text:
Safety Signage
Office of Energy Projects
Federal Energy Regulatory Commission
Washington, DC 20426
One of the Federal Energy Regulatory Commission's (FERC or Commission) roles is to provide regulatory oversight to help project owners create and maintain safe hydropower projects. The potential for drownings, and other accidental deaths and injuries on project lands and waters is of concern to the Commission and project owners. Licensees and exemptees identify and address public safety issues at their projects, and the Commission staff reviews these activities to help project owners ensure that the operation of these projects does not endanger the public.
Commission staff inspects approximately 2,600 hydro facilities each year. These inspectors are vigilant in watching for unsafe conditions during their inspections. The objective is to identify potential hazards and require that appropriate safety measures be in place, before accidents occur. This review and assessment must be conducted on a project-specific basis. As each project has its unique configuration of hydropower facilities, reservoir size and use, topography, and recreational uses and sites, the potential dangers vary widely as well. Accordingly, each project's plan to address these potential dangers, through the use of signs and other devices, is unique.
The Commission's role is not to set signage standards for uniform applicability, but rather to require that each project owner takes the appropriate actions, including placing the appropriate signage, to safeguard the public from harm at and around its hydropower project. To this end, FERC requires that a Public Safety Plan be developed by the owner of any project where public safety measures are necessary. The plan includes a list of each safety device at the project and a schematic drawing showing the location of each device. Such safety devices, include fences, signs, boat barriers, buoys, log booms, audible devices, night illuminations, and warning lights. The plan is kept current by the project owner and reviewed by Commission staff during each operation inspection for accuracy and adequacy.
This "Safety Signage at Hydropower Projects" document was developed by FERC to provide hydropower project owners with easy-to-access information and examples of safety signage suitable for use at their facilities. Although general information on safety signs is available, information specific to hydropower projects can be difficult to locate. Such specific information is often interspersed within larger, more general texts. This document presents the most relevant generally available information, and directs interested individuals to more detailed references and resources. Providing FERC licensees and exemptees with a central location for safety sign information is one step toward helping project owners to create the safest environment possible at these hydroelectric projects.
This document contains:
Recreational use of Commission-licensed hydropower facilities has increased in past decades and is projected to continue to increase in the future. This increase is primarily due to two factors: increased popularity of water-based activities and increased overall population of the United States. The U.S. population is projected to expand by 30 percent over the next 20 years. In addition, recreation participation is anticipated to continue growing at high levels. In particular, water-based recreation has increased dramatically over recent years, and the trend is for continued growth. For example, the number of individuals participating in motor boating increased from 33.6 million to 51.4 million from 1983 to 1999, an increase of 53 percent in just 16 years (NSRE, 2000).
The percent of the population taking part and the types of water-based recreation activities also have been changing. One extreme example of this is the use of personal water craft (PWC). The jet water propulsion technology for PWCs was originally developed in the late 1960s, but they have only been available commercially since the mid-1970s. PWCs and jet boats can be used in water not formerly accessible to conventional propeller-driven boats: river rapids, ocean surf, shallows, and narrow reaches of rivers and reservoirs (Cordell, 1999). According to the USCG, PWC numbers in the United States have increased from about 100,000 in 1987 to approximately 1,100,000 in 1998. Along with this increase in the number of PWCs in use, the number of associated accidents, injuries, and fatalities also has increased. The manner in which PWCs are operated differs from conventional motor boats. They tend to be operated in a more erratic or circular motion, as opposed to the standard linear motion of other motor boats. This change in activity patterns of recreational users may affect the signage that is necessary at a given hydropower dam and associated reservoir.
These changes in population, use, and recreation types have changed the landscape of safety issues that project owners face at hydropower projects. Different recreation activities often compete for the same space at a site (e.g., use of PWCs and use by swimmers). This creates direct safety risks, such as collisions, or indirect risks, such as overcrowding, which may encourage recreators to use other project areas that, historically, were unused. Dam owners and operators need to be aware of these safety risks and address associated safety concerns. Bresnahan et al. (1993) adapted the work of previous researchers Barnett and Brinkman to create a "current consensus" on how to develop a safety hierarchy to address such changing concerns (table 1). The "safety hierarchy" identifies priorities and options for eliminating or reducing risks once they have been identified.
Table 1. Adaptable Safety Priority Hierarchy (Bresnahan et al., 1993, as modified by the staff).
Most projects have had safety design modifications put into place over the life of the project. Fencing, gates, and even video cameras have been incorporated to increase safety at hydropower projects. However, safety signage continues to be a critical part of maintaining safe conditions, in part because of the hidden nature of many of the potential hazards at hydropower projects. Signs that effectively warn, inform, and educate the public about potential safety hazards are an integral part of a comprehensive safety plan.
What is a safety sign? For the purposes of this document, we include any form of signage that has a potential impact on public safety. These include not only the prohibitive and warning signs commonly recognized as having a direct safety message, but also other sign genres including directional signs, informational signs, interpretive signs, and those signs that specifically denote areas where activities are allowed. Signs with symbols or messages that mark swimming areas, inform the public of portage routes or even parking signs serve a public safety purpose in that they encourage use of safe areas over areas where there are potential risks or hazards. Safety signage should address not only activities or actions that are prohibited but should also guide and encourage viewers to make safe activity choices.
The first rule of safety signage is to identify potential safety hazards and determine the existence of information and regulations that govern safety. A variety of agencies and organizations have researched safety signs and their design and provided guidance in this area. National, international and regional agencies and organizations include: the Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA), the American National Standards Institute (ANSI), the International Organization for Standardization (ISO), the Federal Highway Administration (FHWA), the General Services Administration (GSA), the United States Army Corps of Engineers (USACE)(see appendix A for USACE Signage Guidelines), the United States Bureau of Reclamation (USBR), the United States Coast Guard (USCG), the Association of State Dam Safety Officials (ASDSO), the Hydro Public Safety Issues Group (HPSIG), Hydro Users Group (HUG) and FERC (see appendix B). Many of these organizations and agencies have published information regarding the concepts and principles of proper safety signage and produced regulatory or suggested guidelines for sign planning and production. Another national source of sign design guidance is the Americans with Disabilities Act Guidelines for Buildings and Facilities (ADAAG). The complete guidelines are available on the Access Board website (see web links in section VI.B ). The ADAAG include specific requirements for various aspects of signage, and these requirements are discussed in the appropriate sections of this document (ADAAG, 1998).
A dam owner should know of any state or local regulations regarding safety signage or dam safety. It is an important part of properly assessing signage needs and possible design requirements. For example, in Pennsylvania, legislation is proposed that may require the posting of specialized signage at non-power producing dams (see web links in section VI.B ). Other states, such as Oregon, have published guidelines regarding safety signs at specific types of site. The Oregon guidelines entitled "Uniform Sign Guidelines for Recreational Boat Launching and Transient Tie-Up Facilities" (see appendix C) was prepared by the Oregon State Marine Board (OSMB) in 1997. The guidelines include specific information on capitalization, text size, arrows, abbreviations, sign shapes, materials and even enforcement information. All of this information may have an impact on how a dam owner assesses, designs, places and maintains signs at their project. Section VI.B of this document (Safety Signage at Hydropower Projects) contains web links to several of the groups and web sites mentioned above, providing further safety information.
While the specific approach of each agency or group to safety may vary, the basic elements of an effective safety signage program are the same:
All of the elements together form a complete and comprehensive safety signage plan. Without properly assessing the need for signs, effective signage is never developed; a poorly worded sign will not be effective; if poorly placed, even a well designed sign will not be effective; and effectiveness decreases in areas where sign maintenance is neglected. In the following section, we examine each of these elements, describe associated pitfalls, and identify the most important components of each aspect of an effective safety signage plan.
A. Assessing the Need for Signage
When developing or updating the safety signs at a project, the dam owner or operator must inventory the potentially hazardous areas at the project and identify the users affected by dangerous areas. Because each hydropower project has site-specific characteristics that may pose unique hazards to the public, each project owner must examine all of the areas affected by the dam. In many cases, however, the issues at a number of different facilities are similar enough that some uniformity among projects is possible.
Each hydropower project has some features in common with others, but also many project-specific features that may require specialized signage not available in an "off the shelf" format. A comprehensive site review should be conducted if a current safety plan is not available. The USACE Sign Standards Manual Volumes I and II (last updated in 1995) provide detailed guidance on how to conduct a thorough sign inventory (publications EP 310-1-6A and EP 310-1-6B are available at no cost). Contact the USACE via its web site (see web links in section VI.B ) to request these documents.
Include the following steps when assessing signage needs:
The review also should identify any new signage needs, modifications, replacements, and removals. For example, the change from a peaking mode to run-of- river operation may necessitate a change in signage and, in some cases, sign removal.
