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Onderstepoort Journal of Veterinary Research
versão On-line ISSN 2219-0635
versão impressa ISSN 0030-2465
Onderstepoort j. vet. res. vol.80 no.1 Pretoria Jan. 2013
Molecular surveillance of Theileria ovis, Theileria lestoquardi and Theileria annulata infection in sheep and ixodid ticks in Iran
Gholamreza Razmi; Saeed Yaghfoori
Department of Pathobiology, Ferdowsi University of Mashhad, Iran
A molecular study was undertaken to detect Theileria ovis, Theileria lestoquardi and Theileria annulata in sheep and tick vectors. Investigation was conducted from 2010 to 2011 in the south of Khorasan Razavi Province, Iran. A total of 150 blood samples were collected from 30 different sheep flocks. In addition, ixodid ticks were sampled from the same flocks. The stained blood smears were microscopically examined for the presence of piroplasms and a semi-nested polymerase chain reaction-restriction (PCR) was used for subsequent molecular speciation. Salivary glands were isolated from the ticks and subsequently analysed by semi-nested PCR. polymerase chain reaction-restriction fragment length polymorphism (PCR-RFLP) was used to differentiate between T. lestoquardi and T. annulata from PCR-positive samples. Theileria species infection was microscopically detected in 18.6% of blood smears. The presence of T. ovis and T. lestoquardi or T. annulata was detected by semi-nested PCR in 58.6% and 6.6% of blood samples respectively. In total, 169 ixodid ticks were collected from different areas of the province. The most prevalent ticks were Rhipicephalus turanicus (n = 155; 91.7% of the total), followed by Hyalomma anatolicum anatolicum (n = 8; 4.7%) and Hyalomma marginatum turanicum (n = 6; 3.5%). From an organ pooling of 33 ticks, three pools of salivary glands from R. turanicus were positive for Theileria species by semi-nested PCR. Of the three R. turanicus samples testing positive for Theileria species, two (6.1%) were positive for T. ovis and one (3.0%) for T. lestoquardi or T.annulata. Amongst the 11 PCR-positive samples for T. lestoquardi or T. annulata, 10 were positive for T. lestoquardi and one sample was positive for both T. lestoquardi and T. annulata using PCR-RFLP. The results also demonstrated that PCR-RFLP could be used for the detection of T. ovis. Based on the results, it can be concluded that T. ovis has a higher prevalence than T. lestoquardi, and that R. turanicus could be a possible vector for T. ovis and T. lestoquardi. Finally, the PCR-RFLP based on Msp1 restriction enzyme is a simple method for differentiation of Theileria species in sheep and ixodid ticks.
At least six Theileria species have been found to infect small ruminants. Of these, Theileria lestoquardi, Theileria luwenshuni and Theileria uilenbergi are considered to be highly pathogenic in sheep and goats. The other three species, Theileria separata, Theileria ovis and Theileria recondita, are generally considered to be non-pathogenic or mildly pathogenic (Perston 2001; Schnittger et al. 2000; Uilenberg 1995, 1997). Theileria annulata, which is a causal agent of malignant theileriosis in cattle, can also infect sheep (Leemans et al. 1999). Theileria species have been successfully identified in sheep by using different molecular methods based on the hyper-variable V4 region of 18S rRNA genes. The available primers based on 18S rRNA genes have also cross-reacted with T. annulata and T. lestoquardi (Gubbels et al. 1999; Schnittger et al. 2004). It is necessary to differentiate between T. lestoquardi and T. annulata because both pathogens are transmitted by Hyalomma anatolicum anatolicum and both can be found in small ruminants (Spitalska et al. 2005). Different molecular methods such as polymerase chain reaction (PCR) (Kirvar et al. 1998), polymerase chain reaction-restriction fragment length polymorphism (PCR-RFLP) (Heidarpour et al. 2009; Spitalska et al. 2005) and Lockwood Analytical Method for Prediction (LAMP) (Liu et al. 2008; Salih et al. 2008) have been developed to differentiate the two Theileria species.
Iran is an endemic region for T. ovis, T. lestoquardi and T. annulata infection in sheep and cattle. Hyalomma anatolicum anatolicum is a common tick vector for T. lestoquardi and T. annulata. To date, T. annulata infection has also been reported in sheep from Iran (Zaeemi et al. 2011). The climate in the southern part of the Khorasan Razavi province is similar to other areas in Iran where ovine theileriosis is present. In addition, many suspected cases of ovine theileriosis have been reported by local veterinary services in this area. The aim of the study is the molecular identification and differentiation of Theileria species in sheep and tick vectors from these areas.
Material and methods
Field study
The study was conducted in the southern areas of the Khorasan Razavi Province, which is located in the east of Iran (Figure 1). An approximate population of 1 493 838 sheep is distributed throughout this area. Sheep husbandry is one of the most economically important occupations in this area. Sheep and goat flocks are kept together and the average herd size is between 200-1000. The sheep outnumber goats and the ratio is reported to be 50-900 sheep and 30-200 goats in each flock. The climate is semi-arid, with cold winters and warm summers, and there is an average annual rainfall of 167 mm. The mean annual temperature ranges from 5.5 °C - 23.0 °C.
Blood samples
Flocks with a clinical history of theileriosis in five different areas in the south of the Khorasan Razvai Province during 2010-2011 were selected for this study. Five sheep from each of these flocks were then randomly selected. Blood was drawn from the jugular vein and collected in EDTA tubes. Simultaneously, the body of each animal was inspected, and if ticks were found, they were placed into appropriately labelled vials. The blood and tick specimens were refrigerated during transport to the laboratory.
