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The economics book that has launched a thousand blog posts, Thomas Piketty's Capital in the Twenty-First Country, tells a grand story of inequality past and present. One would expect that a book on global inequality would have much to say about development. However, the book has limited relevance for the developing world, and the empirical data he marshals for developing countries is weak.
Piketty's central story is that convergence in the developed world and slower population growth will leave us with a permanently modest economic growth rate (g). Coupled with a constant return to wealth (r), concentration of capital ownership, and high rates of savings among the wealthy, the low g leads to rising wealth inequality over a longish run—something like the second half of the 20th century.
A low-g future for the developed world is a mostly uncontroversial assumption. (He assumes future GDP per capita growth of 1.2 percent for the U.S.) But Piketty draws conclusions for the world as a whole, and we are a long way from global convergence. As Branko Milanovic noted in his review, catch-up growth could fend off Piketty's inequality dystopia for some time.
Piketty projects a worldwide growth slowdown after 2050, and his technical appendix includes the region-specific projected growth rates of output per capita behind this calculation. Here is a portion of those figures:
Here is the path of output per capita under these growth rates:
These projections are detailed here. Under these assumptions, India and sub-Saharan Africa will see a drop in growth rates to 2.0% after 2050, when their income per person is about one-tenth that in the U.S, and then a further drop to 1.5% in 2070. Piketty is effectively assuming that convergence will never take place for India and SSA, which will constitute half the world population in 2100, according to UN projections.
Piketty says "historical experience suggests that the principal mechanism for convergence at the international level as well as the domestic level is the diffusion of knowledge." Why then, would not convergence continue longer than he projects? A sustained high g (and thus a lower likelihood that r>g) would make Piketty's thesis of less immediate relevance for developing countries.
Piketty might say that, nonetheless, the same process will kick in eventually, whether in 2050 or 2150. Fair enough, but the uncertainty in any long-run prediction explodes to dizzying levels as we stretch out the horizon from a few decades to more than a century. Many events good and bad—catastrophic climate change, labor-augmenting technological innovation, alien invasion, etc.—could come along to disrupt the dynamics Piketty foresees.
Apart from provocative prediction, Capital's other main contribution is its impressive massing of income and wealth data. A central finding is the U-shape pattern of income inequality in the United States, Britain, Canada, and Australia. Inequality fell from its stratospheric heights of the 1930s in the post-war period and then rose again starting around 1980. Similar patterns hold for Japan and Continental Europe, but with a less pronounced recent rise.
For developing countries, Piketty harvests the fruit of his World Top Incomes Database (WTID), built up using tax records from countries around the world. Here's a version of the book's Figure 9.9, created using the data files on Piketty's website.
Although Piketty does not draw this conclusion, the graph seems to say that the same U-shaped evolution is taking place in the developing world. (This was indeed the interpretation of the New Yorker's John Cassidy.) Particularly striking is the apparent evidence that inequality has risen dramatically since 2000. This is different from the story told by household survey data, which shows a decline in within-country inequality on average since 2000.
Surveys typically understate high-end incomes, because of underreporting and poor coverage of wealthier households, so survey data could mislead. However, the evidence of a widespread upturn in inequality in developing countries is weaker than the graph suggests:
- Much of the recent apparent upward trend for India is based on the post-2000 change, but the last value in WTID is from 1999. In the technical appendix, Piketty writes "the data for India and China for the recent period have to be taken very carefully" and explains that to get the 2011 India data point, he used "an average estimate of different 'executive pay' - type surveys."
- The figure shows an upward spike in the top 1 percent's share in Indonesia 2004-2010. But the last value in the WTID for Indonesia is from 2004, and Piketty gives no other source for the 2010 value. The relevant table in the technical appendix (sheet TS9.5 of this file) refers to a separate "Details" sheet which is not in the file.
- Likewise, the most recent China value is not found in WTID. Piketty says the China data are especially weak as "they are based on data from surveys and severely underestimate the highest incomes." He writes, "I thus add a 40% increase in these series, which seems plausible given the under-estimation of the Chinese income tax revenues." Comparing the book's figures to the WTID series, I found that he actually scaled up the China figures by 50%, not 40%. As I understand the source paper, these are actually estimates for the top 1 percent of the urban population, over a period when the country's urban population share roughly doubled.
- The apparent decades-long climb in the top 1 percent's share in Argentina between 1973 and 1997 is the product of connecting two estimates far apart in time and thus of less certain comparability.
In this chart the only individual country with a clear U pattern is South Africa, and the data is too sparse to indicate a general rise in inequality since 2000.
This is all to say that we are still ignorant about trends in the high income share in developing countries. We definitely need more creative approaches to understand the evolution of inequality in developing countries. What we have so far from tax records is not enough to tell a substantially different trend story from what we see in household surveys.
It's easy to be a parasitic
It's easy to be a parasitic critic of an outstanding and path-finding expose - especially because, if one puts 2 economists in a room, one will get 3 opinions coming out of it!
What have you got to say about the substance and policy-import of Pikketty's groundbreaking observations??
On the broader questions of
On the broader questions of Piketty's book, I recommend the reviews of other parasitic critics, including Larry Summers, Paul Krugman, Robert Solow, and James Galbraith. I think the best single review is that of Branko Milanovic, which I link to in my post. The blogs of Brad Delong (Equitable Growth) and Tyler Cowen and Alex Tabarrok(Marginal Revolution) have both featured ongoing discussions of the book, with links to many other commentators.
I find Piketty's analysis very compelling for trends of high-income countries, particularly the United States. As I try to say in my post, I think there is tremendous uncertainty for any long-term forecast of worldwide growth. I am extremely interested in the question of top income shares in developing countries, but I think we don't yet know much, and more work is needed.
I am curious about your
I am curious about your description of other reviewers of Piketty as "parasitic critics." Why do you describe the named gentlemen as such?
What would a real warm person
What would a real warm person for the poor have to say?
Hi Gabriel!
Hi Gabriel!
yes you are indeed a parasitic criticer..:-)! A part from jokes, most of the economists were not capable of forecasting the crisis countries recenlty faced 1 or 2 years before it had happened. So how can somebody talk about trends in growth in 20 or 30 years time? I understand that studying the past time series might help in having a better understanding of the future but to some extent - and this is quite a provocative comparison - it is like saying that if a development programme worked once in one country it will work in any country at any time. Also, maybe in 30 years time we will not even measure income growth but we will use different and more appropriate proxies for growth....ciao, Ale
Your blog is interesting and
Your blog is interesting and useful. Piketty is addressing an important issue but the book has serious flaws. The comment about parasitic critics reflects a devotee of the cult of Piketty one supposes.
Piketty makes some strong and implausible assumptions which drive his model. Krusell and Smith as well as others have made this point. (Sorry I have not read all the critics cited above.) When growth falls, investment explodes leading to immiserising growth with all income flowing to capital. This is contrary to most economic growth models where if growth falls then investment falls perhaps with a lag.
Over the period since the mid 1980s inequality has gone down on a global level as hundreds of millions have been lifted out of poverty in China, India, Indonesia etc. See the articles by Milanovic. The pattern of the last three decades has been convergence between rich and poor nations. It is not clear to me why Piketty assumes that convergence will stop in the decades ahead. In fact the evidence of the last three decades is that globalisation reduces global inequality despite rapid expansion of the world population.


