text:
Also found in: Dictionary, Thesaurus, Legal, Financial, Acronyms, Idioms, Encyclopedia, Wikipedia.
Related to bone: Bone Cancer
1. the hard, rigid form of connective tissue constituting most of the skeleton of vertebrates, composed chiefly of calcium salts.
2. any distinct piece of the skeleton of the body. See anatomic Table of Bones in the Appendices for regional and alphabetical listings of bones, and see color plates 1 and 2. Called also os. adj., adj bo´ny.
There are 206 separate bones in the human body. Collectively they form the skeletal system, a structure bound together by ligaments at the joints and set in motion by the muscles, which are secured to the bones by means of tendons. Bones, ligaments, muscles, and tendons are the tissues of the body responsible for supporting and moving the body.
Some bones have a chiefly protective function. An example is the skull, which encloses the brain, the back of the eyeball, and the inner ear. Some, such as the pelvis, are mainly supporting structures. Other bones, such as the jaw and the bones of the fingers, are concerned chiefly with movement. The bone marrow in the center manufactures blood cells. The bones themselves act as a storehouse of calcium, which must be maintained at a certain level in the blood for the body's normal chemical functioning.
There are 206 separate bones in the human body. Collectively they form the skeletal system, a structure bound together by ligaments at the joints and set in motion by the muscles, which are secured to the bones by means of tendons. Bones, ligaments, muscles, and tendons are the tissues of the body responsible for supporting and moving the body.
Some bones have a chiefly protective function. An example is the skull, which encloses the brain, the back of the eyeball, and the inner ear. Some, such as the pelvis, are mainly supporting structures. Other bones, such as the jaw and the bones of the fingers, are concerned chiefly with movement. The bone marrow in the center manufactures blood cells. The bones themselves act as a storehouse of calcium, which must be maintained at a certain level in the blood for the body's normal chemical functioning.
Structure and Composition. Bone is not uniform in structure but is composed of several layers of different materials. The outermost layer, the periosteum, is a thin, tough membrane of fibrous tissue. It gives support to the tendons that secure the muscle to the bone and also serves as a protective sheath. This membrane encloses all bones completely except at the joints where there is a layer of cartilage. Beneath the periosteum lie the dense, hard layers of bone tissue called compact bone. Its composition is fibrous rather than solid and it gives bone its resiliency. Encased within these layers is the tissue that makes up most of the volume of bone, called cancellous or spongy bone because it contains little hollows like those of a sponge. The innermost portion of the bone is a hollow cavity containing marrow. Blood vessels course through every layer of bone, carrying nutritive elements, oxygen, and other products. Bone tissue also contains a large number of nerves. The basic chemical in bone, which gives bone its hardness and strength, is calcium phosphate.
Development. Cartilage forms the major part of bone in the very young; this accounts for the great flexibility and resiliency of the infant skeleton. Gradually, calcium phosphate collects in the cartilage, and it becomes harder and more brittle. Some of the cartilage cells break loose, so that channels develop in the bone shaft. Blood vessels enter the channels, bearing with them small cells of connective tissue, some of which become osteoblasts, cells that form true bone. The osteoblasts enter the hardened cartilage, forming layers of hard, firm bone. Other cells, called osteoclasts, work to tear down old or excess bone structure, allowing the osteoblasts to rebuild with new bone. This renewal continues throughout life, although it slows down with age.
Cartilage formation and the subsequent replacement of cartilage by hard material is the mechanism by which bones grow in size. During the period of bone growth, cartilage grows over the hardened portion of bone. In time, this layer of cartilage hardens as calcium phosphate is added, and a fresh layer grows over it, and it too hardens. The process continues until the body reaches full growth. Long bones grow in length because of special cross-sectional layers of cartilage located near the flared ends of the bone. These harden and new cartilage is produced by the same process as previously described.
Cartilage formation and the subsequent replacement of cartilage by hard material is the mechanism by which bones grow in size. During the period of bone growth, cartilage grows over the hardened portion of bone. In time, this layer of cartilage hardens as calcium phosphate is added, and a fresh layer grows over it, and it too hardens. The process continues until the body reaches full growth. Long bones grow in length because of special cross-sectional layers of cartilage located near the flared ends of the bone. These harden and new cartilage is produced by the same process as previously described.
Bone Disorders. fracture, a break in the bone, is the most common injury to the bone; it may be closed, with no break in the skin, or open, with penetration of the skin and exposure of portions of the broken bone. osteoporosis is excessive brittleness and porosity of bone in the aged. osteomyelitis is a bone infection similar to a boil on the skin, but much more serious because blood supply to bone is less exquisite than that to other body organs and bone metabolizes more slowly, so that the infection can destroy the bone and invade other body tissues. osteomalacia is the term used for rickets when it occurs in adults. In these diseases there is softening of the bones, due to inadequate concentration of calcium or phosphorus in the body. The usual cause is deficiency of vitamin D, which is required for utilization of calcium and phosphorus by the body. In osteitis fibrosa cystica, bone is replaced by fibrous tissue because of abnormal calcium metabolism. The condition usually is due to overactivity of the parathyroid glands. osteoma refers to abnormal new growth, either benign or malignant, of the tissue of the bones. Although it is not common, it may occur in any of the bones of the body, and at any age.
alveolar bone the thin layer of bone making up the bony processes of the maxilla and mandible, surrounding and containing the teeth; it is pierced by many small blood vessels, lymphatic vessels, and nerves.
ankle bone talus.
brittle b's osteogenesis imperfecta.
bundle bone lamina dura.
cancellated bone (cancellous bone) bone composed of thin intersecting lamellae, usually found internal to compact bone.
cartilage bone bone developing within cartilage, ossification taking place within a cartilage model, as opposed to membranous bone.
cheek bone zygomatic bone.
collar bone clavicle.
compact bone bone substance that is dense and hard.
cortical bone the compact bone of the shaft of a bone that surrounds the marrow cavity.
cranial b's the bones that constitute the cranium, including the occipital, sphenoid, temporal, parietal, frontal, ethmoid, lacrimal, and nasal bones, the inferior nasal concha, and the vomer. Some authorities also include the maxilla, zygomatic bone, and palatine bone. See anatomic Table of Bones in the Appendices.
ethmoid bone the sievelike bone that forms a roof for the nasal fossae and part of the floor of the anterior cranial fossa. See anatomic Table of Bones in the Appendices.
facial b's the bones that form the skeleton of the face, including the hyoid, palatine, and zygomatic bones, the mandible, and the maxilla. Some authorities include the lacrimal bones, nasal bones, inferior nasal concha, and vomer and exclude the hyoid bone. See anatomic Table of Bones in the Appendices.
flat bone one whose thickness is slight, sometimes consisting of only a thin layer of compact bone, or of two layers with intervening cancellous bone and marrow; usually curved rather than flat.
frontal bone the bone at the anterior part of the skull. See anatomic Table of Bones in the Appendices.
heel bone calcaneus.
hip bone the ilium, ischium, and pubis as a unit. See anatomic Table of Bones in the Appendices.
hyoid bone a horseshoe-shaped bone at the base of the tongue. See anatomic Table of Bones in the Appendices. Called also lingual bone.
incisive bone the portion of the maxilla bearing the incisors; developmentally, it is the premaxilla, which in humans later fuses with the maxilla, but in most other vertebrates persists as a separate bone.
innominate bone hip bone.
jaw bone either the mandible (lower jaw) or the maxilla (upper jaw). See anatomic Table of Bones in the Appendices.
jugal bone zygomatic bone.
lingual bone hyoid bone.
long bone one whose length far exceeds its breadth and thickness.
malar bone zygomatic bone.
marble b's osteopetrosis.
mastoid bone mastoid part of temporal bone.
membrane bone (membranous bone) bone that develops within a connective tissue membrane, in contrast to cartilage bone.
occipital bone the bone constituting the back and part of the base of the skull. See anatomic Table of Bones in the Appendices.
parietal bone one of two bones forming the sides and roof of the cranium. See anatomic Table of Bones in the Appendices.
pelvic bone hip bone.
petrous bone petrous part of temporal bone.
pneumatic bone bone that contains air-filled spaces.
premaxillary bone premaxilla.
pterygoid bone pterygoid process.
rider's bone localized ossification sometimes seen on the inner aspect of the lower end of the tendon of the adductor muscle of the thigh in horseback riders.
shin bone tibia.
short bone one of approximately equal length, width, and thickness.
solid bone compact bone.
spongy bone cancellous bone.
squamous bone squamous part of temporal bone.
sutural bone any of the variable and irregularly shaped bones in the sutures between the bones of the skull. Called also wormian bone.
temporal bone one of two bones forming part of the lateral and inferior surfaces of the skull and containing the organs of hearing. See anatomic Table of Bones in the Appendices.
thigh bone femur.
turbinate bone a nasal concha.
tympanic bone tympanic part of temporal bone.
wormian bone sutural bone.
zygomatic bone the quadrilateral bone that forms a cheek. See anatomic Table of Bones in the Appendices.
bone(bōn), [TA]
A hard connective tissue consisting of cells embedded in a matrix of mineralized ground substance and collagen fibers. The fibers are impregnated with inorganic components, including crystals of calcium phosphate, such that using X-ray defraction, they are seen to be organized in a hydroxyapatite pattern (calcium phosphate is 85% by weight) as well as calcium carbonate (10%), and magnesium; by weight, bone is composed of 65-75% inorganic and 25-35% organic material; a portion of osseous tissue of definite shape and size, forming a part of the animal skeleton; in humans there are approximately 200 distinct bones in the skeleton, not including the auditory ossicles of the tympanic cavity or the sesamoid bones other than the two patellae. A bone is enveloped by a fibrous membrane, periosteum, that covers the bone's entire surface except for the articular cartilage. Beneath the periosteum is a dense layer, compact bone, and beneath that a cancellous layer, spongy bone. The core of a long bone is filled with marrow.
Synonym(s): os [TA]
[A.S. bān]
1. the hard, rigid form of connective tissue constituting most of the skeleton of vertebrates, composed chiefly of calcium salts.
