text:
Serviços Personalizados
Links relacionados
- Citado por Google
- Similares em Google
HTS Theological Studies
versão On-line ISSN 2072-8050
versão impressa ISSN 0259-9422
Herv. teol. stud. vol.68 no.1 Pretoria Jan. 2012
Dealing with bioethical dilemmas: a survey and analysis of responses from ministers in the reformed churches in South Africa
Magdalena (Leentie) C. de Lange
Faculty of Theology, North-West University, Potchefstroom Campus, South Africa
Recent technological advancements in Bioethics have been rapid and incremental, leaving little time for Christian ethicists to reflect or develop a coherent methodological approach. To assess the situation in the Reformed Churches in South Africa (RCSA), a bioethical questionnaire was developed and administered during the synod in 2009. Three practical questions served as point of departure, viz. which bioethical issues confronted ministers in their work environment, which value judgement trends are evident when counselling members of their congregations and what theoretical frameworks or resources do they call upon when reflecting on these difficult situations? The survey consisted of 19 questions with several sub-questions that sought demographic information to determine the population and information about bioethical issues confronting them, methodological strategies they apply and how they think they can contribute to the resolution of any such bioethical dilemmas. The results were tabulated and it was concluded that recent advancements in biotechnology cannot be ignored or dealt with in a piecemeal fashion any longer, either by the RCSA or its ministers. The need for clarity and analysis of the principles underlying those theories that guide or should guide their decision-making and pastoral care in dealing with bioethical dilemmas was emphasised. The findings highlighted the need for appropriate courses in Bioethics to be taught during initial theological training, as well as the need to keep the debate alive by offering workshops, seminars and short courses for practicing ministers to enhance awareness and allay fears and uncertainties in this very dynamic and morally challenging field of human and scientific endeavour.
New and sometimes revolutionary and controversial developments in the biomedical sciences, reproductive technologies, medical genetics and biotechnology in the Life Sciences have occurred rapidly in recent times. This has resulted in ethical problems being 'downloaded' on the public in unprecedented ways, creating a situation in which 'technology outpaces morality' (Cole-Turner 2006:929; De Roubaix 2002:9). The impact of issues such as abortion, stem cell research, in vitro fertilisation, surrogate motherhood, life-support systems, dialyses, organ transplants, reproductive techniques, modern contraceptives, prenatal testing and environmental problems has been that these are no longer only perceived to be 'somewhere-out-there', but have become part of the life and conversation of everyday society. More specifically, these technological advancements in the field of Bioethics have been so rapid and incremental that it has left little time for Christian ethicists to reflect upon or to develop a coherent methodological approach (Gushee 2003:1; Gustafson 1983).
Ministers in the active church ministry are increasingly involved in providing spiritual and moral guidance relating to this new knowledge and technologies. This has brought about additional challenges for Christian traditions when trying to give answers to new questions, new options, new choices and radically challenging the metaphysical and religious approach to fundamental questions such as, amongst others, the status of the embryo:
The new technologies also allow us to prolong lives that would otherwise quickly perish. They make us question the value of human life when the quality of life is faltering. They confront us with the questions of whether some unborn lives ought to be cut short because they might not be worth living. Our new technologies raise questions about the value of the human life both in the early and in its later stages. (Sutton 2008:2)
Through technological development in all these different spheres, such questions have become both more prevalent and significant for ministers as well. Already in 1981, pastoral counsellor John C. Fletcher believed that the opportunities the clergy have in using information related to all these challenging questions were indeed plentiful (Fletcher 1981:22; cf. also Mertens, Hendrix & Gordon 1986:45). Many years later, Hanford (2006:178, 181) still challenges American clergy to interpret the Gospel along with Bioethics in order to be competent in dealing with decision-making. This consultation process not only builds on biblical principles, but is also a 'complex form of human interaction, of interpretation, of balance between values and identity of parents, families, professional institutions, and culture' (Thomasma 2001:46).
As part of a doctoral study in Ethics in the Faculty of Theology at the Potchefstroom Campus of North-West University (NWU) on the interdisciplinary relation between Bioethics, Theology, Philosophy and the Life Sciences (De Lange 2009), the author surveyed ministers in the Reformed Churches in South Africa (RCSA) in order to determine what actually happens in their practices in the area of bioethical counselling.1 On the basis of data collected in various literature surveys, there is no evidence in the South African context that such a study has been conducted before. It has been pointed out that in the American context, the clergy were not properly prepared to deal with this new knowledge and technological advancements. In another recent publication concerning the child sex abuse scandal and crisis in the Catholic Church, Keenan (2005:117) comes to the conclusion that the Church needs to develop programmes that instruct pastors on the multitudinous ethical issues that are part of everyday ecclesial life.
For the purpose of this research project, Bioethics was defined broadly to include ethical questions not only related to medical aspects, but also to agricultural and environmental problems - in other words, our relationship with created reality. In the past, Bioethics was narrowly linked to traditional medical ethics; broadening its definition results in the integration of reflections on new developments in biotechnology which, as Schotsmans (2009:1) argues, 'go beyond narrowly curative concerns.'
Against the background of this contextual framework, the purpose of this part of the study was twofold, namely, (1) to conduct a comprehensive literature review on bioethical issues that arise in relation to data analysis and (2) to develop a survey, the 'Bioethics questionnaire'2 , with which to assess bioethical issues that arise during counselling sessions between ministers and congregation members.
Formulating this more pointedly, three practical questions serve as a point of departure, viz.:
Which bioethical dilemmas do ministers in the RCSA encounter in their work environment and how often are they confronted with these dilemmas?
Which value judgements do they make when reflecting on bioethical dilemmas?
Which theoretical and/or theological sources or resources do they call upon and how do they reflect on these difficult situations when counselling members of their congregation on bioethical dilemmas?
The hypothesis is that those who have studied at the Theological Seminary of Potchefstroom, and other affiliated divinity schools (past and present), have not had the type of bioethical training (i.e. how to deal with aspects such as reasoning, insights, norms, cultural needs, demands of confidentiality, the principle of subsidiary, the just treatment of those who come for guidance, decision-making strategies, etc.) that they require to deal adequately with these issues in ecclesiastical life. The study aims to prove that the RCSA needs to provide this training through the development of programmes that not only instruct ministers, but empowers them with both theological and ethical principles as well as concrete knowledge of the multitudinous ethical issues that are part of everyday ecclesial life and which will become even more prevalent during the course of the 21st century.
It is important to motivate my reasons for employing an empirical research strategy as it is not always a popular choice within the bioethical research community. The initial antagonism towards empirical research in Bioethics stems not only from the worry that empirical approaches waiver on the fact or value distinction, but also the normative mandate that still maintains the field. This antagonism is only beginning to subside (Borry, Schotman & Dierickx 2005; Goldenberg 2005). In an earlier article, Borry et al. (2004) argue for the positive role empirical research can play in bioethical reflection and decision-making (cf. Thomasma 1985:313). Borry et al. (2004:50) indicate that empirical research can contribute to every step in ethical reflection, viz. describing the moral question, in assessing the moral question and in evaluating the decision-making process. It is important to take into consideration that 'empirical data as such cannot generate normativity or determine what is good or evil, right or wrong' (Borry et al. 2004:51). Therefore, as a secondary aim, the article will show that the value of this empirical study lies primarily in testing the insights and findings of other researchers against praxis, which, in turn, can then generate new knowledge, collect valuable data on bioethical problems that ministers are confronted with in their pastoral roles (cf. McMinn & Runner 2004), test theoretical frameworks and provide answers to difficult bioethical problems.
The study involved several phases:
A comprehensive literature review was conducted to identify areas of interest in order to construct the questionnaire. This automated search, using keywords or combinations of keywords such as 'bioethics, statistics and ethics, ministers/clergy and bioethics, empirical research, questionnaire, etc.', identified a substantial amount of articles primarily covered in journals and textbooks which addressed, in some manner, key areas of Bioethics related to the research question and data analysis.
A preliminary questionnaire was developed, entitled the 'Bioethics Questionnaire'.
This questionnaire was then assessed, both qualitatively and quantitatively.
A pilot test was conducted. A pilot study is useful in identifying weak and strong points of the instrument, the effectiveness of the research questions, and to bring changes on where necessary (Breakwell 2003:242-243; Burns & Grove 1997:52; Holloway 1997:121; Rosnow & Rosenthal 1996:110-112, 206-207).
The questionnaire was then administered during the RSCA synod in June 2009.
The gathered data were analysed.
Conclusions were drawn from the statistical results obtained.
The questionnaire was constructed in line with the findings of the comprehensive literature survey, the theoretical framework for the research project and the research aims. The questionnaire items were developed to include responses to demography (Neuman 1994:293), general information on bioethical issues, and responses in relation to epistemological and theoretical frameworks in bioethical decision-making. A closed form format for certain questions was used to facilitate attentive and committed participation for the purpose of quantification and analysis of responses, as closed form questions meaningfully ascertain the frequency and degree of the phenomenon under investigation (De Vos et al. 2005:174).
Clear distinctions were made between empirical questions (i.e. 'What is the case?'), descriptive questions ('How many? How often?'), meta-analytical questions ('What is the state of the art regarding x? What are the key debates in domain x? What are the leading positions or paradigms?'), theoretical questions ('What are the most plausible theories for model x? What are the most widely accepted models, definitions or theories of x? Which are the most convincing explanations of x? What do competing theories say about x?'), and philosophical/normative questions ('What is the ideal profile of x? What is meant by x, etc?') (Babbie & Mouton 2001:76-77, [author's own emphasis]).
As the synod of the RCSA included both speakers of Afrikaans and other languages, the questionnaire was compiled in two national languages, viz. Afrikaans and English. Participants could complete the questionnaire according to their language preference. The accompanying letter explained the context of the research, assured the participants of the confidentiality of their responses and clearly stated that anonymous participation gives the researcher permission to report the data in a publication.
The survey consisted of 19 questions with several sub-questions that sought not only demographic information, but also information on bioethical issues with which the respondents are confronted and methodological strategies they apply. One open-ended question was included in an attempt to establish what the respondents think they can contribute to the resolution of bioethical dilemmas. They then had a choice to indicate whether they were available for interviews if necessary.
The data reported in this article are based on a study-population of 100 ministers ordained in the RCSA. During this time, there were 295 practicing ministers in the RCSA (Gereformeerde Kerke in Suid-Afrika 2009:10-15). As no woman may currently be ordained in the RCSA, the population consisted only of men from several ethnic groups and language preferences in South Africa (Table 1).
The congregations in which the respondents work were identified to lie within the following demographic areas: towns and rural areas (50%), cities (43%), deep rural areas (6%). This demographic profile could provide an indication of the nature and frequency of bioethical dilemmas with which these ministers are confronted.
The respondents have served an average of 21 years (ranging from 1 to 39 years) in the ministry. PhD degrees are held by 18% of the respondents, whilst 33% hold Masters degrees and a total of 45% hold post-secondary education such as Bachelors and Honours degrees. These data provide a profile of a population of professional ministers who are well educated and established in their ministering careers.
