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The population-based University of Washington Twin Registry (UWTR) was used to examine (1) genetic influences on chronobiology and (2) whether these genetic factors influence alcohol-use phenotypes.
We used a reduced Horne-Östberg Morningness-Eveningness Questionnaire (rMEQ) to survey UWTR participants for diurnal preference. Frequency and quantity of alcohol use, as well as binge drinking (6+ drinks per occasion), were assessed on a 5-point Likert scale. Both diurnal preference and alcohol use were self-reported. Twin data were analyzed by using structural equation models.
The sample consisted of 2,945 participants (mean age = 36.4 years), including 1,127 same-sex and opposite-sex twin pairs and 691 individual twins. The rMEQ range was 4-25, with a mean score of 15.3 (SD 4.0). Diurnal "morning types" comprised 30.7% (N = 903) of participants, while 17.4% (N = 513) were "evening types." Regarding alcohol use, 21.2% (N = 624) reported never drinking. Among drinkers, 35.7% (N = 829) reported ≥ 3 drinks per occasion and 48.1% (N = 1,116) reported at least one instance of binge drinking. Genetic influences accounted for 37% of the variance in diurnal preference, with the remaining 63% due to non-shared environmental influences. Genetic propensities toward diurnal eveningness were significantly associated with increased alcohol quantity (β = -0.17; SE = 0.05, p < 0.001) and increased binge drinking (β = -0.19; SE = 0.04, p < 0.001), but not with frequency of alcohol use. Environmental paths between diurnal preference and alcohol use phenotypes were not significant.
Genetic influences on diurnal preference confer elevated risk for problematic alcohol use, including increased quantity and binge drinking. Differences in circadian rhythm may be an important and understudied pathway of risk for genetic influences on alcohol use.
Watson NF; Buchwald D; Harden KP. A twin study of genetic influences on diurnal preference and risk for alcohol use outcomes. J Clin Sleep Med 2013;9(12):1333-1339.
Circadian rhythms are biological processes, such as the human sleep-wake cycle, with an endogenous, entrainable oscillation of roughly 24 hours. The hypothalamic suprachiasmatic nucleus is the primary circadian pacemaker, ensuring a proper duration and consistent timing of sleep. Healthy sleep arises from an effective interaction between the sleep homeostat, which increases sleep propensity as a function of prior wakefulness, and the 24-hour circadian alerting signal generated by the suprachiasmatic nucleus.1 In practical terms, this interaction results in a wide range of circadian functioning (also known as "diurnal preference" or "chrono-type"), from morning types to evening types. Morning types go to bed early and function best in the early daytime hours, whereas evening types go to bed in the early morning hours and function best at later times in the day or evening.2 Twin and molecular genetic studies consistently show that diurnal preference is influenced by genetic factors, with heritability between 40% and 54%.3–12
Recent research has focused on the role of circadian rhythms in health and disease. Circadian clock disruptions, often observed in shift work disorder, are associated with numerous medical conditions, including cardiovascular disease,13–15 cancer,16–18 and untoward pregnancy outcomes.19,20 It is less clear whether diurnal preference alone portends specific health outcomes. Preliminary evidence suggests that evening-type diurnal preference is associated with poor diet21 and depression22 and has adverse effects on measures of quality of life in adolescents.23 We previously showed an association between evening type and habitual short and long sleep duration in a twin sample.12 Since both short and long sleep are associated with adverse health outcomes,24–34 these findings suggest that the evening type may represent an endophenotype for poor health.
Current Knowledge/Study Rationale: Preliminary evidence suggests that diurnal preference is a contributing psychological factor in a multi-causal model of alcohol consumption. The extent to which the relationship between diurnal preference and alcohol use is driven by common underlying genetic variants is unknown.
Study Impact: This study shows that genetic factors favoring evening-type diurnal preference confer increased risk of binge drinking and increased alcohol consumption. This finding suggests that biological differences in circadian rhythm may be an important pathway of risk for genetic factors that promote alcohol use.
Preliminary evidence also suggests that diurnal preference influences alcohol use, such that evening types consume more alcohol than morning types.35–37 Alcohol consumption is associated with a single-nucleotide polymorphism in NPAS2, a gene involved in the autoregulatory transcription/translation feedback loop that drives circadian rhythmicity.38 Evening type is also correlated with novelty-seeking, which is thought to be associated with behavior activation by low basal dopaminergic activity in the brain.39,40 This may lead to addictive behaviors, such as alcohol abuse or dependence, in an effort to enhance dopamine levels.41 These preliminary studies suggest that diurnal preference is a contributing psychological factor in a multi-causal model of alcohol consumption. The extent to which the relationship between diurnal preference and alcohol use is driven by common underlying genetic variants has yet to be determined. Therefore, the goals of this twin study were to (1) determine the magnitude of genetic and environmental influences on diurnal preference and (2) evaluate the extent to which genetic influences on diurnal preference confer risk for alcohol use. We hypothesized that genetic predispositions toward eveningness would be associated with more problematic alcohol use, although the dearth of previous behavioral genetic research on this topic made our hypotheses necessarily speculative.
The University of Washington Twin Registry is a community-based sample of twins constructed with data provided by the Washington State Department of Licensing. All data collection procedures were approved by the University of Washington Institutional Review Board. The minimum age for participation is 18, and < 5% of participants are older than age 66. As of April 2013, the Registry contained more than 7,500 twin pairs. Participants' zygosity is determined by using validated self-report methods, with an accuracy ≥ 95%.42,43 Every participant completes a recruitment survey. In 2006 and 2008, an additional health survey that included items on diurnal preference and alcohol use was mailed to more than 4,000 enrolled twins. Further details on the characteristics of Registry participants are available elsewhere.44,45
Our study sample consisted of 2,945 individuals, including 1,127 twin pairs (200 monozygotic [MZ] male [17.7%], 82 dizygotic [DZ] male [7.3%], 432 MZ female [38.3%], 215 DZ female [19.1%], and 198 DZ opposite-sex [17.6%]), as well as 691 individual twins who participated without their co-twins. All twin pairs were raised together. Data from incomplete twin pairs were retained because they inform the within-person correlations between diurnal preference and alcohol use. Data collection procedures were approved by the University of Washington Institutional Review Board. The sex of individual twins closely mirrored that observed in complete twin pairs.
Diurnal preference was measured by using the reduced Morningness-Eveningness Questionnaire (rMEQ),46 a shortened version of the Horne and Östberg Morningness-Eveningness Questionnaire.47 The rMEQ contains 5 items that assess aspects of the morning-eveningness dimension (for example, "at what time in the evening do you feel tired and in need of sleep?"), rated on a 5-point Likert scale. Responses to each question are summed to give a total rMEQ score between 4 and 25, with higher scores indicating stronger morningness preference. We defined morning types as those with a score ≥ 18, and evening types as those with a score ≤ 11. The rMEQ has demonstrated good internal reliability and validity compared to the full Morningness-Eveningness Questionnaire.48
Aspects of alcohol use were determined by using the Registry questionnaire. Alcohol frequency was ascertained by asking, "How often do you have a drink containing alcohol?" Potential responses were never, monthly or less, 2-4 times a month, 2-3 times a week, and ≥ 4 times a week. Alcohol quantity was ascertained by asking, "How many drinks of alcohol do you have on a typical day when you are drinking?" Potential responses were 1 or 2, 3 or 4, 5 or 6, 7 to 9, and 10 or more. Binge drinking was ascertained by asking, "How often do you have 6 or more drinks on one occasion?" Potential responses were never, less than monthly, monthly, weekly, daily, or almost daily. Responses to each of the three alcohol-related questions were scored on a scale of 1 to 5.
Age, sex, and race were self-reported. Race was dichotomized into White and non-white (American Indian, Alaska Native, Native Hawaiian, Pacific Islander, Asian, black or African American, or other) categories. Education was ascertained by the question, "What is the highest level of school you have completed?" A total of 7 responses were possible, ranging from "eighth grade or less" to "graduate or professional degree." The midpoint was "some college, but no degree or certificate."