A note about technology: Technological advances in the past several years have made digital cameras and electronic documentation of signage much more affordable for even small dam owners. Electronic record keeping of both text and graphics, including site maps and photos, is highly recommended. Reordering signs, copying examples of other signs in use, and analyzing standards all may be completed much more easily using electronic methods. Computer applications using three-dimensional modeling and global positioning/ global information systems (GPS/GIS) technologies can be used to identify exact sign positions, schedule maintenance, and help determine the site of future signs.
A number of factors influence a sign's effectiveness. The text height, sign size, typography (font style), color, symbols used, shape, phrasing, and the message conveyed all have an impact on how a sign will be perceived. Generally, signs should be designed for the first time viewer assuming no prior knowledge. An OSHA report "Hazard Communication: A Review of the Science Underpinning the Art of Communication for Health and Safety" (OSHA, 1997) reviewed studies conducted to determine factors affecting labels and signage. This report, while primarily about product labeling, provides summary information on general safety signage design concepts. A web link to this report is contained in section VI.B of this document.
1. Text Height and Sign Proportions
Text height is generally a function of two factors: the intended viewer's distance from the sign and the priority of that line of text within the total sign legend. All the text on a sign (known as the legend) should be sized based on the distance from which it is to be viewed, the speed of the viewer, and the manner of movement (e.g., foot, car, or boat). (1) In compliance with FHWA standards, letter height is calculated for people with at least 20/40 vision. Figure 1 illustrates the calculated letter height for signs and their intended application. The USACE defines the calculated text height as "A," where "A" is the height of the first capital letter in the main body or "Bond Copy" of the sign legend.
"A" is used as the base measurement for proportioning other text, borders, and spacing on the sign panel. For example, the headline (top line or highest priority phrase such as "Danger") size is 1.5A or 1.5 times the height of the first capital letter in the main body of the sign. Use of a ratio or proportioning method such as this allows the designer to determine the way a sign will ultimately be perceived. Text height, spacing between lines, the distance to the sign edge, arrow or symbol sizes, and logos or graphics can all be properly scaled using a method similar to this one. Proportioning is an important part of creating effective, readable signs.
Figure 2 shows the relative ratio of the font height, line spacing, and borders for a USACE site sign. The distance "X" is equal to the length of the longest legend line plus 1.5A. Also included are the measurements for the sign size, posts, and mounting height in Height Above Ground Level (HAGL). Mounting method, height, and sign size vary with text height. The USACE sign proportion regulations are designed to increase the readability, clarity, and effectiveness of the signage for the viewer. The border provides a visual separation between the text on the sign and the environment, while line spacing groups associated text together allowing the reader to visually prioritize the information being given. In relation to sign size, the HUG Public Safety Committee recommends a minimum size of 2 feet by 2 feet for "Dam" and "Thin Ice" warning signs, as well as for "Take Out" and "Canoe Portage" signs. They also recommend a minimum of 4 feet by 4 feet for other message and warning signage. Appendix D contains a copy of HUG recommendations for font size, coloration, sign lighting, sirens, strobes, and other safety issues.
Font proportions also are important to capture the viewer's attention, give prioritized information, and set up a hierarchy of concepts. In its 1997 report on product labeling, OSHA reports that a 2 point increase in font size from 10 to 12 point text (a 20 percent increase) between the bond copy and the headline drew the viewer's attention to the heading and increased the labeling effectiveness. Although this differs from the USACE proportion of 150 percent of bond copy height, the concept of differing font height for emphasis is well accepted. A combination of suitable text height and properly proportioned sign components ensures that signs are readable and effective.
The ADAAG require that letters and numbers on signs shall have a width-to-height ratio between 3:5 and 1:1 and a stroke-width-to-height ratio between 1:5 and 1:10 (Section 4.30.2). Further, characters and numbers on signs shall be sized according to the viewing distance from which they are read. The minimum ADAAG height is measured using an uppercase X. Lower case characters are permitted. The absolute minimum height for characters is 3 inches (Section 4.30.3). For mounting location and height, other ADAAG requirements may apply.
2. Sign Shape
FHWA has developed shape-based traffic signage in use across the United States: octagons for stop, inverted triangles for yield, diamonds for warning, and rectangles for information. Warning signs and labels are often rectangular in shape but include symbols within the sign that reflect the standard safety shapes to gain prompt user attention. ANSI Z535.3 (1991) standards state that the perimeter of the label panels may take on the surrounding shape of safety symbols, although justifications for this allowance are not specified. Safety shapes recommended by ANSI Z535.3 (1991) and ISO 9186, along with their associated meanings are as follows:
The HUG Public Safety Committee recommendations advise that warning signs used for "Dam" and "Thin Ice" be diamond shaped, and that informational signs should be square. They also recommend using a 2- or 4-inch minimum width border of international orange (similar to the Uniform State Waterway Marking System [USWMS] [see section III.C.2]).
Background color and reflectivity also can affect safety signs. Low light conditions at night, dusk, dawn, or during inclement weather may reduce visibility and make existing signs ineffective. Use of a light or reflective background material can increase visibility. At sites where night-time activities are common, licensees or exemptees should conduct night trials to assess sign effectiveness. See section III.E for a discussion of maintenance of reflectivity of signs.
FHWA has developed color codes establishing general meanings for eight colors that are used to convey traffic control information. The meanings that are associated with these colors by the general public make them appropriate for use at hydropower projects. The following general meanings can be used when designing signage:
The USWMS provides specific colors to be used on the buoys associated with it. These colors have recently changed and are being merged with the United States Aids to Navigation. The system uses red, green, and white colors to mark safe channels for travel. (For full details on the USWMS [see section III.C.2]; see section VI.B for web site.) The ADAAG also provide guidance for finish and contrast on signs: "The characters and background of signs shall be in eggshell, matte, or other non-glare finish. Characters and symbols shall contrast with their background, either light characters on a dark background or dark characters on a light background."
C. Standardized Format and Message
A significant percentage of U.S. residents do not use English as their primary language, which may present a problem for safety officers trying to design effective signage. Initially, assess the surrounding community and visitors to find out what primary languages are used and determine the need for specialized signage. If there is a need, two common methods of reaching non-English speaking groups are the use of symbols or pictograms and the use of signs with text translated into other languages.
If the message is easy to convey using symbols (e.g., No Swimming or No Boats), then it may be adequate to include symbols on the posted signs. This method has been shown to increase effectiveness in all viewer groups of any language if the symbol meaning is clear. Examples of standard pictograms can be found in the USACE Sign Standards Manual (reproduced in part in appendix A of this report and in section V.I illustrating common USACE symbols); these are primarily based on the National Park Service (NPS) symbol system. Other sources include the ANSI sign standards and FHWA. Symbols can increase the effectiveness of signs by adding recognition value, clearly defining restricted activities, and increasing retention time.
Areas with higher concentrations of non-English speakers or requiring depiction of more difficult concepts such as No Trespassing and Fast Rising Water may require additional signs posted in a second language. Dam owners also may create specialized graphics designed and tested through the ANSI Z535 series of signage protocols. Whenever a translated sign is used, an identical sign in English should be placed beside it. The viewer can directly compare the two signs and may recognize the same warning and symbol if only the English version is posted in other areas. Note that any signs printed in non-English languages should be checked by a person fluent in that language to ensure accurate translation.
Project-specific graphics or symbols should be used with care, planning, and testing. Use of standardized symbols or a professionally designed graphic is encouraged over "home made" versions of typical pictograms. A good example of a commonly used specialized graphic is the Minnesota Department of Natural Resources "Drowning Machine" sign which is used across the state. Similar signs are used in Wisconsin. This sign is included in section V.C. Symbols may be used without accompanying text, but with reduced effectiveness. Also, in some cases, such as in Oregon, sign text is required to be able to impose fines or other legal action on violators (see appendix C). Dam owners should check with local and state law enforcement officials or legal counsel to identify applicable laws. In addition, the dam owner should consult with local officials to gain concurrence that they would enforce a posted regulation or prohibition.
Sign Message
After enough information has been gathered, and decisions on basic sign characteristics have been made, finalize the legend text. Finalization should begin only after the dam owner has:
Following these steps will enable the dam owner to set up safety signage guidelines which may then be applied to new and replacement signs in the future.
One of the challenges of designing effective signage messages is developing signs that will be understood by a wide range of audiences. The following needs should be factored into the design of the message. Do the signs:
Getting the viewer's attention can be achieved with differing font sizes, color patterns, wording positions, and by using capital letters as discussed in the previous section. However, the words in the sign legend are a critical part of effective sign design.
Trigger or signal words are often used in the headline of a sign to grab the viewer's attention and immediately convey a specific level of risk or hazard. OSHA's standards clearly define signal words. For example, "Danger," "Warning," "Caution," and "Notice" have specific meanings and should only be used in appropriate situations:
Keeping signage consistent increases recognition and decreases the time the viewer needs to comprehend the message. The same warning legend, size, and format should be used for each occurrence of a particular potential hazard project-wide. Dam owners also may increase recognition, compliance, and safety by designing project signage that is consistent with pre-existing sign standards.Interpretive signage offers a unique opportunity to communicate specific messages to visitors that may be appropriate at hydropower projects. Development of interpretive signage is a complex process beyond the scope of this report, but it is worth mentioning as a valuable option for owners and operators. Interpretive messages often are used to change behavior, educate, or evoke an emotion in the viewer. These signs support management objectives, tell a story, and reveal meanings of and relationships among built, manipulated, natural, cultural, and other natural resource features (USBR, 2000). Interpretation of a phenomenon that exists may offer an opportunity to educate the visitor as to the potential hazards associated with or in the vicinity of the object of interest.
