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Lodrane LD Side Effects
Generic Name: brompheniramine / pseudoephedrine
Note: This document contains side effect information about brompheniramine / pseudoephedrine. Some of the dosage forms listed on this page may not apply to the brand name Lodrane LD.
For the Consumer
Applies to brompheniramine / pseudoephedrine: oral capsule, oral elixir, oral liquid
What are some side effects that I need to call my doctor about right away?
WARNING/CAUTION: Even though it may be rare, some people may have very bad and sometimes deadly side effects when taking a drug. Tell your doctor or get medical help right away if you have any of the following signs or symptoms that may be related to a very bad side effect:
- Signs of an allergic reaction, like rash; hives; itching; red, swollen, blistered, or peeling skin with or without fever; wheezing; tightness in the chest or throat; trouble breathing, swallowing, or talking; unusual hoarseness; or swelling of the mouth, face, lips, tongue, or throat.
What are some other side effects of this drug?
All drugs may cause side effects. However, many people have no side effects or only have minor side effects. Call your doctor or get medical help if any of these side effects or any other side effects bother you or do not go away:
- Dizziness.
- Feeling nervous and excitable.
- Not able to sleep.
- Feeling sleepy.
These are not all of the side effects that may occur. If you have questions about side effects, call your doctor. Call your doctor for medical advice about side effects.
You may report side effects to the FDA at 1-800-FDA-1088. You may also report side effects at http://www.fda.gov/medwatch.
For Healthcare Professionals
Applies to brompheniramine/pseudoephedrine: oral capsule, oral capsule extended release, oral elixir, oral liquid, oral suspension extended release, oral syrup, oral tablet, oral tablet chewable, oral tablet extended release
Nervous system
A few cases of dyskinesias and tremors, often of the face, have been reported in patients whose chronic use of brompheniramine extended over a period of up to 10 years. Some of these cases were only partially relieved by discontinuation of the drug. Haloperidol was successful in relieving symptoms in these patients. Spasmodic torticollis has been reported in a child given brompheniramine over an eight month period.[Ref]
Nervous system side effects of brompheniramine have included central nervous system (CNS) depression, resulting in drowsiness and sedation in nearly 50% of patients treated. This effect has often been transient and ceased with continued use. Motor skills have be impaired and patients should be advised to avoid tasks which require attention. Patients should also avoid concomitant use with alcohol and other sedative-hypnotic drugs. Dyskinesias have rarely been reported following chronic use of brompheniramine. Nervous system side effects of pseudoephedrine have included insomnia in up to 30% of patients. Tremor, anxiety, nervousness, and headache have also been reported.[Ref]
Gastrointestinal side effects of brompheniramine have include nausea, dry mouth and constipation. Gastrointestinal side effects of pseudoephedrine have included anorexia and gastric irritation in approximately 5% of patients. Dry mouth, nose, or throat have occurred in up to 15% of patients receiving pseudoephedrine.[Ref]
Cardiovascular effects of brompheniramine have included hypotension, tachycardia, and palpitations. Cardiovascular side effects of pseudoephedrine have included tachycardia. Some patients taking pseudoephedrine have developed hypertension and/or arrhythmias.[Ref]
Pseudoephedrine causes vasoconstriction which generally does not produce hypertension, but may be problematic for patients with preexisting hypertension. Arrhythmias may be produced in predisposed patients. Rarely, pseudoephedrine has been reported to cause coronary artery spasm and chest pain.
One report evaluated the effect with 60 mg of pseudoephedrine on individuals in a hyperbaric chamber at 1 atmosphere (simulated scuba dive to 66 feet of sea water). Pseudoephedrine and depth (stimulated) were found to have significant but opposite effects on heart rate, although these effects were unlikely to be clinically significant during diving.[Ref]
Ocular side effects of brompheniramine have included blurred vision, diplopia, and dry eyes due to anticholinergic effects.[Ref]
Hematologic side effects of brompheniramine have included rare cases of hemolytic anemia, thrombocytopenia, and agranulocytosis.[Ref]
Hypersensitivity side effects in patients receiving pseudoephedrine have included fixed drug eruptions.[Ref]
Genitourinary side effects of brompheniramine have included dysuria, urinary hesitancy, decrease in urine flow, and, in rare cases, acute urinary retention.[Ref]
1. Schuller DE, Turkewitz D "Adverse effects of antihistamines." Postgrad Med 79 (1986): 75-86
2. Lewith GT, Davidson F "Dystonic reactions to Dimotapp elixir." J R Coll Gen Pract 31 (1981): 241
3. Simons FE, Frith EM, Simons KJ "The pharmacokinetics and antihistaminic effects of brompheniramine." J Allergy Clin Immunol 70 (1982): 458-64
4. Blamoutier J "Comparative trial of two antihistamines, mequitazine and brompheniramine." Curr Med Res Opin 5 (1978): 366-70
5. Lyon CC, Turney JH "Pseudoephedrine toxicity in renal failure." Br J Clin Pract 50 (1996): 396-7
6. Thach BT, Chase TN, Bosma JF "Oral facial dyskinesia associated with prolonged use of antihistaminic decongestants." N Engl J Med 293 (1975): 486-7
7. Dowd J, Bailey D, Moussa K, Nair S, Doyle R, CulpepperMorgan JA "Ischemic colitis associated with pseudoephedrine: Four cases." Am J Gastroenterol 94 (1999): 2430-4
8. Gill ND, Shield A, Blazevich AJ, Zhou S, Weatherby RP "Muscular and cardiorespiratory effects of pseudoephedrine in human athletes." Br J Clin Pharmacol 50 (2000): 205-13
9. Taylor DM, O'Toole KS, Auble TE, Ryan CM, Sherman DR "The psychometric and cardiac effects of pseudoephedrine in the hyperbaric environment." Pharmacotherapy 20 (2000): 1045-50
10. Mores N, Campia U, Navarra P, Cardillo C, Preziosi P "No cardiovascular effects of single-dose pseudoephedrine in patients with essential hypertension treated with beta-blockers." Eur J Clin Pharmacol 55 (1999): 251-4
11. Vidal C, Prieto A, PerezCarral C, Armisen M "Nonpigmenting fixed drug eruption due to pseudoephedrine." Ann Allergy Asthma Immunol 80 (1998): 309-10
Further information
Always consult your healthcare provider to ensure the information displayed on this page applies to your personal circumstances.
Some side effects may not be reported. You may report them to the FDA.
More about Lodrane LD (brompheniramine / pseudoephedrine)
Consumer resources
Other brands: Dimetapp Elixir, Bromaline, Brotapp, J-TanD PD, Q-Tapp


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Wonsys needed a new button or icon design and created a contest on 99designs.
A winner was selected from 44 designs submitted by 16 freelance designers.
We need 9 70x70 icons representing 9 different moods
We need 9 70x70 icons representing 9 different moods.
The moods are: happy, sad, neutral, sick, sleepy, ecstatic, "wanna party", angry, bored.
Initially we thought of using the usual smiley, but then thought it might be interesting to use an animal's face (bear, monkey, and so on).
Anyway, you can pick whichever you decide (either smiley or animal). If it's an animal it should be the same for all moods.
Icons need to be sleek and clear considering they need to convey an emotion using only a tiny amount of pixels (70x70).
- 9 70x70 pixels icons representing 9 different moods (happy, sad, neutral, sick, sleepy, ecstatic, "wanna party", angry, bored)
- Vector file (AI is preferred, otherwise SVG or EPS)
- If you don't use a vector drawing app a PSD (with all the layers) will be ok
- We will retain all the rights to the design (of course, you will be allowed to put this work in your portfolio)
- Stolen designs
- Avoid stock material if possible