Microscopy of blood smears
Blood smears were air dried, fixed in methanol, and stained with 10% Giemsa solution in phosphate-buffered saline (PBS), pH 7.2. The slides were microscopically examined using an oil immersion lens at 1000x magnification.
Tick examination
The ticks collected from each infested sheep were counted and identified by microscopy using appropriate keys (Estrada-Pena et al. 2004; Hoogstraal 1956; Walker et al. 2003). The ticks were grouped into pools of five, according to their species and sex. The salivary glands from each tick pool were dissected and placed in 0.85% saline. The ticks and isolated organs were all stored at -20 °C.
Semi-nested PCR
Total genomic DNA was extracted from EDTA blood and tick samples using a DNA isolation kit (Cinna Gene, Tehran, Iran). Semi-nested PCR was performed according to the method of Shayan and Rahbari (2005).
In the first round of amplification, a forward primer (P1), 5'-CACAGGGAGGTAGTGACAAG-3', and a reverse primer (P2), 5'-AAGAATTTCACCTATGACAG-3', were used to yield an amplification product, which allowed differentiation between Theileria and Babesia. Amplification was conducted in 20 µL reaction volumes (Accupower PCR PreMix kit, Bioneer, Seoul, South Korea) with a final concentration of 250 µM of each dNTP in 10 mM Tris-HCl, pH 9.0, 30 mM KCl, 1.5 mM MgCl2, 1 U Taq DNA polymerase, and 10 pmol of each PCR primer (Takapouzist Co., Tehran, Iran). One microlitre of DNA template was added to each reaction mixture and water was added up to a total volume of 20 µL. The reactions were subjected to the following cycling conditions using the Bio-Rad Thermocycler: 95 °C for 5 min, 36 cycles with denaturing at 94 °C for 45 s, primer annealing at 54 °C - 58 °C for 45 s, and an extension step at 72 °C for 45 s, followed by final extension at 72 °C for 10 min. The products were refrigerated at -4 °C.
The PCR products were separated by electrophoresis on a 1.5% agarose gel with TBE buffer and visualised using ethidium bromide and a UV-illuminator (Vilber Lourmat, Germany). Visible bands at 426 base pair (bp) - 430 bp for Theileria species were produced in the first round of PCR. In the second round, amplification by internal primers was used to specifically detect T. ovis (P2/P4) and T. lestoquardi/ T. annulata (P2/P3) as shown in Table 1. The PCR products were also separated using electrophoresis on a 1.5% agarose gel to determine the presence of specific bands for T. ovis and T. lestoquardi/ T. annulata. For positive controls, T. annulata and T. lestoquardi gDNA (provided by the Razvi Vaccine and Serum Research, Karaj Branch, Karaj, Iran), and T. ovis g DNA (provided by Dr Parviz Shayan, Parasitology Dept., Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Tehran University, Tehran, Iran) were used. A sample containing sterile water was used as a negative control and simultaneously as a control for contamination in each PCR amplification.
Polymerase chain reaction-restriction fragment length polymorphism
Theileria. annulata and T. lestoquardi were differentiated by Polymerase Chain Reaction-Restriction (PCR-RFLP) analysis of the first round of semi-nested PCR products with Msp1 enzyme (MBI Fermentas, Lithuania) according to the method of Spitalska et al. (2004). This involved mixing 10 µL PCR products (0.5 µg - 1 µg), 18 µL nuclease-free water, 2 µL 10x Buffer Tango, 1 µL Msp1 in 31 µL total volume. The reaction was incubated at 37 °C for 6 h. Five microlitres of restricted samples were transferred to a 1.5% agarose gel with a 100 bp DNA ladder (MBI Fermentas, Lithuania) for fragment size determination. DNA fragments were thereafter separated by horizontal electrophoresis in 1 x TAE buffer at 80 V for one hour. The gel was stained using commercial ethidium bromide. The restriction analysis patterns for Theileria species are shown in Table 2. The Msp1 restriction enzyme was able to cut amplified products from T. ovis to distinguish it from Theileria species.
Selected positive products were sequenced in the facilities of Bioneer Inc. (Seoul, South Korea). Sequences were analysed by using NCBI BLAST, National Institute of Health, USA (http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov).
Theileria species infection was microscopically detected in 18.6% of blood smears with low parasitic infections (0.2% - 0.01%), whilst semi-nested PCR findings revealed that 58.6% (n = 88) of blood samples were positive for T. ovis and 6.6% (n = 10) for T. lestoquardi or T. annulata (Table 3). The results also indicated that all positive samples from blood smears were positive when using semi-nested PCR, whereas no piroplasms were seen by microscopy in 70 PCR-positive animals. In total, 169 ixodid ticks were collected from different areas of the province. The most common tick was R. turanicus (n = 155; 91.7% of the total). Other ticks included H. a. anatolicum (n = 8; 4.7%) and Hyalomma marginatum turanicum (n = 6; 3.5%). From a total of 33 tick organ pools, three pools of salivary glands from R. turanicus were positive for Theileria species by semi-nested PCR. Of these positive samples, two (6.1%) were positive for T. ovis DNA and one (3%) for T. lestoquardi or T. annulata DNA (Table 4). PCR amplification using the first primer pair produced a major product between 426 and 430 bp for Theileria DNA. The amplified product of samples positive for T. lestoquardi or T. annulta in the first round of semi-nested PCR was further analysed by PCR-RFLP. MspI digestion gave very distinct profiles that differentiated T. annulata and T. lestoquardi. The results of enzymatic digestion (n = 10, 90.9%) by MspI showed T. lestoquardi and mixed infection (n = 1, 9.1%) with T. annulata and T. lestoquardi (Figure 2). This method also showed that the enzyme modified is able to distinguish T. ovis (Figure 3). The sequencing results also confirmed the PCR-RFLP results. The sequenced PCR products were found to be 100% identical to the T. lestoquardi 18S rRNA GenBank references (JQ917458.1, AF081135.1, KC778786.1, KC778785.1) by blast analysis.
