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Belarus, country of eastern Europe. Until it became independent in 1991, Belarus, formerly known as Belorussia or White Russia, was the smallest of the three Slavic republics included in the Soviet Union (the larger two being Russia and Ukraine).
While Belarusians share a distinct ethnic identity and language, they never previously enjoyed unity and political sovereignty, except during a brief period in 1918. Belarusian history is thus less an isolable national narrative than a study of regional forces, their interplay, and their effects on the Belarusian people. The territory that is now Belarus underwent partition and changed hands repeatedly; as a result, much of the history of Belarus is inseparable from that of its neighbours. Since independence Belarus has retained close ties to its most dominant neighbour, Russia. In 1999 the two countries signed the Union State Foundation Treaty, which aimed to create a politically integrated confederation with a common currency; the precise nature of the partnership, however, remained unclear well into the 21st century. The legacy of Belarus's Soviet past also continued to manifest itself, both in the persistent prominence of communist political parties and in the country's authoritarian style of government. About one-fifth of the population of Belarus resides in the centrally located capital, Minsk, a sprawling modern city that was almost entirely rebuilt after its near destruction in World War II.
Belarus is a landlocked country bordered by Lithuania and Latvia to the northwest, by Russia to the north and east, by Ukraine to the south, and by Poland to the west. In area, it is roughly one-third the size of its southern neighbour, Ukraine.
The topography of Belarus was largely shaped by glaciation during the Pleistocene Epoch (i.e., about 2,600,000 to 11,700 years ago). Much of the country consists of flat lowlands separated by low level-topped hills and uplands. The highest point, Dzyarzhynskaya Hill, is only 1,135 feet (346 metres) above sea level, and more than half the surface area of Belarus lies below 660 feet (200 metres). The higher areas are formed by ridges of glacial morainic material dating from the Valday glaciation, the last advance of Pleistocene ice in eastern Europe. The largest of the ridges, the Belarusian Ridge, extends northeastward from the Polish border on the southwest to north of Minsk, where it widens into the Minsk Upland before turning eastward to link up with the Smolensk-Moscow Upland. Running transverse to the main Belarusian Ridge, the Ashmyany Upland, consisting of terminal moraines from the same glacial period, lies between Minsk and Vilnius, in neighbouring Lithuania. The surfaces of its ridges tend to be flat or gently rolling and covered by light sandy podzolic soils; they are largely cleared of their original forest cover.
Separated by the morainic ridges lie wide lowlands, which are mostly poorly drained and marshy and contain many small lakes. To the north of the main line of morainic hills are two broad plains: the north of the republic comprises the Polatsk Lowland, and the northwestern corner, near Hrodna, is the Neman (Belarusian: Nyoman) Lowland. South of the Belarusian Ridge the wide and very flat Central Byarezina Plain gently slopes southward to merge imperceptibly with the even more extensive Pripet Marshes (Belarusian: Palyessye, "Woodlands"). A waterlogged area in the basin of the Pripet (Belarusian: Prypyats') River, a main tributary of the Dnieper (Belarusian: Dnyapro), the Pripet Marshes extend southward into Ukraine and occupy a structural trough. The trough is filled with outwash sands and gravels deposited by the meltwaters of the last Pleistocene glaciation. The minimal variation in relief makes the Pripet Marshes among the largest wetlands in Europe.
Belarus has more than 20,000 streams, with a total length of about 56,300 miles (90,600 km), and more than 10,000 lakes. The greater part of the republic lies in the basin of the Dnieper—which flows across Belarus from north to south on its way to the Black Sea—and the basins of its major tributaries, the Byarezina and Pripet on the right bank and the Sozh on the left. In the north the Polatsk Lowland is drained by the Western Dvina (Dzvina) River to the Baltic Sea, to which also flows the Neman (Nyoman) in the west. The extreme southwestern corner of Belarus is drained by the Mukhavyets, a tributary of the Bug (Buh) River, which forms part of the border with Poland and flows to the Baltic Sea. The Mukhavyets and Pripet are linked by a ship canal, thereby connecting the Baltic and Black seas. The rivers are generally frozen from December to late March, after which occur about two months of maximum flow. Among the largest lakes are Narach, Osveyskoye, and Drysvyaty.
About three-fifths of Belarus is covered by podzolic soils. On the uplands these soils are mainly clay loams developed on loess subsoils, which can be productive with the use of fertilizers. The plains and lowlands have mostly sandy podzols of low fertility interspersed with swampy clays, which have a high humus content and can be very fertile when drained.
Belarus has a cool continental climate moderated by maritime influences from the Atlantic Ocean. Average January temperatures range from the mid-20s F (about −4 °C) in the southwest to the upper teens F (about −8 °C) in the northeast, but thaw days are frequent; correspondingly, the frost-free period decreases from more than 170 days in the southwest to 130 in the northeast. Maximum temperatures in July are generally in the mid-60s F (about 18 °C). Rainfall is moderate, though higher than over most of the vast Russian Plain of eastern Europe, and ranges from about 21 inches (530 mm) on the lowlands to some 28 inches (700 mm) on the higher morainic ridges. Maximum rainfall occurs from June to August.
Plant and animal life
The natural vegetation of the country is mixed deciduous and coniferous forest. In the north, conifers, notably pine and spruce, tend to predominate; southward the proportion of deciduous trees, such as oak and hornbeam, increases. Birch is common everywhere, especially as the first growth on burned or disturbed areas. Over the centuries, the clearing of forest land for agricultural use has removed the greater part of the primeval forest, especially the deciduous trees, which prefer richer soils. In particular, the forest of the uplands had largely been removed by the late 16th century.
The Belovezhskaya (Belarusian: Byelavyezhskaya) Forest, on the western border with Poland (into which it extends), is one of the largest surviving areas of primeval mixed forest in Europe, encompassing more than 460 square miles (1,200 square km). The Belarusian portion of the forest was designated a UNESCO World Heritage site in 1992. Preserved for centuries as the private hunting forest of first the Polish kings and later the Russian tsars, it was made a nature reserve (and later a national park) on both sides of the frontier. The rich forest vegetation that once covered much of Europe survives here, dominated by trees that have grown to exceptional heights. The forest is the major home of the European bison, or wisent, which had become extinct in the wild following World War I but was reintroduced through captive breeding. Elk, deer, and boars also are found there and in other forests of Belarus, together with small game, hares, squirrels, foxes, badgers, martens, and, along the rivers, beavers. Birds include grouse, partridge, woodcocks, snipes, and ducks, and many of the rivers are well stocked with fish.
Environmental concerns
The accident at the Chernobyl nuclear power plant in Ukraine in April 1986 resulted in a number of immediate and long-term consequences for the environment of Belarus, where most of the fallout occurred. In the early 21st century about one-fifth of Belarus's land was still radioactively contaminated. In addition to the land damage, the medical and psychological costs of the accident included an increase in birth defects and cancer (particularly of the thyroid) and a declining birth rate, at least partly in response to fears of those defects.
Environmental activists also have expressed concerns about poor air quality and pollution in Minsk and other major cities.
Ethnic groups
Ethnic Belarusians make up about four-fifths of the country's population. Russians, many of whom migrated to the Belorussian S.S.R. in the 1960s, '70s, and '80s, form the second largest ethnic group, accounting for roughly one-tenth of the population. Most of the remainder are Poles and Ukrainians, with much smaller numbers of Jews, Latvians, Lithuanians, and Tatars. Before World War II (1939–45), Jews constituted the second largest group in the republic (and more than half the urban population); the genocide of European Jewry and postwar emigration nearly eliminated Jews from the republic.
Both Belarusian and Russian are official languages of Belarus. Belarusian, which is central to the concept of national identity, is an East Slavic language that is related to both Russian and Ukrainian, with dialects that are transitional to both. It is written in a Cyrillic alphabet and has loanwords from both Polish and Russian, which is reflective of the region's history. An older form of Belarusian was the official language of the grand duchy of Lithuania, of which present-day Belarus was an important component.
About half of Belarusians consider themselves nonreligious or atheist. Roughly two-fifths of the population adheres to Eastern Orthodoxy, which, while not the official religion, maintains a privileged status in Belarus. Roman Catholics constitute the largest religious minority. Roman Catholicism is particularly influential in the western regions, especially in Hrodna. Tiny fractions of the population follow other forms of Christianity, Judaism, or Islam. The Tatars are the predominant Muslim group.
Settlement patterns
The greatest population concentrations in the country are in the central uplands and in the southwest. During Soviet rule, industrial growth contributed to a steady increase of the urban proportion of the population, which rose from about one-fifth in 1940 to more than two-thirds by the mid-1990s. Correspondingly, the number of cities and towns more than doubled. By the early 21st century, more than three-fourths of the population resided in urban areas, with about one-fifth of the people concentrated in the capital, Minsk. Smaller urban centres include Homyel, in the southeast; Mahilyow, in east-central Belarus; Vitsyebsk, in the northeast; and Hrodna, in the west near the Polish border. Migration to these cities has resulted in many declining or moribund villages. The Pripet Marshes, in south-central Belarus, are the least-populated region.
Demographic trends
After World War II, Belarus exhibited a fairly high birth rate, largely as the result of a postwar baby boom. A steep decline followed in the 1960s, and thereafter a more gradual decline ensued. By the 1990s the birth rate had dropped to what it had been during World War II, partly as a result of the Chernobyl disaster and related social and economic problems. The birth rate continued to fall into the 21st century, while the death rate gradually climbed. These factors contributed to a steady decline in population during the two decades after independence. In response, the government offered incentives to women to have more children. In the early 21st century more people, mainly Russians and other eastern Europeans, were immigrating to Belarus than were leaving the country. Nevertheless, this net gain in migrants did not offset the overall population decline.
Devastation during World War II nearly wiped out agriculture and industry in the Belorussian S.S.R., and the intensive postwar drive to restore the economy resulted in a large industrial sector that depended on the other Soviet republics, particularly Russia, for energy and raw materials. The dissolution of the Soviet Union not only dramatically increased the cost of those raw materials but also reduced the traditional market for Belarusian manufactured goods. As a result, production decreased in Belarus during the early 1990s. Moreover, the movement toward a market economy in Belarus was slower than that of other former Soviet republics, with only a small percentage of state-run industry and agriculture privatized in the years following independence. Largely in response to this economic upheaval, Belarus sought closer economic ties with Russia. In the early 21st century Russia remained a major trading partner, although relations between the two countries had become tense as a result of disputes over the price of imported gas and oil. Meanwhile, Belarus experienced substantial increases in its gross domestic product (GDP) as well as growing trade with the European Union. The country was hit hard, however, by the global recession that began in 2008. Manufacturing, particularly in the automotive industry, declined, and in 2009 the national currency was devalued.
Agriculture, forestry, and fishing
The agricultural sector in Belarus, which employs about one-tenth of the labour force but constitutes a diminishing proportion of GDP, is dominated by large collective and state farms. Private holdings were permitted for household use during the Soviet era, but, while their number increased dramatically following independence, they remained small in size. In the early 21st century a significant number of collective farms were sold to private or state-controlled companies.
Most of the country has mixed crop and livestock farming, with a historic emphasis on flax growing. (During the late Soviet era the Belorussian S.S.R. produced about one-fourth of the U.S.S.R. total.) Potatoes, sugar beets, barley, wheat, rye, and corn (maize) are other important field crops; a large percentage of the grains are used for animal feed. Cattle, poultry, and pigs are the main livestock. Considerable areas of the swampy lowlands have been drained since the late 19th century, with much of the reclaimed land being used for fodder crops. Dairying and truck farming are locally important in the vicinity of Minsk. Nearly two-fifths of Belarus is covered by forests, which are exploited for the production of wood and paper products. Most of the country's small fish yield results from aquaculture.
Resources and power
Belarus is generally poorly endowed with mineral resources. The government is attempting to accelerate the development of its raw-material base, but Belarus remains dependent on Russia for most of its energy and fossil-fuel requirements. In the 1960s, petroleum was discovered in the southeastern part of the republic, near Rechytsa. Production peaked in 1975 and fell to one-fourth of that total by the 1990s, when it stabilized.
Belarus does possess, however, one of the world's largest reserves of potash (potassium salts), which was discovered south of Minsk in 1949 and exploited from the 1960s around the new mining town and fertilizer-manufacturing centre of Salihorsk. Potash exports remained high into the early 21st century. The country also is a world leader in the production of peat, which is especially abundant in the Pripet Marshes. In briquette form it is used as fuel. Among the other minerals recovered are salt, an important deposit of which, near Mazyr, was opened in the 1980s; building materials, chiefly limestone and, near Hrodna, quartz sands for glassmaking, both used locally; and small deposits of gold and diamonds.
Nearly all electricity is generated at thermal power stations using piped oil and natural gas; however, there is some local use of peat, and there are a number of low-capacity hydroelectric power plants. In the early 21st century Belarus began construction of its first nuclear power plant. The Lithuanian government strenuously objected to the plant, which was located less than 15 miles (24 km) from the Lithuanian border.
Military production was of high industrial priority during the Soviet era, and the transition to primarily civilian production was difficult. Nevertheless, mining and manufacturing remain major components of the Belarusian economy and together account for more than one-fourth of GDP, with the processing of minerals and hydrocarbons playing an important role. A large facility for producing potash fertilizers is located at Salihorsk. There are oil refineries in the Polatsk area and at Mazyr in the south. Both are served by branches of a major pipeline originating in western Siberia, but the facilities at Mazyr also process local oil from Rechytsa. There also is a large petrochemical plant at Polatsk. Nitrogenous fertilizers are made at Hrodna, using natural gas piped from Dashava in Ukraine.
Heavy industry is well developed in Belarus. Heavy-duty vehicles, particularly trucks and tractors, are manufactured in Minsk, Zhodzina, and Mahilyow. Other engineering products include machine tools, such as metal-cutting equipment. Precision manufacturing was developed during the 1970s and '80s, notably of such consumer goods as radios, television sets, watches, bicycles, and computers. Other industries are small-scale, and products are mostly for local consumption. These have included timber processing, furniture making, match and paper making, textile and clothing manufacture, and food processing.
Independent Belarus restructured its Soviet-style banking system into a two-tier system consisting of the National Bank of Belarus and a growing number of commercial banks, most of which are either joint-stock or limited-liability companies. The republic introduced its own currency, the Belarusian rubel, in 1992. A securities market and stock exchange were also established that year.
During much of the Soviet period, the republic was a net exporter, with the bulk of its trade conducted with other Soviet republics, principally Russia and Ukraine. Independent Belarus became a net importer, however, when the price of previously inexpensive raw materials and energy from Soviet sources rose to meet world market levels. Nonetheless, in the early 21st century Russia and Ukraine remained the republic's main trading partners, with trade increasing with China, Germany, Poland, and other countries of the European Union. Chief exports include refined petroleum, machinery, trucks, tractors, potassium chloride, metals, and foodstuffs. Major imports include crude petroleum, machinery, natural gas, rolled metal, chemical products, and foodstuffs.
The service sector accounts for about two-fifths of GDP and employs the largest portion of the labour force. In the early 21st century the banking, communications, and real-estate industries experienced some of the highest rates of growth. Although the tourism industry is less developed in Belarus than in neighbouring countries, the revenue derived from tourist activities increased dramatically in the early 21st century. The Belovezhskaya Forest is one of the most visited destinations, and homestays on farmsteads have become popular. Another frequently visited site is the 19th-century fortress in Brest, known as the Hero Fortress for the courageous defense made there by Soviet soldiers against invading Nazis in 1941.
Labour and taxation
A large majority of the Belarusian labour force is employed in either services or mining and manufacturing. Belarus has one of the highest percentages of women in the workforce of any country, and women occupy key roles in the education, health care, communications, manufacturing, and agricultural sectors. Most employees in Belarus are members of a trade union. There are dozens of trade unions, and most are subordinated to the Federation of Trade Unions of Belarus, the body that oversees the unions.
In the early 21st century Belarus's taxation system was simplified to bring it more in line with European standards. Taxes for individuals include an income tax, a social security tax, and property taxes. For businesses taxes include a corporate income tax, a social security tax, a value-added tax, ecological taxes (for the use of natural resources), and property taxes.
Transportation and telecommunications
Belarus has a good railway network that is headed by major interregional railways that crisscross the country: east-west between Berlin and Moscow; north-south between St. Petersburg and Kiev (Ukraine); and northwest-southeast between the Baltic countries and Ukraine. The country's main highway connects the city of Brest in the west to Minsk and the Russian border in the east. There are also good road connections between the capital and all regional centres. Buses operate throughout the country.
The city of Minsk is served by an extensive mass transit system that includes buses, streetcars, and an underground railway known as the Minsk Metro. Minsk has good air connections as well. Minsk National Airport, also called Minsk-2, is located about 25 miles (40 km) east of the city; it opened in 1982 and began international service in 1989. A domestic airport for smaller planes, located within the city, serves Belarusian regions and Moscow.
The state-owned telecommunications company of Belarus is the sole provider of fixed-line telephone service. Mobile phones are used much more extensively, however. Though privately owned, mobile phone companies in Belarus are subject to government oversight. In addition, opposition groups have reported that at times the government has monitored or interfered in individuals' cell phone communications, and on occasion officials have confiscated mobile phones belonging to Belarusians suspected of criminal or antigovernment activities. The government also monitors and regulates Internet usage, which increased steadily during the opening years of the 21st century.
Learn More in these related Britannica articles:
Dnieper River…southerly direction through western Russia, Belarus, and Ukraine to the Black Sea. For the first 300 miles (480 km) it passes through the Smolensk
oblast(region) of Russia, first to the south and then to the west; near Orsha it turns south once more and for the next 370 miles…
European Plain: Physiography…Germany and Poland and into Belarus (Belorussia) and western Russia. Interspersed with these moraines are long parallel spillways where glacial meltwaters flowed to the sea parallel to the ice front. These spillways were covered with sand and gravel by the rushing glacial streams. Today they are occupied by flat, poorly…
Commonwealth of Independent StatesRussia, Ukraine, and Belarus (Belorussia) signed an agreement forming a new association to replace the crumbling Union of Soviet Socialist Republics (U.S.S.R.). The three Slavic republics were subsequently joined by the Central Asian republics of Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, Tajikistan,…
flag of Belarus… peoples of what is now Belarus were in the past ruled by Prussia, Poland, Lithuania, and Russia. Consequently no distinctive national symbols were developed until the 20th century, when for the first time Belarus became independent. With the breakup of the Russian Empire near the end of World War I,…
Mindaugas…proper, Samogitia, and much of Belorussia. In 1250 or 1251 Mindaugas accepted baptism from the Livonian Knights, thus easing western pressure against his state from the Teutonic and Livonian Knights and from Daniel of Halich-Volynia. In 1253 he received a royal crown from Pope Innocent IV.…
More About Belarus7 references found in Britannica articles
Assorted References
- flag history
- formation of Commonwealth of Independent States
- population and demography
- role of Mindaugas
- In Mindaugas
physical geography
- Dnieper River
- European Plain