subset: commoncrawl


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If Penny Simkin, author of When Survivors Give Birth, is right, between 25% and 40% of all women may be survivors of early sexual abuse.
And if that's the case, many women of child-bearing age may face an often invisible barrier to breastfeeding.
You would think that histories of abuse would cause the rates of breastfeeding among survivors to be lower, but in fact they are comparable – or even higher than -the rates among non-survivors.
We also know anecdotally that some moms must fight against the long arm of their abuse to do it. "For many survivors," Penny Simkin writes, "some of the greatest challenges in the postpartum period occur with breastfeeding." And those challenges may be faced alone, as fear, shame, and stigma may lead mothers not to share their history with their providers and other support people.
If a woman's abuse was related to her breasts, breastfeeding may (or may not) cause difficult feelings to emerge. In some cases they're strong enough to make a woman not want to breastfeed. Penny Simkin noted in a podcast interview with me that survivors sometimes have "distorted" views of their body, and feel a strong need to have control over them. This may lead to uncomfortable feelings about that sharing their bodies with their babies, who as we know can be demanding! Sometimes the needs of the baby can even begin to feel like the demands of the perpetrator. Mothers may feel that breastfeeding is form of abuse of the baby because the baby can't consent, or that their bodies are dirty and incapable of making good milk. Sometimes these connections are conscious and sometimes they aren't, and sometimes they are strong enough to make women choose not to breastfeed. And of course, sometimes these feelings don't emerge at all.
We also know that for some women breastfeeding has the potential to be healing – a very powerful reclaiming of their bodies and self image. In the words of one mother quoted in a study, "Breastfeeding has helped me overcome the negative image of myself and my body." Another mother described breastfeeding as "giving my breasts a positive story." And other mothers find breastfeeding a protective act by fostering close relationships with their children.
New research also shows that, while women with a history of sexual assault are at higher risk for sleep difficulties and depression in the first year having a baby, exclusive breastfeeding appears to offer some protection against these problems.
The authors found that "sexual assault survivors who were [exclusively] breastfeeding were at lower risk on all of the sleep and depression parameters than sexual assault survivors who were mixed or formula feeding."
But all of this leaves some women in a tough spot. Do you disclose your abuse in order to explain why you don't want to breastfeed, or so that the care you get is takes into account your history? Do you explain your specific breastfeeding problems to peers or providers who might not understand or know how to help? If your abuser is still in your life, do you speak the truth to get help? What do you do if your provider knows of your history and assumes that you won't want to breastfeed? What if the "medical touch" of a lactation consultant is disturbing? If breastfeeding makes you feel very exposed, how do you do it in public?
There is cause to be optimistic. Skilled and sensitive people like Penny Simkin have supported moms through breastfeeding challenges related to their abuse, and as the issue becomes better known, more will do the same.
My favorite story Penny tells is of breastfeeding mother who had survived early sexual abuse. This mother found herself very disturbed by night feedings. Her abuse had taken place at night, and being awakened by her baby to feed was eliciting disturbing feelings related to the abuse. The solution they found? Set an alarm clock. Once the mother was awakened by the clock instead of a person, she was able to feed her baby at night without distress.
Another story she recounts in When Survivors Give Birth is of a breastfeeding woman who would recoil when her baby touched her other breast in the course of feeding. Exploring this feeling with her lactation counselor led to her recalling early abuse related to her breasts, for which she sought counseling. Her lactation counselor helped her find ways to prevent this behavior – a nursing necklace, wearing clothing, holding the baby's hand – and she continued to breastfeed.
For other mothers, pumping may provide enough control over the process of providing milk for their babies that they can sustain lactation. With the right support, creative solutions can sometimes be found.
With acceptance, sensitivity, and understanding – qualities of care everyone deserves – providers, breastfeeding support people, and peers can support survivor moms who want to breastfeed.
Did you or someone you know breastfeed after sexual abuse? As a support person, have you worked with breastfeeding women who are survivors? How did it affect their experience, if at all?


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January is the month to step out of the ordinary and reveal your alter ego. Our facebook page has been a wash of colour and striking avant garde looks and we've shared just a selection of our highlights here in our Alter Ego Gallery…
We love this beautiful windswept look by ClaudiaS Make-up and her use of dark shades as a contour. We suggest using our Precision Inks which allow you to create intricate designs to then build upon.
Katherine Hancock embraced her alter ego for a circus carosel themed party. To create a similar look we suggest using Powder Eye Shadow in Taboo, Lipstick in Underworld and False Eye Lashes in No. 21.
If you want a little inspiration on how to unveil your alter ego for 2012, check out our Boudior Circus Starlet Course which allows you to discover the secret make-up techniques that are aloft in the alternative, mysterious world of the seductive boudoir circus. This course is available with a 10% discount until 31st January 2012. There are many other courses available to inspire, click here to see more!
Samuel C Degnan shared this beautiful look on our facebook page. With an array of metallic tones featured, we recommend our Liquid Metals, Pure Pigments and Powdered Metals for a similar effect, all are great for use on the face and body.
Will you feature in next weeks Alter Ego Gallery? Let your second self take over and submit your photos to our Facebook page.


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As the lights went out and his fellow students settled into their dorms, Joshua Williams would store two duffel bags of belongings in a friend's room and disappear into the darkness.
DAYTONA BEACH — As the lights went out and his fellow students settled into their dorms, Joshua Williams would store two duffel bags of belongings in a friend's room and disappear into the darkness.
He would leave the secure surroundings of the Bethune-Cookman University campus and head across the International Speedway Boulevard bridge and walk, sometimes all night. In the early morning hours, he would sneak into the lobby at the Bronson Hall dorm and sleep a few hours on a couch as if he lived there.
"I would go down to the beach sometimes," he recalled. "Sometimes I would just take any direction and get lost and try to find my way back — I would just walk."
Williams, 23, who is graduating Saturday with a bachelor's degree in criminal justice, was homeless for most of his first three years at the school but too proud to tell anyone.
But just like on his nightly walks, he always found his way. He survived on handouts, slept in empty trucks or on a couch at the apartments of classmates who thought he just didn't want to go home after a late-night study session.
Remembering the poverty, drug dealers and random shootings he'd seen growing up near Miami, he knew he was on the right path. At school, he would find family, a sense of purpose and even win the title of Mr. Bethune-Cookman University and become the first student to organize a scholarship — but first he had to find a place to sleep.
"Before the sun comes up, I would make sure I was somewhere to lay down," Williams remembered. "I knew I was homeless, but I said to myself I'd rather be in Daytona homeless trying to go to school than ever go back to Miami."
Williams arrived at B-CU in the fall of 2008 with $3,000 he saved from working at a gas station in Miami. He knew it wasn't enough but felt confident.
Then he found out tuition, room and board ran about $10,000 a semester.
Williams wasn't about to let that stop him.
He had never known his father, and he's had little communication with his mother. A great-grandmother raised him in Atlanta until she was too sick to care for him. Then he moved to Miami to live with an aunt. Both women stressed the importance of finishing school. His great-grandmother, who has since died, always told him "to get as much knowledge as possible so I won't end up on the streets."
Life reinforced the lesson. He remembers drug dealers on the corners, kids skipping school and police in his aunt's neighborhood all the time. He said her house was shot at twice while he was in college. His 16-year-old brother, who lived nearby, was found dead in a lake in 2011 from what Williams was told was a drowning.
Immersing himself at a young age in school activities gave Williams hopes of a college scholarship. He was on his high school track and football teams before being hurt his senior year. A teacher helped him focus on the admissions tests and applications he needed to apply to colleges.
By the time he arrived at B-CU, Williams was so excited about his new circumstances that he was convinced everything would fall into place. The school put him in temporary rooms while he applied for loans and financial aid.
"It didn't matter to me where I went, as long as it wasn't Miami," he said. "I didn't want to be a part of that."
He stayed in a dorm his first semester but didn't have enough to pay for both tuition and room and board after that. He then lied to school officials, saying he lived off campus so he would only have to pay for classes.
In reality, he had no place to live.
Only a few people knew the truth of Williams' living situation. Pride kept him from asking for help.
"I didn't want anyone to help me or look down on me or have sympathy for me," he said. "I just wanted to go to school."
He took copious notes in class because he couldn't afford textbooks. If he was able to borrow a friend's meal plan card, "It was a blessing. If I didn't, I was out of luck." Plenty of days he ate nothing more than a cup of noodles he got from friends whose parents bought them groceries. The still-slender student had more worry than appetite in those days.
"I would be stressed and I would over-think and over-analyze and I just didn't have an appetite," he said. "I was always worried about my next move — Where would I stay? How long can I stay here? When is my family going to send me money?"
The nightly walks began once he left the dorms. Sometimes he found shelter in an unlocked U-Haul truck on the business next to campus. He could always sneak into a dorm for a shower before heading to class. He could hang out in a friend's room until curfew at 11 p.m., then stow his stuff before heading out for the night. His friend's three roommates never knew he was homeless.
Sometimes he would tag along with classmates who lived off-campus.
"I would say, 'Hey, I'll come over and we'll study for that test and we'll just arrive to school tomorrow,' " he explained. "I would ask without asking. I was very prideful. I didn't want anyone to know."
His life changed after he found the courage to speak about his homelessness at a school assembly his junior year. An advisor who heard his speech made some calls and got him into a residence hall that year. Unburdened of his secret, Williams came to see he was a part of the campus community he'd been sneaking around for three years.
"Joshua knew how to camouflage very well," said Cheryl Lawson-Young, public safety compliance and prevention manager for B-CU's department of public safety, who has known Williams for 3 1/2 years and helped with his field study internship this past semester. "When things are not going right in his life or he's hurting, you really won't know it."
Williams has been able to turn his circumstances "into a real blessing by supporting others and being able to relate to their experiences," said his former speech communications assistant professor Joanna Showell, who encouraged Williams. He has since motivated others by sharing his experiences and background at talks throughout the state.
Last spring Williams won the Mr. Bethune-Cookman University title, which made him an ambassador for the school. That also guaranteed him room and board his senior year, though he said he also wanted the position to change people's viewpoint.
"When you think of Mr. B-CU you think of some uppity or overachieving person," Williams said. "I felt where I have come from and what I've been through I would make the position different. I'm the same person I was when I stepped on campus."
Not having books until his senior year inspired Williams to start a Keeper of Light book scholarship — the first scholarship started by a student, college administrators said. Williams has raised $2,750 and every Mr. B-CU after him he hopes will continue to raise money for the fund.
"He hasn't left and he's already serving others," President Edison Jackson said. "His spirit and mind is in the right place."
Eugenia Forte of Orlando, a 1980 B-CU graduate, was moved by that spirit when she heard one of Williams' speeches in November 2011 at her church. She was "so touched and moved by his story" she has taken on the role of his godmother, calling often and having him participate in family holidays and other occasions. She and her family will attend graduation.
"I was so amazed at his courage and his strength," Forte said. "I was just captivated by this young man because he was still in school. I'm so proud of Josh. The Lord has great things for him to do."
After graduation, Williams hopes to get an internship for the summer at a law firm in Washington. Administrators want him to continue at the college and obtain a master's degree, which he is considering. He wants a career either as a defense attorney, motivational speaker, professor or even a congressman.
"Coming from his situation to where he is now and with the energy that he still possesses, I think his future is bright," said Fontaine Davis, the university's chief of staff who has taken Williams under his wing.
As he looked ahead to graduation, so much has changed for Williams since he first showed up on campus. The dreadlocks he once wore have been replaced with a haircut. He often wears a suit as he walks across campus, cheerfully shaking hands with students and the campus safety officers he once had to avoid. Yet tucked in the book bag he always carries is a reminder of more desperate times: deodorant, toothpaste, toothbrush, a clean change of underwear. Old habits are hard to break.
Looking out from a top floor library window to the campus that he made his home, Williams paused to think when asked if he ever wanted to give up.
"Every day. All the time. I want to quit now sometimes," he said, his voice tinged with sadness. "I ask myself, 'Am I really doing this for me or am I only doing it to show my family that I could do it?' Sometimes I battle with that. (But) I made it too far. I'm not going to quit. I just have my moments where I feel alone still."