We began by examining zygosity-specific twin pair correlations for diurnal preference and each of the 3 alcohol use phenotypes (alcohol frequency, alcohol quantity, and binge drinking). Within-trait, cross-twin correlations (e.g., the correlation between diurnal preference in Twin A and diurnal preference in Twin B) can be used to evaluate the magnitude of genetic and environmental influences on a given phenotype. Cross-trait, cross-twin correlations (e.g., the correlation between diurnal preference in Twin A and alcohol use frequency in Twin B) can be used to evaluate the contribution of genes to the association between the phenotypes.
Next, we evaluated these questions more formally by using the software program Mplus (Muthén & Muthén, 1998-2012, Los Angeles, CA) to fit quantitative genetic models. Specifically, we fit the bivariate twin model shown in Figure 1. Total variance in each of the observed phenotypes (boxes labeled "Diurnal Preference" and "Alcohol Use") was decomposed into 3 latent factors: additive genetic influences (A), shared environmental influences (C, meaning common environmental influences that make siblings similar to one another), and non-shared environmental influences (E, meaning environmental influences that are unique to each twin, plus measurement error). The ACE components for each phenotype were standardized (mean = 0, standard deviation = 1) and the paths from these components to the phenotype were estimated. The correlation between additive genetic influences (A) in the first and second member of each twin pair was fixed at 1.0 in MZ twins and 0.5 in DZ twins, consistent with genetic theory. The correlation between common environmental (C) factors was fixed at 1.0 in all pair types, whereas the correlation between unique environmental (E) factors was fixed at 0 in all pair types. Finally, alcohol use was regressed on the ACE components of diurnal preference (labeled βa, βc, βe in Figure 1). These cross-paths estimate the extent to which genetic and environmental influences on diurnal preference also influence alcohol use. Note that the boxes labeled "Alcohol Use" in Figure 1 refer to each of the 3 alcohol use phenotypes, which were modeled individually. Previous authors have described the logic and parameterization of twin models in great detail.49 All models were estimated by using full information maximum likelihood to account for missing data from incomplete twin pairs.50 All models controlled for age, white race, and educational attainment by regressing both diurnal preference and alcohol use phenotypes on these covariates
A, additive genetic variance; C, shared environmental variance; E, nonshared environmental variance. A, C, and E components standardized (mean = 0, standard deviation = 1). Correlation between A components fixed at 1.0 in monozygotic twins and 0.5 in dizygotic twins. Correlation between C components fixed to 1.0 in all twins. Correlation between E components fixed to 0 in all twins. βa, βc, and βe represent cross-paths estimating the extent to which genetic and environmental influences on diurnal preference also influence alcohol use. au, alcohol use; dp, diurnal preference.
Structural equation model of diurnal preference and alcohol use in adult twins. A, additive genetic variance; C, shared environmental variance; E, nonshared environmental variance. A, C, and E components standardized (mean = 0, standard deviation = 1). Correlation between A components fixed at 1.0 in monozygotic twins and 0.5 in dizygotic...
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Sample characteristics and descriptive statistics for all study variables are summarized in Table 1. Overall, the sample was composed of predominantly younger adults (mean = 36.4 years; standard deviation = 15.7; range 19-93) who were well-educated (64.2% with a college degree or higher) and predominantly white (88.5%) and female (64.2%). Morning types comprised 30.7% of participants, while evening types comprised 17.4%. Never drinking was reported by 21.2%. Among drinkers, 35.7% reported typically drinking ≥ 3 drinks, and 48.1% reported ≥ 1 occasion of binge drinking. Figure 2 illustrates the mean levels of alcohol frequency, alcohol quantity, and binge drinking reported by morning and evening types. Morning and evening types did not significantly differ in alcohol use frequency (p = 0.66), but evening types consumed larger quantities (p < 0.001) and were more likely to report binge drinking (p < 0.001).
Sample characteristics
Bars represent standard error around the mean. *Significant difference.
Alcohol use phenotypes by morning-type versus evening-type diurnal preference. Bars represent standard error around the mean. *Significant difference.
Table 2 summarizes the within-trait, cross-twin correlations for diurnal preference and alcohol use phenotypes, as well as the cross-trait, cross-twin correlations between diurnal preference and each alcohol use phenotype. Overall, the MZ correlations for each trait exceeded the DZ correlations, consistent with the presence of heritable influences on each phenotype. More specifically, descriptive heritability estimates can be calculated as h2 = 2*(rMZ – rDZ), yielding heritabilities of 40% for diurnal preference, 58% for alcohol use frequency, 42% for alcohol quantity, and 70% for binge drinking. Similarly, the cross-trait correlations (i.e., the correlation between alcohol use in Twin A and diurnal preference in Twin B) suggest that diurnal preference is more strongly related to our measures of alcohol quantity and binge drinking than to our measures of frequency of alcohol use. These initial descriptive results are formally assessed with the structural equation models.
Twin correlations for diurnal preference and alcohol use phenotypes
Model fit comparisons for the quantitative genetic models are summarized in Table 3. For all alcohol use outcomes, the full "ACE" model (as illustrated in Figure 1) did not fit the data significantly better than a trimmed "AE" model, in which all paths from the shared environmental factors (C) to the phenotypes (cdp, cau, and βc) were fixed at zero. In other words, shared environmental influences on alcohol use phenotypes, diurnal preference, and their associations were not significant. Consequently, we report standardized parameter estimates from the AE models in Table 4. Root mean square error of approximation (RMSEA), comparative fit index (CFI), and Tucker-Lewis Index (TLI) are alternate indices of model fit, with RMSEA values < 0.06 and CFI and TLI values > 0.95 indicating good fit.51 The overall fit for each of the 3 AE models was good (alcohol use frequency: RMSEA = 0.018, CFI = 0.99, TLI = 0.99; alcohol quantity: RMSEA = 0.020, CFI = 0.99, TLI = 0.99; binge drinking: RMSEA = 0.021, CFI = 0.99, TLI = 0.99).
Comparisons between quantitative genetic models
Results from bivariate behavioral genetic models of diurnal preference and alcohol use outcomes
Morning preference was significantly predicted by white race (β = 0.10, SE = 0.03, p < 0.05), higher educational attainment (β = 0.07, SE = 0.03, p < 0.05), and older age (β = 0.39, SE = 0.03, p < 0.05). Diurnal preference did not differ according to sex (males = 15.23, SD = 4.07; females = 15.28, SD = 3.94, p = 0.82). Alcohol use frequency, alcohol quantity, and binge drinking were not significantly associated with white race. Alcohol frequency was unrelated to age, but older people reported lower alcohol quantity (β = -0.01, SE = 0.002, p < 0.05) and less frequent binge drinking (β = -0.21, SE = 0.04, p < 0.05). People with higher educational attainment drank more frequently (β = 0.11, SE = 0.03, p < 0.05), but reported lower alcohol quantity per occasion (β = -0.124, SE = 0.03, p < 0.05). Educational attainment was not significantly associated with binge drinking.
After controlling for covariates, the proportion of residual variation in diurnal preference attributable to genetic influences can be calculated as the square of the genetic path (hdp) divided by the sum of the squared paths (hdp2 + edp2). Thus, genetic influences accounted for 37% of the variance in diurnal preference that could not be attributed to covariates, with the remaining 63% due to non-shared environmental influences. Notably, this heritability estimate is similar to that obtained in a recent study by Kuna and colleagues (41%), even though they used a different self-report instrument to assess diurnal preference.52
Genetic propensities toward eveningness were significantly associated with increased alcohol quantity (βa = -0.17; SE = 0.05, p < 0.001) and increased frequency of binge drinking (βa = -0.19; SE = 0.04, p < 0.001), but not with frequency of alcohol use. The non-shared environmental paths between diurnal preference and alcohol use phenotypes were not significant. In other words, a common set of genes influences both evening preference and elevated alcohol use, and this genetic overlap entirely accounts for the associations between diurnal preference, alcohol quantity, and binge drinking.
After accounting for variance shared with diurnal preference and with covariates, the proportions of unique variance in alcohol use frequency, alcohol quantity, and binge drinking frequency attributable to genetic influences were 59%, 41%, and 57%, respectively. The remaining variation was attributable to environmental influences unique to each twin.
We found that genetic influences on diurnal preference conferred increased risk of problematic alcohol use. Evening-type diurnal preference, alcohol quantity, and binge drinking frequency were linked by a common set of genes that entirely encompasses the association among these phenotypes. Common environmental influences were negligible, suggesting that behavior learned in early life with regard to chronotype is unrelated to familial attitudes about alcohol use—in other words, chronotype and attitudes about alcohol do not co-segregate.