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Selway-Bitterroot Wilderness
IntroductionThe United States Congress designated the Selway-Bitterroot Wilderness (map) in 1964 and it now has a total of 1,347,644 acres. Idaho contains approximately 1,092,854 acres. Montana contains approximately 254,790 acres. It is managed by the Forest Service. The Selway-Bitterroot Wilderness is bordered by the Frank Church-River of No Return Wilderness to the south (separated by the Magruder Corridor and Highway 12).
DescriptionThe Bitterroot Mountains form a rugged, glacier-carved border between Idaho and Montana. On both sides of this border is the Selway-Bitterroot Wilderness, the third largest Wilderness in the Lower 48. Only the 600 foot wide Nez Perce Trail (the Magruder Corridor), an unimproved dirt road, separates the Selway-Bitterroot from the Frank Church-River of No Return Wilderness. Except for the high crest of the Bitterroot Mountains, the area is dominated by ridges broken with raw granite peaks. Below the ridges are deep canyons covered with thick coniferous forest. Hidden low valleys are rich with old-growth cedar, fir, and spruce, with Ponderosa Pine dominating open grassy slopes along the rivers. Few humans visit the huge trailless portions of this Wilderness, which makes it all the more appealing for the Selway elk herd, plus abundant deer, moose, black bears, mountain lions, and wolves. Approximately 1,800 miles of trails wind through the area providing access to both the Montana and Idaho sides of the mountains, but many trails in the area are unmaintained and rugged. Travel by foot and stock can be challenging, but rewarding, in the heart of this large wild area. Mostly within the Selway-Bitterroot Wilderness, the Wild and Scenic Selway River rushes out of the mountains of Idaho and is joined by flows from the Moose Creek drainage and lower down the Lochsa River. The Selway is a premier whitewater river offering a wild, remote, and self-reliant river experience.
Planning to Visit the Selway-Bitterroot Wilderness?
- Print a fact sheet
- General things to consider when visiting any wilderness
- Regulations, Permits
- Contact the Forest Service
Leave No TraceHow to follow the seven standard Leave No Trace principles differs in different parts of the country (desert vs. Rocky Mountains). Click on any of the principles listed below to learn more about how they apply in the Selway-Bitterroot Wilderness.
- Plan Ahead and Prepare
- Travel and Camp on Durable Surfaces
- Dispose of Waste Properly
- Leave What You Find
- Minimize Campfire Impacts
- Respect Wildlife
- Be Considerate of Other Visitors