The ovine piroplasm prevalence of 18.6% detected in this study population was higher than that reported in a previous study in the southern areas of the Khorasan Razavi Province of Iran (Razmi, Eshrati & Rashtibaf 2006). However, in contrast to previous studies, the current strategy to collect blood samples was focused on flocks with a known history of disease. In general, the infections detected in the blood smears were low and the morphological differentiation between different Theileria species was not possible. Molecular tools provide complementary diagnostic information, and accordingly, semi-nested PCR was used to achieve a simultaneous differentiation between different Theileria species in sheep (Shayan & Rahbari 2005). With this molecular approach, 58.6% and 6.6% of blood samples were DNA-positive for T. ovis and T. lestoquardi /T. annulata, respectively.
The results demonstrated a much higher diagnostic sensitivity using PCR when compared to the conventional microscopic examination of blood smears. Our results also indicated that many of the sheep might serve as a reservoir for infection, with a very low parasitaemia that cannot be detected by microscopy.
In a previous study, Spitalska et al. (2005) detected T. lestoquardi infection in 76.0% of sheep with appropriate clinical signs in the Fars province (in southern Iran) using PCR and DNA sequencing techniques. Heidarpour et al. (2009) reported that 12.5% and 87.5% of sheep examined in the eastern half of Iran were positive for T. ovis or T. lestoquardi, respectively. Zaeemi et al. (2011) also detected T. ovis in 40.2% and T. lestoquardi in 54.8% of sheep in the western half of Iran. A comparison of these observations and this study's results indicate that the frequency of T. ovis infection in the Khorasan Razavi province is higher than that in any other areas of Iran, and that the T. lestoquardi infection is lower. In the present study, climatic factors may have influenced the differences in the frequency of piroplasm infection in the north when compared to the south of the province. A high prevalence of T. ovis has also been reported in some areas of Turkey (Aktas, Altay & Dumanli 2007) and China (Ge et al. 2012).
During this study, the infected sheep did not show any clinical signs, whereas highly fatal disease due to T. lestoquardi has been reported in sheep in the south and southeast of Iran (Hashemi-Fesharaki 1997). The low incidence of clinical cases seen in the current study may be due to the low levels of infection with T. lestoquardi.
Three tick species were identified in sheep in the south Khorasan Razavi Province. Rhipicephalus turanicus was the dominant tick species in this area; it has also been reported with high prevalence in sheep from the mountainous areas such as the Khorasan province (Rahbari, Nabian & Shayan 2007; Razmi, Najarnejad & Rashtibaf 2011). Based on the semi-nested PCR results, T. ovis and T. lestoquradi infections were only detected in a few salivary glands in R. turanicus. Molecular analysis revealed that Rhipicephalus bursa and Rhipicephalus sanguineus could be a possible vector for T. ovis (Aktas, Altay & Dumanli 2006; Telmadarraiy et al. 2012). Hyalomma anatolicum has been shown to be an important vector for T. lestoquardi in Iran and other countries (Hooshmand-Rad & Hawa 1973; Kirvar et al.1998; Taha & Elhussein 2010; Uilenberg 1997). In our study, few samples of H. anatolicum were collected and Theileria species were not detected by PCR. The low frequency of H. anatolicum has previously been reported for sheep in the Khorasan province (Razmi et al. 2003; Razmi, Najarnejad & Rashtibaf 2011). The primer for semi-nested PCR is derived from the hypervariable region V4 of 18S rRNA, and it detects and differentiates simultaneously Theileria and Babesia in DNA samples from sheep (Shayan & Rahbari 2005). However, this technique cannot differentiate between T. annulata and T. lestoquardi. The polymerase chain reaction-restriction fragment length polymorphism (PCR-RFLP) can easily discriminate between T. lestoquardi and T. annulata by a single restriction digest (Spitalska et al. 2004). Furthermore, 91% of positive samples for T. lestoquardi/ T. annulata were differentiated as T. lestoquardi and 9% were found to have a mixed T. annulata and T. lestoquardi infection. This technique also shows that the method is applicable for T. ovis differentiation. Recently, different Theileria species in sheep were detected by nested PCR-RLFP (Heidarpour et al. 2009; Zaeemi et al. 2011). Naturally occurring T. annulata infection has also been reported in sheep in Iran and Sudan (Taha et al. 2013; Zaeemi et al. 2011).
In summary, our study indicated that microscopic examination of stained blood smears has limited value for differentiation between Theileria species, especially with low parasitaemia levels in sheep. The results of molecular examination indicated that T. ovis has a high prevalence when compared to T. lestoquardi in the southern Khorasan Razavi province. The dominant tick was found to be R. turanicus and it may act as an important vector for T. ovis and T. lestoqaurdi. Finally, PCR-RFLP based on Msp1 restriction enzyme digestion is an applicable method for differentiation between T. lestoquardi, T. annulata and T. ovis species in sheep and tick vectors.
