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Updated our Journal (26): Decision
TL;DR: Combat vote results completed – statistically it was a tie! Torment: Tides of Numenera's combat (and Crises) will be turn-based combat. We'll address concerns expressed by Real-Time with Pause fans in our design.
Your participation in the combat discussion and vote has been terrific! Almost 20% voted and over 2000 comments were made on our forums alone. That's twice the turnout I expected, and it's great to see all of the passion our backers have for the project. I'd like to thank everyone who got involved.
It's been an exciting vote! The leading system changed a couple times early on and the final tally is: 7,267 TB, 7,052 RTwP and 782 Indifferent. With the vote at 48% to 47%, and with those who voted "indifferent" being more than triple the difference between the TB and RTwP camps, it is essentially a draw.
As we explained in Update 24, we were leaning toward turn-based combat because we believe it's better suited for the kind of tactical complexity we're looking for through our Crisis system. We believe it's a stronger fit for bringing narrative elements, including dialogue with NPCs, into hand-crafted combat situations. We have considered the vote, but more important than the vote are the comments (not just in our forums, but on many of the community forums and articles on this topic). Your comments have helped us greatly in understanding why people have the preferences and concerns that they do.
We have decided to go with turn-based combat. Ultimately, there are no losers here. This is all part of the process of making an RPG we are all passionate about and we think you'll like Torment's combat even if you voted for RTwP. While we have not been looking forward to disappointing half of our backers, we were happy to find that many of the reasons people gave for disliking TB and preferring RTwP can be addressed through the details of our combat system and encounter design. I'd like to go over some of the more common comments we saw either for RTwP or against TB and explain how we will address them.
Comment #1: Turn-Based combat can be tedious
If one were to take Planescape: Torment and, changing nothing else, switch to TB combat, the result would be miserable for many. You'd be stopped midstride in every Hive back alley to perform the same boring actions on meaningless thugs and zombies.
This isn't what we're going to do.
Turn-based combat certainly can be tedious, but that comes down to encounter design. As we stated during the Kickstarter, Torment will have no trash mobs—those hordes of filler battles that require little thought from the player. That type of gameplay is at odds with our emphasis on the story and character development, so each Crisis in Torment will be hand-crafted. It will have narrative relevance and consequences. We'll iterate on them until each one is a quality encounter and provides the experience we seek for that moment in the game.
If any combat situation in Torment were tedious, it wouldn't be because it's turn-based. It would be because we failed in our goal. And our Crises aren't just combat. They contain exploration, dialogue, and time-relevant actions and events that can exist outside of combat, like pursuits, environmental puzzles, and application of special skills. You're going to have to work throughout the game toward your goals, and the Crisis concept is a primary way that we put your intentions to the test.
We understand the importance to you of combat not being tedious. Emphasis on encounter design is important for any CRPG, but for Torment, the bar will be even higher – we believe that through well designed encounters, and extensive gameplay iteration on them, we'll be able to address the majority of the concerns expressed by those who favored RTwP.
Comment #2: Turn-Based combat can break immersion
"Immersion" is a tricky term that can mean a lot of things, but generally this comment is referring to the jarring sense a player gets when they're walking through a town and suddenly the whole world stops because, say, a feral dog saw them coming down the street.
Again, this isn't what we're going to do. In general, we don't plan to "surprise" you with a Crisis. Through the design of the areas and the pacing of the game, you'll know when and where combat is a possibility. The situation will feel tense and in some cases, you will be explicitly initiating the Crisis. This doesn't mean we won't ever ambush you, of course, but if we do, it will be very deliberate and not an arbitrary event.
We get that you don't want to be pulled out of the game in this way and we'll look for ways to keep you in control and prevent Crises from disrupting the normal flow of the game.
That said, Torment isn't an action game. Real time doesn't pass in conversations, for example – you have as much time as you want to decide your choice. And while exploration occurs in real-time, it won't include twitch elements. All of your decision-making throughout the game will consistently be free from real-time considerations. Torment is a game about thinking and deliberation and will not have any actual time pressure, so turn-based combat will maintain a more consistent feel.
Comment #2a: Turn-Based combat isn't realistic
A variation of the concern about immersion is that TB gameplay isn't realistic. In a real battle, you don't patiently observe while your opponents orderly take turns one at a time.
This is true, but the lack of realism is inherent in most videogame combat and gameplay (again, turn-based conversations come to mind), and RTwP combat isn't immune to this issue. What we strive for isn't realism, but creating an immersive experience that allows you to suspend your disbelief. In other words, realism is not at the core of Torment's party-based combat.
That said, we will strive to make the combats as dynamic and visceral as possible – attacked characters will animate appropriately when struck instead of standing lifelessly, for example, or perhaps having readied actions such as overwatch or interrupts to take actions on the opponent's turn. We will maintain tension and flow, creating the sense that you are in actual danger and making your tactical and strategic decisions matter.
Comment #3: Controlling the entire party in Turn-Based can be boring
The idea behind this concern is that if only one character in your party is relevant to the combat (e.g., it's in a narrow passageway or a specific skill/weapon is needed for some aspect of it, etc.) then gameplay gets bogged down. It's not fun to have to skip most of your characters' turns, cycling back to the one character who can actually do something.
This problem also comes down to encounter design, and we'll be paying close attention to this aspect in our specific Crisis designs. Strong support of ranged combat will help, as melee-focused battles can exacerbate this problem. The Numenera rules also help here because skills, while beneficial, generally aren't required to accomplish specific tasks, and Effort can be expended to give any character a better chance of success at tasks outside their character build. Adam discussed how this works in Update 21 (in the context of dialogue, though it applies to Crisis gameplay as well), but we'll copy it here again so you don't have to search for it.
Using skills will be different, too (side note: I say "will," but we're still in pre-production, so any of this can change). Say there's a difficult task you want to attempt—lying to a prison guard or deciphering the text on an ancient puzzle box. Typically, in D&D-style RPGs for example, if you don't have the associated skill, your chances of success are very low, or you might not be able to attempt the task at all. In Numenera, all such tasks are treated the same, and anyone can try them. Training in a related skill or skills will lower the difficulty of the task, but even if you're untrained, you can still apply Effort.
Effort is a concept from the Numenera tabletop game. Essentially you spend points out of the appropriate stat pool (Might, Speed, or Intellect) to lower the difficulty of a task. The idea is, even if you've never been trained in lock picking, a very smart or dexterous character can, with some Effort, increase their chances of cracking a lock.
Your stat pools are renewable with rest. And of course, all of this is balanced. If you're trying to crack a combination lock created by a culture that died out millions of years ago, which requires a combination of smells rather than integers, well . . . you'd have to have a high-level character specialized in the task, who spent all the Intellect they had on Effort, just to make the task possible. That character would still have to roll ridiculously well.
Effort provides more options to customize your character and tackle obstacles. If there's a task you want to attempt—even if it's something normally contrary to your character build—you still have a chance of succeeding if you can use enough Effort. On the other hand, someone who has trained or specialized in that sort of task will have a greater chance of success, and will maintain that edge in similar tasks throughout the game.
Note also that party members can "assist" others in particular skill-based tasks, boosting their chances for success.
In short, we're fully aware that cycling can be a painful way to play, and that this aspect of gameplay is important to you, and we'll design the Crises to keep your entire party engaged.
Comment #4: You should implement both RTwP and TB and make it a gameplay option
This solution may sound ideal, but it wouldn't give anybody what they really want. Area and encounter design needs of the two systems are very different. Designing for both would dilute the quality of the encounters for one or both systems, and most likely require so much time and resources as to impact the rest of the game. In a deep RPG like ours, where combat isn't even the focus, trying to implement two combat systems would lead to an inferior game across the board.
Comment #5: Planescape: Torment had Real-Time with Pause combat, so the new Torment should too
This is a reasonable perspective and valid point of view. Shouldn't we stick with what made the original great?
But is RTwP combat what made Planescape: Torment great? For some of you, the combat may have been an important part of your PST experience, and we hope that you'll find the combat in Torment: Tides of Numenera to be at least equally enjoyable. But we don't think PST's combat system was what most players loved about the game.
We believe PST is considered one of the greatest RPGs of all-time, not because its combat was Real-Time w/ Pause, but because of its emphasis on the narrative and on role-playing your character. We explained this in the four pillars we described in the Kickstarter, which are the foundation for Torment: Tides of Numenera:
1. A Deep, Thematically Satisfying Story
2. A World Unlike Any Other
3. A Rich, Personal Narrative
4. Reactivity, Choice, and Real Consequences
We're using all four pillars to influence and reinforce our Crisis and combat design. Throughout the campaign, we stressed that we would find an approach for combat that worked well with these pillars. With the approach we have planned – including turn-based combat – we hope to integrate more narrative and more choice and consequence into the combat experience.
Though Planescape: Torment is the starting point for many of our design decisions, Torment: Tides of Numenera was never intended to be a game that, by default, duplicates everything PST did. It is a thematic successor that is inspired by PST, not derivative of it. The themes we are succeeding are the things that made Planescape: Torment a classic – the four pillars and other elements as described in our vision document – and we don't see the specific combat system as core to PST's legacy. We have several of the people from the PST team involved in the project and we hope that you continue to trust that we will deliver the type of CRPG experience you crave.
"The Planescape: Torment experience was never defined by its combat. In Torment: Tides of Numenera, the combat is intended to complement both the narrative systems and the basic gameplay mechanics. It is a challenging decision for the team to make, and I respect and support their decision to choose turn-based."
