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A Cat With A $200K Trust Fund
by JS
It was August of 2007 when the billionaire hotel queen, Leona Helmsley, passed away, leaving behind $12 million dollars to her dog named Trouble.
Unfortunately, for the pooch, the Queen of Mean made a bone-headed, estate-planning blunder that resulted in her Maltese getting a $10 million haircut.
What was the error and how could she have avoided it?
In August of 1997, Princess Diana tragically passed away, leaving her two sons, William and Harry, a considerable fortune.
Unfortunately, both Princes could have avoided Britain's 40% estate tax, or approximately $14 million, had the royal family the benefit of wiser counsel.
How did Di's lawyers botch things big time, and what should she have done differently?
In February of 1987, legendary artist, Andy Warhol, left behind an estate of $500,000,000.
However, because Warhol made one common, chowder-headed mistake, the foundation formed after his death was allowed to open a museum to honor the legendary New York artist … in Pittsburgh!
What did Warhol do wrong, so your readers don't make the same mistake and end up buried in some cornfield in Nebraska?
For fascinating answers to questions like these, may I suggest your readers turn to The 101 Biggest Estate Planning Mistakes where Herbert E. Nass, Esquire, has assembled every bone-headed blunder … foolhardy foul-up … and chowder-headed mistake he has seen in his renowned, 25-year career as an estate attorney for the rich and famous.
On page after page you'll discover all the dumb things people do — before they keel over.
- You should put your Will in a safe deposit box, right? Wrong! Where should you store it. Page 113.
- You can assign a Power of Attorney for your estate planning, right? Wrong, again. When you drop dead, your POA drops dead with you. Page 117.
- You can avoid probate with a revocable trust, right? Not so fast! Certain conditions have to be met, and, unfortunately, many high-priced lawyers either forget to tell their clients what those are, or don't know themselves. Page 150.
- Your confidential estate documents are safe with your attorney, right? Not always. Attorney Nass has heard more horror stories about Wills accidentally getting tossed into a dumpster by retiring attorneys than he cares to admit. Where should you store your vital papers? Page 129.
Herb's new book is not expensive. At Amazon you can pick it up for less than fourteen bucks. That's what clients pay Attorney Nass if they spend 1.3 minutes in his Lexington Avenue office.
Take oil baron, John Paul Getty who requested that his body be immediately buried on his private ranch after his death. Unfortunately, because his legion of fancy lawyers neglected to follow the steps on page 223, Getty's body was embalmed and refrigerated at the Forest Lawn Memorial Park cemetery … for three years!
Take multi-millionaire Wall Street mogul, R. Theodore Ammon. Unfortunately before he was murdered, his high-priced New York law firm did not think to update his Will to reflect his bitter divorce proceedings. As a result his wife, Generosa, who re-married the murderer, was entitled to almost everything. Page 105.
Note: Generosa did not make the same mistake years later. When Generosa passed away, her Will left her jailbird husband, nothing.
Whew! So far I've given you just a taste of what your readers will find inside The 101 Biggest Estate Planning Mistakes.
But if you'd like to speak with Attorney Nass personally about how to prevent disgruntled relatives from making your Will "disappear" (page 52) … or the inexcusable dumb error Anna Nicole Smith's attorneys made when drafting her Will (page 124) …
… I'll just have to make sure Attorney Nass is not in with a client (at $595/hour) that growls, purrs, barks, hisses, or sleeps hanging upside down on a jungle jim.
You see, ever since Attorney Nass represented a cat named Ming with a $200,000 trust fund, it seems his clientele has become, well, furrier or more feathery.
If you don't know the story, Ming's owner had passed away, and it was Attorney Nass's job to make sure all of Ming's pet food, medical care, and catnip were provided for during Ming's lifetime. When Ming finally went to kitty heaven at age 10, the trust dictated that the remaining funds would go to Ming's caretaker, a doorman in Ming's building. However, because Attorney Nass needed to make sure Ming's death was not the result of foul play, he arranged for an autopsy which confirmed Ming had indeed passed away from natural causes. With the coroner's report in hand, Attorney Nass was able to deliver the substantial balance of funds to the doorman and his family.
In this case, everything went according to plan. However, unless you know all the possible pitfalls of estate law, things can go wrong.
Really wrong.


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Magna 34 is a strategically located 19 acre business park offering high quality office accommodation to let in Rotherham, Nr. Sheffield, South Yorkshire.
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Eldon Stevens
Telephone: +44 (0)114 251 7702
Email: email@example.com

subset: commoncrawl


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As the Birth Place of Christ, the ancient town of Bethlehem holds a connection with Christians from all around the World. While small in size and population, the Town of Bethlehem and its surroundings have lots to offer to any visitor or tourists. At the heart of the town lies the Church of the Nativity. Inside the church is the Grotto of the nativity marking the spot where Jesus was born. Since the establishment of the PA in 1994, there has been a fast amount of development and restoration work throughout the town. A large number of tourism establishments such as hotels, restaurants and souvenir shops have been opened and are ready to serve all your travel needs.The old cores of the Bethlehem have been beautifully restored and renovated offering beautiful and enriching walking tours throughout the city. The many cultural centers in and around Bethlehem continue to hold regular musical and cultural events throughout the year.
Check out the Addar Cultural and Conference Center which is located in the heart of Bethlehem at the International Center of Bethlehem Dar Annadwa. Also visit the Bethlehem Peace Center which is located right on Manger Square. The Center houses a Tourist information Center and regularly hold cultural activities. Check local listing for any events and activities during you stay or prior to your visit.
Bethlehem's Gastronomy and dinning out options are also diverse and cater to almost any cravings. There are many restaurants and cafes throughout the town. Whether you are seeking traditional Palestinian cuisines or opt for something different there are also many restaurants serving Italian, French and Chinese cuisines. Within the surrounding of Bethlehem are the towns of Beit jala and Beit Sahour which also have lots of other options to offer.


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Becoming a member is easy!
See information on category options below
Join / Renew Visit our on line membership area to join or renew with visa, master card or discover today!
Edit – To edit the details of your existing membership without renewing, login and click on "edit" next to your Personal Information.
- Social Dance memberships are on an anniversary year renewal basis.
- DanceSport memberships are on a calendar year renewal basis – all expire 12/31
- Chapter Affiliation – Not certain which chapter is nearest you? Check our Find a Chapter page.
Print a hard copy application form to join or renew with a check
(this is a adobe pdf file – download a free version of adobe reader if you don't have it already)
NOTE: WDSF Athletes and Officials < click for more information on obtaining your WDSF ID card
Added Value To Your USA Dance Membership
USA Dance has entered into an agreement with Affinity Marketing Group to provide discounts for USA Dance members on many services and products including hotels, car rental, cruises, car, home, long term care and health insurance, prescription drug program, shopping discounts and more.. Click Here For More Information about this program.
Our documents library has a brochure about these and other benefits of USA Dance membership.
Lost Your Membership Card?
Simply log into your membership account using your user name and password and print another.
USA Dance Inc – Join us!
USA Dance Inc is a 501c3 non-profit organization supporting dancesport athletes and recreational dancers throughout the United States. We have nearly 160 chapters throughout the USA connecting with children, youth, adults and seniors of all interest and skill levels who all have one thing in common – the love of dance!
USA Dance Inc is a member of the WDSF and is the National Governing Body of DanceSport in the U.S. as recognized by the U.S. Olympic Committee.
Join with us! Help us grow our organization, pursue the Olympic dream for dancesport, continue our outreach and raise awareness to all Americans about the wonderful physical, mental and social benefits of ballroom dance. Individual membership is restricted to United States citizens, or to those who currently reside in the United States or one of its possessions.
Benefits to all individual members
Membership funds the majority of our organization's efforts and provides many benefits to dancers throughout the United States. One of the greatest benefits of membership in USA Dance is simply being an active participant in and supporter of this dynamic and effective leader, promoter and supporter of ballroom dancing. Many members say that attending USA Dance events and association with the friends they make at those events quickly becomes a significant and very pleasurable part of their life. This applies regardless of age or whether the member is a Social Dancer, DanceSport Athlete, Student, or Junior dancer. Dancers who love to travel enjoy the instant social life they find while on vacation. Other more specific benefits are listed below:
Chapter Affiliation
You may be a USA Dance national member without selecting a chapter. Choosing a chapter affiliation, however, means you will be on the mailing list for that chapter to receive their newsletter or other dance information notices. You also have the option to vote in that chapter's elections or run for office in that chapter. While you can affiliate with only one chapter, as a USA Dance member, you will be welcomed at any chapter events around the country.
For a listing of USA Dance chapters and the areas they serve, visit our "Find a Chapter" page.
Discounts on Admissions
Attend our fabulous chapter dances anywhere in the country and pay the lower admission prices applicable to members. Each dance usually starts with a one-hour dance lesson, followed by several hours of general dancing. The typical program includes mixers, line dances, and dance demonstrations.
Dance Information
We publish a national magazine, American Dancer.
Receive Chapter Newsletters covering local ballroom dance news, including information on places to dance. Call our 800 number or email chapters via "Find A Local Chapter" section of our website for dance information across the US. Members use this service when planning business trips or vacations.
Membership Categories
Recreational – Social
All Recreational – Social categories renew on an anniversary year basis – join in March and your membership is good til the following March.
Ballroom Dancer $45 – This is NOT a competitor category.
Dances for enjoyment and works to improve but DOES NOT COMPETE. May include retired DS Athlete. While tangible benefit of Ballroom Dancer and Social Dancer are the same, those selecting this category have the satisfaction of knowing the difference in rate is donated to USA Dance to allow us to continue our work. Selection of this category is optional. This is not a competitor category.
Social Adult Dancer $35
Enjoys and appreciates the physical, mental, and social benefits of ballroom dancing
Social Youth Dancer $10
A social dancer under the age of 19. Often a family member or friend of adult member. (Note, a subscription to American Dancer magazine is not included with this category.)
Social Dance Teacher $60
An individual who is engaged in the teaching of social dance who does not compete as a professional and does not instruct those who will be competing in USA Dance events.
DanceSport: (Dancers who participate in dancesport competitions)
All DanceSport members are on a calendar year basis and memberships expire 12/31 each year.
To all USA Dance Athletes – Be certain to keep your membership current to avoid delays at competitions or possible disqualification.
Adult Athlete $70
A competitive dancer who is age 19 or above.
Student Athlete $25
A competitive dancer who is age of 19 or above but below age 35 and is enrolled in school full time.
Minor Athlete $20
A competitive dancer who is below the age of 19.
Professional Athlete $75
A competitive dancer who declares him or herself as a professional or dances as a professional in competition..
DanceSport Official $80
An individual who serves in an official capacity,(i.e. adjudicator, invigilator, independent competition organizer, chair of adjudicators, scrutineer, WDSF Adjudicator, etc.) in the field of DanceSport and/or ballroom dance.
DanceSport: Special Olympics Athlete $10.
Qualifies for participating in Special Olympics competitions only.
DanceSport: Unified Sports ® Partner $25.
Dance Partner of Special Olympics Athlete for participating in Special Olympics only.
DanceSport Supporter $40.
This category of membership is designed for those who are not active competing athletes but who want to show support for the DanceSport initiatives of USA Dance. This would include former athletes, parents or other family members of athletes, and general supporters who would like their voice counted on DanceSport matters.
Visit our on line membership area to join or renew today!
- Click here to Join / Renew


