" (PDF). Pure and Applied Chemistry 83 (12). 2011. doi:10.1351/PAC-REC-10-06-03.
- ↑ http://www.substech.com/dokuwiki/doku.php?id=preparation_of_colloids
- ↑ Israelachvili, Jacob N. (1991). Intermolecular and Surface Forces. Academic Press. ISBN 978-0-12-391927-4.
- ↑ Menachem Elimelech, John Gregory, Xiadong Jia, Richard Williams (1998). Particle deposition and aggregation: measurement, modelling and simulation. Butterworth-Heinemann. ISBN 0-7506-7024-X.
- ↑ 9.0 9.1 Comba, Silvia; Sethi (August 2009). "Stabilization of highly concentrated suspensions of iron nanoparticles using shear-thinning gels of xanthan gum". Water Research 43 (15): 3717–3726. doi:10.1016/j.watres.2009.05.046.
- ↑ Cantrell, K.J.; Kaplan, D.I.; Gilmore, T.J. (1997). "Injection of colloidal Fe-0 particles in sand with shear-thinning fluids". Journal of Environmental Engineering-Asce 123 (8): 786–791. doi:10.1061/(ASCE)0733-9372(1997)123:8(786).
- ↑ Roland, I; Piel, G; Delattre, L; Evrard, B (2003). "Systematic characterization of oil-in-water emulsions for formulation design". International Journal of Pharmaceutics 263 (1–2): 85–94. PMID 12954183. doi:10.1016/S0378-5173(03)00364-8.
- ↑ Lemarchand, Caroline; Couvreur, Patrick; Besnard, Madeleine; Costantini, Dominique; Gref, Ruxandra (2003). "Novel polyester-polysaccharide nanoparticles". Pharmaceutical Research 20 (8): 1284–92. PMID 12948027. doi:10.1023/A:1025017502379.
- ↑ Mengual, O (1999). "Characterisation of instability of concentrated dispersions by a new optical analyser: the TURBISCAN MA 1000". Colloids and Surfaces A: Physicochemical and Engineering Aspects 152: 111. doi:10.1016/S0927-7757(98)00680-3.
- ↑ P. Bru et al. (2004). T. Provder and J. Texter, ed. Particle sizing and characterisation.
- ↑ J-L Salager (2000). Françoise Nielloud, Gilberte Marti-Mestres, ed. Pharmaceutical emulsions and suspensions. CRC press. p. 89. ISBN 0-8247-0304-9.
- ↑ Snabre, Patrick; Pouligny, Bernard (2008). "Size Segregation in a Fluid-like or Gel-like Suspension Settling under Gravity or in a Centrifuge". Langmuir 24 (23): 13338–47. PMID 18986182. doi:10.1021/la802459u.
- ↑ 17.0 17.1 Greenfield, Elad; Nemirovsky, Jonathan and El-Ganainy, Ramy and Christodoulides, Demetri N and Segev, Mordechai (2013). "Shockwave based nonlinear optical manipulation in densely scattering opaque suspensions". Optics Express 21 (20): 23785–23802. Bibcode:2013OExpr..2123785G. PMID 24104290. doi:10.1364/OE.21.023785.
- ↑ Greenfield, Elad; Rotschild, Carmel and Szameit, Alexander and Nemirovsky, Jonathan and El-Ganainy, Ramy and Christodoulides, Demetrios N and Saraf, Meirav and Lifshitz, Efrat and Segev, Mordechai (2011). "Light-induced self-synchronizing flow patterns" (PDF). New Journal of Physics 13 (5): 053021. Bibcode:2011NJPh...13e3021G. doi:10.1088/1367-2630/13/5/053021.
- ↑ Pieranski, P. (1983). "Colloidal Crystals". Contemporary Physics 24: 25. Bibcode:1983ConPh..24...25P. doi:10.1080/00107518308227471.
- ↑ Sanders, J.V.; Sanders, J. V.; Segnit, E. R. (1964). "Structure of Opal". Nature 204 (4962): 1151. Bibcode:1964Natur.204..990J. doi:10.1038/204990a0.
- ↑ Darragh, P.J. et al. (1976). Scientific American 234: 84. Missing or empty
- ↑ Luck, W. et al. (1963). "Ber. Busenges". Phys. Chem. 67: 84.
- ↑ Hiltner, P.A. and Krieger, I.M. (1969). "Diffraction of light by ordered suspensions". J. Phys. Chem. 73 (7): 2306. doi:10.1021/j100727a049.
- ↑ Frimmel, Fritz H.; Frank von der Kammer, Hans-Curt Flemming (2007). Colloidal transport in porous media (1 ed.). Springer. p. 292. ISBN 3-540-71338-7.
- ↑ Alonso, U.; T. Missana; A. Patelli; V. Rigato (2007). "Bentonite colloid diffusion through the host rock of a deep geological repository". Physics and Chemistry of the Earth, Parts A/B/C 32 (1–7): 469–476. Bibcode:2007PCE....32..469A. ISSN 1474-7065. doi:10.1016/j.pce.2006.04.021.
- ↑ Voegelin, A.; Kretzschmar, R. (December 2002). Stability and mobility of colloids in Opalinus Clay. (PDF). Nagra Technical Report 02-14. Institute of Terrestrial Ecology, ETH Zürich. p. 47. ISSN 1015-2636.
- ↑ "Diffusion of colloids in compacted bentonite". Retrieved 12 February 2009.
- ↑ Wold, Susanna; Trygve Eriksen (2007). "Diffusion of humic colloids in compacted bentonite". Physics and Chemistry of the Earth, Parts A/B/C 32 (1–7): 477–484. Bibcode:2007PCE....32..477W. ISSN 1474-7065. doi:10.1016/j.pce.2006.05.002.
- ↑ 29.0 29.1 29.2 An Update on Intravenous Fluids by Gregory S. Martin, MD, MSc
- ↑ Millions of surgery patients at risk in drug research fraud scandal, The Telegraph, 4 November 2011
Further reading
- Lyklema, J. Fundamentals of Interface and Colloid Science, Vol. 2, p. 3208, 1995
- Hunter, R.J. Foundations of Colloid Science, Oxford University Press, 1989
- Dukhin, S.S. & Derjaguin, B.V. Electrokinetic Phenomena, J. Wiley and Sons, 1974
- Russel, W.B., Saville, D.A. and Schowalter, W.R. Colloidal Dispersions, Cambridge, 1989 Cambridge University Press
- Kruyt, H.R. Colloid Science, Volume 1, Irreversible systems, Elsevier, 1959
- Dukhin, A.S. and Goetz, P.J. Ultrasound for characterizing colloids, Elsevier, 2002
- Rodil, Ma. Lourdes C., Chemistry The Central Science, 7th Ed. ISBN 0-13-533480-2
- Pieranski, P., Colloidal Crystals, Contemp. Phys., Vol. 24, p. 25 (1983)
- Sanders, J.V., Structure of Opal, Nature, Vol. 204, p. 1151, (1964);
- Darragh, P.J., et al., Scientific American, Vol. 234, p. 84, (1976)
- Luck, W. et al., Ber. Busenges Phys. Chem., Vol. 67, p. 84 (1963);
- Hiltner, P.A. and Krieger, I.M., Diffraction of Light by Ordered Suspensions, J. Phys. Chem., Vol. 73, p. 2306 (1969)
- Arora, A.K., Tata, B.V.R., Eds. Ordering & Phase Transitions in Charged Colloids Wiley, New York (1996)
- Sood, A.K. in Solid State Physics, Eds. Ehrenreich, H., Turnbull, D., Vol. 45, p. 1 (1991)
- Murray, C.A. and Grier, D.G., Colloidal Crystals, Amer. Scientist, Vol. 83, p. 238 (1995);
- Video Microscopy of Monodisperse Colloidal Systems, Ann. Rev. Phys. Chem., Vol. 47, p. 421 (1996)
- Tanaka, 1992, Phase Transition of Gel
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Israel News - Stay Informed, Pray Informed
Israel has been trying to drive home the point that Hamas fired many of the 3,500 missiles that targeted the Jewish state over the past month from either inside or within the vicinity of mosques, schools, hospitals and other civilian facilities.
