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Animal social behaviour, the suite of interactions that occur between two or more individual animals, usually of the same species, when they form simple aggregations, cooperate in sexual or parental behaviour, engage in disputes over territory and access to mates, or simply communicate across space.
Social behaviour is defined by interaction, not by how organisms are distributed in space. Clumping of individuals is not a requirement for social behaviour, although it does increase opportunities for interaction. When a lone female moth emits a bouquet of pheromones to attract male potential mates, she is engaging in social behaviour. When a male red deer (Cervus elaphus) gives a loud roar to signal dominance and keep other males away, he is also being social.
Animal social behaviour has piqued the interest of animal behaviorists and evolutionary biologists, and it has also engaged the public, thanks to life science filmmakers who captured the drama and stunning diversity of animal social interactions in documentaries and other media programs.
General characteristics
Social behaviour ranges from simple attraction between individuals to life in complex societies characterized by division of labour, cooperation, altruism, and a great many individuals aiding the reproduction of a relative few. The most widely recognized forms of social behaviour, however, involve interaction within aggregations or groups of individuals. Social behaviours, their adaptive value, and their underlying mechanisms are of primary interest to scientists in the fields of animal behaviour, behavioral ecology, evolutionary psychology, and biological anthropology.
The word social often connotes amicable interaction, accounting for the common misconception that social behaviour always involves cooperation toward some mutually beneficial end. Biologists no longer believe that cooperative behaviours necessarily evolve for the good of the species. Instead, they believe that the unit of natural selection is usually the individual and that social behaviour is fraught with competition. English naturalist Charles Darwin, who first brought evolution by natural selection to the attention of the world, introduced this paradigm for thinking about social behaviour, noting that it is the best competitors within a species, the "fittest" individuals, that survive and reproduce. Once genetics was integrated into this concept of evolution, it became apparent that such individuals will transmit the most copies of their genes to future generations.
Consistent with Darwin's ideas, social organisms are often seen to be fiercely competitive and aggressive. For example, friendly interactions among children on a playground can quickly dissolve into fierce competition if there are too few balls or swings. In addition, intense competitive interactions resulting in bodily harm can occur even among family members. Social behaviour is designed to enhance an individual's ability to garner resources and form the alliances that help it to survive and to reproduce. The modern view of social behaviour is that it is a product of the competing interests of the individuals involved. Individuals evolve the capacity to behave selfishly and to cooperate or compete when it benefits them to do so. A delicate balance of cooperative and competitive behaviours is thus expected to characterize animal societies.
Categorizing the diversity of social behaviour
Social behaviour encompasses a wide variety of interactions, from temporary feeding aggregations or mating swarms to multigenerational family groups with cooperative brood care. Over the years, there have been many attempts to classify the diversity of social interactions and understand the evolutionary progression of social behaviour.
A series of veteran American entomologists—starting in the 1920s with William Morton Wheeler and continuing into the 1970s with Howard Evans, Charles Michener, and E.O. Wilson—developed a categorization of sociality following two routes, called the parasocial sequence and the subsocial sequence. This classification is based primarily on the involvement of insect parents with their young, whereas classifications of vertebrate sociality are frequently based on spacing behaviour or mating system. Both routes culminate in "eusociality," a system in which the young are cared for cooperatively and the society is segregated into different castes that provide different services.
In the parasocial sequence, adults of the same generation assist one another to varying degrees. At one end of the spectrum are females of communal species; these females cooperate in nest construction but rear their broods separately. In quasisocial species, broods are attended cooperatively, and each female may still reproduce. Semisocial species also practice cooperative brood care, but they possess within the colony a worker caste of individuals that never reproduce. Eusocial species typically engage in cooperative brood care; in addition, they have distinct castes that perform different functions and an overlap of generations within the colony.
The subsocial sequence, the alternate route to eusociality, involves increasingly close association between females and their offspring. In primitively subsocial species, the female provides direct care for a time but departs before the young emerge as adults. This stage is followed by two intermediate subsocial stages: one where the care of young is extended to the point where the mother is present when her offspring mature, and the other where offspring are retained that assist in the rearing of additional broods. At the eusocial end of this sequence, some mature offspring are differentiated into a permanently sterile worker caste—a stage that mirrors the same eusocial outcome achieved by the parasocial sequence described above.
E.O. Wilson, whose Sociobiology: The New Synthesis provided a blueprint for research in this field when it was published in 1975, felt that general classifications of societies invariably fail because they depend on the qualities chosen to divide species, which vary markedly from group to group. Instead, Wilson compiled a set of 10 essential qualities of sociality, including (1) group size, (2) distributions of different age and sex classes, (3) cohesiveness, (4) amount and pattern of connectedness, (5) "permeability," or the degree to which societies interact with one another, (6) "compartmentalization," or the extent to which subgroups operate as discrete units, (7) differentiation of roles among group members, (8) integration of behaviours within groups, (9) communication and information flow, and (10) fraction of time devoted to social behaviour as opposed to individual maintenance. These overlapping qualities of societies provide a good indication of the complexities involved with classifying, much less understanding, the highly varied social behaviour of animals.
While categories of social behaviour can be useful, they can also be confusing and misleading. The current tendency is to view sociality as a multifaceted continuum from simple aggregations to the highly organized and complex levels of social organization found in eusocial species. Biologists interested in sociality focus on how cooperation increases an individual's genetic legacy, either by increasing its ability to produce offspring directly or by increasing the number of offspring produced by relatives.
The range of social behaviour in animals
The range of social behaviour is best understood by considering how sociality benefits the individuals involved. Because interacting with other individuals is inherently dangerous and potentially costly, both the costs and benefits of social behaviour and the costs and benefits of aggregating with others play a role in the evolution of aggregation.
On the positive side, aggregation may provide individuals with increased access to food through information sharing and cooperative defense against non-group members. Conversely, close contact with members of the same species increases the risk of cannibalism, parasitism, and disease. This is illustrated by studies of cliff swallows (Hirundo pyrrhonota), which suggest that the original benefit of nesting near other individuals and forming colonies was information sharing and increased ability to exploit a highly variable insect food resource. Once colonies were formed, other benefits arose including more efficient detection of predators. These benefits are countered by several costs of coloniality, including increased susceptibility to ectoparasites (that is, parasites such as fleas and ticks that live on the body surface of the host), increased incidence of food stealing (kleptoparasitism), and the need to travel greater distances to foraging areas.
Some costs and benefits overlap. For example, coloniality increases the opportunity for some males to mate with females other than their primary mate (extra-pair matings); it is a benefit for the males succeeding in obtaining extra-pair matings and a cost to the cuckolded males. Similarly, coloniality allows some females to lay eggs in the nests of other females in the colony (conspecific brood parasitism); it is beneficial to them but costly to the parasitized pair. The outcome of these multiple factors, which include the extent to which each individual involved is affected, is a delicate balance leading to wide variation in group sizes ranging from solitary nesting to nesting in colonies of several thousand pairs.
In groups, potential benefits of efficient predator detection and prey acquisition may be diluted by the costs of sharing food and reproductive opportunities. Furthermore, all individuals within groups are not equal; as dominant individuals monopolize a group's resources more effectively, group living becomes less beneficial for subordinates. If social behaviour is to be maintained in a population, even subordinate individuals must gain more from being social than from leaving the group and trying to survive and reproduce on their own.
On the other hand, aggregation may be advantageous due to the energy saved by huddling during cold weather, increased survival through group defense, or increased ability to acquire, hold, and make efficient use of resources. Animals may aggregate by mutual attraction to each other, by mutual attraction to limited resources, or as a side effect of having hatched from eggs laid together in a clutch. In some cases more than one mechanism of attraction is involved. For example, bark beetles (family Scolytidae) form large aggregations by mutual attraction to the bark of a fallen log and also to the odours of other members of their species.
Regardless of the mechanism of attraction, once animals are grouped there is selection to evolve increasing degrees of communication, cooperation, individual recognition, and efficiency to better exploit the potential advantages of group living. For example, in some treehopper (family Membracidae) aggregations, nymphs communicate the threat of a predator by using vibrations, which humans can detect only with electronic instruments. A more sophisticated form of communication is found in eastern tent caterpillars (Malacosoma americanum), which rest in a communal tent that increases in size as they grow and add silk. Colony members leave the tent on brief forays to feed on foliage within their tree, at which point they lay chemical trails that other group members follow to locate high-quality feeding sites. A similar kind of central-place foraging is practiced by some colonial birds, such as cliff swallows, among which unsuccessful individuals often cue in on other birds returning to their nest with food and follow them to productive foraging sites.
In addition to feeding and defensive aggregations, some aggregations are based exclusively on mating. These include the explosive breeding assemblages of frogs and toads, the aggregations of male birds and mammals at leks (display sites used only for mating), and various insect aggregations including bees and wasps (order Hymenoptera), flies (order Diptera), and butterflies (superfamily Papilionoidea). Some species in each of these groups congregate at conspicuous landmarks visited by females. Frequently, the aggregation of one sex provides opportunities for the other. For example, when females aggregate due to the clumping of food or nest sites, males are likely to aggregate at these sites as well because they are the most efficient places to find females with which to mate.
Other groups include flocks or herds that form during migration and coalitions that form due to group advantages in holding or acquiring a reproductive vacancy. Coalitions of male African lions (Panthera leo) that compete for control of groups of females (called prides) are a classic example of the latter. Migration in herds is common and can involve tremendous numbers of individuals. For example, more than one million blue wildebeest (gnu; Connochaetes taurinus) typically migrate in a clockwise fashion over the plains of East Africa, covering a distance of over 2,500 km (about 1,550 miles) each year in search of rain-ripened grass. The record size for migratory aggregations is probably the African desert locust (Schistocerca gregaria), which forms huge swarms covering as much as 200 square km (about 80 square miles); each swarm contains upward of 10 billion individuals moving more or less cohesively in search of food. Among vertebrates, the largest known aggregations were probably those of the now-extinct passenger pigeon (Ectopistes migratorius) of North America. Vast groups of these birds migrating together in search of food, particularly large acorn crops, reportedly exceeded three to five billion individuals.