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ART 4 2-DAY 08 January v.10.70
>Died on 08 January 1938: Christian
Rohlfs, German painter and printmaker born on 22 December
(22 Jan?) 1849.
— He studied painting at the Kunstschule in Weimar (1870). Prolonged illness forced him to interrupt his studies, which he resumed in 1874 under Ferdinand Schauss [18321916] and Alexandre Struys [18521941]. Through visits to Paris in the 1870s, he came into contact with the art of the Barbizon school, painting en plein-air on his return to Weimar. Under the influence of Struys he painted figurative works, such as Roman Builders (1879), and nudes in the tradition of academically enlightened Realism. In 1881 Rohlfs worked in a studio under Max Thedy [18581924]. From about 1883 he painted mainly landscapes with the approval of Ludwig von Gleichen-Russwurm [18361901], who was studying under Theodor Hagen [18421919], and was influenced in an indirect way by Albert Brendel [18271895], who had taught at Weimar from 1875. He often chose formats that were unusually large for landscape paintings in this period, presenting landscape in a similar way to history painting. Atmosphere and light played an important role even in these early pictures, for example Sawmill at Ehringsdorf on the Ilm (1883. 93x78cm). From 1884 he worked as an independent painter. After 1885 color became increasingly important for its own sake; light and shade were suggested purely by color, which was applied in impasto spots and brushstrokes to create chiaroscuro values that determined the form, for example Wild Garden near Weimar (1888). By the end of the 1880s he had developed an independent style parallel to Impressionist painting. When he saw works by Monet exhibited in Weimar in 1897, these corroborated his own efforts.
— Berkaer Landstraße, Chaussee nach Gelmeroda bei Weimar im Hochsommer (1889, 572x872pix)
— Waldweg im Winter, Chaussee nach Tiefurt im Webicht bei Weimar (1889, 572x716pix)
— Chaussee nach Gelmeroda im Herbst (1893, 572x640pix)
— Hügelige Landschaft im Spätherbst mit Wolkenhimmel bei Weimar (1900, 572x516pix)
— Blühende Obstplantage, Frühlingslandschaft (1897, 572x724pix)
— Sommerlandschaft bei Weimar (1904, 572x888pix)
— Türme von Soest (1906, 572x820pix)
— Dorf zwischen Bäumen und Häuser (1913, 572x824pix)
— Jesus in Gethsemane (1922, 572x392pix)
— Garten in Soest (381x550pix, 142kb)
- Rückkehr des verlorenen Sohnes (1916 woodcut, 50x36cm; 917x662pix, 68kb)
Died on 08 January 1337: Giotto di Bondone,
the most important Italian painter of the 14th century, born in 1267. His
works point to the innovations of the Renaissance style that developed a
century later. For almost seven centuries Giotto has been revered as the
father of European painting and the first of the great Italian masters.
He is believed to have been a pupil of the Florentine painter Cimabue and
to have decorated chapels in Assisi, Rome, Padua, Florence, and Naples with
frescoes and panel paintings in tempera. Because little of his life and
few of his works are documented, attributions and a stylistic chronology
of his paintings remain problematic and often highly speculative.
Much of Giotto's biography and artistic development must be deduced from the evidence of surviving works (a large portion of which cannot be attributed to him with certainty) and stories that originate for the most part from the late 14th century on. The date of Giotto's birth can be taken as either 1266/67 or 1276, and the 10 years' difference is of fundamental importance in assessing his early development and is crucial to the problem of the attribution of the frescoes in the Church of San Francesco, in Assisi, which, if indeed by Giotto, are his great early works. It is known that Giotto died on Jan. 8, 1337 (1336, Old Style); this was recorded at the time in the Villani chronicle. About 1373, a rhymed version of the Villani chronicle was produced by Antonio Pucci, town crier of Florence and amateur poet, in which it is stated that Giotto was 70 when he died. This fact would imply that he was born in 1266/67,and it is clear that there was 14th-century authority for the statement (possibly Giotto's original tombstone, now lost). But Giorgio Vasari, in his important biography (1550) of Giotto, gives 1276 as the year of Giotto's birth, and it may be that he was copying one of the two known versions of the Libro di Antonio Billi, a 16th-century collection of notes on Florentine artists. In the Codex Petrei version, a statement that Giotto was born in 1276 at Vespignano, the son of a peasant, occurs at the very end of the "Life" and may have been added much later, even, conceivably, from Vasari. In any case, whether Vasari or "Antonio Billi" first made the statement, it cannot have the same authority as that attached to Antonio Pucci, who was about 27 when Giotto died. Certainty of the date of Giotto's birth, if settled by new documents, could help to solve the problem of his work at Assisi, as well as the question of the origins of his style.
Giotto has always been assumed to have been the student of Cimabue; two independent traditions, each differing on the particular circumstances, assert this, and it is probably correct. Furthermore, Cimabue's style was, in certain respects, so similar to Giotto's in intention that a connection seems inescapable. Cimabue was the most outstanding painter in Italy at the end of the 13th century; he tried, as no artist had before, to break through, with the power of reality and imaginative force, the stylized forms of medieval art. He did not fully succeed, but it seems almost certain that Giotto began his remarkable development with him, inspired by his strength of drawing and his ability to incorporate dramatic tension into his works. On the other hand, whatever Giotto may have learned from Cimabue, it is clear that, even more than the sculptor Nicola Pisano about 30 years earlier, he succeeded in an astonishing innovation that originated in his own genius, a true revival of classical ideals and an expression in art of the new humanity that St. Francis had in the early 13th century brought to religion.
In Giotto's works human beings are the exclusive subject matter, and they act with dedicated passion their parts in the great Christian drama of sacrifice and redemption. By comparison, all his predecessors and most of his immediate successors painted a puppet show with lifeless mannequins tricked out in the rags of the splendid, hieratic, and impersonal art of Byzantium, which was to be entirely superseded by the urgent emotionalism of the Franciscan approach to Christianity.
The central problem in Giotto studies, the attribution of the Assisi frescoes, may be summed up as the question whether Giotto ever painted at Assisi and, if so, what? There can be no reasonable doubt that he did work at Assisi, for a long literary tradition goes back to the Compilatio chronologica of Riccobaldo Ferrarese, who wrote in or before 1319, when Giotto was alive and famous. Later writers down to Vasari expanded this and made it clear that Giotto's works were in the great double church of San Francesco. By Vasari's time, several frescoes in both upper and lower churches were attributed to Giotto, the most important being the cycle of 28 scenes from the life of St. Francis of Assisi in the nave of the upper church and the Franciscan Virtues and some other frescoes in the lower church. (Some of the frescoes in the St. Francis cycle were damaged by earthquakes that struck Assisi on 26 September 1997.)
The majority of these scenes, mostly narrative, are revolutionary in their expression of reality and humanity. In these frescoes, the emphasis is on the dramatic moment of each situation, and, with details of dress and background at a minimum, the inner reality of human emotion is intensified through crucial gestures and glances. In the 19th century, however, it was observed that all these frescoes, though similar in style, could not be by the same hand, and the new trend toward skepticism of Vasari's statements led to the position that rejected all the Assisi frescoes and dated the St. Francis cycle to a period after Giotto's death. This extreme view has been generally abandoned, and, indeed, a dated picture of 1307 can be shown to derive from the St. Francis cycle. Nevertheless, many scholars prefer to accept the idea of an otherwise totally unknown Master of the St. Francis legend, on the grounds that the style of the cycle is irreconcilable with that of the later Arena Chapel frescoes in Padua, which are universally accepted as Giotto's. This involves the idea that the works referred to (in Giotto's lifetime) by Riccobaldo cannot be identified with anything now extant and must have perished centuries ago, so that the early 15th-century sculptor Lorenzo Ghiberti, Vasari, and others mistakenly transferred the existing St. Francis cycle to Giotto. Five hundred years of tradition are thus written off.
Still more difficult, if Giotto did not paint the St. Francis frescoes, major works of art, then they must be attributed to a painter who cannot be shown to have created anything else, whose name has disappeared without trace, although he was of the first rank, and, odder still, was formed by the combined influences of Cimabue, the Florentine sculptor Arnolfo di Cambio, and the Roman painter Pietro Cavallini—influences which coalesce at Assisi and maybe taken as the influences that formed Giotto himself.
Arising out of the fusion of Roman and Florentine influences in the Assisi frescoes, there was later a tendency to see the hand of Giotto, as a very young man, in the works of the Isaac Master, the painter of two scenes of "Isaac and Esau" and "Jacob and Isaac" in the nave above the St. Francis cycle. If this theory is accepted, it is easy to understand that Giotto, as a young man, made such a success of this commission that he was entrusted with the most important one, the official painted biography of St. Francis based on the new official biography written around 1266 by St. Bonaventura. In fact, the whole of today's mental picture of St. Francis stems largely from these frescoes. Clearly, a man born in 1276 was less likely to have received such a commission than one 10 years older, if, as was always thought, the commission was given in 1296 or soon after by Fra Giovanni di Muro, general of the Franciscans. The works in the Lower Church are generally regarded as productions of Giotto's followers (there are, indeed, resemblances to his works at Padua), and there is real disagreement only over the "Legend of St. Francis." The main strength of the non-Giotto school lies in the admittedly sharp stylistic contrasts between the St. Francis cycle and the frescoes in the Arena Chapel at Padua, especially if the Assisi frescoes were painted from 1296 to about 1300 and those of the Arena about 1303–1305; for the interval between the two cycles is too small to allow for major stylistic developments. This argument becomes less compelling when the validity of the dates proposed and the Roman period about 1300 are taken into account. As already mentioned, the Assisi frescoes may have been painted before 1296 and not necessarily afterward, and the Arena frescoes are datable with certainty only in or before 1309, although probably painted about 1305–1306; clearly, a greater time lag between the two cycles can help to explain stylistic differences, as can the experiences that Giotto underwent in what was probably his second Roman period.
Three principal works are attributed to Giotto in Rome. They are the great mosaic of Christ Walking on the Water (the Navicella), over the entrance to St. Peter's; the altarpiece painted for Cardinal Stefaneschi; and the fresco fragment of Boniface VIII Proclaiming the Jubilee, in San Giovanni in Laterano. Giotto is also known to have painted some frescoes in the choir of old St. Peter's, but these are lost.
These Roman works also pose problems in attribution and criticism. The attribution of the Navicella is certain; it is known that Cardinal Stefaneschi commissioned Giotto to do it. The mosaic, however, was almost entirely remade in the 17th century except for two fragmentary heads of angels, so that old copies must be used for all stylistic deductions. The fresco fragment in San Giovanni in Laterano was cleaned in the 20th century and was tentatively reattributed to Giotto on the basis of its likeness to the Assisi frescoes, but the original attribution can be traced only as far back as the 17th century. The Stefaneschi Altarpiece, with its portrait of the Cardinal himself, must be one of the works commissioned by him. The fact that he commissioned Giotto to do the Navicella might suggest that this work is by Giotto as well, but the altarpiece is so poor in quality that it cannot be by Giotto's own hand. It may be observed that several works bearing Giotto's signature, notably the Saint Francis of Assisi and the altarpieces in Bologna and Florence (Santa Croce), are generally regarded as school pieces bearing his trademark, whereas the Ognissanti Madonna, unsigned and virtually undocumented, is so superlative in quality that it is accepted as entirely by his hand.
During this period Giotto may also have done the Crucifix in Santa Maria Novella and the Madonna in San Giorgio e Massimiliano dello Spirito Santo. These works may be possibly identifiable with works mentioned in very early sources, and if so they throw light on Giotto's early style (before 1300). It is also possible that, about 1305, Giotto went to Avignon, in France, but the evidence for this is slender.
There is thus no very generally agreed picture of Giotto's early development. It is some relief, therefore, to turn to the fresco cycle in the chapel in Padua known as the Arena or Scrovegni Chapel. Its name derives from the fact that it was built on the site of a Roman amphitheater by Enrico Scrovegni, the son of a notorious usurer mentioned by Dante. The founder is shown offering a model of the church in the huge "Last Judgment," which covers the whole west wall. The rest of the small, bare church is covered with frescoes in three tiers representing scenes from the lives of Joachim and Anna, the life of the Virgin, the Annunciation (on the chancel arch), and the life and Passion of Christ, concluding with Pentecost. Below these three narrative bands is a fourth containing monochrome personifications of the Virtues and Vices. The chapel was apparently founded in 1303 and consecrated on 25 March 1305. It is known that the frescoes were completed in or before 1309, and they are generally dated about 1305–1306, but even with several assistants it must have taken at least two years to complete so large a cycle.
The frescoes are in relatively good condition, and all that has been said of Giotto's power to render the bare essentials of a setting with a few impressive and simple figures telling the story as dramatically and yet as economically as possible is usually based on the narrative power that is the fundamental characteristic of these frescoes. These dominating figures, simple and severe, similar to those in the Assisi cycle but placed in settings of more formal abstraction and rendered with more grandeur, are the quintessence of his style, and anatomy and perspective were used—or even invented—by him as adjuncts to his narrative gifts. He never attained to the skill that so often, in fact, misled the men of the 15th and 16th centuries.In the Padua frescoes the details are always significant, whereas it is a characteristic of the Assisi cycle that there occurs from time to time a delighted dwelling on details that are not absolutely essential to the story.
Documents show that Giotto was in Florence in 1311–14 and 1320; and it was probably during these years, before going to Naples (about 1329), that he painted frescoes in four chapels in Santa Croce belonging to the Giugni, Tosinghi-Spinelli, Bardi, and Peruzzi families. The Giugni Chapel frescoes are lost, as are all the Tosinghi-Spinelli ones, except for an "Assumption" over the entrance, not universally accepted as by Giotto. The Bardi and Peruzzi chapels contained cycles of St. Francis, St. John the Baptist, and St. John the Evangelist, but the frescoes were whitewashed and were not recovered until the mid-19th century, when they were damaged in the process of removing the whitewash and then heavily restored. Much the same happened to a portrait of Dante in the Bargello, also in Florence, for which there is a traditional attribution to Giotto. Writers tended to take more or less account of these additions and restorations according to the view they held of the Assisi problem, but a prolonged cleaning and re-restoration of both chapels in the mid-20th century has demonstrated that the Bardi Chapel has few but splendid figures remaining, painted in true fresco, whereas the Peruzzi Chapel figures are now largely ghosts, since they were painted in a different technique. The older view, that the two cycles were contemporary, is no longer necessarily valid, and there is no evidence for the date of either cycle, except that both are probably later than the Arena Chapel frescoes.
In January 1330, King Robert of Naples promoted Giotto to the rank of "familiar" (member of the royal household), which implies that he had been in Naples for some while, possibly since 1329, and he remained there until 1332–1333. All the works he executed there have been lost, but traces of his style may be distinguished in the local school. On 12 April 1334, he was appointed capomastro, or surveyor, of the Duomo in Florence and architect to the city. This was a tribute to his great fame as a painter and not on account of any special architectural knowledge. On July 19 of the same year he began the campanile, or bell tower, of the Duomo. It was later altered but is known, in part at least, from a drawing in Siena. He may have designed some of the reliefs carved by Andrea Pisano on the campanile; certainly the bronze doors of the baptistery by Andrea show clear traces of Giotto's frescoes in Santa Croce. Indeed the whole course of painting in Tuscany was dominated by his pupils and followers—by Taddeo Gaddi, Bernardo Daddi, Maso di Banco, Andrea Orcagna, and Pietro and Ambrogio Lorenzetti in Siena—but none of these really understood all of his innovations.
Giotto achieved great personal fame in his own lifetime; in the Divine Comedy, Dante says of his relation to his reputed teacher, the Florentine artist Cimabue, that Cimabue thought to hold the field in painting, but now Giotto has the cry, so that the fame of Cimabue is obscured. The mere fact that he was mentioned in Dante, whether or not in a particularly flattering context, was sufficient to establish and maintain this fame in 14th- and 15th-century Italy, and legends soon began to crystallize around his name. When, in 1550, the artist and biographer Giorgio Vasari published Le vite de' più eccellenti pittori, scultori, ed architettori italiani..., he naturally began his history of Italian art with Giotto as the man who, even more than Cimabue, broke away from the Middle Ages and ushered in the good modern manner. It was not until the Renaissance, with Masaccio and Michelangelo, that his true successors arose.
The only works universally accepted as Giotto's are the fresco cycle in Padua, firmly datable in the first decade of the 14th century, and the two chapels in Santa Croce, Florence, which used to be dated around 1320 but, since their cleaning in the 1950s and 1960s, are now placed anywhere in the second or third decade. The only panel painting universally accepted as Giotto's own work is The Madonna in Glory (Ognissanti Madonna), usually dated about 1305–1310.The most controversial attribution is the fresco cycle at Assisi, but other important works in this category are the Crucifix in Santa Maria Novella, Florence (about 1295–1300); the Dormition of the Virgin; and a polyptych. Works that are certainly from Giotto's studio, not necessarily painted by his own hand, include various panels. A fragment of the original mosaic from St. Peter's is now in the church at Boville Ernica, near Rome, and another is in the Vatican Museum.
— 99 ZOOMable images at Wikimedia
— Numerous images in 18 classifications at Web Gallery