Work schedules that start early in the day are most suitable for morning types. For evening types, the combination of late bedtimes driven by the endogenous clock and early waking times dictated by social factors during the work week results in short sleep and sleep debt, for which they compensate by extending sleep duration on weekends.53–55 This serves to reduce sleep quality and increase daytime sleepiness in evening types and drive associations between evening-type diurnal preference and untoward health outcomes, including psychological and psychosomatic disturbances.53,56–58 We found that evening-type twins endorsed larger quantities of alcohol consumed and more frequent binge drinking than morning-type twins, a finding consistent with previous studies.35,56,59 Alcohol consumption can represent behavioral manifestations of trouble coping with social demands,60 such as the struggles experienced by evening types who are obliged to rise early. This social situation highlights the importance of our findings for the health of evening-type twins and suggests that evening-type diurnal preference in modern society may be innately unhealthy and lead to poor health choices.
Alcohol abuse in the US exacts over $230 billion annually in costs related to crime, lost work productivity, and health-care, amounting to 2.7% of the US gross domestic product.61,62 Alcohol consumption causes 3.8% of all global deaths and is responsible for 4.6% of global disability-adjusted life-years, a composite measure of total years of healthy life lost.62 The damage to social relationships caused by alcohol abuse is harder to quantify, but no less substantial. In this context, our findings take on increased importance, as they have the potential to inform interventions to improve public and personal health. Social initiatives aimed at making work timing and other social activities more flexible for a broader range of chronotypes may reduce troublesome alcohol use. Also, elucidation of shared genetic pathways by future research may yield opportunities to develop targeted therapeutic agents that can reduce the risk of alcohol abuse in evening types.
The human circadian clock is maintained by a set of genes (CLOCK, BMAL1, PER 1, 2, and 3, CRY 1 and 2, TIM, and NPAS2) in the suprachiasmatic nucleus that control circadian rhythms, and thus diurnal preference, through a transcriptional, translational feedback loop.63 Clock genes not only control circadian rhythms, but also rhythmically regulate nearly 10,000 mammalian genes in multiple tissues involving numerous biological processes.64 NPAS2 is associated with average weekly alcohol intake,38 and polymorphisms in the CLOCK, BMAL1, PER3, and TIM genes are associated with susceptibility to mood disorders such as depression,65–68 a common risk factor for alcohol abuse.69 Polymorphisms in the serotonin transporter gene are associated with hazardous drinking in certain environmental circumstances,70 and this monoamine neurotransmitter is a key component of sleep/ wake REM/NREM brain physiology.71 Evening-type diurnal preference is linked with novelty seeking, a potential signal of reduced dopaminergic activity,39,40 while dopamine promotes wakefulness and influences sleep stages.72 These are but a few of the many potential genes and pathways that may constitute the shared genetic influences on evening-type diurnal preference and alcohol use outcomes. Future twin studies have the potential to reveal these genes and pathways by inserting polymorphisms of interest into bivariate genetic models of circadian type and alcohol use and observing the effect on the shared genetic estimates in the model.
Several issues about our study warrant discussion. Our twins were predominantly younger adult white women, and therefore our results should be applied to the general population with caution. However, this limitation is tempered by the fact our sample was derived from the community and not from a clinical population seeking healthcare, thus increasing the generalizability of our results. Subjective measures that enable the extrapolation of circadian phase, such as sleep logs, can accurately predict self-reported circadian type,73 although direct comparisons of rMEQ scores with objective measures, such as actigraphy, are lacking. Self-reported alcohol use phenotypes are, of course, subject to biases and errors in reporting; however, there is no clear alternative to self-report for measuring alcohol use in the "real world" in humans. It would be interesting for future research to examine the relation between sleep and alcohol using ecological momentary assessment technologies,74 which can yield data less subject to retrospective recall biases. Increased frequency of alcohol use was not associated with genetic propensity toward diurnal eveningness. This suggests that frequency of alcohol use represents a different aspect of alcohol consumption than the potentially more problematic constructs of increased quantity and binging which imply a lack of control of alcohol use. Lastly, diurnal preference was assigned based on a single measure, but it may represent a developmental state more than a trait. However, our analysis was age adjusted to account for this issue.
To our knowledge, this is the first study to show that genetic factors favoring evening-type diurnal preference confer increased risk of unhealthy phenotypes, namely binge drinking and increased alcohol consumption. This finding suggests that biological differences in circadian rhythm may be an important pathway of risk for genetic factors that promote alcohol use. It also provides further evidence that evening-type diurnal preference is an endophenotype of poor health. From a societal perspective, adjustment of school and work times to be more tolerant of evening-type diurnal preference may pay dividends at the public health level.
This was not an industry supported study. This study was funded by K23 HL083350 and RC2 HL103416 from the National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute and by a University of Washington General Clinical Research Center Pilot Grant. This work was performed at the University of Washington and the University of Texas. The authors have indicated no financial conflicts of interest.
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Neale MC, Maes HHM, authors. Methodology for genetics studies of twins and families. 2004. Dordrecht, The Netherlands: Kluwer Academic.
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Kuna ST, Maislin G, Pack FM, Staley B, Hachadoorian R, Coccaro EF, Pack AI, authors. Heritability of performance deficit accumulation during acute sleep deprivation in twins. Sleep. 2012;35:1223–33. [PubMed Central][PubMed]
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Takeuchi H, Morisane H, Iwanaga A, Hino N, Matsuoka A, Harada T, authors. Morningness-eveningness preference and mood in japanese junior high school students. Psychiatry Clin Neurosci. 2002;56:227–8. [PubMed]
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Steinhausen HC, Metzke CW, authors. Frequency and correlates of substance use among preadolescents and adolescents in a swiss epidemiological study. J Child Psychol Psychiatry. 1998;39:387–97. [PubMed]
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Rehm J, Mathers C, Popova S, Thavorncharoensap M, Teerawattananon Y, Patra J, authors. Global burden of disease and injury and economic cost attributable to alcohol use and alcohol-use disorders. Lancet. 2009;373:2223–33. [PubMed]
Albrecht U, author. Invited review: Regulation of mammalian circadian clock genes. J Appl Physiol. 2002;92:1348–55. [PubMed]
Yan J, Wang H, Liu Y, Shao C, authors. Analysis of gene regulatory networks in the mammalian circadian rhythm. PLoS Comput Biol. 2008;4:e1000193. [PubMed Central][PubMed]
Mendlewicz J, author. Disruption of the circadian timing systems: Molecular mechanisms in mood disorders. CNS Drugs. 2009;23 Suppl 2:15–26. [PubMed]
Artioli P, Lorenzi C, Pirovano A, Serretti A, Benedetti F, Catalano M, Smeraldi E, authors. How do genes exert their role? Period 3 gene variants and possible influences on mood disorder phenotypes. Eur Neuropsychopharmacol. 2007;17:587–94. [PubMed]
Partonen T, Treutlein J, Alpman A, et al., authors. Three circadian clock genes per2, arntl, and npas2 contribute to winter depression. Ann Med. 2007;39:229–38. [PubMed]
Takao T, Tachikawa H, Kawanishi Y, Mizukami K, Asada T, authors. Clock gene t3111c polymorphism is associated with japanese schizophrenics: A preliminary study. Eur Neuropsychopharmacol. 2007;17:273–6. [PubMed]
Pettinati HM, O'Brien CP, Dundon WD, authors. Current status of co-occurring mood and substance use disorders: A new therapeutic target. Am J Psychiatry. 2013;170:23–30. [PubMed]
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Monti JM, author. Serotonin control of sleep-wake behavior. Sleep Med Rev. 2011;15:269–81. [PubMed]
Lu BS, Zee PC, authors. Neurobiology of sleep. Clin Chest Med. 2010;31:309–18. [PubMed]
Martin SK, Eastman CI, authors. Sleep logs of young adults with self-selected sleep times predict the dim light melatonin onset. Chronobiol Int. 2002;19:695–707. [PubMed]
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text:
Reviewed by Sydney A. (age 8)
I think this is a good book because it teaches kids about a real thing. I learned how to recycle from it as well. I liked learning about how much garbage people make everyday. My favorite part was when they made a playground from an old landfill. The story reminds me of when my brother takes out the trash.
I recommend this book to children because they need to know how to recycle and where garbage goes. A teacher could also use this book in their classroom to teach their kids in a Science lesson.