When group members are genetically related, interactions will potentially involve nepotism, the tendency for individuals to favour kin. Examples of this sort of favouritism include parents favouring their own offspring, siblings forming alliances, and a tendency for individuals to favour their closest relatives. In Siberian jays (Perisoreus infaustus), parents tolerate their offspring on their territories for up to three years, allowing them preferential access to food. Like the African lions mentioned previously, acorn woodpeckers (Melanerpes formicivorus) in southwestern North America and Central America form same-sex sibling coalitions to better compete for reproductive vacancies. European long-tailed tits (Aegithalos caudatus) return home to help feed young still residing in their parents' nests when their own breeding attempts fail. All these behaviours are facilitated by the genetic relatedness between the individuals involved.
The pinnacle of social behaviour is found in eusocial species. Eusocial species live in multigenerational family groups in which the vast majority of individuals cooperate to aid relatively few reproductive group members (or even a single member). Eusocial behaviour is found in ants, bees, some wasps in the family Vespidae, termites (order Isoptera; sometimes placed in the cockroach order, Blattodea), some thrips (order Thysanoptera), aphids (family Aphididae), and possibly some species of beetles (order Coleoptera). Blesmols, such as the naked mole rat (Heterocephalus glaber) and the Damaraland mole rat (Cryptomys damarensis), engage in truly eusocial behaviour; they are the only vertebrate species known to do so. Eusocial species often exhibit extreme task specialization, which makes colonies potentially very efficient in gathering resources. Workers in eusocial colonies are thought to forgo reproduction due to constraints on independent breeding. Such constraints include shortages of food, territories, protection, skill, nest sites, appropriate weather for breeding, and available mates. Workers may never reproduce during their entire lives, but they nonetheless gain inclusive fitness benefits by aiding the reproduction of a queen, who is typically their mother. Such assistance often takes the form of foraging for food, caring for the young, and maintaining and protecting the nest.
The cost-benefit approach can also be applied to reproductive interactions. For example, the reproductive behaviour of many species is designed to achieve multiple mating, but this behaviour may be associated with certain costs, such as the increased risk of injury or of contracting a sexually transmitted disease. Among many species, mating is essentially promiscuous, with individuals either shedding their gametes into the environment without mating or with individuals pairing briefly, just long enough to effect fertilization. The other extreme includes long-lived animals such as Bewick's swans (Cygnus columbianus), which may live for up to 25 years and mate for life. In addition, it has been shown that within many species some individuals engage in same-sex mating; the individual and group costs and benefits of these behaviours likewise vary among species. Mating behaviour in animals includes the signaling of intent to mate, the attraction of mates, courtship, copulation, postcopulatory behaviours that protect a male's paternity, and parental behaviour. Parental behaviour ranges from none to vigilant care by both parents and even by additional group members. Biologists refer to the investment in interactions that influence the likelihood of parenting offspring as "mating effort" and the investment that increases the survival or condition of offspring as "parental effort."
Social behaviour is also involved in social dominance and the maintenance of territories, regardless of whether dominance status or territories are held by individuals or by groups of individuals. Territorial species tend to be distributed over the landscape in a more regular fashion than would be predicted if they used the landscape randomly. An important concept in understanding territorial behaviour is the notion of economic defendability. Economic defendability postulates that, in order to be territorial, the benefits of maintaining exclusive access to a space must outweigh the individual's or group's costs of defending the space from other members of its own kind. In the territorial systems of many species, overt defense in the form of direct aggressive behaviour against intruders has given way to indirect defense in the form of vocalization and scent marking.
Social behaviour is a complex combination of the costs and benefits of living in groups, dominance interactions, conflict between the sexes, nepotism when groups are composed of relatives, and cooperation. The diversity of social behaviour has provided significant material for evolutionary biologists interested in understanding natural selection and the process of evolution.
A historical perspective on the study of social behaviour
Various aspects of animal social behaviour intrigued humans for hundreds, if not thousands, of years. Social behaviour has been documented by writers starting with Aristotle (c. 330 bce); however, it was Charles Darwin's On the Origin of Species in 1859 that initiated the modern approach with its assertion that behaviour, like morphology and physiology, evolves through natural selection. Darwin is also remembered for being the first to discuss sexual selection, the special form of natural selection that acts via competition for mates and female choice of mating partners, accounting for such elaborate traits as the antlers of red deer (Cervus elaphus) and the tails of peacocks (Pavo cristatus).
The study of social behaviour during the remainder of the 19th century focused largely on description and gradual acceptance of Darwinian evolution. Starting in the early part of the 20th century, however, several workers embarked on the study of animal social behaviour from an evolutionary standpoint—for example, British naturalist H. Eliot Howard (Territory in Bird Life, 1920), American entomologist William Morton Wheeler (Social Life Among the Insects, 1923; and The Social Insects, Their Origin and Evolution, 1928), British statistician and scientist R.A. Fisher (The Genetical Theory of Natural Selection, 1930), American ecologist W.C. Allee (Animal Aggregations, 1931; and The Social Life of Animals, 1938), English ecologist Fraser Darling (A Herd of Red Deer, 1937; and Bird Flocks and the Breeding Cycle, 1938), and English ornithologist David Lambert Lack (The Life of the Robin, 1943). In addition, English biologist Sir Julian Huxley's Evolution, The Modern Synthesis (1942) merged Darwin's thinking with new knowledge of genetics to transform evolutionary biology into a comprehensive paradigm for understanding evolutionary change.
Lack became particularly influential in the second half of the 20th century, championing the view that virtually all aspects of behaviour could be understood in an evolutionary context by focusing on benefits for individuals. His career peaked with the publication of Ecological Adaptations for Breeding in Birds (1968). This work was one of the first major studies of social behaviour to make extensive use of the comparative method, which attempts to understand how natural selection favours particular traits by comparing the ecology of related species.
Other particularly influential workers in that era included Austrian zoologists Konrad Lorenz, who first described the social phenomenon of imprinting, and Karl von Frisch, who made extensive observations of the social communication and dance-language of honeybees, and Dutch-born British zoologist and ethologist Nikolaas Tinbergen, who was one of the first to perform field experiments to test hypotheses of social behaviour. These three are often considered the founders of ethology, and they shared the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine in 1973 for their "discoveries concerning organization and elicitation of individual and social behaviour patterns." That was the only time workers in this field have been so honoured.
Several watershed events in the study of social behaviour took place in the 1960s and '70s. First was the challenge to Lack by English zoologist V.C. Wynne-Edwards, whose controversial Animal Dispersion in Relation to Social Behaviour (1962) proposed a pervasive role for group selection, allowing sacrificial behaviour for the good of the group or species. Although largely discounted by the majority of workers, who believed that such altruism should rarely evolve, Wynne-Edwards's advocacy of this view prompted a careful reappraisal of the evolutionary basis of social behaviour that continues to this day.
Second was British evolutionary biologist W.D. Hamilton's proposal in 1964 that kin selection plays a role in the evolution of altruism, cooperation, and sociality. Kin selection is based on the concept of inclusive fitness, which is made up of individual survival and reproduction (direct fitness) and any impact that an individual has on the survival and reproduction of relatives (indirect fitness). The elements of kin selection lead directly to the concept now known as Hamilton's rule, which states that aid-giving behaviour can evolve when the indirect fitness benefits of helping relatives compensate the aid giver for any losses in personal reproduction incurred by helping. Hamilton's theory of kin selection is now considered one of the foundations of the modern study of social behaviour.
The third major advance in social behaviour during this era was the sweeping summary and prospectus of the field provided by American biologist E.O. Wilson with Sociobiology: the New Synthesis (1975), which laid the cornerstone for the modern interdisciplinary study of animal behaviour. Although the bulk of Wilson's book is not controversial, a final chapter attempting to understand the evolution of human social behaviour using adaptationist principles ignited such an intense debate that the very word sociobiology, until that time used synonymously with animal social behaviour, is now usually restricted to the application of such principles to human behaviour. Although some people remain disturbed by the idea of applying sociobiological principles to human behaviour, the approach has flourished and provided insights into human behaviour that could not have come to light with alternative, nonevolutionary worldviews.
The study of social behaviour remains active, involving the investigation of proximate mechanisms (that is, behaviour triggered by immediate stimuli coming from the outside world or inside the body), the survival and reproductive consequences of sociality, and the evolution of human behaviour and cultural traditions. Social behaviorists today study a wide range of species from ants to whales and an equally wide range of topics that span from the genetic basis of particular social characters to the evolutionary origins of group living.
Learn More in these related Britannica articles:
animal: Social levels of organizationLarge size is often competitively advantageous but unobtainable by many animals because of constraints of basic body plan. Intrinsically small animals sometimes become large in the same way that protozoans evolved into metazoans: they multiply the number of individuals by asexual…
artiodactyl: Social behaviourAlthough the popular image of artiodactyls is one of great herds numbering thousands of individuals, some species are solitary, and many others form only small family groups. The maternal family unit, in fact, is the most cohesive one, providing the basis for herd…
mammal: Social behaviourThe dependence of the young mammal on its mother for nourishment has made possible a period of training. Such training permits the nongenetic transfer of information between generations. The ability of young mammals to learn from the experience of their elders has allowed…
perissodactyl: Social organization and territoryIn both the mountain and plains zebras the family group is the basic social unit. It generally consists of a single adult male and two or three adult females with their foals. The groups are stable, apparently because of strong mutual…
cetacean: Social behaviourAll cetaceans are social to some extent. The minimum group of mother and calf is commonly expanded to a nuclear family or a group of closely related individuals. A group of cetaceans that normally feed and travel together is called by various names:…
More About Animal social behaviour13 references found in Britannica articles
Assorted References
- artificial life research
- cephalopods
- evolutionary adaptations
- impact of oxytocin
- scorpions
- coraciiforms
- parrots
- waterfowl
- artiodactyls