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Lamb Loin Chops with Greek Salad and Yogurt-Lemon Sauce Recipe
Your source for quick recipe every single week day.
- Yield:serves 4
- Active time: 30 minutes
- Total time:30 minutes
- 4 tablespoons olive oil, divided
- 2 tablespoons fresh juice from about 1 lemon, divided
- 2 large tomatoes, stems and seeds removed, chopped
- 1 cucumber, peeled, quartered lengthwise, and chopped into 1/4-inch pieces
- 1/2 medium red onion, thinly sliced
- 1 cup Kalamata olives, pits removed, cut in half
- 1/2 teaspoon dried oregano
- 1/4 cup plain Greek yogurt
- 2 ounces feta cheese, crumbled
- Kosher salt and freshly ground black pepper
- Four lamb loin chops, 4 to 6 ounces each
In a large bowl, whisk together 1 tablespoon of the olive oil and 1 tablespoon of the lemon juice. Add tomatoes, cucumber, red onion, and olives, and toss until combined. Set aside.
In a medium-sized bowl, whisk together 2 tablespoons of the olive oil, the yogurt, and the remaining 1 tablespoon of lemon juice. Stir in the crumbled feta. If necessary, season with salt and pepper.
Season the lamb loin chops with salt and pepper on both sides. Heat remaining tablespoon oil in a 12-inch stainless steel skillet over medium-high heat until shimmering. Add the chops. Cook without moving until brown crust develops, about 3 minutes. Carefully flip and cook until medium-rare, about 3 minutes longer. Transfer chops to a plate and allow to rest for 5 minutes.
Using a slotted spoon, divide the Greek salad between four plates, leaving as much of the liquid behind as possible. Add a lamb loin chop to each plate and drizzle with the yogurt-lemon sauce. Serve with more of the yogurt-lemon sauce.
This Recipe Appears InDinner Tonight: Lamb Loin Chops with Greek Salad and Yogurt-Lemon Sauce
This post may contain links to Amazon or other partners; your purchases via these links can benefit Serious Eats. Read more about our affiliate linking policy.


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India's Pride PV Sindhu defeated Japan's Nozomi Okuhara 21-19, 21-10 in the semifinals of the badminton women's singles event at the Rio Olympics on Thursday to book her place in the gold medal match.
This is unbelievable performance form Sindhu in the second game. She did not let Okuhara settle at any point and kept her under pressure. She made her move across the court and took point after point clinching the second game 21-10! What a dominating play to win the semis! Well done PV Sindhu!
One of the most impressive players this season, PV Sindhu has performed spectacularly well all through the Olympics beating opponents game after game to reach the semi finals. In her quarter final match, Sindhu defeated former world champion and current word no. 2 Wang Yihan with her aggressive play.
PV Sindhu Final Godal Medal Olympics Match will happen with Carolina Marin of Spain on August 19, Friday at 6.55PM IST. Here are the Indian fans PV Sindhu Olympics Victory Memes


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We were just sitting in our cubes at Transworld and decided we should drive north. Our excuse was to go to the Tim Brauch Memorial contest in San Jose and we would stop off along the way and skate some parks. Sounds great but nobody wants to see some crusty old men skate so we brought along some guys that people do want to see. Tom "Grom" Remillard , Wes Kremer, Tyler Surrey , Jackson Pilz from Australia and special guest Raven Tershay who we picked up in Santa Cruz. The plan was to stop at Powell in Santa Barbara and meet up with Chad Bartie and Rob Washburn and get some fresh urethane and Swiss bearings, then check out the Santa Barbara park. After we skated the SB park, Aaron Astorga told us about this barrier spot we could check out on our way to Santa Cruz—thanks Aaron for heads up. Next stop, Santa Cruz. Stay tuned.—Joe Picciolo
Videography by Joe Picciolo
Photos by Skin