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Women's Clothing
If you're looking for a new season fashion update, you're in the right place. Explore our collection of women's clothing, featuring going-out dresses, perfect partywear, covetable cardis, nightwear, jeans, jumpers and more. Complete your look with gorgeous finishing touches, from scarves to statement bags and we've all the women's accessories you'd need to look top-to-toe gorgeous! Your wardrobe will love you for a seasonal style update.


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Steve Powell, the father of Josh Powell, who remains a person of interest in his wife Susan's disappearance, says his daughter-in-law has "two sides" and claims she left her family to be with another man. Dateline's Keith Morrison reports.
Ted S. Warren / AP file
Josh Powell, husband of missing Utah woman Susan Powell, speaks during a court hearing on Sept. 28, 2011, in Tacoma, Wash. Powell killed his sons and himself on Feb. 5 in Graham, Wash.
OLYMPIA, Wash. -- A panel reviewing the deaths of Josh Powell's two young children says state social workers did not consult with law enforcement before allowing Powell to host visits at his home.
A report released Thursday says the Department of Social and Health Services should "make concerted efforts" to check with detectives prior to making changes in parent-child contacts when there is an active investigation. Authorities had been investigating the 2009 disappearance of Powell's wife, Susan.
During a supervised visit at his home in Graham on Feb. 5 this year, Powell set fire to the house, killing himself and his sons Charlie, 7, and Braden, 5.
Powell had been locked in a custody dispute at the time of the killings. A few days before the fire, a judge ordered him to undergo an intensive psycho-sexual evaluation.
The child fatality review committee also says social workers should immediately reassess visitation policies when someone is ordered to undergo a psycho-sexual evaluation.
The DSHS responded Thursday with a press release, saying the review committee also "concluded that nobody could have anticipated that Joshua Powell would murder his two sons. According to the committee, the work of all agencies and individuals involved demonstrated the highest concern for the children's health, safety and welfare."
King County Senior Deputy Prosecutor Richard Anderson, a review panel member, told the Seattle Times that nobody "had dropped the ball" or made a mistake or skipped an oversight.
"There are some people who do terrible things in life," Anderson said. "The 'Batman' incident (the theater shootings in Aurora, Colo.) is a perfect example. You can't explain things like this. I think Mr. Powell had this in his mind and there wasn't anything anyone could do about it."
Denise Revels Robinson, assistant secretary for DSHS Children's Administration, told The Associated Pres that the recommendations provided by the committee "will be of great help in our ongoing efforts to improve our practice in keeping children safe."
"The violent death of any child, especially at the hands of a parent, is always a tragedy," Robinson said. "But few of us who have served in child welfare have had to deal with such a horrific experience as the loss of Charlie and Braden."
Watch the most-viewed videos on NBCNews.com
DSHS says state law requires the Department to conduct a fatality review when a child death or near-death injury is suspected to be caused by abuse or neglect and the child has received services from Children's Administration in the previous 12 months.
The committee interviewed seven people and reviewed more than 2,700 pages of documents, the DSHS said.
This article includes reporting by The Associated Press and NBC station KING5 in Seattle.
Stay informed with the latest headlines; sign up for our newsletter
Newly unsealed documents tied to the disappearance of Utah mother Susan Powell have many people questioning why charges were never filed against the woman's husband, Josh Powell, who later killed himself and the couple's young sons. NBC's Miguel Almaguer reports.
More content from NBCNews.com:
- Eagle Scouts return badges to protest ban on gays
- Widow of businessman killed outside Dunwoody, Ga., day care, arrested
- Study: Dispersants in Gulf could damage marine food web
- Man in Batman theater scare blames misunderstanding
- Video: RV driver backs into neighbor's pool


text: T20 World Cup 2016 game is on, This time both bowlers and batsman's are equally dominating the tournament. Here are the collections of Tamil trolls of world cup T20. India vs Pak match, Aus vs Nz and many other matches among the cricket rivaleries are highly expected by the fans. Pak team is very much motivated after scoring 200+ runs in their first worldcup game as their bowling line up is always strong. India lost their first game with Newzeland badly but being number 1 T20 team India is the still the top favourite to win this worldcup T20 2016. Indian won Pakistan by 6 wickets in 18 over match which was got delayed due to rain and overs reduced. Kohli took the man of the match award and Yuvi played well under pressure along with Kolhi. After winning Pak india won against Bangladesh in a thrilling 1 run victory match. Later India faced Australia in semi final decider match. Here are the collections of Ind vs Aus Worldcup Tamil Trolls and Tamil trolls of world cup T20 2016.


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Chad Smallwood State Farm Insurance – 645 S Hwy 27, Ste 6 – October 2, 2014
About Jessica Carlton
Carlton is a Pulaski County native and attended Eastern Kentucky University; with continued studies in accounting. Jessica looks forward to assisting the Executive Director in achieving the Chamber's goals and initiatives for our local community. When not working, Jessica enjoys spending time with her family and being outdoors. Jessica is married to Nathan Carlton and has one son, Hunter and one daughter, Taylor. She is a member of the Young Professionals of Lake Cumberland and looks forward to becoming more active in our local community.


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These plant-based, protein-packed snacks come in convenient, 100-calorie packs and are the perfect way to satisfy cravings.
Packed with 11 grams of high-quality pea protein, Harvest Thins help keep hunger at bay to support your weight loss goals.
Harvest Thins come in convenient, 100-calorie snack packs that make getting protein-packed nutrition quick and easy.
Harvest Thins may be a plant-based alternative to Whey Thins, but the delicious Thai Sweet Chili flavor is something everyone will love!
Transparency and accuracy are a top priority at Isagenix. We constantly strive to ensure that product information is complete, accurate, and current. However, at times, products may be unavailable or have different labels or attributes than those listed here.


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Meanwhile the other half still wants a kitten. I got this in my inbox:
Kitteh! Does anyone know what breed this little one is? It's so cute…
Anyway I have tips.
The key to getting your other half up to buy a McDonald's breakfast is:
1. Give him enough time. Even though McDonalds is never to far from anyone's home, you have to give him at least an hour to wake up and orientate himself, otherwise he'll sit down and have a quick round on the PS3 and you'll never see him again. In the UK, McDonalds stops serving breakfasts at 10.30, so you got to wake him at 9.35 LATEST.
2. Wake him gently. Don't punch him in the back like normal, shake him gently, and say something like, "Good Mornin! Good Mornin!", in the style of Donkey for Shrek.
3. So he'll probably moan a bit, like, "Why do you need a breakfast NOW?" or, "I went to sleep late you know?". Now is not the time to feel guilty, there are hash browns to be eaten.
4. Now is where he will pull a stunt to stay in the warm bed. I find the dog whisperer's technique works well. Ssssst Ssssst and a poke in the chops.
4. Once he's out the door, he'll be alright. Give him a pat on the back as he goes, give him a fiver. Yes, its your treat. Men love double sausage McMuffins, so its a treat for him too…
Note: Only do this if you have a secure relationship (I don't recommend it on your second date) and a boyfriend with a sense of humour.
I don't know much about mail order brides, but from the above advert I presume it's trying to say that if you are a porky ginger, you can still pull a stunner.
Speaking of porky, the New Year's get fit plan isn't working. My Stan Smith Addidas trainers have not touched my feet; instead I have bought a deep fat fryer (for Tempura, you understand), and eaten HALF of my supposed year's supply of Reese's Butter Cups.
But baby, I'm Chinese. That means I get a second New Year on the 7th of Feb. Yeah! Its perfect really; my first New Year is full of misery and broken promises, but really its just a month to feel remorseful over all the things you didn't do in the previous year, and by the time 2nd New Year is here, I am truly ready this time, for a fresh start!