subset: commoncrawl


text:
Community-wide, LGBT-friendly events are frequent, fun and diverse! Scroll through the events below by day or click on Featured to view a pared-down list of our favorite upcoming events.
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Muni and Driving Directions
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415-865-5522; email@example.com
Read press release & news
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text:
Bringing home the Bacon …
Thanks to Roots Television for the suggested Google Scholar search engine (give it a go at http://scholar.google.co.uk), I am finding more sources which reaffirm the link between Sir Robert Baldock and the BACON family.
Now if only I can find a link back to Sir Robert …. I am hoping that I may get some clues from the Norfolk FHS at WDYTYALive show at the end of the month!
You can leave a response, or trackback from your own site.


text:
Green Diamonds - The Very Highest Quality Diamonds
The first and only website which deals exclusively with the subject of Green diamonds.
Now Available
Natural or Enhanced?
Natural green diamonds are so rare that most jewellers have never seen one, and will never own one. In recent years, methods of producing intensely coloured diamonds, including fancy green, have been developed. We believe that the process probably recreates the conditions which existed millions of years ago to produce natural fancy coloured stones. The treatment can only work with a small minority of diamonds, and involves irradiating them causing the colour change, usually followed by heat treatment to stabilise the colour.
In our first twenty years of designing diamond rings, we had only owned 5 coloured diamonds, four of which were certificated as natural. Now that treated stones are available, we intend to make full use of their inherent beauty in our rings. Even enhanced (treated) green diamonds are not easy to find, so our stock selection will never be very extensive. Natural green diamonds remain so rare, that we don't bother trying to find any! Any comments we make about green diamonds will relate to treated ones unless the context clearly indicates otherwise.
How Expensive?
Quality for good quality, fancy green diamonds are more expensive than ordinary near-colourless ones. The processing adds to the costs, so it is generally only worth treating diamonds of high clarity. The diamonds selected for treatment usually start off a one of the less desirable colours such as brown or yellow. There is no certainty about the final colour that any particular stone will be after treatment.
What About Emeralds or Tourmaline?
Why bother to get so excited about green diamonds, when we could use emeralds, peridots or tourmalines instead? The very best emeralds are quite expensive, and they still do not have the sparkle that green diamonds possess. In addition emeralds are much less hard and durable than diamonds.
More Information
For more information about green diamonds, please follow the links at the top left of this page. We also have pages about cut, shape, clarity, & hue of green diamonds, and colour in general.
Pendants & Ear-Rings
We have also made a few pendants, but are yet to produce our first pair of green diamond ear-rings. Because of the variation in colours, and the small numbers of green diamonds we get to see, it is not easy to find matching pairs of green diamonds for ear-rings. Watch this space. Actually look out for new links near the top left of this page.


text: Just in case it is useful for other folks, here is what I ended up doing: it turned out that I needed a very specific tex package called hyperlatex to work on a specific project. There is hyperlatex for Windows, but I did not find the implementation to be particularly handy. So I fired up my virtualization software (Sun xVM) and installed hyperlatex in an Ubuntu VM. I shared the folder (using the special VM sharing functions) between the Ubutnu guest where I do all my editing and processing and the Vista host side where I manage the data using Tortoise SVN and print samples for proofing. Ta da! I could have done the whole thing in the Ubuntu guest, but I really like Tortoise SVN and access to the printers is easier from the Windows side. If it wasn't for hyperlatex, I would have just gone with WinEdt and MiKTeX as a great editor and processor combination. --------------------------------- Geoff Galitz Blankenheim NRW, Germany http://www.galitz.org/ http://german-way.com/blog/ -------------- next part -------------- An HTML attachment was scrubbed... URL: <http://www.beowulf.org/pipermail/beowulf/attachments/20090408/e9f7707d/attachment.html>


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ASHLEY HALL: Korea is one of Asia's most racially homogenous countries and its culture values ethnic purity.
But recent economic growth has attracted large numbers of migrants.
Jasmine Lee is the country's first non-ethnic Korean to be elected to the country's parliament. She says the government needs to do more to teach Koreans about accepting multiculturalism.
James Oaten reports from Seoul.
(Sound of Korean music)
JAMES OATEN: Justine Tiempo migrated to Korea 10 years ago for an arranged marriage.
It was a difficult time for the Filipino national, isolated in a new country because of a lack of language skills, and a Korean attitude hostile to foreigners.
JUSTINE TIEMPO: There are some person that are very welcoming, but sometimes I had the experience that they disregarded some foreigners before. Yes, I have those experiences that I was neglected, and I was disregarded because I am a foreigner.
JAMES OATEN: Since then, Korea's migrant population has more than doubled - to 1.5 million and that's creating problems for the government.
This is representative Jasmine Lee of the ruling Saenuri Party.
JASMINE LEE: The government is actually very unprepared for the fast rise of the immigrants in the country.
JAMES OATEN: In April the former Filipino TV star became the first non-Korean born member of parliament but her victory attracted an ugly backlash.
She's been the target of a racist online campaign questioning her right to live Korea.
By 2020, one-in-five families in Korea will be multicultural. To help cope with the influx, migrant community centres have been springing up in Seoul, to equip migrants with language and employment skills.
The government's also implementing educational and counselling services, as well as translation hotlines, but there's still a long way to go.
Last year, a government survey of 2,500 people showed only 36 per cent welcomed migrants.
Jasper Kim from Asia-Pacific Global Research explains.
JASPER KIM: We're seeing non-Koreans coming into South Korea, not just to visit but also to live on a permanent basis. This is fundamentally new. It's a paradigm shift for South Korea. It's a country that really values being a homogenous society and you'll see that when Koreans talk, they speak in terms of, well, this is our country. Woori Nara is the way the expression that's being used over and over again.
JAMES OATEN: It's this approach adopted by the hardline, conservative parties trying to stem rising immigration rates.
"I love Korea" is an amalgamation of six anti-migration groups, who claim to have more than 20,000 members.
Ryu Byung-Kyun is one of six leaders from the new political party.
RYU BYUNG-KYUN (translated): Crimes by foreign workers are serious. I'm not sure it's a matter of their low educational background in slums but they do not follow social norms easily and often have impulses towards criminal behaviour. These foreign workers do not try to adapt to Korean norms, customs and cultures even though Korea is spending a lot of money for their education and welfare.
JAMES OATEN: But representative Jasmine Lee says she's just the start of a modern, multicultural Korea.
JASMINE LEE: We cannot force them to be Koreans, we have to understand where they're coming from, and what they're thinking.
JAMES OATEN: She says a culturally-pure Korea will eventually become a thing of the past.
(Korean music)
ASHLEY HALL: That's James Oaten.
The full story...
Homogenous Korea yet to discover multiculturalism
James Oaten reported this story on Friday, November 23, 2012 12:30:00
ASHLEY HALL: Korea is one of Asia's most racially homogenous countries and its culture values ethnic purity.


text:
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text:
Number of New Earth Observation Satellites to Double
Defense and security requirements will continue to drive the commercial EO data market for the next decade, but the growing commercialization of the industry and the data needs of emerging EO nations and private enterprise will also fuel revenue growth in the sector, according to Euroconsult, an international research and consulting firm specialized in the satellite sector.
According to the company's new report, "Satellite-Based Earth Observation, Market Prospects to 2019," now in its 3rd edition, 230 EO satellites will be launched in the next decade for a manufacturing market value expected to reach $19.9 B from 2010-2019. This compares to only 107 satellites in the previous ten years. (These figures do not include 50 and 28 meteorology satellites, respectively.) At the same time, EO commercial data sales are expected to rise at a compound annual growth rate (CAGR) of 15 percent reaching $4 B annually by 2019.
"On a global scale, there is real demand ahead for EO satellite manufacturing, data and services," said Adam Keith, Director of Earth Observation at Euroconsult and primary author of the report. "Actors at each level of the value chain will need to adapt their business models to best leverage these opportunities, which could lead to interesting developments and integration in the future."
Emerging and in-development space programs will account for 75 satellites, a four-fold increase over the previous decade. A total of 41 nations are expected to have an EO satellite in operation by 2019, versus only 26 today. In addition to serving local needs, an EO satellite is also a relatively low-cost first step into a government space program.
In-development and emerging programs will account for 21 percent of the total $19.9 B EO satellite manufacturing revenues, according to Euroconsult. But because these same countries often lack an established satellite manufacturing infrastructure, the growth could translate into significant export opportunities for manufacturing host nations, either in the form of direct procurement or technology transfer. In addition, new manufacturers could emerge by taking advantage of technology transfer initiatives and training offered by leading satellite and equipment manufacturers.
Euroconsult also forecasts that optical data will dominate the $4 B data market throughout the decade, representing 79 percent of the overall sales, with radar capturing the balance. In addition to defense applications, demand for optical data will come from growing location-based services and natural-resources applications. Demand for high-resolution commercial radar is expected to remain predominantly government defense, with usage growing in sectors such as energy and engineering.
The report also indicates that as the demand for high-resolution data grows, competition will intensify among both pure commercial companies providing data and governments offering their own data on the commercial market. At the end of 2009, 24 high-resolution satellites offering commercial data (including from government operators) were in operation. This number is expected to more than double in the coming years with new satellites coming from a number of sources: existing commercial operators expanding their fleets, new commercial actors, and civil governments and dual-use programs commercializing data.