Archbishop Alexios, the most senior Christian figure in Gaza, says churches can be added to that list.
In an interview with CBN News, Alexios revealed that Hamas militants had fired missiles at Israel from inside his church's compound, even as the facility was being used to shelter civilians.
Gaza's tiny 1,500-strong Christian community has no choice but to play along. "Islam is the rule of this place and whatever Hamas says we must obey or face consequences," said Alexios.
Another Arab Christian leader, Pastor Steven Khoury of Bethlehem, says he doesn't see any end in the near term to Islam's violent hatred for Israel, and its cynical use of Christian and Muslim civilians in its quest to destroy the Jewish state.
"The reality is that this [warfare] is going to continue until" Jesus' return, Khoury said during a discussion on God TV last month. "The Jewish people have a great responsibility, but with that comes a sacrifice. I think that what is happening now to Israel will always be happening. The reality of the Jewish people being a despised nation will always be" because they were chosen.
But it's not only the Jews who pay the price.
"I could be killed for sitting here [next to a Jew] and for what I am saying," said Khoury, who was joined in the studio by Messianic Jewish Pastor Asher Intrator.
In a follow-up interview via video link, Khoury told God TV that his congregation and many other Christians in Jerusalem and Bethlehem are facing persecution "either because of our love for Israel or because of our evangelism. [In the Muslims' eyes] you're OK only so long as you don't talk about your faith."
PHOTO: Archbishop Alexios and others share a meal in the courtyard of the Church of Saint Porphyrius in Gaza City, as the war between Israel and Hamas rages just beyond its walls.
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[ I AUCKLAND, December 10.—4.15 a.m., Canada Capo, from Now- , i oaatlo.—l p.m., Kia Ora, for Wellington.
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text:
Against All Odds
The extraordinary personal journey of a man who, against all odds, rose to become one of Americas most surprising and promising new political figuresScott Brown's greatest win did not occur on a cold January election night in 2010 when he came from behind to capture the U.S. Senate seat held by Ted Kennedy for nearly fifty years. It began when he survived a savage beating at the drunken, dirty-fingernail hands of a stepfather when he was barely six years old, while trying to protect his mother.In this gripping memoir of resilience and redemption, Brown tells the story of his difficult, often nomadic childhood, shunted from house to apartment, and town to town, seventeen times over his first eighteen years. He somehow thrived despite a largely absent father, who married four separate times. So did his mother, in relationships frequently stained with alcohol, anger, and even violence. For nearly two decades' growing up, Brown endured innumerable hardships and challenges, even stealing food to eat. He was periodically sent off to live with relatives, his possessions wrapped in a few old blankets. Saved by basketball, he was the boy who shoveled snow from the public courts to shoot hoops alone in the frozen cold.With clear-eyed conviction and unflinching can-dor, Brown tells the story of his own bad-boy days, of the coaches who mentored him, and of how he found a way out of familial chaos through the swish of a ball in the net, winning a starting slot on the Tufts varsity basketball team as a freshman player and becoming the tenth-highest scorer to graduate in the school's history. His rise from there was even more improbable: a first-year law student and member of the Massachusetts National Guard, he was picked as Cosmopolitan magazine's "America's Sexiest Man" and was vaulted into the glamorous world of New York modeling at the height of the 1980s. But the man who was once ushered into the backrooms of Studio 54 returned to Massachusetts to continue with his military and legal training, settle down, raise a family, and soon found an unlikely path that would lead him to national political stardom. Here, too, are the secrets from the unprecedented Senate race that captured the country's imagination and how Scott Brown won his remarkable victory.Poignant, heartfelt, humorous, and profound, this is the story of one man's dream and his determination to fight for a better future.
Weiterlesen weniger lesen


text: On Tue, 25 May 2004, Ed wrote: > Hi, Im very new to clustering. I have a perhaps very simple question: > > I have to provide a webhost, but with low spec computers which we have > in abndance. > > Now, I assume that the webservice will use the single IP address > x.x.x.x. > > However, I have not got a clue how to go about this. Should I aim to > have two single computers linked via a serial interface, or should I do > something more adventurous such as link them via a network interface. Am > I asking on a list where Beowulf is a API and only certain programs will > work with Beowulf? This isn't high performance computing (HPC) -- this is high availability computing (HAC). So this is indeed the wrong list for this. Most of the issues that you raise have long since been solved. There are round-robin and/or load balancing daemons that manage connections and farm them out to a cluster of servers. For example, see: http://www.webopedia.com/TERM/R/Round_Robin_DNS.html for RR DNS (which may or may not be the best way for you to proceed -- there are alternative load balancing tools to consider as well). Some of the projects (for linux) are summarized here: http://lcic.org/load_balancing.html LVS is probably where you should start. That would be: http://www.linux-vs.org/ I believe that this is a fairly mature project and in fairly widespread use. I don't use it myself so I couldn't tell you if it is prebuilt in standard distros ready to roll or if you'll have to build your own packages from the GPL sources, but if you're building a serious HA site even the latter shouldn't be too onerous. > > This is probably a question that has been asked many times. But if > Beowulf can control computers and spawn instances of daemons for mail > as mail arrives it would also solve many of the mail problems which we > currently face in the small hosting organisation where I work. Currently > I spend many hours researching this question, however fruitless. Remember, Google is your friend. "load balancing web server linux" turned up a huge amount of information in a few seconds. Google is ALMOST the only "research tool" I use anymore, the exceptions being abstract searches (which tend to be sold services, likely managed through a HA server:-). HTH, rgb > _______________________________________________ > Beowulf mailing list, Beowulf at beowulf.org > To change your subscription (digest mode or unsubscribe) visit http://www.beowulf.org/mailman/listinfo/beowulf > -- Robert G. Brown http://www.phy.duke.edu/~rgb/ Duke University Dept. of Physics, Box 90305 Durham, N.C. 27708-0305 Phone: 1-919-660-2567 Fax: 919-660-2525 email:rgb at phy.duke.edu


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|Larry Monroe 1942-2014
Jan 27 2014, 10:32 AM
Post #1
Group: Sacred Admins
Posts: 348
Joined: 2-October 06
Member No.: 2
Last night watching the Grammys during the people who have passed this year segment I learned that longtime radio legend and friend Larry Monroe who I had just spoke to on Bills birthday passed on January 17th. After Bill passed in 1994 Larry, Bills brother Steve, David Johndrow and myself did a two hour tribute to Bill on Larrys KUT show on and then for the next ten years Larry and I would do a tribute on Bills birthday (Dec. 16th) . The running joke was that every year Larry would depend on me to bleep out all the F words from whatever Bill bits I decided to play and it never failed that at least one of my bleeps was too late and Larry would give me the Im going to loose my job because of you speech. That in itself became kind of a pre-Christmas tradition. To be honest I used to laugh harder at the bad censoring job then the actual jokes. Fuck - pause BLEEP FUCK - pause pause Bleep It was almost like magic because no matter how perfect the timing of my bleeps where in my studio before the show - they would never cover over the F word once we went live on the air. Larry was one of those old school Austin guys that lived and breathed Austin music and its sad that when I go back to Austin there will be no more Larry Monroe - Bill tributes. Someone should post that first tribute we did in 1994 -it was a great one.