2. any distinct piece of the skeleton of the body.
ankle bone talus.
basiotic bone a small bone in the fetus between the basilar process and the basisphenoid.
brittle bones osteogenesis imperfecta.
cancellous bone see lamellar b.
capitate bone the bone in the distal row of carpal bones lying between the trapezoid and hamate bones.
carpal bones the eight bones of the wrist (carpus), including the capitate, hamate, lunate, pisiform, scaphoid, trapezoid, and triquetral bones and the trapezium.
cartilage bone bone developing within cartilage, ossification taking place within a cartilage model.
cheek bone zygomatic b.
collar bone clavicle.
compact bone see lamellar b.
cortical bone the compact bone of the shaft of a bone that surrounds the marrow cavity.
cuboid bone a bone on the lateral side of the tarsus between the calcaneus and the fourth and fifth metatarsal bones.
cuneiform bone, intermediate the intermediate and smallest of the three wedge-shaped tarsal bones located medial to the cuboid and between the navicular and the first three metatarsal bones.
cuneiform bone, lateral the most lateral of the three wedge-shaped tarsal bones located medial to the cuboid and between the navicular and the first three metatarsal bones.
cuneiform bone, medial the medial and largest of the three wedge-shaped tarsal bones located medial to the cuboid and between the navicular and the first three metatarsal bones.
ethmoid bone the cubical bone located between the orbits and consisting of the lamina cribrosa, the lamina perpendicularis, and the paired lateral masses.
flat bone one whose thickness is slight, sometimes consisting of only a thin layer of compact bone, or of two layers with intervening cancellous bone and marrow; usually curved rather than flat.
frontal bone a single bone that closes the anterior part of the cranial cavity and forms the skeleton of the forehead; it is developed from two halves, the line of separation (the frontal suture) sometimes persisting in adult life.
funny bone the region of the median condyle of the humerus where it is crossed by the ulnar nerve.
hamate bone the medial bone in the distal row of carpal bones.
heel bone calcaneus.
hip bone the large bone in the hip, consisting of the ilium, the ischium, and the pubic bone.
hyoid bone a horseshoe-shaped bone at the base of the tongue, just superior to the thyroid cartilage.
incisive bone the portion of the maxilla bearing the incisors; developmentally, it is the premaxilla, which in humans later fuses with the maxilla, but in most other vertebrates persists as a separate bone.
innominate bone hip b.
jaw bone the mandible or maxilla, especially the mandible.
jugal bone zygomatic b.
lacrimal bone a thin scalelike bone at the anterior part of the medial wall of the orbit, articulating with the frontal and ethmoid bones and the maxilla and inferior nasal concha.
lamellar bone the normal type of adult bone, organized in layers (lamellae), which may be parallel (cancellous b.) or concentrically arranged (compact b.).
lingual bone hyoid b.
long bone a bone that has a longitudinal axis of considerable length, consisting of a body or shaft (the diaphysis) and an expanded portion (the epiphysis) at each end that is usually articular; typically found in the limbs.
lunate bone the bone in the proximal row of carpal bones lying between the scaphoid and triquetral bones.
malar bone zygomatic b.
marble bones osteopetrosis.
mastoid bone mastoid part of temporal bone; see under part.
metacarpal bones the five cylindrical bones of the hand (metacarpals), which articulate proximally with the bones of the wrist and distally with the proximal phalanges of the fingers; numbered from that articulating with the phalanx of the thumb to that articulating with the phalanx of the little finger.
metatarsal bones the five bones (metatarsals) extending from the ankle to the phalanges of the toes; numbered from the most medial articulating with the phalanx of the big toe to the most lateral articulating with the phalanx of the little toe.
nasal bone either of the two small, oblong bones that together form the bridge of the nose.
navicular bone the oval-shaped tarsal bone found between the talus and the three cuneiform bones.
occipital bone a single trapezoid-shaped bone at the posterior inferior part of the cranium, articulating with the two parietal and two temporal bones, the sphenoid bone, and the atlas; it contains a large opening, the foramen magnum.
palatine bone the irregularly shaped bone forming the posterior part of the hard palate, the lateral wall of the nasal fossa between the medial pterygoid plate and the maxilla, and the posterior part of the floor of the orbit.
parietal bone either of the two quadrilateral bones forming part of the superior and lateral surfaces of the skull, and joining each other in the midline at the sagittal suture.
pelvic bone hip b.
petrous bone petrous part of temporal bone; see under part.
pisiform bone the medial bone of the proximal row of carpal bones.
pneumatic bone bone that contains air-filled spaces.
premaxillary bone premaxilla.
pterygoid bone see under process.
pubic bone the anterior inferior part of the hip bone on either side, articulating with its fellow in the anterior midline at the pubic symphysis; it is a separate bone in early life.
rider's bone localized ossification of the inner aspect of the lower end of the tendon of the adductor muscle of the thigh; sometimes seen in horseback riders.
semilunar bone lunate b.
sesamoid bones numerous ovoid nodular bones, often small, usually found embedded within a tendon or joint capsule, principally in the hands and feet; two sesamoid bones, the fabella and patella, are associated with the knee.
shin bone tibia.
sphenoid bone a single irregular, wedge-shaped bone at the base of the skull, forming part of the floor of the anterior, middle, and posterior cranial fossae.
squamous bone squamous part of temporal bone; see under part.
tail bone coccyx.
tarsal bones the seven bones of the ankle (tarsus), including the calcaneus, the cuboid bone, the navicular bone, the talus, and the intermediate, lateral, and medial cuneiform bones.
temporal bone either of the two irregular bones forming part of the lateral surfaces and base of the skull, and containing the organs of hearing. It is divided anatomically into four parts: the mastoid, petrous, squamous, and tympanic parts.
thigh bone femur.
trapezoid bone the bone in the distal row of carpal bones lying between the trapezium and the capitate bone.
triquetral bone the bone in the proximal row of carpal bones lying between the lunate and pisiform bones.
turbinate bone any of the nasal conchae.
tympanic bone tympanic part of temporal bone; see under part.
unciform bone , uncinate bone hamate b.
wormian bone sutural bone.
zygomatic bone the quadrangular bone of the cheek, articulating with the frontal bone, the maxilla, the zygomatic process of the temporal bone, and the greater wing of the sphenoid bone.
a. The dense, semirigid, porous, calcified connective tissue forming the major portion of the skeleton of most vertebrates. It consists of a dense organic matrix and an inorganic, mineral component.
b. Any of numerous anatomically distinct structures making up the skeleton of a vertebrate animal. There are more than 200 different bones in the human body.
c. A piece of bone.
2. bones
a. The skeleton.
b. The body: These old bones don't do much dancing anymore.
c. Mortal remains: His bones are buried up on the hill.
3. An animal structure or material, such as ivory, resembling bone.
4. Something made of bone or of material resembling bone, especially:
a. A piece of whalebone or similar material used as a corset stay.
b. bones Informal Dice.
5. bones The fundamental plan or design, as of the plot of a book.
a. bones Flat clappers made of bone or wood originally used by the end man in a minstrel show.
b. Bones(used with a sing. verb) The end man in a minstrel show.
7. Vulgar Slang The penis.
v. boned, boning, bones
1. To remove the bones from: bone a fish.
2. To stiffen (a piece of clothing) with stays, as of whalebone.
3. Vulgar Slang To have sexual intercourse with. Used especially of a man.
Vulgar Slang To have sexual intercourse.
Etymology: AS, ban
1 the dense, hard, and somewhat flexible connective tissue constituting the framework of the human skeleton. It is composed of compact osseous tissue surrounding spongy cancellous tissue permeated by many blood vessels and nerves and enclosed in membranous periosteum.
2 any single element of the skeleton, such as a rib, the sternum, or the femur. Also called (Latin) os. See also connective tissue.
boneadjective Bony, osseous; referring to bone.
noun A solid, rigid, ossified connective tissue forming an organ of the skeletal system; any of the 206 bones in the body.
Drug slang
noun A regional street term for:
(1) Marijuana;
(2) A large rock of crack cocaine.
The indurated, calcified vertebrate tissue, which consists of calcium carbonate, calcium phosphate and ground substance; bone stores calcium, playing a central role in the body's calcium balance.
boneAnatomy A solid, rigid, ossified connective tissue forming an organ of the skeletal system; any of the 206 bones in the body. See Basisphenoid bone, Blue bone, Carpal bone, Cancellous bone, Compact bone, Cuboid bone, Cuneiform bone, Disappearing bone, Dumbbell bone, Endochondral bone, Facial bone, Frontal bone, Funny bone, Halbard bone, Hetereotopic bone, Hungry bone, Hyoid bone, Innominate bone, Lacrimal bone, Membranous bone, Moth-eaten bone, Nasal bone, Navicular bone, Peppermint stick candy bone, Ping pong bone, Red bone, Rider's bone, Shooter bone, Spongy bone, Wormian bone, Woven bone, Zygomatic bon.
bone(bōn) [TA]
1. A hard connective tissue consisting of cells embedded in a matrix of mineralized ground substance and collagen fibers. The fibers are impregnated with a form of calcium phosphate similar to hydroxyapatite as well as with substantial quantities of carbonate, citrate, sodium, and magnesium; by weight, bone is composed of 75% inorganic material and 25% organic material.
2. A portion of osseous tissue of definite shape and size, forming a part of the animal skeleton; in human adults there are approximately 200 distinct bones in the skeleton, not including the auditory ossicles of the tympanic cavity or the sesamoid bones other than the two patellae. A bone is enveloped by a fibrous membrane, periosteum, that covers the bone's entire surface except for the articular cartilage. Beneath the periosteum is a denselayer, compact bone, and beneath that a cancellous layer, spongy bone. The core of a long bone is filled with marrow.
Synonym(s): os [TA] .
Synonym(s): os [TA] .
[A.S. bān]
1. Osseous tissue, a specialized form of dense connective tissue consisting of bone cells (osteocytes) embedded in a nonliving matrix. Bone matrix is made of calcium carbonate, calcium phosphate, and collagen fibers. Synonym: os.