-- Chris Avellone, Lead Designer of Planescape: Torment; Creative Director at Obsidian Entertainment
Comment #5a: Why all this focus on combat? Planescape: Torment wasn't even about that
This is kind of the opposite sentiment as the previous comment, or rather it's the other side of the same coin. Rest assured that combat is not, and never has been, our primary focus, as you can see in the four pillars above. Torment is very much about the story, the characters, the conversations, and the world, and we are focusing most of our efforts in those areas – it wasn't until six months after the Kickstarter that we even started talking seriously about combat in our updates.
If it feels like we are suddenly focused on combat, it's only because our recent updates have had that focus. In a month or two we'll talk about something else—art creation or story design or exploration gameplay or something—and then it'll feel like we're 100% focused on that.
Moving Forward with You
We're excited about what we have planned, and as you see more of what we're doing, we think you'll be excited, too. We'll be talking about other aspects of the design in the near term, but we'll certainly be talking more about Crises and combat down the road. We hope that you'll continue to trust our judgment and dedication to the project and to you. Remember that you'll have future opportunities to influence the game's development, including aspects of its combat. We'll be seeking your feedback in the future and you'll be able to weigh in on details later to help us hone the experience.
We're grateful that we can solicit your feedback and your input throughout this process. This style of development would never have been possible even five years ago, let alone fifteen. It's encouraging to see your interest and passion in what we're doing. We learn a lot from your comments and posts on these topics, and we come that much closer to creating something great.
We will not take for granted the trust that you placed in us this past spring. We are making this game for you, our backers. When you play Torment, we want you to feel you trusted us wisely. We're not looking for mass market success – our only metric is your satisfaction, and we are working hard toward that goal every day. Thanks for your support and understanding,
Kevin Saunders
Project Lead
P.S. We have a couple more things to say, but they're more about our communication and our gratitude, so we've put them on tumblr to keep this update focused on combat.
Siilk on
Not surprised but still very disappointed. Using inflexible and severely limited turn-based combat, what a perfect way to make the game a big turn-off. Sure, fixes for minor issues of the turn-based combat are covered in this article but the biggest flaw, lack of simultaneous actions, is of course left unaddressed; there is no way around that. And to think that I was actually looking forward to the T:ToN's combat. Now it seems that I will have to endure battles to advance the plot instead of enjoying them.
Clive Howlitzer on
Awesome news.
Weichang Lai on
Arghhhh... I just saw this. Would have voted no.
Elth on
PS:Torment was never about the combat. What made PS:Torment was the dialogue and the story. I'm actually relieved that Torment:ToN will have turn based combat. I very much prefer turn-based tactical combat over RtwP combat and even think that the Bioware Classics like Baldurs Gate and Icewind Dale would have been much better games if they were Turn-Based just like their Gold Box predecessors.
Terry Colligan on
I still want the game though, even though I'm disappointed.
Terry Colligan on
I agree with those people that feel this is a bait and switch. There shouldn't have been a vote on this simply because this was advertised as basically a spiritual successor to Planescape Torment. Additional not everyone pays attention to the updates once a Kickstarter is funded and doing a vote on this after the Kickstarter is over really upsets me and gives the perception of being sneaky (despite intentions).
English is just the fifth language i've learned, it isn't my natural tongue at all.
But more than me butchering it, people even more on the internet tend to not read what others write and just take one sentence out of it and twist it out of its sense.
You may have a better english than me, but with your response i can tell, you aren't though a better person than i am. Jerk.
This user's account has been deleted.
People backed an idea of Torment which include the Combat system with its failure (that i did say was a failure but you both obviously can't read or don't wanna read others) or not.
They wanted as I, the same game with another story since it can't be the nameless. But, they didn't want anything else to change including the combat system, on a personnal note i also wanted the same portrait for characters lol.
So, if you change something in it, it's not the same. It's not what i wish for when they started this KS.
I wonder were you people learn to read.
Where did i say that the combat system was what made Torment?
I did say multiples times in my message that my memories of Torment include the combat system and that without it, well, it isn't completely Torment anymore.
If you can't read or can't understand what a person say, refrain from commenting.
Florence Harrison on
Shattered dreams? Oh my god. You people can be such melodramatic whiners.
Its still a spiritual successor to Planescape: Torment. Its got a different combat system.
I can get being disappointed. Even though they said right from the start things like this weren't decided upon, I can even get feeling a LITTLE betrayed. But holy god, you guys are acting like they just announced its going to be a game about saving the gumdrop kingdom from big meanies.
Its still Torment. If you really think the combat system was all that made Torment what it was, you clearly weren't playing right.
Lukas M on
My good memories of Planescape Torment are mostly story-related,atmosphere-related or related to some ingenious dialogues. If you liked this game merely for its combat system than that is sad. It feels like the spiritual successor is met by following these other ingredients i mentioned. That said, I found the combat system often confusing and chaotic, unlike in Fallout 1 (and 2) where I had a better feeling for planning combats tactically.
I backed over a hundred games in a year spend over 10k and since i am sick, if i wasn't i woud have spend way more. But, there is more down than up, honestly.
But, i didn't mind at all. But, the way InXile mess up with this shit vote.
Giving people (if that's true) the voice to choose the combat system on a cult game where most people backed from nostalgia. Those people backed for a "spiritual sucessor" as the sentence was spammed a lot by InXile.
Now you get a complete another game because the combat system change completely the way you play. It's not anymore a "spiritual successor" but only a game using the name of Torment to make more money.
So, sincerely, i will deeply shut down and maybe completely stop backing things at all.
And we all know that if they had said it before hand it will be a TB (and i love a TB but for me Torment is a Rtwp. Point. My fond memories of the game are also linked to the combat system) they will have way way less money.
So to be blunt it's as if someone screw my memory of the game. A game i loved deeply. I understand that the people who wanted TB are happy, but people like myself which cherish the game with it's up and down (because the combat system was a mess that's true but that was a part of it too).
Those People can't be happy and they feel someone stamp on their favorite game and use its name in order to attract people. I am not angry, i don't feel betrayed. But sad.
Matteo Gismondi on
As you might have understood I am not a big fun of TB games. FF is not anymore TB? that's a good news I might try it out then thanks!
To me the combat is also important. As I said I'll try the game for sure, but I would rather prefer to see this type of "big decisions" taken during the kickstarter. It is very convenient to do if after. If I knew from the beginning that the game would be TB I, and probably some other backers, would not have given money.
Still as it is too late to get a refund I'll give it a try for sure.
Nameless on
@Chris - "Torment is not really about the combat though, and that's the mistake a lot of people are making. It's not Diablo or Icewind Dale, nor is it even Baldur's Gate. Combat is more of a side dish rather than the main course - no one who has ever played Planescape Torment and thinks it's great will point to the combat as one of the things they liked."
Wow, I like how you have the authority to speak for all Torment fans. Great way to give your arguments weight...
Torment- The Enduring Exile on
@david WL2 has not been released. WL2 beta has. It was an add-on to get the beta.
Chris J Capel on
@Matteo Gismondi: "I am very disappointed. The comment 5 says it all, If I back-up a new episode of final fantasy I am expecting TB, if I back-up a new episode of Torment I am expecting RTwP. I'll give it a try as I paid for this game but I am pretty sure that I'll soon get bored. That's a shame I trashed my money, backing for something I didn't expect. I guess that's the risk of backing this type of project."
Torment is not really about the combat though, and that's the mistake a lot of people are making. It's not Diablo or Icewind Dale, nor is it even Baldur's Gate. Combat is more of a side dish rather than the main course - no one who has ever played Planescape Torment and thinks it's great will point to the combat as one of the things they liked.
Hopefully though you'll give it a try, since there are different types of turn-based combat in RPGs - give InXile a chance to wow you. If you say a game has "first-person shooting" in it the game could be Call of Duty, Half-Life, Serious Sam, Deus Ex or even Portal, all very different games with different combat. Give InXile constructive criticism when you play the beta (or see it being played), don't just say "I don't like the combat", say specific things you don't like and they may be able to change it. That goes for everyone else complaining too.
And the final correction - Final Fantasy XV doesn't have turn-based combat, and the series has been moving away from TB combat since XII!
David Bernier on
Anyone still not received their WL2 activation keys?
Kitiana on
Comment #3 - You guys completely misinterpreted this comment.
It's not about keeping the whole party engaged. The very fact you have to micromanage every member of the party is what's tedious, it doesn't matter WHAT they have to do.
I also am annoyed that people keep talking about the depth TB combat has. I don't find Fire Emblem Awakening or Xcom combat particularly challenging tactically. In fact, in TB combat the only times I find it difficult is when it's blatantly unfair (randomly spawning/agroing enemies you couldn't prepare for happening at the very end of your turn).
Matteo Gismondi on
Comment #5: Planescape: Torment had Real-Time with Pause combat, so the new Torment should too
I am very disappointed. The comment 5 says it all, If I back-up a new episode of final fantasy I am expecting TB, if I back-up a new episode of Torment I am expecting RTwP. I'll give it a try as I paid for this game but I am pretty sure that I'll soon get bored. That's a shame I trashed my money, backing for something I didn't expect. I guess that's the risk of backing this type of project.
Pillars of Eternity is getting better and better and obviously it's RTwP, so I'll have something to play around the end of 2014.
I wish you the best of luck, and hope you'll be able to change my mind as I deeply hate TB games.
Arvid Granat on
Thanks for the update. I was kind of expecting RTwP, which would still have been playable, like in the original Torment. I voted TB, though, and I'm happy that this is what you will be going with.