text: If you select the email option and provide the recipient's email address, an email gift certificate will be sent immediately at the point of purchase. The individual's gift certificate credit will be automatically available when they wish to use it at Trellis. No paper is necessary though it would be helpful for the recipient to print off the email gift certificate and present it at the spa. If you wish to send the email gift certificate on a specific date, order it on the same day as it is automatically generated and sent to the recipient at the point of purchase.

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|A layout transformer to have a layout respect a given screen geometry. Mostly used with Decoration (the Horizontal and the Vertical version will react to SetTheme and change their dimension accordingly.
You can use this module by importing it into your ~/.xmonad/xmonad.hs file:
import XMonad.Layout.ResizeScreen
and modifying your layoutHook as follows (for example):
layoutHook = resizeHorizontal 40 Full
For more detailed instructions on editing the layoutHook see:
|Produced by Haddock version 2.3.0


text: Robert G. Brown wrote: > On Tue, 28 Feb 2006, Don R. Baker wrote: > >> for 8 years, but consider myself to still be a beginner. I have a room >> with 4, 15 amp circuits and a 20 000 btu air conditioning unit installed >> that I can use for the next 2 years, but after that I may need to find >> another home for the system. > > Let's see. 20KBTU is a bit more than 1.5 tons of AC, call it the > ability to remove 5800 Watts total. 4 x 15 x 120 is is 7200 Watts peak, > or about 5000 Watts RMS. In my opinion this is going to leave you a bit > light on AC if you run the circuits fully loaded, and don't forget warm > bodies (60 W) and built in light bulbs etc. on other circuits (maybe > several hundred W more). You have to not only remove the heat as fast > as it comes in but get ahead some, correct for heat that infiltrates > through the walls, and get the room temperature down below 20C (68 F) if > at all possible. 15-16C is more like it -- cold enough to just be > uncomfortable. Sensible conclusion, but: A 15 amp circuit should deliver up to 15 amps RMS (otherwise, a 15A heater would immediately trip a 15A breaker). Peak currents during the cycle can be higher. This fine point is academic, though, since in this example the air conditioning capacity limits maximum power dissipation. BTW, when it comes to heat dissipation, humans count about as much as a bright light bulb (100W+ depending on activity level -- 100W corresponds to 2064 kcal/day). > I personally would reject #3 out of hand, unless you buy three year > onsite service contracts on the Dells (spending nodes as required). > Dell doesn't do Opterons, I don't think, as well. HPs ditto. Dell is Intel only, but HP sells AMD CPUs, including dual core Opterons (e.g. HP xw9300 workstation -- but compare costs carefully). Sincerely, Josip


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khanny11 needed a new logo design and created a contest on 99designs.
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Black Pendant:
The equipped monster gains 500 ATK. When this card is sent from the field to the Graveyard: Inflict 500 damage to your opponent.
SP = Short Print (Common);
SSP = Super Short Print (Common);
DNPR = Duel Terminal Normal Parallel Rare;
DRPR = Duel Terminal Rare Parallel Rare;
DSPR = Duel Terminal Super Parallel Rare;
DUPR = Duel Terminal Ultra Parallel Rare;
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Birthday Card Doubles as Shot Glass For Those Classy Occasions
The average birthday card usually get tossed out faster than dinner after the 21st shot but not this handy and helpful birthday shot holder.
Backwash and sleeve-napkins are a thing of the past with this handy little origami creation called The Shot Glass by 55 Hi's. Once read, this seemingly mundane token of jubilation transforms into a 1 ounce hooch holder; simply fold, pour and shoot. Let's see Hallmark try something like this!
Order a baker's dozen and keep them in the glove box, so the next time you find yourself pulling into the local Gas & Sip for a thoughtful bottle of Wild Turkey, you'll have a practical yet festive trinket on hand to adorn your offering.
We aren't sure why these shot glasses only come in birthday wishes. These cards would work on any occasion because greeting card moments usually cause a person to drink.
"Happy 40th Birthday!" Shot.
"Congrats on your new baby!" Shot.
"Get well soon. Prostates aren't THAT important." Shot.
Now if we can only figure out how to fold the rest of the card into a quarter then we'd be in business.


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In checkout, click the Buy Now Pay Later 'Add to order button'. At this point you'll choose to spread the cost over the 12 month payment free period plus a further period of either 104 or 156 weeks. This will be the term you will pay over if you do not pay the full cash price within the payment free period.
This Buy Now Pay Later is subject to the stated minimum cash order value. Interest will be calculated for the payment free period plus the repayment period. The deferred payment period will begin at point of order (including for those items which are purchased on pre-order and/or are not ready for immediate dispatch). You can avoid any interest by contacting us and paying the cash price in full before the end of the deferred payment period.
Your Interest rate, for interest bearing credit terms, will depend on your credit status and confirmed upon successful application and at the point of order.
1 month = 28 days. Over 18's only. 12 months = 12 calendar months.
Credit is provided, subject to status, by Shop Direct Finance Company Limited. Authorised and regulated by the Financial Conduct Authority.