Competing interests
The authors declare that they have no financial or personal relationship(s) that may have inappropriately influenced them in writing this article.
Authors' contributions
G.R. (Ferdowsi University of Mashhad) was the project leader and performed most of the experiments and wrote the manuscript. S.Y. (Ferdowsi University of Mashhad) was a student of Veterinary Parasitology who assisted in the examination of some experiments.
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Gholamreza Razmi
PO Box 91775-1793
Mashhad, Khorasan Razavi, Iran
Received: 29 June 2013
Accepted: 07 Aug. 2013
Published: 02 Oct. 2013


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How to Obtain a Security ClearanceSuppose you've come across an hourly job that looks like a great fit. There's just one small matter: The position requires a US security clearance, and you don't have one. You may think that you can just apply for the clearance and in no time the job will be yours, but the process isn't quite that simple. You cannot obtain a ...Published almost 11 years ago |
3 Levels of Security Clearanceh3. Classification Levels National security information that requires protection against unauthorized disclosure are classified at one of the following three levels. Top Secret Clearance Top Secret is applied to information that reasonably could be expected to cause exceptionally grave damage to the national security if disclosed to unauthorized sources. This level needs to be reinvestigated every 5 years. [widget:security_clearance] Secret ...Published over 10 years ago |
Don't Let Your Security Clearance ExpireEventually, the time comes for many of us to evaluate the marketability of the skills, qualifications, and experiences we have gained through government service. We hope a prospective employer will appreciate our proven leadership abilities, sharp intellect, and valuable training - fortunately, many do. One of the most valuable, and perpetually underestimated, qualifications that many of us bring to the table ...Published over 10 years ago |
5 Steps to Gaining a Security ClearanceA security clearance is often essential to landing a job with government contractors or federal agencies who handle sensitive information. Since the creation of the Department of Homeland Security and a huge demand for internet security work, there has never been a greater demand for employees to work on classified programs. Therefore, qualified job seekers will find that they have a ...Published over 10 years ago |
What is a Background Investigation?Q: Why are you going to investigate me? I'm only applying for an entry level job and I don't need a security clearance. A: The interests of the national security require that all persons privileged to be employed in the departments and agencies of the government shall be reliable, trustworthy, of good conduct and character, and of complete and unswerving loyalty ...Published over 10 years ago |
Security Clearance 101: Maximize Your EarningsA security clearance is often essential to landing a technology job with a government contractor or federal agency handling sensitive information. If you want to work at an organization serving the national interest, you may find your path slowed considerably, if not blocked entirely, by the lack of a security clearance. To obtain a clearance, you need an employer's backing and ...Published over 11 years ago |
Am I Eligible for Security Clearance?Introduction The following guidelines are established for all individuals who require access to classified information. They apply to persons being considered for initial or continued eligibility, and are used by government departments and agencies in all final clearance determinations. Investigative Process The determination of whether the granting or continuing of eligibility for a security clearance is based upon careful consideration of ...Published over 10 years ago |
Federal Intelligence Careers: CollectionIndividuals working in Intelligence Collection have very unique careers indeed. They work with intelligence analysts to determine the vital information needed to produce finished intelligence. There are six basic intelligence sources or collection disciplines (i.e., SIGINT, IMINT, MASINT, HUMINT, OSINT, and Geospatial Intelligence). Intelligence Collection personnel use technical and human resources to obtain that information. The important issues are diverse and ...Published over 11 years ago |
Federal Intelligence Careers: Engineering and ScienceThis Career encompasses a wide variety of work assignments including S&T intelligence research and development, analysis, collections, and/or operations. Analysts solve complex intelligence problems in such areas as foreign weapons development, weapons proliferation, information warfare, and emerging technology. Specific activities might include modeling foreign weapons systems; recommending collection requirements; representing an intelligence agency on working groups; conducting scientific research, compiling and ...Published over 11 years ago |


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Hey, saw your post, just moved to the Naples area from VA, looking to continue to play tennis with someone (been playing for only a couple of weeks). I'm pretty athletic and pick up things fast, let me know if you're interested. My skill level is still a beginner
Hey Phillip, thanks for the reply. My schedule next week is fairly flexible, I am free to play in the afternoons/early evenings any day except Friday. If you want to give me a when and where, we can meet. I live in northern naples btw, close to exit 111 off of I-75 just to give you a point of reference.
Do you want to meet on Monday, 6 pm? Do you happen to know the name of the park/place? I'll be dressed in all white in case you see me coming from a distance.
Hey Kristal. Thanks for replying. If your still interested in some practice games, just text me at (239)248-3630 or reply here and let me know when is good for you. My schedule is pretty flexible so its up to you. Look forward to hearing from you :D
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Answering the AIDS Denialists: CD4 (T-Cell) Counts, and Viral Load
April 21, 2000
The self-styled "AIDS dissidents," groups and individuals advocating the view that HIV does not cause AIDS, and often urging people with HIV to reject medical care, have raised their profile in recent months, ratcheting up their advocacy in the U.S. and attempting to influence the health policies of foreign governments. Although these forces sometimes accept the need to treat opportunistic infections, most reject the vast majority of conventional HIV/AIDS treatment, especially use of drugs to combat HIV. This article is part of a series in which AIDS Treatment News examines key arguments put forth by the "dissidents" -- perhaps more accurately termed "AIDS denialists," because most deny that AIDS is a genuine epidemic and many deny that the term "AIDS" even describes a real medical condition.