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Gabrielle Nires — Babe of the Day
Get a load of the baby blues on Gabrielle Nires. Catching a glimpse of those would turn us into a giant bumbling pile of prepubescence. Eh, it doesn't take much.
For a 22-year-old from South Lake Tahoe, Calif., Nires is making big moves with her acting and modeling career. In just a short time, she's been named Kaboom Magazine's 'Bombshell of the Month' in April 2011 and was a finalist in Playboy's Miss Social contest multiple times. Not to mention she appeared in Season 2 of 'Hawaii 5-0.'
If we see Nires in a future issue of Playboy, we won't even pretend to read the articles.


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Clamming This Weekend on the Long Beach Peninsula!
March 15, 2011 by: Susan Goldsmith
Come to Long Beach this weekend and get the best of both worlds–luxurious B&B, great food and razor clamming–which is getting right down to the real nitty gritty (to coin a phrase from the 70's)! Crawl out of your beautiful, warm, cushy Boreas bed in the morning an hour or so before low tide on Sunday, then freeze your fannies off in the early morning digs and be back at the Inn with your limit of 15 razor clams, warming up by the fire with our great coffee by 9:30 am breakfast time! The first dig on Saturday is actually a late afternoon dig–so you can work up an appetite for dinner at one of our fine dinner houses! We will make all arrangements!
Long Beach, Washington will open for razor clam digging for FOUR days at noon March 19! Dan Ayres, WDFW coastal shellfish manager, advises prospective diggers to pay particular attention to the shift in digging times during this month's razor-clam opening. "It gets a little tricky scheduling digs at this time of year, but the goal is to arrange openings during the best clam tides," Ayres said. "The split schedule also provides an opportunity for back-to-back digs the evening of Saturday, March 19, and the morning of Sunday, March 20."
Digging days and low tides for March are:
Saturday, March 19, 7:04 p.m. (-0.1 ft); Long Beach
Sunday, March 20, 7:36 a.m. (-0.5 ft); Long Beach
Monday, March 21, 8:23 a.m. (-0.9 ft); Long Beach
· Tuesday March 22, 9:12 a.m. (-1.0 ft); Long Beach So get your clam digging license, required if you are age 15 or older and come down and dig some razor clams. Ayres reminds diggers that WDFW is tentatively planning another razor-clam opening April 7-9 until noon each day at Long Beach and Twin Harbors if marine toxin tests show the clams are safe to eat. Licenses expire on March 31, so you need to make sure, for the April digs coming up, that you get a new license.


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'SNL' Taps Louis C.K. as Next Host, Universe Weeps With Awesome
Louie, Louie, Louie, Louie... Louie, Louie, you're going live! In what could conceivably be either the best, or worst idea in the show's recent history, 'Saturday Night Live' has announced its latest host to be none other than the unstoppable Louis C.K.,fresh off his two Emmy wins for the acclaimed FX dramedy 'Louie.' Hilarious in his own right but questionable when it comes to characters, the upcoming episode will certainly arrive with plenty of buzz, but when? And what musician will accompany the comedian?
Louis C.K. might be on top of the world right now, between sold-out comedy tours and Emmy wins for both 'Louie' and his 'Live at the Beacon Theatre' special, but is he ready for 'SNL'? That will be the big question on everyone's minds November 3, when the comedian takes hosting duties for the first time alongside musical guest Fun.
This past Saturday's double-fronted Bruno Mars effort proved to be of mixed success, leaving us to wonder how C.K. might fare given his best material comes from his own unique brand of humor rather than any individual characters.
At the very least, it will be nice to have Louis C.K. back on TV so soon, as the comedian recently announced that FX's 'Louie' would go on hiatus until 2014 to allow him to re-charge his batteries creatively.
Well, what say you? How do you think Louis C.K. will fare as the host of 'SNL' when he takes the stage on November 3?


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Feldberg Business & Engineering Library
Theodora and Stanley Feldberg (D'46)
Feldberg Business-Engineering Library, a gift of Theodora and Stanley Feldberg (D'46), serves the faculty, students and staff of the Tuck School of Business, the Thayer School of Engineering and Dartmouth College. The Library is conveniently located in the Murdough Center, between the Tuck and Thayer Schools, and in close proximity to classrooms and the Cook Auditorium.
Opened in June, 1973, Feldberg Library combines information resources and services that were previously located within the two Schools. This Library is unique among US college and university research libraries in serving two professional schools of business and engineering.


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This week, download the companion PDF to the Make: Video Podcast which includes the article written by Martin John Brown as seen in Make: Volume 10. PDF Link
I found it difficult to get amphipods in New York City until I went to Turtle Pond in central park and found a murky muddy place and scooped up some water and milfoil. There were lots of small little worms and teeny tiny leechy looking things that were too small for me to photograph, but interesting to observe. I'm hoping that some of the little critters in there are amphipods and will be able to do their part to keep the biosphere balanced.
When you take a break from staring at your biosphere, it's cool to check out some of the other large scale biospheres that have existed!
Biosphere 2 – Link
Bios-3 – Link
If you make a table top biosphere, make sure to take photos and upload them to the Make: Flickr Pool.
You can get all the Make: videos and PDFs automatically by subscribing in itunes! – Link


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CDDO meets Monday
The Board of Directors of Harvey-Marion County Community Developmental Disability Organization will meet 4 p.m. Monday at 500 N. Main St., Suite 204, Newton. There will be opportunity for public forum.
Last modified Nov. 14, 2012
© 2019 HOCH PUBLISHING | Marion County Record | Hillsboro Star-Journal | Peabody Gazette-Bulletin | Checkerboard


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DERBY - Thirty one scouts and leaders from Housatonic Council Boy Scout Troop 3 Derby and two international exchange scouts each from Limerick, Ireland and Peterborough, England recently completed a two week camping adventure in the Pacific Northwest. Traveling more than 2,700 miles from Los Angeles to Seattle by 13 passenger vans the scouts camped and hiked at national parks including Yosemite, Redwoods, Mount St. Helen, Mount Rainier and Olympic National. They also visited the cities of Los Angeles, San Francisco, Portland and Seattle. Highlights of the trip in addition to the hikes included dune buggy rides in the Oregon Dunes National Recreation Area, a San Francisco Giants baseball game and a sunset catamaran cruise in San Francisco Bay.
Pictured with Half Dome in the background at Glacier Point before a 10 Panorama Trail mile hike to Yosemite Valley are from left: Scoutmaster Randy Ritter, Larry Cafaro, Justin Patten, Deb Oppel, Matt Moran, Brian Spinetti, Christine Jalowiec, Ryan Cafaro, Adam Sroka, Dominic Livoti, Steven Ng, Richie Hayes, Steven Tracz, Andrew Devine, Joe Patten, Colby McLiverty, Billy Kowarik, Alex Oppel, Aidan Long, Bill McDonnell, Caine Jimmo, Jack Tibbett, Jim Butler, Michael Neuendorf, James Daly, Dylan Krystopowicz, Joshua Moscato, Brian Welch, Matt Edwards, Jake Grasso, James Blount and Chris Cafaro. Missing from the photo are Michael Shea, Cindy Tracz and John Spinetti.
Update videos from the trek can be found here: http://valley.newhavenindependent.org/index.php/archives/entry/troop_3_to_embark_on_pacific_adventure/


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Welcome to Homebase Tool Hire home delivery in partnership with Hire Station, supplier of DIY tools and equipment. Hiring with us is really simple there are three simple steps to follow:
1. Select the tools you want and how long you need them for. 2. Order online or by phone 0800 0304 720. 3. The tools are delivered to your home and collected when you are finished with them.
Collect from Homebase Specialist Tool Hire provided by Hire Station
Opening Times:
Monday - Friday: 7:30am - 5pm Saturday 8am - 12pm
We are closed for both deliveries and collections every Sunday, Bank Holidays and from the 24th December (Christmas Eve) until the first working day of January.
Ellan Road Industrial Estate, Ellan Road, Leeds, LS11 0EY
View other locations in the area.
The click and collect service is only available on orders placed online or on the phone, and you may not get the same special offers and prices as advertised on this site. We will show you how to use the machine in the branch, but please also note the hirer should collect so he / she knows how to use the equipment. If you are collecting from us on behalf of someone else, please be aware we cannot be held responsible for any operating errors or faults.