Gather knowledge base, assess existing conditions, and decide on basic sign characteristics for the complete safety signage program before designing specific signs.
D. Sign Placement and Location
Safety signs should be placed based on the location of the potential hazard and the minimum distance required to avoid the hazard. Signs should attract the eye of the intended viewer. It is important to locate signs so that persons entering an area from any direction can see one or more of the signs. The location of the signs should be determined using sight lines for the location from which the individual is most likely to be viewing the sign. In some cases, a floating sign or buoy may be most appropriate. The USBR Public Safety Guidelines (1992) state that:
Posting signs should be consistent from point to point. Where the hazard is present over a large area such as a waterfront, large spillway, or conveyance structure, signs should be installed along the full length of the hazard. If a number of signs are installed at a set spacing, an illusion of safety may exist where a sign is omitted. Under these circumstances one could reasonably conclude that the prohibited activities are not only permitted, but are safe.
The height of a sign should be such that the intended audience can read it. The USACE recommends mounting at eye level: 5 to 6 feet standing; 4 to 6 feet driving a car, and higher for trucks and recreational vehicles. Other potential audiences that should be considered are snowmobilers and horse back riders. Mounting height is measured from the viewer's ground level up to the bottom edge of the sign panel. Post lengths should be adjusted for grade changes off trails and roads. Changing reservoir levels also may affect proper attachment height and method. The USACE also recommends that signs mounted next to roadways are a minimum of 6 feet from the edge of the shoulder and, if there is no shoulder, 12 feet from the edge of the traveled way. Where this is not possible, the posts should be made of a breakaway design. Ultimately the most effective viewing height may change. Reservoirs that have large water level fluctuations should have signage placed to be best viewed at full pond or at the level when most people are recreating. Spillway warning signs should be placed far enough upstream of the dam so that swimmers and boaters will be able to move against the current to shore without being swept over the spillway. These distances should be assessed under high flow conditions when the currents are strongest.
Ideally boat barriers should be installed at an angle to the current so that a swimmer holding on to the cable will be pushed toward the shore. Tailrace barriers should be placed far enough downstream so that common watercraft cannot approach too closely and be swamped when the project begins operation. This is particularly true in areas where fishing tubes are popular.
Safety signs commonly are located at public access points. Placement next to informational or interpretive displays, restrooms, garbage cans, fish cleaning stations, and boat ramps increases sign exposure. Repeated exposure to the same warning may increase effectiveness if it is not overdone. Dual exposure methods, such as placing dam warning signs at boat ramps and then again on buoys or boat barriers, increase the viewer's exposure and compliance rate. However, overexposure with redundant signs in the same viewing area or overstating the level of risk of an activity may desensitize viewers and reduce compliance. Occasionally, moving signs to different locations, or changing the sign in some noticeable way, may keep frequent users from passing a sign that becomes "part of the landscape" after repeated viewing.
The use of buoys, boat barriers, fences, and other barrier devices can be an important reinforcement for signage. These types of deterrents make it more difficult for visitors to accidentally put themselves into a potentially hazardous situation. Although a full discussion of these barriers is beyond the scope of this document, project owners and operators should be aware of their advantages and consider them on a case-by-case basis.
Some other things to consider in determining proper sign placement are sun and glare, shadows, orientation, and visitor safety. As a general rule, place signs on the right hand side of the roadway, as close to the standard location as possible. The following guidelines are excerpts from USBR (2000); please see the original document for full guidelines. In some cases, the guidelines presented offer additional information or alternatives to USACE guidelines. Where guidelines differ, site-specific assessments should determine the requirements that most effectively meet the demands of the site.
Regardless of a sign's location, it should stand out from its surroundings. Signs that blend in with their surroundings are less likely to be noticed and consequently less likely to be complied with. Section V of this document contains examples of proper and improper signage placement, design, and upkeep.
1. Lighting
Lights may be used to illuminate signs, the dam itself, and potentially hazardous areas. Lighting signs should be considered at dams, tailrace areas, switchyards, and even boat barriers for night visibility, particularly if boating at night is a regular activity. Specially designed signs, including lighting, often may be necessary so that safety devices are effective under adverse weather conditions. Lighting also may reduce vandalism. A regular lighting inspection program should ensure that lights are functional.
2. Construction Materials
The materials used to construct a sign have an impact on durability and, as the sign ages, legibility. The location of a sign determines the type of material used in its construction, and the cost of the sign should be weighed against the durability. The more durable the sign, the less it will be susceptible to vandalism and damage. Some possible sign materials include: plastic, wood, high density overlay plywood, fiberglass, and sheet metal (aluminum or steel). Use of paper, cardboard, or laminated paper should be limited to temporary signs or when a replacement has been ordered. Particle board also should not be used for permanent signs. Temporary signs should be removed immediately after more permanent signs are in place. The USACE Sign Standards Manual provides detailed guidance on the construction and mounting of signs, including suggested materials, thickness, attachment hardware, finishes, and reflectivity (see appendix A).
The following list of commonly used materials is taken from USBR (2000) (note that the listing of specific brands of materials is not an endorsement of the product):
The method of mounting the sign should be adequate to withstand any elements that the sign will be subjected to, including possible inundation from flood conditions. The USACE Guidelines contain recommendations for post size and footing depth based on frost depth, number of posts, sign size, and panel height (USACE, 1995). USBR (2000) suggests mounting signs on suspended cables if a sign cannot be placed appropriately to avoid debris or heavy flows. Cables however may pose a risk to anglers or sailboats, so consider site-specific recreation use before installing a cable suspension system.
Public safety reviews should be conducted frequently, and protocols should be put in place to gather and assess public comments and reports from personnel about maintenance needs. Sign maintenance is one of the most problematic areas of a safety signage program. Inadequate maintenance may reduce compliance with prohibition signage, inaccurately or ineffectively warn of potential hazards, and indicate limited enforcement. A well maintained system is safer, and it demonstrates to visitors that the dam owners are safety- and community-minded.
Vandalism is perhaps the most common reason for required sign maintenance. A program of increased site visitation; requests to police to include public sites on patrols; effective lighting; and, in severe cases, remote monitoring may all curb vandalism. Signs in vandalism-prone areas should be made of durable materials to make vandalism difficult and repairs easy. In combination with the above measures, signs that are vandalized should be replaced or repaired as quickly as possible. Enforcement action may be critical to stopping vandalism, particularly when the community knows of direct enforcement measures such as arrest and fines. Additionally, allowing increased access to popular areas that do not contain potential hazards may help decrease vandalism directed at gaining entrance to specific reservoir/river sites.
Standard maintenance plans should have contingencies for repairing physical damage from vehicles, replacing missing letters, applying protection from weather damage, preventing overgrowth by foliage, decreasing redundancy between signs, and removing mold and mildew. The USBR (2000) sign guidelines offer suggestions for developing a maintenance schedule, as does the USACE Sign Manual (USACE, 1995). The schedule should address, but not be limited to, the following points: damage, visibility, legibility and appearance, maintenance objective, condition survey, and maintenance performance. In addition, the guidelines suggest repair techniques for a variety of sign types and damage. Fading also is a problem with many signs (e.g., red pigments tend to fade more quickly than others). Using brass or stainless steel attachments may reduce rust staining as can placement of signs above possible high water marks, as long as it would not remove the sign from the intended viewer's cone of vision. Pruning trees and bushes and mowing grass from around signs should take place on a regular basis.
In addition, if possible, when standardizing signage, use one of two methods: (1) replace all the signs at a particular access area or site, or (2) replace all of one type of sign project-wide (e.g., "No Trespassing" signs). This will increase viewer recognition of safety signs and minimize the variation in signage at the project.
Certain signs are designed specifically so as to be seen at night. The reflectivity of these signs should be tested periodically. To test visibility, create a small panel (about 8 inches by 10 inches) using sheeting which has an acceptable level of reflectivity. At night tape the test panel to the face of the sign. Step back about 30 feet, hold a flashlight about 2 inches from your face and shine it at the sign (USBR, 2000).
The first step in developing a sign plan is to inventory site-specific characteristics and the dangers associated with them. Types and locations of dangers should be identified with the purpose of creating a safer environment while still providing reasonable access to the public. In the following section, we list some of the most common hazardous areas that may be found at hydropower projects, and explain the applicability of signage throughout the project area.
Lake Levels
Project operation may cause the level of the reservoir to fluctuate. Sometimes the fluctuation is minor, and at other times the level may rise or drop by a number of feet in the course of a day or two. As lake depths change, objects protruding from the lake bed that normally are not hazardous for users may become problems. Similarly, areas that at high reservoir levels are suitable for launching, taking out boats, or for passage may become unsuitable as the reservoir level drops. If the level of the reservoir fluctuates noticeably during the traditional recreation season for an individual project, signs can help make recreationists aware of these potentially hazardous situations. In some cases, it may be possible or even necessary to mark submerged objects with signs, buoys or floating barriers. Narrow channels can be marked to offer safe passage through shallow areas. As a reservoir level drops, it may be necessary to adjust the marked navigational channels so that navigation is still possible.