2. A unit of the skeleton; the human skeleton has 206 bones. Bones surround and protect some vital organs, and give points of attachment for the muscles, serving as levers and making movement possible. In the embryo, the bones of the skull are first made of fibrous connective tissue, which is gradually replaced by bone matrix. The remainder of the skeleton is first made of hyaline cartilage, which is also replaced by bone matrix, beginning during the third month of gestation. The outer surface of a bone is compact bone, and the inner more porous portion is cancellous (spongy) bone. The shafts of long bones are made of compact bone that surrounds a marrow canal. Compact bone is made of haversian systems, which are precise arrangements of osteocytes, blood vessels, and lymphatics within the bony matrix. All of these contribute to the maintenance and repair of bone. The periosteum is the fibrous connective tissue membrane that covers a bone. It has blood vessels that enter the bone, and it provides a site of attachment for tendons and ligaments. Bones are classified according to shape as long, short, flat, or irregular. In the elderly, esp. women, osteoporosis may develop, a condition in which bones become brittle and break easily. See: illustration; skeleton for names of principal bones
alveolar bone
The bony tissue or process of the maxilla or mandible that supports the teeth.Synonym: alveolar process
basioccipital bone
The basilar process of the occipital bone.
breast boneSternum.
brittle bone
Bone that is abnormally fragile, as in osteogenesis imperfecta.
cancellous bone
A spongy bone in which the matrix forms connecting bars and plates, partially enclosing many intercommunicating spaces filled with bone marrow. Synonym: spongy bone
carpal bone
One of the eight wrist bones, which are aligned in two rows. The proximal row contains (from the thumb to the little finger) the scaphoid, lunate, triquetral, and pisiform bones. The distal row contains (from thumb to little finger) the trapezium, trapezoid, capitate, and hamate bones.
cartilage bone
A bone formed by endochondral ossification developing from the primary centers of bone formation. Synonym: endochondral bone
cavalry boneRider's bone.
collar boneClavicle.
compact bone
The hard, dense bone made of haversian systems that forms the surface layer of all bones and the shafts of long bones, in contrast to spongy bone that forms the bulk of the short, flat, and irregular bones and the ends of long bones.
cotyloid bone
A bone that forms a part of the medial portion of the acetabulum during fetal development. It subsequently fuses with the pubis.
cranial bone
A bone of the skull or brain case.
cuboid bone
The outer bone of the instep bones of the foot that articulates posteriorly with the calcaneus and anteriorly with the fourth and fifth metatarsals.
cuneiform bone
One of the bones of the internal, middle, and external tarsus.
dermal boneMembrane bone.
ear bone
One of the ossicles of the tympanic cavity: the malleus, incus, and stapes.See: ear for illus.
endochondral boneCartilage bone.
ethmoid bone
A complex thin-walled bone, roughly cuboidal in shape, located in the middle of the skull above the nasal cavities and below the anterior fossa of the cranial cavity. Its flat upper surface is the cribriform plate, which forms much of the roof of the nasal cavities; its upper surface has a midline bony keel that projects up into the cranial cavity and on both sides of which are perforated valleys through which the olfactory nerves project up from the olfactory epithelium. In the midline under the cribriform plate is a mirror-image (to the crista galli) keel, the perpendicular plate, which projects down between the nasal cavities as part of the bony nasal septum. The right and left sides of the ethmoid bone are the ethmoidal labyrinths, composed of ethmoidal air cells; the inner surfaces of the labyrinths form the middle nasal conchae, while the lateral surfaces form the orbital plates, which are part of the mosaic of bones that form the inner walls of the orbits.
frontal bone
The forehead bone.
funny bone
A colloquial term for the groove along the inner back side of the elbow (behind and underneath the medial epicondyle of the humerus) in which the ulnar nerve runs. Pressure on the groove compresses the ulnar nerve, producing a tingling discomfort on the inside of the forearm as well as the 4th and 5th fingers.
greater multangular bone
The first or outermost of the distal row of carpal bones. Synonym: trapezium
hamate bone
The most medial wrist (carpal) bone in the distal row. It has a hooked process on its palmar side. The hamate articulates with the 4th and 5th metacarpals. Synonym: hamatum; os hamatum; unciform bone
heel boneCalcaneus.
hip boneInnominate bone.
hyoid bone
The horseshoe-shaped bone at the base of the tongue. It is mobile and its ends hang by the stylohyoid ligaments from the styloid process on each side of the base of the skull. The hyoid bone is suspended by many muscles (the hyoid muscles): the suprahyoid muscles (geniohyoid, mylohyoid, digastric, and hyoglossus) attach the hyoid bone to the mandible and the floor of the mouth; the infrahyoid muscles (omohyoid, sternohyoid, and thyrohyoid) attach it to the larynx and the thoracic cage. The hyoid bone anchors and moves with the jaw, tongue, pharynx, and larynx.See: illustration
incisive bone
The part of the maxilla bearing the incisor teeth.
innominate bone
The hip bone or os coxae, composed of the ilium, ischium, and pubis. It is united with the sacrum and coccyx by ligaments to form the pelvis. Synonym: pelvic bone; os coxae.
interparietal bone
The squamous portion of the occipital bone.
interradicular bone
The alveolar bone between the roots of multirooted teeth.
intramembraneous boneMembrane bone.
ivory boneMarble bone.
lacrimal bone
A thin, irregularly shaped bone on the medial side of the orbit.
lesser multangular bone
The second in distal row of carpal bones. Synonym: trapezoid bone
lunate boneSemilunar bone.
malar bone
A four-pointed bone on each side of the face, uniting the frontal and superior maxillary bones with the zygomatic process of the temporal bone. Synonym: cheekbone; zygoma; zygomatic bone
marble bone
An abnormally calcified bone with a spotted appearance on a radiograph. Synonym: ivory boneSee: osteopetrosis
metatarsal bone
Any of the bones of the metatarsus.See: foot for illus.
membrane bone
Bone formed within embryonic fibrous connective tissue, in which fibroblasts differentiate into osteoblasts. Such bone is formed without a cartilage model and includes the bones of the face and cranium. Synonym: dermal bone; intramembraneous bone
mosaic bone
Bone appearing as small pieces fitted together, characteristic of Paget's disease.
nasal bone
Either of the two small bones forming the bridge of the nose.
occipital bone
The bone that forms the lower, posterior skull; it articulates with the parietal and temporal bones anteriorly, and the atlas inferiorly.
orbicular bone
The rounded end of the long process of the incus, a middle ear ossicle. It probably represents a secondary ossification center in the long or lenticular process.
palate bonePalatine bone.
palatine bone
One of the bones forming the posterior part of the hard palate and lateral nasal wall between the interior pterygoid plate of the sphenoid bone and maxilla. Synonym: palate bone
parietal bone
One of two bones that together form the posterior roof and sides of the skull.
pelvic boneInnominate bone.
perichondrial bone
Bone formed beneath the perichondrium.
periosteal bone
Bone formed by osteoblasts of the periosteum.
ping pong bone
A thin shell of osseous tissue covering a giant-cell sarcoma in a bone.
pubic bone
The lower anterior part of the innominate bone. It is a separate bone at birth; it begins to fuse with the ischium by age 8, and it is fully fused with the ischium and ilium by 16-18 years of age. Synonym: os pubis
replacement bone
Any bone that develops within cartilage.
rider's bone
Ossification of the distal end of the adductor muscles of the thigh, as may be seen in horseback riders. Synonym: cavalry bone
sacral boneSacrum.
scaphoid bone
The largest carpal bone in the first row of wristbones. It is on the thumb side of the hand and articulates directly with the radius.Synonym: os scaphoideum
semilunar bone
Crescent-shaped bone of the carpus.Synonym: lunate bone
sesamoid bone
A type of short bone occurring in the hands and feet and embedded in tendons or joint capsules.
Soemmering's boneSee: Soemmering's bone
sphenoid bone
The large bone at the base of the skull that has the ethmoid bone in front of it, the occipital bone behind it, and the parietal and temporal bones at the sides. It is shaped like a large moth. Its two broad, curved wings form the front walls of the middle cranial fossae, and its two "tails, " the pterygoid processes, which hang in front of the neurocranium in the pterygoid fossa behind the facial skeleton. Between the wings, in the center of the body of the sphenoid bone, there is a deep, concave pocket (the sella turcica), in which the pituitary gland lies.
spongy boneCancellous bone.
squamous bone
The upper anterior portion of temporal bone.
stirrup boneStapes.
sutural boneWormian bone.
tabular bone
A flat bone, or one with two compact bone portions enclosing a center of spongy bone.
tarsal bone
One of the seven bones of the ankle, hind-foot, and midfoot, consisting of the talus, calcaneus, navicular, cuboid, and three cuneiform bones.
temporal bone
A bone on both sides of the skull at its base. It is composed of squamous, mastoid, and petrous portions, the latter enclosing the receptors for hearing and equilibrium.Synonym: os temporale See: Arnold's canal; mastoid; petrosa; styloid process
thigh boneFemur.
trapezoid bone
The second bone in the distal row of carpal bones. It lies between the trapezium and capitate bones.
triquetral bone
The third carpal bone in the proximal row, enumerated from the radial side. Synonym: triquetrum
unciform bone
The hamate bone, the hook-shaped bone on the ulnar side of the distal row of the carpus. Synonym: os hamatum
wormian bone
One of the small, irregular bones found along the cranial sutures.Synonym: sutural bone
woven bone
Embryonic or rapidly growing bone characterized microscopically by a prominent fibrous matrix.
zygomatic bone
The cheekbone; the bone on either side of the face below the eye. Synonym: malar boneillustration
boneThe principle skeletal structural material of the body. Bone consists of a protein, type 1 COLLAGEN scaffolding impregnated with calcium phosphate hydroxyapatite crystals. As bone grows new bone is laid down immediately under the bone-covering membrane (periostium) and is absorbed from the inner surface. Oestrogens inhibit periosteal bone formation in women but promotes internal bone formation; androgens promote periosteal bone formation in males. The marrow of the flat bones are the sites of blood production. See also BONE MARROW.
bonethe skeletal substance of vertebrate animals, consisting largely of calcium and phosphate which make up 60% of the weight and gives it hardness. This 'bone salt', together with large numbers of COLLAGEN fibres, forms a matrix in which cells (OSTEOBLASTS) are distributed, and these are connected by delicate channels (canaliculi). Larger channels carry blood vessels and nerves (Haversian canals) and the cells are arranged concentrically around them. Haversian bone is found in the shafts of limb bones and is compact, whilst spongy bone is found at the ephiphyses (ends of bone).
calciumthe most abundant mineral in the body. Combined with phosphorus in bones and teeth. The two together represent about 75% of the body's total mineral content. ionized calcium ( Ca2+), about 1% of the 1200 mg total calcium, plays a crucial role in all physiological functions including muscle action, blood clotting, transmission of nerve impulses, activation of several enzymes, synthesis of the active form of vitamin D, and transport across all cell membranes; its level in the blood is regulated by exchange with Ca in bone and by variation in renal excretion, under hormonal influences. Calcium is one of the most frequently inadequate nutrients in the diet of both athletes and non-athletes. Female dancers, gymnasts and endurance competitors are among those most prone to calcium dietary insufficiency. See also bone, coagulation, excitation-contraction coupling, hormones (table Table 1), micronutrients, minerals, parathyroid gland, tetany.