text:
Coach Tad Boyle certainly has some ideas and he has been trying to work on them with players individually and as a team in practice.
But the players have recognized it, too, and it led to a players-only 30-minute meeting Sunday.
Senior Sabatino Chen and junior Andre Roberson called the meeting a day after the Buffaloes fell to 1-3 in the Pac-12 Conference with a home loss to UCLA. Roberson described the meeting Monday as relaxed with no finger-pointing and everyone having an opportunity to speak. Roberson said he and Chen tried to encourage teammates to get back to what made last season's team so special.
One part of last year's team that this season's team can't replicate is former point guard Nate Tomlinson. Both Roberson and Boyle said after Monday's practice that the leadership quality Tomlinson brought to the program is missed.
"Nate was a special guy," Roberson said. "Every person is different. He carried special characteristics that helped this team out a lot. I feel like we don't have a guy like that this year. We've got to go about a different type of leadership."
Boyle said he knew at the outset this season that the program would miss Tomlinson. He hoped someone would eventually be able to fill his shoes and he continues to believe that can happen. He mentioned Roberson and Chen and other possibilities.
"Nate didn't care about scoring, he didn't care about shooting," Boyle said. "All Nate wanted to do was win. The thing about Nate is he had enough nastiness to him and competitiveness to him that he held his teammates accountable to what we wanted to get done. We miss Nate a lot."Boyle said one of the reasons there isn't a player on this season's team who can lead as effectively as Tomlinson is no one this season has performed consistently enough that teammates will listen to them. Roberson and Chen are close, but both are generally quiet by nature.
The Buffs hit the road this week looking to get back on track at Washington and Washington State. CU is 1-4 in true road games this season but 4-4 in games played away from home. They went 3-0 in the Charleston Classic in November.
Roberson said one of the Buffs' problems is a tendency to allow the way the game is being officiated to affect the way they play.
"It's called mental toughness and that's one thing we're trying to get right," Roberson said. "The Navy Seals did help us a little bit at the beginning of the season, but I feel like we're kind of losing it a little bit and we need to try to get it refreshed back in our memories."
Boyle is constantly emphasizing mental toughness in practice and he said right now it's the area his team is lacking. Colorado's coach said the Buffs are not playing at the level they are capable of consistently on the defensive end and they are being out-rebounded too often. He said those two areas of the game are the two phases his program emphasizes most.
"With all that being said, it's a fine, fine line as to why we are where we are," Boyle said. "It's not like our offense is broken or our defense is not good enough. We're not doing the little things consistently enough to win close games or to put ourselves in position where we're up six or eight points coming down the stretch."
Boyle reacts to
O'Neill firing
USC fired coach Kevin O'Neill on Monday. Boyle and the Buffs beat O'Neill last week at the Coors Events Center. It proved to be one of the final two games O'Neill spent leading the Trojans. He was in his fourth season.
"I'm obviously shocked and saddened and disappointed," Boyle said.
Follow Kyle on Twitter: @KyleRingo


text:
Sheriff: Increased 'Contract' Partnerships Expected to Increase Public Safety
King County Sheriff Sue Rahr told The B-Town Blog this week she thinks "public safety will improve as we form more partnerships" with cities that contract for law enforcement services.
Burien and SeaTac are two of 12 King County cities that contract with the sheriff's office. As Des Moines looks for a new police chief, some suggest that city, too, should contract for police services.
The Muckleshoot Indian Tribe, Sound Transit, Metro Transit, and the King County International Airport also contract with the sheriff's office..
Rahr, who has served as sheriff since 2005, will leave that post effective March 31 to become director of the Washington State Law Enforcement Training Commission. The training academy is in Burien.
She was elected sheriff following her appointment earlier that year after then-Sheriff Dave Reichert was elected to Congress, then recommended her for that job.
A major advantage for cities contracting for law enforcement services is that "partnerships provide better communication and better coordination" among police departments, Rahr said in a telephone interview.
They also underscore the economic realities that local governments increasingly deal with. "We're always trying to build our business," Rahr said of the sheriff's office. "New police contracts is one way.
"Selling parts of our services is another, for example our marine patrol or communications center. Like any business we want to diversify."
What this means financially for Burien and SeaTac is that as the number of cities contracting with the sheriff's office increases, "this will bring their costs down.
"It's the Costco model," she noted. "The larger our customer base, the lower the costs are for everyone."
These economies of scale are necessary for law enforcement because "I don't think this is a temporary financial problem. This is an economic reset at a lower level for government services.
"It will be a permanent reset and the sheriff's office is adjusting down to a lower level of financial resources. We are already changing our structure, our facilities configuration, and everything we do.
"We have to change the way we deliver service so we can maintain the quality of that service," Rahr continued.
But, she emphasized, "I don't believe in the famous saying 'do more with less.' We have to do it differently. The economy will drive the partnerships and the partnerships are good for public safety."
Asked specifically about crime in the Highline area, Rahr indicated these communities are not unlike the rest of King County.
"I think that we are seeing increased property crimes there, but that's a regional trend. It's not just Highline," she said.
"There are a lot of social factors that contribute to crime. The challenge is for law enforcement and social services to work together to get at the underlying causes of crime."
Rahr leaves the King County Sheriff's Office with mixed emotions.
"There is a sense of identity and camaraderie that you have as a cop. I'm going to miss that. It's a very powerful identity to have and a very powerful support group."
But the timing is right.
She has been in the sheriff's office for 32 years, "and I have identified a person" – Chief Deputy Steve Strachan – "that I'm 100 percent confident will keep the sheriff's office on track and take it to a new level."
Strachan now must be confirmed as interim sheriff by the King County Council, or they will name someone else.
"The opportunity at the police academy is a very rare opportunity," Rahr added. "I'm very passionate about police training and having the opportunity to do something about police training is very exciting to me."


text:
A friend of mine in the neighborhood recently started up this play school for any 2 and 3 year olds who wanted to participate. Right now there are 6 of us and we take turns each week hosting the kids at our house.
Before the kids arrived I had set up our craft in the dining room. Immediately Mina began working on it. I had to get a quick picture of how excited she was and then divert her attention elsewhere so she'd have something to do when everyone else was doing the craft.
I had taped off some shapes on cookie sheets so that when the kids arrived they could start to work on these shape puzzles. I have a set of magnetic geometric shapes that worked well for this project, but cut out foam shapes would work nicely as well.
I also had my 5 little pumpkins set in a bucket with some blocks for the kids to build and play with just in case the puzzles didn't interest them.
To make sure my bases were covered, I set out a little table set out with some Halloween books on it in case the first two activities failed. After the kids began to lose interest in the puzzles and blocks we read 4 of these books {Max's Halloween, The Very Best Pumpkin, Ladybug Girl Dresses Up, and The House That Jack Haunted} and then they crowded around each other to check out I Spy a Skeleton on their own.
For a craft I had drawn out some pumpkins on a piece of cardstock {although I would recommend something a little thicker} and dyed some pumpkin seeds for the children to glue on. I dyed the seeds the same way I dyed my rice. The kids really love squeezing their own glue.
I like how different everyone's art turned out - from the minimalist, to the perfectionist, to the kid who is never quite finished. The kids all wondered why I only had orange, green and brown - they wanted to do rainbow pumpkins. Wouldn't that have been fun? I shouldn't have been so conventional.
After the craft we had a snack - cheese cut in the shape of pumpkins {the extra pieces made it possible to create faces on the cheese}, crackers, and grapes.
Then we played Don't Eat Jack using m&m's. Click here to see how the game is played. One of the kid's names was Jack so he thought this was so fun - and he happened to be the first one to play. When it was someone else's turn, the kids decided that instead of saying "Don't eat Jack", they would use the person's real name in place of Jack. So clever they came up with that on their own. Everyone loved this game and especially loved having a few m&m's while playing the game.
Our last activity was pumpkin bowling. The kids set up a fence using the blocks and placed the 5 pumpkins on it. Then each child took a turn tossing a bean bag to see how many pumpkins they could knock down in one try. It was kind of a real life version of Angry Birds. They loved to rebuild the fence and place the pumpkins back on top.