2. Recreation Sites--Boat Launches
Boat launches provide an opportunity for making users aware of potential hazards in the vicinity of the ramp itself and potential hazards that are located throughout the project area.
Boat launches are good places to post area-wide information, such as regulations, hazardous conditions and areas, clearances at bridges and power lines, and other safety information. It may be appropriate to have a map of the reservoir at the boat launch, identifying potentially hazardous areas, swimming areas, and bridges. Signs marking safe swimming areas at the boat launch site and the location of other safe swimming areas are also appropriate.
3. Recreation Sites--Portages
Well marked portages may be very important to the safety of boaters attempting to travel downstream. Portages should be indicated by appropriate signs that direct boaters to take-out points. The portages should be constructed with a safe landing, well upstream of hazardous areas such as spillways and intake structures. Canoeists and kayakers may be tempted to go over low dams and spillways where the perceived hazard is low. This should be discouraged through the use of signs and barriers and through strict enforcement by appropriate officials. HUG recommends a crossed paddles symbol on a rectangular sign with or without directional arrows to guide recreationists (HUG, 1988). See section V.F for examples of these signs.
4. Ice
During the winter, ice may build up on lakes and reservoirs encouraging public use of ice-covered surfaces. Ice fishing, ice skating, cross-country skiing, and snowmobiling are just a few of the winter activities that dam owners might expect. There may be a necessity to develop signage specific to these types of facilities. Thin ice may be hazardous to a variety of winter recreationists. There are specific project features that may cause thin ice conditions. Swift currents, devices to prevent gates from icing up, intakes, submerged gates and changing reservoir levels may create areas of thin ice. Special measures may be required to warn visitors of site conditions and to limit accessibility to areas that may be hazardous. These areas should be well marked with signs and, for high use areas, possibly fences. Where ice skating is expected, a designated area for ice skating may be the best option for confining the activity to safe and well supervised areas where ice conditions can be monitored throughout the winter months.
Snowmobile users and cross-country skiers may be exposed to a variety of hazardous conditions. Winter hazards have a tendency to change with weather conditions and storms. For instance, avalanche danger and ice conditions vary greatly depending upon changing natural conditions. Effective route marking is one way of dealing with keeping users away from some of the hazards. If possible, limiting access to a few points will allow for information dissemination to all of the users of the area. Specific information can then be centrally located at access points.
Also, icing conditions at the dam structures may be hazardous. For instance, ice that forms on structures can fall causing injury to individuals in the vicinity. Ice formation on lines and cables can cause them to sag, which changes the nature of potential hazards in the area.
5. Bridges, Cables, and Transmission Lines
Bridges, cables,
and transmission lines that cross the project may be hazardous
to users, especially if they are low enough to restrict the passage
of certain boats or to allow arcing of current from lines to
sailboat masts. Signage that is suspended over the water via
cables should be used with care, especially if there is sail
traffic. The presence of sailing activity does not necessarily
preclude overhead signage, but extra care will need to be taken
to ensure that the safety sign itself does not pose a hazard.
Fluctuating reservoir levels may affect the amount of vertical
clearance, as can hot weather and ice storms that often cause
power lines to sag. One option is to place staff gages at access
points indicating the maximum clearance based on the water level.
Signs in the vicinity of the lines or bridges should remind recreationists
about height limitations. The National Electric Safety Code offers
guidelines as to the minimum height above maximum pond level
that is required for various voltages and sizes of reservoirs.
Any hazards such as these that may extend over a large width
of the project should have signs at several points along the
entire area that is potentially hazardous.
6. Uniform State Waterway Marking System
The USWMS was developed in 1966 and is in use on many of the waterways throughout North America. It is a buoy system that is used to mark channels and provide information about boat restrictions on water bodies. While designed for use on lakes and other inland waters that are not portrayed on nautical charts, the USWMS was authorized for use on other waters as well. It provides an easily understood system for small boat operators. The USWMS is currently undergoing some changes. It is being merged with the United States Aids to Navigation. These changes are being implemented gradually and all users of the systems should be in compliance by 2003. Special care should be taken to inform visitors of these changes. Information about the USWMS and the modifications can be found on the Boatsafe and USCG web sites (see web links in section VI.B )
1. Dams
Dams may pose public safety risks, and public access to these structures may be prohibited, depending on the dam's location, type, and configuration. Signs and physical barriers should be used to keep the public out of unsafe areas on and around dams. Vertical drops, steep slopes, machinery are all potentially dangerous elements of dams. When dam access is restricted, it is important to cover all land and water access points, with signage and other appropriate safety devices.
Some dams have roads, trails, or other public access along the dam crest. When public access to a dam is desired (e.g. scenic overlook other recreational activity use) or unavoidable (e.g. public roadways), good safety signage, along with other protective measures, must be in place to ensure safe use of authorized public access areas on a dam.
2. Spillways
Spillways can cause very hazardous situations. Ungated overflow spillways are particularly dangerous because they may be difficult to recognize from the reservoir, and boats can be easily drawn over them. The nature of spillways is such that it can be difficult to notice that there is a significant change in elevation from one side of the spillway to the other. For this reason, overflow spillways are especially dangerous during low light periods. Gated spillways can cause hazardous situations depending on their operation. For instance, when Taintor gates are raised so that the bottom of the gates are above the water surface, the spillway is essentially an overflow spillway and is very dangerous. These types of spillways are also very dangerous when the gates are raised to a point where the bottom of the gates are below but near the water surface. With the gates in this position, it is not apparent that they are raised, and the water surface is often fairly calm. However, the subsurface currents are very swift and dangerous. In some gate positions, dangerous whirlpools develop upstream of the gates. However, when gates are open only a few inches, they may pass water with little upstream hazard created. Spillway releases can create turbulent and dangerous whitewater. When spillway gates are raised or flashboards suddenly trip, the unexpected discharges can be hazardous to downstream individuals on the shore or in the water.
Deep, submerged spillways and outlet works are generally considered to be relatively safe because the hazardous currents are well below the surface. However, since these spillways cannot be seen from the surface, they are particularly dangerous to swimmers and scuba divers.
Access to spillways should be restricted. Signs and barriers should be used to keep the public out of the spillway area. To increase safety upstream of the spillway, a floating boat barrier with appropriate signage may be put in place during the entire recreation season. In many situations, floating barriers should be installed at a diagonal so that the barrier will tend to push the individual along the barrier in the direction of an escape point. Signs should be of significant size and contrast so as to be legible from a distance such that recreationists would not have to put themselves into a dangerous situation to read the warning. Access to the dam and spillway structures should be restricted through the use of signs and fences.
3. Intake Structures
Inlets to power structures, canals, tunnels, conduits, siphons, or other structures designed to pass water through openings in the project can be very dangerous. From the surface, such areas may provide little visual evidence of the dangerous undercurrents. Intake areas are usually equipped with trashracks that prevent anyone from being drawn into the turbine. However, it would be hazardous to be swimming or boating near the intake areas, because a person could be pinned against the trashracks making escape improbable. Signs for the intake areas should be visible to recreationists approaching the area from any direction. It may be appropriate to install boat-restraining devices in addition to safety signage to keep individuals out of the hazardous area.
4. Powerhouses and Ancillary Facilities
Power switchyards are located at many facilities. The electrical shock associated with many of these facilities usually is obvious, and such facilities are generally well protected with signs and fences. High voltage lines associated with these facilities may be in areas where boaters and anglers could accidentally make contact with them. Project structures can present many safety problems where man-made structures pose a hazard due to vertical walls, drop-offs, uneven materials such as rip-rap, or slippery smooth surfaces such as spillway chutes. Signs, barriers, and other protective measures should be employed to exclude the public from unsafe project areas.
5. Canals
Some facilities have canals associated with their operation, and water may be diverted from the river through canals to produce power. These canals can be hazardous if individuals gain access to them. In addition to signage, escape ladders and grab lines may also be used as additional safety measure in canals. Ultimately, conditions may warrant the use of fencing around canals to completely exclude individuals from entering the area. Trash racks, bottom siphons or taps, and submerged intakes are all potential hazards that should be considered when assessing safety signage needs at canals.
6. Bypassed Reaches
Some riverbed areas below dams have been bypassed for many years. In the old riverbed, or bypassed reach, there may or may not be a minimum flow of water. If high volumes of water quickly spill into these areas, the potential hazard to individuals below the dam could be great. Appropriate signs for these areas are necessary to ensure that individuals are aware of the potential danger. In some cases the riverbed may be overgrown depending on the amount of time that has passed since water ran in the river on a regular basis. If spillway flows are discharged into the river bed, changing water level signs should be placed such that anyone entering the area will be aware of the potential dangers. In some cases, dam owners should consider the use of a telephone "hotline" with a recording that reports the daily release/discharge schedule. In some cases owners are required by license article to provide this "hotline." Signage at the hydropower project could be used to make users aware of this feature. Warning sirens or other active systems along with explanatory safety signage may be necessary to ensure public safety.
1. Tailraces