subset: commoncrawl


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Tanya_1987 dicho …
Dont miss nina as katherine tonight on tvd publicado hace más de un año
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Katherine Pierce is one of the most complex characters I have ever seen on a televisión series. She is astoundingly ruthless, creepily cold and a clever manipulator. Her tactics have ruined lives and ended more. She's the show's main fuente of pain and destruction. Every character who has met Katherine has a reason to detest her as she brings chaos to people's lives with no shame o regret. She's highly intelligent and has the ability to manipulate situations to her advantage. Her plans are usually executed with a combination of flamboyance and pure genius. The most jaw dropping reveal was...
Ok. The big pregunta has its answer. Elena has become vampire and stefan and damon might not be her only problem...
Kat will be back and i dont think she'll be happy about the news. Kat's alwasy being used to the attension and being the only girl vampire. when Caroline came along if tu remeber she used he for her own problems. I dont think i am the only one who thinks kat will be surprised about this new secret.
I really cant wait for season 4 and these are my main reasons...
1. she change both salvatores and we got to see them.
2. brought damon the cure for the werewolf bite.
3. is just amazing with her looks
4. has a unique style and personality
5. Has great taste in boys. (stefan,damon and maison)
6. SHES A Petrova DOPPELGANGER.
7. WE ALL amor HER.
8. turned caroline :)
9. might win stefn over so delena could finally happen ♥
10. makesthe mostrar just awesome because her and elena look alike along with tatia.
" I want what I want Stefan, and I don't care what I have to do to get it. My lista of victims is a long one, and I have no problem adding one más name to that list. "
— Katherine Pierce
Katherine Pierce (born Katerina Petrova) is a vampire and former lover of Damon and Stefan Salvatore. She is first shown in flashbacks, mostrando her physically romantic relationship with the Salvatore brothers, eventually turning them, but was captured por the townspeople of Mystic Falls to be destroyed.
I thought of a lista of things that would have never happened if Katherine wasn't here, and I came up with a good bunch.
1. Without Katherine, Stefan and Damon would have stayed human and died a long time ago.
Katherine made Stefan die and become awesome, and with that he turned the Damon we all amor into himself. So she practically gave us the hot, badass Damon we all adore so much.
2. If it wasn't for Katherine, Elena wouldn't have been even born.
If Katherine didn't have a Baby and that baby didn't have a baby and that baby didn't have a baby etc....
"I look out for myself, Elena. I'll always look out for myself. If you're smart, you'll do the same..."
Honestly, I think we can tell alot about Katherine from this line but, unlike what seems to be majority opinion, I don't think that this quote is as important to Katherine's character as many others. That said, what she says makes sense.
When Katherine trusted Elijah and found out that the ritual would still go on, she made a run for it. She couldn't trust much of anyone after that. Even poor Trevor, who - I imagine - wouldn't have betrayed her trust...
Hello fellow TVD fans!We are less than a week away from episode 3x01 titled "The Birthday"and I know that the excitement is too much to handle.Lets recap a little bit ,shall we?
Waaaaaay back in May "As I Lay Dying"was one of the most anticipated episodes of season 2 and there is a reason why!Actually scrap that...There were many reasons!
1.The Ripaaaaah! - Stefan was responsible for Damon becoming a vampire in 1864 so when he found out that his brother was bitten por a werewolf he felt obligated to find a cure.Even if [To quote Katherine Pierce...
Look, I'll say this. Katherine may have dicho that she loved Damon because it would rattle Elena. But, what seems to confuse people is her behavior in 2x21-2x22 — in comination with these words. Hence, it's very much a statement like, "I don't get it! First, Katherine loves Stefan forever (and ever, amen!) and then she loves Damon. Katherine's confusing!" that tends to circulate around the fandom.
But, I'll agree there.
She's an enigma, and I don't deny that.
1) Katherine brought Damon the cure.
2) Katherine has a plan B and a plan C and a plan D and well,you know how the alphabet goes don't you?
3) Katherine is the "safest psychotic perra in town."
4) Katherine looks out for herself, she will always look out for herself.
5) Deep down, Katherine really cares about both Salvatores. (- KW)
6) Katherine doesn't need a guy to save her. End of story.
7) Katherine believes in "Better tu die than I."
8) Katherine drunk vervain for 145 years thus it doesn't hurt her.
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text: Hey folks, at work atm, but I wanted to say I spotted an Osprey in the upcoming MMO and that it looked very much like the Seahawks logo. I took a screenshot, I'll upload it when I get home from work today. The dev ArenaNet is Bellevue based, maybe they have some Hawk fans working there that felt the need to include our rare bird.


text: hello, i established a four node beowulf cluster using MPICH. while testing, i started mpd daemon in all the nodes from the master by mpdboot, then i unplugged one slave node from LAN, and now i tried to execute a program using mpiexec, the master node is not recognising that one of the node has failed. then i checked in www.beowulf.org - Archives, the last discussion about the mpi node failure was at Jan - 2003. so now i want to know, whether there is any update of MPI fault handling. what can i do if 1. any slave node fails. 2. master node fails. __________________________________ Do you Yahoo!? Yahoo! Mail Address AutoComplete - You start. We finish. http://promotions.yahoo.com/new_mail