When asked about the ethics-related training they have received, 65% indicated that they learned to perform bioethics consultation independently, without any formal training or direct supervision. Twenty-two percent of the respondents indicated that they have received no training whatsoever, or that they did a general Ethics course in their training. Reading books and journals was the most popular way (49%) to continue their education about bioethical issues and update their knowledge in the last two years. Consulting the Internet (23%), attending conferences (5%), attending workshops (7%) and Church-related education (22%) were also reported. Thirty-one percent of the respondents indicated that they have not done anything to improve their knowledge on bioethical dilemmas. Only 6% of the respondents are involved in ethics committees.
It seems that there is lack of interest in asking ministers to be involved in discussions of a bioethical nature, as 36% of them indicated that they are not asked to take part in any discussions. Eighteen percent of the respondents identified a lack of knowledge about how to get involved in these discussions. The fact that 61% indicated no awareness of any formalisation of a position statement from the RCSA on bioethical issues created by application of biotechnological advances is significant.
Only 21% indicated that they have been asked by congregation members to assist them in making decisions about bioethical issues. Reasons for this low figure can differ over a wide spectrum of answers and needs to be investigated further. Developers of curricula must take into consideration the fact that only 54% of minsters indicated that their training prepared them to understand the nature of the crises shared with them in hospital rooms, long-term care facilities and during consultations.
Ethical considerations
The problems associated with questionnaire-based research and the ethical validity thereof is dealt with in an article by Asai, Nakayama and Naito (2003). It underlines the importance of a true understanding of research ethics in emphasising ethical sensibility to promote the appropriate use of questionnaire research, and provides a useful profile on criteria for ethical validity standards. It is also important that research ethics are integrated into the research process in order to guarantee the research integrity of the project (Lategan 2008:116-117; cf. Lategan 2007:235-237). Experimental protocol was honoured in that permission and consultation to carry out the investigation was obtained from the Ethics Committee (Faculty of Theology, NWU, Potchefstroom Campus).
Survey questionnaire development3
In order to ensure the effective compilation of the various sections of questionnaire items, principles of questionnaire construction were adhered to (De Vos et al. 2005:170-175; Orr 1992:86-89; Thietart 2001:174-175). A draft questionnaire was compiled based on the following:
A study of practical guidelines posited by numerous writers with regard to the compilation of questionnaires (Creswell 2003:153-171; Creswell & Plano Clark 2007:123-125; De Vos et al. 2005:160-163; Fox, Myers & Pearlman 2007:14; Grosser 1999:129-135; Guba & Lincoln 1989:6-11; Kumar 2005:115-142; Neuman 1997:142; Sudman & Bradburn 1983; Taylor 1996; Wang, Katz & Howard 2007).
A literature survey on the main topic of the study, with particular reference to the epistemological and theological-ethical background against which ministers could guide congregation members in ethical decision-making and ethical issues relevant to the ministry (Cross 1977; Fry 2005; Grundstein-Amado 1991; Hanford 2006; Human & Müller 2009; McMillan 1986; Seitz et al. 2004; Simmonds 1994).
The questionnaire and protocol for data collection were refined based on feedback from the survey respondents in a pilot test. The final instrument contained five sections dealing with 19 primary questions with sub-questions and one potential follow-up question. Most of the questions offered a choice between responses which could be marked by the respondent. Answers to the open-ended question will be indicated by categorising the most common responses.
The following factors were also taken into consideration:
Expert advice and elimination of procedural bias: To identify potentially unclear instructions and statements, quality assessment included the review and comments of the following experts: my two promoters, staff from Statistical Consultation Service (NWU, Potchefstroom Campus), two bioethicists (one at the University of Stellenbosch and one in private practice), one retired ethicist, one Afrikaans-speaking and one Sesotho-speaking professor in the Faculty of Theology at Potchefstroom who are still active in congregational work, and one expert in questionnaire development - all with a view to refining it.
Key guidelines during this phase were clarity, the avoidance of double-barrelled questions, ambiguity, the use of words with equivalent meanings in the Afrikaans and English statements, etcetera.
Validation and reliability: The validity and reliability of the questionnaire is increased by designing it in accordance with the standards and support of the scientific community. Following the work of Creswell and Plano Clark (2007:244), De Vos et al. (2005:167) and Neuman (1997:142), this was determined by a pilot test in which eight people took part.
The qualitative assessment included the review and comments not only of bioethics experts and statisticians; the evaluation involved their comments about wording, obvious content validity, as well as clarity. Quantitative assessment involved responses from 10 selected ministers (Afrikaans and English) - not only in the RSCA, but also of clergy of different denominations (ministers of the Dutch Reformed Church, the Reformed Church, and one Catholic priest). This assessment included understanding reading level, responsiveness of the formatting, font size, sequence of the questions and questions that may be confusing to the respondent (Sugerman & Sulmassy 2001:201-202). Final clearance was also obtained by an accredited translator.
Data collection
The questionnaire was handed out at the synod meeting of the RCSA in June 2009 in Potchefstroom and some were posted. Collection took place at Potchefstroom and those who chose to submit their questionnaires at a later stage were provided with self-addressed envelopes, after which the questionnaires were returned by mail.
Statistical analysis4
Statistical analysis is a dynamic discipline that provides methods that can be of great help to solve problems in divergent contexts. Survey research also plays an important role to gain insight into the preferred goal orientation and focus of the research topic (cf. Steyn et al. 2000).
Data from the questionnaire were statistically converted by using the SAS statistical computer package (SAS Institute Inc. 2003). Descriptive statistics were used in the analysis phase of the project. This entails the ordering and summarising of data by means of tables and graphic representation (of the data) and the calculation of descriptive measures of inherent tendencies. The characteristics of the observed data are highlighted particularly well by this procedure.
Section A of the questionnaire dealt with demographic information, as reported in Table 1 and the 'Population' subsection above.
Questionnaire Section B
Section B dealt with ethical issues with which ministers were confronted with during the last five years (Tables 2, 3 and 4).
Questionnaire Section C
In Section C of the questionnaire, I tried to come to an understanding of the ministers' value-judgement tendencies by simply asking them to respond either 'yes' or 'no' to a list of questions and statements (Table 5).
Questionnaire Section D
In Section D, the ministers were asked to reflect on the view of pastoral moral leadership by indicating if they 'disagree strongly', 'disagree somewhat', 'agree somewhat' or 'strongly agree' with the statements provided (Table 6).
Questionnaire Section E
This section was included in an attempt to establish the theoretical basis on which ministers build their decision-making arguments. Table 7 indicates the preferred theoretical basis that was deduced from responses to several statements which clearly indicate the theoretical preference of each respondent. Some of the types of statements to which they should have indicated a 'yes' or a 'no' are:
All moral rules must be in accordance with the teachings of the Bible.
All moral rules must be in accordance with the will of God.
Questions such as 'What is good?' and 'What has to be done?' should be asked first.
The consequences of my moral actions are the most important factor.
Human conduct is determined by those socio-moral rules that can pass the test of utility (usefulness).
Moral goodness is determined by calculation on the basis of what benefits the greater number of persons.
Ultimate good is the greatest happiness for the greatest number of people.
In dealing with bioethical issues, the focus must be on character traits, personal commitments and community traditions.
In dealing with bioethical issues, the focus must be on the conditions humans need to excel and flourish.
In dealing with bioethical issues, listen to your inner 'instinct'.
The importance of the different disciplines in contributing to the formation of a metaphysical background to the ministers' ethical theory is indicated in Table 8.
Questionnaire Section F
In this section, each minister was asked to indicate what he thinks he can contribute to the resolution of bioethical dilemmas. This open-ended question has been analysed by categorising the data using categories that are generated, at least in part, inductively (i.e. derived directly from the data) (Jacoby & Siminoff 2008:40). A total of 73 ministers responded to the open-ended question.
Study of Scriptures
The majority of respondents indicated that they must rely on the Scriptures and sound exegesis for guidelines and principles in dealing with bioethical dilemmas. The need to remain answerable to God for actions and choices is a prominent motif in many responses. This corresponds with the 95% of respondents who indicated the importance of Scripture in practicing pastoral care.
There is an outspoken desire that, to stay abreast of new bioethical developments, ministers would attend workshops, courses and seminars presented by specialists in various related disciplines (i.e. medical, legal, bioethical and theological). One respondent suggested that guidance is required especially for ministers who specialise in Bioethics.
Personal research
Developing a sound personal knowledge base and taking cognisance of recent developments also featured strongly in the open-ended responses.
Pastoral guidance
Offering Bible studies, leading discussion groups, presenting sermons and counselling congregants during personal visits on discerning God's guidelines in Scripture will empower congregants to deal with these issues against the background of God's providential plan. Knowing and listening to congregants' problems and concerns in these areas would also help them to make decisions according to the will of God, thereby adhering to biblical and ethical principles.
Societal involvement
Respondents also expressed the importance of knowing the context of the Church in society and, consequently, to serve both the Church and broader communities by becoming involved in discussions with professionals dealing in the field, as well as by making a contribution to ethics committees.
Other issues
A number of other issues were also raised by some respondents including, (1) ministers should teach congregants to be answerable to God for all activities and choices, (2) there is a need for a stronger interaction between various disciplines (cf. Table 8) and (3) specialised support should be available for ministers who may require advice on dealing with bioethical dilemmas in their congregations.
Discussion and conclusion
The present study set out to examine three questions by means of a survey amongst ministers serving within the Reformed Churches in South Africa. The first question concerned assessing the bioethical dilemmas ministers encounter in their work environment and to determine how often they are confronted with these dilemmas. The data demonstrated that the respondents are confronted by a vast number of bioethical issues in the congregations they serve (cf. Tables 2, 3 and 4). When considering the distribution and frequency of the various issues indicated in the questionnaire, it confirms the need to assume a more holistic approach towards bioethics than is presently the case. It also indicates the need for ministers to be well equipped to deal with these dilemmas in a proper way.
When considering which value judgements they make when reflecting on bioethical dilemmas and pastoral moral leadership (cf. Tables 5 and 6), a very interesting phenomenon occurs. Although indicating a significant reliance on Scripture in the open-ended6 question (Section F), the need for other forms of knowledge, viz. technology, scientific research, medical facts and an engagement with other professionals in the field of Bioethics is strongly emphasised. A high percentage of respondents indicated that it is not viable for individuals to take responsibility for making decisions and this coincides with the need for ministers to become more involved in pastoral guidance, as indicated in the open-ended question. The RCSA must take note of the fact that almost 80% of the respondents indicate that the Church does not contribute significantly to guidance about bioethical issues.
The third question deals with the theoretical and/or theological sources or resources ministers call upon and their reflection on these difficult situations when counselling members of their congregation on bioethical dilemmas (cf. Tables 7, 8 and 9). Interestingly, almost all of the respondents indicate a deontological theoretical basis for ethical reflection. Another interesting aspect of the data presented in Table 8 is that only 52% responded to Theology as a discipline involved in bioethical reflection. A possible explanation for this phenomenon could be that they do not regard Theology as a socially relevant discipline, but rather one that only has relevance for the domain of spirituality. Note, however, that this does not correspond with the results of Question 15 in Table 6, in which Christian Theology is considered to be the fundamental framework for ethical discussion. Further research is therefore necessary to assess this discrepancy.