The AIDS denialist movement is not unified (for example, some groups say that HIV is a harmless virus, while others say HIV does not exist), so the summary here of some of their arguments is necessarily only a sketch. More detailed descriptions can be found in the references listed below.
Answering Denialist Views on CD4 (T-Cell) TestsOne consistent thread running through the denialist literature is the assertion that AIDS medicine has made a serious mistake by relying on laboratory markers such as CD4 cell counts, and viral load as measured by techniques such as polymerase chain reaction (PCR). These markers are criticized as unreliable at best and a devious effort to hide the failure of HIV/AIDS science at worst. One recently formed group, ACT UP Hollywood (not connected with long-standing ACT UP chapters in New York, Philadelphia and elsewhere), argues that "all HIV and viral load tests as well as T-cell counts need to be banned immediately because they are useless indicators of a person's health."(1)
The arguments against use of CD4 center around two broad issues. One is the natural variability in CD4 counts, which can be lower than average for reasons not related to AIDS.(2, 3) The other is whether or not CD4 numbers actually correlate with clinical prognosis. In her book What if Everything You Thought You Knew About AIDS Was Wrong?, Christine Maggiore, founder of Los Angeles-based Alive and Well AIDS Alternatives, writes, "A number of studies found in the biomedical literature show that low T cell counts do not correlate with compromised immunity, and that normal ranges for T cells in HIV negative persons can vary from 300 to 2,000."(3) Some denialists cite the famous Concorde study of early versus deferred use of AZT monotherapy -- in which an AZT-induced boost in CD4 counts did not translate to improved survival -- as proof that, as one writer put it, "there was absolutely no correlation between CD4 T-cell counts and clinical health."(4)
The denialist argument appears to be built upon a narrow and highly selective reading of the data. For example one of the sources Maggiore cites as proof for the above statement that low CD4 counts can occur without HIV, a Transfusion Safety Study Group report at the 9th International AIDS Conference, specifically notes that HIV-negative individuals with two or more CD4 counts below 300 were rare, and that both those with known and unknown causes of immune suppression "differ from the retrovirus immunodeficiency pattern" in a number of key parameters, including CD4 percentage and CD4/CD8 ratio.(5)
In other words, transient low CD4 counts seen in other circumstances do not equal AIDS and bear little resemblance to what is typically seen in HIV-infected individuals. What the denialists regularly ignore is that while unusually low CD4 counts can occur for a variety of reasons, numerous large, long-term cohort studies have demonstrated a distinct pattern associated with HIV infection: A statistically significant CD4 decline commonly begins around the time of seroconversion and gradually becomes more severe over time, eventually leading to increased susceptibility to opportunistic infections. This has been observed in cohorts of gay men, transfusion recipients and hemophiliacs. In these cohorts a decline in CD4 count has been consistently and strongly associated with the development of AIDS-defining illnesses.(6)
Also neglected in denialist discussions of CD4 is the large body of evidence associating specific opportunistic infections with lowered CD4 counts. For example, in the Pulmonary Complications of HIV Study, an 1,182-person cohort, 79 percent of cases of pneumocystis carinii pneumonia (PCP) occurred in individuals with CD4 counts below 100 and 95 percent occurred in patients whose CD4 count was below 200.(7) The Multicenter AIDS Cohort Study (MACS) has also reported a "greatly increased risk" of PCP when CD4 counts drop below 200.(8) Numerous other studies have found similar associations between lowered CD4 counts and increased risk of PCP and other opportunistic infections.(6, 9, 10) Such findings formed the basis for long-standing recommendations regarding opportunistic infection prophylaxis (using drugs to prevent these infections). Other research relevant to this discussion is covered in the section on viral load, below.
Regarding the effect of treatment-induced increases in CD4 on clinical prognosis, the small increases seen in Concorde indeed did not correlate with improved long-term outcome. But numerous other studies do show a strong correlation with lowered risk of AIDS-defining opportunistic infections or death, particularly with larger, HAART-induced CD4 increases. In the U.S. government trial ACTG 320 (which compared AZT plus 3TC vs. AZT plus 3TC plus indinavir [Crixivan®]), the indinavir group had a mean CD4 increase roughly three times that of the AZT/3TC only group, and half as many AIDS-defining events.(11) In a meta-analysis (combined analysis) of seven (mostly pre-HAART) antiretroviral studies, researchers found that "having either a reduction in HIV-1 RNA level or an increase in CD4+ lymphocyte count, or both, was associated with a delay in clinical disease progression."(12) Overall, a large body of evidence involving both treated and untreated patients shows a clear correlation between low or declining CD4 counts and increased risk of opportunistic infections or death.(13, 14)
The denialist view of CD4 counts is used to call into question the 1993 revision of the CDC's AIDS case definition, which added a CD4 count of 200 or lower as an AIDS-defining condition. In Maggiore's words, it "allows HIV-positives with no symptoms or illness to be diagnosed with AIDS. Since 1993, more than half of all newly diagnosed AIDS cases are counted among people who are not sick."(3) The mass of evidence showing that HIV-infected individuals with CD4 counts below 200 are at overwhelmingly increased risk for life-threatening infections is simply ignored.