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* Ferrari chairman breaks Italy state monopoly on high-speed trains
* Montezemolo-led consortium aims for 25 pct market share in 2014
* NTV has invested 1 billion euros; sees breakeven in 2014
* Eight routes from Rome are first outings for Alstom's new AGV cars
By Philip Pullella
NAPLES, April 23 (Reuters) - As Europe's first privately owned high-speed train hit 300 kph just outside Naples, Ferrari chairman Luca Cordero di Montezemolo smiled at the suggestion that he was addicted to risk and velocity.
"Yes," he said. "Yes, speed and risk, risk in terms of economic risk. I think an entrepreneur has to risk, if not, he is not an entrepreneur anymore."
Montezemolo and a consortium of private investors are taking a 1 billion euro ($1.3 billion) risk that they can provide better high-speed train service between major Italian cities than state-run Trenitalia, taking advantage of a 2006 European Union move to open up track to competition.
"We have brought an end to one of the longest monopolies in the history of our country. Finally, Italian travelers and tourists can choose," he said.
The new company, called NTV, or Nuovo Trasporto Viaggiatori, starts service between Rome and eight other Italian cities on April 28 and will eventually have 25 trains - a new type of locomotive-free rolling stock that has an engine under each car to increase capacity.
Montezemolo and businessmen Diego Della Valle of luxury goods maker Tod's, Gianni Punzo and Giuseppe Sciarrone founded the startup in 2006.
They were later joined by Banca Intesa San Paolo, Italy's largest insurer Generali, businessman Alberto Bombassei from Brembo brake company and French state railway company SNCF, which took a 20 percent stake and provides know-how.
But Montezemolo, chairman of NTV, is clearly the leading man in a high-profile business script aimed at snatching 25 percent of Italy's high-speed train market by 2014 and breaking even the same year. It hopes to attract 8-9 million passengers a year by then.
Chiara Pelizzoni, a transport analyst for Nomisma, said NTV will not have too many problems attracting customers in the high-speed market.
"The high end of the market will be easier to sell. There are customers willing to pay for good services and from an industrial plan point of view they have a good, experienced partner in SNCF," he said.
"The real challenge will be if they try to enter the market for regional routes, where it is much more complicated to make money and where there are more regulations," she said.
The dapper Montezemolo, who looks younger than his 64 years and sports a Bobby Kennedy-esque mane of hair, has a breathless business resume and aristocratic family lineage that fuels his confident, can-do style like high-octane petrol fuels a Ferrari.
He organised the 1990 World Cup football tournament, was chairman of carmaker Fiat, managed Italy's America's Cup sailing race challenge team, headed the powerful business lobby Confindustria and is now running Fiat's Ferrari division .
But a startup was a new challenge, even for him.
"This is the first time that I have developed a company from scratch, from zero, from a blank page. Four years ago there was nothing, no train, no people, no organisation, nothing," he said as the train sped toward Rome.
He enthuses about the train as if it were one of his Ferrari Formula One race cars and it is a safe bet that the choice of red as the NTV's dominant colour is probably no coincidence.
"This is the quickest train today. There is no other train like it. This train can go 360 kilometres an hour but we are obliged not to go faster than 300," he said, referring to the limits of the infrastructure of the Italian rail system.
The 450-seat NTV trains, dubbed Italo and painted red, gold and gray, use high-speed AGV cars built by French transport and power engineering group Alstom.
The AGV is quieter and cheaper to run than its predecessor the TGV and has 20 percent more passenger space because its motors are placed under each car, instead of in locomotives at either end.
"Can you believe we are going at 300 kilometres an hour?" he asked as the streamlined train sped quietly between Naples and Rome on a trip for the media last Friday.
Indeed, if it were not for the Italian countryside flashing outside the big, oversized windows and a slight murmur inside, a passenger might think the train was standing still.
NTV hopes to win customers away from the state-owned Trenitalia, which uses the Italian-made ETR 500 on its high-speed runs, by offering better onboard services, elegance and free amenities such Wi-Fi, live television and first-run films.
The business plan uses a tiered airline-style fare structure for its three "ambiances" - Club, Prima and Smart - and includes low-cost fares in the Smart "ambience" for tickets that are booked early and for off-peak times.
NTV's guiding mantra is service, style, and competition. It offers, for example, quality meals at competitive prices served in passenger seats instead of restaurant cars and prepared by Eataly, the food emporium with shops in the Italy, the United States and Japan.
All the seats, even the cheapest, are in plush leather made by luxury furniture maker Poltrona Frau
The trains will make the Rome-Milan run in about three hours, depending on which stations the traveler chooses, roughly the same amount of time as Trenitalia's fast trains.
But Montezemolo is betting that travelers will choose NTV for the overall experience, the customer service and the smoother ride.
Apart from Rome, the NTV network will include Salerno and Naples in the south as well as Florence, Bologna, Milan, Turin, Padua and Venice in the north.
And he said the company might eventually expand into regional routes with high tourist traffic such as Florence-Siena using different types of trains in the future.
"This is a high-risk venture for us. We have invested 650 million euros for the trains, we will pay 120 million euros a year for the use of the tracks and we have already created more than a 1,000 jobs with a 50-50 distribution between men and women," he said. "If it doesn't work out, we fail."
He wants to make Italo, the sleek white jumping hare who is the mascot of the train, as easily recognisable a brand as Ferrari's prancing horse.
Asked if he feared a price war with Trenitalia on the profitable Rome-Milan route he said: "Bring it on. May the best customer experience win".


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Any idea what type / number transistor I should use?
Well I think CR was telling you that......
Yes, you can PWM the transistors.
How'd relays come into this?
Use the example on pin D12. Emitter connects to Arduino Gnd and to power supply Gnd.LED strip+ goes to 12V, LED strip- goes to the collector.


text: On Fri, 31 Aug 2007, Larry Stewart wrote: > Mark Hahn wrote: > >>> For X86 archtectures, it actually makes a very noticable performance >>> change (30%?) to use build switches that are appropriate for your >>> machines, rather than the generic switches chosen by Red Had or >> >> >> interesting. 30% on what operations? > > I should absolutely know not to report a number without a citation. > I was thinking of this report: http://www.linux.com/articles/41348 > but it is actually comparing Linux vs other Unixlike OSs. > The Linux happens to be Gentoo, and the comments cite > Gentoo's "unfair advantage" because it is compiled with optimization! Fair enough, but Mark's surprise is due to the fact that most numerical applications tend to be rate limited by only a very few things: CPU clock and architecture, memory speed and type and interconnect, compiler quality, program organization. One therefore would be surprised at a 5% performance difference for a binary built using the same versions of the same libraries (built, to be sure, to match the architecture in questions -- i686 vs i386 binaries might well differ in performance), although one might not be at all surprised at a larger benefit if one changed compilers or libraries altogether. After all, when a task is on the CPU it is pretty much running as fast as it can run. > So I shouldn't have claimed a performance advantage against other > distributions. Might be true, but not supported by this study. For some applications I wouldn't be surprised -- mysql in particular is almost certainly something that can be significantly improved because of what it does and because it isn't exactly the cleanest code in the Universe from what I understand. Improved caching or buffering, rearranging a few loops, and the like might make a big difference for it. I also don't know exactly what Super Smack does as a benchmark, but I do know a bit about benchmarking, and one perennial problem with comparative benchmarking is establishing a uniform system state. Running it on "a small and easily cached data set" doesn't give me a lot of confidence that the author will achieve replicable results that reflect the real world even for mysql, nor am I convinced that the test run in this way is CPU/OS/memory bound. I tend to agree with Mark and Gerry's earlier remarks -- most differences in linux distros these days are ESSENTIALLY window dressing. apt-get vs yum. gnome vs kde. Sure, some run slightly more advanced kernels, or slightly newer versions of libraries, but for the most part they share a common code base. In the context of building a cluster node, differences are further minimized, as one tends to install just what you need, which tends to be nonspecialized -- the common code base that is shared by most programs (and hence most linuces). Compiling with the Intel reference compiler, or pathscale, might well make a big difference relative to compiling with gcc (or not). Tuning the application for the cache size and memory architecture might make a difference. I wouldn't EXPECT running Debian, or Fedora, or Red Hat, or Slackware to make a big difference, except insofar as one or another of them is way ahead or way behind in their basic libraries. So RHEL when the libraries are 2+ years old might well be slow compared to Fedora Core with the latest versions of the basic libraries (although 30% is a big difference to expect period) but RHEL when it is first released and its libraries "are" FC really shouldn't be. rgb -- Robert G. Brown http://www.phy.duke.edu/~rgb/ Duke University Dept. of Physics, Box 90305 Durham, N.C. 27708-0305 Phone: 1-919-660-2567 Fax: 919-660-2525 email:rgb at phy.duke.edu


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Suite with a separate bedroom with a double bed, for one or two people.
Jan 1 - Jan 1 1 adult
A spacious and comfortable suite with a separate bedroom, a large bathroom and a lounge with a seating area.
Some of our Suites are located in the hotel's annex, which has its own entrance.
- Free WiFi
- Eco-Lighthouse certified
- Coffee machine
- Richer selection of toiletries
- Iron and ironing board
- Chocolate
- Selection of quality teas
- Fresh flowers
- Travel magazines
- Bathrobe and slippers
- Private safe
- Telephone
Price on request


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BOSTON -- Last month, the Massachusetts Joint Committee on Public Health held a legislative hearing in Boston on Senate Bill 870, which would require the licensing of personal trainers.
The July 21 hearing was attended by about 50 personal trainers in Massachusetts. In addition, three industry representatives gave testimony against the bill at the hearing: Amy Bantham, the deputy vice president of government relations for the International Health, Racquet and Sportsclub Association (IHRSA); Art Curtis, the CEO of Millennium Partners Sports Club Management, Boston; and Lisa Hufcut, the director of public relations for Town Sports International (TSI), New York.
"It seemed like this session went pretty well," Curtis says. "The committee seemed receptive to what we had to say. There was a strong response from private trainers in Massachusetts."
The bill would require license applicants in Massachusetts to:
1) Be graduates of an accredited educational program leading to professional qualification in personal training
2) Hold a certification accredited by the National Commission for Certifying Agencies (NCCA)
3) Pass an exam with oral and practical demonstrations of skill.
The exam must be approved by an independent licensing board composed of an exercise science professor, a practicing personal trainer with credentials and a member of the public.
Bantham testified that the personal training industry already has embraced accreditation as a means to ensure consumer safety through self-regulation. She cited a recommendation, adopted by the IHRSA Board of Directors in 2005, in which IHRSA member clubs hire personal trainers who either are certified through one of the 12 personal training certifying bodies accredited by the NCCA or have a certificate or degree from an educational institution recognized by the Council for Higher Education Accreditation and the U.S. Department of Education.
Bantham also testified that the bill's educational requirements are unclear. She added the bill would in effect decrease the number of personal trainers providing services, increase the cost of personal training services and decrease the number of consumers wanting to pursue physical activity programs.
Curtis, whose company runs six clubs under the Sports Club/LA name, including one in Boston, testified that more clubs are adopting the IHRSA recommendation in order to remain competitive and that more members are demanding qualified trainers.
"The pool of qualified trainers has substantially increased as the availability of quality accredited certification programs has increased," Curtis said.
TSI's presence at the hearing was warranted by the fact that its Boston Sports Clubs chain is the largest operator of fitness clubs in Massachusetts, with 24 clubs, 250 trainers and 75,000 members. Hufcut testified that TSI already has embraced accreditation. Boston Sports Clubs requires all of its personal trainers attain an accredited personal training certification as a condition of employment.
Hufcut also testified that the licensing guidelines in the Massachusetts bill would not only increase costs to trainers but to the clubs that employ them as well. The guidelines in the bill may be unattainable for most personal trainers, who may be forced to set up their own personal training businesses outside of clubs, Hufcut says.
"The state has provided little to no evidence that an expansive and expensive regulatory regime is necessary to increase safety," Hufcut said in her testimony. "Voluntary certification programs work and have worked with little evidence to the contrary for years. The expense to business and the consumer cannot be justified when a large body of highly successful voluntary certification programs has long ensured standards of excellence and consumer confidence."