Torment- The Enduring Exile on
@barbarian the activation is for the beta site. it's for your feedback.
barbarian_bros on
Don't notice my previous comment... its for the WL comments page
barbarian_bros on
It's a bit strange : i received an inXile mail to invite me to activate my WL2 account to get the beta... it's strange cos my account is activated since.... the ranger center was online.
dungeoncrawl on
Oh god. It just hit me that, not only do we have to hear these guys whine over TB now.....but also when the game comes out! 'This would have been soooo much better has it been RTwP. See? We TOLD YOU how bad this was gonna be and now its proved out JUST LIKE WE SAID. PS:T was soooooo much better.' Ugh. Shoot me now.
ps. I voted for RTwP BTW.
Marc Noordzij on
I trust inXile to make an enjoyable game. While I voted RTwP, I feel somewhat reassured by Kevin's update and it seems to me they know what they are doing. I'll just have to wait and see how it turns out. At the very least the update assures me they are aware of most of my concerns regarding TB.
Don't understand what all this ranting and raving is about. It's not a lot of effort to keep it polite, is it?
Corey Butler on
Super disappointed by this announcement, at least Eternity will stay true to their promise of sticking to infinity engine type gameplay. I feel somewhat duped.
Skyleaf on
PE will be a great game with RTwP combat.
ToN will be a great game with TB combat.
I wanted RTwP for ToN but I accept that inXile will do the best they can to produce a great combat with TB.
I know people are upset but come on...asking for refunds?? calling PE out for using RTwP?? Btw, the combat in their new trailer looks amazing.
I think by now, we should have all learned about what to expect when putting your money in on a kickstarter project. Every single project I've backed has its ups and downs but I expected as much. If you feel you keep getting the short end of the stick when supporting a project perhaps its time you tell yourself, no more kickstarter investment for me.
Torment- The Enduring Exile on
@Thomas Beekers I think a lot of people feel upset because when they backed they felt like they were in control but now after the vote a portion of players feel they lost control.
I think only time will heal that wound.
Also, I hate to ask but seven months of preproduction seems like a tad much. Has production started yet?
undecaf on
Dlux said:
"I am truly relieved how you guys finally figured out that RTwP combat is an inefficient absurdity and unsuitable for a game. It only took about 20 years, but now we finally know. :) If only the guys at Obsidian were as smart as you and also went turn-based on Project Eternity, then this nonsensical RTwP combat system could have finally died. Darn. Hopefully Obsidian will listen to you guys and make Project Eternity 2 a thematic sequel - with turn-based combat of course!"
Indeed. PE would've looked to become even better than it already does had it been made TB. Really a shame they didn't go that way. Maybe next time. ;)
Shaun Huang on
@dlux please... you make me feel bad for voting Turn-Base because i saw how Crisis will clearly fit better with Turn-base.
Turn base games like XCom are so predictable and boring if not for cheap tricks that didn't come from the Turn-Base system, but add-on that are unrelated to turn-base. Perma-death (ie, this is so easy that you should never die if you're good, else you get heavily punished). Forcing a lower skill cap with a Russian Roulette RNG accuracy system (ie. luck > your plan). Hiding enemies and allowing patrols so you can agro multiple groups if unlucky (since it's turn base, you can't react to patrols by moving back after you see them, so it's purely luck based). These gimmicks can be applied just as easily to real-time systems!!!! When you want to see the value of turn-base system vs real-time, you have to strip out all the gimmicks and look at the core of the system.
Here are some examples.
In turn-based, enemies stand still for you to aim your AOE. In RTwP you need to calculate the projectile speed and distance to hit multiple moving targets (and avoid multiple moving allies).
In turn-based, your victim always wait for you to finish your action from start to finish. It is very rare that actions take more than 1 turn (except as handicap to bosses to make it easier for players). In RTwP, it is usually much easier to implement interrupts, and planning ahead so that your actions will not be interrupted is always a factor to consider.
The reason why many RTwP games tend to be shallow is because designers dumb them down for accessibility reasons. It is not because of the inadequacy of the format. Look at Dragon Age 2 on Normal vs Nightmare difficulty. In normal difficulty, both of the factors i stated above are nullified because there's no friendly fire and low damage so you always tank-n-spank then simply AOE on tank. Also because enemy damage is so low, you don't need to worry about interrupting them, nor worry about your actions being interrupted. Try beating Dragon Age 2 on Nightmare, it has been nerfed in many patches so anyone should be able to do it as long as they think beyond the basic level of tactics (you hit me, i heal, then i hit you, repeat) and start utilizing the real time system for things like interrupt, constant formation shift, and aiming at moving target (so your front-line doesn't need to take damage to hold your target in place).
In any case, I'm happy with Torment team's decision because Crisis are not pure tactical combat, but a platform for RP scenarios. Since the core of RP scenarios are dialogue, puzzle, and skill challenges, the best system to choose should be the least costly and simplest one that will not get in the way of implementing interesting ideas. Imagine that Turn-base is a tablet PC, and RTwP is a top-end gaming desktop. One is vastly superior in raw power, but there is a time and place where the other will shine regardless of strength.
Wind_Falcon on
I'm just wondering if the voting would have again been a draw if they kept their mouth shut before the vote and didn't say they favor TB...
Either way, we'll live and see how all of this turns out. It may be a masterpiece after all. It's just infuriating that, after all the excitement I'm sure every backer has had inside them from the moment this Kickstarter went up, it WON'T be the Torment we all wanted and have envisioned since 1999...
Gene on
@dlux Project Eternity is RTWP, but it's a new system being built from the ground up. There are going to be a minority of upset people who fire up Eternity and have a non-vancian magic system, no xp for kills, and systems that feel closer to Dragon Age and modern RPGs, than to the Infinity engine games.
☆ dlux ☆ on
>Thomas Beekers said:
>"We also always avoided using the term spiritual successor, and have consistently used the
>term thematic successor and defined front and center what that means to us."
I like how Inxile obtained the rights to the Torment trademark although it was not really necessary, seeing that the game is only a thematic successor and not a spiritual succcesor. :D
>Thomas Beekers said:
>"It should not be particularly hard to believe we were undecided, with a slight lean towards
>RTwP, and said so from the start."
I am truly relieved how you guys finally figured out that RTwP combat is an inefficient absurdity and unsuitable for a game. It only took about 20 years, but now we finally know. :) If only the guys at Obsidian were as smart as you and also went turn-based on Project Eternity, then this nonsensical RTwP combat system could have finally died. Darn. Hopefully Obsidian will listen to you guys and make Project Eternity 2 a thematic sequel - with turn-based combat of course!
Lastan, The Penultimate Castoff on
@Yaniv, I don't think the result of the vote classifies as a surprise.
Yaniv on
@Thomas Beekers
"We also always avoided using the term spiritual successor, and have consistently used the term thematic successor and defined front and center what that means to us."
If you like to resort to semantic then you said "a game crafted in the torment tradition". Crafted in the tradition to my understanding is at least strong as spiritual successor.
BTW: Funnily, you also said "we get to know what you want and you don't get any unpleasant surprises".
J. on
I also think we should end the myth of "original PS:T had almsot no combat". Because it is not true. You could not end a LOT of quests without fighting and killing monsters.
I also thnik that inXile entertainment chose this system because they were more familiar with it and had a similar version already done for Wasteland, but hey, I won't judge until I play.
Lastan, The Penultimate Castoff on
@Thomas, don't bother.
Some people have made up their minds on the matter and they will not let mere facts stand in their way. Anything you say can and will be used against you in the most hostile manner possible.
For some reason, some people here view the shift from RTwP to TB as a personal affront - betrayal, even.
Thomas BeekersSuperbackeron
Let me repeat in no uncertain terms what Kevin Saunders already said; we did not know during the Kickstarter if this game would be RTwP, or TB, or even the phase-based option was still on the table. During the Kickstarter design was in an earlier stage, as was system testing, heck, think about it, the Numenera systems weren't even finished and out yet. It should not be particularly hard to believe we were undecided, with a slight lean towards RTwP, and said so from the start.
We also always avoided using the term spiritual successor, and have consistently used the term thematic successor and defined front and center what that means to us.
Kelvin Baillie on
@Dawn - I agree with you. I think InXile purposefully kept the combat open and their views on it neutral to the end to get the most money they could. Feels a bit dirty considering this is a Kickstarter and people are giving their own personal money. Would also have preferred if they had decided it from the start so this never came up or at least stated at the beginning it was almost definately gonna be TB.
@Nathan - If anything so far is to go on, they won't listen unless its the vast vast majority of people who want something.
As others have said, I do not have any real issue with it being TB (Even if I would prefer RTwP). I just strongly dislike the way in which the decision has come about.
Yaniv on
"For the record the devs started development favouring RTWP according to Colin McComb, but the shift to turn-based occurred later on in development as it fit better with some of their narrative focus and pre-production concepts. Don't know his exact words as I'm quoting someone who was paraphrasing him on RPG Codex."
Well it is matter of trust. I believe that behind the above statement there are financial reasons.


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Three of Ryan Tannehill's four leading receivers are free agents this offseason, which at least raises the possibility that Tannehill will be working with a lot of new faces in his second NFL season.
Wide receiver Brian Hartline, tight end Anthony Fasano and running back Reggie Bush will all hit the open market absent a new agreement or franchise tag from the team and the tag seems unlikely with this crew. It could be in play for left tackle Jake Long, but his inconsistent play over the last two seasons and the reported difference in contract ideas have cast some doubt on whether or not he'll be back in Miami. Tannehill said he wasn't experiencing any anxiety about the possible departures from his unit.
"I have faith it's going to work out," Tannehill said, via Ben Volin of the Palm Beach Post. "I have faith in our organization, our leadership up front in the main office that they're going to make the best decisions for us and bring in guys that we feel like we can with it. I'm excited to see how it shakes out, but it's not stressful for me."