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And, as it turns out, a very congenial man as well. I had the surprising but good fortune of meeting Mr. Hiller yesterday at the well attended 12th Annual Los Angeles Times Festival of Books, "the country's largest celebration of the written word". Vaguely aware that he was scheduled to speak, I passed over sitting inside at the panels for walking around outside on the beautiful, rambling UCLA campus in the breezy, Sunday afternoon sunshine. So, I was taken aback when there he was, looking very casual chic in his off-white sports coat, standing in the middle of the main LA Times booth, greeting anyone who happened to stroll in. As Mr. Hiller isn't exactly face recognizable to the average person, staff member Tracy Boucher was on hand, enthusiastically introducing him to anyone within range: "This is David Hiller, the publisher of the LA Times!" Well, it was remarkable when you think about it. I heart LA, where just about anyone in town you'd ever want to meet becomes, at any given moment, oddly accessible.
I was delighted to meet this man of the newspaper hour and feel him out. I introduced myself, told him I thought he was a brave man to stand there so openly, and mentioned that I write a blog on the media. His immediate reaction was, "Have you written about the LA Times?" to which I responded, "Not yet." But since you asked, David, this one's for you:
As the Festival is, after all, an LA Times sponsored event, the paper had a large presence with a number of booths. (FYI, this is a very fun event and well organized, so go next year if you missed this one).
The first LA Times booth I stopped at was selling subscriptions for the print edition of the paper. In particular, the Festival only "special offer" was for a weekend deal of Thursday through Sunday, for $39.00 a year delivered plastic wrapped to your door. Good deal, and perfect for me, as I work with designers, artists and entertainment projects in this city. So, I said sure, whipping out my debit card and making the salesman deliriously happy. But I wasn't so sure about his sales pitch, which included his reminding me that the print version is sooo much better than the online version because one shouldn't be looking at those computer screens for too long at a time, you know. At which point I mildly suggested that he might want to tone down his sales pitch a bit: didn't he know that the LA Times is trying to build up its online presence and viewers?
A short while later, there was another booth, this one with two young women and a sign that said, "Work for the LA Times". Huh? What sort of bad joke was this? I asked the two, "I thought the Times was downsizing and laying off people in the newsroom. What do you mean you're hiring?" Yes, they said they're laying off on the editorial side, but on the business side, they're hiring, like in the accounting department, for example. Curiouser and curiouser.
Shortly thereafter I arrived at the main booth, where Mr. Hiller and Ms. Boucher were so affably greeting visitors. You have to give him a lot of credit. The publisher and CEO of the LA Times was listening to comments and whatnot from the general public, being as amiable to everyone as he could. As Deputy Innovation Editor, Ms. Boucher's job is a new position created to coordinate innovations between the print and online departments. No small undertaking and so very needed and so commendable of the Times to create such a position. They both seemed open to suggestion and willing to make changes that will help this paper thrive and grow. I had a polite conversation with Mr. Hiller about the pain of editorial changes, having personally been on an editorial staff in the past where major shifts had happened. I got the distinct feeling from him that this is one head coach who is not about to let his team down anytime too soon.
But David Hiller is a publisher and his job is to sell papers. I felt for him this morning, as the Audit Bureau of Circulations revealed its most recent findings. Reported online by Jennifer Saba in Editor & Publisher the ABC's calculations comparing the numbers for the "six-month period ending March 2007 and the six-month period ending March 2006" found newspaper circulations continuing to slide downwards. The LA Times was particularly hit: "The Lost Angeles Times lost 4.2% of its weekday circulation to 815, 723. Sunday was down 4.7%. to 1,173,096." Ouch.
Even the numbers for The New York Times went down: "The New York Times, which usually experiences small gains, lost daily circulation, down 1.9% to 1,120, 420 while Sunday fell 3.3% to 1,627, 062".
The LA Times has a long, tough season ahead of it, but as I said to Mr. Hiller on my way out of the booth, "I'm rooting for you". Let's hear one for the home team.


text: Show Hide image Politics 16 September 2011 For Obama, it's all about jobs, jobs, jobs The president's 8 September announcement of an employment stimulus plan is exactly the sort of thing Sign-up America has a jobs crisis. The major recent economic event in the US was President Obama's address to a joint session of the House of Representatives and the Senate on 8 September, when he set out his new job-creation package, designed to "put people back to work". This is a response to the unemployment rate remaining stubbornly over 9 per cent and private-sector job creation having stalled, adding only 17,000 positions last month - the same as the number of public-sector jobs destroyed. Those working part-time for economic reasons jumped 430,000 in the month. Growth is slowing. The OECD has slashed its growth forecast for the US; consumer and business confidence remains fragile. Barack Obama realises that his prospects of being re-elected in November 2012 depend on the US economy creating jobs, jobs and more jobs. There is a palpable sense of urgency, that something has to be done - and quickly. The mark of Krueger The president's course of action was fairly predictable, given whom he had just appointed as chair of his Council of Economic Advisers: the labour economist Alan Krueger of Princeton University. Krueger's job now is to get unemployment down. Interestingly, the council that he will chair has only one client - President Obama. Some of America's most prominent economists have led the council, including Ben Bernanke, Martin Feldstein, Arthur Okun, Joseph Stiglitz and Alan Greenspan. (David Cameron's naive utterances on economics, documented in this column, suggest that he would benefit from having his own Council of Economic Advisers to help him "up his game". Surely, the first thing such a body would do is stop him drawing false comparisons between the UK and Greece.) Krueger is a good friend of mine and a great empirical economist. He has written many important articles about how the labour market works, and is a shoo-in for the Nobel Prize in Economics down the road. He cannot take up his appointment officially until he is confirmed by Congress - which he surely will be, as he is eminently qualified and he was confirmed for his earlier job at the US Treasury - but Obama's latest announcement had Krueger's fingerprints all over it. Much of the detail had been leaked beforehand, but the president was always going to pull a surprise - which he did with the scale of the stimulus. It was nearly $450bn, well above the $300bn that had been predicted. The central proposals of the programmeinvolve deep payroll tax cuts and spending on the country's infrastructure, most of which Republicans had touted. It does remain an open question, though, how much of the bill will be enacted into law. Nevertheless, the sense of urgency on the jobs front makes it quite possible that the Republicans will at least support the payroll tax cuts. Bullishly, Obama has challenged Congress to pass the bill, announcing on 5 September in a speech in the Rose Garden of the White House that he was delivering it to the House that evening and imploring members to pass it immediately, with "no games, no politics, no delays". He then set off around the country to sell it. His first speech was to 8,000 people in Richmond, Virginia, home district of Eric Cantor, the House majority leader and the number-two Republican. hat are the main components of the plan? A $175bn employee payroll tax holiday that would halve the tax rate to 3.1 per cent in 2012. A $65bn employer payroll tax holiday to encourage small businesses to hire more workers. The proposals include halving employer payroll taxes for the first $5m of a company's wage bill in 2012. Obama also wants a complete payroll tax holiday for increasing the size of the payroll by up to $50m above the previous year, either by hiring new employees or raising the salaries of the existing workforce. $85bn in aid for state and local governments to keep teachers, firefighters and police officers in their jobs and to modernise schools and community colleges. $15bn to rehabilitate and refurbish vacant and foreclosed homes. $5bn to help low-income youths and adult workers, supporting summer and year-round jobs for young people. $50bn to invest in highways, transit, rail and aviation, including upgrading US airports. $10bn to capitalise an infrastructure bank to leverage private and public infrastructure investment "without earmarks or traditional influence", the White House says. $58bn to extend unemployment insurance, along with help for the long-term unemployed. These are really big numbers. Overall, the proposals could create upwards of two million jobs and give a boost of perhaps 2 per cent to GDP. In the UK, George Osborne has claimed that the US is in an entirely different position from the UK, as the dollar is a reserve currency and can get away with a slower pace of deficit reduction. I don't buy that - and neither does the OECD nor the IMF, both of which have made it clear that it is appropriate to slow the speed of austerity. The bad unemployment numbers suggest that Osborne had better have his own jobs plan "shovel-ready". Shameful self-interest In other news, the Institute for Fiscal Studies announced that the UK government's deficit reduction programme will lower living standards by more than 10 per cent over the next three years. Crucially, it found that those on the lowest incomes would also suffer most tax increases and spending cuts. This will inevitably lead to increases in inequality and poverty. All of this came in the same week as 20 economists argued in a letter to the Financial Times that it was time to lower the 50p top tax rate. They claimed that "the economic damage it causes means that it is against the interests even of ordinary workers who don't pay it". That is not true. We don't even know at this point how much the tax is raising, or the scale of any such disincentive effects. Shamefully, the move smacks of self-interest. People care about fairness, and the removal of the rate would widen social divisions at a time when most are struggling. Thankfully there were calmer voices, including that of the former Marks & Spencer chairman Stuart Rose, who argued that this was not the right thing to do. It isn't. David Blanchflower is the NS economics editor and professor at Dartmouth College, New Hampshire, and the University of Stirling David Blanchflower is economics editor of the New Statesman and professor of economics at Dartmouth College, New Hampshire Subscribe from just £1 per issue This article first appeared in the 19 September 2011 issue of the New Statesman, Meet the next Prime Minister SUBSCRIBE More