|Site of production
|Name of hormone
|Main targets
|Involved in regulating:
|Secretion controlled by:
|Releasing and inhibiting hormones
|Anterior pituitary (via local blood vessels)
|Secretion of anterior pituitary hormones
|Other brain regions; feedback re regulated hormones and their actions
|Neurohormones released from posterior pituitary:
|Uterus, breasts
|Labour and lactation
|Afferent information from target organs
|Antidiuretic hormone (ADH, vasopressin)
|Water loss: ECF volume and osmolality
|Hypothalamic osmoreceptors
|Anterior pituitary
|(Human) growth hormone (H)GH
|Most cells
|Growth and metabolism
|Hypothalamic releasing and inhibiting hormones via local blood vessels
|Milk production
|Trophic hormones:
|Thyroid-stimulating (TSH)
|Thyroid gland
|Thyroid secretions
|Ovary or testis
|Germ cell maturation and hormone secretions
|Adrenocorticotrophic (ACTH)
|Adrenal cortex
|Cortisol secretion
|Pineal body
|Widespread, including brain, thymus, etc.
|Hypothalamus; varying light input from retina
|Bone, kidneys, gut
|ECF [Ca2+]
|Adrenal: Cortex
|Heart, smooth muscle, glands
|Cardiovascular and metabolic adjustments to activity and stress
|Sympathetic nervous system
|Atrial wall
|Atrial natriuretic hormone
|Blood volume; increases sodium (therefore also water) loss in urine
|Stretch of atrial wall by venous pressure
|Gonads: Testis
|Androgens (mainly testosterone)
|Genitalia and other tissues
|Reproductive function and sex characteristics
|Anterior pituitary gonadotrophins
|Uterus, breasts and other tissues
|Menstrual cycle, pregnancy, lactation
|Blood levels, storage and cellular uptake of nutrients, notably glucose, but also proteins and fats
|Blood levels of nutrients; autonomic nervous system; other gastrointesinal hormones
|Alimentary tract
|Gastric acid-secreting cells
|Gastrointestinal functions: motility, digestive juices and other secretions
|Local chemical and mechanical factors in the alimentary tract
|Small intestine
|Several GI functions including bile flow, pancreatic enzyme and exocrine secretions
|Ingestion of food, distension of GI tract
bonehard, dynamic, structural connective tissue forming the skeleton; cells (osteocytes, osteoblasts, osteoclasts) within fibrous ground substance (i.e. matrix; osteoid); made rigid by mineral deposition (calcium hydroxyapatite, calcium phosphate and calcium carbonate); constantly remodelled throughout life in response (see law, Wolff's; Table 1)
|Accessory bone in the foot
|Os tibiale externum (accessory navicular)
|Within tibialis posterior tendon, adjacent to proximal part of navicular tuberosity
|Os trigonum
|Posterior margin of talus
|Os peroneum
|Within peroneus longus tendon, adjacent to inferior lateral border of cuboid/calcaneocuboid joint
|Os vesalianum
|Adjacent to fifth metatarsal base
|Os intermetatarseum
|Between bases of first and second metatarsals
|Os interphalangeus
|Within insertion of flexor hallucis longus tendon, adjacent to plantar area of hallux interphalangeal joint
bone(bōn) [TA]
Hard connective tissue consisting of cells embedded in a matrix of mineralized ground substance and collagen fibers. Fibers are impregnated with inorganic components, including crystals of calcium phosphate, such that using X-ray defraction, they are seen to be organized in a hydroxyapatite pattern (calcium phosphate is 85% by weight) as well as calcium carbonate (10%), and magnesium; by weight, bone is composed of 65-75% inorganic and 25-35% organic material; humans have approximately 200 distinct bones in the skeleton, not including the auditory ossicles of the tympanic cavity or the sesamoid bones other than the two patellae.
[A.S. bān]
n 1. the material of the skeletons of the tissue composing bones.
n 2. dense, hard, and slightly elastic connective tissue in which the fibers are impregnated with a form of calcium phosphate similar to hydroxyapatite.
3. the bones of the human skeleton.
n 4. a single element of the skeleton such as a rib or femur.
n 2. dense, hard, and slightly elastic connective tissue in which the fibers are impregnated with a form of calcium phosphate similar to hydroxyapatite.
3. the bones of the human skeleton.
n 4. a single element of the skeleton such as a rib or femur.
bone, alveolar
n the specialized bone structure that contains the alveoli or sockets of the teeth and supports the teeth.
bone, alveolar, architecture,
n the structural pattern of the alveolar bone and its subjacent latticework of supporting bone. The alveolar bone is thin and compact adjacent to the periodontal ligament. The trabecular bone connects and reinforces the individual alveoli. The architecture of a bone is the result of functional stimuli to that bone; the stimuli vary according to type, intensity, and duration.
bone, alveolar, metabolism,
n the metabolic activity occurring within alveolar bone, which is generally slower than that occurring within metaphyseal bone but more rapid than that of diaphyseal bone.
bone apposition,
n See bone deposition.
bone augmentation,
n a procedure used to build or enhance bone. It refers to either bone grafting or bone growing. Bone augmentation materials are classified as osseous, in which bone or bony substitutes are used to form new bone, or osseous conductive, in which these materials provide a platform for regeneration without taking part in actual bone formation.
bone, basal,
n the part of the mandible and maxilla from which the alveolar process develops.
bone, bundle,
n the bone forming the immediate bone attachment of the numerous bundles of collagen fibers of the periodontal ligament that have been incorporated into the bone.
bone bur,
n a drill designed to cut into bone.
bone, cadaver,
n bone that has been donated for medical purposes from one person to another; used especially in bone grafting procedures. See also allogenic and allografts.
bone calcium content,
n the amount of calcium stored in bone tissue. Plasma calcium is in constant exchange with the calcium of the extracellular fluid and bones. The parathyroid gland maintains the constancy of the calcium concentration in the plasma. The bones serve as a reservoir of calcium and phosphate to provide for the other needs of the body and supply minerals for deposition in the skeleton.
bone, cancellous (spongy bone, supporting bone, trabecular bone),
n the bone that forms a trabecular network, surrounds marrow spaces that may contain either fatty or hematopoietic tissue, lies subjacent to the cortical bone, and makes up the main portion of a bone.
bone, cancellous, atrophy of disuse
n the wasting of bone tissue occurring with loss of function of a part (e.g., a tooth). The supporting bone assumes an osteoporotic nature, and the marrow remains fatty or hematopoietic.
bone cells,
n.pl the group includes osteoblasts, osteocytes, osteoclasts, and osteoprogenitor cells.
bone changes, mechanical factors,
n.pl the pressure and tension forces that play an important role in determining bone structure. Improperly controlled appliances can resorb bone faster than deposition can occur, causing mobile teeth and traumatic occlusion. Poor vascularity is a concomitant cause of undue pressure and tension and may inhibit repair and cause necrosis.
bone chips,
n.pl the small pieces of cancellous bone generally used to fill in bony defects and precipitate recalcification.
bone, compact,
n the hard, dense bone composing the outer cortical layer and consisting of periosteal bone, endosteal bone, and haversian systems.
bone conduction,
n See conduction, bone.
bone crest,
n the most coronal portion of alveolar bone.
bone cyst,
n 1. a vascular cyst eccentrically placed within a bone.
n 2. ostitis fibrosa cystica, a parathyroid disorder characterized by cyst formation and the replacement of bone tissue with fibrous connective tissue.
n 2. ostitis fibrosa cystica, a parathyroid disorder characterized by cyst formation and the replacement of bone tissue with fibrous connective tissue.
bone defects, angular,
n.pl the usually localized anomalies that occur in the crestal bone as the result of both periodontal inflammation and occlusive trauma.
bone density,
n the compactness of bone tissue. The demonstration of bone density by means of radiographs directly depends on the quantity of inorganic salts contained in the bone tissue.
bone deposition,
n the apposition or formation of new bone as a normal physiologic process.
bone development,
n B See bone, endochondral, formation; bone formation; and bone, intramembranous, formation.
bone, effect of external radiation to,
n damage to the bones of adults is most often seen after heavy and localized radiation treatment.
bone, endochondral
n a bone that is developed in relation to antecedent cartilages (e.g., long bones, mandible). See also bone, intramembranous.
bone, endochondral, formation,
n a replacement of previously formed embryonic cartilage with an adult bony structure. The actual replacement of cartilage by bone is only part of the process, however; much of the bone is laid down directly external to the embryonic cartilage. See also bone, membrane, formation.
bone formation,
n the deposition of an organic mucopolysaccharide matrix (osteoid) that is subsequently mineralized with calcium salts. See also bone apposition and bone deposition.
bone graft, autogenous
n See graft, autogenous bone.
bone graft, donor site,
n See donor site.
bone graft, onlay,
n See graft, onlay bone.
bone graft, recipient site,
n See recipient site.
bone groove,
n an osteotomy into or near the crest of the alveolar ridge for placement of an endosteal blade type of implant.
bone groove, canted,
n an osteotomy sloped to avoid the mandibular canal or keep the implant infrastructure within the medullary confines.
bone, horizontal loss of,
bone, internal reconstruction of,
n the formation of bone on the tensional side of the periodontal ligament with concurrent resorption from the marrow space; contralaterally, resorption of alveolar bone with apposition from the endosteum in the marrow space.
bone, interproximal,
n the bone that forms the septa between the teeth; consists primarily of a spongy supporting bone covered by a layer of cortical bone. See also septum, interdental.
bone, intramembranous,
n a bone developed within a membrane but having no associated cartilage (e.g., parietal, frontal, bones of upper face). See also bone, endochondral.
bone, intramembranous, formation,
n membrane bone forms directly from the mesenchyme, first as a thin, flattened, irregular bony plate or membrane in the dermis and gradually expanding at its margins and becoming thickened by the deposition of successive layers of additional bone on the inner and outer surfaces. See also bone, endochondral, formation.
bone involvement,
n changes in the alveolar and supporting bone occurring as a sequel to or accompanying inflammatory or dystrophic disease; usually of a resorptive nature.
n the small, fragile, paired facial bone that helps form a part of the orbital wall and also a small part of the nasal cavity. The bone has four borders and two surfaces that articulate with four other facial bones.
bone lamella,
n bone having the appearance of layers of thin leaves or plates. This appearance is produced by lines representing periods of inactivity of bone formation.
bone, malar (zygomatic bone), frontal process of,
n a prominence on the zygomatic bone (cheekbone) that forms the anterior lateral orbital wall.
n a prominence on the zygomatic bone (cheekbone) that forms part of the inferior rim of the orbit and a small part of the orbital wall.
n a prominence on the inferior aspect of the zygomatic bone (cheekbone) that articulates with the zygomatic process of temporal bone to form the zygomatic arch.
bone, marble,
n See osteopetrosis.
bone marrow,
n the soft vascular tissue that fills bone cavities and cancellous bone spaces and consists primarily of fat cells, hematopoietic cells, and osteogenetic reticular cells.