Jan 27 2014, 12:34 PM
Post #2
Group: Sacred Members
Posts: 2,906
Joined: 17-December 06
From: Florida
Member No.: 92
All my friends are dropping like flies! But I didn't know this guy.
"If you were supposed to watch your mouth
all of the time, I doubt your eyes would be above it"
- Drive-By Truckers
____________________________________The Earth is Flat____________________________________
|Lo-Fi Version
|Time is now: 25th April 2019 - 02:14 PM


text:
An artist who works primarily in glass wants to help break a glass ceiling of sorts.
An artist who works primarily in glass wants to help break a glass ceiling of sorts.
The art world remains male-dominated, Clintonville artist Lisa R. Horkin said last week, although women have been making strides.
Nevertheless, she feels drawn to inspire girls and women to follow in her footsteps -- and she hopes that inspiration takes hold when she puts on glass-blowing demonstrations at Franklin Park Conservatory or in other settings, including a series that begins Oct. 14 at her alma mater, the Columbus College of Art and Design.
"The kids have amazing questions," said Horkin, 50. "They love asking questions and talking. Even though they just watched it, sometimes they say, 'How did you do that?' "
Horkin said she enjoys demonstrating for classes of young students when one or two of them has a "light bulb" moment of thinking they, too, might want to become an artist.
"In particular, I'm glad to give that back to girls," she said. "I absolutely love to represent for girls ... that this is doable. It's not just a boy thing. You have to be strong, but you gain strength doing it -- and not just physical strength but all kinds of strength."
Horkin is a Columbus native who grew up in Bexley. Aside from traveling, she's spent her whole life in central Ohio.
"Art has been important to me for as long as I can remember," she said. "I spent a lot of time in the art room in high school."
Although she considered other careers, Horkin ultimately decided to attend CCAD, where she explored a variety of disciplines, including painting and ceramics as well as glass blowing.
"I love all forms of fine artwork," Horkin said. "I focused mainly on painting, and I focused in painting on the figure because I felt it was really important to have a strong core, being able to draw and paint for any art.
"I also did glass blowing while I was in school, and spent a lot of time in ceramics as well. I was always exploring, trying new things.
"Glass at the time, in the early '80s, it was very different then. Really, the glass movement was starting to change here in the United States ... from a craft to more of an art form. A lot of that had to do with Dale Chihuly bringing Italian masters to the United States, starting in the late 1970s."
Once she began her career, Horkin focused primarily on painting.
That was because didn't see glass blowing as a pursuit that was "viable in terms of affordability," and indeed, the equipment, materials and need for an assistant still make it an expensive craft.
In 2002, however, Horkin's husband, Scott W. Conover, suggested she take up glass blowing again. They eventually formed a glass-blowing team, and while Conover no longer is involved, Horkin's company is called Horkover Glass -- a melding of their last names.
Heeding her husband's urging, Horkin sought to pick the techniques back up at Grandview-area art studio Glass Axis, then in the old Belmont Casket Building in what is now the Arena District.
"Actually, I was a little bit shy about going in there for years previous, and really, it took my husband's encouragement to make me say, 'I will,' " Horkin recalled. "It was not like riding a bicycle. If my mother didn't have pieces I had blown in college, I wouldn't believe I had blown glass before.
"It's a very expensive art form to do. I would be in the studio all the time if I could afford it. If I go several months, which I try not to let happen ... and I come back into the studio, it probably takes four to eight hours for that muscle memory to come back. The things I'm making in that time are not necessarily going to be on spot, and I'm paying for those eight hours or so to get back my skills."
But when that muscle memory returns, the techniques are honed, the skills renewed, and a piece she saw in her mind's eye is there before her to see, Horkin said that can be a special experience.
"There's a physical satisfaction and a visual satisfaction," she said. "When you see that come to form, it's very fulfilling and gratifying. That's true of any art that I do. If it comes from my head and my imagination and it comes to reality, there's satisfaction in that."
Of course, selling pieces at galleries or at her website, horkover.com, can be special as well.
"Part of that is, somebody enjoys your work enough to own it," Horkin said. "It's that somebody enjoys what I do as much as I do that I'm able to continue doing art."
Beginning Oct. 14, Horkin will work two days a week at CCAD with Dawson R. Kellogg, an associate professor of fine arts who teaches glass blowing, along with some of his advanced students. It will give Horkin an opportunity to inspire young people to pursue the art form as well as enable her to produce 20 or so of her own works, including vessels and sculptures.


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2008 Ocean Sciences Meeting
From the Watershed to the Global Ocean
2008 Ocean Sciences Meeting · 2-7 March 2008 · Orlando, Florida, USA
Co-sponsored by the American Society of Limnology and Oceanography, the American Geophysical Union, The Oceanography Society and the Estuarine Research Federation.
All Ocean Sciences Meeting activities including oral and poster sessions are located in the West Building of the Orange County Convention Center.
Book of Abstracts - Final Version
The final version of the Meeting Abstract book is available for download, either directly (http://www.aslo.org/orlando2008/files/2008osm-abstracts.pdf) or from the files section of this web site. For copies of individual presentation materials, please contact the author(s) of that particular presentation.
Meeting Archive
The conference web site will continue and will function as the primary archive for program, schedule, presentation and abstract information. You may browse the session listing or search the meeting abstracts.
Program Addendum Posted
Program and schedule additions, deletions and changes have been posted to the web site as well as in an PDF document (26k) that will be available on-site. Check the schedule-at-a-glance, workshops, town hall and social events pages for updates.
Program Book Available
A downloadable version of the meeting program book (7.3mb, PDF) that will be available to registrants on-site is now available in the files section.
Program book information published to the meeting web site on 2/15/08.
New Chairs' Note
The deadline for early registration is upon us (February 1) and hotel rooms that have been held are selling out. If you have not yet registered and made your hotel reservation, please do so. We hope you will find this Ocean Sciences meeting to be interesting, informative, and exciting. Due to the tremendous abstract submission response, there will be over 3400 presentations in concurrent oral sessions during the day on Monday through Friday and exclusive poster sessions Monday through Thursday afternoons.
Public Information/Public Affairs Officers
We invite you to use the complimentary media registration! Contact the Ocean Sciences conference management office at email@example.com to secure a registration code. We regret any misunderstanding of payment of registration fees and hope that you will be able to attend the meeting.
Meeting News
02/22/08 - New postings for the Wednesday evening forum, Environmental Outreach: Does Science Really Matter? and the Thursday evening discussion with Hollywood filmmaker Randy Olson, "True Confessions: I Am an Impaired Mass Communicator."
02/15/08 - Major web site update. Program book information now published to the meeting web site.
02/08/08 - Program Book Available. A downloadable version of the meeting program book (7.3mb, PDF) that will be available to registrants on-site is now available in the files section.
01/28/08 - Sverdrup Award Lecture and the Wednesday evening Environmental Outreach Forum posted to the Special Events section.
12/31/07 - Meeting schedules now available. See the Schedule at a Glance and Session List with Schedules.