The author is of the opinion that a lack of moral consensus often stems from not understanding ethical paradigms and not having the knowledge of ethical theories which form the basis of ethical decision-making. This view is also underpinned by Van der Merwe (2002:17-19) when he argues that 'knowledge of ethical theories is a great help in identifying one's own ethical identity and in understanding people with apposing ethical views'. Taking into consideration the fact that the data reflect the eagerness of a large number of ministers to learn more about bioethical issues, it is clear that they are of opinion that additional and different educational experiences7 would have prepared them more adequately for providing moral leadership with regard to bioethical issues; they understand the need for the interdisciplinary nature of Bioethics in order to provide pastoral care.
This research project has underlined the need for the integration of empirical research in bioethical reflection and decision-making. This will provide better and more workable solutions for the practical reality of the interdisciplinary nature of rational bioethical problem-solving. The emphasis is thus on a form of integrated empirical ethics (cf. Molewijk et al. 2004), where ethical theories and empirical data are integrated in order to arrive at a normative conclusion with respect to specific bioethical practices.
It can be concluded that recent advancements in biotechnology cannot be ignored or dealt with in a piecemeal and impressionistic fashion, either by the RCSA or its ministers, for much longer. In order to deal with this problem, they must look for clarity and analyse the principles and underlying theories that guide, or should guide, their decision-making and pastoral care in these situations. The findings highlight the need not only for appropriate courses in Bioethics during ministers' initial theological training, but also the need to keep the debate alive by offering workshops, seminars and short courses for practicing ministers in order to enhance awareness and allay fears and uncertainties in this very dynamic and morally challenging field of human and scientific endeavour.
The author would like to thank her promoter, Prof. J.M. (Koos) Vorster and co-promoter, Prof. H.J.M (Hans) van Deventer for useful comments during different stages of this research project.
Competing interests
The author declares the she has no financial or personal relationship(s) which may have inappropriately influenced her in writing this article.
Akhtar, M.N., 2002, 'Ethics in public health', American Journal of Public Health 92, 1056. http://dx.doi.org/10.2105/AJPH.92.7.1056, PMCid:3222277 [ Links ]
Asai, A., Nakayama, T. & Naito, M., 2003, 'Ethics in questionnaire-based research', Eubios Journal of Asian and International Bioethics 13, 147-151. [ Links ]
Babbie, E.A. & Mouton, J., 2001, The practice of social research, Oxford University Press, Oxford. [ Links ]
Borry, P., Schotsmans, P. & Dierickx, K., 2004, 'What is the role of empirical research in bioethical reflection and decision-making? An ethical analysis', Medicine, Health Care and Philosophy 7(1), 41-53. http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/B:MHEP.0000021844.57115.9d [ Links ]
Borry, P., Schotsman, P. & Dierickx, K., 2005, 'The birth of the empirical turn in Bioethics', Bioethics 19(1), 49-71. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-8519.2005.00424.x, PMid:15812972 [ Links ]
Bosk, C.L., 1999, 'Professional ethicist available: Logical, secular, friendly', Daedalus 128, 47-68. [ Links ]
Breakwell, G.M., 2003, 'Interviewing', in G.M. Breakwell, S. Hammond & C. Fife-Schaw (eds.), Research methods in psychology, pp. 239-250, SAGE publications, London. [ Links ]
Burns, N. & Grove, S.K., 1997, The practice of nursing research: Conduct, critique and utilisation, WB Saunders, Philadelphia, PA. [ Links ]
Cole-Turner, R., 2006, 'Biotechnology and the religion-science discussion', in P. Clayton & Z. Simpson (eds.), The Oxford handbook of religion and science, pp. 929-944, Oxford University Press, Oxford. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199279272.003.0055 [ Links ]
Coughlin, M.D. & Watts, J., 1993, 'A descriptive study of healthcare ethics consultants in Canada: Results of a national survey', HEC Forum: An Interdisciplinary Journal on Hospitals' Ethical and Legal Issues 5(3), 144-164. [ Links ]
Creswell, J.W., 2003, Research design: Qualitative, quantitative, and mixed method approaches, SAGE publications, London. [ Links ]
Creswell, J.W. & Plano Clark, V.L., 2007, Designing and conducting mixed method research, SAGE publications, Thousand Oaks, CA. [ Links ]
Cross, W.O., 1977, 'Toward a context for the ethics of abortion', Anglican Theological Review 59(2), 212-220. [ Links ]
De Roubaix, J.A.M., 2002, ''n Postmoderne uitdaging aan die "paradigmale biomediese etiek model" met verwysing na kompleksiteits-teorie', MA verhandeling, Departement Filosofie, Stellenbosch Universiteit. [ Links ]
De Lange, M.C., 2009, 'Exploring interdisciplinarity: A theoretical consideration of Bioethics at the interface between Theology, Philosophy and Life Sciences', The Journal of Transdisciplinarity Research in Southern Africa 5(2), 191-216. [ Links ]
De Vos, A.S., Strydom, H., Fouche, C.B. & Delport, C.S.L., 2005, Research at grass roots: For the social sciences and human service professions, 3rd edn., Van Schaik, Pretoria. [ Links ]
Field, A., 2005, Discovering statistics using SPSS, 2nd edn., SAGE publications, London. [ Links ]
Fletcher, J.C., 1981, 'Clergy involvement: Relating practice to principle', in C. Baumiller (ed.), Genetic decision making and pastoral care, pp. 38F, 38K-38L, 38P, March of Dimes Birth Defects Foundation, New York, NY. [ Links ]
Fox, E., Myers, S. & Pearlman, R.A., 2007, 'Ethics consultation in United States hospitals: A national survey', The American Journal of Bioethics 7(2), 13-25. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/15265160701193575, PMid:17366182 [ Links ]
Fry, H.L., 2005, 'The application of virtue ethics to the practice of counselling', PhD thesis, Department of Psychology, The Ohio State University. [ Links ]
Gereformeerde Kerke in Suid-Afrika, 2009, Die Almanak van die Gereformeerde Kerke in Suid Afrika vir die jaar 2009, Die Almanak, jg. 136, GKSA, Administratiewe Buro, Potchefstroom. [ Links ]
Goldenberg, M.J., 2005, 'Evidence-based ethics? On evidence-based practice and the "empirical turn" from normative bioethics', BMC Medical Ethics 6(11), viewed 30 July 2009, from http://www.biomedcentral.com/1472-6939/6/11 [ Links ]
Grosser, M.M., 1999, 'Die rol van koöperatiewe leer in die ondersteuning van 'n denkontwikkelingsbenadering', PhD-verhandeling, Department Opvoedkunde, Vista Universiteit. [ Links ]
Grundstein-Amado, R., 1991, 'An integrative model of clinical-ethical decision-making', Theoretical Medicine 12, 157-170. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00489796, PMid:1896954 [ Links ]
Guba, E.G. & Lincoln, Y.S., 1989, Fourth generation evaluation, SAGE publication, Newbury Park. [ Links ]
Gushee, D.P., 2003, 'Ethical method in Christian bioethics: Mapping the terrain', viewed 22 January 2008, from http//www.conscincelaws.org/Examining-ConcienceEthical/Ethical41.html [ Links ]
Gustafson, J.M., 1983, Ethics from a Theocentric perspective: Theology and Ethics, vol. 1, University of Chicago Press, Chicago, IL. [ Links ]
Hanford, J., 2006, 'The pastor and Bioethics', Pastoral Psychology 55, 175-182. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11089-006-0044-z [ Links ]
Holloway, I., 1997, Basic concepts for qualitative research, Blackwell, Oxford. [ Links ]
Human, H. & Müller, J.C., 2009, 'Doing the job well: Looking at the role of ethics and ethical dilemmas in the work of pastoral counsellors', Practical Theology in South Africa 24(2), 161-179. [ Links ]
Jacoby, L. & Siminoff, L.A., 2008, Empirical methods for Bioethics: A primer, Elsevier, Amsterdam. [ Links ]
Keenan, J.F., 2005, 'Notes on moral Theology: Ethics and the crisis in the church', Theological Studies 66, 117-136. [ Links ]
Kumar, R., 2005, Research methodology: A step-by-step guide for beginners, 2nd edn., SAGE Publications, London. [ Links ]
Lategan, L.O.K., 2007, 'Etiek in navorsing: 'n Voorgestelde raamwerk vir waardegedrewe navorsing', Tydskrif vir Christelike Wetenskap 43(3/4), 235-251. [ Links ]
Lategan, L.O.K., 2008, 'Identifying critical indicators to deal with research integrity', Journal of Christian Scholarship 44(1/2), 103-120. [ Links ]
McMillan, R.C., 1986, 'Bioethical decision-making: Where the buck stops', Perspectives in Religious Studies 13(2), 125-136. [ Links ]
McMinn, M.R. & Runner, S.J., 2004, 'Why should Christian counsellors care about ethics research?', Christian Counselling Today 12(4), 56-59. [ Links ]
Mertens, T.R., Hendrix, J.R. & Gordon, L.M., 1986, 'Indiana clergy: A survey of their human genetics/bioethics educational needs', The Journal of Pastoral Care 40(1), 43-55. PMid:11645584 [ Links ]
Molewijk, B., Stiggelbout, A.M., Otten, W., Dupuis, H.M. & Kievit, J., 2004, 'Scientific contribution. Empirical data and moral theory. A plea for integrated empirical ethics', Medicine, Health Care and Philosophy 7(1), 55-69. http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/B:MHEP.0000021848.75590.b0 [ Links ]
Neuman, W.L., 1994, Social research methods: Qualitative and quantitative approaches, 5th edn., Allyn&Bacon, Boston, MA. [ Links ]
Neuman, W.L., 1997, Social research methods: Qualitative and quantitative approaches, Allyn & Bacon, Boston, MA. [ Links ]
Orr, B.J., 1992, 'A comparative study in normative ethics: Perceptual differences of educators, physicians, and ethicists concerning life and death issues', PhD thesis, Department of Education, The University of Tennessee. [ Links ]
Rosnow, R.L. & Rosenthal, R., 1996, Beginning behavioural research: A conceptual primer, Prentice-Hall, Upper Saddle River, NJ. [ Links ]
SAS Institute Inc., 2003, The SAS System for Windows, computer software, Release 9.1 TS Level 1M3, SAS Institute Inc., Cary, NC. [ Links ]
Schotsmans, P.T., 2009, 'Christian Bioethics in Europe: In defence against reductionist influences from the United States', Christian Bioethics 0, 1-14. [ Links ]
Seitz, M.J., Perkins, I., Marcin, R.B. & Hogan, C., 2004, 'The role of the priest in bioethical decision-making', The National Catholic Bioethics Quarterly Winter, 681-689. PMid:15658025 [ Links ]
Simmonds, A.L., 1994, 'The Chaplains role in bioethical decision-making', Healthcare Management Forum 7(4), 5-10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0840-4704(10)61072-1 [ Links ]
Steyn, A.G.W., Smit, C.F., Du Toit, S.H.C. & Strasheim, C., 2000, 'Statistiek, 'n middel tot 'n doel', Moderne statistiek vir die praktyk, pp. 1-5, Van Schaik, Pretoria. [ Links ]
Sudman, S. & Bradburn, N.M., 1983, Asking questions, Jossey-Bass, London. [ Links ]
Sugarman, J. & Sulmasy, D.P. (eds.), 2001, Methods in medical ethics, Georgetown University Press, Washington DC. [ Links ]
Sutton, A., 2008, Christian Bioethics: A guide for the perplexed, T&T Clark, London. [ Links ]
Taylor, G., 1996, Student's writing guide for the arts and social sciences, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge. [ Links ]
Thietart, R.A., 2001, Doing management research: A comprehensive guide, SAGE publications, London. [ Links ]
Thomasma, D.C., 1985, 'Empirical methodology in medical ethics', Journal of the American Geriatrics Society 5, 313-314. [ Links ]
Thomasma, D.C., 2001, 'Ethic consultation rules: A comment on George J. Agich', The American Journal of Bioethics 1(4), 46-47. http://dx.doi.org/10.1162/152651601317139405, PMid:11954638 [ Links ]
Tulsky, J.A. & Fox, E., 1996, 'Evaluation ethics consultation: Framing the questions', Journal of Clinical Ethics 7, 109-115. PMid:8889885 [ Links ]
Van Der Merwe, J.C., 2002, 'Making ethics work', in L. Lategan & P. Le Roux (eds.), Business Ethics, pp. 16-23, Teskor, Bloemfontein. [ Links ]
Wang, K.H., Katz, R.V. & Howard, D., 2007, 'Bioethical issues in biostatistical consulting: Development of a survey', Psychological Reports 100(1), 191-194. http://dx.doi.org/10.2466/pr0.100.1.191-194, PMid:17451024 [ Links ]
Zussman, R., 2000, 'The contributions of sociology to medical ethics', Hastings Centre Reports 30, 7-11. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/3527988, PMid:10742940 [ Links ]
Correspondence to:
Andries van Aarde
Postal address: University of Pretoria, Faculty of Theology
Private Bag X20, Lynnwood Road
Hatfield 0083, Pretoria, South Africa
Email: firstname.lastname@example.com
Received: 01 June 2010
Accepted: 21 Aug. 2010
Published: 08 Feb. 2012
© 2012. The Authors. Licensee: AOSIS OpenJournals. This work is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution License.
Note: Shortly after completing this article, Dr Leentie de Lange passed away after a long and courageous battle with cancer lasting fourteen and a half years.
1. The focus falls on the RCSA because the author lectured in the Faculty of Theology associated with this specific denomination.
2. The questionnaire was to be published in the final version of the thesis.
3. Mrs Wilma Breytenbach from the Statistical Consultation Services (NWU, Potchefstroom Campus) served as statistical advisor in the construction of the questionnaire.
4. Prof. Faans Steyn from the Statistical Consultation Service (NWU, Potchefstroom campus) assisted in analysing and interpreting the data.
5. Please note that missing frequencies are not reported in the results (Field 2005:53-54). Statistical significant differences are dealt with in the discussion.
6. Advantage was taken with the open-ended question in order to not only evaluate bioethical assumptions, but also to be able to inform meta-theoretical practices, how to use theoretical knowledge and how to evaluate bioethics-related processes in the ministry (cf. Jacoby & Siminoff 2008:41-42).
7. In a recent study on the experiences and needs of pastoral counsellors and ministers (Human & Müller 2009), the need for in-depth practical training at university and the value of turning to literature regarding all ethical dilemmas was emphasised, amongst others.