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Valerie Jenness Award Statement
In 1998, two especially horrific crimes shook the nation and reinvigorated debates about hate crime laws in the U.S.In the aftermath of James Byrd Jr.'s and Matthew Shepard's slayings, Professor Valerie Jenness gave interviews to leading newspapers and radio stations across the country, providing the public with the context to make some sense of the crimes themselves, as well as the growing debate over the efficacy of hate crime legislation.Professor Jenness was uniquely suited to this role, given her scholarly work documenting the social movement behind hate crimes laws, and her growing expertise and participation in the messy world policy-making.
This difficult act balancing the roles of preeminent scholar in her field, policy advisor, and public sociologist has defined Professor Jenness's career.In recognition of her remarkable success at these various endeavors, the American Sociological Association has named her the co-winner of the Public Understanding of Sociology Award for 2010.Valerie Jenness is Professor of Criminology, Law and Society, and Professor of Sociology at the University of California-Irvine, where she currently serves as the Interim Dean of the School of Social Ecology.She received her Ph.D. in Sociology from the University of California, Santa Barbara, in 1991, and began her academic career at Washington St. University before moving to Irvine in 1997.
Professor Jenness's scholarly productivity is staggering.Aside from her studies on social movements and hate crimes legislation, which culminated in two award-winning books, articles in numerous journals including the American Sociological Review and the American Behavioral Scientist, and translations into Japanese, German, and Spanish, she has published another award-winning book and several articles on the prostitutes' rights movement.A more recent project involves assembling a unique dataset comprised of over 300 interviews of currently incarcerated transgender inmates to study their experiences in the correctional system.
Professor Jenness's research does not detract from her equally remarkable service to the profession.She is Past President of the Society for the Study of Social Problems, served as co-editor of Contemporary Sociology from 2005 to 2008, associate editor of Social Problems from 1999 to 2002, chaired numerous ASA and SSSP committees, and advised as a committee member or chair over seventy graduate students in a career that began less than two decades ago.
The Public Understanding of Sociology Award, however, is not simply for recognition of scholarly productivity and commitment to the discipline.It is awarded for exemplary contributions to public understanding of sociological research and scholarship, and it is Professor Jenness's tireless efforts to translate sociological findings and insights to multiple publics that makes her such a deserving winner.Interviews in the New York Times and Washington Post, among countless other newspapers, and on National Public Radio and other media outlets have made her the leading and often lone social scientist engaging the public on hate crimes laws.
And her service extends well beyond the general media consumer to the very heart of policy-making: Professor Jenness has offered expert testimony before the United State Congress, and worked closely with state agencies and legislators – including state senators and the governor's office – to craft and improve state-level corrections laws in California.Her corrections-related work has focused on the experience of transgender inmates in California prisons, sexual assault in correctional facilities, and the inconsistent implementation of hate crime statutes across jurisdictions.Her testimonies and consultancies have helped shape correctional policy debates in California, been cited in media outlets across the state and beyond, as well as entered as evidence in a prominent Superior Court case.
These endeavors along with her scholarly work make Professor Jenness a model public sociologist and a model recipient for the Public Understanding of Sociology Award.Professor Jenness is acutely sensitive to the pitfalls and compromises that often await the academic researcher wishing to bridge the worlds of scholarship with public advocacy and policy debates.Yet Professor Jenness remains determined to make sociology relevant to wider publics while staying true to her commitment to independent, rigorous, and comprehensive social science research.In her words, bridging these divides is akin to "walking a tightrope,"[1] a high-wire act she has managed brilliantly in her young career.
[1] Jenness, Valerie.2008."Pluto, Prisons, and Plaintiffs: Notes on Systematic Back-Translation From an Embedded Researcher."Social Problems 55: 1-22.


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You are here
Need Financing to Buy or Grow a Franchise? New Franchise Industry Programs Can Help
Need Financing to Buy or Grow a Franchise? New Franchise Industry Programs Can Help
The franchise industry, like all businesses, was not immune to the economic crisis of 2008 and the ensuing credit crunch. But the vital signs of a recovery are there. According to the International Franchise Association (IFA), many of the country's business sectors currently starting to show growth mirror those sectors expected to be the leading drivers of employment in franchising this year. These include food service, health care, hospitality and construction—all sectors with a high concentration of franchise businesses.
"For those Americans dealing with long-term unemployment or a lack of growth opportunities in their current jobs, franchise ownership offers a viable way to be in business for yourself, but not by yourself," said IFA President & CEO Steve Caldeira.
The Franchise Industry Tackles the Credit Crunch Head-on
Despite these indicators, financing remains a problem for potential franchise owners. According to Entrepreneur magazine (January 2013), there's still an 18 percent lending shortfall in the franchising industry. In a bid to boost franchise ownership, many franchisors are taking matters into their own hands and offering financing programs of their own. Meineke, The UPS Store, Gold's Gym, Masasge Envy and Instant Imprints are just a few examples of franchisors now offering financing to qualifying first-time and multi-store franchise owners.
Want to know more? IFA President and CEO, Steve Caldeira offers the following tips (courtesy of Entrepreneur magazine) to would-be or existing franchise owners looking for an alternative to traditional financing options.
Which Franchisors Are Offering Financing Programs?
Approximately 75 to 100 franchisors are offering or working on offering creative financing programs for start-up franchise owners or those looking to expand. Programs range from zero-percent financing for a limited-term, lower license fees, reduced royalties and minority stake ownership by franchisors in multi-unit outlets. Each brand has its own offering, so down payments and collateral requirements will vary.
In addition, the franchise industry is also experiencing a growth in companies dedicated to helping franchise owners secure financing. Two such firms are BoeFly (which matches borrowers to lenders online) and Franchise America Finance (who provides custom lending solutions for franchisees and works with franchisors such as The UPS Store, Popeyes, and Jersey Mike's).
Always Do Your Franchise and Financing Due Diligence
If you are new to franchise ownership, be sure to do your research and due diligence about the franchise system you're interested in. Study the Franchise Disclosure Document (required by law) and speak to other franchisees about the brand and the financing program on offer. Next, try to understand what your financial responsibilities as a franchise owner will be. This blog offers some pointers on this: Buying a Franchise – How to Determine What it's Going to Cost You.
Other Franchise Financing Options
Many banks and credit unions offer financing for franchise purchases, so be sure to compare any franchisor lending rates and terms with these. When you approach a bank, be prepared to disclose all your financial information. While your credit rating is important, you'll also need to provide a personal financial statement, copies of tax returns and information about the source of your down payment funds.
You should also be aware that your choice of franchise will influence a bank's decision to fund you. Franchises with strong brand names, a track record of consistent profits and cash flow—plus an ability to perform well across a variety of diverse locations—are going to stand you in good stead when you meet with your bank manager.
If your bank is hesitant about a particular franchise system's performance, or your finances aren't as strong as they could be, you might want to consider an SBA loan. SBA doesn't lend to business owners directly; it provides a repayment guarantee to banks and lenders for money they lend to small businesses, making it less risky for the banks. Use this search tool to find the right SBA loan for you.
About the Author:
Caron Beesley


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Butler County is preparing for the potential sale of the Sunnyview Nursing and Rehabilitation Center.
Included on the Wednesday agenda for a possible vote by the county commissioners is whether to hire Marcus & Millichap of Chicago to evaluate and market Sunnyview for sale.
The commissioners will discuss that issue at their Monday agenda-setting meeting, which starts at 9:30 a.m. in the commissioners meeting room on the fifth floor of the government center.
Commissioner Bill McCarrier, board chairman, said a sale is the best option financially because Sunnyview workers on Tuesday rejected concessions the county sought under a four-year contract with SEIU Healthcare that ends in December 2014.
McCarrier said it's impractical for the county to continue subsidizing the deficit that Sunnyview carries.
"There's no reason for government to be in that business," he said.
Sunnyview, which is off Morton Avenue in Butler Township, is budgeted to lose $1.5 million this year.
The nursing home lost more than $800,000 in 2012.
Workers on Tuesday voted 134-5 opposing concessions, which included wages, a higher paycheck deduction for health insurance and reducing the number of sick and vacation days.


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Pauly Shore Dissing Katt Williams, Charlie Murphy, Martin & More! [Blames Black Comics For His Lack Of Work]
One of our readers named "Element 9 Hip Hop" , caught Pauly Shore on tape dissing some of the top urban comics in the business. Is Pauly a natural born comic or a natural born hater?&IP=220.127.116.11
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With their illuminating designs constructed from recycled materials, Luzinteruptus has always been a favorite here at Inhabitat. Their latest piece, 'Plastic garbage guarding the museum' is another spectacular concept that caught our eye with not only its otherworldly glow, but its ingenious use of discarded plastic bags arriving from shops all across Switzerland. The sculpture was designed for the Oh Plastiksack! exhibit at the Gewerbemuseum in Winthertur, Switzerland.
Following Oh Plastiksack!'s monographic theme of plastic bags, Luzinterruptus went about town collecting various bags from local residents. The museum even arranged for free admission to all their exhibits for anyone who would recycle a plastic bag with them.
Luzinterruptus ended up with more than 5,000 plastic bags to use in their installation, and they opted to apply only the most striking and colorful bags. The bags were filled with air, stacked in two large containers, and lit from within before being placed in front of the museum. The installation is on a four month run (initiated in June) and its significance lies in how it will evolve with time and how the public will react.
As Luzinteruptus relays: "The first few days of the installation were the most striking and spectacular, with all the bags perfectly placed and filled with air. After a few weeks the display was no longer as pleasing to the eye and surely after 4 months it will look truly decrepit.
"This, far from worrying us, helps us to make sense of an installation which you can experience, in a visual manner, the reality of plastic bags, objects generally created with the purpose of inviting consumption and building an image that speaks positively about the brand, but that once used, if not carefully recycled, they become very damaging and impossible to remove from the environment."
Oh Plastiksack! is curated by Susanna Kumschick and will be on display until October 7, 2012.