12/31/07 - Registration for media representatives is now available at http://www.agu.org/meetings/os08/os08media.html
For More Information
For more information, please contact the conference management office by e-mail at firstname.lastname@example.com or by phone at 800-929-ASLO or 254-399-9635.


text: Carsten Aulbert wrote: > Hi, > > <scheme for assigning IP addresses to cluster components> I clicked reply to say this seems like a lot of trouble to go through to make it easy to go from IP address to location and function, but it turns out that we do something very similar in our machines. A 972 node SC5832 uses a class B IP address like A.B.y.z/16. The interconnect fabric isn't solely an IP network, but we emulate Ethernet/IP using IP addresses like A.B.200+<module ID>.100+<node ID>/18. Each node also has a second IP address that doesn't depend on the interconnect -- the control plane network -- with an ID like A.B.0 + <module ID>.100 + <node ID>/18, These are like your IPMI ports in function but are actually serial point to point IP links, the other end of which is an interface on a module service processor that does booting and so forth. The module service processors each have a control plane IP address like A.B.0.100+<module ID>/24. Then the fans, power supplies and so forth have addresses in A.B.0.20-99/24. The main service processor has A.B.0.1 as its interface on the control network. The system has a third IP network connecting some gateway nodes on some modules to the service processor. These interfaces have address is A.B.150.X/24. I was going to say "how often do you really deal with the A.B.C.D rather than DNS names anyway?" but I've just spent a couple of weeks doing just that and it really is convenient when you are in the weeds. One comment is that nearly all software that deals with dotted quads prints in decimal, which makes binary encodings of the meaning awkward. So using 4 bit fields for the X and Y coordinates is hard to translate in your head. Instead, making the third octet be (row*20)+column would be a lot easier on the brain and supports 12 rows. This is why we do things like A.B.200+<module ID>.100+<node ID>/18. It's a little awkward to get started, but then it is trivial to map in your brain from IP to function and position. The next issue is how all this gets initialized. Pretty much the only way to do it is to have the DHCP servers configured to map MAC addresses to IP addresses in a stable way. We don't really have that problem because pretty much the only interfaces that have random MAC addresses are the module service processors. The MAC address maps to the manufacturing serial number, which is essential for tracking faults, but the position (slot ID/module ID) is reported in the DHCP request in a <vendor> field and the DHCP server knows what to do. It seems like when you install something, you will have to enter its MAC addresses into the DHCP server database and map to a stable IP address given database knowlege of the position and function of the device. It also seems like as boxes get pulled out of a rack for service, replaced by spares, and later put back in service somewhere else that you should maintain a database of MAC address to device serial number so you can recognize a lemon when it comes back with a different IP address but the same symptoms. The database will have to be clever to support coherent views of FRUs in cases like when an interconnect card is moved from one flakey motherboard to another, changing the MAC binding but not the failures. For us, there were a number of benefits in going to "IP address maps to function": * Humans can debug given the IP addresses alone * No DNS lookups required in performance critical paths * Higher level configuration files for things like SLURM can be nearly static Nevertheless, is the benefit of mapping IP to physical location really valuable? Trying to maintain this given the probable frequency of swapping out boxes will cause trouble with DHCP and ARP. Either you make the leases short and wait for them to expire before powering on a replacement, or you have to go around manually flushing leases and arp tables. Ugh. Instead, it may make more sense to give a type of device a stable IP address without regard to position, and to maintain a database mapping MAC/IP to location separately. For a few 1000's of devices, grepping the location file will be faster than walking over to the right rack anyway. We have this problem with modules. The service guys want to swap modules in the backplane to see if a problem follows it and it has cost us some DHCP hackery to let the addressing respond smoothly. -Larry


text:
Faith, Learning & Teaching - Building Your Child's Reading Skills
Here are some simple tips to encourage your child to become a strong reader and a book lover for the rest of their lives.
Share a book at home
Children love to hear a story read aloud. Try reading with different voices, lots of emotion, invented sound effects and funny faces. Change the tone in your voice and vary its loudness or softness. Have fun and enjoy it.
It's a good idea to practise reading before sharing a book. Listen to your child talk about the story and the pictures. Try asking your child which parts of the books they found exciting, funny or different.
Research the internet
When kids use the internet they need skills and knowledge that are different from those found in books and other printed materials. These skills include such things as links, images, icons and searching. The internet is a wonderful resource for finding things to support your child's literacy development. If you are searching for a good book to read to your child, try entering a publisher or an author's name into a reliable search engine such as Google.
Join a Reading Challenge
- Participate in the annual Catholic Education, Diocese of Bathurst Executive Director's Summer Reading Challenge.
- Get involved in the Bathurst Library's reading challenges and events
- Encourage your child to enter in the NSW Premier's Reading Challenge to develop their love of reading.


text:
College of Visual and Performing Arts Degree Celebration. Photo by Bethany Camp/Creative Services/George Mason University
1705190822CVPAcollege of visual and performing artsgraduation
Log In:
All images are protected by copyright and the property of George Mason University.
To see the entire collection please click on "galleries" or use the search feature.


text:
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Subscribe To Inside Llewyn Davis Updates
Subscribe To Inside Llewyn Davis Updates
Inside Llewyn Davis (2013)
Inside Llewyn Davis Synopsis
Llewyn Davis (Oscar Isaac) is at a crossroads. Guitar in tow, huddled against the unforgiving New York winter, he is struggling to make it as a musician against seemingly insurmountable obstacles – some of them of his own making. Living at the mercy of both friends and strangers, scaring up what work he can find, Llewyn's misadventures take him from the basket houses of the village to an empty Chicago club – on an odyssey to audition for music mogul Bud Grossman – and back again.
Brimming with music performed by Isaac, Justin Timberlake and Carey Mulligan (as Llewyn's married Village friends) as well as Marcus Mumford and Punch Brothers, Inside Llewyn Davis – in the tradition of O Brother, Where Art Thou? – is infused with the transportive sound of another time and place. An epic on an intimate scale, it represents the Coen Brothers' fourth collaboration with GRAMMY and Academy Award®-Winning music producer T Bone Burnett.
Inside Llewyn Davis Release Date
In Theaters December 6, 2013
Inside Llewyn Davis Credits
Starring: Oscar Isaac, Carey Mulligan, John Goodman, Garrett Hedlund and Justin Timberlake
Written By: Joel Coen and Ethan Coen
Directed By: Joel Coen and Ethan Coen
Produced By: Ethan Coen, Joel Coen, and Scott Rudin
MPAA Rating: [ R ]
Distributor: CBS Films
Running Time: 105 min.
Redband Trailer
Trailer 1
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Latest Inside Llewyn Davis News
Every Coen Brothers Movie, Ranked
My version of Sophie's Choice. Here's an attempt to rank every single Coen Brothers film. I apologize in advance.
Gregory Wakeman Feb 04, 2016
Every Coen Brothers Movie, Ranked
The 10 Greatest Coen Brothers Characters, Ranked
Only picking 10 great characters from Coen Brothers movies is like picking your favorite child, which is to say, you have one, but it changes often, mostly depending on your own mood.
Dirk Libbey Feb 03, 2016
The 10 Greatest Coen Brothers Characters, Ranked
Critics' 10 Best Movies Of The Decade Perfectly Explains Why People Hate Critics
January is the time of year when everyone from diehard cinephiles to movie critics look back on the previous year's film offerings and assign them a numeric value. This is what the "Best Of" lists are all about, and it's not the most enjoyable process. If you think otherwise, at least check out this one particular movie ranking, which professes to rank the top films of not the year but of the past decade. We guarantee it'll light a fire under your butt.