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Total : $0.00
Product 4/17
0 Review(s)
No two machines will be alike, making each machine totally unique. The machine you will receive will be similar in markings, etc as the one in the picture, but never identical - The machine used in pictures was chosen completely randomly.
We started building machines for others in early 2009. We are a small team business who specialize in providing the world with fine, hand-carved tattoo machines. Luo's machines have a unique design, featuring traditional macabre elements such as skulls and animals. Made from pure copper, the hand-carved machines are finished using cutting-edge technology for a long-lasting finish. The high-resistant polymer material offers precision performance. Due to oxidation, the machine's casing only looks better with age, and has become a staple took in the tattoo community.We must stress that we are not a big manufacturer. When you place the wholesale order, we give you an estimated time of shipping from payment received. If you have any questions, it is easiest to reach us via email.


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Maintenance of Ruby 2.0.0 ended on February 24, 2016. Read more
Rake version 0.9.3 contains some new, backwards compatible features and a number of bug fixes.
Multitask tasks now use a thread pool. Use -j to limit the number of available threads.
Use -m to turn regular tasks into multitasks (use at your own risk).
You can now do "Rake.add_rakelib 'dir'" in your Rakefile to programatically add rake task libraries.
You can specific backtrace suppression patterns (see –supress-backtrace)
Directory tasks can now take prerequisites and actions
Use –backtrace to request a full backtrace without the task trace.
You can say "–backtrace=stdout" and "–trace=stdout" to route trace output to standard output rather than standard error.
Optional 'phony' target (enable with 'require 'rake/phony'") for special purpose builds.
Task#clear now clears task comments as well as actions and prerequisites. Task#clear_comment will specifically target comments.
The –all option will force -T and -D to consider all the tasks, with and without descriptions.
Semi-colons in windows rakefile paths now work.
Improved Control-C support when invoking multiple test suites.
egrep method now reads files in text mode (better support for Windows)
Better deprecation line number reporting.
The -W option now works with all tasks, whether they have a description or not.
File globs in rake should not be sorted alphabetically, independent of file system and platform.
Numerous internal improvements.
Documentation typos and fixes.
Rake is a build tool similar to the make program in many ways. But instead of cryptic make recipes, Rake uses standard Ruby code to declare tasks and dependencies. You have the full power of a modern scripting language built right into your build tool.
The easiest way to get and install rake is via RubyGems …
gem install rake (you may need root/admin privileges)
Otherwise, you can get it from the more traditional places:
As usual, it was input from users that drove a alot of these changes. The following people either contributed patches, made suggestions or made otherwise helpful comments. Thanks to …
Aaron Patterson
Dylan Smith
Jo Liss
Jonas Pfenniger
Kazuki Tsujimoto
Michael Bishop
Michael Elufimov
NAKAMURA Usaku
Ryan Davis
Sam Grönblom
Sam Phippen
Sergio Wong
Tay Ray Chuan
Also, many thanks to Eric Hodel for assisting with getting this release out the door.
– Jim Weirich


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[Illinois] MCB 493 Lecture 6: Supervised Learning and Non-Uniform Representations
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Supervised learning algorithms can train neural networks to associate patterns and simulate the non-uniform distributed representations found in many brain regions.
6.1 Using the Classic Hebb Rule to Learn a Simple Labeled Line Response
6.2 Learning a Simple Contingency Using the Covariation Rule
6.3 Using the Delta Rule to Learn a Complex Contingency
6.4 Learning Interneuronal Representations using Back-Propagation
6.5 Simulating Catastrophic Retroactive Interference in Learning
6.6 Simulating the Development of Non-Uniform Distributed Representations
6.7 Modeling Non-Uniform Distributed Representations in the Vestibular Nuclei
THOMAS J. ANASTASIO SYSTEMS NEUROBIOLOGIST I am an associate professor in the University of Illinois Department of Molecular and Integrative Physiology and a full-time faculty member of the Beckman Institute. My main research interest is in Systems Neurobiology, which I define as the application of conceptual and computational methods to complex and multilevel problems in neurobiology. I am also involved in teaching, writing, and technology transfer.
Cite this work
Researchers should cite this work as follows:
University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL
NanoBio Node, Obaid Sarvana, George Daley
University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign


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Rebels in Paradise
The Los Angeles Art Scene and the 1960s
Hunter Drohojowska-Philp
: 288 pp., $27
After decades of neglect, Los Angeles art history is a hot topic. The most immediate reason is "Pacific Standard Time: L.A. Art 1945-1980," an enormous collaborative venture spearheaded by the Getty Foundation and Getty Research Institute. Dozens of exhibitions and related publications exploring the city's rise as an art capital will appear this fall and winter in cultural institutions from San Diego to Santa Barbara.
"Rebels in Paradise" is an independent project — served up just in time to be savored as an appetizer for the upcoming feast. More Vanity Fair than standard art history, it's an affectionate, deliciously gossipy account of the decade when a convergence of renegade artists, entrepreneurs, curators, collectors and writers put Los Angeles on the art world's map. Hunter Drohojowska-Philp, a longtime observer of the scene and a biographer of artist
, calls her new book "a love letter to Los Angeles, still a place of perpetual possibility and infinite invention."
She has conducted numerous interviews and pored over oral histories, exhibition catalogs, books and magazines to compile a scrapbook-like story of the period's leading personalities. A 1955-69 timeline provides a chronological guide to loosely organized chapters on events, groups of compatriots and individual artists. Painter Billy Al Bengston emerges as a gifted but arrogant charmer with a mean streak; sculptor Larry Bell, as an innocent rising star, ill-equipped to deal with his early success; curator Walter Hopps, as a brilliant thinker but unreliable do-er, given to inconvenient disappearances.
The featured artists "chose to live in Los Angeles instead of
," Drohojowska-Philp writes, "precisely because there was a dearth of critical discourse and gallery infrastructure. As a group, they reveled in being pugnacious and anti-intellectual. Unlike the Abstract Expressionist painters who had been their heroes, they took a stand for optimism, humor and pleasure. Though most came from quite modest backgrounds, they refused to adopt the sorrowful introspection and angst of the New York School artists."
The book starts with two landmark events in fall 1963: the debut of
's portraits of
, at Ferus Gallery, and the first retrospective exhibition of Dada artist
's work, organized by Hopps at the Pasadena Art Museum. "The back-to-back receptions in honor of Warhol and Duchamp invigorated the feisty Los Angeles art scene," the author writes. The achievements of Duchamp, an eccentric outsider, encouraged adventurous young artists to blaze their own trails, while Warhol's endorsement of the L.A. scene heightened hopes that their work might gain recognition in New York and Europe.
The second chapter dips back to the late 1950s to cover the beginnings of Ferus, "the first gallery in Los Angeles to capture the zeitgeist," as Drohojowska-Philp describes it. Much of the material about the evolution of the gallery and the renowned artists who launched careers there is familiar from Kristine McKenna's 2009 book, "The Ferus Gallery: A Place to Begin." But "Rebels in Paradise" has a broader mission.
There are sections on other leading galleries — most notably Virginia Dwan and Nicholas Wilder — as well as artists
and John Baldessari, architect
, fashion designer Rudi Gernreich, innovators in plastic sculpture and founders of the Light and Space movement. Drohojowska-Philp also recalls the brief L.A. life of Artforum magazine, the formation of Gemini Graphic Editions Limited, the opening of the Los Angeles County Museum of Art and the civil uprising known as the Watts Riots.
Readers who are new to any or all of this may have difficulty figuring out how the components fit together. Those in search of the art part of the story will find that it gets lost in tales of the marriages, divorces, love affairs and sex lives of the artists — and their relatives and friends. Drohojowska-Philp also revels in physical descriptions of her subjects, anecdotes and juicy details.
Who knew that Eve Babitz — the 19-year-old nude who played chess with Duchamp at the Pasadena Art Museum — wore a size 36 DDD bra? Or that Gehry participated in a rock band of makeshift instruments by ringing a bicycle bell and pumping a toilet plunger in a pail?
As for Ed Kienholz, a maker of gritty assemblages and a founder of Ferus, the author reveals that he briefly taught art at a Las Vegas escort service disguised as a self-improvement school. Readers also learn that he christened the chicken-wire figures in his "Back Seat Dodge '38" sculpture "Harold" and "Mildred" and that he demanded — and received — a percentage of ticket sales to his controversial retrospective exhibition at LACMA in 1966.
Such tidbits are fun, but "Rebels in Paradise" is not the definitive book on Los Angeles art of the 1960s. It's an entertaining, often insightful guide to the spirit of the scene.
A former Times staff writer, Muchnic is the author of "Odd Man In: Norton Simon and the Pursuit of Culture."