Both the powerhouse and tailrace areas can contain significant hazards. Tailrace areas are generally more dangerous than intake areas. Sudden increases in tailrace flows when generators go on line are often very hazardous to individuals who are near the shorelines, wading, or boating in the tailwater areas. The degree of the hazard varies depending on such factors as the volume of the flow, the rate of change of the flow, the turbulence created, and the size of the tailrace area. Tailrace areas below spillways can become turbulent and dangerous whitewater areas. When spillway gates are raised or flashboards suddenly trip, the unexpected discharges can be hazardous to individuals in the downstream tailrace area along the shoreline or in the water. It is particularly important that signs be placed such that anyone entering the tailrace areas will be made aware of the hazards. Warning sirens or other active systems may be necessary, in addition to explanatory safety signage, to help ensure public safety.
2. Water Levels
Water levels downstream of the project can change rapidly posing a danger to anyone that is in the area at the time of discharges. Adequate signage and warning devices should be placed to help alleviate any dangers. This is particularly important if patterns of flow release are erratic or changing from their past operations. A public awareness campaign should be implemented to inform the public in the event of significant changes in discharge patterns or quantities that affect downstream water levels.
The operation of the project can have a major impact on the potential hazard associated with it. The full range of operation conditions must be considered in determining the amount and type of signage that is required.
Run-of-river operations generally are less hazardous than peaking operations, because the flow through the project tends to be more constant. The flow at the project varies with inflow to the reservoir. Inflow is affected by precipitation patterns, as well as by any other facilities that are located upstream. It is possible to have a project that has no storage capacity and operates as run-of-river that actually operates on a peaking schedule because of an upstream peaking operation.
Peaking operations tend to be more hazardous than run-of-river, because calm tailwaters between generation periods can give recreationists a false sense of safety. As generation begins, the tailwaters rise. They can become swift and hazardous in a very short time. Changing water level signs as well as audible and visible (light) signals are important in warning recreationists of potential and impending danger. The use of a siren and strobe light warning system for changing water levels, in addition to safety signage, can help to reduce the risk to individuals in the area.
3. Slippery Surfaces
in water levels can cause surfaces such as the shoreline or rocks
downstream of the project to be very slippery. This is especially
true during colder times of year when ice forms as water levels
change or areas that are affected by spray from discharging gates
or spillways. Signs should be used to remind individuals using
these areas, especially if public access is allowed, of the care
that needs to be taken to avoid injury.
Special events at hydropower projects require special considerations. It may be possible to partner with a sponsoring organization ensure that safety information is available to all participants through posted signs or printed materials. Special events may require new signs. There also may be a need for seasonal or temporary signs. For example, nesting periods for threatened or endangered species, local development, or other temporary situations may require special signs.
Some events, such as fishing tournaments, may last several days and can bring large numbers of people to a hydropower project, many of them unfamiliar with the reservoir. This combination of a large numbers of people, shared activity space, and unfamiliarity with the waterway can increase the level of hazard that is present in the area. Proper planning and the use of additional temporary safety signage can reduce the potential risks.
The following section contains examples of various signs in place or planned for FERC licensed and exempted projects. Each photograph includes the signage text and brief comments. The comments are meant to point out particularly effective (or ineffective) aspects of each sign with the goal of training the viewer to identify effective signage design. Some signs also have recommendations for changes to make them more effective. Signs were included as examples of font choice, spacing, non-technical language, color scheme, trigger words or even general placement. Comments and recommendations are presented for conceptual context only, and are not legally binding.
B. Boating Safety
F. Portages
H. Spillways and Intakes
K. Water Levels
This bibliography is a compilation of documents that were referenced either directly, or indirectly (resources listed in documents that were referred to). Documents with an asterisk (*) were used directly in developing this document. This is not intended to be an exhaustive list of safety signage documents but a starting resource guide. The Commission will be maintaining and adding to this safety bibliography as resources become available.
Submissions are being accepted for inclusion into this safety bibliography. Please contact FERC at email@example.com. Please include the reference in the same format that follows and a brief description of the document.
*Americans with Disabilities Act Accessibility Guidelines for Buildings and Facilities (ADAAG). 1998. (see web links in section VI.B )
ANSI (American National Standards Institute). 1987. Criteria for Safety Symbols. ANSI Z535.3, draft. New York: National Electrical Manufacturers Association.
ANSI. 1987. Environmental and Facility Safety Signs, ANSI Z535.2, draft. New York: National Electrical Manufacturers Association.
ANSI. 1987. Safety Color Code, ANSI Z535.1, draft. New York: National Electrical Manufacturers Association.
Ayres, T.J., M.M. Gross, C.T. Wood, D.P. Horst, R.R. Beyer, and J.N. Robinson (Failure Analysis Associates, Inc.). 1994. What is a Warning and When will it Work?, Human Factors Perspectives on Warnings. California: The Human Factors and Ergonomics Society.
Blystra, A.R. 1991. Public Safety and Recreation at Dams, ASDSO Annual Conference, Association of State Dam Safety Officials, September 29 - October 2, 1991, pp. 146-148.
Braun, C.C., N.C. Silver, and B.R. Stock. 1992. Likelihood of Reading Warnings: The Effect of Fonts and Font Sizes. Proceedings of the Human Factors and Ergonomics Society 36th Annual Meeting:926-930.
*Bresnahan, T.F., D.C. Lhotka, and H. Winchell. 1993. The Sign Maze: Approaches to the Development of Signs, Labels, Markings, and Instruction Manuals. American Society of Safety Engineers.
*Cordell, H.K. 1999. Outdoor Recreation in American Life: A National Assessment of Demand and Supply Trends. Sagamore Publishing.
Department of Water Resources, State of California. 1987. Safety Survey of Public Use Areas, Prepared by Deltavision and DSS Co.
Dionne, E.D. 1979. Effective Safety Signs and Posters. National Safety News (120)4:48-52.
Duffy, T.M. 1985. Chapter 6: Readability formulas: What's the use? In Designing Usable Texts, T.M. Duff, and R. Wailer (Eds.) Orlando: Academic Press, Inc., 113-140.
Easterby, R.S. and S.R. Hakiel. 1981. Field Testing of Consumer Safety Signs: The Comprehension of Pictorially Presented Messages. Applied Ergonomics 12(3):143-152.
*Federal Energy Regulatory Commission. 1992. Guidelines for Public Safety at Hydropower Projects.
*Federal Highway Administration. 2000. Manual on Uniform Traffic Control Devices
*HUG (Hydro Users Group). 1988. Uniform Signing and Warning Device Recommendations, HUG Meeting, Wausau, Wisconsin.
*HUG. Undated. Fatal Attraction. Informational Pamphlets.
Kemnitz, C. 1991. How to Write Effective Hazard Alert Messages. Technical Communications, First Quarter:68-73.
National Park Service. 1983. Dams and Appurtenant Works, Maintenance, Operations, and Safety, Guideline NPS-40.
National Park Service.1988. Sign Manual
National Safety Council. 1992. Today's Supervisor, July.
*NSRE (National Survey on Recreation and the Outdoors). 2000. (see web links in section VI.B )
National Water Safety Congress. 1988. Guide for the Safe Operation and Maintenance of Marinas, NWSC B-13.
National Water Safety Congress. 1988. Planning, Design, Operation and Maintenance of Inland Water Swimming Beaches, NWSC B-12.
National Water Safety Congress, Water Safety and the young Adult, Training Kits #NWSC-TM, NWSC-TC, and NWSC-TV Buford, GA.
National Water Safety Congress. Water Safety Journal, Quarterly Publication, Seattle, WA.
National Water Safety Council. 1975. National Directory of Boating Safety Materials - (U.S. Coast Guard, Office of Boating Safety).
NBS Building Science Series 141, Collins, Belinda, 1982. The Development and Evaluation of Effective Symbol Signs.
*OSHA (Occupational Safety and Health Administration). 1997. Hazard Communication: A Review of the Science Underpinning the Art of Communication for Health and Safety.
*Oregon State Marine Board (OSMB). 1997. Uniform Sign Guidelines for Recreational Boat Launching and Transient Tie-Up Facilities. Salem, OR
Purswell, J.L.; Krenek, R.F.; and Dorris, A. 1993. Warning Effectiveness: What Do We Need to Know. Human Perspectives on Warnings. California: The Human Factors and Ergonomics Society:174-178.
Smith, S.L. 1979. Letter Size and Legibility. Human Factors 21(6):661-670.
Tennessee Valley Authority. Sign Standards Manual, Architectural Design Standard DS-A10.400.1.
Tennessee Valley Authority, Recreation Resources Program and University of Tennessee at Chattanooga. Center for Environmental and Energy Education. 1983. Hazardous Waters : Know the Facts about TVA Dams and Tailwaters, In cooperation with the Center for Environmental and Energy Education The University of Tennessee at Chattanooga, 1 folded sheet.
*USACE (U.S. Army Corps of Engineers). 1995. Sign Standards Manual, Volumes I and II (EP 610-1-6a and EP 610-1-6b).
*USACE. 1987. Recreation Planning and Design Criteria, EM 1110-l-400.
USACE. 1986. Engineering and Design, Clearances for Power and Communication Lines Over Reservoirs, ER 1110-Z-4401, Washington, DC.
USACE. 1988. Public Area Safety Audit, Old Hickory Lake, Nashville District, Prepared by Lose and Associates, Inc.
USACE . Water Safety Pamphlet.
*USBR (United States Bureau of Reclamation). 2000. Signs Guidelines for Planning, Design, Fabrication, Procurement, Installation, and Maintenance of Signs for Outdoor Public Use Areas (Draft).
USBR. 1992. Investigation of Debris and Safety Boom Alternatives for Bureau of Reclamation Use, Denver, CO.
*USBR. 1992a. Public Safety around Dams and Reservoirs.
USBR. 1971. Reducing Hazards to People and Animals on Reclamation Canals, Open and Closed Conduit Systems Program, REC-ERC-71-36, Denver, CO.
USBR. 1979. Design Standards No. 1, General Design Standards, Chapter 3 Safety Design Standards, Engineering and Research Center, Denver, CO.
USBR. 1987. Policy for Public Safety at Reclamation Facilities, Denver, CO.
USBR. Public Safety and Access Program (DRAFT), Denver, CO.
Walbridge, C. "The Trouble With Dams", Canoe Magazine, Volume 7, No. 1
Water Resources Committee and P. A. Fellows. 1939. Low dams. A manual of design for small water storage projects, United States. National Resources Committee. U. S. Govt. Print. Off., xii, 431 pp.
*Wisconsin Department of Natural Resources, Wisconsin Administrative Code, Chapter NR330, Warning Signs and Portages For Dams.
Wright, K.R., J.M. Kelly, and W.S. Allender. 1995, Low-Head Dam Hydraulic Turbulence Hazards, ASDSO Western Regional Conference, Association of State Dam Safety Officials, May 22-25, 1995, pp. 93-98.
Wright, K.R., J.M. Kelly, R.J. Houghtalen, and M.R. Bonner. 1995. Emergency Rescues at Low-Head Dams, ASDSO Annual Conference, Association of State Dam Safety Officials, pp. 327-335.
Young, S.L. 1991. Increasing the noticeability of warnings. Effects of pictorial, color, signal icon and border. Proceedings of the Human Factors Society 35th Annual Meeting 1:580-584.
Young, S.L. 1993. "Increasing the Noticeability of Warning Effects of Pictorial, Color, Signal Icon and Border. Human Factors Perspectives on Warnings. California: The Human Factors and Ergonomics Society:249-253.
Federal Energy Regulatory Commission
The Louis Berger Group, Inc.