Nick Romano Jan 09, 2015
Critics' 10 Best Movies Of The Decade Perfectly Explains Why People Hate Critics
This Week In Home Entertainment: Inside Llewyn Davis, The Book Thief And More
The Coen Brothers picked an attractive setting for their latest theatrical endeavor. Greenwich Village in the sixties is a place bustling with life, art and plenty of movement--even during the cold, grey days of winter—making for a great place and time to introduce a character.
Jessica Rawden Mar 11, 2014
This Week In Home Entertainment: Inside Llewyn Davis, The Book Thief And More
Inside Llewyn Davis Singing Onto Blu-ray In March
This year, they brought us another drama, this time filled with music. After making a run on the festival circuit, Inside Llewyn Davis headed to theaters, and will finally be making its way into homes on March 11.
Jessica Rawden Feb 09, 2014
Inside Llewyn Davis Singing Onto Blu-ray In March
Inside Llewyn Davis Oscar Snub Was Painfully Predictable
Sometimes it sucks being right. Today, when the Academy Award announced nine Best Picture nominees out of a possible ten, and Inside Llewyn Davis wasn't among them, it sucked to be right.
Kristy Puchko Jan 16, 2014
Inside Llewyn Davis Oscar Snub Was Painfully Predictable
Tom Hanks And Four More Disgraceful Best Actor Oscar Snubs
We can spend weeks reading the tea leaves – and because the Oscar ceremony is still more than a month away, we likely will waste all of that time. My guess is that Hanks split his attention between two performances, and ended up on the short end of the nominee stick in both instances.
Sean O'Connell Jan 16, 2014
Tom Hanks And Four More Disgraceful Best Actor Oscar Snubs
Inside Llewyn Davis Behind The Scenes Featurette Focuses On The Music
There's some wonderful insights in this behind-the-scenes featurette. For one thing, the performances in the film were rehearsed in advance, but the plan was to play and capture them live on camera.
Kristy Puchko Dec 30, 2013
Inside Llewyn Davis Behind The Scenes Featurette Focuses On The Music
Top 10 Movies Of 2013: Eric's List
2013 has been a great year for movies, so narrowing down our list of favorites was no easy task. As Cinema Blend has numerous writers with varying tastes in film, we decided to go solo this year in sharing our Top 10 lists of the best movies of 2013. You've read both Sean and Kristy's lists, but now it's Eric's turn to rank the best blockbusters, indies and prestige films that came to us this past year.
Eric Eisenberg Dec 30, 2013
Top 10 Movies Of 2013: Eric's List
The 10 Best Movie Music Moments Of 2013
Last year was a pretty fantastic one for movie music. Directors like David O. Russell, Wes Anderson, Quentin Tarantino and Ben Affleck made not only fantastic films, but also beautifully crafted soundtracks that blended perfectly with the story and visuals on screen. As a result, 2013 had a lot to live up to, but looking back on the last twelve months reveals that this year's crop of filmmakers were more than up for the task.
Eric Eisenberg Dec 26, 2013
The 10 Best Movie Music Moments Of 2013
The Music Of Inside Llewyn Davis Is Celebrated In New Showtime Documentary
This doc takes audiences on the stage of Town Hall and behind the scenes of a special concert that was held during this year's New York Film Festival, featuring talent like Joan Baez, Patti Smith, Jack White, Marcus Mumford, the Avett Brothers, Rhiannon Giddens, Punch Brothers, Gillian Welch and David Rawlings, Willie Watson, The Milk Carton Kids, Colin Meloy, Lake Street Dive, and Oscar Isaac, star of Inside Llewyn Davis.
Kristy Puchko Dec 13, 2013
The Music Of Inside Llewyn Davis Is Celebrated In New Showtime Documentary
5 Movies That Lost Some Serious Oscar Momentum This Morning
Nominations for the SAG Awards never match nominations for the Academy Awards completely, but there is usually quite a bit of overlap. Last year, for example, both of the male categories matched 4/5. So, while the average person might not even watch the ceremony when it's aired on TNT and TBS in January, if they're into the Oscars at all, they should take a long hard look at the nominees that were released this morning
Mack Rawden Dec 11, 2013
5 Movies That Lost Some Serious Oscar Momentum This Morning
Fruitvale Station And Gravity Among AFI's Top 10 Of 2013
The American Film Institute tends to play a little more fast and loose with its annual end of the year best movies list when compared against other organizations. Usually, there's at least one selection odd enough to cause a double take. Last year, for example, more than a few heads were turned by the surprising selection of Christopher Nolan's The Dark Knight Rises.
Mack Rawden Dec 09, 2013
Fruitvale Station And Gravity Among AFI's Top 10 Of 2013
Now Streaming: Netflix Instant Alternatives To Frozen, Oldboy And Inside Llewyn Davis
Looking to Frozen, Oldboy and Inside Llewyn Davis for inspiration, we've pulled together a selection of classic Disney musicals, twisted crime dramas, and movies about musicians.
Kristy Puchko Dec 06, 2013
Now Streaming: Netflix Instant Alternatives To Frozen, Oldboy And Inside Llewyn Davis
Oscar Isaac Dives Into The Mind Of Llewyn Davis
The lead actor recently participated in a Los Angeles press day for the new musical drama, and spoke with a group of journalists, including myself, all about what it was like getting into the mindset of Llewyn for the new film. Read on to learn about the actor's first thrilling exposure to the Coen brothers' work, the challenge of giving both a dramatic and musical performance, and what it's like to see the world through the eyes of Llewyn Davis.
Eric Eisenberg Dec 05, 2013
Oscar Isaac Dives Into The Mind Of Llewyn Davis
American Hustle Named Best Picture By The New York Film Critics Circle
Several more groups are expected to weigh in before year's end, including groups in Los Angeles (and every other major U.S. city), online groups, and the Broadcast Film Critics Association. It's borderline exhausting … in a good way, right?
Sean O'Connell Dec 03, 2013
American Hustle Named Best Picture By The New York Film Critics Circle
December Movie Preview: From Middle Earth To Wall Street
The holiday season is officially upon us, observed less through Christmas decorations and cold weather and more by the onslaught of Oscar fare hitting theaters this month. December is always a truly great time for both quality dramas and big bombastic comedies, and this year won't be bucking that trend.
Nick Venable Dec 03, 2013
December Movie Preview: From Middle Earth To Wall Street
The Secrets Behind Inside Llewyn Davis's Catchiest Song Revealed
Burnett said his inspiration was a satirical song called "Please Mr. Kennedy Don't Send Me Off to Vietnam," from there he wrote ten verses in a sort of Ogden Nash style. Then he and Timberlake visited a rare guitar shop to pick out the pop star's movie guitar.
Kristy Puchko Dec 02, 2013
The Secrets Behind Inside Llewyn Davis's Catchiest Song Revealed
12 Years A Slave And Nebraska Pull In Big Independent Spirit Award Nominations
Presented by Film Independent, the Spirit Awards typically honor the smaller-budget artistic endeavors that harbor Oscar hopes but (depending on whom you believe) don't possess the proper awards budget to actively campaign for the golden statue.