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309 Drive-In
1210 Bethlehem Pike,
3 people favorited this theater
The 309 Drive-In was located at the corner of Routes 309 and 63. It ran year-round with propane in car heaters. You would buy your tickets at the box office, park and then walk to a small heater building to get your in car heater. You had to leave your drivers license or owners card to receive the unit and you would return it and get your card back. This was done this way at many of the Budco theatres in the area.
Recent comments (view all 11 comments)
MikeRa, The 309 Cinema at the front entranceof the drive-in (entrance drive, box office and main office). They WERE NOT OPENED BY GOLDMAN. The drive-in was built by the Smith family and run by Budco. Budco built the 309 Cinema. I opened this theatre as a single screen house. It was twinned and then went (9). Budco was the largest chain to RUN D-I's in the tri-state area.
More history & photos at this link:
The 309 Cinema started as a single-screen theatre, then it was twinned. Around the late 70s, another screen was added on the right side of the existing building, thus calling it 309 Cinema 3. Then two more screens were built on the left side of the existing building. Around 1986, four screens were added on the north side of the building.
Budco and Goldman started out as different companies. Budco bought the Goldman theaters sometime in the '70s.
mikera: Budco Theaters was from Doylestown, Pa. Budco did not really own theaters, it managed, booked and operated theaters. Many of the theaters were independently owned. Budco owned several small groups of theaters. One was Schlanger theaters which operated the Plymouth cinema, Norris theater, Ridge Pike D-I, Valley Forge D-I. The Ply., Ridge and V.F. were owned by the Sabaloski family from Norristown ( which and one time operated 5 theaters in Norristown). Budco Theaters bought the Goldman chain to get a foot hold in center city.
The name Budco is a part nickname BUDDY. If you have any questions about the early days of Budco let me know. Will try to help you. Most of the theaters under the Budco banner were D-I's. When D-I's were king. We had some great times and some great promos with WIBG radio. Hope this helps.
The only Goldman Theatres that I know were Goldman Theatres, outside of Center City, were Bryn Mawr, Orleans and Andorra. Other than the 309, the Plymouth and the drive-ins (which are not Goldman's, but Budco, and the Hatboro, which was acquired by Budco in 1973) Who owned The Anthony Wayne, The City Line Center, The Doylestown Barn, The Doylestown County, The College, The Community, The Ellisburg Circle, The Esquire, The Exton, The Gateway, The Springfield Cinema, The Surburban, and The Ritz in Oaklyn, NJ?
This drive-in was located at what is now the Gwynedd Crossing Shopping Center. The screen was where Whole Foods Market stands. Approx. address is 1210 Bethlehem Pike now in North Wales.
Raymond, rg i'd like to get a hold of you, interested in the history of the
Budco chain of theaters. Tried your aol address and was blocked.
My email is
Yo guys, the "AMC 309 Cinema 9" has a page all to itself. Why are we commenting here? The topic here is the "309 Drive-In." Thanks!
raymondgordonsears: My grandfather was EVP of Budco. His name was Pat Beck. Based on some of the comments of your's that I have read, it sounds like you may have potentially had some contact with him. I would appreciate it if you sent me an email to discuss. I never met him, but would like to learn some more about the man I am named after! Thanks!
Just login to your account and subscribe to this theater


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You deserve exceptional results from your website and we believe three crucial elements are needed to ensure those results: strategy, creativity and technology. After more than 11 years creating impressive and successful websites for Cairns businesses, our team offers unsurpassed knowledge in each of these areas. We'd be delighted to help you to achieve exceptional results too.
creators of innovative websites
A website is your shop front to the world - and as we all know, first impressions really do count. So how do you want people to see your business?
Wild Lime Media develops eye-catching, visually appealing websites with a functional perspective. We take pride in the results we produce for every client - because we know our results will help you to achieve the results you desire.
Our three crucial elements - strategy, creativity and up-to-date technology - are reflected in our Web development process, in our communications with clients, and in the websites we produce.
view the wild lime portfolio
e-commerce solutions
1. Easy to use
2. Better-informed decisions
3. Protecting your brand
4. Evolving with your business
We know what a daunting job it can be to develop a brief for your web developer, let alone developing a site.
The following link is designed to assist you with the planning process and to help you focus on what you web site needs to do and how. By the end you should have developed a brief plan on which we can more accurately assess, and quote, your requirements.


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Barbie In Full Effect: Michelle Trachtenberg In The Whip Doing Nicki Minaj's Verse For "Shaking It 4 Daddy"!
actress Michelle Trachtenberg with Dawsons Creek
Please click the "Report" button below if the video on this page is not working properly.
Comments will only be displayed by verified emails. No Spamming or Racism.


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The Secretary of State's office publishes and distributes three legal publications including Kansas Administrative Regulations (K.A.R.s), Session Laws, and the Kansas Register, which is the official state newspaper.
The Revisor of Statutes publishes the Kansas Statutes Annotated (K.S.A.). The Secretary of State's office distributes the statute books.
For more information visit our FAQ page. To obtain distribution information, please contact our Elections Division at (785) 368-6356 or go to the order form online.


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Galvin.kerry needed a new logo design and created a contest on 99designs.
A winner was selected from 37 designs submitted by 16 freelance designers.
Seatuck Styles
Start up dressmaker inspired by a youth misspent with summer's in the Hamptons.
Chic, casual, and dressy all rolled into one. Palm Beach and Nantucket styles abound. The line targets woman aged 20-55, for an awe inspiring summer soiree outfit.
think jmclaughlin.com
-Open to multiple ideas and concepts
-Bright colors, muted with light blues and soft greens in a background...maybe
-Interlinking S's (Seatuck Styles) could be an interesting idea to see
-Whimsical creature (zebra, monkey, elephant, peacock) a possibility to be interwoven with logo or text
Find out how a design contest works or learn more about our logo design services.


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Organize your cabinets and gain more sanity with the easy addition of tray dividers. While large, open cabinets are always tempting when designing a kitchen, many people soon find that they create disorganization and too much floating space. Tray dividers provide a way to clean up the mess and to create some order with your trays, cooking ware and accessories. While dividing one large section into manageable sections, each under cabinet organizer organizes your kitchenware and helps you to maximize your usable space.
Many people think of Lazy Susans and drawer dividers when discussing cabinet organizers. They quickly forget, however, to include tray dividers in this category. This small addition transforms usable space and help to ease the burden of unruly and disorganized items floating about large spaces. A tray divider ensures that you are able to delineate space for various items and keep everything in its place. Similarly, a cabinet tray divider creates a neat, crisp look and a functional cabinet.
Get organized and enjoy the added benefits provided by tray dividers. You'll love having a specific location for all of your kitchenware. And there are few things as satisfying as having an organized, clean looking kitchen!


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|Jepson Flora Project: Jepson Interchange
previous taxon |
next taxon
Jepson Interchange (more information)
©Copyright 1993 by the Regents of the University of California
Annual to bamboo-like; roots generally fibrous
Stem generally round, hollow; nodes swollen, solid
Leaves alternate, 2-ranked, generally linear; sheath generally open; ligule membranous or hairy, at blade base
Inflorescence various (of generally many spikelets)
Spikelet: glumes generally 2; florets (lemma, palea, flower) 1many; lemma generally membranous, sometimes glume-like; palea generally ± transparent, ± enclosed by lemma
Flower generally bisexual, minute; stamens generally 3; stigmas generally 2, generally plumose
Fruit: achene-like grain
Genera in family: 650900 genera; ± 10,000 species: worldwide; greatest economic importance of any family (wheat, rice, maize, millet, sorghum, sugar cane, forage crops, ornamental, weeds; thatching, weaving, building materials)
Reference: [Hitchcock 1951 Manual grasses US, USDA Misc Publ 200; Clayton & Renvoise 1986 Kew Bull Add Series 13]
See Glossary p. 26 for illustrations of general family characteristics. Generally wind-pollinated.
Perennial, generally cespitose, generally ± glabrous; bisexual, dioecious in F. kingii
Stem erect
Leaves ± basal; sheath generally persisting; collar generally glabrous; ligule generally < 1 mm, membranous, truncate, minutely fringed; blade flat or rolled, basal lobes generally 0
Inflorescence panicle-like; branches dense and appressed to open and spreading
Spikelet: glumes < lowest floret, unequal, lower 13-veined, upper 35-veined; axis breaking above glumes and between florets, florets 210, generally bisexual; lemma base generally glabrous, 5-veined (rarely 3- or 7-veined), not converging at tip; awn generally terminal, straight, glabrous; palea ± = lemma; stamens 3
Fruit free from palea, generally beakless
Etymology: (Latin: ancient name)
Reference: [Frederiksen 1982 Nord J Bot 2:525536]
Rhizomes short
Stems 3.512 dm, loosely clumped; nodes visible
Leaf: sheath ± hairy; ligule < 0.5 mm; blade 1030 cm, 310 mm wide, flat, glabrous or upper surface minutely scabrous
Inflorescence 1040 cm, open; branches drooping
Spikelet 8.512 mm; lower glume ± 23 mm, upper 36 mm; florets 35; lemma 69 mm, glabrous to sparsely scabrous, awn 520 mm; anthers 1.53 mm; ovary tip hairy
Chromosomes: 2n=14,28
Ecology: Open places, moist banks, forest
Elevation: generally < 2500 m.
Bioregional distribution: Northwestern California, Cascade Range, n&c Sierra Nevada
Distribution outside California: to Alaska, Wyoming, Utah
Horticultural information: DRN: 4 &SHD, IRR: 1, 2, 5, 6, 7, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, 20, 21.