bone marrow transplant,
n the transplantation of bone marrow from healthy donors to stimulate production of formed blood cells. It is used in treatment of hematopoietic or lymphoreticular diseases such as aplastic anemia, leukemia, immune deficiency syndromes, and acute radiation syndrome.
bone membranes,
n.pl the membrane structures associated with the growth, development, and repair of bone. They include the periosteum, a connective tissue layer adjacent to bone surfaces; periodontal ligament, a modified periosteum associated with tooth structure; and endosteum, a thin layer of connective tissue lining the walls of the bone marrow spaces.
bone, microscopic appearance of,
n the composition of bone tissue as viewed under a microscope. Microscopically, bone is composed of osteocytes embedded within lacunae in a calcified intercellular matrix. Extending from the lacunae are small canals called canaliculi, which communicate with canaliculi of adjacent lacunae. Through this system of canals, nutrient material reaches the osteocytes and provides avenues for the removal of waste products of metabolism. It is deposited in incremental layers (lamellae) around haversian canals, the lamellae toward the surface of the bone being more or less parallel to it.
bone mineral content, chemistry of,
n the hardness of bone results from its mineral content in the organic matrix. The minerals (commonly designated as bone salts) and the organic matrix make up the interstitial substance of bone. The bone salts consist essentially of hydroxyapatite (Ca10[PO4]6[OH2]), carbon dioxide, and water, with small amounts of other ions.
bone morphogenetic protein (BMP),
bone, normal level of,
n the distance from the interdental bone crest to the cementoenamel junction in healthy teeth, usually 1 to 1.5 mm.
n the saucer-shaped cranial bone that forms the most posterior part of the skull; the spinal cord passes through the foramen magnum, an opening at its base.
bone onlay,
n See graft, onlay bone.
bone, perichondrial
n bone that is deposited in concentric layers around the long shaft of the bone in a manner similar to that of the growth of endochondral bone.
bone, physical properties of,
n a compact bone has the following physical characteristics: specific gravity, 1.92 to 1.99; tensile strength, 13,000 to 17,000 psi; compressive strength, 18,000 to 24,000 psi; compressive strength parallel to the long axis, 7150 psi; compressive strength at right angles to the long axis, 10,800 psi. These physical characteristics make bone particularly suitable for carrying out its functions of weight bearing, leverage, and protection of vulnerable viscera.
bone rarefaction
n a decreased density of bone such as a decrease in weight per unit of volume.
bone recession,
n See recession, bone.
bone, resorption and repair of,
n an adaptive physiologic mechanism occurring as long as the individual retains the natural dentition. See also resorption of bone.
bone, resting lines in,
n.pl the regular lines created by alternating periods of bone formation and rest, giving a tierlike appearance to lamellar bone.
bone, reversal lines in,
n.pl the irregular lines containing concavities directed away from the bundle bone and serving as histologic indications that resorption has taken place up to that line from the marrow side.
bone sequestrum,
n See sequestrum.
bone, spongy,
n See bone, cancellous.
bone support,
n the amount of alveolar and trabecular bone adjacent to a tooth that can provide attachment, investment, and support for the tooth.
bone, supporting,
n See bone, cancellous.
bone, supporting, atrophy of disuse,
n See bone, cancellous, atrophy of disuse.
bone surgery,
n See surgery, osseous.
bone, thickened margin of,
n the widening of the crest of the alveolus, primarily on the buccal and lingual aspects, varying from a thick ledge to a "beading" of the bone margin; results in a more or less bulbous contour of the gingival tissue overlying it.
bone, trabecular
n See bone, cancellous.
bone, vertical loss of,
n a resorption of bone caused by periodontal inflammation and occlusal trauma in which the bone crest is below the cementoenamel junctions of two adjoining teeth. It can be localized (mainly) or generalized.
bone, vertical plates of the palatine,
n the thin, oblong-shaped bone with two surfaces and four borders. It helps to form the floor of the orbit, the outer wall of the nasal cavity, and several adjoining structures.
bone volume (mass), age-affecting,
n decreases that occur in human body bone mass after age 40. Diet and exercise may be contributing factors.
bone wax,
n See wax, bone.
bone, woven,
n a character and pattern of bone resulting from the interweaving of broad bands of bone.
bone(s), cranial,
n the eight bones that make up the skull and protect the brain and include the ethmoid, frontal, occipital, sphenoid, two parietal, and two temporal bones.
bone(s), facial,
n the 14 bones that include the mandible, maxilla, frontal bones, nasal bones, and zygoma. With the exception of the mandible, maxilla, and vomer bones, the bones of the face occur in pairs, thus accounting for facial symmetry. They provide the framework for the face, serve as entry points for the digestive and respiratory systems, and provide the attachments for the muscles controlling facial expression.
bone(s), horizontal plates of palatine,
n the bones that form the posterior part of the hard palate and consist of four borders and two surfaces.
1. the hard, rigid form of connective tissue constituting most of the skeleton of most vertebrates, composed chiefly of an organic component of collagenous matrix and cells and a mineral component of calcium phosphate and other salts.
2. any distinct piece of the skeleton of the body. For a named list of bones see Table 10.
3. describes conformation, substance, thickness and quality of bone structure in an animal, e.g. an animal with good bone. See also osseous.
bone ash
analysis of the degree of mineralization of bone is done by an ash analysis in which the bone is heated at 600°C until there is no further weight loss.
bone atrophy
see osteoporosis.
brittle b's
see osteogenesis imperfecta.
bone callus
see callus (2).
cancellated bone, cancellous bone
bone composed of thin intersecting lamellae, usually found internal to compact bone. Called also spongy bone.
cartilage bone
bone developing within cartilage, ossification taking place within a cartilage model. Called also endochondral ossification.
bone cells
see osteocyte, osteoclast, osteoblast.
cheek bone
chevron bone
see hemal arch.
chondroid bone
has histological characteristics of both cartilage and bone; may develop in response to tensions from frequently changing directions.
bone clamp
strongly built, handheld, tong-like instrument with outcurving blades making a circle when closed for grasping a piece of bone shaft. The handles are ratcheted to give a firm grasp, and the faces of the blades have deep, crossways grooves.
compact bone
bone substance that is dense and noncancellous.
cortical bone
the compact bone of the shaft of a bone that surrounds the marrow cavity.
bone cyst
decalcified bone
a material for bone grafting. Prepared by treatment with hydrochloric acid, bone morphogenic protein is retained.
bone density
the degree of mineralization, usually demonstrable in radiographs.
bone discoloration
continuous intake of tetracycline colors bone of growing animals yellow; inherited or acquired porphyria discolors bone red-brown.
ectopic bone
bone which develops in abnormal sites. Needs to be differentiated from ectopic ossification and ectopic mineralization.
endochondral bone
bone formed by the ossification of cartilage. The means of lengthening of long bones. See also enchondral ossification.
entoglossal bone
the bone in a bird's tongue.
bone file, bone rasp
see bone rasp.
flat bone
one whose thickness is slight, sometimes consisting of only a thin layer of compact bone, or of two layers with intervening cancellated bone and marrow; usually curved rather than flat.
bone flour
finely ground bone used as a mineral supplement in animal feed to supply additional calcium and phosphorus. Needs to be properly sterilized.
bone fragility
the ease with which bone fractures depends to a large extent on the density of its compact bone, that is its degree of mineralization, which in turn depends on a number of factors including age, nutritional adequacy, state of pregnancy and lactation and exposure to weight bearing.
bone G1a protein
see osteocalcin.
bone infection
see osteitis, osteomyelitis, osteoarthritis.
intramembranous bone
bone formed within membrane or under the periosteum.
jugal bone
lamellar bone
mature bone in which the collagen fibers are in an orderly layered arrangement producing lamellae.
laminar bone
the formation of bone by the periosteum in layers, sometimes more than one layer at a time, to supplement the diaphyseal expansion of the bone. Is marked in farm animals and large dogs, and serves to accommodate the skeleton to the very rapid growth of the musculature.
lingual bone
see hyoid bone.
long bone
malar bone
marble b's
see osteopetrosis.
mastoid bone
the posterior part of the petrous temporal bone; the mastoid process.
bone matrix
the intercellular component of bone. It includes collagen and amorphous ground substance consisting mostly of mucopolysaccharides (chondroitin sulfate).
bone meal
a product made from meatless bones which are crushed and sterilized. The bones are derived from boning plants and retail outlets. The bonemeal is used as stock feed, fertilizer and in a number of industries. Care is needed in its preparation and in the selection of the bones because of the high risk of transmitting diseases including anthrax, salmonellosis, tuberculosis. A coarse grade of bone flour (see above). Prohibited from being used as a feed in many countries as part of programs to control or prevent bovine spongiform encephalopathy.
membrane bone
bone that develops within a connective tissue membrane.
metaplastic bone
bone formed by connective tissue by redifferentiation of mesenchymal cells.
bone mineral
principally calcium and phosphorus but includes also magnesium and, to a lesser extent, potassium and fluorine. Consisting mainly of hydrated calcium phosphate (apatite) and calcium carbonate.
bone modeling
the sum of the activities of the endosteum and periosteum of bone to produce bone forms.
bone neoplasm
includes fibroma, fibrosarcoma, chondroma, osteochondroma, chondrosarcoma, osteoma, osteosarcoma.
pelvic bone
hip bone.
perilacunar bone
low density bone around the lacunae of bone which contains much amorphous mineral. In this form the mineral is labile and therefore important in the maintenance of calcium homeostasis.
periosteal bone
bone deposition by the periosteum in successive laminae; the bone formation in new bone and in a callus, beginning as fibrocellular tissue forming from the endosteum and periosteum, followed by calcification and bone formation.
bone pinning
see pinning.
pneumatic bone
bone that contains air-filled spaces.
premaxillary bone
see premaxilla.
pterygoid bone
a small skull bone that articulates with the sphenoid.
bone remodeling unit
osteoclasts, osteoblasts and their progenitors, the basal metabolic unit of bone.
bone sand
remnants of bone trabeculae destroyed in osteomyelitis and sequestered in pus.
bone sealant
a composition of beeswax and isopropylpalmitate used to seal the cut end of bone and stop the oozing of blood.
shin bone
see tibia and cannon bone.
short bone
one of approximately equal length, width and thickness, usually without epiphyses.
solid bone
compact bone.
spongy bone
cancellous bone.
bone structural unit
see basic multicell unit.
sutural b's
variable and irregularly shaped bones in the sutures between the bones of the skull.
bone tumor
includes cartilage-forming tumors (chondroma, osteochondroma, chondrosarcoma, multilobular tumor) and bone-forming tumors (osteoma, osteosarcoma).
tympanic bone
the part of the temporal bone surrounding the middle ear.
bone wax
see bone sealant (above).
wormian b's
sutural bones.
woven bone
primitive bone with coarse collagen bundles arranged in a disorderly fashion and replaced subsequently by lamellar bone.