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Home > News & Events > Wayland Press Release Archives > 2005 News Releases > September 2005 > BSM program putting students to work in community
BSM program putting students to work in community
PLAINVIEW – It's one thing for students at Wayland Baptist University to learn about ministry and to hear lectures about mission work and service. It's something entirely different, however, for those students to put their lessons into action and get involved in service.
One outlet for that at Wayland is working through the Baptist Student Ministries program, under the direction of Donnie Brown. Aside from its weekly worship service for students and other outreach programs on campus, the BSM also offers students resources and connections to get them working in the community and ministering to others.
Brown points out that the ministry groups are entirely student-led, with students serving as ministry chairmen and students doing the work. Many of the ministries being offered are there because students approached him about wanting to use a specific gift or talent for ministry. Four ministries are currently being offered for students: apartment ministry, prison ministry, senior adult ministry and Samaritans.
A favorite among many students, the apartment ministry features students leading Kid's Club at three different complexes in Plainview, the Date Street Apartments, the Central Apartments and the Stonebriar Apartments. Once each week, a team of students visits the complex and leads children in recreation, refreshments and a Bible story. A partnership with a women's service sorority at Wayland, Alpha Delta Kappa, has their members taking one of the complexes each week.
"We're basically just hanging out with kids, loving on them and sharing God's love," Brown said. "The apartment complexes are good to work with us and let us work with the kids."
The prison ministry involves leading chapel services for inmates at the Wheeler and Formby units in Plainview one Sunday each month. The ministry team leads in worship, does drama skits and preaches for all three services during the day, reaching hundreds of inmates.
The group works closely with Chaplain Wilson of the prison units, and the volunteers must be trained and certified in order to work in the prisons regularly. In previous years, students have also led a weekly Bible study in the prison, and Brown said he hopes they can do the same this year.
"We go in and study a specific book of the Bible, then give the guys a certificate at the end," Brown said, adding that 6-8 students are involved in the ministry.
"The students get a lot out of the prison ministry," he said. "Here are these men in prison who have nothing and can do nothing but yet they're there worshipping the Lord. That has tremendous impact on students. They realize how much they take for granted as far as ministry and just being able to go to church. It really challenges them."
Brown said one ministry is being reprised this year due to student interest. Senior Adult Ministries involves students visiting local and area nursing homes simply to visit with residents and spend time with them. The students often take coloring books or other items to interact with residents and just spend one-on-one time.
A new ministry added this year is the Samaritans group.
"This is a group of students who said they don't feel gifted to stand in front of a group or teach but they want to minister by meeting physical needs," Brown said. "They mow lawns, do painting, moving furniture and light construction work."
Brown added that he wants the community to contact him about needs that might be present, especially for elderly residents or those who cannot do this type of work themselves.
The variety of offerings means most every student can get plugged in to service, something Brown encourages heavily.
"Students have different gifts, abilities and interests, so we want to offer plenty for them to choose from," Brown said.
For information on student ministries or to report a need, contact Brown at 291-3595.


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Wow. This thing is elaborate! (Word of warning, if you don't like dubstep or anything like it, you should just mute the video now. I personally like the song just fine.)
According to YouTuber nuropsych1, it took their team roughly two months on the Xbox 360's creative mode to create this beast.
It would probably take longer to make it in real life, and quite a bit of money. So I expect I'll have one by the end of this year. Sound good, roller coaster maker people? Cool.
Thanks to Stan for the tip :)


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Access Your Personal ProTeach Portfolio Website
Sign in or register to create your private, secure website and begin building your ProTeach Portfolio.Sign In / Create Account >
Welcome to the Washington ProTeach Portfolio
About the Assessment
The ProTeach Portfolio is an evidence-based assessment designed for teachers seeking the Washington professional certificate. It evaluates teachers on their ability to impact student* learning as stated in the 3 standards — effective teaching, professional development and professional contributions — and 12 criteria for the professional certificate approved by the Professional Educator Standards Board (PESB).
Learn more about the ProTeach Portfolio
Portfolio Development Resources
Guides & Documentation — Information about the rubrics, entry directions, student* voice, writing guidelines, online authoring of submissions, selecting and attaching artifacts, technical tips and more.
Building and Submitting Your Portfolio — About the online environment in which you will create your portfolio.
Attaching Artifacts Instructional Video — See how to attach artifacts to your portfolio.
WA Residency Certificate Timeline
For important information, please visit the Professional Educator Standards Board (PESB) website and the Office of Superintendent of Public Instruction's (OSPI) Certification webpage.
Ready to Register?
For Submission June 28, 2019 (Please see "Important Notices")
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Grand Oasis Sens
Our Oasis Sens community forum. Connect with people visiting the same time as you and keep in touch with friends you've met there. Ask your questions and be a part of our Oasis Sens community! No explicit content please.
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This survey is now closed.
Friday, June 3, 2011
Armchair BEA 2011 Post-Event Survey
This survey is now closed.
10 comments:
Thanks for a GREAT event!ReplyDelete
This was my first Armchair BEA, and while I hope to make it to the actual BEA next year, this would definitely suffice! I had such a great time. Thanks so much!!ReplyDelete
Thanks for all your hard work! I made a lot of new blogging friends throughout the week. =)ReplyDelete
Thanks for a great event.ReplyDelete
I wanted to say maybe to helping with next year's BEA since I don't know how life will be then given the new baby, but I had to answer no since I couldn't definitely commit.
Was a great event, hope to take part again next year. That is if I can't make it to the actual event in NY, (which does seem very unlikely right now, at least I have this as an awesome substitute)ReplyDelete
Thanks :D
Perfectly planned and executed event. I loved the favourites of 2011 post the most and ebooks for children.ReplyDelete
Thank you for making this such a great event. :)ReplyDelete
This was so much fun. Thank you!:)ReplyDelete
This was a fantastic event. Thank you! I hope my survey went through OK, I submitted it from my iPhone on Friday. ~ Jen @ A Book and a LatteReplyDelete
- AnonymousJune 14, 2011 at 4:25 PM
Greetings From Southern California.ReplyDelete
I'm Your Newest Follower.
I Invite You to Visit TOGB and Follow Back.
Take Care and Have a Nice Day :-)


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Express. Home of the Daily and Sunday Express.
Draw not a blow - Hughton
Norwich boss Chris Hughton refused to view the 2-2 draw with Swansea as a major setback in their quest to distance themselves from the Barclays Premier League relegation fight.
The Canaries established a 2-1 lead with goals from Robert Snodgrass and Michael Turner, only for Luke Moore to snatch a point with 15 minutes remaining of an entertaining match notable for both teams' madcap defending. It was the hosts' fifth draw in their last six home matches, leaving them only five points above the bottom three with six games remaining.
"We wanted a win but nothing changes, we still have to get enough points from the six remaining matches to make sure we're secure," Hughton said.
"But all the teams around us are capable of winning games so we need to make sure we get enough points from the last games to make sure we're ok."
Swansea dominated the opening 40 minutes and led through the otherwise wasteful Michu, only for Norwich to claw their way back into contention through Snodgrass.
"Their camp might look at it a little bit differently, but I thought on the balance of play it was a fair result," Hughton said. "I couldn't fault the team for their endeavour, we got ourselves in scoring positions but unfortunately we conceded two soft goals."
The draw ended Swansea's three-match losing run and manager Michael Laudrup felt it was just about the right outcome.
"Ending the losses is good, but it's harder for me to answer whether I'm satisfied with one point," he said. "We dominated completely the first 30 minutes, we were 1-0 up and maybe should have been 2-0 up. We allowed them into the game out of nothing, but showed character to come back and score the second goal."
Norwich captain Grant Holt was lucky to escape punishment for a nasty-looking challenge on Chico Flores that saw him stamp down on the defender's shin.
"I don't know how bad the stamp was. People have said to me that he carried on playing so it couldn't have been so bad," Laudrup said.