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It happens all the time: You stop at the grocery store for a gallon of milk, visit the mall to pick up a birthday gift for a friend, or duck into a store to replace your broken earbuds and ... you walk out with an armful of bags.
Continue Reading Below
Getting more than you'd planned or bargained for when shopping isn't totally your fault. In fact, retailers work hard to get you to spend more than originally planned.
"The reality is the average income dropped over the last four years," says Pam Danziger, CEO of retail marketing company Unity Marketing. "That is real money that people don't have to spend at Christmas and that puts the onus on retailers to squeeze that discretionary spending out of people struggling."
Retailers envision every detail of your shopping trip to entice you to buy more than planned, and if consumers aren't careful they can fall right into these carefully-laid traps.
Danziger explains there are two driving factors that relate to how much consumers spend: the time they spend in a store and the amount of interaction with products and store workers.
"That is why the milk is located all the way in the back of the store: You have to pass all the items that you also might need," she says.
The more consumers can touch and interact with a product the more likely they are to buy it, but when it comes to retail employee interaction, there's a fine line between too much intervention and not enough.
"Workers should be easily available when needed, but they don't need to approach customers every couple of feet or every time they turn around -- that can be annoying and make them walk out," Danziger says.
Retailers might entice you with low prices to get you in the door, but once you're there, the real tricks come out to get you to spend more than planned.
First See, First Buy. Manufacturers pay a premium for prime shelf locations, according to personal finance expert Jennifer Streaks, so you are more likely to see more profitable, higher-priced and name-brand items at eye level with the less-expensive private label products on the bottom and top shelves.
Streaks says that studies show consumers are attracted to the first item they see so retailers will put the higher profit margin items at the entrance of the store. "The tables at the front are going to display the Burberry scarves -- if you want a regular scarf you have to walk to the back. That's not by accident."
Pretty Packaging. Certain colors, like black and gold, connote a sense of luxury, according to Tod Marks, senior project editor for Consumer Reports, and manufacturers will adorn products with fancy ribbons and nice font types to make products look more sophisticated and attractive.
"Retailers know the outside of an item is equally or more important than what it actually inside in terms of getting a consumer to buy. They need your eyes to gravitate and respond to an item in order for you to be intrigued enough to pick it up," he says.
The Complete Package. It's fun to relax around the living and bedroom displays at stores like Ikea, but they didn't create the setups for your lounging convenience.
"Retailers work hard for the up sell," says Nikoleta Panteva, senior retail analyst at IBISWorld. "Whether it's an entire outfit showcasing one shirt or a sofa as part of living room display, you won't just buy the initial piece you set in for, you need the matching chair or belt, after experiencing it and seeing the whole look put together for you."
Music to your Ears, Their Wallets. Knowing that the longer you stay in a store, the more you are likely to spend, retailers work hard to create an attractive ambiance that fits with the store.
"The music will always match the retail environment, that is why at Starbucks (NASDAQ:SBUX) you will hear more mellow music and jazz that puts you in a more relaxed mood and want to linger and buy things after you finish your coffee," explains Panteva.
The Christmas music isn't just festive, adds Streaks. "It gets your defenses down to relax your mood and gets your mind off why you are there and to look around more and to put you in that giving spirit."
The Bait and Switch. It's hard to pass up a mega deal, but often retailers advertise items priced below or at cost just to get you in the store and then hit you with the bad news: they sold out of that item, but just happen to have a different (and more expensive) model that you might be interested in.
"They get you in the door and will work to up sell you on a more expensive item when the one you want isn't in stock," says Marks. "People are sheep, they follow the leader and when someone tells them something is out of stock with no rain checks, they will be steered to something that is more profitable for the retailer."
Time is Running Out. "Never get sweaty palms over missing a sale, there will always be another," says Marks. Granted, presents do need to be under the tree on Dec. 25, but don't panic and buy items just because they are on a limited-time sale.
"Retailers like to make consumers feel like they will be left out of a sale if they don't act now and create a fake sense of scarcity that forces people into buying more," he says.
Bigger Means More Stuff. Studies show the size of shopping carts have grown up to 37%, making it easier to rack up a big bill without even noticing.
"If you only have a few items on your list use a hand basket or a small cart," recommends Streaks. "Don't get caught up in the shopping mentality, make a list, impose a time limit and go with the smallest possible cart size."


text: Mizuki Nagasawa boasts an unerring attention to detail and an instantly recognisable signature aesthetic. Having moved from Japan to New York City at a young age, the talented designer is heavily inspired by the infusion of western culture with her own Japanese values and sensibilities and continues to incorporate cultural values, art and fashion into her pieces. Crafted from premium silver and gold, Mizuki necklaces provide an understated yet contemporary finish to all outfits. Adorned with quirky trinkets, pearls and diamonds, each long and short structure is imbued with a whimsical charm.


text: Orion Poplawski wrote: > Okay, how afraid should I be of using async? man exports states: > > async This option allows the NFS server to violate the NFS > protocol > and reply to requests before any changes made by that > request > have been committed to stable storage (e.g. disc drive). > > Using this option might improve performance with > version 2 > only, but at the cost that an unclean server restart > (i.e. a > crash) can cause data to be lost or corrupted. > > > I tend to like to avoid data loss or corruption. > > Thanks! > It depends on your applications. async doesn't remove the capability of writing synchronously to an NFS export, but it removes the implicit sync after every write. If your applications know to fsync() when they absolutely need to have stuff written to disk (and of course check errno after fsync()), the server will respect that and flush the data for that file and only reply if the data was flushed properly. NB: This likely depends on both your NFS server and client implementations. Use with caution. YMMV. -- -- Skylar Thompson (skylar at cs.earlham.edu) -- http://www.cs.earlham.edu/~skylar/ -------------- next part -------------- A non-text attachment was scrubbed... Name: signature.asc Type: application/pgp-signature Size: 253 bytes Desc: OpenPGP digital signature URL: <http://www.beowulf.org/pipermail/beowulf/attachments/20090821/138a0577/attachment.sig>


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DENVER (CBS4) – Taylor Swift's mother Andrea has been called to the witness stand by the attorney for the former KYGO DJ David Mueller.
The mother is a witness in the lawsuit filed by Mueller over the loss of his job. Mueller was dismissed after being accused of grabbing the buttocks of the singer before a 2013 Denver concert.
Andrea Swift is employed by 13 Management, and is part of her daughter's senior management team.
The mother testified that after hearing of the alleged incident, she "was upset tot he extent like I wanted to vomit and cry at the same time."
Earlier, Mueller finished his second day of testimony after being called as part of his case.
Mueller's attorney countered on redirect by showing some photos with people who had their arms around Taylor Swift's waist.
Mueller strongly denies touching the singer inappropriately.
CBS4's Rick Sallinger is a Peabody award winning reporter who has been with the station more than two decades doing hard news and investigative reporting. Follow him on Twitter @ricksallinger.
Via: Radio.Com


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Home › Scene › The Big Chill ›
The Big Chill
This winter, LuxeHome welcomed more than 3,000 attendees to the seventh annual CHILL event and raised $220,000 to help support the Respiratory Health Association, Lynn Sage Foundation and Chicago Youth Symphony Orchestras.
Chef Federico Comacchio of Coco Pazzo and Chef Jon Liddell of GE Monogram kicked off the VIP reception to benefit CYSO, while distinguished chefs from Sixteen, Moto and more participated in the main event.
LuxeHome's 30 premier kitchen and bath boutiques opened their doors for the cause, offering world-renowned wines and gourmet food from restaurants around the city.


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Miscellaneous Policies & Procedures
MVCC clearly states that it seeks to assure the health and well being of all students. The College is committed to prevention efforts and intervention techniques. The College is also committed to a standard of conduct that prohibits at a minimum the unlawful possession and use or distribution of alcohol and other drugs by students.
Students should remember that the sale, use or even possession of a narcotic or dangerous drug (including marijuana, LSD, or any "narcotic, drug, depressant, or stimulant drug") constitutes an illegal act, unless expressly permitted by law. Legal authorities are required by their office to investigate and to prosecute whenever there is evidence of such illegal activity, and the College student is not immune from such investigation and prosecution.
The College, therefore, will readily cooperate with law enforcement agencies in the upholding of the law and expects that our students will recognize drug abuse for the problem that it is and avoid its dangers.
If, unfortunately, a student does engage in such illegal activity, it should be understood that he or she faces not only legal prosecution but also the possibility of disciplinary action through the Student Conduct Judicial Procedure.
MVCC's policy is outlined in the College's Right to Know publication, available upon request and on the College's website www.mvcc.edu.
Any student who feels that an injustice has been perpetrated upon him or her by a professional staff member or a classified service employee has recourse as follows:
• When a student believes there are grounds for an academic complaint, the procedures detailed in the Student Academic Complaint Policy
section of the handbook shall be followed by all parties.
• When a student believes there are grounds for a complaint which is other than academic in nature, the Vice President for Student Affairs will act as an information center. The student is urged to meet with the Vice
President or designee to discuss any such problems and seek advice.
Mohawk Valley Community College has a policy and procedure in place in the event a Residence Hall student is reported as missing. Reports of missing faculty, staff, guest or non-residential students should be reported to the Campus Safety & Security Office for assistance in contacting the appropriate Police Department.
Any person wishing to report a Residence Hall student missing must contact the Campus Safety and Security Department. Security personnel will initiate a missing student incident report and immediately report its findings to the appropriate College administrator. The Administrator, in accordance with institutional procedures, will contact the appropriate student contact and law enforcement not later than 24 hours after the time the student was determined missing. Residence Hall students 18 years and holder may register a confidential contact to be notified instead of the Emergency Contact on their Resident Application Form. A custodial parent or guardian will be the emergency
contact for a non-emancipated student under age 18.
In all cases, the Vice President for Student Affairs will serve as the main point
of contact and repository of information.
Mohawk Valley Community College Security personnel are familiar with the New York State Penal Law dealing with offenses that could or have resulted in personal injury, serious personal injury or death. All Security personnel will follow appropriate guidelines as outlined by the Director of Campus Safety and Security. The first of those guidelines is to provide the medical attention or response needed to ensure the victim is stable. In all cases, the local police agency (Utica or Rome) will be called as soon as the victim is out of immediate medical danger.
When the situation is turned over to the police agency, College Security personnel will assist in obtaining necessary information or securing the crime scene. Appropriate College officials will be notified as soon as possible by the Director of Campus Safety and Security.