text:
Post-annexation, the removal of the borders would empower strategic projects such as this:
A maglev (or HST) circuit between Toronto, Montreal, New York & Washington? Wouldn't that be a major league game changer to energize and immediately transform the dynamic in our industrial heartland? Demonstrably, the cheapest link doesn't require Canadian participation. However, there's been a lot of interest to link Montreal with New York and Montreal with Toronto so who knows!

subset: commoncrawl


text:
When I walk in my house I see pictures, bought long ago, framed and hanging —de Kooning, Arp, Laurencin, Henry Moore— that I've cherished and stared at for years, yet my eyes keep returning to the masters of the trivial—a white stone perfectly round, tiny lead models of baseball players, a cowbell, a broken
Donald Hall
Donald Hall was born on September 20, 1928, and grew up in Hamden, Connecticut. He began writing as an adolescent and attended the Bread Loaf Writers' Conference at the age of sixteen—the same year he had his first work published. He earned a BA from Harvard University in Boston in 1951 and a bachelor of letters degree from the University of Oxford in England 1953. The next year he received a Stegner Fellowship from Stanford University, followed by a fellowship from Harvard University.
in 1955 Hall published his first poetry collection, Exiles and Marriages (Viking Press), which was the Academy of American Poet's Lamont Poetry Selection for 1956. His other books include The Selected Poems of Donald Hall (Houghton Mifflin Harcourt, 2015); The Painted Bed (Houghton Mifflin Harcourt, 2002); and Without: Poems (Houghton Mifflin Harcourt, 1998), which was published on the third anniversary of his wife and fellow poet Jane Kenyon's death from leukemia and which received the 1999 L. L. Winship/PEN New England Award. Other notable collections include The One Day (Mariner Books, 1988), which won the National Book Critics Circle Award, the Los Angeles Times Book Prize, and a Pulitzer Prize nomination andThe Happy Man (Secker & Warburg, 1986), which won the Lenore Marshall Poetry Prize.
Of Hall's work, Billy Collins writes, "Hall has long been placed in the Frostian tradition of the plainspoken rural poet. His reliance on simple, concrete diction and the no-nonsense sequence of the declarative sentence gives his poems steadiness and imbues them with a tone of sincere authority. It is a kind of simplicity that succeeds in engaging the reader in the first few lines."
Besides poetry, Donald Hall wrote numerous books of prose, including works about baseball, the sculptor Henry Moore, and the poet Marianne Moore. He also wrote children's books, including Ox-Cart Man (Viking Press, 1979), which won the Caldecott Medal; short stories, including Willow Temple: New and Selected Stories (Houghton Mifflin Harcourt, 2003); and plays. He published several autobiographical works, such as The Best Day The Worst Day: Life with Jane Kenyon (Houghton Mifflin Harcourt, 2005) and Life Work (Beacon Press, 1993), which won the New England Book Award for nonfiction.
Hall edited more than two dozen textbooks and anthologies, including The Oxford Book of Children's Verse in America (Oxford University Press, 1985) and Contemporary American Poetry (Penguin Books, 1962). He served as poetry editor of The Paris Review from 1953 to 1962 and as a member of editorial board for poetry at Wesleyan University Press from 1958 to 1964. He taught at the University of Michigan from 1957 to 1975.
His honors include two Guggenheim fellowships, the Poetry Society of America's Robert Frost Medal, a Lifetime Achievement award from the New Hampshire Writers and Publisher Project, and the Ruth Lilly Prize for poetry. Hall also served as Poet Laureate of New Hampshire from 1984 to 1989. In December 1993 he and Jane Kenyon were the subject of an Emmy Award-winning Bill Moyers documentary A Life Together. In June 2006, Hall was appointed the Library of Congress's fourteenth Poet Laureate Consultant in Poetry. In 2010, he received a National Medal of Arts from President Barack Obama. Hall died on June 23, 2018, in Wilmot, New Hampshire.
Selected Bibliography
The Selected Poems of Donald Hall (Houghton Mifflin Harcourt, 2015)
The Back Chamber (Houghton Mifflin Harcourt, 2011)
White Apples and the Taste of Stone: Selected Poems 1946–2006 (Houghton Mifflin Harcourt, 2006)
The Painted Bed (Houghton Mifflin Harcourt, 2002)
Without (Houghton Mifflin Harcourt, 1998)
The Old Life (Houghton Mifflin Harcourt, 1996)
The Museum of Clear Ideas (Ticknor & Fields, 1996)
Old and New Poems (Ticknor & Fields, 1990)
The One Day (Mariner Books, 1991)
The Happy Man (Secker & Warburg, 1986)
Kicking the Leaves: Poems (Harper & Row, 1978)
The Town of Hill (D. R. Godine, 1975)
A Blue Wing Tilts at the Edge of the Sea: Selected Poems, 1964–1974 (Seckler and Warburg, 1975)
The Yellow Room: Love Poems (Harper & Row, 1971)
The Alligator Bride: Poems, New and Selected (Ox Head Press, 1969)
A Roof of Tiger Lilies (A. Deutsch, 1964)
The Dark Houses (Viking Press, 1958)
Exiles and Marriages (Viking Press, 1955)
To the Loud Wind and Other Poems (Harvard Advocate, 1955)
A Carnival of Losses: Notes Nearing Ninety (Houghton Mifflin Harcourt, 2018)
Essays After Eighty (Houghton Mifflin Harcourt, 2014)
Unpacking the Boxes: A Memoir of a Life in Poetry (Houghton Mifflin Harcourt, 2008)
The Best Day The Worst Day: Life with Jane Kenyon (Houghton Mifflin Harcourt, 2005)
Willow Temple: New & Selected Stories (Houghton Mifflin Harcourt, 2003)
Principal Products of Portugal: Prose Pieces (Beacon Press, 1995)
Death to the Death of Poetry: Essays, Reviews, Notes, Interviews (University of Michigan Press, 1994)
Life Work (Beacon Press, 1993)
Poetry and Ambition (University of Michigan Press, 1988)
Fathers Playing Catch with Sons: Essays on Sport (Mostly Baseball) (North Point Press, 1985)
The Weather for Poetry: Essays, Reviews, and Notes on Poetry, 1977–81 (University of Michigan Press, 1982)
To Keep Moving: Essays, 1959-1969 (Hobart & William Smith Colleges Press, 1980)
Goatfoot Milktongue Twinbird: Interviews, Essays, and Notes on Poetry, 1970–76 (University of Michigan Press, 1978)
Remembering Poets: Reminiscences and Opinions--Dylan Thomas, Robert Frost, T. S. Eliot, Ezra Pound (Harper & Row, 1978)
Writing Well (Little, Brown, 1973)
The Pleasures of Poetry (Harper & Row, 1971)
Marianne Moore: The Cage and the Animal (Pegasus Books, 1970)
Henry Moore: The Life and Work of a Great Sculptor (Harper & Row, 1966)
String Too Short to Be Saved: Recollections of Summers on a New England Farm (Viking Press, 1961)
For Children
Lucy's Christmas (Browndeer Press, 1994)
Ox-Cart Man (Viking Press, 1979)
Riddle Rat (F. Warne, 1977)
Andrew the Lion Farmer (F. Watts, 1959)


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The change made by the Kansas City Chiefs a few years ago was subtle — one word, really — yet it ushered a pronounced change in the way the franchise viewed its most important fans.
Continue Reading Below
Season-ticket holders became known as "season-ticket members."
Suddenly, the entire paradigm shifted. No longer were Chiefs fans merely customers, buying a ticket, attending a game and then heading home afterward. Rather they began to feel as though they were part of the franchise, just as integral to the success or failure of the team as quarterback Alex Smith, coach Andy Reid or even general manager John Dorsey.
And by offering those members exclusive gifts and experiences, the Chiefs have rebuilt their season-ticket rolls at a time when many franchises are having a hard time filling stadiums.


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In nine seconds, Red Wings-Predators series takes twist heading into Game 4NHL.com @NHLdotcom
NASHVILLE, Tenn. - Before the Detroit Red Wings could count to 10, the Nashville Predators made their playoff series interesting.
Jason Arnott and Ryan Suter scored nine seconds apart in the final minutes of Game 3 and the Predators cut their first-round deficit to 2-1 against the NHL's top regular-season team. The Red Wings, dominant for most of the series, have suddenly given life to the Predators.
Game 4 is Wednesday night in Nashville.
"They're going to come at us," Nashville goaltender Dan Ellis said Tuesday after the team's morning skate. "If we continue to put a lot of pressure on them and get a lot of shots, we're going to get some bounces. We have scored in bunches so far, but we have to continue our own push and make our own bounces."
Despite the nine-second blunder, Detroit isn't overly concerned heading into Game 4.
Nashville had managed just three goals through the first 2 1/2 games against Dominik Hasek, and had been outshot in 12 consecutive games against the Red Wings dating back to the past two seasons before Monday night.
But what's concerning for Detroit coach Mike Babcock is that the Predators also scored a pair of goals in about two minutes in the second period. And in Game 2, Nashville scored two goals 11 seconds apart.
Allowing quick goals is turning into a troubling trend for the Red Wings.
"They get excited and they play a little better, and we seem to be on our heels," Babcock said after Game 3. "I thought we were in good situations two times. Obviously we're up 2-0 and not a whole bunch going on and we give that up. We get back into a good situation, but I thought we got on our heels again and they took it to us."
Such stretches have highlighted lapses by Hasek, who allowed Arnott and Suter to score on a pair of slap shots he usually turns away. Hasek has seemed to lose focus at times, looking more like the 43-year-old goaltender he is.
"It's a good question, what happened," Hasek said. "Two slap shots and two goals. We were up one goal the whole period, but within 20 seconds they score two goals on two slap shots. The second I saw very well. And the first one, I don't know what to say.
"It's definitely very disappointing because we were pretty close and they didn't have too many chances, and all of a sudden within 20 seconds, two good slap shots. Maybe shots I could make a save, who knows?"
The Predators feel they've learned how to get past the veteran Hasek, having faced the Red Wings nine times this season.
"People used to get too fine against him because of his name ... It's like meeting someone famous here in Nashville. The first time I'm probably a little intimidated. But then it becomes like commonplace," Nashville coach Barry Trotz said.
The Predators have more reasons to be confident.
Their two stars - Arnott and centre David Legwand - have suddenly emerged, each scoring goals in Game 3.
Arnott had been dormant for most of the series before scoring the game-winner. And Legwand returned to the lineup after missing 14 straight games with a deep bone bruise on his left foot, one-timing a pass from J.P. Dumont on a 2-on-1 break in the second period to make it a 2-2 game.
"The first two games there was a lot of talk about our leadership and our top scorers not scoring," Arnott said. "But that's when you need everyone else to chip in and that's what we got. Our top guys really showed up."
The Red Wings will look to take back their tight grip on the series, knowing they already failed at a chance to deliver a demoralizing blow.
"The difference between a win and a loss, well, it's huge," Babcock said. "At 3-0 it's not over, but it's tough. At 2-1 you have a series. It's on."