text: On Tue, Dec 18, 2007 at 09:05:41PM -0500, Patrick Geoffray wrote: > No, it just means the NIC supports it. Well, then how about ethtool -S? That looks like an actual count of flow control events, so rx flow control events means the switch must support it in some fashion. > For RX hardware flow-control, you need enough buffer space to keep one > full frame plus the latency on the longest wire, for every port. It is a > bit more expensive to do with 10GigE, because you need faster memory and > more of it. Some recent 10GigE chips use a shared SRAM buffer that is > not big enough for the worst case with 9K packets: Well, we know it can be done perfectly, it's done in InfiniBand switches, and that other 10 gig non-ethernet switch, what's it called? Oh yeah, Myrinet. They do it, too. > Flow-control is not for everyone, and that's why it is often turned off > by default. When a sender is paused, it will stop sending anything, > including packets for different destinations. Dropping packets is > expensive to recover but it keeps things moving. Can Myrinet even disable flow control? Odd that Ethrernet is any different; dropping any packets is an utter disaster for TCP. -- greg


text:
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text:
Commodities trader Glencore is set to all but clinch its $30 billion takeover of Xstrata this week, despite a potential snub for the miner's board if, as expected, investors scrap a controversial pay plan for its managers.
Shareholders in both Glencore and Xstrata , the world's fourth-largest diversified miner, will vote in Switzerland on Tuesday.
Continue Reading Below
European competition regulators will decide by Thursday whether to give the green light to one of the sector's biggest ever acquisitions, or begin a longer probe.
After nine months of unexpected twists and wrangling between Xstrata and its top shareholders - not to mention years of on-off talks between the miner and trader - the deal is moving towards the finish line, a victory for Glencore's boss, top shareholder and the deal's chief cheerleader, Ivan Glasenberg.
The deal's prospects were boosted last week thanks to support offered by Xstrata's second-largest investor, Qatar, overcoming initial reticence over the terms of the deal.
Glencore, Xstrata's top shareholder, has separately offered up antitrust concessions, in the hope of securing an EU nod.
"There are hurdles, but they are not insurmountable. I would be very surprised if the deal didn't go through," analyst Chris La Femina at Jefferies said.
Shares in the two groups closed on Friday at a ratio of 2.95 - narrowing in on the ratio of 3.05 shares for every Xstrata share held being offered by Glencore in the all-share deal.
However, a decision by Qatar to abstain from voting on Xstrata's 140 million pound ($222 million) "golden handcuffs" plan to tie in key management has increased the chances that the proposal - which has ruffled investor feathers - will fail.
Qatar said retaining Xstrata's operational management was of "critical importance" - agreeing with the miner's board, which has emphasized the group's shift to a strategy led by organic growth.
But the Gulf state decided to abstain, given "the sensitivities concerning governance issues in the UK."
Its decision - a surprise to those who had expected Qatar to stand by its support of Xstrata managers - follows public comments by top institutional investors like Standard Life, which has already said it will vote down the pay plan, blasting a "rapacious management team and a weak board".
As Glencore does not vote, given that Qatar will abstain from voting its 12 percent and only half of the remaining investors need to vote against, investors representing just 27 percent of Xstrata's total shares in issue could block the pay plan.
"If (the pay deal) gets voted down wholeheartedly, it would be a big embarrassment," said a second analyst, who declined to be named.
One other hurdle Glencore hopes to overcome this week will be the European Union's antitrust authority, with a decision due by November 22.
Some investors had worried a decision to prolong the probe could scupper the deal, but that is now unlikely to be the case if a decision comes after Tuesday's shareholder vote.
Brussels authorities have concentrated on zinc, and demanded concessions last month. But Glencore, which spent seven months in talks with the EU in the hope of avoiding a long probe, has already offered up a sales agreement with zinc producer Nyrstar and a mid-sized zinc plant in Germany - Nordenham.
"Glencore agreeing to give up Nyrstar and sell Nordenham��� if that were the proposed remedy, it would likely be good enough. Under (the model which the Commission uses), transaction would not be anticompetitive," La Femina said.
The only major remaining hurdle Glencore faces is antitrust clearance by Chinese authorities, which do not work to fixed deadlines and might delay completion of the deal.
Analysts say the response from China, the world's largest consumer of key commodities, is harder to predict and might include behavioral remedies rather than simple asset sales.
(Reporting by Clara Ferreira-Marques and Anjuli Davies; Editing by David Cowell)


text:
Israel News - Stay Informed, Pray Informed
Israeli Prime Minister Benjamin Netanyahu on Wednesday conveyed Israel's condolences to the United States over this week's murders of four consular staff members at the American diplomatic mission in Benghazi, Libya, noting that no nation knows better than Israel what it is like to deal with such brutal acts of terror.
"The people of Israel grieve with the American people; we send our condolences to the families," said Netanyahu. "If there's any people in the world that understands what Americans are going through, what they went through in 9/11, it's the people of Israel, who've been standing at the forefront of the battle against terrorism, who've lost loved ones and who deeply, deeply sympathize with the people of America at this time."
The attack on the American consulate in Benghazi and a parallel assault on the US Embassy in neighboring Egypt were sparked by the distribution of a film produced in America that portrays Islam's Prophet Mohammed as a violent pedophile. The secretive producer of the film originally identified himself as an Israeli Jew, but has since been disputed.
When the US Embassy in Cairo issued a statement apologizing for the film, many Americans were angered, arguing that even if the content was offensive, America's freedom of speech guarantees citizens the right to voice their opinions. Others noted that the American apology played into the hypocritical hands of the rioters, who are part of a society that regularly produces music, TV shows and movies that denigrate the Jewish and Christian faiths.
The Obama Administration quickly distanced itself from the embassy statement, insisting that it had not been approved by the White House.
"The statement by Embassy Cairo was not cleared by Washington and does not reflect the views of the United States government," a US government official told the American online news website Politico.
Meanwhile, US Secretary of State Hillary Clinton put the Libya attack on a "small, savage" group of extremists, and the head of Libya's national assembly formally apologized for the American deaths on Libyan soil.
However, both the Libya and Egypt incidents have again raised concerns that last year's Arab Spring has been hijacked radical Islamists who have no intention whatsoever of implementing the kind of Western democracy and social freedoms that were promised.
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Timeless . . .
Diane Dupuis 2/13/2005 5:58:14 PMI love it David! #215200
Darla Cobus 2/13/2005 6:12:05 PMJust BEAUTIFUL!!! No apologies needed, Great work of your own!!! #1101452
Darla Cobus 2/13/2005 6:12:05 PMJust BEAUTIFUL!!! No apologies needed, Great work of your own!!! #1101453
Mellanie 2/13/2005 6:15:24 PMWhy, because you did it better than her? LOL! This is fantastic work, David! #1101459
Marsha S. Smith 2/13/2005 6:35:06 PMThis is absolutely beautiful. Great job, David. #1101503
Deb Brown 2/13/2005 6:48:21 PMI would say "move over Ann Geddes"! What a beautiful photograph! The coloring, lighting, and little tiny, oh-so-adorable subject, are all perfect! Great work, David! #1101531
Kristin M. Morales 2/13/2005 7:17:42 PMexcellent choice of colors...and the lighting is splendid...butterfly cute but not necessary. #1101593
Lisa Deaton 2/13/2005 7:27:15 PMBeautiful, Beautiful, Beautiful!!! Who cares where inspiration comes from. This a truely beuatiful photo and one that will be treasured for years to come. :) #1101607
Monika Sapek 2/13/2005 7:40:26 PMThe baby looks so sweet and comfortable in this warm lighting here. I really like this photo, David! It is one of my favorites of yours.
Mary J. Costa Pearson 2/13/2005 9:05:27 PMNo appology needed, your work is great all on your own! This is absolutely beautiful and precious! I LOVE IT!!! #1101737
Susana Ms Heide 2/13/2005 9:16:49 PMWOW! WOW! I can't stare enough at this image!! It is the most beautiful baby picture I have seen in a LONG time!!! AWESOME WORK, David!! #1101747
Kristy E. Lane 2/13/2005 9:44:03 PMWonderfully perfect. If you care to share your techniques on this one, I'm all ears! (or in this case, eyes! lol) #1101772
Mata Patan 2/14/2005 1:51:42 AMVery nice, it seems an image of Anne Hedges, do you know them? #1101899
Dolores Neilson 2/14/2005 5:01:10 AMYou know I think this is a precious capture, David! So delighted you decided to enter it here! I expect to see it at the end of the month!!
Kara L. Hendricks 2/14/2005 6:11:27 AMDavid, This is superb.... #1102448
Lynn Crawford 2/14/2005 8:47:13 PMThis is so beautiful David, the skin tone and the background go together so well, love the butterfly with the shadows of its' wings on the babies shoulder #1104312
S J 3/15/2005 9:33:07 PMMany Congratulations on this Beautiful and sweet Finalist, David!! #1178147
mark tasco 3/16/2005 8:06:53 AMDavid,
The merge of beginning of life and the resurection. This is timeless.
mark #1180424
Wong Chek Poh 3/16/2005 6:59:57 PMBeautiful, David. Like all said here, no apologies needed as long as it is your own work. We all learn from others. Just wonder how the little guy allow you to bend his/her hands, legs, turn the head and yet slept so soundly. :) We should see this in the next round. Congrats. #1182984
Lori L. Thomas 4/8/2005 8:11:36 AMDavid, Is the butterfly from a separate picture you took? If not, where did you get it? Also what kind of lighting did you use. #1238811
Apologies to Anne Geddes
Uploaded on 2/13/2005 5:48:25 PM
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DailyDirt: Bio-inspired Robots
from the urls-we-dig-up deptHumanoid robots are pretty cool, but robot designers are also looking at other kinds of animals that would make for useful robotic mechanisms. By mimicking nature, engineers might also learn how to make robots move more efficiently. Here are just some examples where biology inspired specific robotic designs.
- The robotics firm, Festo, created a robotic bird that seems to fly very naturally. This SmartBird can autonomously launch, fly and land... but it doesn't respond to breadcrumbs thrown on the ground. [url]
- The Festo AirJelly is a wacky-looking robot that looks like a jellyfish in the air. A solar-powered AirJelly that could stay aloft indefinitely would be really cool -- especially if it could also act as a wireless communications tower. [url]
- Mimicking certain crickets, robots from Australia shoot doughnut-shaped vortices of air at each other. The crickets use these puffs of air for silent, covert communications... don't know why robots wouldn't just use encrypted radio transmissions. [url]
- To discover more interesting robotics-related content, check out what's currently floating around the StumbleUpon universe. [url]
Filed Under: airjelly, biomimicry, robots, smartbird
Companies: festo