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School Days with Gardner School & ChicagonistaLive
UPDATE: See pics from our second visit and watch the ChicagonistaLIVE video here!
It seems unfathomable that I'll soon add "find a preschool" to my list of to-dos. Little Miss is not yet a year old, but as any city-dwelling parent knows (even a newbie like me), the competition for spots can be fierce.
A newer option on the scene is The Gardner School. With locations in Bucktown, the West Loop, (plus Naperville, Glenview, and Oakbrook — and more around the country) this academically-focused daycare and preschool was founded in Tennessee, and accommodates ages 6 weeks to 5 years.
I recently spent an afternoon at the Oakbrook location, as a guest of the ChicagonistaLIVE crew. It's an adorable school. A-dorable. (And amazingly, I was told that the newer ones are "even nicer.") The corridors are sweetly decorated like an idyllic Main Street, USA drag, and classrooms are airy and cheerful. I spent the most time in the "crawler" room, which was filled with stimulating toys to taste play with.
Having fun in the baby room with tasty toys.
Another view of the crawler room. The school has an open-door policy with parents and encourages moms and dads to stop by during the day for a quick visit, or to make use of the peaceful nursing room. Closed-circuit TVs monitoring the rooms can be viewed in the lobby, and make goodbyes a little less stressful for parents.
Preschoolers wear these uniforms — how cute (and they make mornings easier).
Happy artwork throughout the school.
Learning begins with the littlest ones exploring American Sign Language, and continues with the big kids learning math, handwriting, and computer skills.
We'll be visiting the Oakbrook Gardner School next week, this time for ChicagonistaLIVE on Tuesday, May 20th at 2pm CDT at ChicagonistaLIVE.com. Follow along at #ChicagonistaLive and #GardnerChi. If you'd like to attend the taping, there are limited spaces available for readers with children aged 6 weeks to 5 years. Please RSVP to MJ Tam.


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Pharmacology: Drug Level Monitoring and Beyond
July 2001
A note from TheBody.com: The field of medicine is constantly evolving. As a result, parts of this article may be outdated. Please keep this in mind, and be sure to visit other parts of our site for more recent information!
Table of Contents
IntroductionRecent advances in diagnostic tests, such as viral load and resistance testing, have been extremely useful in advancing the care of people with HIV. Many experts believe the next advance will come from new tests that measure the amount of drug in a person's blood.
Soon after taking medication, the maximum amount of that drug can be found in your blood. This maximum drug level is called Cmax; and the higher the level, the more likely you'll experience side effects. Over time, the drug level decreases; and around the time you take your next dose, the lowest level can be found. This level is called Cmin, and the lower the level the more likely drug resistance will develop.
For certain antibiotics, the Cmax is the most important level to consider as it has been shown to correlate with a drug's effectiveness. However, it has not been established which level shows a relationship with the activity of anti-HIV drugs, although most people believe that the Cmin is likely the most important.
There are many reasons why different aspects of pharmacology can help in managing your anti-HIV therapy. They include measuring drug levels in blood (Therapeutic Drug Monitoring or TDM); measuring drug levels inside cells (intracellular); drug interactions; and protein binding. Read on for more discussion of these areas.
Therapeutic Drug MonitoringTDM is an area of intense interest as several small studies have shown that people with higher drug levels are more likely to have better and more sustained anti-HIV responses. Further, early results from a larger study known as ATHENA has also shown the benefits of TDM. Read the box below more information.
TDM involves drawing a blood sample to measure the amount of a particular protease inhibitor and/or non-nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitor (NNRTI). Most experts believe that measuring the levels of nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors (NRTIs) will be of little value as they block HIV inside the cell. Drug levels found in blood may not necessarily compare to those inside cells.
TDM may be particularly useful for protease inhibitors as their blood levels can vary greatly among individuals as there are differences in how people break down (metabolize) these drugs. Ensuring that people stay within a "therapeutic range" may greatly improve the likelihood of a lasting anti-HIV response. TDM may also help determine the proper dose of a drug for a particular person.
Right now, most anti-HIV drugs are given in standard doses whether someone weighs 120 pounds or even 250 pounds. Many experts believe that this is one of the reasons why women experience more side effects as they generally weigh less than men. As a result, TDM may not only help prolong anti-HIV response, but it may also help minimize side effects.
Furthermore, standard doses are given to people regardless of their stage of disease. But since people with more advanced disease generally have liver and/or kidney dysfunction, different doses may actually be needed. People co-infected with hepatitis may also need a different dose.
The "therapeutic range" may differ for someone just starting therapy than for someone who has already taken different drugs and has developed resistance to them. People with drug-resistant virus may need to achieve higher drug levels in order to "overcome" the resistant virus. This can be achieved by taking higher doses or using a boosting drug like ritonavir (Norvir). For more information, read the Drug Interactions section.
A few hurdles still have to be overcome before TDM can be used as part of routine medical care. One is about the tests themselves. When companies develop a new drug, they or a company they work with will develop a test to measure drug levels. More often than not, these companies do not publish how they developed these tests. So if university-based researchers want to measure levels of that particular drug, they develop their own tests, and there's no way of knowing whether these new tests are as accurate as the original one. This is also true for most of the TDM tests now being offered by commercial laboratories.
Perhaps the bigger hurdle is determining the proper time to draw the blood sample. Different people taking the same drug will have a different pattern in how it gets absorbed by and eliminated from their bodies. In other words, everyone has a different drug level profile. This is especially true for children, as younger children eliminate drugs more rapidly than older children, and they in turn eliminate faster than adults.
For anti-HIV drugs, the Cmin is probably the most important level when looking at anti-HIV response. In this case, you would need to have your blood drawn right before you take your next scheduled dose. In practice, this would be very difficult to do. The more likely scenario is that people go for blood draws whenever they can get an appointment, and this may not be right before their next scheduled dose.
As a result, several groups are trying to map out drug levels over a 12- or 24-hour period, hoping they can use this information to predict what the Cmin might be for someone who took his or her drugs two hours before their blood draw. Furthermore, for someone more concerned about side effects, the Cmax will be more important and the same dilemma would exist around the time of the blood draw.
Some experts propose that TDM may be an effective way of measuring adherence. But others disagree, because a "non-adherent" person could take a dose of drug before going in for their blood draw and drug levels would then be detected. The assumption here is that he or she is taking meds as prescribed, even though in reality that may have been the only dose they took during the week.
Drug Levels Inside Cells (Intracellular)Another possible complicating factor about TDM is the recent finding of protease inhibitor levels inside cells, similar to what has been seen with NRTIs. To date, nobody has shown a connection between protease inhibitor levels inside cells to anti-HIV response, but those studies are now being done. It is also not known if there's a connection between protease inhibitor levels found in blood to those found inside cells.
Human cells have certain genes called P-glycoprotein (P-gp) and multi-drug resistance proteins (MRPs). They control what substances, including drugs, can get into cells and how quickly they're expelled in order to protect the cells from toxic substances.
It's still not clear how these genes play a role in the overall effectiveness of anti-HIV therapy, although it is thought they factor in how well drugs are absorbed and how efficiently they get into certain parts of the body, like the brain. These genes already play a major role in the effectiveness of therapies for other diseases. For instance, a high expression of these genes has been shown to make cancer cells more resistant to traditional drugs.
Drug InteractionsMany anti-HIV drugs and therapies used to prevent or treat opportunistic infections are metabolized by the same enzyme in the body. This means that there are many possible drug interactions. As a result, it becomes more important to talk about this issue with your doctor or pharmacist about all the meds you're taking, including over-the-counter herbs and vitamins. More information on drug interactions is available through Project Inform's Hotline.
One of the most discussed issues on drug interactions in the past few years has been using ritonavir to boost the levels of other protease inhibitors. This approach can result in less frequent dosing and a reduced daily dose. This is achieved in one of two ways: A) ritonavir can greatly increase the Cmax of lopinavir and saquinavir without significantly changing the rate at which the other drug is eliminated from the body, or B) ritonavir can slow down the rate of indinavir, nelfinavir and amprenavir from being eliminated from the body without greatly changing the Cmax.
Boosting drug levels, however, may make interpreting resistance results more challenging because the higher drug levels may "overpower" some of the drug-resistant viruses. Currently, most people consider a four-fold decrease in sensitivity to a drug to mean low-level resistance while anything over a ten-fold decrease means high-level resistance. This is generally considered acceptable because blood levels of a drug are usually only four to eight times higher than what is simply needed to block HIV from reproducing.
However, ritonavir boosts the drug levels of some protease inhibitors upward of 15 times or higher and so these standard 4-10 times changes for resistance tests may become irrelevant. In other words, you may "overpower" some of these resistant viruses by using ritonavir and another protease inhibitor even though your test results indicate you may be resistant to one or more of these drugs. As a result, it may be important to factor in drug levels when evaluating results from your tests. For more information on resistance tests, read Project Inform's Genotypic and Phenotypic Resistance Tests.
Women and PharmacologyThere are known and possible other considerations for women with regard to how drugs are processed in the body. Studies describing some of these considerations note sex differences in metabolism, drug levels and side effects.
One study that looked at differences in blood levels of the NNRTI drug, delavirdine (Rescriptor), in men and women showed that women who took delavirdine + AZT (Retrovir) had nearly twice the amount of delavirdine in their blood at trough levels than men, even though both took the same doses. Possible explanations for this difference include weight and body mass differences and hormones. Whatever the cause, the study suggests that women may absorb some drugs differently than men and that researchers should watch for this effect.
In addition to higher drug levels in blood, some studies report increased or varied side effects from anti-HIV drug use in women. A ritonavir study showed that women experienced more nausea, vomiting and malaise than men. Some women also experienced a unique and potentially dangerous side effect caused by ritonavir -- excessive menstruation. While the cause of these differences remains unknown, it suggests that women and men might need different drug doses to lessen these effects.
Little research has taken place to evaluate different dosing schemes in women. It remains unknown if or how people might safely decrease their doses and maintain potency of a drug when faced with side effects. In the short-term, it's probably unwise to simply decrease doses of anti-HIV drugs to manage side effects. Reduced dosing may result in fewer side effects, but it may also cause the drug to fail or HIV to develop resistance to it.
Drug interactions between anti-HIV therapy and other drugs commonly used by women are another important consideration. For instance, some protease inhibitors decrease estrogen among women on hormone replacement therapy (HRT) or oral contraceptives, while the protease inhibitor indinavir (Crixivan) and the NNRTI efavirenz (Sustiva) increase estrogen.
Practically speaking, women on protease inhibitors should be counseled on how to alter the dose of their oral contraceptives or HRT to maintain effectiveness and/or use other methods of birth control. Also, this suggests that some protease inhibitors might decrease the natural level of estrogen in women, leading to other health issues associated with low estrogen levels (like early menopause or loss of bone density).
As the field of HIV drug pharmacology becomes more complicated, many basic questions remain regarding differences in women. In order to answer them, it's critical that sufficient numbers of women participate in studies of new therapies, as well as other studies that may reveal possible sex differences. Industry, government and community must work together to prioritize these research areas and to address the barriers that remain for women's involvement in research.
Protein BindingIt is widely known that anti-HIV drugs get bound to certain proteins in the body, which results in decreased anti-HIV activity. In some cases, this has resulted in the drug being pulled from development because it lost almost all of its activity. The more a drug is bound to these proteins, the greater the loss in anti-HIV activity.
The amount of these proteins is:
This has been an area of intense debate among the pharmaceutical companies developing drugs because you can get very different results on anti-HIV activity depending on the amount of protein used in their lab experiments. As a result, each company claims that its drugs, at least in their labs, are more active against HIV compared to their competitors.
CommentaryThere's a strong likelihood that advances in the field of pharmacology can result in greatly improving patient management by optimizing anti-HIV drugs as well as reducing the risk of side effects. TDM may provide another piece of useful information -- along with CD4+ cell counts, viral load and resistance testing -- that can help assess the effectiveness of an anti-HIV regimen. However, many issues still have to be worked out before TDM can be used as part of routine care.
Much research still has to be done to fully understand how drugs interact with certain genes in our bodies and what impact this has on anti-HIV activity. Also, there needs to be an agreed upon standard for lab tests to measure this activity. Ultimately, only head-to-head studies of these drugs involving large numbers of people can determine whether one is more effective than another.
A note from TheBody.com: The field of medicine is constantly evolving. As a result, parts of this article may be outdated. Please keep this in mind, and be sure to visit other parts of our site for more recent information!
This article was provided by Project Inform. Visit Project Inform's website to find out more about their activities, publications and services.