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Carl Zeiss Apo Planar T* Otus 85mm F14 ZF.2 Nikon mounted on Nikon D810 : Tests and Reviews
Carl Zeiss Apo Planar T* Otus 85mm F14 ZF.2 Nikon Review
Zeiss Otus 85mm f1.4 Apo Planar T* Canon ZE and Nikon ZF.2 mount lens reviews: World's best performing 85mm portrait lens?
Introduction The original high-speed 55mm Zeiss Otus model garnered worldwide acclaim for its outstanding optical performance and impressive mechanical construction, but at a buck short of $4,000, perfection came at a price. Today, Zeiss has announced the second model in the range, a high-speed 85mm lens with similarly hefty price tag ($4,490) and equally promising performance. It has an unusually complex optical construction for a moderate telephoto comprising of 11 elements in total with no less than six of those made from anomalous dispersion glass (with characteristics similar to fluorite) for chromatic aberration suppression, one asphere
Further readings for the Carl Zeiss Apo Planar T* Otus 85mm F14 ZF.2 Nikon
To provide photographers with a broader perspective about mobiles, lenses and cameras, here are links to articles, reviews, and analyses of photographic equipment produced by DxOMark, renown websites, magazines or blogs.
Two years after the launch of the 35mm F1.4 DG HSM A, the first model in its highly-respected Art line, Sigma has finally introduced an 85mm version.
Announced in February 2016, the $749 Tamron SP 85mm f/1.8 Di VC USD (Tamron 85mm f/1.8) is a fast, short telephoto prime lens available in Canon, Nikon, and Sony lens mounts. This review considers the performance of the Nikon version.
We've tested a total of 83 fixed focal length prime lenses on the D3400, including both FX-mount full-frame lenses, as well as the DX-mount optics that are specifically designed for use on the APS-C D3400. These lenses cover a vast range of focal lengths, from an ultra wide-angle 14mm for fitting lots into the frame, through to a super-telephoto 600mm focal length that offers a whopping 900mm equivalent on the D3400 (taking account of the Nikon 1.5x APS-C crop factor).
Nikon's latest flagship FX-mount, full-frame DSLR — the D5 — is a performance powerhouse, featuring a new 153-point autofocus system and 12 fps burst shooting of up to 200 14-bit RAW files. Designed for the traditional customer base of sports, press and wildlife pros demanding top performance, the D5's increased 20.8Mp resolution and enhanced low-light capabilities has further broadened the D5's appeal. As well as boasting enough pixels for advertising, magazine, and even landscape photography, the D5's image quality improvements at the mid-ISO 1600–12,800 range will interest a range of professionals looking for great results in low light.
With its natural perspective and selective focus at maximum aperture, the 85mm f/1.4 is the perhaps the most coveted of short telephoto lenses for portraiture both indoors and out. This new manual-focus lens from high-end maker Zeiss replaces the earlier 85mm model from the maker's Classic line, and features a new optical design and an exterior resembling that of the no-compromise Otus models.
One of three new lenses announced as part of Sony's new no-compromise G Master series for full-frame a models, the new FE 85mm f1.4 GM sounds highly promising. Though it carries a hefty price premium — the new model will set you back close to $1,800 — it features cutting-edge optical technology.
Carl Zeiss's latest range of Batis lenses has been specifically designed for the Sony A7 series of full-frame mirrorless cameras such as the Sony A7R II and Sony A7S II. Together with the legendary optical precision and outstanding build quality for which Carl Zeiss lenses are known, the new Batis lenses also feature autofocus and an innovative OLED display on the lens barrel that gives both focus distance and depth-of-field information. The first new lenses released in the Zeiss Batis lineup are the 25mm f/2 wide-angle prime and 85mm f/1.8 short telephoto prime.
In Part 2 of "Best lenses for the Nikon D750" we're looking at the performance of primes on Nikon's latest full-frame DSLR. We've analyzed over 60 fixed-focal-length lenses on the D750, including Nikon's own Nikkor brand and third-party alternatives. Covering focal lengths from 14mm through to 600mm, the scores include some of the best results our technicians have ever recorded.
Nikon's mid-term refresh of the firm's hugely popular D800 and D800E models resulted in a single model, the D810. Like the D800E it aims to maximize the resolution of the full-frame 36-Mpix CMOS sensor and omits a modified AA filter completely. We've analyzed the image quality of over 100 different lenses mounted to the new camera to discover how well this new model performs.
FOCUS NUMERIQUE: Carl Zeiss Otus 85 mm f/1,4
To website
Retrouvez dès à présent les premiers résultats de tests, réalisés en partenariat avec DxOMark, du nouvel Otus 85 mm f/1,4 de chez Carlz Zeiss : présentation, transmission, vignetage, aberrations chromatiques, acutance et exemples images (Carl Zeiss). Alors, ce nouvel Otus est-il au niveau du 55 mm f/1,4?Read the article


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Owner Jeffrey Lurie still has to actually drop the axe on the guy who has coached the team since 1999, but it's been widely believed for some time that the Eagles are going to part ways with Andy Reid after this season.
Reid's name has already come up with the potential opening in San Diego, a good indication that there's going to be interest in Reid around the league despite the way things are ending in Philly this season. What's been less clear is whether or not Reid would want to jump right into another job if the Eagles gave him his walking papers.
Mike Silver of Yahoo! Sports asked Reid whether he'd want to take a break under those circumstances and the answer was a pretty resounding no.
"That's not where I'm at. No. Listen, I'm a coach. I don't hide that from anybody. This is what I do. And I enjoy doing it. I love every day of it. I sure like winning more than losing, but I also am very privileged to be a coach in the National Football League," Reid said. "No, I've got the energy. The energy is there. Listen, you'd have to talk to people around me. I'm not gonna sit here and … you know how I am. I keep my energy level up. I enjoy what I'm doing."
Silver spoke to some "sources familiar with the Eagles' organizational mindset" who said they thought there was still a chance Lurie could bring Reid back for another season, but there's definitely an air of finality around both Silver's piece and the Eagles right now. They've changed quarterbacks, fired two defensive assistants and it feels like just the tip of the iceberg of changes for the team with Reid's departure on the list of moves to come.
Assuming things play out like that and he gets his way, Reid will be interviewing for another job as soon as possible.


text: Find this wine Find this wine Cambria Chardonnay 2007 Pin It Tweet 8 years ago by Patrick B. More posts Cambria Chardonnay 2013 Katherine's Vineyard Bright and light Not too fruity 88 pts 3 years ago by Norm H. Cambria Chardonnay I really like this one 4 years ago by Golfer07 Cambria Estate Winery 2012 Chardonnay Good oaky Chardonnay. Engagement party gift from Denise and Bob Ford 4 years ago by Sara H. Cambria Estate Winery Katherines Vineyard Chardonnay 2011 Drank while playing Mexican train in sun river. Great after aroma. 5 years ago by Mltedlos Cambria Katherine's Vineyard Chardonnay 2008 Wine Very buttery, bubbly 6 years ago by Bradwshive


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Hope you had a relaxing weekend.
Today is Monday, but it still feels like holidays here.
Let me start the week with some wood, white and grays.
The bedroom above I found via lonnymag. The wooden bowls below I found via tumblr and the bathroom "sink" are from loghome.
Above: How about these sofa tables? Found via lalalovelythings.
And the drawers are from this Etsy shop.
The gray doors below are from Pinterest (without a source),
and the beautiful wooden bowls I found at designtherapy
These last four pictures in lovely grays and whites, are all via tumblr,
without a proper source. (Let me know if you know where they are originally from)
WABI SABI Lisbeth Williams @ Williams Design


text: Hi, I just install ispconfig 3. The problem is my domain does not propagate. I use the DNS wizard option to create record. Checking the Monitor tab the DNS-Server is online. My domain is cheapantivirus.me Right now I can access it by IP 22.214.171.124 My nameserver ns1.cheapantivirus.me has been setup correctly and bind to IP 220.127.116.11. One more thing. I skip this step in debian squeeze tutorial because I don't know how to run this. Code: 20.1 OpenVZ If the Debian server that you've just set up in this tutorial is an OpenVZ container (virtual machine), you should do this on the host system (I'm assuming that the ID of the OpenVZ container is 101 - replace it with the correct VPSID on your system): VPSID=101 for CAP in CHOWN DAC_READ_SEARCH SETGID SETUID NET_BIND_SERVICE NET_ADMIN SYS_CHROOT SYS_NICE CHOWN DAC_READ_SEARCH SETGID SETUID NET_BIND_SERVICE NET_ADMIN SYS_CHROOT SYS_NICE do vzctl set $VPSID --capability ${CAP}:on --save done I'm at lost here. Anyone here could help me with this. Thank you. p/s: Isn't bind is a service? why when I'm running top command I could not find it hmmm.. :/


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Address :: 2009 Hannington Road Langford
Bedrooms :: 5
Bathrooms :: 4
Square Footage :: 3,847
Price :: $Call or Email for Pricing
Property Description ::
When sitting on the private rear deck or enjoying the garden you will be serenaded by the frogs during the summer evenings, with only a couple of neighbours in sight you will think you are in the middle of the country not Bear Mountain. This home was finished with great detail that shows today. Grand entrance with 20 foot ceilings, wonderful Brazilian Cherry floors, and sunken family room attached to the open Kitchen. The Master bedroom is grand with a wonderful fireplace, with attached luxury ensuite. Today the lower level is a very large two bedroom suite, but it is easy to change back to a 1 bedroom suite, and use the other large room as media, or family. Enjoy the lifestyle of Bear Mountain in your Country setting.