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Nalgene's classic 32 oz wide-mouth water bottle made in tough, translucent Tritan copolyester. The large opening on our wide-mouth bottles easily accommodates ice cubes, fits most water purifiers and filters, and makes hand-washing a breeze. The attached loop-top never gets lost and screws on and off easily. Printed graduations let you keep track of your hydration. Life and its many adventures can get complicated, so Nalgene design their bottles and containers to be simple, safe and hassle-free to maintain.
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Planet Fitness has extended hours at its corporate-owned clubs in New Hampshire to 24 hours a day, seven days a week.
The change, announced on Planet Fitness' Facebook page and Twitter account last week, affects 11 New Hampshire corporate clubs. The new hours also apply to two Planet Fitness corporate clubs in Massachusetts and two in Rhode Island. The 24-7 corporate clubs are staffed at all hours, says John Craig, director of brand development for Newington, NH-based Planet Fitness.
"Given the 24-7 business cycle and the growing numbers of folks who work second and third shifts, we think it will help a lot of our members," Craig says.
Most Planet Fitness franchise clubs are open around the clock weekdays until 9 p.m. Friday, Craig adds. On weekends, those clubs are open from 7 a.m. to 7 p.m.


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All Items : Books and Publications : Pre 1910 item #1147458
BigFootCat's Collectibles
This very Vintage book is available from our inventory. Published by The Penn Publishing Company, Copyright 1907, this hard covered text is in Very Good++ condition considering its age. The binding is tight; the pages are slightly browned (no foxing); the former owners name is neatly written directly inside the front cover; the spine & cover corners are lightly bumped; and there is a light pencil mark about 3" in length on the first fly leaf page...


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Last updated: November 04, 2010
NHGRI-Supported Research Earns High Impact Ranking
NHGRI-Supported Research Earns High Impact RankingScientific papers arising from biomedical research projects supported by the National Human Genome Research Institute (NHGRI) rank among the world's most influential, a recent independent analysis found.
The analysis, published in the January/February 2008 issue of Thomson Scientific's Science Watch, showed NHGRI to be the institution with the second highest "citation impact" in the rapidly expanding field of molecular biology and genetics research from 2002-2006. During the five-year period, papers with NHGRI authorship averaged 337.5 citations per paper, trailing only the University of California, Santa Cruz (UCSC) with 414.5.
The most-cited paper in the survey — a landmark 2002 publication in the journal Nature on the mouse genome — was referenced more than 1,700 times in other scientific publications. NHGRI, along with the Wellcome Trust in England, funded the effort to sequence and analyze the mouse genome.
In addition to its No. 2 institutional ranking, NHGRI helped to support a significant number of the individual researchers recognized by Thomson Scientific for their "high-impact" papers in molecular biology and genetics.
The researcher who captured the No. 1 individual ranking was Eric Lander, Ph.D., of the Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard in Cambridge, Mass. A principal investigator on NHGRI-funded grants, Dr. Lander authored 22 high-impact papers that garnered 9,710 citations over the five-year period.
Also listed among the top 10 molecular biology/genetics authors were four other principal investigators on NHGRI grants: W. James Kent, Ph.D., of UCSC; Mark J. Daly, Ph.D., of the Broad Institute and Massachusetts General Hospital in Boston; David Haussler, Ph.D., of UCSC; and David Altshuler, M.D., Ph.D., of the Broad Institute and Massachusetts General.
"These statistics are impressive. Congratulations to everyone involved in the research that made these papers possible," said NHGRI Director Francis S. Collins, M.D., Ph.D. "This affirms the transformative impact that large-scale projects and individual researchers supported by NHGRI are having on biomedical research around the globe. Still, much more remains to be done. We at NHGRI are working hard to catalyze the next generation of exciting advances."
In addition to the mouse genome paper, major papers related to NHGRI-supported genome sequencing projects published from 2002-2006 included: detailed analyses of the sequences of various human chromosomes; an analysis of the finished human genome sequence; and analyses of the genomes of rat, chicken, chimpanzee, dog, rhesus macaque, honey bee and sea urchin. Researchers from UCSC and Broad Institute played crucial roles in many of those analyses. Researchers within NHGRI's Division of Intramural Research made important contributions to the dog genome project, as well as published pioneering work comparing the genomes of multiple species of organisms.
Also, NHGRI was instrumental in the success of the International HapMap Project, which published the first version of its catalog of common human genetic variation in the journal Nature in October 2005. Among the scientific leaders of that project were researchers from Broad Institute and Massachusetts General Hospital.
NHGRI, which is part of the National Institutes of Health (NIH), conducts and supports a broad range of research aimed at exploring the structure and function of the human genome, and understanding its role in health and disease.


text: Product Details Features Dimensions: 8" inches Material: Sterling Silver Hypoallergenic JewelryMade to last a lifetimeClosure Type: Lobster Clasp Creation Method: Lab CreatedChain Type: Ball Chain The Fine Print This item is sold through the Groupon Store Silver Moon Jewelry, operated by Silver Moon Jewelry.The merchant is solely responsible to purchasers for the fulfillment, delivery, care, quality, and pricing information of the advertised goods and services.This product is new.Product eligible for free returns within 14 days.Offer is not eligible for promo codes, but is eligible for Groupon Bucks.Shipping and handling charges for the order will be Free.U.S. shipments only.Orders are typically delivered in 5-10 business days. Offer is not eligible for our promo codes or other discounts.