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SOURCE: Instagram
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Miller & Carter Bromley
Pickhurst lane, West Wickham, Greater London, BR4 0HH 020 8462 1876
Pickhurst lane, West Wickham, Greater London, BR4 0HH 020 8462 1876
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190th and 191st Regiments
Pennsylvania Volunteers
© Alice J. Gayley, all rights reservedUpon the muster out of service of the regiments composing the Reserve Corps, a large number of veterans and recruits, whose terms had not expired, still remained. These were collected and organized into two new regiments, known as the One Hundred and Ninetieth, and One Hundred and Ninety-first. The first of these was composed of men from the First, Seventh, Ninth, two companies of the Tenth, Eleventh, Twelfth, and Thirteenth Reserve regiments, to the command of which the following field officers were appointed:Source: –Bates, Samuel P. History of the Pennsylvania Volunteers, 1861-65, Harrisburg, 1868-1871.The second was composed of men from the Second, Fifth, Sixth, Eighth, and Tenth Reserve regiments, and had the following field officers:
- William R. Hartshorne, who had been Major of the Thirteenth, Colonel
- Joseph B. Pattee, a Captain in the Tenth, Lieutenant Colonel
- John A. Wolfe, a Captain in the Thirteenth, MajorLieutenant Colonel M'Cracken was obliged to retire from the service, on account of wounds, soon after the organization, and was never mustered. The last battle in which the Reserve Corps participated, was that of Bethesda Church, on the 30th of May, 1864, and the new regiments were organized in the field immediately thereafter. They were at once pushed up to the front, and during the fierce fighting at Cold Harbor, were subjected to a severe artillery and musketry fire, answering with good effect. As soon as a lull in the fighting would permit, these regiments were organized, and constituted the Third Brigade, Third Division, of the Fifth Corps, Colonel Hartshorne, by reason of seniority, assuming command. He was soon after granted a furlough, and the command devolved on Colonel Carle. When the army commenced moving across the Peninsula, the Fifth Corps was thrown out towards Richmond, to cover the right flank of the advancing columns. These regiments were posted on the roads leading to Charles City, on the 13th of June, where they were attacked, and during the entire day, held at bay a superior force of the enemy. Colonel Pattee, in command of the One Hundred and Ninetieth, had his horse killed under him, and a number in both regiments were killed and wounded. After crossing the James, the command moved rapidly towards Petersburg, arriving in front of the enemy on the 17th, and taking position after night-fall, in a slight ravine to the left of the position occupied by the Ninth Corps. A thin curtain of trees, on the bank in front, skirted a narrow open field, which sloped up to a sandy ridge, where was a body of timber, along the farther edge of which were the enemy's breast-works. The Ninth Corps had taken and were holding a portion of them. This brigade was ordered to drive out the enemy in its front, and hold the part connecting with that occupied by the Ninth Corps. Colonel Carle, accordingly, formed his line, and commenced cautiously to advance. It was hardly in motion before the enemy made an assault upon the troops of the Ninth Corps, driving them back; but coming upon this brigade, was checked, and in turn driven, some prisoners captured from the Ninth Corps being re-taken, and an entire rebel regiment, the Thirty-ninth North Carolina, was captured. On reaching the crest of the sandy ridge, the command dropped upon the ground, and while one-half kept up a vigorous fire, the other half began to scoop up the sand, and build breast-works. Though vigorously assailed by infantry and artillery, the ground was held, until relieved. The loss was considerable. Lieutenant Robert G. Christnot, of the One Hundred and Ninetieth, was killed, and Lieutenant Colonel Pattee, in command of the same regiment, and Major Wolfe, who succeeded him, and Lieutenants Edward Greenfield and Daniel Blett, were severely wounded, the two latter mortally.Until the morning of the 23d, the brigade was kept on active duty, losing daily killed and wounded. It was then relieved, and after a day's rest, moved to the left, into pits vacated by the Second Corps. On the way to this position, the column was exposed to a sharp fire from the enemy's artillery and sharp-shooters, throwing it into some confusion, and occasioning some loss. During the 24th and 25th, sharp-shooting was incessant, after which a truce was entered into upon the picket line, which secured immunity from peril. At the opening of July, the brigade was ordered back, and commenced the construction of Fort Warren, and two weeks later to a position where was subsequently located Fort Crawford. On the 18th of August, the Fifth Corps moved upon the Weldon Railroad, capturing and destroying a portion, near the Yellow House. Colonel Hartshorne, who had just previously returned to duty, was in command of the brigade, which was early ordered upon the skirmish line. It continued to advance, over heavily timbered ground, driving back the enemy until it came in front of his breast-works, where a line was established and fortified. This advanced position was held, without supports,and with no connecting force on its flanks, until four o'clock on the afternoon of the 19th, when it suddenly found itself completely surrounded, and was forced to surrender. The captives were hurried away to rebel prisons at Richmond, Salisbury, and Danville, and were kept in confinement until near the time of Lee's surrender. Lieutenant Henry L. Stock was among the killed in the operations of the 19th. A small detachment, had been ordered to the rear for provisions and ammunition, which escaped capture, and this, together with men returning from furlough, and from detached duty, was organized under command of Lieutenant Colonel Pattee, who soon after returned from an absence occasioned by his wounds, and was transferred to the Second Division, commanded by General Ayers, participating with that division in the remaining hostile operations of the year 1864. On the morning of March 29th, 1865, Colonel Pattee with his own, and abattalion of the One Hundred and Fifty-seventh, moved with the corps across Hatcher's Run, and on the following day, passing Gravelly Run, advanced as skirmishers, and threw up rifle-pits. Towards evening the enemy attacked, but were easily repulsed by the rapid fire from the Spencer Repeaters, with which the command was armed. On the morning of March 31st, the enemy, by a flank movement, drove a part of the corps back across Gravelly Run. Pattee's command was upon the skirmish line, and held its ground to the last, but was finally forced back, losing a number in prisoners. After re-crossing the run, the corps moved further to the left, and coming in upon the enemy's flank, re-gained the ground lost in the morning. During the night, it marched to the relief of Sheridan, at Five Forks, arriving within supporting distance at daylight on the morning of April 1st. Here the command was allowed some rest, of which it was sorely in need. At noon it was ordered forward, and came into line on the extreme left, resting on the rebel line of works. As usual, it was thrown upon the skirmish line, and bravely advancing, a hundred yards in front of the line of battle, led the way in that grand left wheel around the rebel rear, which crushed his entire force at one blow. When the last charge was made, the skirmishers awaited the coming up of the main Union line, when, joining in, they advanced with the column and shared in the glorious triumph, bearing away guns and small arms, and crowds of captive officers and men. From the 2d to the 9th, the pursuit was pushed, the skirmishers hanging upon the flank and rear of the rebel army. On the morning of the 9th, after having crossed the Lynchburg Railroad, Colonel Pattee was summoned to the front with his command, by General Ayers, and ordered to deploy to cover the front of his division, and push forward to the assistance of the cavalry.
- James Carle, a Captain in the Sixth, Colonel
- George W. M'Cracken, a Captain in the Tenth, Lieutenant Colonel
- Milton Weidler, a Lieutenant in the First, Major"At about noon on the 9th" says a member of the command, " we got the order, "Bucktails to the front,'' double quick, march" and away we went, past our own division, past the First Division, past the advance, out into an open space. "Battalion into line,'' deploy as skirmishers,''forward,''double quick, march," rang along the lines. The order seems to ring in my ears now. Away we went. Sheridan's cavalry was just coming out, as we went in. Soon we got sight of the rebels, and they of us. We advanced double quick, and they fell back double quicker. They opened on us with a battery from the brow of a hill, first with shells, and as we got closer, with canister, and just as we were about charging on the battery-up over the brow of the hill in front came a horseman, then another, and another. The first bore a white flag. "Cease firing! Cease firing!" was the order, and the rider, bearing it, passed down through our line. "They've surrendered, they've surrendered," was repeated from man to man, until the whole army knew the glad tidings, and cheer after cheer rent the air. The glad hour, for which we had been battling for four long years, had come."Returning after the surrender, to the neighborhood of Washington, the two regiments went into camp, where, on the 28th of June, they were mustered out of service.NOTE.-The greater portion of the rank and file of these two regiments were captured before they had been three months in these organization, and consequently passed a much longer period in imprisonment, than in the field, not being released until the close of the war. It is but just, therefore, that some record should be made of the service of these brave men, while waiting, and starving, and dying in the miserable prison-pens where they were incarcerated; for they no less served their country, than those who stood at the front and faced the deadly missiles of the foe. From the 19th of August until the beginning of October, they were confined on Belle Island, near Richmond. They were then taken to Salisbury, North Carolina, where they remained until death, or the advancing columns of Grant and Sherman. compelled their release. Frank King, Sergeant Major of the One Hundred and Ninetieth Regiment, who was a prisoner through the entire term, and was among the last to be released, kept a record of his prison life, from which he has prepared a manuscript volume, of which I have been kindly permitted by the author to make the following extracts:DESCRIPTION OF SALISBURY PRISON. With the dawn of day, I was able to take a survey of the premises, which, as near as I can calculate, contained eight acres, and was surrounded by a tight board fence, eight feet high. The sentinels walked on elevated platforms outside the fence, but were not furnished with sentry-boxes like other prisons.The inside space was not square, being much wider on the north end than on the south. At the northern corners, spaces were left open in the fence, at each of which was a piece of artillery, as a defense in case of an uprising or rebellion among the prisoners. At the south end was a large gate, wide enough for the ingress or egress of wagons, which were loaded either with wood or water to come in, or dead "Yanks" to go out. On the west side was a small door, the same one by which our entrance was made, and through which all newcomers came. On the east, nothing but the bare fence, crowned with the rusty firelocks, and the no less rusty wearers of the " Butternut," was visible. So much for the boundaries -now for the internal arrangements. The small door on the western side, opened into what was termed the "grove," or "square," a large space, thinly sprinkled with big trees, (oak,) and surrounded on the four sides with buildings and fence. Starting from the fence, on the north was a brick building, unused, but afterwards turned into a little bakery, a space, and then a row of brick buildings, three in number, with about two rods intervening between each, the first being used as barracks for sergeants of squads, and the other two as hospitals. On the east side were three more brick buildings, the counterpart of the others; the first two being barracks, (afterwards hospitals,) and the last the "dead house." The south side was formed by a one-story wooden building, which was the main, or (as familiarly known,) No.1, hospital; then a three-story brick building, which was a barrack for the citizen prisoners,the main factory building, tenanted principally by the Yankee deserters, and the big bakery, from which rations were issued. The fence formed the western side. In the centre of the grove was a covered well. There was a row of one-story wooden buildings, four in number,at the northern extremity of the enclosure, which were occupied by the commissioned officers captured from our army. They were divided from us by a "dead line," (a small trench,) and a line of guard posts. All communication between them and us was forbidden. There was a well near the big gate, one some distance in rear of the buildings east of the "square," and one behind the Citizens' building, which were in use at the time I arrived. Others were in course of construction, and were finished sometime afterwards. In the well behind the Citizens' building, the dead body of a negro had been thrown, previous to our coming, and we did not find it out until our frequent applications for water made the well almost dry, and thereby exposed the body to our gaze. It was taken up and carried off, but I had no relish for water from that well again.UNION DESERTERS. During the first few days, the "deserters" made a practice of roaming through camp among the new prisoners, taking a survey of us, with intent to plunder at a favorable opportunity. As we did not know these fellows ourselves, the officers would point them out to us, when we would drive them back to their quarters, amid a shower of blows from fists, stones, and clubs, or anything within our reach. The deserter had sometimes to run the gauntlet of the whole camp, and would reach his quarters, (in the main building,) bruised and bloody, and beaten almost to jelly. It is unnecessary to say, that we had not the least particle of sympathy for these wretches, who had deserted from the ranks of our regiments and gone over to the enemy, for purposes of plunder. The rebels did not appreciate their services any more than we, which was apparent from the fact of their sharing the same fare and treatment as other prisoners.SUFFERING AT NIGHT. The nights being extremely cold, although the days were warm, small supply of wood was furnished us. Eight or ten loads were drawn in late in the afternoon of each day, and as they made their appearance, a great rush would take place among the prisoners. While some threw the sticks off, others of the same party carried them to their quarters, so that the stronger were sure of being supplied, while the weaker, or more timid ones, remained entirely destitute. To remedy this evil, a guard was sent in with each wagon, but the precaution was of no avail, for in a general rush, a single guard would be powerless. Another plan was then adopted, which gave to each squad a certain quantity of wood, and in that way all fared alike. The supply of wood was so small, that the quantity allowed was not sufficient to keep a fire going more than a few hours. When it was burned out, we would seek repose on the bare ground, with such covering as we were possessed of.It was usual for a party of front four to a dozen to lie together, " spoon fashion " that is, on our sides, all crooked one way. After remaining in one position long enough to get tired,one of the party would sing out: " by the right flank," or " by the left flank," when each man would roll over on his other side. When any one got too cold to lay longer, he would get relief by walking. I have walked for hours at a time many a night.___________________________