Since the Dolphins were looking for a quarterback for a long time, it's a lot less stressful for everyone in Miami with Tannehill in the fold. Right now, Hartline seems the likeliest to return to Miami. That might not be ideal for stability, but it isn't like the Dolphins are looking at the breakup of the Greatest Show on Turf. They needed to get better with those guys and they need to get better if they fly the coop.


text:
Frequent Links
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Core values
|Politics portal
Nationalism is a belief or political ideology that involves an individual identifying with, or becoming attached to, one's nation. Nationalism involves national identity, by contrast with the related construct of patriotism, which involves the social conditioning and personal behaviors that support a state's decisions and actions.[1]
From a political or sociological perspective, there are two main perspectives on the origins and basis of nationalism. One is the primordialist perspective that describes nationalism as a reflection of the ancient and perceived evolutionary tendency of humans to organize into distinct groupings based on an affinity of birth. The other is the modernist perspective that describes nationalism as a recent phenomenon that requires the structural conditions of modern society in order to exist.[2]
An alternative perspective to both of these lineages comes out of Engaged theory, and argues that while the form of nationalism is modern, the content and subjective reach of nationalism depends upon 'primordial' sentiments.[3]
There are various definitions for what constitutes a nation, however, which leads to several different strands of nationalism. It can be a belief that citizenship in a state should be limited to one ethnic, cultural, religious, or identity group, or that multinationality in a single state should necessarily comprise the right to express and exercise national identity even by minorities.[4] The adoption of national identity in terms of historical development has commonly been the result of a response by influential groups unsatisfied with traditional identities due to inconsistency between their defined social order and the experience of that social order by its members, resulting in a situation of anomie that nationalists seek to resolve.[5] This anomie results in a society or societies reinterpreting identity, retaining elements that are deemed acceptable and removing elements deemed unacceptable, in order to create a unified community.[5] This development may be the result of internal structural issues or the result of resentment by an existing group or groups towards other communities, especially foreign powers that are or are deemed to be controlling them.[5]
National flags, national anthems and other symbols of national identity are commonly considered highly important symbols of the national community.[6][7][8][9]
- 1 History
- 2 Causes
- 3 Varieties
- 4 Criticisms
- 5 See also
- 6 Notes
- 7 References
- 8 Further reading
- 9 External links
In Europe before the development of nationalism, people were generally loyal to a religion or to a particular leader rather than to their nations.[citation needed]
With the emergence of a national public sphere and an integrated, country-wide economy in 18th-century England, people began to identify with the country at large, rather than the smaller unit of their family, town or province. The early emergence of a popular patriotic nationalism took place in the mid-18th century, and was actively promoted by the government and by the writers and intellectuals of the time.[10] National symbols, anthems, myths, flags and narratives were assiduously constructed and adopted. The Union Flag was adopted as a national one, the patriotic song "Rule, Britannia!" was composed by Thomas Arne in 1740,[11] and the cartoonist John Arbuthnot created the character of John Bull as the personification of the national spirit.[12]
The widespread appeal of patriotic nationalism was massively augmented by the political convulsions of the late 18th century, the American and French Revolutions. Ultra-nationalist parties sprung up in France during the French Revolution.[13][14][15]
The term nationalism was first used by Johann Gottfried Herder the prophet of this new creed. Herder gave Germans new pride in their origins, and proclaimed a national message within the sphere of language, which he believed determines national thought and culture.[16] He attached exceptional importance to the concept of nationality and of patriotismTemplate:Spaced ndash"he that has lost his patriotic spirit has lost himself and the whole worlds about himself", whilst teaching that "in a certain sense every human perfection is national".[17]
The political development of nationalism and the push for popular sovereignty culminated with the ethnic/national revolutions of Europe, for instance the Greek War of Independence.[13] Since that time, nationalism has become one of the most significant political and social forces in history, perhaps most notably as a major influence or postulate of World War I and especially World War II.[18][19][20][21] Nationalism has been spread by widespread literacy, education and communication technologies: Benedict Anderson argued that, "Print language is what invents nationalism, not a particular language per se".[22]
Two major bodies of thought address the causes of nationalism:[2]
- the modernist perspective describes nationalism as a recent phenomenon that requires the structural conditions of modern society in order to exist
- the primordialist perspective describes nationalism as a reflection of the ancient evolutionary tendency of humans to organize into distinct groupings based on an affinity of birth
Roger Masters in The Nature of Politics (1989) says that both the primordialist and modernist conceptions of nationalism involve an acceptance of three levels of common interest of individuals or groups in national identity
- at an inter-group level, humans respond to competition or conflict by organizing into groups to either attack other groups or defend their group from hostile groups[23]
- at the intragroup level, individuals gain advantage through cooperation with others in securing collective goods that are not accessible through individual effort alone[23]
- on the individual level, self-interested concerns over personal fitness by individuals either consciously or subconsciously motivate the creation of group formation as a means of security[23]
The behaviour of leadership groups or élites that involves efforts to advance their own fitness when they are involved in the mobilization of an ethnic or national group is crucial in the development of the culture of that group.[23]
Primordialist interpretation
The primordialist perspective is based upon evolutionary theory.[24] The evolutionary theory of nationalism perceives nationalism to be the result of the evolution of human beings into identifying with groups, such as ethnic groups, or other groups that form the foundation of a nation.[24] Roger Masters in The Nature of Politics describes the primordial explanation of the origin of ethnic and national groups as recognizing group attachments that are thought to be unique, emotional, intense, and durable because they are based upon kinship and promoted along lines of common ancestry.[25]
The primordialist evolutionary view of nationalism has its origins in the evolutionary theories of Charles Darwin that were later substantially elaborated by John Tooby and Leda Cosmides.[26] Central to evolutionary theory is that all biological organisms undergo changes in their anatomical features and their characteristic behaviour patterns.[26] Darwin's theory of natural selection as a mechanism of evolutionary change of organisms is utilized to describe the development of human societies and particularly the development of mental and physical traits of members of such societies.[27]
In addition to evolutionary development of mental and physical traits, Darwin and other evolutionary theorists emphasize the influence of the types of environment upon behaviour.[28] First of all there are ancestral environments that are typically long-term and stable forms of situations that influence mental development of individuals or groups gained either biologically through birth or learned from family or relatives, which cause the emphasis of certain mental behaviours that are developed due to the requirements of the ancestral environment.[28] In national group settings, these ancestral environments can result in psychological triggers in the minds of individuals within a group, such as responding positively to patriotic cues.[28] There are immediate environments that are those situations that confront an individual or group at a given point and activate certain mental responses.[28] In the case of a national group, the example of seeing the mobilization of a foreign military force on the nation's borders may provoke members of a national group to unify and mobilize themselves in response.[28] There are proximate environments where individuals identify nonimmediate real or imagined situations in combination with immediate situations that make individuals confront a common situation of both subjective and objective components that affect their decisions.[29] As such proximate environments cause people to make decisions based on existing situations and anticipated situations.[29] In the context of the politics of nations and nationalism, a political leader may adopt an international treaty not out of a benevolent stance but in the belief that such a treaty will either benefit their nation or will increase the prestige of their nation.[29] The proximate environment plays a role in the politics of nations that are angry with their circumstances (in much the same way that an individual or group's anger in response to feelings that they are being exploited usually results in efforts to accommodate them, while being passive results in them being ignored).[29] Nations that are angry with circumstances imposed on them by others are affected by the proximate environment that shapes the nationalism of such nations.[29][30]
Pierre van den Berghe in The Ethnic Phenomenon (1981) emphasizes the role of ethnicity and kinship involving family biological ties to members of an ethnic group as being an important element of national identity.[31] Van den Berghe states the sense of family attachments among related people as creating durable, intense, emotional, and cooperative attachments, that he claims are utilized within ethnic groups.[31] Van den Berghe identifies genetic-relatedness as being a basis for the durable attachments of family groups, as genetic ties cannot be removed and they are passed on from generation to generation.[31] Van den Berge identifies common descent as the basis for the establishment of boundaries of ethnic groups, as most people do not join ethnic groups but are born into them.[31] Berghe notes that this kinship group affiliation and solidarity does not require actual relatedness but can include imagined relatedness that may not be biologically accurate.[25] Berghe notes that feelings of ethnic solidarity usually arise in small and compact groups whereas there is less solidarity in large and dispersed groups.[32]
There are functionalist interpretations of the primordialist evolutionary theory. The functionalists claim that ethnic and national groups are founded upon individuals' concerns over distribution of resources acquired through individual and collective action.[33] This is resolved by the formation of a clan group that defines who is accepted within the group and defines the boundaries within which the resources will be distributed.[33] This functionalist interpretation does not require genetic-relatedness, and identifies a variety of reasons for ethnic or national group formation.[33] The first reason is that such groups may extend group identity and cooperation beyond the limits of family and kinship out of reciprocal altruism, in the belief that helping other individuals will produce an advantageous situation for both the sender and receiver of that help; this tendency has been noted in studies by Robert Axelrod that are summarized in his book The Evolution of Cooperation (1984).[33] The second reason is that such groups may be formed as a means of defense to insure survival, fears by one group of a hostile group threatening them can increase solidarity amongst that group, R. Paul Shaw and Yuwa Wong in their book The Genetic Seeds of Warfare (1989) identify this as the foundation of xenophobia that they identify as originating in hunter gatherer societies.[34]