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|START Conference Manager
ASIST 2012 Annual Meeting
Baltimore, MD, October 26-30, 2012
Identifying Content and Levels of Representation in Scientific Data
Karen Wickett, Simone Sacchi, David Dubin and Allen Renear
Monday, 8:00am
The documentation and integration of heterogeneous digital data produced by different communities with varying practices, assumptions, representation schemes, and encodings, presents substantial obstacles to integration and analysis. Developing conceptual models for these notions raises foundational issues in the representation of information in digital form, many pertaining to identity. In this paper we present the Basic Representation Model and the Systematic Assertion Model. We show how these models work together to provide an analytical account of digitally-encoded scientific data. We expect these models to inform precisely defined format-migration activities, assessment of identity and scientific equivalence, and digital preservation strategies in general.


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Art & Art History
A main goal of the Department of Art and Art History is to help students acquire visual intelligence, i.e., the ability to understand and respond critically to our world's art and visual culture and how it has been shaped by the visual traditions of other times and places. Students in our department develop sophisticated written, technical, and visual abilities that allow them to convey their ideas, their understanding, and their appreciation of art.
Our students have received internships at museums such as the Cloisters and the National Gallery of Art and have gone on to graduate work in art history and fine arts programs. A number have pursued careers as art historians, curators, painters, sculptors, ceramicists, architects, urban planners, and in many other fields.
The undergraduate program of the Department of Art and Art History offers two majors:
- Art
- Art History
Students can also complete a course of study leading to a minor in Art and Art History.


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7 Reviews
Make your trip run a little smoother with Yakima's ratcheting Bow-Stern Tie-down.
- Item #YAK0125
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Peace of Mind
These tie-downs do exactly what they should-- secure your boat-- and that immediately makes them worth the money.
All the components are good. The "quick ratchet" works great and tightens in a flash. The ropes and straps are solid; this kit even comes with two rope "sleeves" (oddly not pictured or mentioned here) to prevent the ropes from getting friction wear by rubbing against your car. My only negative is a repeat of an earlier reviewer that the hooks are fairly short. While I have not had any problem with them coming unhooked I would like a little extra length on the hook or a more aggressive hook angle.
Combined with the straps included with the Yakima gunwale brackets my wife and I can load and secure our canoe on my car in less than 5 minutes. Not only do these straps attach quickly they provide invaluable peace of mind when carrying your craft.
Worth the money
Excellent investment. Very secure and yet simple to use. I would highly recommend these bow/stern tie downs. I purchased one set for myself, to 'try them out.' Immediately I bought two more sets, one for myself and one for another kayaking friend. The tie downs snug up very quickly and easily (be careful not to pull too tight!). There is a quick release when it's time to get the boat down and into the water.
ease of use
These bow/stern tie-downs really make it easy and quick to [re]secure your kayak to your vehicle. High-quality and sturdy materials - definitely recommend for quick set-up/tear-down.
I love these tie downs because if I am going far with my boats I feel more secure about having them on the roof with these bow/stern tie downs on there. You always get a little lift when you have kayaks on top of your roof but when I crank these down it really cuts that out. Love em.
Kayak Tie Downs
Quick and easy to use. Another great Yakima product.
Yakima tie down system
I bought the tie-down system from Yakima. It is easy and looks pretty but the hooks are not long enough. When the kayak bounces (which happens because the Yakima saddles have a lot of play) the hooks undo themselves. A helpful modification would be for Yakima to use a hook with a longer curved part at the head.
Yakima Tie Down
I use the tie downs I purchased here to accompany the Yakima Kayak Stacker. The tie down works great. It was easy to set up and adds to the safety of the kayak during transportation. I highly recommend using this to accompany the kayak stacker.


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Whether you are looking for a gift idea for the gay dad in your life, or you want to give your straight dad something that reflects your fabulous sensibility, you can't go wrong with a pair of shades from N3L.
The company's name is short for Newton's Three Laws of Motion, which establishes its ethic as a sports-based product designed for the active dad, whether he enjoys motorcycle racing or golf — or a backyard trampoline.
It's not just the styles that you can use to capture pop's attention, but the technology: Imaging systems allow you to directly compare the effectiveness of certain lenses under various conditions. (Amber lenses, in general, make the environment more vivid, and are great for enjoying sunsets on the beach; darker shades filter more light and provide serious protection from glare.
A variety of brands from Maui Jim to Oakley are available within a range of prices (most in the $200 neighborhood), each offering their own styles and options (such as replaceable lenses and custom colors).
N3L at NorthPark Center on the second level near Nordstrom. N3LOptics.com.
This article appeared in the Dallas Voice print edition June 17, 2011.


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A few hundred faithful pass through the doors of Pastor Bob Childress' sanctuary every Sunday, but he worries that sometime in the next decade a 220-mph bullet train may take their place.
The future route of the train, as currently drawn, takes dead aim for the Church of the Canyons, an evangelical refuge on Sand Canyon Road in Santa Clarita with a congregation of 450.
"This will be an excellent test of our faith," Childress said.
California's bullet train has generated plenty of opposition in the areas around the San Gabriel Mountains. Elsewhere in Southern California, though, local governments are either embracing the train or choosing to remain neutral.
"It's out there in possibility land," San Fernando City Manager Al Hernandez said, noting there is little buzz about the project in his community, even though it may get one of the few passenger stations in the region.
Some officials in Santa Clarita, Burbank, Palmdale, Los Angeles and Los Angeles County have asked the California High-Speed Rail Authority to consider alternative routes, but no city has expressed serious opposition. In fact, Palmdale officials threatened to sue the rail authority if the bullet train did not go through their city.
-- Ralph Vartabedian, Los Angeles Times


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You'll have a simply inviting location for friends and family to gather with this seven-piece set. The piece carries a java finish and features a bow-end woodstock granite laminate top, which is easy to clean. Plus, the matching side chairs include spindle backs as well as cappuccino microsuede seats for added comfort. There will be a lot to like with these leg table and side chairs in your home.
The Cramco Dinettes - Heath 7 Piece Leg Table and Chair Set by Cramco, Inc at Value City Furniture in the New Jersey, NJ, Staten Island, Hoboken area. Product availability may vary. Contact us for the most current availability on this product.
You'll have plenty of casual style for your home with help from the Heath collection. The pieces carry a java finish and feature either bow-end woodstock granite or oiled cherry laminate table tops. In addition, the side chairs include spindle-designed backs as well as cappuccino microsuede seat cushions. Simple and inviting, the Heath collection is bound to leave you pleased.
The Cramco Dinettes - Heath collection is a great option if you are looking for Casual furniture in the New Jersey, NJ, Staten Island, Hoboken area.
These images are representative of this group as a whole and may differ from this item.
Browse other items in the Cramco Dinettes - Heath collection from Value City Furniture in the New Jersey, NJ, Staten Island, Hoboken area.
This item has been tagged as: Table, Dining Tables, Table Set, Dining Table Set, Table and Chair Set, Dining Table and Chair Set, Dining Chairs, Chairs, Arm Chair, Dining Arm Chair, Side Chair, Dining Side Chair, Pub Table, Counter Height Table, Bar Table, Pub Table Set, Counter Height Table Set, Bar Table Set, Counter Height Stool, Stool, Bar Stool, Dining Room Furniture, Entertaining Furniture, Furniture Sets, Game Table Set, Gaming Tables, Kitchen Tables, Kitchen table Sets, Bistro Table, Bistro Table Sets, Dining Room Table Sets, Dinette, Dinette Set
Nothing on this page may be copied or reproduced without explicit permission.