text: 2013 Baseball bats games Selecting the best baseball bat could be a quite puzzling method.Baseball bats sale store Right now by using the many several choices such as metal baseball bats, bbcor baseball bats,demarini baseball bats in addition to technologies being offered just what appears like a good easy method practicallylouisville baseball bats can certainly benete any challenging undertaking. By usingeaston baseball bats several essential understanding and a minor investigation also,metal baseball bats acquiring the correct bat is usually an easy in addition to gratifying practical knowledge. We allcheap baseball bats get produced a" bat acquiring guide" to assist you obtain the bat which fits the needs you have.http://www.baseballbatssale.net/

subset: commoncrawl


text:
As I said here, I like to plan. Not only getting out the things I need for the next day, but also planning what I do each day, and when.
I have a diary, the old-fashioned paper kind you keep in your handbag - I'm a pen and paper kind of girl ;-) I do use the calendar function on my phone - as it helpfully reminds me of things each day, but for making appointments, I use a paper diary.
I also plan each day out, a week at a time, roughly, to make sure everything I need to do gets done (work/volunteering/chores/appointments/exercise) and for this I use a piece of scrap A4 paper, torn in half. I prefer to re-use the blank side of already used paper for this, as it just gets recycled at the end of the week. I've always done this by hand, dividing the page into seven sections, with an extra section for 'next week' (forward planning!) and 'supermarket'. Doing this helps me see if I have too much going on on any particular day and gives me the chance to jiggle things around a bit.
I have found online the most fantastic free printables which incorporate all sorts of different categories, such as keeping hydrated, from Life's a Journal. Or one that includes your children's activities, too, here, from Mommy Tracked. I love the illustrations on this planner, from Arian Armstrong - far too cute to hide away! Jana Laurene's weekly planner includes space for weekly and monthly goals, too. There's a nice simple one here, from About.com, with lots of space for freestyle planning!
I'm going to try some of these out (printed onto the blank side of an already used piece of paper, of course) - if you don't plan your day/week, give it a go, it's amazing how much you can achieve!
Happy planning!


text:
We are delighted to launch our Gong Bath events in a beautiful new location. The Gong Bath will take place in a stunning modern pavilion with large glass windows and amazing views of the Surrey countryside, birds and animals. It feels like you are outside even though you are indoors!
Our sound experience is designed to help release stress built up over a busy week. We have received some wonderful feedback about our events, many of our members are now attending on a weekly basis.
Sound therapy is a unique type of experience. We all have busy lives, rushing from here to there, generally feeling there is never enough time to do everything. The intention behind our sessions is to give you a welcome break from feeling this way. Our sound experience is designed to give you a truly deep sense of relaxation. We hope you will feel as we do, and experience a beautiful tranquil feeling. Guests at our events report feeling much calmer after the sound experience.
During our sound experience sessions, we use different instruments, such as rattles, crystal bowls, Tibetan singing bowls, drums, gongs and others. We use a variety to help maximize the effects and also make the events more interesting and exciting for you! We aim to build a safe, comfortable yet magical atmosphere, and hope to offer you a friendly and inspirational place to relax or simply enjoy the power and beauty of sound!
Each session is unique, variety adds another dimension, and as any musicians will know, playing instruments intuitively can often produce surprising and rewarding results.
Please find below the general outline for each event.
We will start with 5min drumming and rattling, which is believed to help relieve stress and get deeper into relaxation. We will then follow with a short 5 minute guided meditation, which will be accompanied by a crystal bowl. Please, be aware that doors will be locked at this point. We will then transition into the Earth Gong, which creates a wonderfully uplifting feeling.
The session ends with questions and comments; you can also speak with Gary and Olga about the instruments used and feel the sound vibrations directly. The gong and drum create very low-frequency sound waves, something the bodies sense of touch can feel, these are also the sound waves that offer profound relaxation and can work in a similar way to massage on the body.
Our sound sessions dedicated to relaxation and de-stress – for deeper relaxation, we recommend combining our yoga classes with follow-up gong baths. You can find more information about our yoga classes in our Meetup group The Alchemy of Sound, or on our website holistichealingtherapy.co.uk.
Please, note that £1 from each ticket will be donated to Surrey Wildlife Trust http://www.surreywildlifetrust.org/ and http://www.wildlifeaid.org.uk/ (for more information see our website holistichealingtherapy.co.uk)
Concessions (students, pensioners, benefit recipients): please, contact us for more information. We will ask for evidence of eligibility.
We provide yoga mats, blankets, pillows, and eye masks. We advise you to bring a bottle of water.
We advise you to eat light before the event and drink plenty of water before and after the event. Water can help facilitate the detox process. We also encourage you to wear loose fitting clothes for your comfort.
We kindly ask anyone attending the event to read our TERMS AND CONDITIONS. Please, be aware that by clicking "RSVP YES" and paying for your ticket, as well as coming to the event and paying there, you confirm you have read and agreed to our TERMS AND CONDITIONS.
Minors: Please, be aware our sound events are aimed at adults due to the profound nature of sound therapy. We ask that 16 and 17 years olds are accompanied by adults (guardians or parents), and we will need a written consent letter from their parent/guardian. We can not admit anyone younger than 16 years old (sorry!).
Medical conditions/prescribed medications/pregnancy: We advise those in the first trimester of pregnancy to abstain from our events. If you are pregnant, please, inform us before the event. If you have any medical conditions, are on a prescribed medication, are pregnant, or have any concerns, please, see your GP and inform him/her about attending our sound therapy sessions, this will allow your GP to give appropriate advice. If you currently experience or have a history of serious health issues (including mental health issues, operations, medical procedures, seizures, implants, special needs), please, inform us before the event.
If you have any questions, please, contact us by filling in the Contact Form on the Contact us page on our website: www.holistichealingtherapy.co.uk (http://www.holistichealingtherapy.co.uk/)
We hope to see you at our event!
Gary and Olga
Holistic Healing Therapy