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Welcome to Demmer Corporation
The mission of Demmer Corporation is to create a competitive advantage for our customers by creating and executing world class engineering and manufacturing solutions. Our flawless launch focus and rigorous process improvement environment drives our ability to acquire new business opportunities and grow customer relationships.
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GIST Summit September 24, 2011
Our free all-day GIST Summit at MD Anderson Cancer Center
was TERRIFIC!
To see VIDEOS of the presentations click the links in the
program listing below.
Scroll down this page for a story with more photos
from our 2011 GIST Summit.
Videos and Slides from GSI's 2011 GIST Summit
|8:00 am
|breakfast and registration
|9:00 am
| Jon Trent,
MD PhD
| GIST 101: GIST causes and treatments
View Slides
|9:45 am
|Brian Rubin,
MD PhD
| Translational Medicine, GIST Biology and
New Therapies: new treatments based
on research
View Slides
|10:30 am
|10:45 am
| Dr. Trent, Dr. Rubin,
Dr. Loyer (radiologist),
and Pat Neal RN
| open panel discussion to answer your
questions (you may submit questions in
advance or during the session)
|11:45 am
|Linda Pataki,
| Nutritional Challenges After Surgery:
malabsorption, extra nutrients,
preventing deficiencies
View Slides
|Amy LaMarca Lyon, MSW LCSW
| Transitioning Hope (end of life planning)
View Slides
|2:00 pm
|Dejka Araujo, MD
| Clinical Trials for GIST
View Slides
|2:45 pm
|1. Kathie Rickman, DrPH RN CNS
2. Mary Hughes, RN CNS CT
3. Pat Neal, RN
4. poster authors will be
| 1. Living with Uncertainty (caregivers'
psychological challenges)
2. Living with Uncertainty (patients'
3. Managing Side Effects of Therapy
4. Poster Discussion: poster authors will be
|3:45 pm
| Richard Lee, MD
Kay Garcia, MPH MSN LAc
Sat-Siri Sumler, LMT
| Integrative Medicine Therapies:
mind-body, yoga, meditation, acupuncture,
etc. with demonstrations
|all day
|various authors
|Educational Posters on display
GIST Summit 2011 Was Terrific!
by Tony Doré
Diverse group, evolving summit
The GIST Summits have come a long way since the idea germinated at an informal gathering in a Houston apartment block, back in 2008. The 2011 summit, held at MD Anderson Cancer Center, attracted a large and diverse group of people from 4 countries and 16 US states. The 120 or so participants included patients, family and other helpers, doctors, nurses, pharmaceutical representatives, and featured speakers, not to overlook a small but enthusiastic band of volunteer kids scurrying around to keep things in order.
The summits have evolved yearly. Last year the organizing team experimented with recorded television interviews, mainly with patients, as a means of sharing experiences with the rest of the GIST community. This year's session introduced a variety of new formats, including parallel workshops on aspects of clinical care, and a coordinated multi-speaker session on integrative medicine. The good feedback from these sessions suggests that the organizers are still stri
king the right balance between innovation and getting the basics right.
Personalized medicine, clinical trials and nutrition
Dr. Jonathan Trent has been a mainstay of the summits throughout, and as has now become a tradition, he launched the morning session with "GIST 101", a primer on the occurrence, pathology and treatment of GIST. This presentation is especially valuable to those newly diagnosed and just encountering the disease, but also contains up-to-the-minute information that allows the rest of us to play "catch up."
Dr. Trent listens to Dr. Rubin's presentation:
Dr. Brian Rubin, the summit's special guest speaker and director of Soft Tissue Pathology at the Cleveland Clinic, Ohio, then gave a very interesting and comprehensive talk on translational medicine and new therapies. His emphasis was on how the results of new research might be implemented, and targeted and combination therapies could be tailored to specific GIST types and mutations – or, to use the shorthand, "personalized medicine". His big message was clear; right now we have ways to hold many GIST types back and to send the tumours into quiescence. He sincerely believes it is within our reach to develop therapies to eliminate the tumours entirely, and that with the right investment and research we could achieve this goal within the decade.
Dr. Dejka Araujo's talk on Clinical Trials was in many ways a natural follow-on from Dr. Rubin's presentation, and was of course of great interest to those in the audience wondering whether they might qualify for such treatment. The talk discussed not only the procedure for clinical trials, but also how to find out what trials are currently happening, and how to determine whether you're qualified to participate.
Dr. Araujo talks to the group:
Another session highly appropriate to many present was Linda Pataki's talk on nutritional challenges. It was full of useful information for those who have had surgery to remove part of the digestive tract; what nutrients are absorbed in what part of the system, what the effect of losing these nutrients is, and how to supplement your diet appropriately.
Clinical care workshops
The workshops in the afternoon were held as three parallel sessions, covering psychiatric aspects of living with GIST from both the patient and caregiver perspective, and the management of side-effects from treatment. The workshops were run by three senior members of M D Anderson's clinical care staff, Mary Hughes, Kathie Rickman and Pat Neal. All three sessions were highly informative, with the lively and informal audience participation that is characteristic of these summits.
Nurse Pat Neal leads side-effect discussion:
Communal meditation!
Perhaps the most radical session of the day was the group presentation on Integrative Medicine – in other words, therapies complementary to conventional medicine for dealing with long term treatment issues, psychiatric issues, pain and stress. The session provided a nice counterpoint to the earlier clinical talks , and was much appreciated by the audience. Three members of M D Anderson's staff examined different aspects of integrative medicine. Dr. Richard Lee gave a very balanced overview of integrative therapies, noting the pitfalls as well as the benefits. This was followed by a session on acupuncture by Dr Kay Garcia and finally a discourse on meditation by Dr. Sat-Siri Sumler, with audience participation in a mantric session as part of the talk!
The day's proceedings ended with presentations of awards by the GSI Board, showing their appreciation of two of the key movers – Jon Trent for his outstanding dedication to the patient community, and Pat Gabler – the Sarcoma department administrator at MDA– for her outstanding support of these Summits.
A lively buzz
These summits are, of course, not just about the talks, important though these are. They're also a great chance to network – to meet others in the same situation, to share experiences and to feel a sense of kinship and mutual support. It was very good to see clinical staff making great efforts to present technically difficult concepts to a lay audience in understandable terms, yet without talking down to them. All day there was lively discourse around the posters, which included displays from four pharmaceutical companies (Novartis, Pfizer, Deciphera and AROG) and the same buzz was there at lunch and in the dinner that evening.
Young attendees make GSI pins available.
Finally, I hope you'll allow this reporter the liberty of some personal reflections. My own role as the husband of Barbara, one of the organizers, was basically logistical.&nbsnbsp; I helped to keep things moving along. But I didn't find task this mundane at all – in fact I derived huge satisfaction from it. Most of all, it was all about talking to people who were just grateful to find each other. Two particular memories will remain; the couple from the other side of the country whose community had clubbed together to sponsor their trip, bringing a whole new meaning to the term "socialized medicine": and the participant who took me aside to thank me for "sharing my wife with us for a little while". I found it immensely satisfying, and life-affirming. Well done GSI!
If you weren't at the summit but this article has whetted your appetite, or if you were there but want to replay any of the main talks, the summit was recorded on video and can be found on this website at this link.
Tony Doré
Barbara Doré, Sharon Trent, and Dr. Jon Trent
Panelists answer attendees' questions.
Click to watch videos of the GIST Summits from 2009 and 2010 too!