And on Viral Load
Maggiore states in her book that "low levels of viral load have not been correlated with good health, with absence of illness or high T-cell counts, while high viral loads do not correspond with low T-cells or sickness."(3) In a recent newspaper column she also complains that viral load tests are not FDA-approved for diagnosis of HIV infection, and notes, "Viral loads are found in people who test HIV-negative."(15) Denialist objection to viral load testing is bolstered by the fact that Kary Mullis, who won a Nobel prize for developing the basic technique of PCR, is a supporter of their cause and has questioned the use of his technique to quantify virus.(3)
In a 1996 article published in the denialist journal Reappraising AIDS, authors Christine Johnson and Paul Philpott demonstrate their scorn for viral load measurements in the title of their discussion, "Viral Load of Crap." Focusing on the 1995 Ho and Shaw Nature papers on viral dynamics, they write:
"Ho and Shaw's technique looks for HIV RNA, the genetic material found in the viral core. They assume that since each HIV contains two HIV RNAs, there must be one HIV for every two HIV RNAs they count. But the large amount of HIV RNA they report is found only after sending blood samples through polymerase chain reactions (PCR). PCR is the 'DNA fingerprinting' technology which takes tiny numbers of genetic molecules (RNA or DNA) and turns them into huge quantities." What these tests find, they argue, is meaningless: "Some of these are HIVs that have been neutralized by antibodies, some are defective HIVs (those that did not form correctly) and some are free-floating HIV RNA. Though none of these entities has any pathological capacity, the viral load technique confuses them with whole, infectious virus, the only kind that has any biological significance."(16)
This essay is typical of the denialist analysis of viral load, illustrating both its strengths and weaknesses. Like much of the movement's literature, they discuss only PCR and not the other technologies used to quantify viral load, mistakenly stating that Ho used PCR when in fact he used bDNA (branched DNA) -- a different process marketed by a different company.(17, 18)
Philpott and Johnson effectively lay out the theoretical reasons why PCR-based viral load tests might produce a misleading result. Indeed, company researchers and the FDA have acknowledged potential causes of error and variation in viral load results, and a potential margin of error in these assays of roughly threefold.(18, 19) Thus, when the FDA approved the Roche Amplicor HIV-1 Monitor (a PCR-based assay), it required the labeling to indicate that the test can accurately detect a three-fold or greater change in HIV RNA for patients with a viral load of 1000 copies or greater and a six-fold or greater change for patients whose viral load is below 1000.(19) (Although Maggiore is correct in saying that the FDA has not approved PCR for diagnosing HIV infection, she neglects to mention that the agency did approve it "to assess patient prognosis . . . or to monitor the effect of antiviral therapy").
Strikingly, Philpott and Johnson stick entirely to theory and do not address the key question of whether or not viral load measurements predict the likelihood of disease progression or death in the real world. A very large body of evidence indicates they do, some of which was available prior to their dismissal of the tests as a "Viral Load of Crap." The mass of confirming data -- from ongoing cohort studies as well as antiretroviral trials -- that has accumulated since then is rarely acknowledged in denialist writings.
Beginning in 199, John Mellors and colleagues published a series of articles detailing MACS cohort data showing a strong correlation between baseline viral load and subsequent disease progression.(20, 21, 22) Using stored blood samples from patients' early study visits, Mellors examined the rates of AIDS-defining events and deaths in relation to viral load levels measured using bDNA. In a 1,604-patient sample, only 0.9 percent of those whose baseline viral load was 500 copies or lower died of AIDS within six years, while 69.5 percent of those whose viral load was greater than 30,000 copies died. "Plasma viral load was the single best predictor of outcome," Mellors wrote, "followed by CD4+ lymphocyte counts [T-cell counts] and neopterin levels, beta2-microglobulin levels, and thrush or fever. We observed a strong association between viral load and the subsequent rate of decline in CD4+ lymphocyte counts."(22)
Similarly strong associations between viral load levels and clinical outcome have been reported in numerous other cohort studies, including the 1,170-patient EuroSIDA cohort(23) and the Multicenter Hemophilia Cohort Study,(24) among others. In the hemophilia cohort, "each log(10) increase in baseline viral load was associated with a five-fold increase in risk for AIDS-related illness during the first six months of follow-up." The predictive value of viral load was independent of that of CD4 count.
One particularly interesting study looked at viral load in gay men in the Baltimore MACS cohort and injection drug users in the Baltimore "AIDS Link to Intravenous Experiences" (ALIVE) cohort. Rather than measuring plasma HIV-RNA in the usual way, using PCR or bDNA, this study looked at cell-associated infectious viral load using the quantitative microculture assay. This method "quantifies the biologically functional and infectious cell-associated HIV-1 by measuring the amount of HIV infected cells capable of infecting donor cells from an uninfected person in culture."(25) Looking at the risk of AIDS-defining infections, non-AIDS-defining bacterial infections, and death, the researchers found that "higher levels of infectious viral load were significantly related to increased hazards for all three outcomes," with little difference between the gay men and the intravenous drug users. After adjusting for CD4 level and numerous other factors, viral load was strongly predictive of risk of progression to AIDS.
The association between viral load (measured using bDNA or PCR) and clinical progression has been seen consistently in HIV treatment trials, including the meta-analysis of seven studies discussed above,(12) in which "each 10-fold decrease in HIV-1 RNA was associated with a 51 percent reduction in progression risk." In both the pivotal trial of ritonavir(26) and ACTG 320,(11) patients randomly assigned to the protease inhibitor arm showed significantly better suppression of viral load and significantly reduced AIDS-defining events.