RATIONS. A day's rations per man were a half loaf of bread, from two to four ounces of meat, and a pint of soup. For the bread ration, a pint of flour or corn meal, was sometimes substituted. When such was the case, we were obliged to prepare it ourselves, which, with our limited facilities, was no easy task. The methods of disposing of such rations were various, the most general in use being the making of a cake, baked on a tin plate before the fire, or in the coals. Some would make a kind of soup, using the flour for dumplings;others substituted a paste, and would go in on a meal of "' gruel." The corn meal made a pretty fair mush, lacking only the milk. Scarcely anybody had salt, so the cooking had tobe done without that luxury. For my part, I furnished myself with a small bag of salt, (fourounces when full,) and usually managed to keep a supply on hand. It was a very valuable bag, and was watched as jealously as a miser watches his hoard. For the meat ration, wesometimes received a spoonful of sorghum, and, very rarely, a few potatoes; (two or three ordinary sized ones per man.) The soup was sometimes thick with rice, but was generally served without the rice. The mode of issuing rations was as follows: When ready, squad No. 1 was supplied, then squad No. 2, and so on, until all were served-provided there was enough to go around. But if the supply to-day ran out at squad No. 25, to-morrow, squad No. 26 would commence, the rest following until squad No. 24 had been furnished, or the rations exhausted. If a squad, or a number of them, were deprived of rations one day,(and this was often the case,) it was never made up to them the day following; on the contrary, the food they should have had was so much gained by the Confederacy. It was such work as this that told so fearfully upon the constitutions of the men. A man can live a long time on a small ration, provided he gets that ration every day, regularly; but let that supply be cut off a day, or two days at a time, and pretty often, and it will begin to tell very quickly. I do not remember hearing of any one dying from starvation on Belle Isle; for there no rations were lost. I remember that once our squad was deprived of its ration of bread for sixty-four hours, and then only the usual amount was issued, viz: half a loaf per man. It was horrible, then, to see with what voracity the pittance was disposed of-or, rather, it would have been to a well-fed observer. The meat ration was often delayed altogether, for days at a time.
CITIZEN PRISONERS. The first week or two at Salisbury, the citizen prisoners were kept pretty much confined to their building, a guard being stationed in front to prevent too much intercourse between them and us. At the end of the second week, however, the guard was taken off, and the citizens allowed to go and come as they pleased, within the limits of the pen. They were from all parts of the south, and were imprisoned chiefly for their disaffection to the Confederacy, or, in other words, for their loyalty to the laws and flag of their country. A few were incarcerated on the charge of being spies, and were awaiting either trial or sentence. A large number had already died from the privations they were made to suffer, and there were still many sick and dying. At Salisbury prison,in nine cases out of every ten, to be sick meant to die.
REFUSAL TO ALLOW HUTS TO BE BUILT. The country around Salisbury was thickly wooded with young pines. Before the officers went away, they conferred with the Confederate authorities on the subject of letting the men build barracks for shelter, offering to become responsible for their good behavior when outside the prison limits, in case they were required to cut down the trees themselves, but to all this the prison officials returned a positive refusal. It was a fair offer, and would have saved the Confederate government a great deal of expense, besides being an act of humanity to the suffering thousands, who already began to feel the effects of exposure to the inclement weather; for, thus far, no shelter whatever had been provided. But no; it would have been contrary to the barbarous usage laid down in the rules of the Confederacy; a people who claimed to be throwing off the yoke of oppression, but who, while endeavoring to establish their independence on such grounds, were heaping untold oppression upon defenseless fellow creatures.PLAN FOR AN ESCAPE. Our trio had made a plan for an escape, and chose the coming night to carry it into execution. Our plan, which had been made two weeks before, was to burrow-a hole in a secluded spot, under the fence, large enough for one to crawl through at a time, and then make for the Union lines in Tennessee, as fast as possible, living on sweet potatoes and orchard fruit. We laid in a small supply of red pepper, to use in case the blood-hounds were put on our track, by dropping a little in our foot-prints, it would be snuffed up by the dogs, and destroy their organs of scent, for a time at least. We had taken Sherman into our circle, who very readily availed himself of this chance to escape. By request of Sherman, we took Crudgingdon (both citizen prisoners) into our confidence,inasmuch as he was a native of Tennessee, and had escaped once on the same route we proposed to take; besides which, he had a tool for digging, which would be very useful to us. Our party having increased to five members, and everything being ready, all we waited for was a favorable night, which, as I have stated, came at last. At ten o'clock, Crudgingdon and Sherman were to come to our camp-fire, bringing the digging tool. We were then to adjourn to within a short distance of the fence, where the hole was to be made, and draw lots to determine which one should dig. We waited, shivering in the rain, over a small fire, until eleven o'clock, and no Sherman or Crudgingdon came; so I went to the Citizens building, and called to Sherman. He came out, and I asked him if they were not ready yet."Why, haven't you heard about it," said he. "No, what is it?" "Why Cruldgingdon went out with the other party." And then it was that I found out that Crudgingdon and Sherman had joined with another party, who planned to burrow out in another spot, and that they had chosen the same night. About this tine, Hebner obtained a woolen blanket, which was the joint property of Lord, Fleming, and himself. It was large enough, however,to cover four persons, and our trio had the privilege, in turn, of lying beneath it. By adding our pieces of tent cloth, five could make out to lie together with tolerable comfort; therefore,we managed that by one of us sleeping all night, and two of us half the night, we could each get a full night's rest, every third night.CAVES FOR SHELTER. A great many prisoner's, for the want of better covering, or, in fact, for the want of covering at all, dug caves in the ground. A number of them were quite substantial, but the majority had a tendency to cave in. The manner of making a cave was to dig a square hole straight down into the earth, and, when sufficiently deep, to excavate horizontally a space large enough for the intended occupants to lie down in, the earth taken out being thrown on the top, to make the roof as high and as sloping as possible. The only implements available in the constructing of these dwellings were a case-knife and a tin cup or plate. As a further convenience it was customary to cut away the earth in one part of the inside large enough for a fire-place, and make a hole through the roof for a chimney. During heavy rains some of these caves would fill up with water, driving the tenants out into the storm. When the storm ceased, a course of bailing would ensue, or, in case too much damage had been done, another cave would have to be dug. I staid in one of these caves one night by invitation. Just before day break we were uncomfortably awakened by a portion of the roof caving in upon us. We scrambled out as fast as possible, and were fortunate enough to save our shoes, which we had taken off previous to lying down. It was lucky for us that the earth fell on our feet; had it covered our heads we might have been lying there to this day. I know of two cases in which the occupants of caves were buried alive. I have since never trusted myself underground, not even in a coal mine.ORGANIZATION OF THE CAMP. About the beginning of November a great change was made in the organization of the camp. We numbered altogether ten thousand prisoners.Although the mortality was very great we were all the time receiving reinforcements of new prisoners-" Fresh Fish,"as we called them. Our entire force was now divided into ten divisions of one thousand each, numbered from one to ten, respectively. Each division was represented by one of its number, a Sergeant Major, usually, whose duty it was to see that his subordinates got their rations of food and wood in proper time, and also to assist the Confederate officer at the daily muster or roll-call of his individual division. The Division Sergeants had their quarters on the ground floor of the brick buildings devoted to the use of Sergeants,and had a double ration per day. Each division was again sub-divided into squads of ten,each squad being represented by a sergeant from its ranks, whose duty it was to draw rations and distribute them fairly to the members of his squad, and to report cases of death or absence at hospital. Sergeants were very remiss about reporting absentees, to the great annoyance of the prison authorities, who, in consequence, issued a great many more rations than there were prisoners. They tried many methods to overcome this evil, but they were unavailing;the " Yanks " were always too much for them. This non-reporting gave rise to the system,so familiar among Salisbury prisoners, known as " flanking," which was nothing more nor less than allowing one man to represent himself in two or more squads at one time.BUSINESS ENTERPRISE. As the season advanced a greater supply of wood was required for fuel. Inasmuch as the guard was doubled, the authorities could not muster the force required in the transportation of wood, so they organized from among the prisoners one hundred men, on double rations, as a "wood squad," whose business it was, under guards, to load wood on the cars a few miles from the prison and unload it at the terminus, a point on the railroad about five rods from the prison gates. They were taken out very early in the morning and returned in the evening of each day, when at work, which was three or four days out of the week. The members of this squad drove a flourishing trade for themselves out of the prisoners in camp and the citizens and soldiers outside. Buttons, needles, pins, thread, and such trinkets, were scarce, and it was extremely difficult for the country people to obtain them. They were willing to pay very handsomely for them, either in Confederate scrip, or in their own productions, such as pies, cakes, and tobacco. The rebel officers and guards were ever ready to purchase buttons from our uniforms, or even the uniforms themselves, and their readiness, and even anxiety to wear the " blue," was a subject of considerable remark among us, as it seemed to show a lurking spirit of animosity against the Confederate cause. However, U. S. buttons were at a premium, one coat button being worth one Confederate dollar. Therefore it was not strange that a member of the wood squad who could sell a button for a dollar, buy five plugs of tobacco with the money, and trade the tobacco in prison for five buttons, should be on the high road to fortune. I sold, or rather traded off all my buttons, four from my blouse and two smaller ones from my cap, at different periods, and when they were gone, the buckles off my suspenders.BURIAL OF THE DEAD. The squad already referred to as having made the ditch around the entire camp was not disbanded, even after that work had been completed. They were retained and kept at work digging trenches in which to bury the dead. The mortality was fearful, the deaths increasing daily from the first of October, when we went there, until about the middle of January, 1865, when they had reached about the number of fifty a day. Forty deaths in one day was a common occurrence, and one team and wagon was kept busily employed in carrying the bodies from the dead-house to the place of interment. During our first week at Salisbury coffins were furnished, which did seem to the living like one degree towards humanity; but, at the end of that time, we discovered that the same coffins, five in number, were used every day. When it was found out that we knew their secret, the practice was discontinued, and the bodies were carried out piled on the wagon like logs of wood.The upper portion of the dead-house was occupied by a few prisoners who preferred even that dismal abode to none at all. In case of a death the body was brought to the dead-house and laid on the ground floor, stripped of all clothing but the under garments, and, in a few cases, even of them. When the prisoner died in his quarters his clothing was appropriated by his comrades; if at the hospital it was retained for distribution to the most needy.STARVATION AND CONSEQUENT UPRISING. During the month of November half rations were so frequent that it did seem as though the rebels intended to starve all of us to death. It got to be so serious a matter that some of the leading spirits resolved on a general outbreak. On the 25th of the month the guards were relieved by the militia of the State, principally old men and country farmers, a class of men that knew but little about the use of the musket. Intelligence reached us that the guard just relieved (young conscripts) had been ordered to the front. We hailed this as a good opportunity. It was resolved, therefore, that as soon as the inside guards were secured, that the ninth and tenth divisions, who lay nearest the big gates, should force them open with clubs and axes, a few of the latter articles being owned by the prisoners. The gates once forced, egress would be easy, and it would be short work to overpower the militia, most of whom, probably, had never fired a gun in their lives. When free from the prison we intended to make for Tennessee in as compact a body as possible. The plan was well laid, and all it wanted to ensure success was patience and cool judgment on the part of a few, and a general understanding of the situation by all. But, alas, for the success of so noble a cause. There was no want of courage and valor on the part of the prisoners, but the fool-hardiness and ill-timed action of the prime mover proved fatal to the enterprise. He, a Sergeant Major of Division, gave the signal a full hour and a half before the time agreed upon, and rashly, though bravely, commenced the assault with his own hands. " Who's for Liberty, and who for Death?" he cried, and immediately leveled a guard with a blow, and secured his musket. The entire guard inside the pen was over powered within three minutes, and, with a tremendous cheer, a rush was made for the gates; but here the fool-hardiness was apparent, as the two divisions relied on for the main stroke did not know their part, and the enterprise was nipped in the bud. It was soon discovered,too, that the conscripts had not left the place, and the sentinels' platform fast filled up amid the discharge of grape and canister from the two pieces of artillery. Three-fourths, if not more of the prisoners, were unprepared for so sudden an assault, nevertheless, they rallied to the cheers of their comrades. But it was of no use; the rebels were fully armed and prepared at all points, many of our men were already killed or wounded, and still we were being fired upon; so we dispersed as quickly as possible, and in half an hour the camp was entirely quiet. I took refuge in a comrade's tent for about an hour, when I deemed it safe to return to my own quarters. On arriving there, I found that the tent had been in direct range of one of the guns, and that it was riddled with the charge of canister, having forty-two holes in the canvas. Fleming had been hit in the neck with a musket ball, and I learned that a rebel sergeant, with a file of soldiers, had been searching that and the neighboring tents for concealed arms. It seems that the authorities had an impression that we were fully armed and prepared for a pitched battle. They were never more mistaken; for it was only the feeble effort of a handful of men, made desperate by acts of inhuman barbarity. We had the satisfaction of knowing that we had pretty thoroughly frightened our brutal keepers. Major Gee, however, was reported to have said, in reply to the inquiry as to whether we were to have full rations the next day, " No, d-n them, they shall have only half rations, by G-d." I ought to mention that fifty of the prisoners were killed and wounded.THE EMPLOYMENT OF A DAY. The employment of a day might be described about as follows: The first thing on getting up was to draw rations, then breakfast of bread and crust coffee; after that, "skirmishing," i. e. the operation of ridding our clothes of vermin, which were so plentiful that it was impossible to be rid of them; about noon we drew the soup ration, and the rest of the day did anything or nothing. In the evening we would squat around the fire, and to allow all to do so at once, each had to sit in a very cramped position. When thus engaged we were in the habit of speculating