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ArthroCare Receives FDA Clearance for SpeedFix(TM) Suture System
AUSTIN, Texas, Jul 26, 2011 (BUSINESS WIRE) —
ArthroCare Corp. (NASDAQ: ARTC), a leader in developing state-of-the-art, minimally invasive surgical products, has announced that it has received clearance from the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) for its SpeedFix(TM) Suture System (SpeedFix(TM)). SpeedFix, a push-in anchor made of PEEK (polyether-etherketone) polymer, is designed for the repair of tears of the labrum in a shoulder.
SpeedFix anchors, which are double-loaded with ArthroCare's high-strength MagnumWire(R) suture, provide surgeons with independent bone locking, suture tensioning and suture locking to securely attach tissues to the glenoid. SpeedFix is expected to complement ArthroCare's broad line of suture anchors and ArthroCare's suture passing technology, including FirstPass(TM).
ArthroCare develops and manufactures surgical devices, instruments, and implants that strive to enhance surgical techniques as well as improve patient outcomes. Its devices improve many existing surgical procedures and enable new minimally invasive procedures. Many of ArthroCare's devices use its internationally patented Coblation(R)technology. This technology precisely dissolves target tissue and limits damage to surrounding healthy tissue. ArthroCare also develops surgical devices utilizing other patented technology including its OPUS(R) line of fixation products as well as re-usable surgical instruments. ArthroCare is leveraging these technologies in order to offer a comprehensive line of surgical devices to capitalize on a multi-billion dollar market opportunity across several surgical specialties, including its two core product areas consisting of Sports Medicine and Ear, Nose, and Throat as well as other areas such as spine, wound care, urology and gynecology.
The information provided herein includes forward-looking statements within the meaning of Section 21E of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended. Statements that are not historical facts are forward-looking statements. Forward-looking statements are based on beliefs and assumptions by management and on information currently available to management. Forward-looking statements speak only as of the date they are made, and the Company undertakes no obligation to update any of them publicly in light of new information or future events. Additional factors that could cause actual results to differ materially from those contained in any forward-looking statement include, without limitation: the resolution of litigation pending against the Company; the Company's ability to design or improve internal controls to address issues detected in its reviews of internal controls and insurance reimbursement practices or by management in its reassessment of the Company's internal controls; the impact upon the Company's operations of legal compliance matters or internal controls review, improvement and remediation; the ability of the Company to control expenses relating to legal compliance matters or internal controls review, improvement and remediation; the Company's ability to remain current in its periodic reporting requirements under the Exchange Act and to file required reports with the Securities and Exchange Commission on a timely basis; the results of the investigation being conducted by the United States Department of Justice; the impact on the Company of additional civil and criminal investigations by state and federal agencies and civil suits by private third parties involving the Company's financial reporting and its previously announced restatement and its insurance billing and healthcare fraud-and-abuse compliance practices; the ability of the Company to attract and retain qualified senior management and to prepare and implement appropriate succession planning for its Chief Executive Officer; general business, economic and political conditions; competitive developments in the medical devices market; changes in applicable legislative or regulatory requirements; the Company's ability to effectively and successfully implement its financial and strategic alternatives, as well as business strategies, and manage the risks in its business; and the reactions of the marketplace to the foregoing.
SOURCE: ArthroCare Corp.