After reviewing the available data, including numerous studies not listed here, the expert panel convened by the Department of Health and Human Services to determine HIV treatment guidelines recommended using both CD4 and viral load in conjunction with the clinical condition of the patient to guide therapeutic decision-making. The panel noted, "Multiple analyses in over 5,000 patients who participated in approximately 18 trials with viral load monitoring showed a statistically significant dose-response type association between decreases in plasma viremia and improved clinical outcome."(27)
Discussion of this data is notably absent even in current denialist literature. Maggiore's recent column,(15) for example, cites one article from 1993(28) -- very early in the development of these assays -- as "studies showing that viral load test results do not correlate with illness, with wellness, with T-cell counts or even the finding of virus by co-culture." This is at best a dubious interpretation of this study, and Maggiore fails to discuss any of the more recent evidence showing precisely the opposite. Evidence cited of viral loads found in HIV-negative people turns out to be a handful of anomalous cases, several of which involve false-negative antibody tests in people who clearly had AIDS.(29)
Evaluating the EvidenceNo lab test or surrogate marker is perfect. All have innate limitations, natural variation, and a chance of error, and as a result HIV/AIDS researchers and treatment activists alike have cautioned that physicians must always remember they are treating patients, not lab values.
The limitations of CD4 and viral load tests, both real and theoretical, have been exhaustively described by the denialists. But their declarations that these tests are meaningless are based on a skewed, highly selective reading of the data that simply omits anything which might contradict their views. The overwhelming preponderance of evidence strongly indicates that both CD4 and viral load measurements can provide useful and important information that doctors and patients can use to evaluate progress and make treatment decisions.
For More Information
Many of the denialist Web sites and books are accessible through the references below.
Unfortunately, the medical mainstream has negelcted to refute theories expressed by self-styled AIDS dissidents -- so persons with sincere questions have heard only one side. This is changing. Meanwhile, the U.S. National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases has prepared a page of links to publications with evidence that HIV causes AIDS, http://www.niaid.nih.gov/spotlight/hiv00/default.htm. Also, see http://www.aegis.org/topics/aids_debate.html.
Copyright 2000 by John S. James. Permission granted for noncommercial reproduction, provided that our address and phone number are included if more than short quotations are used.
This article was provided by AIDS Treatment News. It is a part of the publication AIDS Treatment News.


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Called British problems...I've enjoyed several of their quotes, but this one is so true
Read platform number
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Bonnie Vanak fell in love with romance novels during childhood. While cleaning a hall closet, she discovered her mother's cache of paperbacks and started reading. Thus began a passion for romance and a lifelong dislike for housework.
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She lives in Florida with her husband Frank and two dogs, where she happily writes books amid an ever-growing collection of dust bunnies. She loves to hear from readers therefore please visit her website above or email her at [email protected]


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Randy Ellis Design: 1986 Suzuki SamuraiPosted in Ultimate Adventure: 2011 on November 1, 2011
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As the official fabricator for the 2011 Ultimate Adventure project truck, Randy Ellis Design handcrafted the '11 UA F-150 into a formidable IFS wheeler capable of going just about anywhere. RED did such a good job building the official rig that the company managed to beat the build deadline and build its own Suzuki Samurai for the trip. With decades of experience, owner Randy Ellis and co-driver Justin Scheller crafted an incredible little ninja wheeler that worked practically flawlessly on the trip. Since the UA truck held together so well, Randy and Justin had plenty of time to help others keep their beaten and broken rigs on the move. They were truly a great and talented duo that we were glad to have on the trip.
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DaveTheRave needed a new logo design and created a contest on 99designs.
A winner was selected from 57 designs submitted by 23 freelance designers.
Brooklyn Battery Works
We are a hip startup Battery and Power related company looking for a creative and fresh look for our logo and company masthead that will shatter the boring notion of this century old industry. We would like a cool distinctive logo which is youth oriented and cutting edge, yet has wide mass appeal.
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The Biggies: Swimming
Debbie-Phelps-in-the-stands alert! Michael Phelps meets Ryan Lochte for the first time in London at the 200m freestyle finale (8 p.m. Monday; WBAL). Phelps swims the men's 200m fly final at 8 p.m. Tuesday (WBAL) before meeting Lochte again at the 200m IM (8 p.m. Aug. 2; WBAL). We're also going to check out the 4x100m free relay, which the U.S. men won dramatically in 2008 (part of coverage beginning 7 p.m. Sunday; WBAL).
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Sheri Lynn Espinoza grew up fast in Delta.
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bemo28 needed a new logo design and created a contest on 99designs.
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Hundreds Turn Out for Terminal Hearing [Audio]
Hundreds of people turned out for a hearing Saturday on a proposed coal terminal near Bellingham, Washington. Amy Richards reports. A Wyoming prison inmate is suing the state for a re-sentencing that led to the loss of his possessions. Click past jump to listen to Wyoming Radio News.