on our probable or improbable release, or what was much more common, of discussing the merits and demerits of the thousand and one kinds of edibles familiar to us in the "Auld Lang Syne." This was an inexhaustible topic, and our mouths would fairly water as the subject progessed, Kitty Snyder's favorite dish was a "blood pudding," and he always took great delight in explaining how it was made. From frequent hearing, I got to fancying that I should find myself perfect master of the art of cooking that most elegant dish, but, unfortunately, I have long since forgotten the number and kinds of ingredients necessary to produce so much luxury. Christmas eve was celebrated, in our tent, in telling stories and propounding conundrums to each other until a late hour. REPAIR OF CLOTHING AND SHOES. As may readily be supposed our clothes would not wear forever without mending. For coats, pants, and shirts, we managed to get along with what we had, until reinforced from the hospitals or by the deaths of our companions; but it was indispensable that we should keep the coverings of our feet in repair during the season of snow, frost and rain. In our tent was one needle, (a darner,) and a jack-knife, which were considered common property. For thread we depended on ravelings from my own piece of canvas, which kept decreasing in dimensions at an alarming rate. With needle, thread and pieces of old cloth, picked up in the camp, we managed to patch our socks effectually, though primitively. Our shoes were the worst, the soles having a sad tendency to depart from the uppers. By making an incision with the knife-point through upper and sole,at intervals around the shoe, and then tying with leather strings, cut from the top of the counter, a shoe was made to last a long time, though any amount of greasing would not have made it water-proof.UNPROVOKED SHOOTING OF PRISONERS. The guards were always ready to resent any trespass, of a prisoner, across the "dead line," by shooting him on the spot. But the shooting of prisoners was not confined to such offences. In October, 1864, whilst the officers were confined with us, one of their number was shot down, by a sentinel, without any cause or provocation, whatever, and he was some yards distant from the dead line. Later, a private soldier was shot dead while passing between the main building and the bakery. In February, I was an eye witness to the cruel and cold blooded murder of a prisoner, sitting in his tent, twenty or thirty yards from the dead-line, by a sentinel, who deliberately leveled his piece and fired as though merely practicing at a mark; having discharged his gun and seen the effect of his shot, he made use of these words, "You G-d d-n nigger, you." He was not removed from his post, though his conduct was well known to the officers of the guard. About this time (18th of February) we had large reinforcements of prisoners, who were sent on from other prisons. That at Andersonville, Ga., had been broken up sometime previously, the inmates being sent to Florence, Columbia, or elsewhere. Sherman, in his "March to the Sea," was making rapid strides towards the rebel strongholds; hence their haste to empty their prisons.RUMORS OF RELEASE. A rumor was spread through camp that the sick were to be transported, in a few days, to Greensboro, and that the able-bodied were to proceed to the same place on foot, where transportation awaited all. Most of us gave but little heed to this report, for we had heard so many that we had grown into the habit of disbelieving everything, no matter how good the news; but, for once we were agreeably disappointed, for sure enough, on Sunday evening, a batch of the sick were taken out, and on Monday evening the balance of them removed. I, myself, assisted one helpless man from his hospital to the big gate, from which place the transportation was being conducted. Of all the misery, wretchedness, and horror, attendant upon the conveying of the many hundreds of sick from the prison gates to the Union lines, I will not venture to speak; that it was fearful and heart-rending I have not the slightest doubt. The greater part of patients were entirely helpless, large numbers died before our lines were reached, and the rest were in such a state of emaciation that it was a miracle that any life remained in their wasted forms.GOOD-BYE TO SALISBURY. But very little sleep was indulged in during the night of the 21st. On the following morning, the drums beat the "roll-call," the signal for all squads to form in line, which done, Confederate officers came into camp and required us to give a verbal parole of honor, to the effect, that we would make no effort to escape, etc., while en route to the Union lines; of course we were ready to subscribe to any conditions that would hasten our departure from a prison to a land of liberty. At eleven o'clock in the morning we were filed through the little gate and were mustered into one column, at a spot on the outskirts of the town. Washington's birthday was never better celebrated, than on this, the 22d of February, 1865, by the exodus of four thousand Union soldiers from the Salisbury penitentiary, in which they had undergone a five months' exposure to starvation, sickness, misery and wretchedness, the rains of autumn, the frost and snows of winter, and the merciless treatment of Major Gee and his barbarians.REMARKS AND INCIDENTS. Before closing this narative, I wish briefly to refer to the condition of prisoners at Salisbury, together with a few incidents that transpired, and which overlooked in the order in which they occured: Imagine to yourself, dear reader, ten thousand men, captured in the summer months, and consequently clad in light garments, turned into a prison-pen, shelterless, robbed of blankets, and everything tending to the alleviation of our hardships, there exposed to cold, rain, frost and snow, starvation, bad water as a beverage, scarcely any at all for cleansing purposes, but very little medicine and care when sick, continually pestered with vermin, no employment and no amusement. Can it be any wonder that men, in such a condition, should contrast their lot with those taking their comforts and enjoying their liberties at the capital of the Nation?SATISFACTION FROM A BONE. I remember, early one day in November, when our rations were cut off, that some others and myself, for want of more substantial sustenance, burnt pieces of bones, eating the crisp, and repeating the operation until the bones were pretty nearly demolished. When fortunate enough to draw a ration of meat that was part bone, we would get a great deal of nourishment from it. By breaking a bone into small pieces, with a knife and a stone, and boiling it, we could make quite a decent soup. Until I was a prisoner it was always a wonder to me what satisfaction a dog could possibly derive from gnawing a bone; but from that time my wonder ceased.TRANSFORMATION IN PERSONAL APPEARANCE. Although we were continually wasting away to skeletons, the change was not apparent among those of us who were in daily intercourse with each other; but in those comrades from whom we were separated for weeks and months, and then reunited, the change was awful to witness. I lost sight, when we first went to Salisbury, of a young soldier, named M'Feely, from my own regiment, who was short, fat, and full-faced, and did not see him again until the latter part of the winter. I did not think it possible for any one to change in looks so rapidly; his eyes were sunk low in their sockets, cheeks hollow, cheek-bones horribly distinct, and his whole frame emaciated almost to a skeleton. I presume I appeared as greatly changed to him as he did to me. M'Feely died a week before our release.
*The One Hundred and Eighty-ninth Regiment was organized from surplus men of the One Hundred and Twelfth, on the 18th of April, 1864, and participated in the Wilderness campaign, and in the operations before Petersburg, until the 5th of September, when what was left of it was returned to the old regiment from which it was taken. The records of the men will accordingly be found in the rolls of that regiment.
Organization:Organized in the field from Veterans and Recruits of the
Pennsylvania Reserve Corps May 31, 1864.
Attached to 3rd Brigade, 3rd Division, 5th Army Corps,
Army of the Potomac, to August, 1864.
1st Brigade, 3rd Division, 5th Army Corps, to September, 1864.
3rd Brigade, 2nd Division, 5th Army Corps, to June, 1865.
Service:Battles about Cold Harbor, Va., June 1-12, 1864; Bethesda Church June 1-3;
White Oak Swamp Bridge June 13.
Before Petersburg June 16-18.
Siege of Petersburg June 16, 1864, to April 2, 1865.
Weldon Railroad June 21-23, 1864.
Mine Explosion, Petersburg, July 30 (Reserve).
Weldon Railroad August 18-21.
Poplar Springs Church September 29-October 2.
Boydton Plank Road, Hatcher's Run, October 27-28.
Warren's Expedition to Weldon Railroad December 7-12.
Dabney's Mills, Hatcher's Run, February 5-7, 1865.
Appomattox Campaign March 28-April 9.
Lewis Farm, near Gravelly Run, March 29.
White Oak Road March 31.
Five Forks April 1.
Appomattox Court House April 9.
Surrender of Lee and his army.
March to Washington, D.C., May 1-12.
Grand Review May 23.
Mustered out June 28, 1865.
Losses:Regiment lost during service:
3 Officers and 43 Enlisted men killed and mortally wounded and
168 Enlisted men by disease.
Total 214.Dyer, Frederick H. A Compendium of the War of the Rebellion Compiled and Arranged from Official Records of the Federal and Confederate Armies, Reports of he Adjutant Generals of the Several States, the Army Registers, and Other Reliable Documents and Sources.Des Moines, Iowa: The Dyer Publishing Company,
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by Sue Ann Rybak
– The first of a two-part series on the vaccination controversy.
While the debate about whether vaccines cause autism rages on, no one would argue that vaccines do not save thousands of lives a year. Before the advent of vaccines, parents in the United States worried that their child might fall victim to diseases that are now preventable thanks to widespread vaccination.
• Polio would paralyze 10,000 children;
• Rubella (German measles) would cause birth defects and mental retardation in as many as 20,000 newborns;
• Measles would infect about 4 million children, killing about 500;
• Diphtheria would be one of the most common causes of death in school-age children;
• A bacterium called Haemophilus influenza type b (Hib) would cause meningitis in 15,000 children, leaving many with permanent brain damage;
• Pertussis (whooping cough) would kill thousands of infants.
Recent concerns about vaccine safety have caused many parents to decide not to vaccinate their children. As a result, "herd immunity" or community immunity has decreased. Unvaccinated people are protected – indirectly – by vaccinated people. Herd immunity is important because there are people who cannot be vaccinated.
"There are roughly 500,000 people in the United States who cannot get the vaccine," said Dr. Paul Offit, chief of the Division of Infectious Diseases and director of the Vaccine Education Center at Children's Hospital in Philadelphia.
He said people may not be able to receive the vaccine because they are getting chemotherapy, receiving immune suppressant therapy or they are too young.
"They need those around them to protect them," Offit said.
Offit said for herd immunity to work against highly contagious diseases, such as chicken pox, measles and whooping cough, 90 to 95 percent of the population must be immunized.
"A perfect example would be the measles epidemic in January 2008 in San Diego," Offit said.
Offit said a mother took her child to Switzerland, where he contracted measles and later infected 11 other people. He said the mother didn't know what measles looked like but 50 years ago we all would have known.
"The mother takes her child to the pediatrician's office where she proceeds to expose everyone in the doctor's office to the measles virus," Offit said. "Three of the children in the office were less than a year of age. So, they hadn't gotten the vaccine, yet. All of them got the measles. One of them was hospitalized and almost died."
Vaccine fears vs facts
"There is an underlying readiness to distrust who ever is saying this is okay – especially pharmaceutical companies," said Susan W. Nordolf, a nurse practitioner at Mt. Airy Pediatrics. "People want a guarantee, and in science there is no guarantee. It's about the process."
Nordolf, who lives in Mt. Airy, said the idea that vaccines cause autism and other diseases is a myth.
"The evidence so far proves that's not the case," she said. "Vaccines are sometimes the victim of their own success. We justify our risks according to what we're afraid of. Who's afraid of polio here? But, people who lived through the '50s will tell you about it. The problem is that people are more afraid of the vaccine than the disease."
"I think its OK to be skeptical about anything you put into your body," Offit said. "But if you look at the data about vaccine safety, you'll get vaccines every time assuming you don't have a severe allergy or other medical health problem. The problem is when people decide they want to make their own decision, they typically get their information from the Internet, which can be a terrible source of information."
"A choice not to get a vaccine is not a risk-free choice," Offit said. "It's just a choice to take a different risk."
The anti-vaccine movement
Offit has been accused by critics of having a financial motive for supporting vaccines, as a co-inventor of the rotavirus vaccine, RotaTeq, recommended for universal use in infants by the CDC. He is also the author of "Deadly Choices: How the Anti-Vaccine Movement Threatens Us All."
Offit said any royalty he gets from his books are donated to charity.
"I am co-inventor of a vaccine," Offit said. "I mean that's a good thing. It shows I have an expertise in vaccines. It tells you I care about children. I am sorry it upsets people, and it does upset some people that there is a financial component. It was never the motivation for what I did. It certainly wasn't the reward for what I did. I am proud of it.
"It amazes me actually that people will listen to people like Jenny McCarthy, who gets paid to write books, and say that's the person who I am going to trust," Offit said. "I am not going to trust the experts. I am going to trust this former playmate model."
Preventable diseases on the rise
Pertussis, a respiratory illness commonly known as whooping cough, is a highly contagious disease causes by a type of bacteria called Bordettal pertussis. Pertussis is usually spread through the air by respiratory droplets, such as those generated by coughing or sneezing while in close contact with others. The disease is often mistaken for the common cold in the beginning stages. The infection starts with a mild cough, runny nose and slight fever. But after one to two weeks, a severe cough, often accompanied by a "whooping" sound. It is typically characterized by episodes of multiple, rapid coughs without any break.
The disease literally leaves its victims literally gasping for air.
According to the Center for Disease Control (CDC), more than 41,000 people contracted pertussis in 2012. As of Jan. 5, 2013, 18 pertussis-related deaths during 2012 were reported to the CDC. More than half of infants less than 1 year who get whooping cough end up requiring hospitalization. Children less than 3 months are at highest risk of complications and death. According to the Children's Hospital of Philadelphia (CHOP) about 7 out of 10 deaths occur after the infant gets pertussis from a parent.
The most effective way to prevent pertussis is through vaccination with DTap for infants and children. The CDC recommends that preteens, teens and adults get vaccinated with DTap because protection from the childhood vaccine fades over time.
According to the CDC, the number of measles outbreaks reported in the United States in 2011 jumped to more than four times the usual number, leading to a 15-year high of 222 people contracting the infectious disease. Of those 222 cases, 90 percent were related to foreign travel and 86 percent were not vaccinated against measles or did not know if they were vaccinated.
"No vaccine is 100 percent effective," Offit said.
"The measles vaccine protects 95 percent of those immunized,"according to the The National Network for Immunization Information (NNII). "It is important to understand that when a vaccine fails (which happens 5 percent of the time for measles), the chances of being infected are reduced if everyone nearby has also received that particular vaccine," an NNII article entitled "Community Immunity" pointed out.
According to the CDC, measles elimination has been maintained in the United States for more than a decade through high population immunity.