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Onderstepoort Journal of Veterinary Research
On-line version ISSN 2219-0635
Print version ISSN 0030-2465
Onderstepoort j. vet. res. vol.78 n.1 Pretoria Jan. 2011
The dynamics of questing ticks collected for 164 consecutive months off the vegetation of two landscape zones in the Kruger National Park (1988-2002). Part I. total ticks, Amblyomma hebraeum and Rhipicephalus decoloratus
Ivan G. HorakI,IV; Gordon J. GallivanII; Arthur M. SpickettIII
IDepartment of Veterinary Tropical Diseases, University of Pretoria, South Africa
II187 Cluny Street, Ottawa, Canada
IIIParasites, Vectors & Vector-borne Diseases Programme, Onderstepoort Veterinary Institute, South Africa
IVDepartment of Zoology and Entomology, University of the Free State, South Africa
Despite a large number of studies on tick biology, there is limited information on long-term changes in tick populations. This study thus aimed to assess the long-term population dynamics of questing ixodid ticks in two landscape zones of the Kruger National Park (KNP). Questing ixodid ticks were collected in the KNP from August 1988 to March 2002 by monthly dragging of the vegetation in three habitats (grassland, woodland and gully) at two sites (Nhlowa Road and Skukuza). Findings pertaining to total tick numbers and Amblyomma hebraeum and Rhipicephalus decoloratus specifically are presented here. Fourteen tick species were collected, as well as four others that could be identified only to generic level. More ticks (211 569 vs 125 810) were collected at Nhlowa Road than at Skukuza. Larvae were the most commonly collected stage of all the major tick species. A. hebraeum was the most commonly collected tick (63.6%) at Nhlowa Road, whereas R.decoloratus accounted for 15.3% of the ticks collected there. At Skukuza, 31.6% and 27.1% of the collected ticks were R. decoloratus and A. hebraeum respectively. Most A. hebraeum larvae were collected in summer and the fewest in winter and early spring, mostly in woodland and least often in grassland habitats. Most R. decoloratus larvae were collected in spring and the fewest in autumn and winter, and were more frequently collected in woodland and grassland than in gullies. The largest collections of most tick species were made during the early 1990s, while numbers were lowest in the mid-1990s after a drought during 1991 and 1992 and then increased towards the late 1990s, followed by a final decrease. The changes in tick numbers over time probably reflect differences in their host communities at the two sites and the effect of climatic conditions on both hosts and free-living ticks. The population dynamics of questing ticks reflect a complex interaction between ticks, their hosts and the environment.
Tick populations are influenced by a complex interaction between the ticks, their hosts and the environment. There have been many studies regarding the various factors affecting the tick-host-environment association. However, most have been of relatively short duration (typically 1-2 years) and there is little information on longer-term changes in tick populations.
In South Africa, Horak and Boomker (1998) collected ticks from bontebok, (Damaliscus pygargus dorcas) and grey rhebok (Pelea capreolus) in the Bontebok National Park over a 10-year period. While there were marked changes in the abundance of the major tick species over time, the changes are difficult to interpret because the ticks were collected only during February of each year. Horak et al. (1993) and Horak et al. (1995b) monitored the changes in tick populations on scrub hares (Lepus saxatilis) at Skukuza in the Kruger National Park (KNP) monthly over a period of 6 years. Most Amblyomma hebraeum larvae were collected from the hares between November and March or April and an erratic decline in numbers was observed over the 6-year survey period. The numbers of larvae of the two-host tick Hyalomma truncatum peaked on the hares between May and August every year and the nymphs between June and September. No noticeable decline in their numbers was evident during the 6 years of the survey.
The KNP, encompassing nearly 2 million hectare, is a large nature reserve in north-eastern South Africa. Acocks (1988) classified five vegetation types in the KNP and at a more detailed level Gertenbach (1983) described 35 landscape zones. Numerous surveys of the ticks parasitising wildlife in the KNP have been conducted (Horak, De Vos & Brown 1983; Horak, De Vos & De Klerk 1984; Horak et al. 1987b; Horak et al. 1988; Horak et al. 1991; Horak et al. 1992; Horak et al. 1993; Horak, De Vos & Braack 1995a; Horak et al. 1995b; Spickett et al. 1995; Braack et al. 1996; Horak et al. 2000a; Horak et al. 2003). These studies have recorded the host associations of tick species, their patterns of seasonal abundance, and the effects of host age and gender and droughts on the intensity of infestation. There have also been various surveys of free-living ticks in the park (Spickett et al. 1992; Horak et al. 2006b). These studies have examined differences among landscape zones and the effects of droughts and burning on free-living tick populations. In the present communication we describe changes in the populations of questing ticks, and specifically of two major species, A. hebraeum and Rhipicephalus decoloratus, collected from the vegetation in two landscape zones in the KNP monthly over a period of 164 months. Preliminary results on five tick species collected during either the first 11 or 12 years of the survey, and on one species collected throughout the survey, have previously been published (Horak, Spickett & Braack 2000b; Horak, Emslie & Spickett 2001; Horak et al. 2006a).
Materials and methods
Study localities
The study was conducted at Nhlowa Road and Skukuza in the KNP. The Nhlowa Road site was located in the south of Landscape Zone 17, which has been described as a Sclerocarya caffra-Acacia nigrescens savanna (Gertenbach 1983). This landscape zone extends from the south-eastern border of the KNP to beyond the Satara tourist rest camp, approximately 125 km to the north. It is an open, treed savanna with moderate shrub and dense grass cover (Gertenbach 1983). The study site (approximately 25º15'S, 31º55'E; alt. approximately 200 m above sea level) was about 8 km long and 2 km wide and straddled the Nhlowa gravel tourist road between the Crocodile Bridge tourist rest camp in the south and the Lower Sabie tourist rest camp in the north.
The Skukuza site was situated in the central north of Landscape Zone 4, the Thickets of the Sabie and Crocodile Rivers (Gertenbach 1983). This landscape zone extends from the middle of the southern border of the KNP to north of the Skukuza tourist rest camp, a distance of approximately 50 km. The vegetation consists of thorny thickets characterised by A. nigrescens and Combretum apiculatum, with a sparse grass layer (Gertenbach 1983). The site (approximately 25º04'S, 31º32'E; alt. approximately 260 m above sea level) was about 7 km long by 2 km wide and straddled the gravel road serving as a firebreak along the banks of the seasonally flowing Nwaswitshaka River. The site commenced approximately 4 km west of the Skukuza tourist rest camp and continued west to the gravel tourist road that joins the tarred Doispane and Napi roads.
The climate in the southern KNP is described as tropical with summer rainfall. Both sites were within the 600 mm - 650 mm isohyets (Gertenbach 1980). Annual rainfall (June-May) at the Skukuza rest camp averaged 609 mm over the period of the study, with a range of 275 mm - 1122 mm (Figure 1a). Although the annual rainfall often differed between the two sites in a given year (Figure 1a and 1b), average annual rainfall at the Lower Sabie rest camp (the closest climate station to the Nhlowa Road site) was similar to that at the Skukuza rest camp. Weather readings only commenced at the Lower Sabie rest camp between 1991 and 1992 and rainfall at the Nhlowa site, which was located in Arid Lowveld, was probably lower than that at the Lower Sabie rest camp located in the Lowveld (Acocks 1988). Based on the long-term rainfall patterns in the KNP (Gertenbach 1980; Whyte & Joubert 1988), the study commenced toward the end of a dry cycle that ended in the early 1990s, while the latter part of the study was conducted in a wet cycle.
Average temperatures were approximately 0.8 ºC cooler at Skukuza than at Lower Sabie, with maximum temperatures differing by 0.4 ºC and minimum temperatures by 1.3 ºC (Figure 1c). Average relative humidity at the Skukuza rest camp was similar to that at the Lower Sabie rest camp at 08:00 but was generally lower at 14:00 (Figure 1d).
Tick collection
Questing ticks were collected by drag-sampling the vegetation with flannel strips (Spickett et al. 1992). In addition to the flannel strips, the operator responsible for dragging the strips also wore flannel leggings. Three drags, each approximately 250 m long and 1 m wide, were performed in each of three habitats at each site, namely grassland, woodland and gully. The three habitats were selected subjectively on their visual appearance. Because of the limited number of gullies at each site, the same gullies were usually sampled every month, whereas the sampling locations in grassland and woodland usually varied from month to month. After each drag the ticks collected on the flannel strips and the leggings were removed using sharp-pointed forceps. Ticks were stored in 70% ethyl alcohol in internally labelled, plastic-stoppered glass vials for subsequent identification and counting.
Sampling commenced in August 1988 and continued in every habitat at both localities until March 2002, except after heavy rainfall or during a bush fire, or upon sighting elephants (Loxodonta africana), African buffaloes (Syncerus caffer) or lions (Panthera leo) in a habitat.
Statistical methods
The tick counts were log10 transformed prior to analysis to reduce the effects of over-dispersion (Petney, Van Ark & Spickett 1990). Independent variables of interest in the analysis were site, year, season, habitat and rainfall. Year was normally taken as the seasonal year (June-May) used to define the annual rainfall in the KNP, unless the occurrence of a tick stage was restricted to a calendar year. When the numbers were sufficient, the seasonality of the total number of ticks and each stage of a species were tested for both sites using serial autocorrelation (SPSS Inc. 1994). Multifactor analyses of variance were used to assess the effect of site, year, season and habitat on the total number of ticks and each stage. When their occurrence was strongly seasonal, months with zero counts were usually excluded to improve the sensitivity of the analysis. A serial cross-correlation was used to assess the relationship between rainfall and tick numbers.
Results and discussion
The total number of ticks and the respective species collected at each site are summarised in Table 1. Fourteen species were identified, while a further four species could be identified only to generic level. Nine of the species were collected in sufficient numbers to allow an evaluation of trends, while the other five species were collected only infrequently and in small numbers.
Total ticks
More ticks were collected at Nhlowa Road than at Skukuza (p < 0.0001). At Nhlowa Road, A.hebraeum accounted for 63.6% of the ticks collected and was the species most commonly collected in all years (Figure 2a). R. appendiculatus (17.3%) and R.decoloratus (15.3%) were the other commonly collected ticks, with R. appendiculatus the second most commonly collected tick between the 1989 and 1994 collection periods and was subsequently replaced by R. decoloratus. At Skukuza, R. zambeziensis (38.3%) was the most commonly collected tick, followed by R. decoloratus (31.6%) and A. hebraeum (27.1%). R. zambeziensis was the most commonly collected tick between 1989 and 1993 and again in 1998 (Figure 2b). R. decoloratus was the most common species in other years, except in 2000 when A. hebraeum was most commonly collected.
All of the commonly collected tick species have regularly been collected from large ungulates in the KNP, mostly as larvae (Horak et al. 1983; Horak et al. 1984; Horak et al. 1988; Horak et al. 1992; Horak et al. 2003; Horak, Golezardy & Uys 2007). The differences in the most common tick species and the numbers of ticks between the two sites probably reflect the differences in the large herbivore assemblages. The open savanna of the Nhlowa Road site is used by white rhinoceroses (Ceratotherium simum), giraffes (Giraffa camelopardalis), African buffaloes, greater kudus (Tragelaphus strepsiceros) Burchell's zebras (Equus burchellii), blue wildebeest (Connochaetes taurinus) and impalas (Aepyceros melampus). Rhinoceroses and giraffes are excellent hosts of adult A. hebraeum and African buffaloes are excellent hosts of adult A. hebraeum and R. appendiculatus (Horak et al. 1987a; Horak et al. 2007). Zebras, kudus and impalas are good hosts of all stages of development of R.decoloratus (Horak et al. 1984; Horak et al. 1992; Horak et al. 2003). The most common ungulates in the thickets of the Skukuza site are impalas, kudus, bushbuck (Tragelaphus scriptus) and giraffes, although black rhinoceroses (Dicerosbicornis), buffaloes and zebras are also present.