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805 Newman Springs Road, Lincroft, NJ 07738
732-842-4000 ext 4312 - General Information
732-842-4000 ext 4298 - Ranger Station
Park Brochure & Map | Tick Advisory
Park opens at 7 a.m. daily, year round; 6 a.m. for Marlu Lake fishing access.
Closing time is 8:30 through April 29; 9 p.m. April 30-June 10; and 9:30 p.m. June 11-July 15.
Visitor Advisory
Visitors are urged not to leave valuables in their cars and to notify Park Rangers of any suspicious activity in parking lots. To reach a Park Ranger, contact the County emergency communications center at 732-577-8700.
The Park System Headquarters are located in this 667 acre park, which was established in 1968 with a donation of 215 acres from the estate of Geraldine Livingston Thompson.
Mrs Thompson's beloved "Brookdale Farm" was a premier thoroughbred race horse breeding/training facility. Today, the park remembers Mrs.Thompson's belief that "children have to feel the ground beneath them and go out into the woods and see the trees and birds."
Built in 1896 as the Thompson family residence, this grand colonial revival mansion had been used as a Visitor Center and was destroyed by a fire on February 6, 2006. The Visitor Center has been rebuilt in the same style. The first floor is now open to the public Monday through Friday 8 a.m.-4:30 p.m. and weekends 10 a.m.-4 p.m. Public restrooms are open 8 a.m. to dusk. The Visitor Center is available to rent for meetings, special events and weddings. Learn more about renting this space for meetings and special events or weddings.
Thompson Park Headquarters Building
The park features several areas with names that remind visitors about its rich history. The Estate Grounds section includes the beginnings of a beautiful Memorial Tree Grove and the site of the former Geraldine and Lewis Thompson mansion. The Old Orchard area provides easy access to the 14 miles of trails within the park and is reminiscent of the former Thompson family apple orchard. The Filly Run area is home to the park's playground and also provides access to the park trails, specifically the 4.9 mile paved trail loop. A bicycle repair station with a tire pump and tools has recently been added near the playground.
The Three Barn section is named for the two large horse barns (now Theatre Barn and Activity Barn) and a cow barn (now the Creative Arts Center). The Three Barn area is also where the extremely popular off-leash dog area is located.
Thompson Park has opportunities for varied recreational interests including 14 miles of multiple-use trails (4.9 miles paved), a playground, tennis courts, a fishing lake for canoes/kayaks and electric-powered boats, a seasonal group picnic facility, Creative Arts Center, and off-leash dog area. A field is available for rental for rugby games only. Find out more about this and other athletic facility rentals in the Park System.
Reservable Group Picnic Area
Thompson Park features a reservable group picnic area and is a great spot to host a family reunion, an office get-together or a bunch of friends.
Old farm roads and a former horse exercise track are popular routes for walkers and runners. There is also a 4.9 mile paved trail. A bicycle repair station with a tire pump and tools has recently been added near the playground.
Cross-Country Ski Trail Map
Directions to the Longbridge Annex
Thompson Park Training Center, 53 Longbridge Road, Holmdel
The online reservation system is a quick and easy way to book at tee time at one of 6 golf courses.
From Seven Presidents Oceanfront Park to Historic Walnford, the Park System offers over 30 park areas to explore.
From pottery classes to nature walks, programs and activities are a great way to meet people and explore new interests.
Receive timely updates regarding Monmouth County Park System programs, special events & golf course promotions.


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Dirty Dave - Count Up [User Submitted]
Dirty Dave Throws 30k in New Single "Count Up" Viral
Follow Dirty Dave @DaveDaFlyGuy
"The Carolina Plug" Hosted By @DJBLord & @DJKub Coming Sept. 4th
Pre-Order at www.dirtydollarent.com
Directed x @ThaKiddHD
@yungrome843 @plies @biggarankin00
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What is Maximum Dial Thickness?
Maximum Dial Thickness refers to the thickness of material the hand shaft will travel through, including the clock dial and any material the dial is mounted to. The maximum thicknesses listed on our website have 1/8" built in to accommodate for mounting hardware.
What is Total Hand Shaft Length?
Total Hand Shaft Length refers to the total length of the hand shaft. Measure the entire hand shaft to determine your movement's total hand shaft length, from the base of the clock movement to the tip where the clock hands are attached.


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The Orange Coast College women's volleyball team will play host to Citrus College in the first round of the California Community College Athletic Assn. Southern California Regional playoffs at 7 p.m. Tuesday.
OCC (18-2), the No. 4 seed, has lost two of its last four, while Citrus College (14-8) ended the reguar season on a three-match wining streak.
OCC, which finished second in the Orange Empire Conference, is led by sophomore outside hitter Karlee Riggs. Riggs, the OEC Player of the Year, leads the state in kills per game (5.28) and is tied for the team lead with 25 aces.
OCC has won 56 of its 65 games this season, including 16 sweeps.
Los Angeles Pierce (27-0) is the No. 1 seed in the SoCal bracket.
UC Irvine 64, Liberty 46
HUNTSVILLE, Texas - Daman Starring scored 12 points to lead the Anteaters to the nonconference win in the Progressive Legends Classic Subregional Monday.
Chris McNealy added 10 points and Adam Folker finished with nine points for UCI (3-1).
Liberty is 0-4.
The Anteaters play against Southern Mississippi on Tuesday.
UCI's Winkler breaks digs record
UC Irvine senior libero Kristin Winkler had 25 digs Saturday to become the Big West Conference career leader with 2,211.
Winkler surpassed Cami Croteau, who had 2,194 at Cal State Fullerton from 2007 to 2010.
UCI lost the Big West match to host Long Beach State, 23-25, 25-19, 25-19, 25-20. The Anteaters, who have two matches remaining, are 11-20, 5-11 in conference.
Vanguard falls in playoffs
Vanguard University was defeated, 25-17, 25-15, 19-25, 25-22, by visiting Cal State San Marcos in the first round of the NAIA women's volleyball tournament on Saturday.
The No. 22-ranked Lions (17-15) were led by Rachel Barker, who had 14 kills, and Kelly Heenan, who had 22 digs.
No. 20-ranked Cal State San Marcos is 29-13
Vanguard loses only one senior, Candace Cedarstrom, to graduation from this year's team.
— From staff reports


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General Description
The card Strength has a certain kinship to the card of the Magician (I). Similar to that card, Strength also touches upon the extraordinary power of the secret of a deep, inner harmony. If the great influential strength of the Magician is founded upon the harmony of conscious and unconscious powers, then the vital energy, courage, and passion of this card is an expression of the reconciliation of the civilized person with his or her animal nature. In mythology, this is impressively portrayed by the friendship between Gilgamesch and Enkidu, his previous bitter enemy. This card makes it clear that we cannot aim to hide our instinctual nature behind pallid virtue but should open ourselves much more to encountering the living, sometimes terrifying archaic powers existing in each of us, in order to gradually tame them through loving acceptance and gentle force. When we do this, not only these primordial powers are available to us, but also all of the reserves of strength that we have used up until now to repress these instincts.


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Vol 19, N 2, 2010F O R I M M E D I A T E R E L E A S E
The Regenerative Medicine Journal
Cell transplants may benefit children with cerebral palsy
Tampa, Fla. (April 19, 2010) – A unique cell type that supports and surrounds (ensheathes) neurons within the nose (olfactory system) known as olfactory ensheathing cells (OECs), possess the ability to regenerate, are relatively easy to obtain, and have become prime candidates for transplantation to repair a number of lesions in the central nervous system (CNS). Transplanted OECs, known to retain exceptional plasticity and promote olfactory blood vessel growth while offering neuroprotection, have been demonstrated to be potentially useful for a number of neurological disorders, including multiple sclerosis, spinal cord injury and amyotrophc lateral sclerosis (ALS).
A group of Chinese researchers hypothesized that OECs might also hold promise for treating cerebral palsy (CP), a neurological disorder appearing in infancy or early childhood and characterized by its permanent effects on muscle movement. The study is published in issue 19(2) of Cell Transplantation and is now freely available on-line at http://www.ingentaconnect.com/content/cog/ct/ .
"CP is a class of brain lesion in children with a wide variety of causes - from abnormal brain development to peri-natal injuries - and manifesting in progressive physical dysfunction," said corresponding author Dr. Hongyun Huang of the Beijing Rehabilitation Center. "We conducted a randomized, controlled clinical trial with 33 volunteers, 14 of whom completed the six-month study, to determine if transplanted OECs were effective in treating children and adolescents with CP, given that CP shares many of the same features of other degenerative diseases."
According to the researchers, 83 percent of the children with CP that they examined had abnormal radiological findings, with white matter damage being the most common abnormality. Tissue loss, inadequate or delayed myelination, glial scars and shrunken white matter of the brain were also encountered. The white matter is made up of nerve fibers communicating between brain areas.
The research team's hypothesis and protocol was developed with prior knowledge of a key location in the brain's frontal lobes (defined as the "Key Point for Neural network Restoration (KPNNR)" based on previous studies) for injecting OECs and that the injected OECs would produce Schwann cell-like myelin sheaths around demyelinated axons.
Results were measured by both the Gross Motor Function Measure (GMFM-66) and the Caregiver Questionnaire Scale.
"This trial, albeit small in sample size, indicates that OEC KPNNR transplantation may be effective for functional improvement in children and adolescents with CP," said Dr. Huang. "Our results showed that transplanting OECs into CP patients could improve the neurological function of the patients and did not cause significant side effects. The procedure may be a plausible method to treat this as yet incurable disorder."
"In parallel with recently FDA-approved US clinical trials of cell therapy for adult stroke and cerebral palsy, this clinical study in China advances the use of stem cells for treating brain disorders, but a very careful assessment of this experimental treatment needs to be exercised in order to gauge its safety and efficacy," says Cell Transplantation associate editor Dr. Cesar V. Borlongan.
News Release by Randolph Fillmore, www.sciencescribe.net