text: Here's my favorite combination for keeping 2GHz Athlons happy: Fan: Delta model AFB0612EH size: 60x60x25mm cfm: 38 rpm: 6800 noise: 46.5db mtbf: 60k hours http://www.bestbyte.net/Product.cfm?ProductID=502&CategoryID=8&Keyword= (There are several other models of Delta fans available on the bestbyte website.) Heat sink: All-copper Thermalright SK6+ http://www.bestbyte.net/Product.cfm?ProductID=941&CategoryID=6&Keyword= Thermal compound: Arctic Silver 3 http://www.bestbyte.net/Product.cfm?ProductID=736&CategoryID=7&Keyword= I have been using 198 coolers of this kind for about half a year with no problem. That's not much time, I know, but the Delta fans are popular among the serious overclockers, judging from the online reviews I've read. I don't know how trustworthy the 60k h mtbf number is. The SK6+ heatsink may be discontinued by now, but Thermalright makes lots of other excellent heatsinks. I'm also using two of their SLK800 heatsinks in my server. They are truly amazing. The disadvantage to the Delta fans is that they are loud. If, like most cluster people, you cram everything into a cluster room, close the door and work somewhere else, that's not such a big deal. Best wishes, Jack On Tue, 11 May 2004, Richard Fryer wrote: > I have had a fair amount of maintenance on a fairly small cluster (~16nodes) > with Cooler Master fans. > > In various workstations I've tried getting Alpha and other brand coolers but > the real reliability issue has been of course the fans. When specified I've > always chosen a ball bearing (some say 'dual' ball bearing) fans, but this > has not led to spectacular reliability either. > > Thermaltake seems to be the best I've used but lacking hours-on data for the > workstations, I doubt the data to be significant. > > Has anyone discovered a good resource regarding CPU cooler reliability to > point me to? Or - taken enough data to have a good opinion? > > Thank you > Richard Fryer


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|Find the best surf spots
Thursday July 26 2012 10:00:00 AM
Surf spot: Topanga Point, United States of America
Surf Trip: Family vacation in LA ( 12 July 2012 - 11 August 2012)
Session's Rate:
Wind direction: Offshore
Wind Strength: Light
Nb waves ridden: 15
Length of the surf session: 120 min
Surfboard ridden: McTavish Bobsled 6'4
Fins: 4 small fcs
Weather and water temp: sunny and warm. water cool
Waves height: Less than 1m / 3ft
Waves Quality:
- Ordinary
Waves Shape:
- Walls
First time out at Topanga, tiny waves, but some fun on the sets, mix of longboarders and others, the quad fish proved easy for catching waves, even for an unfit old guy like me... Highlights were the dolphins swimming past (as I was getting suited up...) and the nice vibe in the water: people chatting, no aggro, made for a really nice session. Cool locals!
Created: Thursday July 26 2012 10:18:26 PM
Modified: Thursday July 26 2012 10:23:36 PM
Hits: 4380
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News » National
Watch: 'Younger' Actor Nico Tortorella Comes Out as Gender Fluid During 'Drag Race' Star Trinity Taylor's Makeover
"Younger" actor Nico Tortorella got a drag queen makeover, courtesy of "RuPaul's Drag Race" Season 9 finalist Trinity Taylor, and revealed they are gender fluid.
During the makeover, which was organized by Condé Nast's queer publication Them, Tortorella, 29, opened up and revealed they're gender fluid. The actor said they've been using gender neutral pronouns like "them" and "they."
"You identify as gender-fluid," Trinity told Tortorella, who plays heartthrob Josh on TV Land's "Younger," while doing the actor's makeup.
"This isn't actually anything that I've really talked about on a public level quite yet, but I just pretty recently have come to terms with the fact that maybe I'm not fully cisgender," they replied. "And what does that mean? I think the vocabulary for that is so wide right now and it's like picking which word fits best.
"I'm not quite at that stage yet, but I don't feel one way or the other," Tortorella added.
Previously, Tortorella, who hosts the podcast "The Love Bomb," came out as sexually fluid and has gone on to discuss his sexual identity several times.
"The most flack that I get from anything that I talk about, being bisexual or fluid, is from specifically white, cis, gay men," the actor told Trinity during the makeover clip. "The trolls online love to just waste their time pounding away on keys."
After the incredible makeover, Tortorella shared photos of his new look on Instagram. In the caption, they discussed their body image:
Ok, I want to take this opportunity to address a few things from this video. Firstly, my body. My weight has fluctuated my entire life. For the past couple years, I started to really get into shape. Working out sometimes twice a day, diets, supplements, hormones, etc. Remember, I am an addict. Over the past 6 months I have worked out less, ate more, wrote a book, and have tried to love myself more and more every day; body, mind, and spirit. I have days where I love my body, and days when I'm not happy; wishing I still looked like I did. Today I am telling you all of this to shed some light on body dysmorphia and body positivity. Being in shape is so much more than having a six pack, arms, and tight skin. My incredible partner @bethanycmeyers has taught me that. Last night they text me "Just a reminder that you are beautiful and your body is too. Use this workout tonight to clear your head and strengthen your body for your busy day tomorrow" Thank you for always being an inspiration and beacon of light for body positivity.
Tortorella made headlines in March when they tied the knot with their partner Bethan Meyers, who identifies as lesbian. The two have been in a polyamorous relationship for 11 years. In the Instagram photos of the ceremony, they wrote they wore "genderbending ensembles."
Click here to read Them's piece on Trinity and Tortorella and watch the makeover video below.
[H/T The Daily Mail]


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Where Is the Bible Answer Man?
The Radio broadcast was about to begin but the host wasn't in the room. It was a live recording for "The Bible Answer Man," among the most popular Christian stations in North America, and the only man in the room was I. It wasn't my first rodeo, but suddenly I felt more like this would be "The Bible Question Man."
The two clocks in the studio ticked down to two minutes, one minute, then 30 seconds, then three seconds, two, one . . ."
"Houston, we have a problem!" kept ringing through my mind. I had put on the headset and buckled in for the ride of my life. I figured I could do one of two things: introduce myself as someone else, say my friend Clifford Keister, or, start quoting Scriptures from memory, but that would likely leave a good half an hour of the hour-long program. I needed either rosary beads or Depends, or both.
What would you do if suddenly hundreds of stations were waiting for a program and you were unexpectedly the only one on the other end? I had only met the host briefly, but knew he was in the building. I was impressed with the organization of his studio suite. The multiple variations of his two dozen books were in perfect order, including at least one national bestseller. The finely-appointed complex was in an attractive Charlotte suburb. Even the recording room itself had a majestic orderliness. But suddenly I wanted to wring Hank Hanegraaff's neck, in Christian love of course. The Bible Answer Man needed to be answerable to his calendar.
Fears momentarily subsided as an unseen announcer began the show with his George Beverly Shea voice. But once again the clock started to count down from five, four, three minutes to 2.02; then Hank walked in. I wanted to jump across the desk and give him one of those overtime-win hugs. Instead I just remained silent and hoped he didn't notice the blood-pressure red draining from my face. For the next hour I settled in and followed the lead of a 24-year radio veteran (see www.equip.org and the 3/11/2013 broadcast).
With the fast-firing synapses of a Dennis Miller or Robin Williams, Hank never missed a beat. With the knowledge depth of a George Will, he wove in and out of many subjects. With the public savvy of David Brooks, he engaged his audience nonstop. With the healthy confidence of World Hope's founder JoAnne Lyon, he commanded the airways. In some ways, I was along for the ride – but enjoyed the first-row seat of genius at work.
The special moment for me during that broadcast was quite serendipitous. While we were chatting during break and he was checking a passage in his bulky Bible, I caught a glimpse of his marginalia-notes written in the aisles of his worn Scriptures. Most pages were covered with writing in pencil and different colors of inks. Various angles. Some with Stick 'Em notes. Others with taped tabs. A few papers. Paper clips. Some were quick references and others full paragraphs. His marginalia represented decades of dedication to his main calling – knowing the Bible and responding to related questions.
Like other TV or radio ministers, he's had his bout with probes and ethics' challenges. Whether the issues fell more to prudence than ethics was decided elsewhere, but from my only day with Hank, I came to appreciate his natural gifts and honed skills. His cerebral capacity – his God-given gift – had been recognized early in his career via his rapid responses to tough questions with memorized biblical texts and secondary books easily recalled. His honed skills were evident in the published works by major publishers, along with self-published resources now with millions of readers. And, his lonely unpopular stance against the Y2K doomsday threats, warning Christians and non-Christians alike the event was manufactured at worst, and grossly overstated at the least.
Without the marginalia I assume his impact would have been minimal. We all need marginalia – those signposts of thought that frame our reference for recall; those notes that help us to be intentional, to lead by design and not default. Whether we're 30 or 80, our notes help to capture the essence of an informational avalanche.
While Hanegraaff is like many public voices – religious or not, right or left – and hammered with hundreds of sound bites, blogs and books, he maintains a core of beliefs, entering every broadcast with a frame of reference. Within that very public dialogue are signposts along the way that help to articulate his central message.
I have the privilege of studying marginalia in the Green Collection, including that in the spectacular Leber Atelier Parisian Bible (circa AD 1230). "Parisian Bibles" became the standard Vulgate version used in universities, or what we might call the first modern textbook. This manuscript is often on display in the Passages Exhibit and opened to one of its 80 sermon themes handwritten in its margins. The marginalia helped regulate messages for countless communities.
I'm writing this column between sessions at "The Faith Angle Forum" run by the Ethics and Policy Center, D.C. Twenty top journalists attend this annual Miami retreat for personal enrichment to learn from experts on religious matters. One special guest this year is noted author, Tim Keller, founding pastor of the massive Redeemer Presbyterian Church. I smiled when he opened a hard bound journal, filled with handwritten notes. It's little wonder that he's become a formidable voice for millions of Christians.
Whether digital or handwritten, we all need an articulated framework of beliefs. And I suppose for the Christians reading this, perhaps the marginalia of the Bible Answer Man's Bible is nothing more than taking 2 Timothy 4:2 to heart, "Preach the word; be prepared in season and out of season; correct, rebuke and encourage – with great patience and careful instruction." Some take this as instruction only for religious leaders. However, for all of us, the deeper we go spiritually, the more consistent we become spontaneously. And, the more notes we take in private the more people take note in public.
If you hear Hank Hanegraaff on a broadcast, or Reverend Keller on TV, be assured that aiding their phenomenal memories is marginalia – whether visible or pneumonic anchors for their thoughts. Millions of listeners may be divided on their content, but rarely its clarity. One thing that wasn't clear before my visit – The Bible Answer Man is actually an institution not an individual, however brilliant. His marginalia say so.