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International Decade for Natural Disaster Reduction (IDNDR)
The report of the World Conference on Natural Disaster Reduction, held in Yokohama, Japan 23-27 May 1994 includes the Yokohama Strategy for a Safer World: Guidelines for Natural Disaster Prevention, Preparedness and Mitigation, the Principles, the Strategy and the Plan of Action. It also includes the resolutions and decision adopted by the Conference, the attendance and organization of work, the general debate, the report of the main Committee and action taken by the Conference, the reports of the technical Committees, the reports of the credentials Committees, and the adoption of the report of the Conference.
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Housing Market Information Portal
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As everyone with at least one major remaining sense knows, it's E3 week. There's technically one day left, but other than marketing fluff it's not really worth waiting around for.
The big news at this year's E3 was the introductions of next generation consoles from Sony, Nintendo and Microsoft. The marketing material's been covered pretty extensively, and E3 was a good chance for scrubs like me to get (or attempt to get) some more information about the upcoming consoles.
With that said, here's a summary of the interesting bits. Much of this was covered in the new Journal we launched this week (Opposable Thumbs), especially the pictures, so no getting uppity if you've seen something before.
The PlayStation/PSP booth was the more interesting of Sony's two booths, and it was positioned right next to the Nintendo booth. It made for a cacophony of competing sounds and lights. Sony's setup included a massive curved video wall showing everything from upcoming PSP games to Eye Toy promotions.
The PSP
Not surprisingly, Sony's big push was for the PSP. Sales have been a little slower than expected, and they took the opportunity to put PSPs in the hands of as many visitors as possible. Their setup included a number of prerelease games, though I didn't get much of a chance to play anything but Burnout Legends. Based on the number of people playing the PSPs every time I walked by, it seems like a smart move.
The Playstation 3 promotions were rather underwhelming. The pimpin' purple media badge I had got me into the convention an hour early on Wednesday, so I got to dodge the massive line that formed later and jump in on the first showing of the promo video.
The video was pretty standard fare, and Sony did their best to let people think everything was in game clips. Some seemed like they could have been, but many were pretty obvious prerenders.
Prior to the screening, we were corralled in a small room to watch a seven-minute video designed to make us go out and buy high definition Sony TVs. They showed several example HD clips and contrasted them with mockups of what a standard definition TV would look like with the same source material. 1080p was the magic number, and they wouldn't let anyone forget that the upcoming console would push a huge number of pixels.
I had a bunch of Sony employees point out that the other console, from the other large and international corporation, would not include any kind of HD DVD drive to compete with Sony's Blu-Ray support. They have a point, although Microsoft says it hasn't made up its mind yet, so it's a bit of marketing advantage for Sony at the present.
At the conclusion of the screening, we were "escorted" out of the theater by the LAPD, and had a chance to see the PS3 in something approximating its natural habitat. As we all knew, PS3s in the wild live on lit-up white surfaces and are encased in glass.
The example units were quite a bit smaller than I'd expected, given the photos I'd seen from before. I asked if I could pick the controller up and test my boomerang abilities, and the response consisted of blank stares. Apparently the bitching about the controller got to Sony though, and they compensated with a prominently placed sign saying "this controller is a concept."
Overall, Sony left me wanting more from the PS3. It probably won't matter in the least, but they didn't give much at E3 for the common folk like me to get excited about.
Much like Sony, Nintendo put a large amount of effort into promoting their mobile offerings. The DS and Gameboy Micro took center stage, though there was an emphasis on video screen architecture as well. Behold the video pillars:
Gameboy Micro
Everyone's been buzzing about the Gameboy Micro since it was announced, and logically I can't see any compelling reason why. Pocket size devices are wonderful, but I only have so many pockets to fill with battery-powered chunks of plastic.
Oddly enough, the logic is losing this battle. I want a Gameboy Micro, and I can't even come up with five good reasons why.
I missed the blond girls with Micros tethered to their belts the first go around, but went back a second time on a whim. Physically handling one (a Micro, not a girl) pushed me over the edge.
The screen is significantly smaller than the GBA's, but it's amazingly bright. The theory is that if the gamer can't see due to singed retinas, the small screen doesn't matter. I buy it.
For all intents and purposes, the Revolution does not exist. We have some vague physical descriptions comparing its size to stacked DVD cases, but not much else. Even Sony's video was better.
IGN interviewed Shigeru Miyamoto, and lobbed some softball questions at him about the no-show. Not much of substance, really, but he does highlight the tendency for E3 visitors (including me) to orgasm all over tech specs regardless of game libraries. The problem is, at an event like E3 it's hard to make a judgment about anything but the whiz-bang capabilities of a system, and the airbrushed games to go with it.