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News Release 12-229
Atop an Antarctic Volcano, NSF-funded Researcher Finds Camp Site from the "Heroic Age" of Antarctic Exploration
Find comes almost exactly a century after site was abandoned
December 13, 2012
HD B-Roll of Mt. Erebus is available; please contact Dena Headlee.
This material is available primarily for archival purposes. Telephone numbers or other contact information may be out of date; please see current contact information at media contacts.
A National Science Foundation-funded research team working on the slopes of the world's southernmost active volcano appears to have found the remains of a camp used by explorers of the so-called "Heroic Age" of Antarctic exploration, a century after the camp was abandoned.
Although photos of the site, known as "the highest camp", appear to match an archival photograph taken by members of the 1912 Terra Nova expedition led by Royal Navy Captain Robert F. Scott, conservators from the New Zealand-based Antarctic Heritage Trust have been asked to verify the historic find.
The find comes in the closing days of the centennial of the so-called "Race to the Pole" between Scott and Norwegian Roald Amundsen. Amundsen reached the geographic South Pole on Dec. 14, 1911, five weeks before Scott's party. In the tragic finish to the race, Scott and his men perished on the ice on their return trip, only a few miles from safety.
A ring of stones, where a tent once stood in what may have been a Terra Nova campsite, was discovered by Clive Oppenheimer, a volcanologist at Cambridge University in the United Kingdom. Oppenheimer is working on Mt. Erebus, a 14,500-foot, ice-covered volcano, as part of a team of NSF supported researchers led by Phillip Kyle of the New Mexico Institute of Mining and Technology.
With support from NSF, Kyle has been studying Mt. Erebus for decades. The volcano is unique in the world, not only because of its location, but also because of other features, notably a lake of lava deep in the ice-covered crater.
Oppenheimer is the first known visitor to the site since Scott's men left. He found it using a combination of written accounts and historic images from the Scott Polar Research Institute in Great Britain, which was founded by one of the party that climbed the volcano in 1912.
Although Oppenheimer is working on Erebus as a member of a team supported by the U.S. Antarctic Program, which is managed by NSF, he found the site during a break in the research work.
NSF is taking steps, along with international partners New Zealand and the U.K., to insure that the archeological value of the site is maintained.
A survey will record the area and search for items that may have been left behind in 1912.
A number of the Heroic Age huts used by explorers such as Scott and Sir Ernest Shackleton in the early years of the 20th century, have similarly been preserved and contain a wide range of artifacts--from scientific equipment to expedition supplies--that have been extraordinarily well preserved by the extremely cold and dry Antarctic climate.
Records show that a camp was erected in 1912 by a team from the shore party of the Terra Nova Expedition that climbed Mt. Erebus. This was the second group to examine the summit region of Mt Erebus. A group from Shackleton's Nimrod Expedition (1907-1909), including famed Australian geologist Sir Douglas Mawson, was the first to climb Erebus and observe the active lava lake in 1908.
The team that camped at this site was led by geologist Raymond Priestley and included Tryggve Gran, a Norwegian ski specialist; Frederick Hooper, formerly a steward on the Terra Nova; Royal Navy Able Seaman Harry Dickason; Petty Officer George Abbott and geologist Frank Debenham. They undertook mapping and collected geological specimens.
It was during his time on Mt. Erebus that geologist Frank Debenham had the idea of a "Polar Research Institute." After serving in World War I, Debenham was named the founding director of the University of Cambridge's Scott Polar Research Institute.
Philippe Foster Back, granddaughter of Frank Debenham and chair of the United Kingdom Antarctic Heritage Trust, said "Clive Oppenheimer's location of the original 'highest camp' is a wonderful addition to all the activity which has taken place throughout 2012 to mark the centenary of Captain Scott's expedition. It is a reminder of both the dangers and thrills of Antarctic science and a fitting tribute to the great legacies of exploration and discovery left to us by all the brave men of that party."
Media Contacts
Peter West, NSF, (703) 292-7530, email: email@example.com
Program Contacts
Alexandra Isern, NSF, (703) 292-7581, email: firstname.lastname@example.com
Principal Investigators
Clive Oppenheimer, Scott Polar Institute, 8816-763-15877, email: email@example.com
The National Science Foundation (NSF) is an independent federal agency that supports fundamental research and education across all fields of science and engineering. In fiscal year (FY) 2019, its budget is $8.1 billion. NSF funds reach all 50 states through grants to nearly 2,000 colleges, universities and other institutions. Each year, NSF receives more than 50,000 competitive proposals for funding and makes about 12,000 new funding awards.
Useful NSF Web Sites:
NSF Home Page: https://www.nsf.gov
NSF News: https://www.nsf.gov/news/
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BeachesCarlsbad is well known for its beautiful beaches. Most beaches in Carlsbad are the property of the State Parks Department of California. The department provides the public facilities, such as restrooms, picnic tables and parking. They also oversee the lifeguarding services. Unfortunately Carlsbad beaches are not dog friendly and there are fines for bringing Fido down to the beach. The South Carlsbad State Beach has a very busy and almost-always-booked camp ground with over 200 camping sites available. Be sure to book well in advance to get a spot.
MSRP excludes tax, license, registration, and options. MPG Based on current model year EPA mileage estimates. Use for comparison purposes only. Do not compare to models before 2008. Your actual mileage will vary depending on how you drive and maintain your vehicle.


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Lemon grass tea is a fragrant lemon-flavored brew that easily soothes the senses. Lemon grass, alternatively referred to as fever grass, is a fragrant plant that grows in abundance in many Asian countries. True to its name, the scent of lemon grass resembles that of a lemon, although its taste is unmistakably milder and sweeter. And its appearance, that of grass, with thin, long leaves. Because of its natural aroma, lemon grass is also traditionally used as a flavoring agent in many Asian delicacies.
It is quite easy to learn how to prepare a perfect cup of lemon grass tea. You just get yourself a handful of lemon grass. You wash them. Cut the lemon grass into pieces, with the cutup pieces being about an inch long. You then place the lemon grass into a kettleful of water. Bring water to a boil. And let it steep for a good 15 minutes.
Health Benefits Of Lemon Grass Tea
Lemon grass tea is not only soothing to senses. Lemon grass is nutritionally packed with Vitamins A and C. It is also proven to be a very good source of folate, folic acid, magnesium, zinc, coper, iron, potassium, phosphorus, calcium and manganese. Bu the health benefits of drinking organic lemon grass tea doesn't end there.
A cupful of lemon grass tea has long been used to relieve stomach disorders, sleeplessness, and even respiratory discomfort. Lemon grass is known to be a traditional cure for various body pains, fever, and infections, among many others.
Recent studies that look into potential health applications of lemon grass suggest that it naturally replenishes and reinforces the antioxidant supply in the human body. Furthermore, lemon grass antioxidants, in particular, have been reported to excel at warding off antibiotic-resistant Staphylococcus aureus.
There are a number of ongoing scientific studies that aim to confirm the relative effectiveness of regular lemon grass consumption to the treatment and management of type 2 diabetes, obesity, and even cancer.
Recently, it was discovered that 1 gram of Citral found in lemon grass could stimulate apoptosis in cancer cells—that is when cancer cells go into a natural self-destruct process.
Lemon grass-derived Citral is also reported to have shown observable detoxification properties. Researchers believe that regular consumption of lemon grass significantly lowers excessive levels of cholesterol, uric acid, and various toxins in the body.
Researchers of the Department of Nutritional Sciences at the University of Wisconsin report of a 25 point drop in excess cholesterol levels for clinic trial participants who too 140 mg lemon grass capsules on a daily basis.
How to Make Lemon Grass Tea with Ginger
The post The Anti-Cancer Effects of Lemon Grass Tea appeared first on Lemongrass Tea.


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ROCKLAND COUNTY, N.Y. -- Having a close friend require a quadruple bypass surgery isn't an everyday occurrence. But for Father Michael Keane, watching a friend and fellow priest go through the procedure just weeks before unexpectedly needing the exact same treatment himself, it all seemed like more than just a coincidence.
Keane, 55, and Father Jack Arlotta, 66, are both Catholic priests in Orange County, and have been friends for nearly 30 years. "We lived on the same hall during seminary school in Yonkers, and I served Mike's first mass when he was ordained in 1990, two years before I was ordained," said Arlotta. "Being ordained is a special moment, and you ask your friends to help serve mass, like grown-up altar boys." After beginning their ministries in the Archdiocese of New York, the two stayed close friends.
When Arlotta learned he needed bypass surgery during a routine follow-up test last March, he immediately sought the help of Dr. Chirag Badami and Dr. Bruce Toporoff at Good Samaritan Hospital, a member of the Westchester Medical Center Health Network in Rockland County. "There were four blockages in coronary arteries that required four bypasses, and the surgery was completed with two arterial grafts, two vein grafts and special plating," said Badami.
After successfully undergoing the surgery in early October, Arlotta was recuperating when his longtime friend paid him a visit. "When I went to visit Jack the day after his bypass surgery, we like to say he gave it to me," said Keane. Less than two weeks after the visit, Keane was rushed to the hospital with 75 percent blockage of his heart, and underwent the exact same procedure Arlotta had experienced just days earlier.
To hear Father Keane and Father Arlotta's recovery stories, read more via Advancing Care in the Hudson Valley.