Sean O'Connell Nov 26, 2013
12 Years A Slave And Nebraska Pull In Big Independent Spirit Award Nominations
Inside Llewyn Davis Offers Concert Documentary Trailer
If you just can't get enough folk music, you'll eat up the trailer for the latest Showtime documentary, Another Day Another Time, which takes viewers into the a sold out concert that paid tribute to the music of the Coen Bros' Inside Llewyn Davis.
Kristy Puchko Nov 25, 2013
Inside Llewyn Davis Offers Concert Documentary Trailer
Inside Llewyn Davis Soundtrack Is Now Streaming Online
The Coen Brothers have put together amazing soundtracks for their films in the past, from the best-selling bluegrass that accompanied O Brother Where Art Thou to Carter Burwell's booming True Grit score. But honest to God, they have outdone themselves again with Inside Llewyn Davis, their new film coming this December that's set in the early 60s folk music scene of Greenwich Village-- the scene that birthed Bob Dylan, though you'll only see and hear him briefly in this melancholy, completely wonderful movie
Katey Rich Nov 05, 2013
Inside Llewyn Davis Soundtrack Is Now Streaming Online
12 Years A Slave Leads Gotham Independent Film Award Nominees
Hold on to your hats-- awards season has started already. We're still months away from Oscar nominations and Golden Globes and all that, but the nominees for the first major awards show of the season were announced today, with 12 Years A Slave walking away as the big winner
Katey Rich Oct 24, 2013
12 Years A Slave Leads Gotham Independent Film Award Nominees
Inside Llewyn Davis Delivers Another Beautiful, Folk Song-Filled Trailer
Set around the folk music scene in New York during the 1960s, the new film follows a singer/songwriter named Llewyn Davis (Oscar Isaac) as he struggles to make it as a musician during a harsh winter during which he can't even afford a winter coat. With his guitar in tow, he goes from one adventure to the next, at each turn facing new and personal obstacles.
Eric Eisenberg Oct 07, 2013
Inside Llewyn Davis Delivers Another Beautiful, Folk Song-Filled Trailer
Oscar Eye: Gravity And Captain Phillips Prepare For Box Office Tests
With the New York Film Festival now in full swing, Gravity on its way to theaters and some release date shifts for Foxcatcher and Grace of Monaco taking them out of this year's race, there are so many different reasons to be excited about Oscar season right now.
Katey Rich Sep 30, 2013
Oscar Eye: Gravity And Captain Phillips Prepare For Box Office Tests
NYFF Review: The Coens' Inside Llewyn Davis Is A Vivid, Melancholy Odyssey Through The Past
"Everything you touch turns to shit," sneers Llewyn Davis's bitter former lover played by Carey Mulligan, "like King Midas's idiot brother." While it seems a cruel thing to say, she's not wrong. Davis, a folk musician desperately trying to breakthrough with his covers of tender and tragic tunes, is like a bad luck charm, not just to those around him, but to himself as well.
Kristy Puchko Sep 29, 2013
NYFF Review: The Coens' Inside Llewyn Davis Is A Vivid, Melancholy Odyssey Through The Past
New Inside Llewyn Davis Trailer: Who Throws Themselves Off The George Washington Bridge?
Joel and Ethan Coen had the biggest hit of their careers just two years ago with True Grit, which made an incredible $251 million worldwide off a $38 million budget and proved that the brothers can do pretty much anything, including improving on John Wayne. The three years since True Grit's release has felt incredibly long, so thank goodness they're coming back to us in a few short months, with the premiere of their folk music history piece Inside Llewyn Davis
Katey Rich Aug 22, 2013
New Inside Llewyn Davis Trailer: Who Throws Themselves Off The George Washington Bridge?
The Five Can't-Miss Movies Playing At The 2013 New York Film Festival
The full slate for the 51st New York Film Festival is littered with titles we'll likely be talking about for the rest of the year (as the Oscar picture snaps into focus), and possibly for years to come. Potential classics from Paul Greengrass (Captain Phillips), Joel and Ethan Coen (Inside Llewyn Davis), Alexander Payne (Nebraska), Jim Jarmusch (Only Lovers Left Alive) and more.
Sean O'Connell Aug 19, 2013
The Five Can't-Miss Movies Playing At The 2013 New York Film Festival
Second Inside Llewyn Davis Trailer Keeps On Breaking Our Hearts
The new trailer strums different folk music, but bathes in the same period lighting that gives the new film a nostalgic texture. The use of the folk songs instantly reminds me of the siblings' brilliant, brilliant O Brother, Where Art Thou> -- a movie that several critics in Cannes compared Inside Llewyn Davis to when the movie screened there earlier this year.
Sean O'Connell Jul 01, 2013
Second Inside Llewyn Davis Trailer Keeps On Breaking Our Hearts
Red-Band Inside Llewyn Davis Trailer Shows Off Carey Mulligan's Sharp Tongue
The trailer above gives us some insight into Inside Llewyn Davis, and some justification for our intense anticipation. Along with a bittersweet tone of a musician struggling to make sense of himself, his work, and life in general, we get a peak of Isaac, Mulligan, Timberlake and Goodman in action.
Kristy Puchko May 08, 2013
Red-Band Inside Llewyn Davis Trailer Shows Off Carey Mulligan's Sharp Tongue
The Coen Brothers' Inside Llewyn Davis Finally Gets A Release Date
The new movie, which was both scripted and directed by the Coens, is set in New York during the 1960s as a singer/songwriter navigates the folk music scene. The stellar cast includes Oscar Isaac, Carey Mulligan, Justin Timberlake, John Goodman, Garrett Hedlund, Adam Drive and F. Murray Abraham.
Eric Eisenberg May 03, 2013
The Coen Brothers' Inside Llewyn Davis Finally Gets A Release Date
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Garden UpdateOctober 20, 2003
Such is life — for about 24 hours this weekend the Zen Garden was inaccessible. What was supposed to be a simple server update turned into a nightmare for the generous souls hosting the site thanks to kernel compile errors, blown processors, and all sorts of other things I don't even want to think about. A few version synch glitches here, a little elbow grease there, and we're back online. Those guys rock.
To make it up to you, the viewer, my planned weekend uber-update went live this afternoon. Three new official designs, a slew of new designs on the comprehensive list, and a bunch of new translations await you.
Cornelia Lange submits a creative take for design #50 — 50! — a brief summary of some of the incredible work the Garden has received. Daniel Leroux, a fellow Vancouverite submits the subtlely gorgeous Budda. And FastClemmy throws another beautiful horizontal scroller in the ring with HoriZental.
The comprehensive list sports 123 designs, and is running the risk of becoming completely unwieldy. Perhaps a make-work project is in order to categorize better and make it easier to browse.
Translations! Czech, Hungarian, Indonesian, Swedish, and Turkish join the growing list, with Polish coming sooner or later. Currently the non-Romanized Asian languages (Chinese, Korean, Japanese) are a bit of a mess thanks to PHP's notorious lack of proper Unicode support, but we've hopes they'll be back to behaving properly later this week.
See if you can spot what I've done differently with the French translation — will the others follow suit? Time will tell!
Update: Actually, most of the translations that require non-Western character encoding seem to be broken, and I think it has to do more with the HTTP headers than it does with PHP. That should be resolved in not too long.
Reader Comments
The new designs look great!
As far as what you did with the French, I have no idea. Didn't spot any difference except the language (the understanding of which may be required to spot the difference)… Then again, I didn't look too hard.
The translations do raise an interesting question of how multiple languages can be supported when using FIR, as you have started to do on design #1.
Presumably there is no way this can be done in CSS, so is server-side scripting to pull different graphics out a necessity?