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Tweet Marker is an award-winning, cross-platform web service for syncing the reading position between multiple Twitter clients.
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text:
BOBST has been involved in the design and manufacture of rotogravure printing presses for more than seventy five years. During that time BOBST, and its Rotomec and Kochsiek product lines, have continuously used their thorough knowledge of the process and of the market's specific requirements in order to deliver the most productive and profitable solutions to the flexible material and folding carton industries.
The result is that no equipment manufacturer can rival the range of gravure printing presses available for these applications from BOBST.


text:
SHREVEPORT, LA (KSLA) - We often hear of fitness plans that could result in miracle weight loss, but a Shreveport couple found a plan they say is guaranteed to shed pounds.
The Paleo diet, often referred to as the "Caveman diet" is a stone age diet. The nutritional value is based on the ancient diet of wild plants and animals.
The Bratlie family says this diet has certainly changed their lives for the better.
"So we've cut out our wheat, our processed foods, sugars, dairy, soy, gluten and legumes. We do not eat legumes," says Amanda Bratlie.
Paul and Amanda Bratlie turned to the Paleo diet after Paul's brother was diagnosed with Chrons disease. Doctors recommended the Paleo diet to help ease his symptoms, since then he has seen significant improvement. Seeing his journey helped this couple to start their own.
They started the diet in early January, Paul weighing in at 293 lbs and Amanda at 246 lbs. 10 months later, Paul weighs 189 lbs and Amanda 190.
"I used to be on blood pressure medicine, I used to have an inhaler for asthma. One thing after the other," says Paul Bratlie, "I went to my doctor for a daily checkup a couple of months ago and he said wow you can scratch all this off the list. I love these kinds of visits."
The dramatic weight loss didn't come from a simple diet change. Their diet is paired with a tough cross fit workout 3-5 times a week. The couple even took their workout home, building pull up bars in their yard where even their children get in on the fitness action.
Eating this healthy does come with its pitfalls. For instance, the couple thought they would save more money by eating in. They were wrong. Eating clean and organic foods tend to cost more. The diet can also be tough when it comes to eating out at restaurants, since a lot of options aren't exactly steroid and antibiotic free.
But Paul and Amanda say the way they feel is a far better by-product than the weight loss.
Copyright 2013 KSLA. All rights reserved.


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I wish there many more young woman like the one in this story who would do good to others and a few like Dr.Howard Kelly (you cannot expect all to be like him,right?) who would at least acknowledge the good deeds.
I do not ask for money or a favor back ,but a smile on your face when you see me or a just a call to say hello would be more than enough.
Wondering what the story is about?....Read on...
Immediately he rose and went down the hall of the hospital to her room.
Dressed in his doctor's gown he went in to see her. He recognized her at once.
He went back to the consultation room determined to do his best to save her life. From that day he gave special attention to her case.
After a long struggle, the battle was won.
Dr. Kelly requested the business office to pass the final bill to him for approval. He looked at it, then wrote something on the edge and the bill was sent to her room. She feared to open it, for she was sure it would take the rest of her life to pay for it all. Finally she looked, and something caught her attention on the side of the bill. She read these words ...
"Paid in full with one glass of milk"
(Signed) Dr. Howard Kelly.
Tears of joy flooded her eyes as her happy heart prayed: "Thank You,
God, that Your love has spread broad through human hearts and hands."
Love,luck and sunshine,
update : Vicki W(Ryan) posted a link in the comments about this story which has been doing the rounds of the internet for quite some time. While the story is true, some embellishments have been added to make it touching.Still, whatever be the exaggerations, I like the fact that Dr. Kelly recognized and acknowledged the girl's good deed.


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Difference between revisions of "ETrice/GSoC/2012/DiagramLayout Kieler"
(→Basic Tentaive schedule)
(→Basic Tentaive schedule)
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A superficial schedule of the project would be as follow:
A superficial schedule of the project would be as follow:
>*Before 2 May : Preparing the project Wiki and improving the understanding of the implementation process.
=====Before the beginning (Community Bonding Period)=====
=====Before the beginning (Community Bonding Period)=====
Revision as of 02:24, 2 May 2012
This project "Diagram Layout in eTrice with KIELER" aims at improving the Graphical User Interface of eTrice ( a project under the Eclipse Modelling Domain intended towards implementation of the ROOM modelling language) by providing automatic lay-outing of ROOM diagrams in it's graphical editors. The lay-outing algorithms being employed are available under the KIELER project, which provides a lot of infrastructure for configuration and execution of layouts in various graphical editors in eclipse (eg: GMF and Graphiti based editors).
- 1 Deliverables
- 2 Project Implementaion
- 2.1 Phases of Develoipment
- 2.2 Timeline and Schedule
- 2.2.1 Basic Tentaive schedule
- 2.2.2 Calendar
- 3 Project Proposal
- 4 Useful Links
The deliverables of the project would be :
- Two fully-functional graphical editors for eTrice with automatic lay-outing features for diagrams using the KIELER framework :
- one for modelling hierarchical Structures of actors
- another for modelling hierarchical State Machine Diagram (behaviour) of actors.
- User will be provided the following methods to use the feature:
- A toolbar and menu action to trigger layout on the active diagram.
- A "Layout" view for layout option configuration.
- User Documentation for how to use these features in both the editors.
- Developer's Documentation for explaining the current implementation ( to facilitate any changes to be made in future and re-usability of the present code )
- Resources (proper interfaces) for further extending the features of the editors by using the KiVi, KSBasE and KLighD Frameworks (provided by KIELER).
- Documentation for the above resources for facilitating the extension.
- Tests for proving bug-freeness of the developed feature.
Project Implementaion
Phases of Develoipment
The project implementation will be divided into three major phases :
- Integrating KIML with present graphical editors, which is the basis for all further improvisation and enhancements.
- Designing of the interaction mechanisms such that the layout is performed automatically in certain situations, eg. making of a new actor and binding it with another in Structural Editor (or) defining a new state and connecting it to others in Behavioural Editor will automatically trigger lay-outing.
- Investigating the other three KIELER sub-projects (namely KiVi, KSBasE and KLighD) and evaluating the specific requirements for integrating them into the editors(explained below).
Timeline and Schedule
Basic Tentaive schedule
A superficial schedule of the project would be as follow:
*Before 2 May : Preparing the project Wiki and improving the understanding of the implementation process.
Before the beginning (Community Bonding Period)
- 2 May - 13 May : Gathering the background knowledge as indicated by above sections(Background), Detailing of the schedule to make it more rigid and easily track-able.
I Phase (Integrating KIML with present graphical editors)
- 14 May - 20 May : Implementing the transformation of Hierarchical State Machine Diagrams to KGraph meta-model instance.
- 21 May - 27 May : Implementing the transformation of KGraph instance to Hierarchical State Machine Diagrams.
- 28 May - 3 June : Implementing the transformation of Actor Structural Diagrams of ROOM models to KGraph instance.
- 4 June - 10 June : Implementing the transformation of KGraph instance back to the Structural Actor Diagrams and combining the above implementations to complete phase I with tests.
II Phase (Designing of the interaction mechanisms)
- 11 June - 17 June : Gathering information about the required situations for automatic layout triggering
- 18 June - 24 June : Implementing layout triggering for the gathered situation
- 25 June - 3 July : Implementing layout triggering for the gathered situation
- 4 July - 8 July : Combining all implementations from Phase I and Phase II for preparing a stable version for mid-term evaluation.
- 9 July - 13 July : Mid-Term Evaluation
- 14 July - 15 July : Feedback reception and changes if required.
III Phase (Integrating KiVi, KSBasE and KLighD into the editors)
- 16 July - 23 July : Investigation of KiVi project to adapt the present editors for its integration (improvisation of the code).
[ 24 July : Return back to the my institution (holidays end) ]
- 25 July - 29 July : Investigation of KSBasE project and adapting the present code for its integration.
- 30 July - 5 August : Investigation of KLighD project and adapting the present code for its integration.
- 6 August - 12 August : A backup week(if something runs out of schedule). If everything on time, code and Documentation review starts
Review phase
- 13 August - 19 August : Final Review of the Code and documentation for final submission.
The following calendar shows the details of the various tasks to be completed and the deadlines during the project tenure :-
Project Proposal
Click Here to see the project proposal at GSoC's website .
Useful Links
eTrice Project Links
KIELER Project Links
- KIELER Home
- KIELER Project Wiki : Contains links for all sub-projects
- KIELER Git Repository on Gitrious


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NFL.com's Ian Rapoport reported a week ago that Baltimore Ravens quarterback Joe Flacco's camp plans to aim higher than Peyton Manning's $18 million annual salary in contract talks this offseason.
Flacco's asking price might have raised a few eyebrows around the NFL, but the Ravens weren't surprised. Jason LaCanfora reported on CBS' "The Super Bowl Today" that team owner Steve Bisciotti already was willing to fork over "$16 million or so" before the 2012 season even began. If Flacco emerges victorious in Super Bowl XLVII, he's expected to seek "upwards of $20 million" annually in a contract that could make him the highest-paid player in the NFL.
Whether or not Flacco is worthy of that status is immaterial. His value is set at whatever the Ravens are willing to pay.
As a precursor to a new deal, the Ravens are fully expected to apply the franchise tag to Flacco. That transaction will entail a salary-cap hit of roughly $15 million, which will cause repercussions elsewhere on the roster. Bisciotti acknowledges the cap situation could cost the team a couple of key players, with impending free-agent pass rusher Paul Kruger and cornerback Cary Williams as the likely candidates to seek greener pastures.
Follow Chris Wesseling on Twitter @ChrisWesseling.


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November 1, 2018
November 1, 2018
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