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Sox have 2 of Jonah Keri's Worst 15 Contracts in baseball
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Originally Posted by
I'm not sure where Dunn is that bad a contract. He produces Runs and RBI's at a clip well above league average usually , at least last year. He gets paid a ton, but I don't remember many complaints when we got him . I was happy with it. Danks contract was an eyebrow raiser , I never thought he should have got that kind of money for pretty average career numbers and performance. But I have heard , for the sabermetric people , he has WAR well above average for his spot in the rotation and for a lefthanded pitcher. I didn't like that contract at all at the time and still don't. He gets paid like a top flight pitcher and he doesn't perform like one in my opinion. If he gets injured again, that contract is going to be a disaster.
mahagga I think the point on Dunn was also that his production can be achieved/close to achieved at the DH spot by guys that can be signed to minor league deals now. Not that they don't deserve more, but execs are now spending more on players with multiple tools and paying very little to one and two dimensional sluggers.
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[Page 336]
I came from Olshan, my birth town to Volozhyn in 1910. I was married to Ester-Etl, Yohanan Rudenski's daughter. My father in law was an important flax merchant. The goods, he dealt with, was sold far away and his business even extended to Germany.
On business trips to Germany he would always hunt for modern gadgets. He brought us from abroad some western culture. Among the other novelties he brought in Volozhyn a, pendant from the ceiling, kerosene lamp. It was a very important innovation. The common lighting device was the kournik, a can with a cord threaded through a tube. This lamp was very economizing, because it consumed small amounts of fuel.
At those times also matches were extremely scarce. Instead of it people used glowing coals, which were guarded guarded under ash at the oven rim. To make fire we had to reveal the coals from the cinder and to blow at them until they burned. Often this fire creating method did not work. We would turn then among neighbors looking for a well glowing coal, so we could make a fire.
People would always carry in their pocket an iron tool, a piece of lint and a small rock. knocking the iron on the rock produced sparks, which ignited the lint and produced the vital fire. In the year 1910 the first matches were brought from the Viazma city.
I was familiar with flour grinding production. In Volozhyn did not exist such a mill. The nearest one was in Sakovshchina hamlet on the Berezina River 8 Km from town. The mill, moved by the river waterfall, belonged to Graph Tishkevitsh and was leased by Yakov Bunimovitsh. Flour grinding was involved with great difficulties. The queue to grind was very long and sometimes clients had to wait an entire week to grind their grain into flour.
In order to free the town inhabitants from this burden I decided to build a grinding mill of my own. I brought machinery from Minsk and from Germany. The equipment was quite primitive. Wood spill and sawdust served as fuel.
Yakov Bunimovitsh warned me. Building such a mill in Volozhyn will be turn in a dangerous adventure: Du vest zah ferplontern vi a hon in a pakule you will entangle yourself like a cock in a flax-bulb.
My friend's warning did not deter me. With all my energy I carried out the project. In less than a year, the mill was ready, and began to function around the clock, day and night. Myself, I worked as the main miller.
At the end of the first year I was hit by a big disaster, the wood that was prepared for the steam heating had been swift by the springtime snow-melting flood. When the soil dried up the exposed wood was found. But the Goyim peasants claimed that it was their property, and I had to re-buy it anew. After I buyed the wood for a second time and brought it to the our courtyard, the mill could renew its function at full steam.
At the end of World War One, with the Poles conquering our area, a technological changeover occurred in Volozhyn. The first Polish starosta district governor, was prior to the war one of Graph Tishkevitsh's employees. He was my acquaintance and aware with my knowledge and energy. He asked me to install electricity and to build a cinema. I fulfilled without delay the authorities requirements. A dynamo was installed and set in motion. Electric light was supplied, first inside the mill and thereafter to the town main parts. With time passing, most of the Volozhyn houses and streets installed electrical light . The electricity was a very important achievement; it changed the city's entire appearance.
We achieved also the starosta's second requirement. An abandoned cowshed existed in the graph's estate. I could use it free as a cinema hall. I reconditioned the building, put benches inside and installed electricity. Mr. Komay, a Jewish engineer from Vilno, controlled the overhaul works. Mr. Zvi Kerstein, also from Vilno, managed the cinema functioning.
The first projected movie was Shulamit. My mother in law, Sara Rudenski, asked to take her in the cinema hall to see the new wonder with her own eyes. She was convinced that behind the screen live persons and animals were acting. She yelled hysterically when she saw a two-horse coach approaching. She feared to be run over.
Returning home I found her relaxed. She referred to me with joy: I did not know, Mihal my dear, that you are so rich, all the houses, streets, horses, carriages, slaves, counts and princesses and their luxury dressings all that is yours? Since that evening my mother in law respected me much more.
Mihal Vand-Polak
Born in Piesk, Volkovysk district, 1884. He was a well-known and accepted figure in Volozhyn and vicinity. In spite of the fact that he was very busy with business, he always found time for public work, helping the poor and giving donations to the Zionist movements. Vand Polak was renowned by his generous contributions and by providing the Volozhyn Haluzim (pioneers- who planned to settle in Israel as farmers) with work in his plants. He was proud for being Jew. During World War One he got arms and organized a Jewish self-defense group. During the second war, he was imprisoned by the Soviets and sent to the Goulag. Thereafter his family was expelled to Siberia. Three of his daughters Yatia, Riva, Nehama and Grand Daughter Etia remained in Volozhyn and shared the shtetl's fate. He deceased in Jerusalem in October 1966. On his tomb, beneath Mihal Vand-Polak's name, at his demand was engraved: Memory to my daughters Yatia, Riva, Nehama and their families, murdered by the Nazis in Volozhyn, May 1942.
Riva Sheyniuk born Vand Polak
Nehama Vand Polak
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Updated 23 Sep 2006 by LA


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Jacqueline Banerjee, 2009. [You may use this image without prior permission for any scholarly or educational purpose as long as you (1) credit the photographer and (2) link your document to this URL in a web document or cite it in a print one.], who died in 1925 and 1913 respectively, with sculpture by Sir William Goscombe John. Bronze effigies on black marble tombs, with bronze figures of children at their base. Housed in a loggia or narthex built against the west wall of Christ Church, Port Sunlight, on the Wirral. Photograph, caption and commentary by
Goscombe John paid his final tribute to his friends and patrons through these peaceful-looking effigies, and the sculpture at their feet. The couple left only a grown-up son, and had no grandchildren at the time of Lady Lever's death, so the children may be taken to represent a general sense of loss. The tableau is very true to life: the little boy looks anxiously up at his stricken sister, as if not understanding the reason for her grief. The flower garland as usual reminds us of the transience of youth and beauty. Originally at the base of Lady Lever's tomb, the sculpture was moved to its current position after Lord Leverhulme's death (see Hubbard and Shippobottom 79). The serene and solemn atmosphere here is much enhanced by the Gothic loggia, designed for this purpose in 1905, though built only after the first death. It was the work of William and Segar Owen, the same architects who had completed Christ Church itself in 1904.
Other Views and Related Material
- Close-up of the children
- The children from another angle
- The outside of the loggia (the low structure to the left)
Hubbard, Edward, and Michael Shippobottom. A Guide to Port Sunlight Village, Including Two Tours of the Village. 2nd ed. Liverpool: Liverpool University Press, 2005.
Last modified 1 August 2009