Modernist interpretation
The modernist interpretation of nationalism and nation-building perceives that nationalism arises and flourishes in modern societies described as being associated with having: an industrial economy capable of self-sustainability of the society, a central supreme authority capable of maintaining authority and unity, and a centralized language or small group of centralized languages understood by a community of people.[35] Modernist theorists note that this is only possible in modern societies, while traditional societies typically: lack a modern industrial self-sustainable economy, have divided authorities, have multiple languages resulting in many people being unable to communicate with each other.[35]
Karl Marx wrote about the creation of nations as requiring a bourgeois revolution and an industrial economy.[36] Marx applied the modern versus traditional parallel to British colonial rule in India that Marx saw in positive terms as he claimed that British colonial rule was developing India, bringing India out of the "rural idiocy" of its "feudalism".[35] However Marx's theories at the time of his writing had little impact on academic thinking on the development of nation states.[35]
Prominent theorists who developed the modernist interpretation of nations and nationalism include: Carlton Joseph Huntley Hayes, Henry Maine, Ferdinand Tönnies, Rabindranath Tagore, Émile Durkheim, Max Weber, Arnold Joseph Toynbee and Talcott Parsons.[35]
Henry Maine in his analysis of the historical changes and development of human societies noted the key distinction between traditional societies defined as "status" societies based on family association and functionally diffuse roles for individuals; and modern societies defined as "contract" societies where social relations are determined by rational contracts pursued by individuals to advance their interests.[37] Maine saw the development of societies as moving away from traditional status societies to modern contract societies.[37]
Ferdinand Tönnies in his book Gemeinschaft und Gesellschaft (1887) defined a gemeinschaft (community) as being based on emotional attachments as attributed with traditional societies, while defining a Gesellschaft (society) as an impersonal society that is modern.[37] While he recognized the advantages of modern societies he also criticized them for their cold and impersonal nature that caused alienation while praising the intimacy of traditional communities.[37]
Émile Durkheim expanded upon Tönnies' recognition of alienation, and defined the differences between traditional and modern societies as being between societies based upon "mechanical solidarity" versus societies based on "organic solidarity".[37] Durkheim identified mechanical solidarity as involving custom, habit, and repression that was necessary to maintain shared views.[37] Durkheim identified organic solidarity-based societies as modern societies where there exists a division of labour based on social differentiation that causes alienation.[37] Durkheim claimed that social integration in traditional society required authoritarian culture involving acceptance of a social order. Durkheim claimed that modern society bases integration on the mutual benefits of the division of labour, but noted that the impersonal character of modern urban life caused alienation and feelings of anomie.[37]
Max Weber claimed the change that developed modern society and nations is the result of the rise of a charismatic leader to power in a society who creates a new tradition or a rational-legal system that establishes the supreme authority of the state.[37] Weber's conception of charismatic authority has been noted as the basis of many nationalist governments.[37]
Risorgimento and Integral nationalism
There are different types of nationalism including Risorgimento nationalism and Integral nationalism.[38][39] Whereas risorgimento nationalism applies to a nation seeking to establish a liberal state (for example the Risorgimento in Italy and similar movements in Greece, Germany, Poland during the 19th century or the civic American nationalism), integral nationalism results after a nation has achieved independence and has established a state. Mussolini's Italy and Nazi Germany, according to Alter and Brown, were examples of integral nationalism.
Some of the qualities that characterise integral nationalism are anti-individualism, statism (plans by the few ideology), radical extremism, and aggressive-expansionist militarism. The term Integral Nationalism often overlaps with fascism, although many natural points of disagreement exist. Integral nationalism arises in countries where a strong military ethos has become entrenched through the independence struggle, when, once independence is achieved, it is believed that a strong military is required to ensure the security and viability of the new state. Also, the success of such a liberation struggle results in feelings of national superiority that may lead to extreme nationalism.
Civic nationalism
Civic nationalism (also known as liberal nationalism) defines the nation as an association of people who identify themselves as belonging to the nation, who have equal and shared political rights, and allegiance to similar political procedures.[40] According to the principles of civic nationalism, the nation is not based on common ethnic ancestry, but is a political entity whose core identity is not ethnicity. This civic concept of nationalism is exemplified by Ernest Renan in his lecture in 1882 "What is a Nation?", where he defined the nation as a "daily referendum" (frequently translated "daily plebiscite") dependent on the will of its people to continue living together.[40]
Civic nationalism is a kind of non-xenophobic nationalism that is claimed to be compatible with liberal values of freedom, tolerance, equality, and individual rights.[41][42][43] Ernest Renan[44] and John Stuart Mill[45] are often thought to be early liberal nationalists. Liberal nationalists often defend the value of national identity by saying that individuals need a national identity in order to lead meaningful, autonomous lives,[46][47] and that liberal democratic polities need national identity in order to function properly.[48][49]
Civic nationalism lies within the traditions of rationalism and liberalism, but as a form of nationalism it is contrasted with ethnic nationalism. Membership of the civic nation is considered voluntary, as in Ernest Renan's "daily referendum" formulation in What is a Nation? Civic-national ideals influenced the development of representative democracy in countries such as the United States and France (see the United States Declaration of Independence of 1776, and the Declaration of the Rights of Man and of the Citizen of 1789).
Some authors deconstruct the distinction between ethnic nationalism and civic nationalism because of the ambiguity of the concepts. They argue that the paradigmatic case of Ernest Renan is an idealisation and it should be interpreted within the German tradition and not in opposition to it. For example, they argue that the arguments used by Renan at the conference What is a nation? are not consistent with his thinking. This alleged civic conception of the nation would be determined only by the case of the loss gives Alsace and Lorraine in the Franco-Prussian War.[50]
Ethnic nationalism
Whereas nationalism in and of itself does not necessarily imply a belief in the superiority of one ethnicity or country over others, some nationalists support ethnocentric supremacy and/or ethnocentric protectionism.
National purity
Some nationalists exclude certain groups. Some nationalists, defining the national community in ethnic, linguistic, cultural, historic, or religious terms (or a combination of these), may then seek to deem certain minorities as not truly being a part of the 'national community' as they define it. Sometimes a mythic homeland is more important for the national identity than the actual territory occupied by the nation.[51]
Left-wing nationalism
Left-wing nationalism (occasionally known as socialist nationalism, not to be confused with national socialism)[52] refers to any political movement that combines left-wing politics with nationalism.
Many nationalist movements are dedicated to national liberation, in the view that their nations are being persecuted by other nations and thus need to exercise self-determination by liberating themselves from the accused persecutors. Anti-revisionist Marxist–Leninism is closely tied with this ideology, and practical examples include Stalin's early work Marxism and the National Question and his Socialism in One Country edict, which declares that nationalism can be used in an internationalist context, fighting for national liberation without racial or religious divisions. Other examples of left-wing nationalism include Fidel Castro's 26th of July Movement that launched the Cuban Revolution ousting the American-backed Fulgencio Batista in 1959, Cornwalls Mebyon Kernow, Ireland's Sinn Féin, Wales's Plaid Cymru, the Awami League in Bangladesh and the African National Congress in South Africa.[citation needed]
Territorial nationalism
Territorial nationalists assume that all inhabitants of a particular nation owe allegiance to their country of birth or adoption.[53] A sacred quality is sought in the nation and in the popular memories it evokes.[54] Citizenship is idealised by territorial nationalists. A criterion of a territorial nationalism is the establishment of a mass, public culture based on common values, codes and traditions of the population.[54]
Pan-nationalism is unique in that it covers a large area span. Pan-nationalism focuses more on "clusters" of ethnic groups. Pan-Slavism is one example of Pan-nationalism. The goal was to unite all Slavic people into one country. They did succeed by uniting several south Slavic people into Yugoslavia in 1918.[55]
Anti-colonial nationalism
This form of nationalism came about during the decolonization of the post war periods. It was a reaction mainly in Africa and Asia against being subdued by foreign powers. It also appeared in the non-Russian territories of the Tsarist empire and later, the USSR, where Ukrainianists and Islamic Marxists condemned Russian Bolshevik rule in their territories as a renewed Russian imperialism. This form of nationalism took many guises, including the peaceful passive resistance movement led by Mahatma Gandhi in the Indian subcontinent.[56]
Benedict Anderson argued that anti-colonial nationalism is grounded in the experience of literate and bilingual indigenous intellectuals fluent in the language of the imperial power, schooled in its "national" history, and staffing the colonial administrative cadres up to but not including its highest levels. Post-colonial national governments have been essentially indigenous forms of the previous imperial administration.[57][58]
Critics of nationalism have argued that it is often unclear what constitutes a "nation", or why a nation should be the only legitimate unit of political rule. A nation is best viewed as a cultural entity and not a political association, nor as necessarily linked to a particular territorial area. But nationalists hold the opposite as self-evident: that the boundaries of a nation and a state should, as far as possible, coincide with only one culture within its boundaries; multi-culturalism is one of their first targets.[59] Philosopher A.C. Grayling describes nations as artificial constructs, "their boundaries drawn in the blood of past wars". He argues that "there is no country on earth which is not home to more than one different but usually coexisting culture. Cultural heritage is not the same thing as national identity".[60]
Nationalism is inherently divisive because it highlights perceived differences between people, emphasizing an individual's identification with their own nation. The idea is also potentially oppressive because it submerges individual identity within a national whole, and gives elites or political leaders potential opportunities to manipulate or control the masses.[61] Much of the early opposition to nationalism was related to its geopolitical ideal of a separate state for every nation. The classic nationalist movements of the 19th century rejected the very existence of the multi-ethnic empires in Europe. Even in that early stage, however, there was an ideological critique of nationalism. That has developed into several forms of anti-nationalism in the western world. The Islamic revival of the 20th century also produced an Islamic critique of the nation-state.