From 1988 to 1994 the populations of several ungulate species in the KNP, including kudus, warthogs (Phacochoerus africanus) and buffaloes declined by more than 50%. Declines of 20% - 30% were also observed in the populations of other species, such as blue wildebeest and impalas, while the populations of some species, such as zebras and giraffes, did not change significantly (Ogutu & Owen-Smith 2005). For many of the ungulate species that declined, there were significant lags in the population response to changes in rainfall and the recovery of those populations was delayed after the annual rainfall increased, probably because of the increased adult mortality during the years with low rainfall (Owen-Smith & Mason 2005; Owen-Smith, Mason & Ogutu 2005). The ungulate species that declined are important hosts of the major tick species and the delayed recovery of ungulate populations probably contributed to the low tick numbers throughout the latter half of the 1990s, even though the survival of larval ticks should have increased along with the higher rainfall.
Changes in the size of the host population have previously been suggested as an explanation for the differences in the number of ticks parasitising impalas in the droughts of 1982 and 1992 in the Skukuza region of the KNP (Horak et al. 1995a; Horak et al. 2003). The impala population was relatively large prior to the drought of 1982, during which 'terminally affected' impalas were more heavily infested with ticks than healthy impalas (Horak et al. 2003). The infestations on healthy impalas in 1982 were similar to those of impalas in 1980, a non-drought year. The impala population declined since the late 1980s and in 1992 tick infestations on impalas were much lower than during the early 1980s. The difference between the trends for 1980 and 1992 were due to the lower numbers of A. hebraeum, R.decoloratus and R. zambeziensis, species for which impalas and kudus are important hosts.
There was significant seasonality in total tick numbers(p < 0.001) at Skukuza (Figure 3a), with a marked decline in tick numbers from January to April and a sharp increase in May. This reflected the seasonal increase in the numbers of R. zambeziensis larvae. At Nhlowa Road, the seasonal change in tick numbers was not statistically significant (p = 0.2) because the winter decline in the numbers of A. hebraeum larvae was offset by the increases in R. appendiculatus larvae in the winter and R. decoloratus larvae in the spring (Figure 3b).
Mean monthly tick collections (June-May) varied significantly between years (p < 0.001) and there was a significant year-by-site interaction (p < 0.001) because the year-to-year changes were not consistent between the two sites (Figure 2a and 2b). However, the highest numbers at both sites occurred in the early 1990s, declined towards the mid-1990s and again increased towards the turn of the century.
Annual rainfall declined since 1988, resulting in the drought of 1991, after which it again increased and peaked by 1999. However, tick numbers and rainfall were only weakly correlated, which suggests that annual rainfall was not the primary determinant of the numbers of questing ticks and that changes in ungulate populations over time may also have influenced the observed changes.
Total tick collections were highest in woodland and lowest in grassland (p < 0.001). This pattern was consistent at both sites (Table 2) and among months and years. The habitat distribution reflects the distribution of A. hebraeum at Nhlowa Road, and of A. hebraeum and R. zambeziensis at Skukuza.
Amblyomma hebraeum
Once stimulated, questing A. hebraeum larvae are extremely active and readily climb onto the flannel strips and leggings. Large mammals, such as rhinoceroses, giraffes, buffaloes, elands (Taurotragus oryx) and kudus are important hosts of all stages of this tick, as are warthogs. Smaller antelope, such as impalas, bushbuck and grey duikers (Sylvicapra grimmia), as well as scrub hares, helmeted guinea fowls (Numida meleagris) and carnivores are good hosts of the immature stages (Horak et al. 1987a; Horak et al. 1988; Horak et al. 2007).
Larvae and nymphs were more commonly collected at Nhlowa Road than at Skukuza (p < 0.0001). Larvae accounted for more than 99.9% of A. hebraeum collected at both sites. Despite significant variation between years in the mean monthly collections of larvae at the two sites, the trends were similar, with higher numbers in the early 1990s, followed by a decline in the mid-1990s and an increase in the late 1990s (Figure 2a and 2b). The numbers of A. hebraeum larvae were significantly correlated with annual rainfall during the preceding year (p = 0.02) at Skukuza, but not at Nhlowa Road (p > 0.2). The numbers of collected A. hebraeum nymphs did not differ significantly between years (p = 0.4).
The differences between the two sites' tick populations may be explained by the differences in host species. The populations of smaller ungulates, such as impalas, which predominate at Skukuza, appear to respond more rapidly to fluctuations in rainfall (Ogutu & Owen-Smith 2005). The drought during 1991 and 1992 also appeared to have caused the emigration of large mammals from the Skukuza area (Horak et al. 1995a), which would have further exacerbated the impact of declining host populations on the numbers of questing A. hebraeum larvae in this area. After the mid-1990s there was a greater increase in the numbers of A. hebraeum larvae at Skukuza than at Nhlowa Road, as the populations of warthogs and impalas increased after the drought. In contrast, the populations of the larger ungulate species, such as buffaloes and elands, which predominate at the Nhlowa Road site, recovered much slower than the populations of smaller ungulates predominating at Skukuza.
A.hebraeum larvae were seasonal at both sites (Figure 3a and 3b; p < 0.001), with numbers peaking in the summer and then reaching a minimum in the winter and early spring. At Skukuza, the lowest numbers were collected in July and did not increase until November, whereas at Nhlowa Road the numbers declined gradually to a nadir in September, then increased. However, the difference in population sizes between the sites was not statistically significant (p = 0.27). Although only small numbers of nymphs were collected, a seasonal pattern was evident at Nhlowa Road (p < 0.05), with a peak in the late summer and early autumn.
The peak activity of questing A. hebraeum larvae during the summer rainfall period is consistent with that observed in other summer rainfall areas in southern Africa (Petney et al. 1987). A similar pattern of seasonal activity was observed on scrub hares examined at monthly intervals around Skukuza for the first 6 years of the present survey (Horak et al. 1993; Horak et al. 1995b) and warthogs examined in the southern KNP from 1980 to 1981 (Horak et al. 1988). The intensity of infestation of A. hebraeum larvae appeared to be non-seasonal on greater kudus (Horak et al. 1992). However, on impalas, the seasonal peaks of infestation were in the autumn and spring (Horak et al. 2003), while the peaks on helmeted guinea fowls occurred in the summer and winter (Horak et al. 1991), and on zebras in the winter (Horak et al. 1984).
The differences between the seasonal activity of questing A. hebraeum larvae and their seasonal abundance on hosts may be related to a number of factors. The intensity of infestations may differ among individuals of a host species at a given time; thus, the apparent seasonal pattern may depend on the individuals sampled. Also, many of the larger ungulates exhibit seasonal changes in distribution. Even within restricted home ranges, both kudus and impalas appear to shift habitat use seasonally within the KNP (Young 1972; Owen-Smith 1979). These shifts in habitat use may alter the exposure to questing A. hebraeum larvae for mobile species, whereas the intensity of infestation on more sedentary species, such as scrub hares and warthogs, more accurately reflects the activity of questing ticks.
According to Petney, Horak and Rechav (1987), A. hebraeum larvae are restricted to well-drained, shaded habitats with grass cover. In the present study, larger numbers of A. hebraeum larvae were collected in the woodland than in the grassland (p < 0.001) at both sites (Table 2), and this difference was consistent over years and months (Figure 4a and 4b).
Two factors may account for such distribution. Firstly, the large herbivore hosts of adult A. hebraeum are inclined to rest or shelter in the shade of trees during the heat of the day and hence more engorged female ticks may detach there. Engorged female ticks may detach in grassland habitats, but here these extremely large, slow-moving creatures could easily be seen by birds and other predators. Secondly, the higher relative humidity and lower saturation deficits in the woodland and gullies may have increased larval survival.
Nymphs were collected mostly in the gullies and least often in the grassland.
Rhipicephalus decoloratus
This tick infests a wide range of ungulate hosts in the KNP and accounted for the majority of ticks collected from blue wildebeest, Burchell's zebra, impalas and greater kudus (Horak et al. 1983; Horak et al. 1984; Horak et al. 1992; Horak et al. 2003). Small to medium-sized intermediate feeders or browsers, such as impalas and greater kudus, appear to support much larger burdens than the grazers (zebras, blue wildebeest and buffaloes) or large browsers such as giraffes (Horak et al. 1983; Horak et al. 1984; Horak et al. 1992; Horak et al. 2003; Horak et al. 2007).
More R. decoloratus larvae were collected at Skukuza than at Nhlowa Road (p = 0.004), which may be explained by the predominance of impalas and greater kudus at Skukuza. There was a significant year-to-year variation in the numbers of larvae (p < 0.001) as well as a significant year-by-site interaction (p < 0.001). The numbers at Skukuza were higher than the numbers at Nhlowa Road between 1988 and 1990 (Figure 2a and 2b). The numbers at Skukuza declined rapidly from 1990 to 1992 and remained lower than those at Nhlowa Road from 1992 to 1994. In contrast, the numbers at Nhlowa Road were relatively constant from 1988 to 1991, followed by a decline until 1994. The numbers at both sites increased between 1995 and 1998, followed again by a decline. However, the decline at Skukuza was much less pronounced than at Nhlowa Road. The numbers of R. decoloratus larvae were not significantly correlated with annual rainfall.
R. decoloratus was seasonal at both sites (p < 0.001), with the largest collections made in the spring and the smallest in autumn and winter (Figure 3a and 3b). The seasonal pattern differed between the sites (p = 0.048). At Skukuza the numbers remained low from February to July, and then increased sharply to peak during September-November before declining again. At Nhlowa Road, the changes from the nadir in April to the peak in November appeared to be more gradual. Average autumn and winter temperatures at Nhlowa Road were typically 1 ºC - 2 ºC higher than at Skukuza and the effect of winter temperatures may have been less pronounced than at Skukuza. However, the increase in the number of questing larvae over the winter suggests that other factors, such as seasonal shifts in habitat use by host animals may also be important.
The seasonal pattern of questing larvae corresponds to the seasonal patterns on ungulate hosts in the KNP (Horak et al. 1983; Horak et al. 1984; Horak et al. 1992; Horak et al. 2003). Although R. decoloratus can complete more than one life cycle annually and is present throughout the year, a number of factors may contribute to the seasonality of this tick. Firstly, the development of the non-parasitic stages is temperature dependent, with prolonged pre-oviposition, oviposition and incubation periods at lower temperatures (Londt 1974, 1977; Robertson 1981; Short et al. 1989; Spickett & Heyne 1990). The threshold for development is approximately