Patient discussion about bone
Q. Is a bone tumor cancer? My son is 10 years old and his Doctor found a tumor on his bone in an x-ray he did to him. Is this cancer?
A. A bone tumor doesn't necessarily mean cancer. It could be a benign tumor and not a cancer one. Your son's doctor may then obtain a biopsy sample of the tumor. This involves taking a small sample of the tumor that can be examined in the laboratory to determine what kind of tumor it is. The biopsy can be obtained either through a small needle (needle biopsy) or through a small incision (incisional biopsy).
Q. is bone loss related to Arthritis?
A. It depends on the kind of arthritis. In some arthritic diseases there's local bone loss, and generalized bone loss (osteoporosis) may result from steroids used to treat arthritic diseases.
You may read more here:
You may read more here:
Q. I have constant pain on my feet more on my bones than anything,do I have arthritis? I do already have plantar fascictis
A. Chronic arthritis is a disease of the elderly and it isn't common to suffer from it in young age, however joint pain or bone pain can be caused by several other reasons, that might not be chronic, such as an infection, excessive physical activity or such. You should see a doctor to evaluate the pain and joint movement. He/ she might send you to do an x-ray to see if there's something they can see that is wrong with the joint or bone (dislocation or fracture).More discussions about bone


text:
Holley Central School District
Career Explorations Day for Eighth Graders
In the past, Holley's Eighth Grade Team has participated in a career day, but this year, they added to the experience by taking a fieldtrip to the Career and Technical Education (CTE) Center in Spencerport. Before visiting the site, students selected trade and professional programs that interested them. On March 31, they visited two different classrooms at CTE to learn about the curriculum, experiences and opportunities offered by those programs.
After returning to school for the afternoon, students rotated through six presentations including Health Care, Information Technologies, Skilled Trades, Culinary, Advanced Manufacturing, and Public Service. Each presentation was led by a professional in that industry. The professionals shared the experiences that lead them to their career paths and explained the daily responsibilities and routines associated with their positions.
Related Holley Central School District News Stories
Continue Reading »
Holley Central School District - Photography Students Sold Work for Fundraiser
The Arts Department hosted a fundraiser of Holley Postcards. Eleven different designs were featured, with each postcard selling for $1, or a full set of all 11 selling for $10. Customers could select their own set of 11 postcards (by choosing all the same design or mixing and matching designs) for $10. The postcards were for sale at music concerts in March and in Evinn Neadows' art classroom.
The MS/HS Photography students designed the postcards using their own photos from a walk through Holley in the fall. Thanks to the Holley PTSA and Board of Education Member Melissa Ierlan for helping the students print the postcards professionally. All proceeds from the fundraiser went towards the cost of field trips for art and music students.
Continue Reading »
Holley Central School District - DrumFIT Program has Students Marching to the Beat of Their Own Drums
Holley Elementary students recently participated in DrumFIT sessions during physical education classes. The sessions were led by Alanna Schieck, who combined physical fitness, upbeat music, exercise balls and drumsticks to guide students through a new experience of combining exercise with music skills. Students were taught to use the drumsticks to hit the exercise balls in time to the music. Once they learned different drumming methods, they added cardio exercise moves into their music routines. For instance, they drummed on the ball as they moved in circles around it, paused and performed a few jumping jacks, or sat on the ball to maintain their balance while they lifted their arms and legs in the air.
Schieck also led free DrumFIT classes during the evening of March 31, where students came back to school with their families and participated in the fun fitness routines together. The DrumFIT sessions were made possible by the Carol M. White Physical Education Program grant that Holley received in 2014.
Continue Reading »
Holley Central School District - Geometry in Construction Class Makes Progress
Students in Russ Albright's and Tim Rogers' Geometry in Construction class are busy honing their math and construction skills this winter. They recently used the concept of slope and different formulas to determine how to design sets of stairs to meet overall height requirements. Then, they used their construction skills to build the stairs.
The Geometry in Construction class helps students learn how math concepts can be applied to real-world problems to create solutions. The skills they learn in this class, whether they be used in future jobs or to make home repairs, will be carried with them beyond high school. The 13 sophomores and juniors enrolled in this class are also working towards completing a service project this spring. They are creating a small house for Second Wind Cottages in Newfield, NY, a rescue mission that provides one-man shelters to homeless men.
After Mid-Winter Recess in February, students will begin building walls and trusses to form the framework of the house. They've already built a wooden base to mount the structure on and they will learn to panel the interior walls. Ultimately, the house will be transported in pieces and assembled on the grounds of Second Wind Cottages, where it will be anchored to a concrete pad. Students will then be able to install windows. They will not be shingling the shelter or adding a roof, but they will complete the rest of the structure on site.
"Students like this class because they can see the real-world application of math," said Rogers. "Many students who don't traditionally perform well in math class are performing much better in this class." "I'm good at math anyway, so this class is fun," said student Zach Vanameron. Students in this class will take the Geometry Regents exam in June.
Continue Reading »
Holley Central School District - Twelfth Annual Senior Citizen Breakfast a Success in Holley
One hundred twelve people attended the 12th Annual Senior Citizen Appreciation Breakfast on May 4 in the Holley Elementary Café. The buffet breakfast was provided by Personal Touch, food supplier for both the Elementary and Middle School/High School cafeterias. Elementary Character Club students created placemats for each table setting. The senior citizens were served by the High School Student Council members. Kindergarten and high school singers provided the entertainment during the breakfast. They sang everything from the Beatles "Love Me Do" to Simon & Garfunkel's "Bridge Over Troubled Water." After the breakfast, senior citizens were invited to have their blood pressure checked by a school nurse, visit a booth sponsored by the Orleans County Office of the Aging and tour the Family Fitness Center. They also had a chance to sign up for a Gold Card membership, which offers any senior citizen age 60 or older free attendance at any District sponsored event. Next year's Senior Citizen Appreciation Breakfast will be held on May 3, 2018.
Continue Reading »
Holley Central School District - Fifth Grade Art Classes Make Bookends for Library
Fifth graders in Mimi Reyngoudt's art class began creating designs for the Elementary School Library bookends this spring. They chose a favorite book (fiction or non-fiction), then created a design based on that book. They traced the shape of a bookend on a piece of white paper, then used the lightboard to trace a cover design and specified what colors should be used in each part of the design. They used carbon paper to transfer the design onto the metal bookend, then began painting the bookend in the specified colors. The bookends will resemble book covers, with the title of the book and author listed, and characters or scenes from the book painted on them.
School Library Media Specialist Julie Bader is excited to have the new bookends added to the library. While they will serve the practical purpose of keeping the books upright, they will also help refer readers to some new books that they may not have read yet. Well done, young Hawks!
Continue Reading »
Holley Central School District - Crazy 8s Club
First and second grade students had a chance to participate in Crazy 8s Club this spring at Holley Elementary. Held after school on Wednesdays and Thursdays for an hour and a half, students worked with teacher Tara Bannister in small groups to reinforce math concepts in fun ways. Over eight weeks, the groups built glow-in-the-dark structures, cracked secret spy codes and played games like Toilet Paper Olympics.
On one afternoon, students used measuring tape to cut straws into different lengths and then fastened them together to form a small pipe organ. They experimented with blowing across straws that were dunked in and out of cups of water to determine the changes in sound. Students learned that the straw made a higher-pitched sound the more it was raised out of water. Who knew math could be so much fun?
Continue Reading »
Holley Central School District - Interact Club Does "Clean Sweep" of Local Park
The MS/HS Interact Club decided to thank the community for their assistance with helping the club get their start this year by staging a "Clean Sweep" of a park in Holley on May 24. In partnership with the Department of Public Works (DPW), students in this club cleaned out the park near the canal. They invited other clubs and sports to help with the park cleanup and received an overwhelming response from baseball, cheerleading, softball, Unified Basketball and football teams; Spanish Club; National Honor Society; National Junior Honor Society; and Middle School and High School Student Councils. "There was some concern that the kids would get bored as the park is always kept so nice and clean," said Interact Club Advisor Samantha Zelent. "Today, I learned that when you release 70 young and enthusiastic students, they will literally explore every inch of the area until they find a piece of trash. They were very interested in helping the community, who has given so much to them."
Continue Reading »
Holley Central School District - Humanities Class Journeys to Albany
The Humanities class from Holley Middle School/High School visited the state capitol on March 26-27 at the invitation of Eileen Banker, Chief of Staff for Assemblyman Stephen Hawley. Banker told students that a visit to Albany would help them advocate and talk to legislators about the ideas and concerns they shared with her during a recent visit to their class. This trip was an once-in-a-lifetime opportunity, and it became an eye-opener for many students.
They began their trip by visiting the New York State Museum, where they were astonished by many exhibits there. The 9/11 Memorial exhibit included a video from a firefighter that survived that day. There was even a fire truck on display that made everyone emotional. Another impressive exhibit was the skull reconstructions. Students were in awe of the fact that scientists could figure out what someone's face looked like hundreds of years ago, using archeologists and computer technology.
The next day, students toured the Capitol Building. They watched how the state government worked by attending Senate and Assembly sessions. Students learned the similarities and difference between the two groups, such as how they vote and pass bills. Students also met with Assemblyman Hawley. One interesting fact about the Senate chamber is that one wall is made of 23 karat gold. The Senators also use two old fireplaces in the back of the room to have private conversations while the Senate is in session. Students found the legend of the Capitol Building "demon," allegedly created by an architect who was fired and came back to "curse" the building, both interesting and humorous. Students viewed the Million Dollar Staircase and the 77 famous faces that were put on it, such as Washington, Lincoln, Grant and Susan B. Anthony. The staircase also contains smaller faces of the carvers' families and friends.
Holley Humanities students were thankful to experience Albany. By attending the trip, seniors gained credits for their Participation in Government class, which helped them meet graduation requirements. Students will present everything they learned to the rest of the Participation in Government classes and the Holley Board of Education. This trip was one they'll never forget.
Continue Reading »
Holley Central School District - Pre-K Celebrates 100
Pre-schoolers always have their own ideas, so when asked to demonstrate what they would look like at age 100, they showed up in all manner of dress. The Pre-K students in Amie Callen and Lori Passarell's classes had walkers, canes, suspenders, eyeglasses, grey hair and hats to demonstrate what they might look like in their advanced years. These students were celebrating the 100th day of school on Feb. 13. They also participated in many 100 day activities such as using cereal rings to count to 100 to make necklaces.