text:
International Internship Placements
There are a number of international internship placements available to API participants.
For a summary of potential options, see the list below:
Accounting and Finance
Advertising, Communications and Journalism
Architecture, Landscape, and Planning
Arts and Design
Business, Entrepreneurship, and Management
Hospitality, Recreation, and Tourism
Psychology and Social Science
Science, Technology, Engineering and Math
Veterinary Science and Zoology
And More!
Didn't see your area of interest listed? Don't fret! Just contact us and let us know what you are looking for and we can let you know what the options might be.
301 Camp Craft Road
301 Camp Craft Road


text:
A team's view of a player almost always is revealed by what the team will pay him. The Packers will pay Julius Peppers a maximum of $30 million over three years.
That's what Peppers' agent, Carl Carey, told Josina Anderson of ESPN. But the devil always resides in details disseminated by agents before the official numbers are reported.
"Maximum" means there are escalators and/or incentives and/or per-game roster bonuses that require Peppers to achieve certain goals in order to get the money. Without knowing the goals, it's impossible to know whether he'll come close to the $10 million annual average.
Carey also tells Anderson that $7.5 million is guaranteed. As usual, the amount fully guaranteed at signing (versus the money guaranteed for injury only at signing) isn't disclosed by the agent.
For 2014, Peppers will receive $8.5 million total. Based on the manner in which guys like Ross Tucker and Shaun King have assessed for Pro Football Talk on NBCSN the tape of Peppers' recent performances, that's probably a pretty good deal.
At a time when it's tempting to compare the Peppers signing to the 1992 acquisition of Reggie White or the 2006 signing of Charles Woodson, the nostalgia comes more from the size of the name and the rarity of the transaction than from the actual impact the player will make on the field.


text:
Practice Philosophy
At Chattahoochee Pediatrics, we strive to provide:
Competent, compassionate and prompt care in a parent and child friendly environment
Short waiting time. Same day appointments for sick children
Traditional medical care with a holistic approach
Guidance for health promotion and disease prevention
Continuity of care: You will be able to see the same pediatrician for most visits
We care about the overall well being of your child. Our emphasis is on preventing health problems and promoting good health.
Parenting is one of the most rewarding jobs. We want to partner with you in assuring optimal health for your child.
Breastfeeding Consultations
We offer breastfeeding consultation as part of your baby's ongoing care. Dr. Kute has over ten years of personal and professional experience in helping moms and babies breastfeed. She can help the nursing mom and baby with many of the common issues that arise during breastfeeding such as:
- Low milk supply or oversupply
- Working and breastfeeding
- Engorgement and pain
- Poor latch
- Breastfeeding multiples


text:
Understanding What A Webmaster Does It is accustomed for some humans to ask if they absolutely charge the casework of a webmaster. You accept to appoint one of you wish to accept a being that knows aggregate about your website. In adjustment to advance your site, you accept to charge the advice of a webmaster. They are the ones that add new content, artefact updates, new events, page animations and abundant more. That is why it is actual accessible to accept a webmaster around. They will as be able to advice you with added abstruse services. If these casework are not provided carefully, again it will amount any business buyer a huge sum of money. If there is an online application, a webmaster, can handle that. If you will accept a abiding accord with a webmaster again as a business man will account from it. Website aliment is one of the capital action of a webmaster. In adjustment to addition the sites value, it is actual important for a webmaster to amend its business pictures, pricing, and added data. There are abounding affairs languages that a webmaster knows. Javascript, PHP, ASP and abundant added are just some of the programming languages. Web architecture and ,maintenance are actual accustomed with these webmasters. Added responsibilities of a webmaster is to yield a attending at the marketing, advertising, and e-commerce of a site. The sites aeronautics are aswell set up by these webmasters.
What Do You Know About Resources
Your baronial in seek engines should be on top and it is actual important for you to accept a webmaster to accomplish this task. The casework of your website should expand, and a webmaster will accomplish abiding of that. Your website will accept added ethics because of these upgrades.
What Do You Know About Resources
If your website is not agreeable visitors, again it is not accomplishing its job. A webmaster will accomplish abiding that there will be abundant cartage to your website. They will do assertive techniques in adjustment to accomplish this and one of that is SEO. This is one way of key internet marketing. The the breeze of money in your aggregation will access because of these things. That is why a webmaster pikestaff actual valuable. If you wish an investment that is account it, again you should appoint a webmaster. In adjustment for your aggregation to accomplish its goals, again you should accomplice with a web,master. This is actual important in authoritative your aggregation actual competitive. Choosing the appropriate webmaster is actual important for your business. I adjustment to accomplish success, you got to accept a acceptable webmaster. It is acute that you will not get abecedarian webmaster. In adjustment to get a acceptable searching website, abstain amateurs. You accept to be actual analytical about how your website looks as this will be the face of your company. It should attract humans to analysis your articles or casework out.


text:
Locum Dentist to join our well-established practice in Sutton-in-Ashfield.
What we do matters. Our customers trust us with one of their most important assets, their smile. Patient care is our passion and we believe everyone deserves a happy and healthy smile, which is why we thrive on having the very best people in the industry working with us to ensure we all keep on smiling.
Here at Oasis Dental Care (now part of Bupa) our people are at the heart of everything we do, because we care. We have created environments where people can look forward to coming to work, feel empowered and benefit from working collaboratively with brilliant & talented experts.
As a Locum Dentist you'll be benefiting from a supportive practice team and a well-managed appointment book, allowing you to really make the most of your time. With competitive rates of pay on offer, what's not to love?
This exciting opportunity also offers:
- Up to 5 days per week, available immediately until 31/03/17
- Excellent rate of pay
The Practice: Established with 6 surgeries, modern working environment, fully computerised, SOE Software, OPG, digital x-ray. Experienced longstanding associates, supported by a team of qualified professional support staff including two dedicated Dental Therapists. Providides a mix of NHS & Private, including Practice Plan and Oasis Basics.
Oasis Sutton-in-Ashfieldis established in a historic old school building, with six modern surgeries. Our existing clinical team is able to offer orthodontics and periodontics in addition to general dentistry. We have onsite parking and excellent links to the M1 for Nottingham and the A38 to Derby.
Why join Oasis? Here's a selection of the fantastic incentives we have to offer:
- Excellent working facilities and the latest equipment
- Highest standards of clinical governance & expert support
Further locum or associate opportunities available at over 420 Oasis and Bupa Dental UK practices