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Onderstepoort Journal of Veterinary Research
versão On-line ISSN 2219-0635
versão impressa ISSN 0030-2465
Onderstepoort j. vet. res. vol.79 no.2 Pretoria Jan. 2012
Phytochemical isolation of compounds from Sceletium tortuosum and activity testing against Plasmodium falciparum
Itumeleng I. SetshediI, II; Gerda FoucheI; John DewarII; Vinesh MaharajI; Martin S. MyerI, II
ICSIR Bio-prospecting, Pretoria, South Africa
IIDepartment of Life and Consumer Sciences, University of South Africa, South Africa
Malaria is a major health care problem in tropical regions due to the increasing resistance of Plasmodium falciparum against widely available antimalarial drugs. Traditional societies relied on medicinal plants to treat parasitic infections. As a result, drugs like quinine and artemisinin were isolated from herbs and barks (Varughese et al. 2010). Sceletium tortuosum has been used as medicine for social and spiritual purposes by San hunter gatherers and Khoi pastoralists. Sceletium tortuosum is rich in alkaloids, one of the important classes of natural product producing treatment for parasitic infections (Kayser et al. 2002).
Laboratory preparation of extracts of fresh S. tortuosum plant material was conducted mimicking traditional methods of preparation using organic solvents. Mesembrine was isolated from a methanol extract using conventional column chromatography. Sixteen extracts and mesembrine were evaluated for antiplasmodium activity using a plasmodium lactate dehydrogenase culture sensitivity assay with chloroquine as reference drug.
Of the sixteen extracts, four showed activity against P. falciparum with IC50 ranging between 1.47 µg/mL and 7.32 µg/mL. Extracts prepared from stored material at -20 °C showed no antiplasmodium activity. The four originally active extracts were re-screened six months later, but the antimalarial activity could not be reproduced. To determine discrepancy in biological results, chemical profiling of the extracts was done using high performance liquid chromatography technique. Differences were observed in the profiles of the active extracts when compared to those of stored plant material.
The instability of plant constituents observed could be a result of plant storage suggesting that the plant is best used when fresh.
Correspondence to:
Itumeleng Setshedi
PO Box 3024, Morogoro, Tanzania
Email: email@example.com
Note: Proceedings of the Conference of the Southern African Centre for Infectious Disease Surveillance 'One Health' held at the National Institute for Communicable Diseases, Johannesburg, July 2011.


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Recipes Home
Displaying 1-10 of 10
Enjoy this simple, fast dish any weeknight
Fun finger food for a hot summer night
Traditional Mediterranean-style fish with tomatoes and peppers
This salmon entree is easy to make and will be enjoyed by the whole family
A simple, but elegant, weeknight meal
Here's a trick to treat the taste buds—remove the fat from the chicken broth and add low-fat milk to get a healthy sauce that tastes rich and looks creamy
Tuna is a sturdy fish that is easy to grill or broil
A crispy, Mediterranean-style fish fillet with tomatoes, olives, and anchovies
Enjoy this Mediterranean-flavored seafood stew
A fresh and flavorful Asian-style dish that is as easy to make as it is colorful
®We Can! Ways to Enhance Children's Activity & Nutrition, We Can!, and the We Can! logos are registered trademarks of the U.S. Department of Health & Human Services (HHS).


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