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The Virginia Department of Corrections enhances public safety by controlling and supervising sentenced offenders in a humane, cost-efficient manner, consistent with sound correctional principles and constitutional standards.
Inmates - Incarcerated Offenders
- Offender Management Overview
(the corrections process in Virginia from conviction and sentencing through incarceration and release)
- Institutions Overview
- Offender Mail Procedures
- Frequently Asked Questions
- Offender Locator - locate an offender currently incarcerated in the Virginia state system
For information about inmates incarcerated under the jurisdiction of the US Federal Government, contact (external website) the Federal Bureau of Prisons. The Virginia Department of Corrections does not house any records on federal offenders.
- Offender Accounts
- Offender Intake & Classification (intake, time computation & facility assignments)
- Offender Information & Records
- Offender Programs & Services
- Out-of-State Incarceration
- Facilities (see that section for information about specific institutions)
Parolees and Probationers - Offenders in the Community
View the Community Corrections portion of our site for more information.


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ISBN: 978-0-745-65052-4 June 2012 Polity 224 Pages
Chapters include discussions of skepticism, the truth condition, belief and acceptance, justification, internalism versus externalism, epistemic evaluation, and epistemic contextualism. Evans and Smith do not merely offer a review of existing theories and debates; they also offer a novel theory that takes seriously the claim that knowledge is not unique to humans. Surveying current scientific literature in animal ethology, they discover surprising sophistication and diversity in non-human cognition. In their final analysis the authors provide a unified account of knowledge that manages to respect and explain this diversity. They argue that animals know when they make appropriate use of the cognitive processes available to animals of that kind, in environments within which those processes are veridically well-adapted.
Knowledge is a lively and accessible volume, ideal for undergraduate and post-graduate students. It is also set to spark debate among scholars for its novel approaches to traditional topics and its thoroughgoing commitment to naturalism.
Table of contents
2: The Challenge of Skepticism
3: Contextualism
4: Warrant as Justification
5: Justification, Defeaters, and Basing
6: Externalist Theories of Warrant
7: Epistemic Evaluation
8: A New Theory of Knowledge, Part 1: The Desiderata and Non-Human Knowledge
9. A New Theory of Knowledge Part 2: Human Knowledge
"This book is a much needed up-to-date introduction to the central issues in epistemology. Its lucid and lively prose is ideal for introducing students to the concerns of the epistemological vanguard."
Stewart Cohen, University of Arizona
"In this eminently readable book, Evans and Smith provide the most up-to-date introduction to the analysis of knowledge on the market. If you want to be on top of current and future trends in epistemology, read this book."
Peter Graham, University of California Riverside
"This is a fine introduction to epistemology. Well informed, interesting, and clearly written, it makes recent debates lucidly accessible to beginners."
Ernest Sosa, Rutgers, State University of New Jersey
"Detailed, subtle, and sophisticated, this book does an excellent job discussing many of the central issues in traditional epistemology."
Jennifer Lackey, Northwestern University
- An engaging, accessible new textbook specifically designed to introduce students to all aspects of the theory of knowledge
- Covers all of the classic accounts of the field, as well as encompassing recent developments in a special 'current trends' section
- Students are expertly guided through all of the central theories and debates, including issues around skepticism, justification and contextualism. The authors also advance their own groudnbreaking theory of knowledge, incorporating research on animal cognition
- This will be essential reading to students taking a range of courses in epistemology and the theory of knowledge


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Ron Howard to direct new Beatles concert documentary
Time to scream for Beatlemania again.
Apple Corps, the Beatles' business organization, and director Ron Howard are teaming up for a documentary on the Fab Four's touring years, according to a statement released by the principals.
The film will chronicle the rise of Beatlemania, which coincided with the group's relentless touring of England, continental Europe, North America and parts of Asia from 1964 to 1966 — a punishing schedule of frantic audiences, challenging security and occasional political difficulties that eventually prompted the group to withdraw to the studio, with small exceptions, until its 1970 breakup.
Among the group's trailblazing concerts were the New York Shea Stadium shows in 1965 and 1966, a performance at Tokyo's Nippon Budokan in 1966 and a show at San Francisco's Candlestick Park in 1966 — the group's final American concert.
The tours weren't without problems. On a 1966 stop in the Philippines, the Beatles skipped an invitation to a breakfast hosted by first lady Imelda Marcos and were accused of snubbing her. In response, the group's police protection was pulled and the group's entourage was attacked at the airport.
Later that year, while touring America, John Lennon's comments about the group being "more popular than Jesus" set off record burnings and protests in some cities.
"The way the Beatles burst onto the scene in Britain was an overwhelming social, cultural and musical phenomenon, but was even then eclipsed by that extraordinary explosion on the American scene and then the world," said producer Nigel Sinclair of White Horse Pictures, which is co-producing the film, in the statement. Sinclair's credits include the documentary "George Harrison: Living in the Material World."
The production team also includes Imagine Entertainment, Howard's producing shingle. Howard, one of Hollywood's most successful directors, won an Oscar for directing 2001's "A Beautiful Mind."AlertMe


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My initial response to the title of this article was, "There go the last vestige of dealing with severely dangerous and disruptive behavior…" I was thinking about some of the kids I worked with–severely behaviorally disordered children who suffered from PTSD brought on by early childhood abuses. These kids needed to be restrained and moved to a time-out area where they could work out their aggressions on padded walls.
But these are not the students at which this legislation was targeted. That is, their disruptive behavior was not what brought about these new guidelines. Rather, the release of the document was in response to the cases of abuse and death at public and private treatment centers. I followed the link below to the announcement; then followed another link to the explanation and document itself.
U.S. Department of Education Issues Resource Document that Discourages Restraint and Seclusion | U.S. Department of Education.
When I downloaded the 45-page PDF, I was not certain what I would find. Rather than a set of "don't do this" statements, I found a thoughtful and careful delineation of alternative means to eliminate seclusion and restraint. It does not say "don't restrain." Rather, it says, "These are the guidelines for when you must restrain, and these are the things you need to document when you do so." Interestingly, there were few differences from what we had to do when I was teaching in a day treatment program, when the only way to guarantee both the individual's safety and that of the other students (and classroom adults) was to take down and restrain. Of course, there were never any apparatuses used. These kids didn't need physical restraints–just time to calm down. I didn't even know it was legal to put restraints on a child outside of a psychiatric ward or institution, where supervision for the entire period of restraint was available.
The main focus of this document is for states to use it as a model for their own guidelines for restraint and seclusion. Personally, I don't see that the US DoE's guidelines can be improved on, but each state is different and has different needs. Which is why the guidelines also establish a recommended schedule for review of adopted guidelines. Needs change, after all.


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Women, Anemia and HIV/AIDS
July 27, 2015
Table of Contents
What Is Anemia?
Anemia is a medical condition that occurs when you have a lower than normal amount of red blood cells (RBCs) in your body. It can also happen if your hemoglobin (HGB) level is below normal. HGB is a protein that uses iron to carry oxygen. It is found in RBCs and gives blood its red color. HGB carries oxygen from the lungs to the rest of the body. Oxygen is necessary for the body to make energy and carry out all its functions. If you have anemia, your body does not carry enough oxygen in your blood.
Anemia can be mild, moderate, or severe. It can also be temporary or a longer-lasting problem. With severe or long-lasting anemia, the lack of oxygen in the blood can damage the heart, brain, and other organs of the body. Very severe anemia can even cause death. The good news is, anemia can be identified and treated.
At first, anemia can be so mild that it goes unnoticed. Symptoms usually appear and get worse as the anemia gets worse. Symptoms can include:
What Causes Anemia?
There are many possible causes of anemia, including:
Anemia and HIV
Anemia has been a long-standing problem for people living with HIV (HIV+). Although serious anemia has become less common since people started using a combination of HIV drugs, anemia continues to affect up to three out of ten people living with HIV, and eight out of ten people living with AIDS. Factors that are linked to a greater likelihood of anemia in people living with HIV include:
Anemia is a common condition for women living with HIV, and it is often overlooked. If left untreated, anemia is strongly associated with HIV disease progression and an increased risk of death.
Related Stories
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