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Loved piennaar...main reason me son loved going to watch everton..used to crack me up when he ws shooting...his shots were either crap or a goal....as mentioned above I remember the goal where he came off the bench and literally jogged up front and first touch slotted into the corner..( I remember it being against sunderland..but not sure)..
Deserved to win something that little generation of blues.The 09 final was the moment. Win that and i genuinely think we would have kicked on.
If he had more pace and stamina he'd have spend his career at barca or madrid. Never seen a more inelegant player. The ball stuck to his foot he was brilliant. When he got his move he deserved better than spurs in my opinion
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Adrenoleukodystrophy describes several closely related inherited disorders that disrupt the breakdown (
Alternative Names
Adrenoleukodystrophy; Adrenomyeloneuropathy; Childhood cerebral adrenoleukodystrophy; ALD; Schilder-Addison Complex
Causes, incidence, and risk factors
Adrenoleukodystrophy is passed down from parents to their children as an
The condition results in the buildup of very-long-chain fatty acids in the nervous system, adrenal gland, and testes, which disrupts normal activity. There are three major categories of disease:
- Childhood cerebral form -- appears in mid-childhood (at ages 4 - 8)
- Adrenomyelopathy -- occurs in men in their 20s or later in life
- Impaired adrenal gland function (called Addison disease or Addison-like phenotype) -- adrenal gland does not produce enough steroid hormones
Childhood cerebral type:
- Changes in muscle tone, especially muscle spasms and spasticity
Crossed eyes(strabismus)
- Decreased understanding of verbal communication (aphasia)
- Deterioration of handwriting
- Difficulty at school
- Difficulty understanding spoken material
- Hearing loss
- Worsening nervous system deterioration
- Coma
- Decreased fine motor control
- Paralysis
- Seizures
- Swallowing difficulties
- Visual impairment or blindness
- Difficulty controlling urination
- Possible worsening muscle weakness or leg stiffness
- Problems with thinking speed and visual memory
Adrenal gland failure (Addison type):
- Coma
- Decreased appetite
- Increased skin color (pigmentation)
- Loss of weight, muscle mass (wasting)
- Muscle weakness
- Vomiting
Signs and tests
- Blood levels
- Chromosome study to look for changes (mutations) in the ABCD1 gene
- MRI of the head
Adrenal dysfunction is treated with steroids (such as cortisol).
A specific treatment for X-linked adrenoleukodystrophy is not available, but eating a diet low in very-long-chain fatty acids and taking special oils can lower the blood levels of very-long-chain fatty acids.
These oils are called Lorenzo's oil, after the son of the family who discovered the treatment. This treatment is being tested for X-linked adrenoleukodystrophy, but it does not cure the disease and may not help all patients.
Bone marrow transplant is also being tested as an experimental treatment.
Support Groups
Expectations (prognosis)
The childhood form of X-linked adrenoleukodystrophy is a progressive disease. It leads to a long-term coma (vegetative state) about 2 years after nervous system symptoms develop. The child can live in this condition for as long as 10 years until death occurs.
The other forms of this disease are milder.
- Adrenal crisis
- Vegetative state (long-term coma)
Calling your health care provider
Call your health care provider if:
- Your child develops symptoms of X-linked adrenoleukodystrophy
- Your child has X-linked adrenoleukodystrophy and is getting worse
Genetic counseling is recommended for prospective parents with a family history of X-linked adrenoleukodystrophy. Female carriers can be diagnosed 85% of the time using a very-long-chain fatty acid test and a DNA probe study done by specialized laboratories.
Prenatal diagnosis of X-linked adrenoleukodystrophy is also available. It is done by evaluating cells from
Kwon JM. Neurodegenerative disorders of childhood. In: Kliegman RM, Behrman RE, Jenson HB, Stanton BF, eds. Nelson Textbook of Pediatrics. 19th ed. Philadelphia, Pa: Saunders Elsevier;2011:chap 592.


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On what will forever be known as "that weekend before The Avengers opened," four new nationwide releases hit theaters. With its strong cast and connection to Bridesmaids, The Five-Year Engagement appears to have the best chance of finishing in first, though its theater count (2,936) trails that of Aardman Animation flick The Pirates! Band of Misfits (3,358). The Raven and Safe also debut this weekend, though neither of these titles has much of a chance of cracking the Top Three. The Five-Year Engagement reteams Forgetting Sarah Marshall writer-director Nick Stoller with writer-actor Jason Segel. That movie opened to $17.7 million in April 2008 on its way to $63.2 million, and it's fairly well-regarded among comedy fans today (it has a 7.3 rating on IMDb, which is identical to the rating for Knocked Up and The 40-Year-Old Virgin). For The Five-Year Engagement, though, the Forgetting Sarah Marshall connection has taken a backseat to a potentially much more powerful one—the movie is also the latest from producer Judd Apatow, who brought last May's wedding comedy sensation Bridesmaids ($169.1 million total) to the big screen. With an identical pink and white font scheme and a consistent producer citation in nearly all advertisements, Universal's marketing campaign has essentially made The Five-Year Engagement look like a spin-off to Bridesmaids. The movie isn't receiving quite as much buzz at this point, though, and it's a more competitive marketplace for female-skewing movies (Think Like a Man, The Lucky One and The Hunger Games should account for at least $35 million in ticket sales this weekend). Still, with a wedding angle targeting women and the Apatow R-rated humor targeting men, The Five-Year Engagement should be a strong date night choice this weekend. Universal is modestly projecting an opening in the low-teen-millions.The Pirates! Band of Misfits is the latest movie from Aardman Animation, and it's their first stop-motion effort since 2005's Wallace and Gromit: The Curse of the Were-Rabbit. Aardman movies have opened consistently between $16 and $19 million, and that even includes Arthur Christmas when looking at its five-day Thanksgiving debut. Bringing pirates in to the mix should help keep things at around the same level, and the movie should also benefit from the fact that it's the first animated offering in nearly two months. So far, The Pirates! has earned at least $56 million overseas, and Sony is expecting around $10 million in domestic coin this weekend.The Raven finds author Edgar Allen Poe entwined in a gothic serial killer investigation that calls to mind From Hell, which opened to $11 million in 2001. Putting Poe on the case is also reminiscent of the movie The Brothers Grimm ($15.1 million debut), which had the titular author duo battling the kind of creatures they may have written about. Opening somewhere in between these two movies is probably the best case scenario for The Raven, which Relativity Media has modestly marketed after acquiring U.S. rights for $4 million. The studio is currently expecting between $8 and $10 million for the weekend. Jason Statham has successfully established himself as a high-octane action star over the past decade, and lately his movies have performed at a fairly consistent (albeit not very high) level. Safe fits firmly in to this mold, though Statham isn't receiving any assistance this time either from a big-name star like Robert DeNiro (Killer Elite) or an established brand (Transporter 3). Lionsgate has released a handful of Statham movies, including Crank: High Voltage ($7 million opening) in April 2009, and they are expecting between $6 and $8 million this weekend.Weekend Forecast (April 27-29)1. The Five-Year Engagement - $22.5 million2. Think Like a Man - $17.8 million (-47%)3. The Pirates! - $16.3 million4. The Lucky One - $11.3 million (-50%)5. The Hunger Games - $10.4 million (-29%)6. The Raven - $10.1 million7. Safe - $7.5 millionBar for SuccessThe Five-Year Engagement needs to reach the $17.5 million that Nick Stoller's two previous projects did. With a super-wide release, The Pirates! Band of Misfits ought to open to the Aardman standard of $16 million. The Raven is in great shape if it can get close to $15 million, while Safe is fine if it gets over $10 million.Related Stories:• Last Weekend's Forecast: Efron, Harvey Should Finally Defeat 'Hunger Games'• Last Weekend Report: 'Think Like a Man' Rules, Efron Gets 'Lucky'• April Preview (Part 2): 'The Lucky One,' 'The Five-Year Engagement,' 'The Pirates!' & More
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medicine/med·i·cine/ (med´ĭ-sin)
medicine (med)
(1) The art and science of maintaining health; recognising, understanding, preventing, diagnosing, alleviating, managing and treating diseases, injuries, disorders and deformities in all their relations that affect the human body in general, including surgery.
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A drug or therapeutic agent.
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medicinetreatment of disease
alternative medicine non-orthodox medicine, e.g. acupuncture, herbalism, aromatherapy, reflexology
community medicine incidence, prevalence and effects of diseases within specific population groups
forensic medicine diagnostic skills applied to crime detection
nuclear medicine investigation, diagnosis and treatment of disease using radionucleotides
physical medicine study and treatment of disease by mechanical therapies
preventive medicine disease prevention and health/wellness promotion by control of causes of disease
Anthroposophically Extended Medicine (AEM).
traditional medicine of China. See also qi gong and qi.
alternative medicine, encompasses the wide array of therapies not generally offered by MDs and not usually covered by health insurance. Complementary is considered a more accurate term because in practice, patients do not replace allopathic treatment but instead supplement it with complementary medicine.
energy in energy medicine is understood in different terms depending upon the context; therefore energy medicine includes many different modalities. See also acupuncture, bio-feedback, homeopathy, meditation, Qi gong, reiki, and therapeutic touch.
physical therapy.
medicine (med´isin),
n 2. the art of healing.
Patient discussion about medicine
Q. How effective are the traditional medicines?
Q. Is there any Chinese medicine for cancer. Hi every one! I am a student of famous University. I heard about Chinese Medicine but I don't have any idea. One of the incurable diseases is cancer. Is there any Chinese medicine for cancer?
Q. What are the most common Chinese Medicines that are most common in use?