At the end of the 19th century, Marxists and other socialists (such as Rosa Luxemburg) produced political analysis that were critical of the nationalist movements then active in central and eastern Europe (though a variety of other contemporary socialists and communists, from Lenin (a communist) to Józef Piłsudski (a socialist), were more sympathetic to national self-determination).[62]
In his classic essay on the topic George Orwell distinguishes nationalism from patriotism, which he defines as devotion to a particular place. Nationalism, more abstractly, is "power-hunger tempered by self-deception."[63]
For Orwell, the nationalist is more likely than not dominated by irrational negative impulses:
There are, for example, Trotskyists who have become simply enemies of the U.S.S.R. without developing a corresponding loyalty to any other unit. When one grasps the implications of this, the nature of what I mean by nationalism becomes a good deal clearer. A nationalist is one who thinks solely, or mainly, in terms of competitive prestige. He may be a positive or a negative nationalist—that is, he may use his mental energy either in boosting or in denigrating—but at any rate his thoughts always turn on victories, defeats, triumphs and humiliations. He sees history, especially contemporary history, as the endless rise and decline of great power units and every event that happens seems to him a demonstration that his own side is on the upgrade and some hated rival is on the downgrade. But finally, it is important not to confuse nationalism with mere worship of success. The nationalist does not go on the principle of simply ganging up with the strongest side. On the contrary, having picked his side, he persuades himself that it is the strongest and is able to stick to his belief even when the facts are overwhelmingly against him.[63]
In the liberal political tradition there is widespread criticism of 'nationalism' as a dangerous force and a cause of conflict and war between nation-states. Nationalism has often been exploited to encourage citizens to partake in the nations' conflicts. Such examples include the two World Wars, where nationalism was a key component of propaganda material. Liberals do not generally dispute the existence of the nation-states, although some liberal critiques do emphasize individual freedom as opposed to national identity, which is by definition collective.[citation needed]
The pacifist critique of nationalism also concentrates on the violence of nationalist movements, the associated militarism, and on conflicts between nations inspired by jingoism or chauvinism. National symbols and patriotic assertiveness are in some countries discredited by their historical link with past wars, especially in Germany. Famous pacifist Bertrand Russell criticizes nationalism for diminishing the individual's capacity to judge his or her fatherland's foreign policy.[64] Albert Einstein stated that "Nationalism is an infantile disease. ... It is the measles of mankind."[65]
See also
|Wikimedia Commons has media related to Symbols of national identity.
- Gellner's theory of nationalism
- Historiography and nationalism
- List of nationalism in countries and regions
- List of figures in nationalism
- List of historical autonomist and secessionist movements
- List of nationalist conflicts
- List of nationalist organizations
- List of active nationalist parties in Europe
- Lists of active separatist movements
- ^ Rothi, Despina et al. (2005). National attachment and patriotism in a European nation: A British study. Political Psychology, 26, 135 - 155. http://doi.wiley.com/10.1111/j.1467-9221.2005.00412.x. In this paper, nationalism is termed "identity content" and patriotism "relational orientation".
- ^ a b Motyl 2001, p. 251.
- ^ James, Paul (2006). Globalism, Nationalism, Tribalism: Bringing Theory Back In. London: Sage Publications.; James, Paul (1996). Nation Formation: Towards a Theory of Abstract Community. London: Sage Publications. ISBN 0-7619-5072-9.
- ^ Kymlicka 1995, p. 16.
- ^ a b c Motyl 2001, p. 262.
- ^ Billig 1995, p. 72.
- ^ Gellner, Ernest (2005). Nations and Nationalism (2nd ed.). Blackwell. ISBN 1-4051-3442-9.
- ^ Canovan, Margaret (1996). Nationhood and Political Theory. Cheltenham, UK: Edward Elgar. ISBN 1-85278-852-6.
- ^ Miller 1995, p. 160
- ^ Gerald Newman (1997). The Rise of English Nationalism: A Cultural History, 1740–1830. Palgrave Macmillan.
- ^ Scholes, Percy A (1970). The Oxford Companion to Music (tenth Edition). Oxford University Press. p. 897.
- ^ Newman, Gerald G. (1987). The Rise of English Nationalism: A Cultural History, 1740–1830. New York: St. Martin's Press. ISBN 0-312-68247-6.
- ^ a b "Nationalism". Encyclopædia Britannica. Retrieved 2009-12-06.
- ^ Smith, Anthony D. (1998). Nationalism and Modernism: A Critical Survey of Recent Theories of Nations and Nationalism. London: Routledge. ISBN 0-415-06341-8.
- ^ Iain McLean, Alistair McMillan, Concise Oxford Dictionary of Politics, "French Revolution... It produced the modern doctrine of nationalism, and spread it directly throughout Western Europe ...", Oxford, 2009, ISBN 978-0-19-920516-5.
- ^ Votruba, Martin. "Herder on Language" (PDF). Slovak Studies Program. University of Pittsburgh. Retrieved 2010-06-30.
- ^ T. C. W. Blanning (2003). The Culture of Power and the Power of Culture: Old Regime Europe 1660–1789. Oxford University Press. pp. 259, 260. ISBN 978-0-19-926561-9.
- ^ Laqueur, Walter." Comparative Study of Fascism" by Juan J. Linz. Fascism, A Reader's Guide: Analyses, interpretations, Bibliography. Berkeley and Los Angeles: University of California Press, 1976. Pp. 15 "Fascism is above all a nationalist movement and therefore wherever the nation and the state are strongly identified."
- ^ Laqueur, Walter. Fascism: Past, Present, Future. Oxford University Press, 1997. Pp. 90. "the common belief in nationalism, hierarchical structures, and the leader principle."
- ^ "Goebbels on National-Socialism, Bolshevism and Democracy, Documents on International Affairs, vol. II, 1938, pp. 17–19. Accessed from the Jewish Virtual Library on February 5, 2009. [1] Joseph Goebbels describes the Nazis as being allied with countries which had "authoritarian nationalist" ideology and conception of the state "It enables us to see at once why democracy and Bolshevism, which in the eyes of the world are irrevocably opposed to one another, meet again and again on common ground in their joint hatred of and attacks on authoritarian nationalist concepts of State and State systems. For the authoritarian nationalist conception of the State represents something essentially new. In it the French Revolution is superseded.".
- ^ Koln, Hans; Calhoun, Craig. The Idea of Nationalism: A Study in its Origins and Background. Transaction Publishers. Pp 20.
University of California. 1942. Journal of Central European Affairs. Volume 2.
- ^ Anderson 1983, p. 122.
- ^ a b c d Motyl 2001, p. 253.
- ^ a b Motyl 2001, pp. 272-273.
- ^ a b Motyl 2001, p. 273.
- ^ a b Motyl 2001, p. 268.
- ^ Motyl 2001, p. 269.
- ^ a b c d e Motyl 2001, p. 271.
- ^ a b c d e Motyl 2001, p. 272.
- ^ B Anderson - Nationality and nationalism, 2004 - worldview.carnegiecouncil.org
- ^ a b c d Motyl 2001, p. 274.
- ^ Motyl 2001, p. 275.
- ^ a b c d Motyl 2001, p. 276.
- ^ Motyl 2001, p. 277.
- ^ a b c d e Motyl 2001, pp. 508-509.
- ^ Motyl 2001, p. 509.
- ^ a b c d e f g h i j Motyl 2001, p. 510.
- ^ Contemporary Nationalism, David Brown
- ^ Integral nationalism is one of five types of nationalism defined by Carlton Hayes in his 1928 book The Historical Evolution of Modern Nationalism.
- ^ a b Nash, Kate (2001). The Blackwell companion to political sociology. Wiley-Blackwell. p. 391. ISBN 0-631-21050-4.
- ^ Tamir, Yael. 1993. Liberal Nationalism. Princeton University Press. ISBN 0-691-07893-9
- ^ Kymlicka 1995, p. 200.
- ^ Miller 1995, pp. 188–189
- ^ Renan, Ernest. 1882. "Qu'est-ce qu'une nation?"
- ^ Mill, John Stuart. 1861. Considerations on Representative Government.
- ^ Kymlicka 1995, p. 34.
- ^ For criticism, see: Patten, Alan. 1999. "The Autonomy Argument for Liberal Nationalism." Nations and Nationalism. 5(1): 1-17.
- ^ Miller 1995, p. 136
- ^ For criticism, see: Abizadeh, Arash. 2002. "Does Liberal Democracy Presuppose a Cultural Nation? Four Arguments." American Political Science Review 96 (3): 495-509; Abizadeh, Arash. 2004. "Liberal Nationalist versus Postnational Social Integration." Nations and Nationalism 10(3): 231-250.
- ^ Azurmendi, Joxe: Historia, arraza, nazioa, Donostia: Elkar, 2014. ISBN 978-84-9027-297-8
- ^ Smith, Anthony D. 1986. The Ethnic Origins of Nations London: Basil Blackwell. pp 6–18. ISBN 0-631-15205-9.
- ^ "Political Science, Volume 35, Issue 2; ''Class and Nation: Problems of Socialist Nationalism''". .interscience.wiley.com. 2006-12-22. Retrieved 2012-04-13.
- ^ Middle East and North Africa: Challenge to Western Security by Peter Duignan and L.H. Gann, Hoover Institution Press, 1981, ISBN 978-0-8179-7392-6 (page 22)
- ^ a b Leoussi 2001, p. 62.
- ^ https://www.academia.edu/3046051/Panslavizm_ideologiya_i_politika_40-e_gody_XIX_-_nachalo_XX_veka_Pan-Slavism_Ideology_and_Politics_1840s_-_Early_20th_century_ Panslavizm: ideologiya i politika (40-e gody XIX – nachalo XX veka) [Pan-Slavism: Ideology and Politics (1840s – Early 20th century)]more by Anna Grigorieva
- ^ Grant, Moyra. "Politics Review" (PDF). Politics Review. Retrieved 2011-04-16.