Martin, check the Digital Web article I wrote in August - http://www.digital-web.com/features/feature_2003-08.shtml - head down to Foreign Language Support. Impractical now due to IE's inability to handle the :lang selector, but one day it should work.
I'm just serving up a different .css file with appropriate links to the translated images. I'll only ever translate the default design; asking each submitter to create 20 different versions of each image containing text is entirely out of the question.
Dave: What is the criteria for the different zengarden lists? Like, what is the difference between "Official Designs" and "Conceptual"?
Huphtur - a judgement call.
ah, the infamous "Executive Decision". heh
It's such an honor to have my little plot in the CSS Zen Garden especially given the great entries that came out lately ! Thanks so much !
Maybe has it already been suggested, but wouldn't it be nice if the design of csszengarden.com homepage was a random pick at each visit ? People could refresh to switch randomly and appreciate the entries…
I'm guessing the difference is the fact heading images (ie. places where you've replace text with graphic) differ depending on the language. Obviously only French at this point, but who knows…
…which does kind of beg the question, why don't you put in some sort of css-readable tag (<body class="fr">) so that we can all do it? I know it's a bit late now for the hundred and twenty odd entries already in there, but for future designs, and for anyone who feels like updating… just a thought.
I don't really see any benefit in providing access keys for the garden's different style sheets, especially when they break the most used of all the browser's shortcuts: Alt-D no longer places focus on the address bar, but instead triggers some other design. Which is a bit annoying to me, and often left me puzzled.
But, as always: great designs!
Andrew - that's actually an excellent point. I hadn't thought of quite doing it like that; Clement's 'HoriZental' has a French equivalent that I was going to hack into the source somehow. Your way makes way more sense.
Jan - you're right in that AccessKeys on the Garden itself are useless. I originally implemented them because I knew a lot of people would be studying the code; making it as useful as possible as a learning tool is my goal. Of course now I'm finding that AccessKeys are mostly a pain anyway, due to breaking existing shortcuts (your ALT+D is a perfect example - I hate that)


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Honestly, I've only been cosplaying for a couple years now. I'm becoming more consistent with all my online accounts and creating new costumes (with or without groups!) I even started doing commissions, but I also love and do cosplay photography too.
P.S. One of my favorite things is cosplaying characters that are officially cosplaying. I love you, Gainax.
This year upcoming year of 2013, I have more cosplays planned! One new one has happened already, and one more is fully in the works at this moment, so we'll see!
Another thing is that I really want to do more group or paired cosplays instead of just on my own. I think that adds to the motivation and fun! I'm really friendly, don't be shy?
Stuff I really want to do -
Sakizou artwork based cosplay!
Junko Mizuno artwork based cosplay!
Feel free to message me if you see anything and would like to plan something!
Costume 3 01436 Views
Costume 5 04368 Views
Costume 2 02012 Views
Costume 5 01808 Views
Costume 5 11500 Views
Costume 10 22501 Views
Costume 13 23716 Views
Costume 5 41272 Views
Costume 1 02630 Views
Costume 20 23459 Views
- CeruleanDraco says, "fuji-cakes *o*"
- For Fujiko Mine from Lupin III: The Woman Called Fujiko Mine
- emilysu says, "You look amazing as Psylocke! So pretty <3"
- For Psylocke from X-Men
- CeruleanDraco says, "you definitely fit her~<3"
- For Psylocke from X-Men
- renge says, "Thank you sweetie <3"
- For Velvet - Princess of Valentine from Odin Sphere
- Bur Loire says, "AWWWWWWWWWWWWWWYISSSSSSSSSSSSSS BEST "
- For Velvet - Princess of Valentine from Odin Sphere


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Political authoritarianism has been constant feature in the Arab political systems, and despite the ongoing "Arab Spring," there is a continuing tendency to prevent women from freely participating in political processes. Recently, a handful of Arab countries have consented to slightly alter their political systems so as to allow women and opposition groups to have a greater say on political issues. Nevertheless, the Arab Middle East as a whole is still a long way from being a region where women are engaged in political life. Politics in the Gulf monarchies or states making up the Fertile Crescent still remains a male-dominated profession. The ratio of female to male politicians is significantly small in comparison to other regions of the world.
Some positive changes have been made in Bahrain (women have the right to vote since 2002, but none have ever been elected to parliament so far) and Morocco where more women are now included in politics and government. In 2003 Egypt appointed the first women judge, and Qatar saw the appointment of the first woman to the cabinet of ministers.
Kuwait, however, is a 'special case' in the Arab Middle East. Until 2005, the all-male Kuwaiti parliament excluded women from all political processes. In fact, only about 15 percent of Kuwaiti citizens had the right to vote. However, on May 16, 1999 the first steps towards electoral change were taken. Emir Jaber, who reigned from 1977 to 2006, unpredictably issued a decree allowing women the right to vote and hold public office; however, the Kuwaiti parliament rejected the decree on the ground that it was legislated by decree. Then, on May 16, 2004 the Cabinet of Ministers approved a new women's suffrage bill, but a year later, on May 3, 2005, the Islamist and conservative elements in parliament abstained from voting on the bill, and therefore the parliament postponed the vote on women's suffrage bill. It was not until May 17th of the same year that the parliament finally passed the law, giving women the right to vote and hold public office.
Between the establishment of the parliament in 1963 as part of the country's first post-independence constitution and the passage of the women's suffrage bill, Kuwait's parliament had been the sole preserve of men. Among the most activist groups for the recognition of fundamental political and social rights to women are the Kuwait Federation of Women's Association and the Women's Cultural and Social Society, both accredited by the government as representatives of Kuwaiti women. They are also authorized by the central government to hold meetings and organize events against the exclusion of women from the political scene.
Kuwaiti politics has featured constant clashes between the government and the elected MPs during the past decade. On March 19, 2008, Emir Sabah Al-Ahmad Al-Jaber Al-Sabah dissolved the National Assembly and announced that a parliamentary election would be held on May 17, 2008. A total of 361,685 Kuwaitis turned out to vote, 57 percent of them women. While 27 of the 275 election candidates were women, none of the female candidates won. Kuwait's voters handed a slight victory to reformists who formed a loose alliance with Islamists in order to control two thirds of the seats.
Emir al-Sabah once again dissolved the parliament on March 18 2009, due to an unresolved conflict between some members of the government and the Assembly, and called for another poll two months later.
The May 16-17, 2009 parliamentary election marked a breakthrough in Kuwaiti politics. More than 195,000 women voted, and of the twenty-eight who ran for seats in the parliament four emerged winners. Massouma al-Mubarak, a cabinet minister in 2005, Salwa al-Jassar and Aseel al-Awadhi, both U.S.-educated professors, and Rola Dashti, an economist, were the first women to obtain seats in the Kuwaiti parliament or anywhere in the Gulf.
Their victories were an achievement for Kuwait and a beckon of hope for the whole region; they were also personal triumphs since they came out victorious without organized political parties to support them or a quota system. Most analysts construed the election of woman MPs and female suffrage as huge leaps forward for Kuwait's democracy.
The 1990 occupation of Kuwait by Saddam Hussein's Iraq proved instrumental in liberalizing the country and granting women political and social rights. Between August 2, 1990 and February 25, 1991, the period of the occupation, thousands of Kuwaiti women took on important responsibilities: running hospitals to compensate for the lack of trained medical staff, or risking their lives by engaging in smuggling food, money, and weapons across military Iraqi checkpoints.