text:
19.66 Lakh* To 36.27 Lakh*
3250 /sq.ft To 3250 /sq.ft
605 To 1116
Area in SQ. FT.
Ongoing Projects
Residential Apartments
Possession by On Request
1,1.5,2,2.5 BHKmore
3250 /sq.ft To 3250 /sq.ft
Area in SQ. FT.
Residential Apartments
Possession by On Request
1,1.5,2,2.5 BHKmore
4300 /sq.ft To 4300 /sq.ft
Area in SQ. FT.
Residential Apartments
Possession by Ready To Move
3 BHKmore
5985 / To 5985 /
Area in
Residential Apartments
Possession by Ready To Move
2,3 BHKmore
or the city of joy is the capital of West Bengal and the most charming place which is loved by everyone in the country. Real estate in Kolkata is truly an end user driven market. In spite of an economic slowdown or sluggishly moving real estate sector, the end users in the city are on an aggressive quest to look for their perfect home. It has a multitude of housing options available varying from affordable flats to palatial villas. Property rates in Kolkata are comparatively much lower which is complimented by ample availability of land parcels, infrastructural growth and development initiatives taken by the government and all these factors together make it a hot investment destination.
The residential properties in Kolkata have a lot of growth potential as the rates are substantially lower and promise huge returns in future. Many top class real estate developers like Shapoorji Pallonji and Tata Housing have announced their upcoming projects in Kolkata as the place is a good investment option both for affordable and luxury housing. They are ready to invest in land parcels or build homes in areas even beyond the boundaries of the city.
It is the only metro city which has the cheapest and easy availability of transport facilities from any area within the city to its suburbs. This excellent transportation and communication network has resulted in an improved infrastructural development and economic growth paving the way for good real estate development for all classes of people. Many good residential options have mushroomed in the outskirts or in the areas which are no way close to the city center. Localities like Baruipur (South), Chandpur Champahati (extreme East), BT Road (North) and Howrah (West) due to their affordable property prices and flawless commuting network have seen a lot of demand for flats in Kolkata.
Property in Kolkata is witnessing an increasing demand probably from NRI buyers or from people who are residents in neighboring cities and want to make an investment here. If the products mix namely the location, facilities, design and amenities of a project are perfect then there shall be a great demand in the housing segment. For all those who are moving to this place or have moved recently and are planning to buy property in Kolkata, the best places to live in the city are mentioned below:
This region has a horde of residential options available in different locations. Apart from residential complexes, there are many standalone residential buildings also available here. The main areas in North Kolkata are Sovabazar, Shyambazar, Sealdah, Belgachiya, C R Avenue, Khanna, Moulali, Kankurgachi, Phoolbagan, etc. Demand in these areas is quite high as compared to their supply. Communication network is also good. Other localities like Teghoria, Lake Town, Nager Bazar, Kaikhali, Dum Dum, Baguiati, also have a high demand with several residential options available by some good real estate developers.
It is a much preferred region for property investment as the demand in this area is always high. Localities namely Dhakuria, Ballygunge, Prince Anwar Shah Road, Rashbehari, etc. are quite expensive areas with a price range of Rs. 7,000/- to 13,000 per sq. ft. Other localities preferred are Jadavpur, Kasba and Santoshpur with a price range of Rs. 4,600/- to 5,200/- per sq. ft.
There is another newly developed area popularly known as East Kolkata Township which has localities like Anandapur, Mukundapur and Kalikapur. This area is well linked to E M Bypass and enjoys good communication network.
Since the city is spreading in four directions, the other areas that are considered best to live in are:
Areas like Dunlop, Bonhooghly, Sodepur and Kamarhati are well connected to the B T Road as well as to the metro rail network. These areas are easily accessible via the railways and have several civic utilities like good schools coming up here. Property investment here is very beneficial and the price varies from Rs. 3,600/- to 4,500/- per sq. ft.
New Town and Rajarhat are the satellite cities of Kolkata. These areas have several factors that go in their favor as good real estate destinations. New Town, developed by HIDCO, is a very well planned city that has a major locational advantage. Many top commercial and financial organizations are setting up their base in this area with many IT/ITES companies already present here. The area enjoys good connectivity to prime locales of the city via major arterial road and the Netaji Subhash Chandra International Airport also lies in close proximity.
Rajarhat is a fully developed locality having a wide array of options in residential complexes. While New Town has a prominence of premium properties with exclusive price tag, Rajarhat is known for its affordable housing segment with reasonable property prices. However, the easy approachability to all the facilities and comforts of New Town complimented by ample availability of affordable properties makes Rajarhat a popular destination. This area has seen keen interest from many top notch national and international real estate developers like DLF, Tata Housing, Unitech, Shapoorji Pallonji and many more.
Sonarpur and Garia are other attractive real estate destinations which enjoy good rail connectivity. Garia has shown a remarkable development in the last few years with several reputed schools, hospitals, shopping complexes coming up. The property prices in these areas vary from Rs. 2,600/- to 4,200/- per sq. ft.
This is a newly developed and future living stretch of Kolkata which has several options in residential apartments and several projects under construction. Many township projects are also coming up in this locality as it enjoys good communication facilities and offers hassle-free commuting via Tollygunge metro. The price range varies from Rs. 2,700/- to 4,600/- per sq. ft.
Thus, for all those who want to make a real estate investment and that too preferably in a metro, Kolkata is the right place to invest. The city due to its lower property prices, better infrastructural facilities and steady flow of opportunities is a much sought after investment option.


text:
MICRA is an organization of 28 state natural resource departments organized in 1991 as a partnership to improve management of interjurisdictional fish and other aquatic resources in the Mississippi River Basin. The Mississippi River Basin is the fourth largest watershed in the world, and the largest watershed in the nation, draining all or part of 31 states and 2 Canadian provinces. The watershed measures approximately 1.2 million square miles, and covers 41% of the continental United States. The Mississippi River and its tributaries comprise one of the largest and most valuable ecosystems in the world.
The MICRA states have identified more than 90 interjurisdictional rivers within the Mississippi River Basin. Interjurisdictional fisheries and other aquatic resources of the Mississippi River Basin are cooperatively managed by regional partnerships developed around multiple sub-basins. These partnerships work together through MICRA to achieve cooperative management of aquatic resources throughout the Mississippi River Basin.
MICRA's Mission
MICRA's Mission is to improve the conservation, management, development and utilization of interjurisdictional fishery resources (both recreational and commercial) in the Mississippi River Basin through improved coordination and communication among the responsible management entities.
By using our website you are consenting to our use of cookies in accordance with our privacy policy.


text:
Steven Tyler and Joe Perry inducted into Hollywood Bowl Hall of Fame
Lake Sunapee's Steven Tyler hung out with Stevie Wonder (above) at the Hollywood Bowl Opening Night Gala in Los Angeles on Saturday night. Tyler and his Aerosmith partner Joe Perry were inducted into the Hollywood Bowl Hall of Fame during the event, as were former Boston resident John Legend and Patti Austin. Our local Aerosmith guys were introduced to the crowd by actor Peter Fonda.


text:
It looks like your browser is out of date.
To use all features of KLM.com safely, we recommend that you update your browser, or that you choose a different one. Continuing with this version may result in parts of the website not being displayed properly, if at all. Also, the security of your personal information is better safeguarded with an updated browser.
The Indian enclave in the Brickfields neighbourhood is not only a feast for the eyes but for all the senses. The streets and alleys exude a fragrant aroma of sandalwood, spices, and garlands of jasmine and lotus flowers. Many food stalls serve typical South Indian and Sri Lankan dishes. There are also beautiful temples filled with Hindu gods. Eat, pray, shop in Little India, Kuala Lumpur's most colourful neighbourhood.
The name Brickfields is a reference to the past when this neighbourhood manufactured bricks for the reconstruction of Kuala Lumpur. The original wooden city went up in flames during a major fire in 1881 and since then it has been mandatory to build in brick. Under British rule, this district was also the location of the railway depot. The railway workers who worked here were brought over by the British from South India. Many settled in the area around the depot and later became Malaysian citizens.
There is plenty of food in Little India. The popular 'banana leaf' restaurants are everywhere; this is where the main meal is served on a banana leaf. The menu includes delicious curries, with great options for vegetarians. Other delectable snacks are the vadai (savoury fritter-type snack) and stringhoppers (steamed noodles made from rice flour) – most food stalls have their own speciality.
Just like India, Little India in Kuala Lumpur is home to a blend of faiths and houses of worship. Churches, mosques, Hindu temples and Buddhist sanctuaries stand side by side. The most colourful building is the enormous Sri Kandaswamy Temple, a prime example of Tamil architecture. This temple serves as an important reminder that a large part of the original immigrants hailed from South India and Sri Lanka. This 100-year-old temple is the lively centre of many religious festivals and ceremonies.
The most important shopping street in Little India is Jalan Tun Sambanthan. Here you will find many small shops packed with large piles of saris and fabrics. While saffron is usually only sold in small portions, here it is sold in large bags, just like cumin and cinnamon. To shop for modern products, head to KL Sentral, the newest commercial hub in Brickfields. The centre is located in and around a former shunting yard.