- ^ Anderson 1983, pp. 37–46.
- ^ Velychenko, Stephen (October 2012). "Ukrainia Anticolonialist Thought in Comparative Perspective". Ab Imperio (4): 339.
- ^ Heywood, Andrew (1999). Political Theory: An Introduction (2nd ed.). London: Macmillan Press. pp. 97–98. ISBN 0-333-76091-3.
- ^ Grayling, A.C. (2001). The Meaning of Things: Applying Philosophy to Life. London: Weidenfeld & Nicolson. pp. 78–79. ISBN 0-297-60758-8.
- ^ Heywood, Andrew (2000). Key Concepts in Politics. London: Macmillan Press. p. 256. ISBN 0-333-77095-1.
- ^ Cliff, Tony (1959). "Rosa Luxemburg and the national question". Marxists Internet Archive. Retrieved 2008-08-02.
- ^ a b George Orwell, Notes on Nationalism, orwell.ru.
- ^ Russell Speaks His Mind, 1960. Fletcher and son Ltd., Norwich, United Kingdom
- ^ Viereck, George Sylvester (26 October 1929). "What Life Means to Einstein" (PDF). The Saturday Evening Post. p. 117. Retrieved 2013-05-19.
- Anderson, Benedict (1983). Imagined Communities: Reflections on the Origin and Spread of Nationalism. London: Verso. ISBN 0-86091-059-8.
- Azurmendi, Joxe (2014). Historia, arraza, nazioa. Renan eta nazionalismoaren inguruko topiko batzuk. Donostia: Elkar. ISBN 978-84-9027-297-8.
- Billig, Michael (1995). Banal Nationalism. London: Sage. ISBN 0-8039-7525-2.
- Delanty, Gerard; Kumar, Krishan, eds. (2006). The Sage Handbook of Nations and Nationalism. London: Sage Publications. ISBN 1-4129-0101-4.
- James, Paul (1996). Nation Formation: Towards a Theory of Abstract Community. London: Sage Publications. ISBN 0-7619-5072-9.
- James, Paul (2006). Globalism, Nationalism, Tribalism: Bringing Theory Back In. London: Sage Publications.
- Kymlicka, Will (1995). Multicultural Citizenship: A Liberal Theory of Minority Rights. Oxford: Clarendon Press. ISBN 0-19-827949-3.
- Leoussi, Athena S., ed. (2001). Encyclopedia of Nationalism. New Brunswick, N.J: Transaction Publishers. ISBN 0-7658-0002-0.
- Miller, David (1995). On Nationality. Oxford: Oxford University Press. ISBN 0-19-828047-5.
- Motyl, Alexander, ed. (2001). Encyclopedia of Nationalism 1. San Diego: Academic Press. ISBN 0-12-227230-7.
- Snyder, Louis L. (1990). Encyclopedia of Nationalism. New York: Paragon House. ISBN 1-55778-167-2.
- Spira, Thomas, ed. (1999). Nationalism and Ethnicity Terminologies: An Encyclopedic Dictionary and Research Guide. Gulf Breeze, FL: Academic International Press. ISBN 0-87569-205-2.
Further reading
- Breuilly, John (1994). Nationalism and the State (2nd ed.). Chicago: University of Chicago Press. ISBN 0-226-07414-5.
- Brubaker, Rogers (1996). Nationalism Reframed: Nationhood and the National Question in the New Europe. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 0-521-57224-X.
- De Benoist, Alain (Summer 2004). "On Identity". Telos 2004 (128).
- Greenfeld, Liah (1992). Nationalism: Five Roads to Modernity. Cambridge, Mass: Harvard University Press. ISBN 0-674-60318-4.
- Hobsbawm, Eric J. (1992). Nations and Nationalism Since 1780: Programme, Myth, Reality (2nd ed.). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 0-521-43961-2.
- Jusdanis, Gregory (2001). The Necessary Nation. Princeton: Princeton University Press. ISBN 0-691-07029-6.
- Malesevic, Sinisa (2006). Identity As Ideology: Understanding Ethnicity and Nationalism. Basingstoke [England]: Palgrave Macmillan. ISBN 1-4039-8786-6.
- Malesevic, Sinisa (2013). Nation-States and Nationalisms:Organization, Ideology and Solidarity. Cambridge [England]: Polity. ISBN 978-0-7456-5339-6.
- Miscevic, Nenad (1 June 2010). "Nationalism". Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy. Stanford University.
- "Nations and Nationalism". Harvard Asia Pacific Review 11 (1). Spring 2010. ISSN 1522-1113.
- Özkirimli, Umut (2010). Theories of Nationalism: A Critical Introduction (2nd ed.). New York: Palgrave Macmillan. ISBN 0-230-57732-6.
- Royce, Mathias O. (5 August 2010). "The Rise and Propagation of Political Right-Wing Extremism: The Identification and Assessment of Common Sovereign Economic and Socio-Demographic Determinants". Working Paper Series. Swiss Management Center. SSRN 1701742.
- White, Philip L.; White, Michael Lee (2008). "Nationality: The History of a Social Phenomenon". Nationality in World History.
External links
- "Nationalism". Internet Modern History Sourcebook. Fordham University.
- "The Nationalism Project". Association for Research on Ethnicity and Nationalism in the Americas. University of South Carolina.
- Nationalism : selected references


text: Corn Countdown July 29, 2011 10:13 AM Tweet By counting ears in August, Michigan farmer Weston Wiler can evaluate the planting process as well as gauge yields. © Rhonda Brooks TAGS: Marketing, Overseas December 18, 2014 By Rhonda Brooks Editor, Farm Journal MagazineEditorial Director, Farm Journal Media Email This practice sets the stage for higher yields Weston Wiler will tell you that counting corn adds up to a better crop. Each season, Wiler evaluates his fields by taking corn stand and ear counts throughout his 4,000-plus-acre corn crop, grown in the rolling hills of south-central Michigan, near Hillsdale. The resulting information helps him determine a variety of things, from how well he and his crew planted the crop earlier that spring to what he might anticipate for yield results at harvest. Early summer signals the start of the process, with Wiler making random stand counts when the young corn is at the V3 or V4 growth stage. "Everything you do is important, but that split second you go across that ground planting will define your level of success for the entire year with that crop," Wiler says. His goal at planting is to establish good seed-to-soil contact. That and even planting depth contribute to uniform emergence, which leads to what Farm Journal Field Agronomist Ken Ferrie likes to call photocopied plants and ears. Row spacing Row length 40" 13' 1" 36" 13' 6" 30" 17' 5" 22" 23' 9" 15" 34' 10" Use a tape measure to mark off the row length that corresponds with row spacing. Length of row equals 1/1000 of an acre. Source: University of Minnesota Extension Service "Comparing corn stands to a picket fence is a way to measure how you did with seed singulation," Ferrie says. "Planter performance should be precise to give each plant an equal chance." To consistently achieve uniform stands, Wiler says, he has slowed his planter down to nearly a walking speed. "Maybe it takes an extra 20 minutes to plant a field, but what we get in return in ear count makes that additional time seem trivial," he says. Uniform plant stands have a domino effect by contributing to the quality of corn ears. Corn ear numbers are a good indicator of the yield potential of the field because yield is based on the number of ears per acre and the size of the ears (number of rows around, kernels long and kernel depth). "A thousand ears per acre is equal to 5 bu. to 7 bu. per acre," explains Missy Bauer, Farm Journal Associate Field Agronomist. Make it count. Wiler conducts corn ear counts each August and spends an average of three days per season on the process. Last year, he and four employees did ear counts on every farm that Wiler leases. "We did a spot sample on every farm; we probably checked 100 fields," Wiler explains. "We were scouting for weeds and insects at the same time, so while it was a big undertaking, it was fairly efficient." Wiler uses the following process to estimate corn yield potential: Use a tape measure to mark off 17'5" in 30" corn rows. Count the number of corn plants in the measured-off space. Subtract any corn plants that appear unlikely to produce a good, harvestable ear. Use stalk diameter and plant spacing to help determine harvestable ears. "A skinny stalk diameter when compared with neighboring plants indicates that particular plant is behind in maturity and will have trouble pollinating or will produce a very small ear and isn't something we want to count," Bauer says. To evaluate plant spacing, look for double drops, which indicate two seeds were metered together by the planter, Bauer says. This situation usually results in two plants that will compete too much for available nutrients, and neither one will end up producing a large, harvestable ear. Once you determine the number of harvestable ears in the measured-off space, randomly select three to five ears to count rows around and kernels long and use the following formula to arrive at anticipated yields: Average ears x Average rows around x Average kernels long ÷ 90 = Yield Using 32" row spacing, 16 rows around and 35 kernels long, the formula looks like this: 32 x 16 x 35 ÷ 90 = 199 bu. per acre Bauer encourages farmers to implement this practice in four or five different locations within each field, and then average the numbers to arrive at a fairly accurate, comprehensive yield estimate. "Keep in mind the formula does not take into consideration kernel depth," she says. "Based on weather conditions during kernel fill, you may increase or decrease your yield by 5% to 10%." Hand in hand. As farmers evaluate plant stand numbers and ear counts, Bauer says, they can benefit from getting those two numbers to more closely align with each other. "You want to minimize the difference between plant count and ear count numbers," Bauer says. For example, she adds: "If you have 30,000 plants per acre and your ear count is only 27,000 ears per acre, you have the potential to increase yields 15 bu. to 21 bu. per acre by increasing your ear count to 30,000 ears per acre." Bauer says that while the number difference between plant stands and ear counts cannot be eliminated, it can be minimized. She says that in a corn-soybean rotation, the difference between the two is ideally no more than 1,200. In corn-on-corn, with heavy residue conditions, Bauer says, the ideal difference between the two is 2,000 or less. Back to news


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Request for Vendors
Mount Vernon ISD is soliciting vendors for general supplies and services. If you would like to have your business placed on this list, please contact the school at Vendor List, Mount Vernon ISD, P.O. Box 98 Mount Vernon, TX 75457 with the following information: Name, Address, and Telephone number and services and/or supplies available.