Continue Reading »
Holley Central School District - Spanish Class Enjoys Taste of College and Culture
On Nov. 7, juniors and seniors from both Holley MS/HS and Byron-Bergen Jr./Sr. High School traveled to Genesee Community College (GCC). While on campus, students received an orientation to the library, discussed courses and degree transfer, toured the campus and the College Village (housing), and asked a lot of questions. Following the campus visit, students went to Rancho Viejo Mexican Restaurant in Batavia for lunch and enjoyed a variety of dishes, drank jarritos (a traditional Mexican fruit-flavored drink) and devoured desserts. The fried cheesecake, fried ice cream and flan were enjoyed by many.
We would like to thank the staff at GCC for making this trip possible and for the money they donated towards our lunch. It was also great to share this experience with students from another high school. Thank you Byron-Bergen; we enjoyed our time with you
Continue Reading »
Holley Central School District - Annual Dessert Concert is a Sweet Success
Holley High School students hosted a Dessert Concert on Nov. 2 as a fundraiser for their music department. Twenty-eight songs were performed as solos, duets or trios and many were accompanied by Music Teacher Kelly Marzano on piano or by students Isaiah Flow and Alexis Penna on guitar. All students selected their own pieces to perform, with songs ranging from a Frank Sinatra classic to four tunes from Adele. Senior Makenzie Ferranti sang an aria in Italian, which earned her a 99 percent at Solo Fest this past spring and a spot performing in Zone 2's Area All-State Festival this fall. The Concert Choir ended the concert with an a capella song by Pentatonix. Desserts were served in the MS/HS Foyer while the concert was performed in the gym. Donations received at the event help support the high school's bi-annual competition trip.
Continue Reading »
Holley Central School District - Girls on the Run Team Completes 5k
Eleven students participated in the fall session of Girls on the Run (GOTR) at Holley Elementary. GOTR is a national organization that is curriculum-based to build self-esteem and confidence in girls while encouraging physical activity. Leigha W, Layne W, Sara K, Emma D, Katie D, Jailyn B, Lena H, Madi B, Jasmine A, Alexis S and Julia R formed the Holley GOTR team. This is the sixth season the district has hosted the 10-week program, which began Sept. 12 and ended with a 5k race on Nov. 6 in Delaware Park in Buffalo. The program was implemented by Lynn Vendetti and Paula Sanford, with this year's team coached by Vendetti, Sanford and Hannah Bock.
Up to 15 female students in grades 3-6 were eligible to join the program. The team practiced twice each week after school to prepare to run a 5k race at the end of the season. They received a healthy snack and an official GOTR of Buffalo T-shirt. Each student had a running buddy to motivate and support her throughout the race. Visit the GOTR official site for more information on this program (http://www.gotrbuffalo.org/who-we-are).
As a community outreach project, the team is running a book donation drive this year. For more information, contact Hannah Bock at email@example.com or Lynn Vendetti at email@example.com.
Continue Reading »
Holley Central School District - Pre-K Hosts Grandparents Day
Amie Callen's Pre-K class celebrated Grandparents' Day on Sept. 30 by inviting the students' grandparents to a tea of juice and cookies in the Elementary School Café. Callen and teaching assistant Lori Passarell taught the children songs and dances that they performed for the grandparents. The grandparents sang and danced to one of the songs their grandchildren taught them. The children presented keepsakes to their grandparents, which included a photo, a bookmark with their footprint on it, and a card with their handprint on it. The celebration helped the children complete their classroom unit on families.
Continue Reading »
Holley Central School District - Vendetti Receives Golden Apple Award
It's not every day that a local TV news anchor stops by your classroom to give you an award, but that's exactly what happened to Holley Fourth Grade Teacher Lynn Vendetti on March 7. She was in the process of giving her students a test, but the test was put on hold while WROC-TV (Channel 8) News Anchor Adam Chodak presented her with the Golden Apple Award. The Golden Apple Award recognizes teachers making a difference in their communities. The segment airs weekly on WROC-TV and Vendetti's episode will air in about a month.
Vendetti was nominated by student Alexis Kowalski. Alexis nominated Vendetti for being kind, caring and understanding. Alexis suffers from anxiety, which, in the past, caused her to miss a lot of school. Vendetti has helped Alexis take steps to become more comfortable in school, and her attendance has improved. Thanks to Vendetti's encouragement, Alexis began participating in after school activities for the first time this year, joining Vendetti's Girls on the Run team. The program trains girls in grades 3-6 to run a 5k and promotes self-confidence, healthy eating habits and teamwork. "Alexis has had great growth this year," said Vendetti. Alexis' mother, Erica Kowalski, agrees. "I have seen a big difference in Alexis; she now likes and enjoys school," said Kowalski. "Mrs. Vendetti has helped my daughter come out of her shell. I feel one teacher can change the future for any child, and Mrs. Vendetti has changed my daughter's life for the better."
Vendetti was surprised to receive the award, but took it in stride, leading students through a science lesson while on camera. She talked to Chodak about her passion for teaching and how pleased she was to be making a difference in a young person's life. "I have great students," said Vendetti. "It's exciting to watch them learn and master new skills."
The recognition comes as no surprise to her colleagues. "It was well-deserved and quite a fun surprise," said Karri Schiavone, elementary school principal. "Alexis nominated Lynn for changing her world. What a wonderful way for a student to honor a teacher." Kindergarten teacher Leigh Weaver echoed Schiavone's comments. "Having Lynn as my daughter's fourth grade teacher really turned around my child's attitude about school," said Weaver. "She deserves this honor."
The News 8 Golden Apple Award winners are selected based on information received through a nomination form. Any professional working for or with any school district within the Rochester designated market area is eligible for this award. The nominator must submit an essay of 250 words or less describing the character of the nominee.
Continue Reading »
Holley Central School District - Holley Free Summer Meal Program a Hit with District Families
Holley children received free breakfast and lunch at the Holley MS/HS Dining Hall once again this past summer due to a partnership with the U.S. Department of Agriculture. The District provided meals Monday through Friday to children under the age of 18 living within the Holley Central School District, regardless of income level. "We are proud and pleased to offer this program in conjunction with the Department of Agriculture," said Holley Superintendent Robert D'Angelo. "We urge everyone in the district to participate." Pre-registration is not required.
While district children enjoyed these meals for free, adults, including Holley staff members, purchased breakfast and lunch from the District during this program. Breakfast was $2.25 and lunch was $4.
Students who participated in morning and/or afternoon exercise classes such as the FIT4U! fitness and nutrition program, and the BLAST summer conditioning sessions were able to grab meals before and/or after their classes. Students who participated in the summer recreation program were also welcome to stop in to grab something to eat.
An addition to the meal program this year was the creation of a Literacy Center in a corner of the Dining Hall. Books, puzzles and math worksheets were laid out for the students to browse through and take home with them. Faculty and staff from the Elementary and MS/HS contributed these items to help students keep up their reading and math skills during the summer. There was also a listing of clubs and activities that the district offers to students that parents are invited to take home. "I think this is a great program for families to take advantage of," said Jean Smith, teacher's aide for the District, who is helping maintain the center. "I wish there had been programs like this when my kids were little."
Students cited Frudels, cereal and bagels as their top choices for breakfast. Pizza, wraps, subs, fruit and vegetables were their favorites for lunch. "This is a great program," said Kim O'Brien, who brought her daughter and husband to the Dining Hall for lunch. "You can't get a well-rounded meal like this for $4 anywhere else, and I don't feel like I'm clogging my arteries." Mary Jo Smith watches her grandchildren during the summer and brought them in for lunch. "This is a convenient program and works well," she said. "It's great. The summer programming that the district provides helps support the meal program, whether a student is attending a fitness program or summer school. More schools should be doing this."
Food Service Director Vickie Scroger said she has noticed an increase in attendance this year, with more families coming in to eat together. Scroger said the busiest days were Tuesdays through Thursdays when the fitness classes are offered. During the first week of the program, students consumed 119 breakfasts and 256 lunches, while the adults ate 14 breakfasts and 21 lunches.
Continue Reading »
Holley Central School District - Holley Team Takes Top Honors at Tech Wars
Holley's Tech Club, under the direction of Technology Teacher Tim Rogers, attended Tech Wars on March 17 at Genesee Community College (GCC) and came away with top honors in the bridge building competition. Seniors Brady Smith, Ricci Shenck and Cameron Bennage won first and third place in the bridge building competition by building a bridge to hold 400 pounds of weight. According to the judge of the event, they now hold the record for building the lightest bridge (1.6 pounds) to hold that much weight in the nine-year history of the competition. The bridge, along with the winning plaques, is displayed in the large display case outside the MS/HS Library.
Eighth grader Brad Kingdollar won first place in the middle school CO2 car race. He had the fastest time of the day for both high school and middle school divisions.
Thirty-two students from Holley participated in the competition, up from six students who attended last year. They were among 730 students from the GLOW counties to compete in 27 events. Congratulations to all on a job well done!

subset: commoncrawl


text:
World Bank Teams up with Google to Share Development Information
What's the Gross Domestic Product (GDP) of India? If you type the inquiry into Google now, a graph will immediately display the data ranging from 1960 to 2008 and a figure showing that it is currently $1.22 trillion. If you click on the graph, it will immediately expand and allow you to compare historical figures as well as with that of other countries. I noticed, for instance, that India had a GDP of $36.6 billion in 1960; a 33 fold increase over the last 48 years!
The popular search engine has joined forces with the World Bank in sharing development data through the Data Finder, featuring 17 development indicators based on information provided by the World Bank to make the easy to understand information accessible to a broader audience. The public data tool is exceptionally easy to use and is excellent for comparative research or exploration of data over time. The indicators are as diverse as carbon dioxide emissions, fertility rates, GDP growth, and number of internet users.


text:
Carrie Underwood and Rashida Jones Perform Holiday Parody Medley on 'Jimmy Fallon'
On 'Late Night With Jimmy Fallon,' couch guest, actress Rashida Jones, and host Jimmy Fallon decided to celebrate Thanksgiving, the beginning of Hanukkah and Black Friday by taking popular hits and turning them into holiday parodies (Nov. 28). Country superstar Carrie Underwood, who is in New York for the home stretch of preparation for her turn as Maria in the production of 'The Sound of Music Live!' on Dec. 5, got in on the holiday fun with the duo.
Underwood offered her solo, football-themed send up of Miley Cyrus' cat-assisted, American Music Awards performance of her hit 'Wrecking Ball.' She then joined Jones and Fallon in the center of the stage for 'I Stuffed It,' which was their Thanksgiving take on Icona Pop's 'I Love It.' It was super funny.