text:
Jimquisition: Why An Always-On DRM Console Would Be Dumb Dumb Dumb
Pages PREV 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 NEXT
You can't sue them for that for the same reason you can't sue them if they decide to shut down the servers after a year, which has happened before. In the manual or what ever it will state that they reserve the right to shut it down at any point and that the service is available at their convenience etc etc
That's why I'm so astounded why people buy these always online games, or think in the long run buying a massive music catalogue on itunes or all their games off steam is a good idea. The only way you can guarante you will always be able to play that game is if the only think it relies on is a hard disk and a power connection going into what ever box you choose to play on.
I hope these are just rumors and bids for free publicity so every one will be UBER :) happy if their not true. Won't be buying a console that has to have an internet connection to work, it's a joke. Even if you have a very good internet connection it's going to cause issue if for instance you live with any body else or if you want to be doing anything else with the internt. Ie for work I have processes running on my computer that I leave working away and at times it takes up so much of the connection spotify lags out. What if I want to play my console? Already have the best net connection I can get, without paying insane money to get fiber optic installed.
Steam works OK and has been working OK since i installed it in 2007.
Guys, why are we complaining about always-online... DRM? I fully support always-online... DRM. You should all fully support always-online... DRM. We should be calling for always-online...DRM... on the PS4. This is all a joke Microsoft, we actually love your dumb dumb dumb idea. C'mon, you can do it, become the one true tool as destiny has foretold. I believe in you.
Because it will kill consoles which will crash the AAA gaming market and that shit needs to die.
We've weathered a crash before. It's happened guys, no need to fear the reaper. 2010's reasons are just as valid as 1980's reasons. After the inferno caused by massive cheap game knock-off advertisements, the gaming companies rose better than ever. But they're become bloated and rotting and need to be burned to ashes... again. Don't worry, it took them a few decades to get this bad and after they come back from disaster, it'll probably take them another few decades before we have to burn them to ash again. Y'know... "Eternal vigilance is the price of liberty" kind of deal but with "good gaming" instead of "liberty".
Gaming won't die forever, there's still money to be made, but things would suck for about five years. Besides, the indy market will still exist, just not big market games. Can you really not put up with only indy games for 5 years? Can you do it for the band?
For the band?
For some reason I love that first "ugh!" in the outro music of these videos.
Microsoft please do make your console require constant internet connection.
I'd love to see what happens.
MS = MacroSuicide.
Let's hope this is just rumors.
If the console industry does go tits up, I'm not entirely sure what I will do, considering I DESPISE gaming with M&K.
Given the massive backlog of games I still need to play this generation, I doubt I'll be buying a new one when it comes out, Always Online or not.
You can get a console controller for your PC, you know
The thing is, Steam actually has an offline capability, for most games really. Also for the most part all steam games are playable offline except those that require online (.e. Team FOrtress 2, COunter Strike, etc)
Steam is also an example of always on DRM done right! It's mostly unobtrusive. You don't need to have Steam running all the time when you're not gaming, and it tends to make up for itself by occasionally notifying you of games that you like or may like going on sale. Steam is also independent of the retailers to a point and only serves as a quick verification. It does this quite simply; it keeps a record of the titles you have purchased or been gifted and your account, if it sees a game being run on an account with no record of the game eing purchased or transferred,, Bam it's shut down. Once the check is passed it butts out and lets you get on with your gaming fun. See unlike D3 or SimShity, all Steam does is verify that your steam game was acquired through one of 3 legal channels, Steam itself is more like the bouncer checking id at the nightclub door. D3 on the other hand has the real elephant in the room question? What happens to the game and all your paid for items and dlc, when the company decides to shut the servers down?
The only reason I can think of that they would go through with this is to sell more ad space. It's been creeping up more and more into all of their products, and they must have gambled that the loss of sales won't trump the amount they'll receive in ad revenue.
And that's the problem with most every (rumored) feature of the NextBox. Every one of them only serves themselves, the publishers, or the retailers; not the consumers. It's coming across as a very cold and calculated business device, and not a device to enjoy games on.
We can only hope that this is all wrong but.. I don't have much faith in MS to do the right thing. There are too many hands in the kitchen and no one to guide then into sync.
Use your controller?
Then why don't they just come out and say so? Everything about "Durango" is bad news for everyone. They could use some plus points right now.
Except every publisher who has been pushing Always-Online revokes your right to class-action-suits and shunts the case into arbitration (which is so hilariously one-sided against the customer that it is pointless).
The sick truth of the matter is that they want to push for more and more service-centric business because games, by their very nature, fall under the "natural monopoly" area of goods.
And when you combine "monopoly" with "service"...that's just a license to print money for many many long years.
I live in Perth, Australia. Our internet is capped, as is almost everyone else's in the country, as well as the fact that it runs piggy-backed on phone lines not designed to handle it. It's limited and drops out for a few seconds every once in a while, which will mean getting booted every time it happens. I cannot imagine an always online console being viable here. If the rumors are true then how the hell would anyone ignore the fact that there are a metric fuckton of people out there who would not be capable of running one, even in urban areas?
I'll take the first part last, if I may.
Yes, Sim City and Diablo 3 sold well, but you have to bear in mind that once the cash register stops ringing and the screaming from people being unable to play goes quiet, there aren't that many people on the servers. Diablo 3 came out in May of last year and sold three and a half million copies. By June, just over two thousand were playing at 5pm on a weekday. Sim City sold just over a million copies in its first two weeks (no mean feat since Amazon pulled the plug), over half of which were digital. How many are using it now? I imagine you could probably knock two or three zeroes off the sales numbers.
That's a mountain of cash that was made on the front-end followed by minimal server load on the back. Why did the outrage happen? Because the publishers figured out that they didn't need to sink piles of money into servers; they just needed to wait for the screamers to go away and their current servers would be sufficient. They'd already been paid. They didn't care. $60 ($80 for those who embraced the purple shaft and bought the deluxe edition) times million is quite a nice payoff for a little bad PR.
If someone were to sell an always-on console, there'd be a flood of sales at the start, a massive public outcry, the ensuing debacle of "we weren't ready/didn't think it would break/are working to solve the problem/are drinking our celebratory champagne so please fuck off", and then the thing would work because over nine-tenths of the people who bought the stupid thing would put it in a closet or take it back to the store (for a fifteen-percent loss. Gotta love margin cushions). Assuming, of course, that none of the consoles broke (always a danger with new tech) or was broken by irate players. The company would have its money and then cast about for a new shiny to offer the magpie public.
I won't put up with always-online unless, as has been argued by others before me, the game I'm playing actually needs it. Multiplayer requires online, at least if there's real-time interaction. Otherwise, I'll be content with clicking on a link and watching my browser refresh or posting a move and waiting for my opponent to respond. Those are the only reasons I can see for needing an online connection for a game. In all other instances, my gaming is a solitary experience and dammit, I want to be left alone! I don't want someone tapping my shoulder when I play, stealing my kills or interrupting my narrative with "CAN GIVE SOJJJ?"
Would I buy such a console? Yes, yes I would. At a pawn shop, about a year after it released. For ten bucks. So I could show future generations an example of what hubris looks like when it takes physical shape.
On Topic: Mr. Sterling, if you could hear me, I'd applaud. If I could reach you, I'd shake your hand. As it stands, I thank you and sincerely hope you'll continue to call people on their arrogance, their ignorance, and their failings.
Honestly, I wouldn't be surprised if they would pull through with this. Always-online DRM would, as Jim said, most likely cripple the used-game industry, hence likely driving more (albeit not as many were going to the used-game retailers) consumers towards them (AAA-industry guys). They're essentially getting rid of some competition and diverting revenues first earned by used-game towards AAA-industry and once they've actually gotten rid of them, they'll be able to raise prices some more, hence increasing their own welfare and reducing consumers', since now several people will no longer get to enjoy such games and the AAA-industry gets a couple more trucks with money.
This is kind of why I'm loving my Wii U. Sure it has it's own bullshit but It doesn't look nearly as bad as this
o.0 why do people keep thinking steam needs to be 'always online', it doesn't.
it has an offline mode, which I'm using the hell out of right now because an error is preventing my PC from actually connecting to the net, again. (posting from some moms laptop)
there's been no message telling me to connect, to verify anything, it just can't find a connection and switches to offline mode, and I get to keep playing the games I downloaded before the error hit me again. (I have recently discovered Torchlight 2, so I'm not hurting for things to do. I <3 my Embermage and 'construction' tree Engineer btw)
There was a two week period where my husband and I had just moved into a new place and didn't want to pay Comcast a zillion dollars for two weeks of tubes, since we'd have to pay for installation (see: Comcast guy flipping a switch for $50. Our place already had the damn box), then two weeks (which they would probably just charge a month for, then make us jump through hoops to get rid of the bill entirely. Not a horrible deal, but an annoyance on top of a horrible deal), just to have internet until the FiOS guys could get there. So, I had no internet. And I watched Blu-Rays and DVDs, while playing Torchlight II on Steam (which was totally fine offline).
I've also had moments where I've thought "bring game console to fancy hotel for some convention, so an overstuffed room of people can play games all night? Hells yes!" If I had to then pay exorbitant ($20 for one hour of tubes is kinda a little batshit insane) fees just to access the games, I wouldn't bother. Really, always online is extremely narrow minded. I want to play with this toy all the time! Where I want to! When I want to! I want to take it places and show all my friends! Always-online says, "You will play this console in your living room, after work, like a normal person. You will have the exact experience we tell you to have. If this doesn't work out for you, we're sorry, but we don't really care."
Although, I've gotta say, I'm not sure if the Sim City/Diablo III issues would be equivalent to an always-on console. People aren't usually buying consoles like they buy long-anticipated AAA titles. Consoles normally need good launch titles as well as extreme interest in order to get that kind of launch. Plus, it's always easier to download a game than it is to assemble enough consoles for a launch. Companies should have greater control over consoles sold. (This said, this does not preclude them from cocking it up royally, it should just be harder for them to do so.)
Probably the new indie console market. You've got consoles like the Ouya not only letting people make games for it practically for free, but they're actively encouraging their user base to take it apart and mod it however they like. Not saying that this particular console will necessarily be a success, but it and the other independent/open source consoles might pave the way for how the industry will operate once the big three implode from alienating all their customers.
Microsoft really is the leader of entertainment. If they go through with this I will be getting maximum entertainment with no risk to me or my wallet. So, how can we "support" this?!
I'm glad that idiot is getting media attention. Surely "deal with it" is a presentable catch-all reaction to disgruntled fans and will only promote the next console.
Next week I hope Jim can bring to light the fact that EA is twisting consumer complaints into an anti-LGBT movement. Please Jim, tear them a new one. Do it for the little guys.
Another issue: planned obsolescence. If the xBox 720 requires always-on verification, what happens when those servers are shut down in an attempt to force users to upgrade to the next next-gen console? In addition to the console becoming worthless, with no backward compatibility (a very real possibility if the PS4 is any indication), that would also make any game you bought on the 720 impossible to replay years down the line.
EDIT: that'll show me for commenting before the video ends, Jim actually addressed that point.
Well said. One thing I'd add is the difference between an "option" and a "requirement" - consumers will like something as an "option", but dislike it when something is a "requirement". Hopefully someone with a degree in business can phrase that better then I, but I think that would be a stronger argument because given enough time the connectivity argument will be rendered moot by the slow march of progress in infrastructure, or by that being a small enough population to not impact the company's profits significantly enough.
My buddy's is on the way. He payed into Kickstarter.
I think it is a little behind the curb, but at $100, if it can be replaced by a Tegra 5 in a couple of years, I don't think that will even be an issue. $100 is a throw away item.
I've lost a couple of really good games because a company stopped having a server work. I didn't know when I paid Walmart $10 for a newly anti aliased copy of the original Halflife, I was only renting it and it would stop working from no fault of my own.
ITMT, enjoy:
The funny thing is, I can still use my cellphone without internet or reception, to listen to songs, play games and a few other stuff.
Also, I live in Brazil. Games are popular here. But the minimum wage converts to around 300 US dollars, consoles and games, because of taxes, are 500 and 100 US dollars, respectively. It's already hard to have these, just recently me (20) and my brother (29) were able to start buying original products, and I will happily buy original games if they're not full of this kind of bullshit.
So, Google tried to give everyone in San Francisco free Wifi every where. Something consoles could take advantage of. Microsoft sued Google--Google was making a play on the OS market by doing this--to keep them from doing it.
Just the episode I was expecting!
You know, it's funny; two years ago I would see 'PC gaming is dying!' being proclaimed all over the internet while people couldn't wait to see what the next generation of gaming consoles would offer. Seems like a bit of a role reversal now.
Anyway, consoles will die if they end up pushing this bullshit DRM. It's revolting how little such DRM supporters think of us consumers. It's insulting. I'm still hopeful that MS isn't stupid enough to include always-online DRM in the Nextbox, but if they do... adios.
I predict "deal with it" will become the rallying cry of the public as they boycott MS if all this turns out to be true.
So true. And so, so sad.
Here's to hoping it's just rumors.
Remember PS3's removal of Linux support?
Simply fantastic work.
I'll be using this frequently.
Great episode as always. But I have one question:
Does anyone know where to get/listen to the new background music? It's awesome (and I think it's by Danny B.?)
And so Nintendo will once again save the industry. I can already imagine how a conversation about Always Online would go:
"Extra features? Psh, we're a game console. You play games on us. Why the hell would we add features and drive up costs to add something that other products already provide?"
And so they will continue to just be Nintendo. Making Zelda, Mario, Metroid, Kirby, and Pokemon games that just print money.
First, I need to define two terms:
True requirement: A requirement that is essential to the function of a thing. The thing could not possibly work without it.
Artificial requirement: A requirement that is unneeded but is forced on the user by the seller.
Any requirement, true or artificial, comes at a cost to the consumer. If I want to play an internet multiplayer game I have to have a stable and fast internet connection. That comes at a cost to myself beyond the base cost of the game. To put a number on that cost, I recently moved. My old wired solution was no longer going to work. I had to purchase a wireless range extender, a wireless card, and some other equipment. This cost me about $150 to establish this kind of stable internet.
Now, I don't hold it against Riot that I needed to spend $150 to continue playing their game, because it is a true requirement.
Next, steam. Steam does not actually require always online. Once you connect to your stream account once you are good for several weeks and you only need dial up speed and reliability to do that. The rest of the required connection is all a true requirement. You cannot download a game without a connection, you cannot chat with friends without a connection. The vast majority of required steam connectivity is a true requirement, the service could not possibly work without it. The core functionality of steam itself requires a connection, and the artificial requirement that I connect once every few weeks is very minor.
In addition, Steam offers a great service. With incredible sales and very easy management of my games I have seen a huge personal benefit using Steam. The tiny cost of connecting to the internet once every couple weeks is easily compensated for by the excellent service rendered. Had I not cared about having a reliable, fast connection I could have never spent that $150 and I would be no worse off using my previously purchased steam games.
On the other hand, the core function of a console does not require an internet connection. An always on console is a purely artificial requirement, a potentially significant cost to me for which I gain absolutely nothing. For many this is an insurmountable obstacle. And the only reason the next Microsoft console would have such a requirement is because Microsoft wants control.
They are, essentially, making us pay for their toy and offering nothing in return. When we say that we don't like this the closest thing we have gotten to a response is "We don't see the problem. Deal with it you whiny drama queens."
I don't personally care about the rumored always online requirement directly. My problem is the blatant anti consumer attitude. I do not want to do business with these people. They are rude to me and this is just one incident in a long history of annoyances. Owning the next Xbox is not worth dealing with their shit.
It's been said before: when your internet connection goes down, wouldn't that be a great opportunity to play some games on your console? How's that for always-on MS? This is such a bad case of head in the clouds, it's not funny anymore. Every programmer will tell you that you can't rely on any network connection. You just can't.
I think it's because Steam has an offline mode. And there are many ways to get games you bought working when trying to play offline because on PC there's almost always a solution to every problem.
It's most likely going to take a long time to use most of them but in the end they give you more control over how you game than an always-online console ever would.
The games industry REALLY needs to make an effort to be more transparent with their decision-making process and have more open lines of communication with their consumers to allow them to see and hear these kinds of opinions presented on the Jimquisition and other very thoughtful video game journalists.
Because when they do things it always seems so.... out of touch. And I wonder what happens to a human being along the line of their life to make them start making decisions like the really shitty ones we always see today in the industry...
I live in a rural area outside of San Angelo, TX and my internet is mostly reliable. I often visit friends and family in San Antonio, TX. One friend I stay with has no internet. My relative I stay with has internet but no router. I still take my Xbox down there and play it. But if Microsoft does this the only thing I would be doing is transporting a brick. I wonder Microsoft's end game is to get away from consoles period. Between Steam and Mechwarrior online, I am slowly moving that way.
|Pages PREV 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 NEXT