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text:
What Is to Be Done?
What Is to Be Done? Burning Questions of Our Movement (Russian: Что делать?, tr. Chto delat'?), is a political pamphlet written by the Russian revolutionary Vladimir Lenin in 1901 and published in 1902.[1] Its title is inspired by the novel of the same name by the 19th century Russian revolutionary Nikolai Chernyshevsky.
In What Is to Be Done?, Lenin argues that the working class will not spontaneously become political simply by fighting economic battles with employers over wages, working hours and the like. To convert the working class to Marxism, Lenin insists that Marxists should form a political party, or "vanguard," of dedicated revolutionaries to spread Marxist political ideas among the workers. The pamphlet precipitated in part the split of the Russian Social Democratic Labor Party (RSDLP) between Lenin's Bolsheviks and the Mensheviks.[2]
In 1904 Leon Trotsky published his reply Our Political Tasks, observing that Lenin's approach will inevitably lead to a bloody takeover of the party by a dictator akin to the Reign of Terror in the French Revolution.[3]
Main points
Lenin first confronted the so-called "Economist" trend in Russian Social Democracy, who followed the line of Eduard Bernstein. He explained that Bernstein's positions were opportunist, a point expressed by the French socialist Alexandre Millerand, as in taking a post in a bourgeois government. Against the Economists' demand for "freedom of criticism", Lenin advanced the position that the orthodox Marxists had the same right to criticize in return. He stressed that in the struggle against the bourgeoisie, revolutionary Social Democrats would need to pay particular attention to theoretical questions, recalling Friedrich Engels' position that there were three forms of Social Democratic struggle: political, economic, and theoretical.[4]
Lenin puts the case that workers will not spontaneously become Marxists just by fighting battles over wages with their employers; instead, Marxists need to form a political party to publicise Marxist ideas and persuade workers to become Marxists. He goes on to argue that to understand politics you must understand all of society, not just workers and their economic struggles with their employers. To become political and to become Marxists, workers need to learn about all of society, not just their own corner of it:
Class political consciousness can be brought to the workers only from without; that is, only from outside the economic struggle, from outside the sphere of relations between workers and employers. The sphere from which alone it is possible to obtain this knowledge is the sphere of relationships (of all classes and strata) to the state and the government, the sphere of the interrelations between all classes.[5]
Writing about the wave of strikes in late nineteenth century Russia, Lenin states that "the history of all countries shows that the working class, exclusively by its own efforts, is able to develop only trade-union consciousness"; that is, combining into unions, etc. Socialist theory, however, in Russia, as elsewhere in Europe, was the product of the "educated representatives of the propertied classes", the intellectuals or "revolutionary socialist intellectuals". Lenin states that Marx and Engels themselves, the very founders of modern scientific socialism, belonged to this bourgeois intelligentsia.[6]
Lih interpretation
Lars T. Lih has suggested that Lenin's pamphlet has been widely misinterpreted, partly due to mistranslations of key terms used by Lenin.[7]
Lih says that those historians and textbooks that misinterpret the pamphlet follow "three mutually reinforcing strands":
- The first is that the essence of Lenin's outlook is his loss of confidence in the workers and his fear of their "spontaneity" ("stikhiinost"). Lenin's hard-eyed realism about the incapacity of the workers, combined with his own fanatical will to revolution, gave birth to the idea of a party based on "professional revolutionaries" from the intelligentsia. Second, Lenin's outlook is a profound revision of orthodox Marxism. "Lenin is quite ready to reinterpret Marx, while claiming, of course, that he is merely following the letter of the doctrine." Third, the book where this profound innovation is set forth "What Is to Be Done?" is therefore the founding document of Bolshevism and the key text for understanding communism.[8]
Lih argues that "even if we examine the controversial passages in What is to be Done? we misunderstand them if we are not alive to the meanings of the words used. Some of these have been translated in such a way as to confuse or even to draw readers to the opposite of what Lenin's real views were". Pages and pages of Lih's book, therefore, are devoted to explaining why and how the word спонтанность, when translated as "spontaneity," distorts his views; how конспирация does not mean "conspiracy"; тред-юнионизм does not mean "trade unionism" and революционер по профессии should not be translated as "professional revolutionary".[7][9]
See also
- ↑ Paul Le Blanc, Revolution, Democracy, Socialism: Selected Writings of Lenin (Pluto Press, London: 2008), 9, 128
- ↑ Malia, Martin (1994). The Soviet Tragedy: A History of Socialism in Russia, 1917–1991. New York: The Free Press. ISBN 978-0-02-919795-0.<templatestyles src="Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css"></templatestyles>
- ↑ Leon Trotsky, "Our Political Tasks" (1904)
- ↑ North, David. "The Origins of Bolshevism and What Is To Be Done?". World Socialist Web Site. International Committee of the Fourth International. Retrieved 3 June 2013.<templatestyles src="Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css"></templatestyles>
- ↑ Vladimir Ilyich Lenin, What Is To Be Done? (1901), Lenin Internet Archive.
- ↑ Paul Le Blanc, Revolution, Democracy, Socialism: Selected Writings of Lenin (Pluto Press, London: 2008), 31, 137-138
- ↑ 7.0 7.1 Lih, Lars (2005). Lenin Rediscovered: What is to be Done? in Context. Brill Academic Publishers. ISBN 978-90-04-13120-0.<templatestyles src="Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css"></templatestyles>
- ↑ Lars T. Lih, "How a Founding Document Was Found, or One Hundred Years of Lenin's What is to Be Done?." Kritika: Explorations in Russian and Eurasian History (2003) 4#1 pp: 5-49, quote at pp 5-6
- ↑ Joe Craig, "Review – 'Lenin Rediscovered: What is to be Done? In Context' by Lars T. Lih", Part 1 The Merger Formula, 10 November 2006.
External links
|Wikisource has original text related to this article:
|Russian Wikisource has original text related to this article:
- What Is To Be Done? by Vladimir I. Lenin at the Marxists Internet Archive
- Paul Blackledge, What was Done, an extended review of Lars Lih's Lenin Rediscovered from International Socialism
- review of Lih's book from Socialist Democracy (Ireland)
- "What They Did to What is to be Done?", Hal Draper's classic essay contextualizing WITBD


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While surfing net, i came across a very interesting art form known as ZENTANGLES. Zentangle is method of creating images with repetitive pattern. At a glance, zentangle looks very complicated but once you start creating it you realises its not as difficult as it looks. What I liked about Zentangle is that it helps in focus and is a good stress buster. Zentangle is simple to understand and easy to enjoy — even if you are convinced you are not an artist. You never get bored because with Zentangle, you can always explore new areas of experience and understanding.
After checking few sites, i decided to create my own tangle. All I needed was a good black pen. Luckily, I got hold of black pen and immediately started creating Zen tangles.
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John Walley, MathWorks
This webinar introduces the Parallel Computing Toolbox. It shows how MATLAB users can solve large scientific and engineering problems faster by taking advantage of advances in hardware such as multicore machines and computer clusters. This can be achieved from within the MATLAB environment and without making significant changes to existing code.
The webinar will provide an overview of features in the toolbox, including parallel for loops and distributed arrays, which can hel you easily develop parallel MATLAB applications.
A Q&A session will follow the presentation.
Recorded: 4 Jun 2009


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Integrated Support Center (ISC)
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By Quentin Fottrell
Every 3.5 seconds, someone in America loses a cell phone. And more often than not, it happens in a coffee shop, a new study says.
All those absentminded moments add up to $30 billion in annual losses, the report, from mobile security company LookOut claims. And after cafes, the most common places people abandon their handsets are bars and offices.
Night time seems to be the hours most phones get misplaced, the study found, given that some 67% of handsets are located between of 9pm and 2am. Chicago may be the exception, where church is the third most popular place to lose a phone (behind coffee shops and drugstores). Thomson Nguyen, data scientist at Lookout, says the trail of lost phones gives an insight into the social activities in various cities: New Yorkers, for example, lose most of their phones in fast-food restaurants. (In Dublin, it's the pub.)
There are apps to help people locate their phones via GPS, and which allow data to be erased remotely. LookOut has free and premium services apps for iPhone and Android which can set off an alarm on the lost device, while Apple has a free Find My iPhone — but the lost device must have the iCloud settings enabled. Another app, the iHound costs $3.99 a year for Android and iPhone; it allows users to share their location on Facebook, but otherwise this app does much the same as the others.
Others say there are less scientific ways to look after your phones that won't cost $3.99 or time and worry. Vicki G. Morwitz, the Harvey Golub Professor of Business Leadership and Professor of Marketing at New York University Stern School of Business, suggests refraining from texting during church services. "You can teach yourself to be more mindful," she says. "After losing my favorite hat in a taxi, I now mindfully check the taxi seat every time after I get up and before I close the door."
The top 10 places for lost or stolen phones:
- Coffee Shop
- Bar
- Office
- Restaurant
- Apartment & condo
- Grocery store
- Gas station
- Residential homes
- Pharmacy or drug store
- Park
The top 10 cities for phone loss:
- Philadelphia
- Seattle
- Oakland
- Long Beach
- Newark
- Detroit
- Cleveland
- Baltimore
- New York
- Boston
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