Another cycle of tensions and deadlocks between the Kuwaiti government and parliament unfolded in 2011 in the midst of the Arab Spring. Amid opposition-led rallies and protests in many Islamic countries, including Kuwait, numerous corruption claims were levied in the Kuwaiti parliament. This forced the Prime Minister and his cabinet to resign in November 2011. The Emir again called for early elections in February 2012.
The opposition scored a massive victory in the February 2012 parliamentary elections. The elections produced a National Assembly with an unprecedented majority of opposition groups in an alliance between Islamists and tribes controlling 35 of the 50 seats. The election saw a decline in the weight and presence of the liberal movements, including women's movements, and those representing the Shiite sect.
Throughout the last decade there were repeated hopes that changes of MPs would bring about a more constructive and consensual parliament. Such hopes came to fruition, especially in 2009, when, among other changes, four women were elected to parliament for the first time. Yet in practice, the elected candidates who battled for a more cooperative relationship with the government, including the four women, were defeated at the polls in the next election in February 2012. This result suggested that the public was not convinced that a consensual parliament was the right approach, or that women could make a significant difference.
Kuwaiti politics took another strange turn when in June 2012 the constitutional court nullified the election and scrapped parliament, and the judges ruled for the reinstatement of the 2009 assembly in July. But the 2009 pro-government assembly was again dissolved by the Emir in December 2012 following a cabinet request and protests by the opposition amid allegations of corruption against some cabinet members and former Prime Minister Sheikh Nasser Mohammad al-Ahmad Al-Sabah. The December 2012 polls were the second of the year and the fifth since June 2006.
In the December 1, 2012 election, turnout was 40.3 percent, the lowest in Kuwaiti election history. The boycott of the election by tens of thousands of people can easily explain this low participation; consequently, the opposition, composed of Islamists and liberals, has no representatives in the 50-seat Kuwaiti Parliament. The widespread boycott was a major blow to Kuwait's efforts to represent itself as more democratic than its neighbors, especially to the international community.
For the first time the Shiite minority gained more than one third of the seats, with 17 out of 50 seats in the parliament. Compared to the previous 2009 election, Sunni Islamists were reduced to a minority status, and only three women managed to win a majority of votes in their districts. It became clear that the right to vote and hold public offices, given by the Emir's decree, will not be enough to discuss and solve Kuwaiti women's issues, including forced early marriage and a lack of professional opportunities for young women.
Efforts to democratize and enfranchise Kuwaiti society, and the Arab Middle East, are ongoing. The political competition between the head of state, parliament, and various opposition Kuwaiti groups defending diverse ideologies and platforms has been fierce, and more recently turned violent. In such circumstances, women's rights and empowerment issues are marginalized by the male elite. The task of reforming women's human rights issues and gender and social roles is then incumbent on individual activists and nongovernmental organizations (NGOs), along with occasional external pressures. As long as Kuwaiti women's issues remain out of public view and the number of female deputies does not increase, the parliament, dominated by men, will continue with business as usual.
Richard Rousseau is Associate Professor and Chairman of the Department of Political Science and International Relations at Khazar University in Baku, Azerbaijan.
This article was originally published in the Diplomatic Courier's March/April 2013 print edition.
Photo: Ra'ed Qutena (cc).


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But then....
- I read this post by Beth Moore. "He knows it's scary to be us." Jesus truly does, because He chose to be one of us.
- And then, I read this post from oh amanda. "In a letter to the Philippians, Paul writes that Jesus humbled himself and became OBEDIENT to death on a cross. Jesus LET himself die. He wasn't forced into it. Many men died on the cross, but Jesus CHOSE to die on the cross." Did you get that? He also chose to die...for us...on the cross.
- Please, Please go read both posts in their entirety. Then click the link at the bottom of amanda's post to hear Andy Stanley's version of the story.
- Or, go here to download it from iTunes.
- Jesus Christ chose to live as one of us. He humbled himself. He chose to die for us. He became obedient unto death, even death on the cross. He chose the wounds, the scars. And By His Wounds We Are Healed:
- But the message of Easter, dear ones, is this: It's [Good] Friday, but [Easter] Sunday is Coming!


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Tasmania remembers its 'people's governor'
The family of Tasmanian "people's governor" Peter Underwood are considering the offer of a state funeral following his death on Monday night.
Mr Underwood, who was 76, died in the Royal Hobart Hospital a month after having a tumour removed from his kidney.
Premier Will Hodgman, a family friend, confirmed a state service had been offered as tributes flowed from dignitaries including Governor-General Sir Peter Cosgrove and Prime Minister Tony Abbott.
The popular, and at times controversial, governor was being remembered as a moderniser of Government House's role on the island state.
"He maintained the heartbeat of our state," stepdaughter and Labor MP Madeleine Ogilvie told reporters.
"He was for the people and he was for social justice ... the people's governor who died at the people's hospital surrounded by his people."
Flags flew at half-mast in Hobart as the state remembered its governor of six years.
At an emotional media conference, Mr Hodgman embraced childhood friend, and political foe, Ms Ogilvie.
"Tasmanians mourn the loss of a great man who made a great contribution to our state," the premier said.
That contribution didn't always go Mr Hodgman's way, and included the decision to offer government to ALP leader David Bartlett after the major parties won 10 seats each in 2010.
"I was left in no doubt that the decision had been made after an appropriate level of analysis and understanding ... and very firm and clear judgment, which I respect to this day," Mr Hodgman said.
In recent years, the governor had attracted controversy for strongly-worded Anzac Day speeches graphically detailing the horrors of war.
He delivered a stinging rebuke of Anzac's "sentimental myths" in April, calling for its centenary to be designated a "year of peace".
"We should spend less time studying Simpson's donkey and more time looking at why we were fighting in Iraq and Afghanistan for so long," Mr Underwood said.
His legal career included representing the Commonwealth in the landmark case that resulted in the protection of the Franklin River in the 1980s.
Writing in his blog, Mr Bartlett recalled his regular breakfast meetings with the governor.
"Often a haven from the ephemera and dross of politics, those breakfast conversations would serve to enlighten, inspire and recommit me to the challenges ahead," the former premier wrote.
Mr Underwood had been expected to make a full recovery from his operation and returned to work late last month.
He suffered a setback last week and was hospitalised, before a Government House statement was sent advising of his death at about 1.30am on Tuesday morning.
Mr Underwood was appointed governor in 2008 after serving as chief justice of the Supreme Court of Tasmania from 2004.
He was appointed an officer of the Order of Australia in 2002 and was made a Companion of the Order of Australia in 2009.
He is survived by his wife Frances, his four children, three stepchildren and 12 grandchildren.
Chief Justice Alan Blow will cut short an interstate trip to assume the role of Lieutenant-Governor on Wednesday.


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I'm having some HVAC work done and we're rerouting some returns. My buddy wants to use the joist bay in our unfinished basement as the "duct" for part of the return.
The idea is to sheet metal the bottom of the joists, enclosing the bay, and with the subfloor and floor upstairs, it will be airtight.
I've never heard of this. Have any of you?
Is is safe? Functional? a good idea?
Please let me know.


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"Modern Family" star Jesse Tyler Ferguson has asked his longtime boyfriend to marry him.
The actor proposed to his boyfriend of two years, Justin Mikita, and he said yes.
The couple announced the happy news in a joint video posted on marriage equality website TietheKnot.org, with Ferguson saying, "It's true, I popped the big Q (question)."
The 27-year-old lawyer then gushed: "I said yes!"