text: > Racks sure look nice and there is no question that they > are space efficient, but I'm really starting to wonder if > they are such a great idea for a smallish cluster (<=20 nodes) > in those situations where there is enough space for a > classic pile of PCs. I mean, what other advantages do they > have besides those two to offset their many disadvantages? I agree with a lot said here. But don't some of problems with racks go away if you go with 2U cases? Also price is the big difference. The more comodity the better the price. As racks become more mainstream then we will see better pricing but it is hard to equal the home market. > Racks better than piles: > > 1. Space efficiency. > 2. Aesthetics (racks look cool) > > Piles better than racks (these are not orthogonal): > > 1. Internal space constraints > 2. CPU/motherboard Cooling. This follows from [1]. > 3. Motherboard/CPU options. This follows from [1]. > With a few exceptions most motherboard/CPU combinations > will fit into a standard ATX case - good luck getting > a 2.4 Ghz P4 into a 1U. > 4. Initial purchase price for equivalent performance. > 5. Maintenance costs (rack parts tend to be nonstandard > and expensive to replace, for instance, 1U power supplies). -- | Robert Heckendorn | We may not be the only | heckendo at cs.uidaho.edu | species on the planet but | http://www.cs.uidaho.edu/~heckendo | we sure do act like it. | CS Dept, University of Idaho | | Moscow, Idaho, USA 83844-1010 |


text:
Raheem - John Freestyle (With Drake Co-Sign Audio) [Unsigned Hype]
As the release of my 1st mixtape 'Peer Pressure' hosted by DJ
Drama approaches, I got a call from an unknown number on my
birthday and got left a special voicemail that would encourage
any 16 year old to go innnnn! It was the big homie Drizzy Drake! [m]
Thanks for calling!
MP3: http://hulkshare.com/36bous2kcz5z
Website: http://www.hesbetterthanyou.com
Add Raheem on Twitter @raheem1994
Team FameUS
Please click the "Report" button below if the video on this page is not working properly.
Comments will only be displayed by verified emails. No Spamming or Racism.


text:
Online Behavior
We ask your compliance in the following:
Distribution or selling of any student or faculty email address is prohibited
No Flaming (rash, vulgar, aggressive put-downs) is tolerated
When "chatting" in student areas or chat rooms, casual use of the language is appropriate.
When debating and contributing to course discussions, formal grammar, correct spelling and sentence structure is expected
Keep your Caps Lock off. The effect looks like SHOUTING to the reader
Any violation of the University's anti-harassment policy through the use of student email, University electronic classrooms, and student instant messaging is strictly prohibited and should be reported to an instructor and/or academic advisor
Respect for Others
In the collegial environment, debate and discussion are a part of our learning. Make sure your comments are focused on the content, not the individual who contributed them. Treat others with the respect you would want from them.


text:
Mary Ellen Brown, 97, Wabash, passed away at 12:30 p.m. on Saturday, June 28, at Autumn Ridge Healthcare Center, Wabash. She was born to the late Lee and Mable (Green) Ross on March 30, 1917 in Aurora.
She married Dallas C. Brown on Jan. 17, 1944; he passed away in September of 1979. She was a member of College Corner Brethren Church, Wabash. Mary loved working in her yard and flower gardens.
She is survived by a daughter, Margaret Benson-Burnworth, Wabash; sister, Ruby Martin, Wabash; four grandchildren, Ken Benson (Chris), Wabash, Mrs. Don (Carol) Sweet, Converse, Janie Hayslett, Wabash, Indiana, and Mrs. Paul (Mary) Cornett, Wabash; 10 great grandchildren, Kim (Ryan) Hawkins, Fenton, Mo., Matt (Stacie Frehse) Benson, Wabash, Neil (Elaine) Sweet, Converse, Jason (Alisha) Sweet, Converse, Nikki (Matt) Bajor, Converse, Kelli (Hayslett) Nelson, Wabash, Adam Hayslett, Wabash, Ben Cornett, Wabash, Mark (Erica) Cornett, North Manchester, and Kasey Cornett, Wabash; 14 great-great grandchildren and four great-great-great grandchildren. She was preceded in death by husband, Dallas Brown, great-great grandson, Tanner Hayslett, and a grandson in-law, Clyde Hayslett.
Funeral services will be held at 11 a.m. on Wednesday, July 2, at McDonald Funeral Home, 231 Falls Avenue, Wabash, with Pastor Brad Wright officiating. Burial will follow at Memorial Lawns Cemetery in Wabash, Indiana.
Visitation for family and friends will be from 10 a.m. until 11 a.m. on Wednesday at the funeral home.
Preferred memorials are directed to College Corner Brethren Church, 8996 S 500 W, Wabash, Indiana 46992.
Online condolences may be sent to the family at www.mcdonaldfunerals.com.


text:
Aeroflex Announces the New Comprehensive 3920 Radio Test Set for TETRA and P25
January 17, 2011
Aeroflex today announced the introduction of the new 3920 Digital Radio Test Set for Analog, TETRA and P25 technologies. The 3920 features new enhancements that provide test professionals with more test capabilities integrated into one system, as well as extended analysis range and file management functions. The next generation of the Aeroflex 3900 Series, the 3920 replaces the 3901 and 3902 Radio Test Sets. While providing new features and functions, the 3920 continues to perform all the tests previous capable with the 3901 and 3902, including TETRA Mobile Station, Base Station and Direct Mode test features. An optional 3 ½ digit DMM function includes the ability to measure AC and DC voltage, current as well as resistance. AC voltages up to 150 V rms and DC voltages to 150 V can now be quickly measured using the easily accessible front panel connections or via GPIB and Ethernet commands. Additionally, the 3920 provides measurement of current up to 20 amps (with optional external shunt) and as a fully automated ohmmeter capable of measuring from 0 to 20 MW. The 3920 is fully protected against over voltage or current conditions with an easy to access front panel fuse. The 3920 also provides new capabilities to export files to USB drives and connect external USB input devices for even easier operation of the 3920. Located just below the optional DMM ports, the USB interface provides easy front panel access as a standard feature. Additionally, the 3920 offers extended audio input ranges for measuring and analyzing audio signals with extended range inputs of up to 30 V rms. With this added capability, the 3920 can be used for analyzing high level audio signals including measurements for AF Frequency, AF Level, SINAD, Distortion, Hum and Noise and Signal to Noise Ratio. The 3920 provides RF operation from 10 MHz (usable from 100 kHz) to 1 GHz standard, with OPT058 providing the ability to go to 2.7 GHz. Designed as a software-defined radio test system, the 3920 supports AM and FM analysis as a standard feature, but optionally provides extended test capabilities for new digital radio communication systems including TETRA, Project 25 and Motorola's HPD® technologies. The 3920 also emulates the now discontinued Agilent 8920A/B series in test capabilities and GPIB commands, with over 90 percent of the 8920B commands emulated by the 3920. The 3920 is fully CE and UL compliant. Price and availability The 3920 Digital Radio Test Set is available eight weeks after receipt of order. For pricing, contact your local Aeroflex sales office by visiting www.aeroflex.com or calling Aeroflex Sales at (800) 835-2352.