The trio next poked fun at Robin Thicke's summer smash 'Blurred Lines,' transforming it into a Black Friday track. They also spoofed the Lumineers' hit 'Ho Hey,' which became a Santa Claus song, rightfully so! That one was almost too easy.
It was hilarious and Underwood was having a good time twisting pop hits into holiday parodies with her pals. She also looked holiday-ready in her sparkly silver skirt, too.


text:
Aiming to maintain what is arguably a comparatively enviable track record in mobile, Sybase has announced its Sybase Unwired Platform 2.1 release to "fast track mobile application development". This latest release coincides with the company's appearance at its parent company SAP's TechEd user education symposium in Las Vegas this week.
Staging its own co-located developer event known as TechWave, Sybase claims to be "enriching" the mobile application development experience through significant enhancements to its software development kit (SDK) and new developer resources.
Sybase suggests that the problem at hand today is that as enterprises adopt mobile applications, they are often faced with "point solutions" not capable of accessing critical data across the entire enterprise. This release of Sybase Unwired Platform is one of the first integrated mobile enterprise application platforms (MEAPs) architected to leverage existing developer skill sets and industry standards, reducing the "heavy lifting" often required with mobile application development.
"Enterprises must include mobile as a component of their app portfolio or become non-competitive," said Jack Gold, president of J. Gold Associates, LLC. "But native and web mobile application development can be difficult due to the diversity of device types, backend systems, etc. As a result, there is a compelling need for a unified, standards-based platform to ease the process for developers, reduce overall cost, and accelerate time to delivery. The enterprise mobility market has matured and requires mobile enterprise application platforms to develop and deploy high-value apps capable of spanning across many lines of business."
Sybase Unwired Platform 2.1 and mobile SDK aim to provide a collection of new tooling, server components, and libraries that will enable mobile and web developers to more easily create a wide variety of mobile applications across various device platforms, including iOS, BlackBerry, Android, and Windows Mobile. Designed to support various types of mobile requirements, the latest platform release is planned to include support for SAP data integration through SAP NetWeaver Gateway technology. Additionally, Sybase's mobile device management (MDM) solution, Afaria, can be added to complete the platform by enabling IT to manage mobile devices and applications.
Highlights of planned new and enhanced features for developers and IT managers include:
- Standalone SDK install for easy access/download and integration with Afaria platform libraries
- OData SDK for development of online SAP mobile apps capable of accessing data and processes from SAP systems through SAP NetWeaver Gateway
- Support for multiple application types, including rich offline apps with data synchronization, lightweight online-only apps, and apps based on Sybase Unwired Platform Hybrid Web Container
SAP and Sybase today also made available new developer resources such as video training and code samples to the more than 2 million SAP Community Network members. This community provides value to the overall mobile ecosystem by contributing articles, blogs, tutorials, and forum participation.
"With an existing developer community network of more than 2 million members and an SAP customer base of more than 170,000, there is tremendous opportunity for SAP and Sybase to innovate around and execute on our on-device strategy," said Dr. Raj Nathan, executive vice president, chief marketing officer and head of Mobile Applications, Sybase. "The high interest in mobile apps and online store-like environments in the consumer space is now extending to the enterprise. However, the model requires a much different architectural approach to be successful. This marks a significant release for the entire mobile app developer community and our growing partner ecosystem, as they now have a standards-based, unified platform and community program to rally around and deliver high volumes of enterprise mobility apps."


text:
Sugar shock: No traffic for Lawn tricksters
There wasn't a Mars Bar left on the Lawn at UVA Tuesday night, not after that afternoon's annual Halloween candy raid. Hundreds– perhaps thousands– of sweet-tooth princesses, pirates, and police went from Lawn room to Pavilion porch, storming each UVA residence for all it was worth.
Even with their sugar highs, the mini-monsters aren't the only ones who enjoyed the festivities.
"It's great coming out here and seeing all this," says mom and Charlottesville resident Amy Olrick. "I love it. I think my son may be a little shell-shocked from all the excitement, though."
Will and Nan Marsh
Amy and Joshua Olrick
Christiana Kaniefski and Iris Puryear
UVA students Christa Morse and Kate Daughdrill
Julia, Nora, and Emily Wood
Establishing shot


text:
After two games in the Sunset League girls' basketball race, Huntington Beach and Edison, who shared the 2012 league title, again are cohabitants of the top spot.
Huntington picked up its 12th victory of the season Tuesday by edging host Marina, 39-36. Freshman Reanne Wang hit two late free throws but the Oilers had to withstand a last-second shot attempt by the Vikings, to emerge with the win.
Paola Roa, a returning All-CIF Southern Section player, led all scorers with 16 points and "played tough," Huntington Coach Russ McClurg said.
The Oilers improved to 12-3 overall.
It was the second close game for Huntington in league play. In their opener against Fountain Valley on Jan. 3, the host Oilers secured a 48-43 victory. Roa scored 21 points and hit two, three-pointers in the final minutes, to secure the win.
"Our kids rose up to the challenge," McClurg said. "All these close games have been great experience for our young squad."
Danielle Brown scored 11 points and Lauren Dorame had eight points for the Vikings, who slipped to 0-2 in league and 9-8 overall.
In its previous league outing, Marina lost, 57-32, to Los Alamitos on Jan. 3. Madison Yutkins scored nine points and Brown had six points and seven rebounds.
Both Huntington and Marina are on the road for 7 p.m. league games Thursday. The Oilers play at Newport Harbor and the Vikings are at Edison.
Visiting Edison handed Los Alamitos its first league loss Tuesday as the Chargers beat the host Griffins, 53-42. Senior guard Geena Gomez led all scorers with 27 points and freshman forward Justine Modde added 12 points for the Chargers.
Gomez, also a returning All-CIF Southern Section player, scored a game-high 19 points and both freshman forward Jackie Bento and sophomore forward Marlies de Jong scored 12 points in Edison's league-opening, 63-24 rout of visiting Newport Harbor Jan. 3.
Fountain Valley evened its Sunset record at 1-1 and overall record at 9-9, by handling Newport Harbor, 64-24, Tuesday. Senior guard Jasmine Matar led three Barons in double figures with 16 points and also had 10 rebounds and three steals. Sophomore guard Ashley Masuda scored 13 points to go with six rebounds, three assists and two steals, and junior forward Emily Krause had 10 points and five rebounds.
Krause had nine points and six rebounds, junior guard Danielle Kennedy nine points and three assists, and Matar eight points, four rebounds, and three steals, in the Barons' 48-43 loss Jan. 3 to Huntington.
Fountain Valley plays at 7 p.m. Thursday at Los Alamitos.
Ocean View: The Seahawks won their Golden West League opener Tuesday by defeating host Santa Ana, 44-27. Treasure Robinson led all scorers with 13 points and Danielle Almiranez hit three, three-pointers en route to 11 points, as Ocean View improved to 13-3 overall.
The Seahawks play host to Segerstrom at 7 p.m. Thursday.
Brethren Christian: The Warriors (1-9) opened Academy League play Tuesday and were defeated, 22-12, "on an extremely cold shooting night from the floor, BC Coach Jeff Wallace said, by visiting Oxford Academy of Cypress at Ocean View High.
Annie Huie scored eight of BC's 12 points.
The Warriors were coming off a seventh-place finish at the MaxPreps Holiday Classic in Palm Springs. Abigail Luce was named to the all-tournament team.
"Our young squad continued to show improvement as we face the larger, more experienced competition," Wallace said. "I am pleased with their progress as they navigate such rough waters in our games. Garnering our first win in our final game of the tourney was a nice finishing touch for them to into the New Year and league play.
BC plays at league foe Crean Lutheran Thursday, and Saturday at two-time defending league champion Whitney of Cerritos.
Twitter: @MikeSciacca


text:
The old saying "knowledge is power" is more true today than ever before. Find out why old ways of thinking and applying information need to be changed in order for business and society to flourish.
Most of us who've been involved with the evolution of digital imaging and the associated infrastructure are familiar with how hard it is to introduce new technologies. Friction always comes with newness. This month I want to deviate from the technical nature of our business to share some thoughts with you about the evolving rate of knowledge worldwide and how it will affect us.
Since 1965, when Intel co-founder Gordon E. Moore published his landmark observation on the growth rate of integrated devices, the rate of human knowledge discovery has skyrocketed. Moore observed that the number of transistors that can be inexpensively placed on an integrated circuit is increasing exponentially, doubling approximately every two years. Furthermore, he observed that the cost to produce this was inversely proportional to the density increase. This simply means we double our processing capacity and sell it for half the cost of the previous generation. We're all familiar with this in the form of cheaper, faster computers and more complex operating systems. Moore's Law shows no sign of decline, at least for the foreseeable future.
What most people do not realize is that the rate of discovery follows a similar expansion. We're all aware of the impact of digital technology in virtually every area of our lives. What most are unaware of is the rate of expansion. Generational doubling is not significant in the early phases of geometric expansion. But we're at a point in the curve now where it's becoming huge.
According Jack Uldrich's book Jump the Curve: 50 Essential Strategies to Help Your Company Stay Ahead of Emerging Technologies, the entire base of human knowledge will double in the next six years. Think about that for a moment. Everything we know, since recorded history began almost 10,000 years ago, will double in the next six years. Put another way, half of mankind's knowledge has not yet even been discovered as of today.
Collision with the industrial economy
This is a scary enough thought, but we need to look closer. For quite sometime now we've been on a collision course—and now we're about to collide head-on. The decisions we make over the next few years will determine how the industrialized West will continue to remain viable in the face of ever increasing globalization and the relentless quest to find the lowest cost producers.
Did you enjoy this article? Click here to subscribe to the magazine.


text:
Ever so sexy and ever so sultry, jaws will drop, and eyes will pop when you slip into this naughty tight number!
Made in kinky shiny pvc, she features a stand up collar, with metal rings from the collar to the waist line at the front of the dress, which a satin lace is thread through, and tied so you may show as much flesh as you wish.
Make her the length you want, from ultra micro- short showing your panties, to something more acceptable for public places!
She is sleeveless and figure-hugging, and has a rear zip.
Vara also has contrasting metal rings at the back of the collar with a satin lace that ties into a bow.
This amazing dress is made to order. After ordering, please give us your Height, the length of the dress required, and your Chest, Waist and Hips sizes.


text: The Associate of Science degree in Behavioral Science provides an interdisciplinary approach to understanding human behavior within a global world view. Foundation courses at the associate level introduce behavioral science students to the biological, psychological, social, and cultural variables of human behavior. This degree prepares students for a smooth transition to the Bachelor of Science in Psychology degree.