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By John Goralski
Sports Writer
Dan LaPorte was excited when he saw more than 100 kids swarm into Hawks Landing Country Club in 2011 to register for the first year of the Hawks Landing Golf Little League. When it swelled to over 150 kids the next year, he noticed a small spike in the number of girls. When the league grew to 200 players and half were girls, it gave him an idea.
It was clear that there's an interest, he thought. Why is there no girls team at the high school?
"We already host the Central CT girls golf championship at Hawks Landing, and I see all these other towns with a girls team when Southington doesn't have one," LaPorte said. "That bothers me. Hopefully, we'll be able to have one in the next few years."
LaPorte isn't one to just sit back when a problem shows itself. It's one reason why he organized the youth league to open the game to young talent. So when one of his female youth coaches, Rachelle Heil, noticed the spike in girls at the local league, the two began to brainstorm solutions.
This fall, the pair will launch the Hawks Landing Girls Golf League.
"We figured it was time to get something more for the girls, and we knew that we had to find a female coach," said LaPorte. "That's where Rochelle came into play. Hopefully, we'll be able to create a feeder program so that these kids can eventually play in high school or with their parents or friends."
Registration will begin on Saturday, Aug. 17, and they hope to attract at least 30-40 girls aged 9-13. It will cost $125, and athletes will be assigned to four-person teams to compete in a six-week schedule beginning in the second week of September.
"It's such a great sport, and it's not just for men. It can be so diverse, and that's why it's so exciting to be able to teach it to the girls," said Heil. "As a female player, there are many times when I go out and play, and it's all guys. I want to create a network of young women. This is about getting girls comfortable and excited about the sport."
The league is a first of its kind, and the founders have spent a lot of time trying to blend the right combination of instruction and competition. Athletes will practice once each week and compete against other foursomes on the weekend. The rules have been modified to give everyone a chance to succeed and compete.
Golfers will be permitted to move their ball one club length before a shot to give themselves a good lie. After four shots from the fairway, they will be allowed to move their ball to the edge of the green. After three putts, they'll be able to pick up their ball and total their score.
"We're going to use a stroke play format, and that's different than the best-ball, scramble format of the Golf Little League," said LaPorte. "Each girls is going to play on her own and keep her own score. She's going to learn how to play golf the natural way, but we want them to have some success when they play. It's not going to be just about scoring well. It's going to be about success on the course. We think that will help it stay fun."
Heil said that she's excited to embrace the challenge. This will be the next step for girls after the little league instructional format. It's the next step in their development.
"It's all about attracting the girls, so that they can continue with the sport," said Heil. "We want to teach them about going out on the course and playing. We want them to see the competitive side of it, and we want to introduce them to the whole gamut of the game. It's not just hitting on the driving range or lessons. It's about etiquette."
When LaPorte started the youth golf league, he was hoping for 30 players the first year. When it swelled to over 100, they didn't turn anybody away. It's the same approach now. If there's enough interest, they'll keep adding teams.
"As far as we can tell, it's the first of its kind," he said. "We've designed it to attract girls from 9 to 13. We may even try a 13 to 18 year old division if we get enough of a response."
Heil said that she wishes there were more opportunities like this when she started. She began playing as an adult, and it changed the course of her life. She's managed a golf course. She's introduced kids in the little league, and she's working toward her teaching certification. Now, she'll try to inspire the next generation.
"I didn't grow up playing golf, but I had a great teacher right from the start," she said. "When you learn the right way at the beginning, that's where the passion comes from—especially with kids."
Hawks Landing launches girls golf league
By John Goralski


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Burt County
The Village of Craig, Nebraska, has strong ties with Cadiz, Ohio. In 1867 Thompson Craig, the town's founder, his brother William, several members of the Clark family and others who had served together in the Union Army arrived directly from that city. They are said to have used "college scrip" to purchase farm land in Burt County.
James McMullin, of Pennsylvania, homesteaded here in the late 1860s. His home, built on "high ground" where on a clear day he could see Lyons to the northwest, was said to be the first in this area.
Another early settler, P.S.Gibbs and his family, also arrived in 1867 from Cape Cod. He first saw this area in the 1850s then he was going overland to the west. Taking a route along the Missouri, they camped overnight on the west bank of the river. Gibbs recalls being awakened by the sound of a saw mill in operation, and found a crew of men cutting logs for the newly-established town of Tekamah. After looking over the land, he decided that Bell Creek Valley was where he wanted to live. Instead of continuing his journey west, he returned home, where he settled his affairs and made arrangements for moving his family to Nebraska. Gibbs' home was the center of many of the early activities: the first school was held in his front room, as well as political meetings, and church services.
In addition to settlers from Ohio and other eastern states, many immigrants arrived from Sweden, Denmark, and Germany.
A settlement was started by Robinson, Brown, and Cox, and it is said that incorporation papers were filed in 1867. A post office was established in the home of William Clark in 1874, who served as postmaster until 1881. A further clue to the settlement's name comes from the church organized in Gibbs' home, which was "The First Presbyterian Church of Clark."
When the Chicago, St.Paul, Minneapolis & Omaha Railroad came through Burt County in the 1880s, the opportunity existed to establish a station at this location. William Craig stepped forward to help get it located, donating the land for the village, establishing a lumberyard, and building a new house. This was the beginning of the town, according to Perkey's Nebraska Place Names, when a post office was established in 1881, named in honor of William Stewart Craig. (It is also noted that a town called "Clarks" in Merrick County was established in 1880, perhaps requiring the change.) Andreas History of Nebraska, however, does not mention either Clark or Craig in its 1882 accounts of Burt County.
An article published in 1893, notes that a larger schoolhouse was built in 1883, and that three churches, Presbyterian, Methodist, and Christian, had been established. Craig had a fine cornet band, and also a bicycle club with 20 members who had "a well kept track."
The "money panic" of the 1890s was lessened by the efforts of an early settler, J.A. McLaughlin. Active in civic affairs, he helped organize the Craig Grain, Lumber & Implement Company. In 1896 the corn crop had been excellent, but bids were for only eight cents a bushel. McLaughlin went to Chicago and secured a contract from Norton & Worthington to buy 100,000 bushels of corn. Building cribs to handle the corn gave employment to many men at $1-a-day. (In hard times, this was big money.) Farmers delivering corn -- some from more than 20 miles distant -- would bring their own lunch and feed for their teams, since none could pay the 25 cents charged for meals and for a stall at the livery barn.
A centennial booklet, published in 1967, provides short family sketches and excerpts of from "A Sketch from Craig and Burt County," published in 1893, and news accounts from "The Craig News." A brick schoolhouse was built in 1915 with an auditorium built in 1950, and a home economics room, a library, and other rooms added since then.
A peak population of 452 was recorded for Craig in 1930, with a present count of just under 240.
By Jane Graff from material submitted by Cliff Nelson, Craig, NE 68019 and other sources mentioned.


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April 13, 2018 12:59 PM EDT
TAMPA, Fla. (WPEC) - Video of a gorilla training with an animal care specialist at Busch Gardens Tampa Bay is going viral.
It looks like Bolingo the gorilla and Rachel Two are in some sort of exercise class.
But the zoo says the training lets employees build trusting relationships with the animals and provide them with the "most mentally and physically stimulating environment possible."
The Facebook post has already been viewed 91,000 times.