10 ºC (Short et al. 1989; Spickett & Heyne 1990). In the Eastern Cape and Gauteng Provinces, South Africa, the majority of eggs are produced by female ticks towards the end of the summer and later, over-winter (Robertson 1981; Spickett & Heyne 1990). As the temperature rises in spring these eggs hatch more or less synchronously (Robertson 1981), giving rise to an increase in questing larvae on the vegetation at this time. The seasonal pattern of R. decoloratus larvae at Skukuza is consistent with the above interpretation, although larvae were active throughout the winter, probably because the average temperature of 16 ºC - 17 ºC for June and July is well above the threshold temperature for development.
A second factor that may impact on the seasonal pattern of R. decoloratus is host resistance. At Skukuza and in the Biyamiti region of the KNP, the increase in the intensity of infestation of R. decoloratus on impalas from August (Horak et al. 2003) was similar to the pattern observed for questing ticks at Skukuza. However, the intensity of infestation on impalas declined more rapidly than the numbers of questing ticks. The initial increase in the intensity of infestation on impalas was caused by an increase in larvae numbers. This resulted in a rapid increase in the larvae: adult ratio in August and September (Gallivan & Horak, unpublished observations 2003) because the increase in the infestations of nymphs and adults lagged behind the increase in the infestations of larvae. The larvae: adult ratio declined in October, and in December the intensity of the total R. decoloratus infestation declined, possibly as a result of the development of resistance. The increase in the numbers of R. decoloratus on impalas from August occurred towards the end of the winter when diet quality is reduced (Monro 1980; Van Rooyen 1992) and impalas are in poorer condition (Gallivan, Culverwell & Girdwood 1995).
Resistance to tick infestation is reduced on a low plane of nutrition (O'Kelly & Seifert 1969; Sutherst et al. 1983). Thus, impalas were exposed to large numbers of questing R. decoloratus larvae at a time when they had reduced resistance to infestation. The decrease in the larvae: adult ratio in October corresponded to the beginning of the annual rainfall period, which is associated with an improvement in diet quality. Sutherst et al. (1983) have shown that a smaller percentage of R. microplus larvae mature on cattle maintained on a higher plane of nutrition and that the percentage that matures varies seasonally, with a peak in the winter when forage quality is low and a rapid decline in the spring when forage quality improves. The decline in the percentage of R. decoloratus larvae maturing on impalas at Skukuza from October onwards would reduce the number of females detaching and, subsequently, the number of questing larvae in the summer and early autumn.
Blue wildebeest and zebras are the predominant species in Landscape Zone 17, and buffaloes, kudus, and giraffes are also present in large numbers (Gertenbach 1983). Blue wildebeest and zebras migrate between the northern and southern parts of Zone 17 annually, moving north in the summer and south in the winter (Gertenbach 1983). Blue wildebeest are poor hosts of ixodid ticks, but Burchell's zebras are relatively efficient hosts (Horak et al. 1983; Horak et al. 1984; Gallivan & Horak 1997) and may harbour burdens of R. decoloratus similar to the burdens on impalas (Horak et al. 1984; Horak et al. 2003). The movement of blue wildebeest and zebras into the Nhlowa Road site during the autumn would increase the number of detaching females and contribute to the increasing numbers of questing larvae during the winter and spring. The northward movement of these host species in the spring would limit the availability of hosts and hence, the numbers of questing larvae.
At Skukuza the numbers of questing R. decoloratus larvae declined rapidly following the 1991 drought, but subsequently increased to a peak in 1998. The higher summer temperatures and lower relative humidity during the drought of the early 1990s probably reduced larval survival. In addition, there was a marked reduction in the size of the impala population (Horak et al. 1995a). The combination of reduced larval survival and low host density resulted in a considerable reduction in intensity of infestation on impalas during the 1991 drought (Horak et al. 2003). The number of impalas at Skukuza increased again in 1992 (Horak et al. 1995a), but the numbers of questing R. decoloratus larvae remained low until 1994. The delay in the recovery of the population of questing R. decoloratus larvae suggests that even though the impala population recovered, the low intensity of infestation probably limited the number of detaching female ticks. Consequently the population of questing R. decoloratus larvae did not recover until the intensity of infestation increased on impalas and other hosts.
The decline in the numbers of questing R. decoloratus larvae at Nhlowa Road following the 1991 drought was more gradual than at Skukuza and the nadir was not reached until 1994. The diversity of large host species at Nhlowa Road may have altered the response. While there were marked decreases in the populations of some hosts (e.g. kudus and buffaloes), the populations of others like giraffes and zebras did not decline (Ogutu & Owen-Smith 2005).
Similar to the situation at Skukuza, numbers of R. decoloratus larvae peaked in 1998 at Nhlowa Road. This increase in numbers was apparent from March to June 1998, declined to a nadir in August and then reached a new peak in October. The numbers declined dramatically after November and very few larvae were collected in 1999. The average daily temperatures in the autumn, winter and the early spring of 1998 were approximately 1 ºC above the mean. However, while the development rates and fecundity of R. decoloratus are temperature dependent (Londt 1977; Short et al. 1989), a 1 ºC temperature increase is unlikely to account for a fivefold increase in tick numbers. Instead, a combination of increasing host populations and a dry year may have contributed to the marked increase in the numbers of questing R. decoloratus larvae.
The recovery of ungulate populations following a population decline may take several years, depending on the fecundity of the species. In the KNP, the recovery of the populations of mid-size ungulates, such as impalas and kudus, appears to require about 5 years (Ogutu & Owen-Smith 2005) and increases in populations are associated with an increase in juvenile survival (Owen-Smith & Mason 2005). Juvenile impalas harbour higher burdens of R. decoloratus than adults (Horak et al. 2003), while juvenile kudus harbour similar burdens to the adults (Horak et al. 1992).
The increase in ungulate populations following the 1991 drought would have coincided with a dry summer and winter during 1997 and 1998 and again during 1998 and 1999 (Figure 1b). In 1998 rainfall at Lower Sabie was only 64 mm from February to August, whereas the mean from 1993 to 2001 was 290 mm. The dry weather from the latter half of the summer throughout the winter probably created significant nutritional stress, a factor which reduces resistance to infestation and which has a greater effect on juveniles than adult animals (Gallivan et al. 1995). Thus the increase in the ungulate populations during 1998 and 1999 with a higher proportion of juveniles, which may have higher intensities of infestation than adults and can be more susceptible to nutritional stress, resulted in a host population of which a large proportion had a reduced resistance to infestation. The combination of a large number of susceptible hosts and more rapid development of the free-living stages probably contributed to a rapid increase in the numbers of questing R. decoloratus larvae. Interestingly, the numbers of questing larvae declined dramatically in December 1998, following more than twice the average rainfall being recorded than in October and November.
More R. decoloratus larvae were collected in the woodland and grassland than in the gullies (p < 0.001). This difference was significant at Nhlowa Road, but not at Skukuza (Table 2). The differences among habitats were consistent over years and months (Figure 5a and 5b).
General: Despite its lengthy time frame, this study provides information only on trends in tick populations, firstly because sampling by dragging flannel cloths collects mostly only ticks that quest for hosts from the vegetation. Nymphs and adults of A. hebraeum hunt for hosts from the soil surface (Bryson et al. 2000), while the larvae quest for hosts from the vegetation. The substantial difference between the number of collected larvae, and nymphs and adults (Table 1) is an indication of the differences in their host-finding strategies. Because R. decoloratus is a one-host tick, only its larvae seek for hosts, doing so by questing from the vegetation. The numbers of R. decoloratus larvae collected from flannel cloths are thus a better representation of the tick population seeking hosts than is the case with A. hebraeum. Secondly, only a small proportion of the total area of each collection locality was sampled. The nine 250 m2 drag samples conducted each month are equivalent to a total of only 2 250 m2 at each site. The Skukuza site covered 7 km x 2 km (14 000 000 m2) and the Nhlowa Road site covered 8 km x 2 km (16 000 000 m2). Consequently sampling covered only 0.014% - 0.016% of the area at each site. Extrapolating from the drags to the whole site yields changes in the magnitude of millions for the major tick species. From 1989 to 1994 the decline in numbers at Skukuza was equivalent to 1200 ticks per month or 14 400 ticks per year. Extrapolating to the whole site, this represents a decline of 90 million ticks of which only a miniscule fraction was collected by drag-sampling the vegetation.
The objective of the study was to assess the long-term population dynamics of questing ixodid ticks in two landscape zones of the KNP and to this end collections were made monthly from the vegetation over a period of 164 months. This paper dealt with changes in the populations of questing larvae and nymphs of A. hebraeum and larvae of R. decoloratus. Changes in the populations of the two ticks were related to rainfall, season, host populations, and their own biology. The study indicated that meaningful results on the seasonality of tick species, of which one or more stages quest for hosts from the vegetation, can be obtained by drag-sampling. It also highlighted the advantages of long-term surveys as opposed to those of shorter duration. This study contributes to the current understanding of the complexity of the population dynamics of these tick species, both of which are of considerable economic importance.
We are indebted to the South African National Parks (SANParks) for placing their staff and facilities in the KNP at our disposal. We gratefully acknowledge the assistance of Dr Leo Braack and Mr André Potgieter with arranging the logistics for the collections. Ms Heloise Heyne and Ms Andrea van Niekerk assisted with many of the field collections, as did a number of nature conservation and veterinary students. Our special thanks, however, are reserved for the SANParks staff at Skukuza, who were our armed guards and assisted with the collection of the many thousands of ticks from the flannel strips and leggings. The research was funded by the Faculty of Veterinary Science (University of Pretoria) SANParks, Bayer Animal Health, the University of the Free State and the National Research Foundation.
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Correspondence to:
Ivan Horak
Postal address: Private bag X04
Onderstepoort 0110
South Africa
Email: email@example.com
Received: 09 Sept. 2010
Accepted: 10 Nov. 2010
Published: 25 Feb. 2011
© 2011. The Authors. Licensee: OpenJournals Publishing. This work is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution License.


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Thune Seeks Re-election as Conference Chairman
SIOUX FALLS, S.D. (AP) - Sen. John Thune has announced his intention to seek re-election to the third-highest ranking Republican position in the U.S. Senate.
Thune said Thursday that he intends to be re-elected as the Senate Republic Conference Chairman. He has held the position since January of this year.
In a news release, Thune said the country is a crossroads and communicating the Republican vision to grow the economy, create jobs and restore the nation's fiscal health is important.
Thune is the highest ranking Republican senator from South Dakota since Sen. Chan Gurney of Yankton, who served as conference vice-chair, the No. 5 position, in the 1940s.
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