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Over an hours drive from the airport and thirty minutes from the busting city of Cochin, it is a respite to head towards Mattancherry. A towering gate across the bridge ushers you into the town of Fort Kochi, a popular tourist destination famous for its Chinese fishing nets and the only surviving Jew synagogue along with the many other churches and streets which lend themselves to the quaintness of this small town. Snaking 6 kilometers from the bridge past many residential streets a charming post invites you to this hometsays, home to Mr. Philip DâSouza and his wife Maryann. Having now retired from a busy life of parenthood they have recently opened up their comfortable house to guests.
Conveniently located just 500 meters from the beach the home is away from the touristy commotion yet close enough to walk to the popular destinations.
Newly constructed rooms on the first and second floor of the fifteen years old property are immaculately clean and comfortable, equipped with a TV, AC and Wi-Fi Internet. The five rooms including one suite have an earthy sense with dark brown furniture, numerous books and interesting artifacts. The common living area on the first floor has a bougainvillea clad balcony overlooking the rather peaceful street below. The couple often joins in for breakfast in this area to suggest tweaks in itinerary to have a wholesome experience of Fort Kochi. The cottage like suite on the second floor has a pleasant sunny white terrace apt for barbeques. The hosts have poured their creativity in this space with the traditional Kerala doorway and a door framework which inventively doubles up as a table. This room also houses an ancient bed belonging to their ancestral home.
Enthusiastic travelers themselves, Maryann and Philip are sensitive to various kinds of needs and display a fine balance between inclusion and intrusion in their hospitality. Maryann is known to painstakingly learn various recipes at a short notice, to present dishes which are conducive to the guestsâ palettes, though her âdosaâ and âsambharâ are highly recommended for a sumptuous breakfast. She is always eager to share and learn recipes if visitors are in the mood for some exchange of culinary skills. Even the household staff is extremely warm and helpful and emulates the hospitality extended by Philip and Maryann.
Ms Julie Highfield
Mar 2014
We had a lovely stay. We were in the cottage at the top of the property which offered us both space and privacy as well as the homely feel. Our hosts were very warm and welcoming and helped us make the most of our short stay here.
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Ms Nadja Mora
Dec 2013
Great stay in Fort Kochi I enjoyed my stay to the fullest and was more than satisfied. The hosts are wonderful. Will definitely recommend to others.
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Anirudha Chakrabarty
Bangalore, India
Apr 2014
The homestays location is good - within walking distance of all major tourist destinations. No lunch and dinner provided (off season). This made the stay a bit difficult as we had to hunt for food every night and also pay more (as eating outside is an expensive proposition) No laundry either.
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Robert Anderson
Perth, Australia
Jul 2014
Philip and Maryann were very good hosts, and were a pleasure to stay with. a minor point-it would have been good to have tea making facilities available in the dining room at any time.
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CheersBye © 2019


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Jolly Green Giant Combines Pasta And Veggies
Minneapolis-based General Mills, adds two pasta varieties to its Green Giant Valley Fresh Steamers frozen lineup, which uses steam-in-bag technology.
Valley Fresh Steamers Vegetables with Pasta are made with 100 percent natural ingredients and preparation time is less than seven minutes, making for a convenient, family-friendly meal. Made with creamy sauces and freshly steamed vegetables, these steam-in-the-bag sides help make serving dinner to your family a whole lot easier. There are no messy pans to clean up, making preparation super convenient for mom. Perhaps best of all, they add veggies to the family's favorite pasta dishes.
Each package contains 2 ¼ cups (244g) — one to two servings. Varieties include Macaroni and Cheese Sauce with Broccoli (classic elbow pasta and broccoli in a cheese sauce) and Pasta and Vegetables with Alfredo Sauce (corkscrew pasta with carrots and broccoli in an Alfredo sauce).
"The new Green Giant Valley Fresh Steamers Vegetables with Pasta help make vegetables, a necessary addition to every dinner plate, convenient and tasty," says Yumi Clevenger-Lee, marketing manager for Green Giant. "We were excited to implement feedback we received from our consumers. When we asked what they would like added to our delicious Valley Fresh Steamers frozen mixes, without hesitation they replied 'pasta.' "
Suggested retail price is $2.39.


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September 12th, 2013 at 10:33 am by Stacy Malkan
By Stacy Malkan
Today is a day to celebrate our power to move the market. Walmart's new chemicals initiative is a loud and clear signal to companies that people don't want to buy products made with toxic chemicals.
The world's largest retailer will now require companies to reduce or eliminate a priority list of hazardous chemicals from cosmetics, personal care products and cleaning products sold in its stores. They will also require full disclosure of product ingredients including some transparency on fragrance.
Walmart has not released the list of priority chemicals, but we can guess at two likely suspects from Proctor & Gamble's recent announcement that it is dropping phthalates and triclosan. (Whoever wants to leak that list, send it on over!) On the transparency front, the companies will decide how to disclose hidden ingredients, so we'll see how that goes. We'll be tracking.
For now, we can say: Let's celebrate! This is a huge victory for the millions of people who are demanding safer products. It's a significant step forward on a path so many of you have been traveling for years and even decades. From my perspective, having worked for more than 10 years on efforts to shift the beauty industry to safer chemicals, here are my votes for the three big takeaway lessons of Walmart's new chemicals policy.
1) Advocacy campaigns work: Today's announcement wouldn't have happened without the aggressive corporate campaigns and grassroots organizing efforts of nonprofit organizations such as the Campaign for Safe Cosmetics coalition, its founding groups Breast Cancer Fund, EWG, Clean Water Action, Women's Voices for the Earth, Commonweal and Friends of the Earth; and allies Black Women for Wellness, Cancer Schmancer, Teens Turning Green, WEACT for Environmental Justice, Coming Clean, Story of Stuff and so many others. These groups are crucial to our democracy and our future — please support them!
This also would not have happened without every one of you, millions of you who are making conscious choices at the store, contacting companies, starting companies, selling better products, educating your communities, standing up for what's right. This is an unstoppable movement to protect our families, move the market to saner and safer practices, and change the world.
2) Now we have to double down: The stakes are high, and keep getting higher. New science, emerging constantly, is making very clear that our health and our children's health is inextricably tied to the health of the environment around us. Just this week, the Breast Cancer Fund released a report of the scientific literature on bisphenol A (BPA), showing that the chemical found in most canned foods on our supermarket shelves can disrupt fetal development and set the stage for later-life diseases, including breast cancer.
We know too much now to keep doing things the way we've been doing them. We know that babies are born with hundreds of toxic chemicals inside their umbilical cord blood. We know it's time to clean this mess up. And we know how to win.
The world's largest corporations are listening, and its time for our voices to get stronger and louder. We have the power to move the market. Let's keep using it.
3) And take the long view: Walmart's new policy will force the largest cosmetics corporations (some kicking and screaming, no doubt) down the path to safer chemicals and transparency — and it's a long road ahead. The 10 chemicals Walmart is prioritizing are just the tip of the iceberg. As we know from the many reports by Campaign for Safe Cosmetics and EWG's Skin Deep database, dozens of toxic chemicals are commonly found in body-care products of all kinds, as well as the products all around us in our homes. Check out the Hazardous Hundred Chemicals developed by Safer Chemicals Healthy Families for a good start to the "do not buy" and "do not use" list.
Dealing with chemicals is a huge challenge for corporations. As Walmart pointed out, there are 80, 000 chemicals in consumable products today. And we're just beginning to understand the health effects of a portion of them. As companies move away from hazardous chemicals, they need to make sure they are not jumping from the frying pan into the fire with unknown or worse chemicals. The work of Clean Production Action, particularly the GreenScreen for Safer Chemicals, are essential tools for companies that want to take a comprehensive approach to sustainable chemicals management — and there is no other way to do it.
I'm proud to have worked with all these fine nonprofit groups, and with the tens of thousands of you in the Safe Cosmetics network. I'm excited and hopeful that we have turned a corner with corporate relations (thanks EDF for all your fine work with Walmart!) and that there is a sincere effort to build bridges between industry and the advocacy community that have too often been at odds. We have more in common than we have differences and there is too much at stake — all of us want a healthy future where kids are safe from toxic chemicals and babies are born in the healthiest possible conditions.
As one of our Safe Cosmetics champions, rock star Kristi Marsh, put it after seeing the Walmart announcement on our list serve today: "This is breath taking. The potential of this statement to vendors, to businesses, to consumers is the evidence of the momentum gaining power. It's not over, but I have full faith that green will now decidedly be the new mainstream with continued pushing. Deep gratitude for every single passionate person on this list."
Deep gratitude back at you, to all of you. I'm excited to see what's next.
Stacy Malkan is a co-founder of the Campaign for Safe Cosmetics and author of the award-winning book, "Not Just a Pretty Face: The Ugly Side of the Beauty Industry."


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Definition of iamb
n. - An iambus or iambic. 2
The word "iamb" uses 4 letters: A B I M.
Direct anagrams of iamb:
Words formed by adding one letter before or after iamb (in bold), or to abim in any order:
h - bimah i - iambi l - limba r - mbira s - bimas iambs t - ambit
Shorter words found within iamb:
ab ai aim am ami ba bam bi ma mi mib
List shorter words within iamb, sorted by length
Words formed from any letters in iamb, plus an optional blank or existing letter
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All words formed from iamb by changing one letter
Other words with the same letter pairs: ia am mb
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Some random words: fag aorist trabeate wich ruana oeillade epact
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Mt. Eaton Care Center Inc. Fund
Purpose: To support the Mt. Eaton Care Center in Mt. Eaton, Ohio. (Agency Fund)« All Current Funds
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