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Hetepu (Peace) Family
I just wanted to provide this little tidbit that helped me to see the connection between the Kamitic people and Sub-Sahara Africa. This is from Sir E. A. Wallis Budge's book, Osiris: The Egyptian Religion of Resurrection. Today many people disregards Budge's work because he was one of the first to acknowledge that the Kamitic people were of black and brown African descent. At the time when most of the Western world was swayed by their Eurocentric ideology of superiority. Here are a few of the comparisons he made:
* The Moon, rather than the sun, is associated with the Supreme God among the Kamitians and among todays people living along the Nile, Congo and Niger. Budge notes that new moon festivals is found all over Africa and is commonly associated, as it was in Kamit, with the remembrance, by kings and commoners, of their sins, and by prayers for protection from evil spirits. He cited examples such as the Mendi, Tshi (also known as the Oji tribe are a group of people living in Ghana), and Ilogo (Central Africa Republic) and various peoples in the Sudan and Tanganyika. Note the yowa and maa aankh cosmogram.
*The Kamitian concept of the ka, meaning "double" has its counterpart throughout wide regions of Africa. Among the Tshi it is known as the kra or kla meaning "soul" and as doshi among the Bantu (in South Africa) which means literally "double" (as in the Kamitian). In both Kamit and the rest of Africa, the ka differs from the Western idea of "soul." The Kamitians and the modern African had the idea of at least three types of "souls" inhabiting each person. The ka is an immaterial double of the physical body that persists after death. The ka though is distinct from the person, is a type of guardian spirit. The ka in both Africa and Kamit must be cared for after a person dies or the ka itself will perish. Kamitians and Africans made images in which the ka dwelt and to these were offered meals and worship.
*The sahu or "spirit-body" arose in the "Other World" after one's death. Among the Tshi, the "shadowy person" that comes to live in the "Other World" after death is known as the Srahman. Similar ideas were cited among the West African tribes of Yoruba, Uvengwa and Baluba. Like the ba, the sahu could perish in certain circumstances.
*The Kamitians considered the shadow or khaibit as a type of "soul." Similar beliefs among the Nsism, Wanyamwesi, Nandi and busuko and in various parts of the Lower Niger, Congo, Southern Guinea and Mashonaland were mentioned by Budge.
*The khu was the imperishable spirit and had its counterpart in the "dual soul" concept of West Africa. The belief in transmigration of the dual soul and shadow was common in Africa. Reincarnation was widely found among the people of the Niger Delta who made a practice of identifying which people in a community were the souls of persons deceased in earlier times. Among the Pygmies, Banza and West Mubangi the spirit was reincarnated in animal form and this type of belief was held by some segments of the Kamitian population.
* In Kamit, offerings were made to ancestors in the form of meals placed on a stone slabs in the ancestor's tomb. Budge's notes that stone slabs were used for the same purpose among the Buvuma islanders (Ruvuma and Soga tribes of the coast of Uganda). The offering of meals to ancestors in spiritual temples or houses is widely found through much of Africa and Budge cites examples among the Bakongo people (aka. the Kongo) who dwell along the Atlantic coast of Africa from Pointe-Noire, Congo (Brazzaville) to Luanda, Angola, the Sukuma people (aka. Basukuma, Wasukuma, Zukuma) live in small villages in the northern part of Tanzania, Makarakas (Southern Sudanese tribe), and in East and West African peoples.
*Deification of ancestor heroes is common practice in much of Africa. Budge noted that Osar (Asar, Osiris) in the form of Khenti-Amenti stands as an ancestor God of Kamit while Oset (Aset, Isis) is the ancestor Goddess. He noted the uncanny resemblance between the widespread African practice of giving birth in the "bush" to a bas relief found at Philae. Among Africans, birth in the bush is done in solitude with the father and the shaman waiting in the comfortable distance until after the delivery. The bas relief at Philae shows Oset (Aset, Isis) in a stylized papyrus swamp suckling Hru (Heru, Horus). The papyrus would thus stand for the "bush." Standing on either side of Oset (Aset, Isis) is Amun Ra, representing the African father, and Djahuti (Tehuti, Thoth) representing the African shaman. Budge thought the symbol found under Oset (Aset, Isis) could represent the placenta and blood associated with child birth. Interestingly, Budge cited a passage in which Oset (Aset, Isis) speaks of her loneliness during labor, which mirrors the African tradition of giving child birth in solitude. Examples were given about tribes in Sudan (Nuba, Nuer, Dinka, Shilluk) and Uganda.
*The importance of the cow as the most sacred of animals is found in Kamit and in many parts of Africa especially among the tribes living along the Nile and in the Great Lakes region. Of particular importance was the sacrifice of bulls at the funerals of the deceased. The sacrifice of two bulls at funerals is detailed in "The Opening of the Mouth."
*Amulets were seen as partial residences for ancestral spirits in Kamit and throughout Africa. Budge noted the "fetish" quality of amulets, often stressed by Western observers, is secondary to the importance of communion with the ancestors.
*The beetle and the frog are amulets of new life in both Kamit and modern Africa.
*The tall hats and horned crowns worn by African chiefs resemble the white crown and horned crowns worn by Osar (Asar, Osiris). Examples given among the Congo tribes of Bayanzi, Imbangela, Lomari, Lulongo-Maringo, Bangala, Ngombe (a.k.a. Poto), Alunda. Two ostrich feathers decorate the crown of Osar (Asar, Osiris). Also, these feathers were worn by various peoples of Africa.
*The plaited beard, which was common in Kamitian art, were common among the Markakas, Mpungu (of Namibia), Fang, Alunda (of Congo) and Luba (of Central Africa), as well as other parts of Africa.
*The scalework on the body of Osar (Asar, Osiris) is thought to be related to the body painting or tattooing found various African peoples particularly those in Sudan.
*Budge noted that both the modern Africans and Kamitians practiced preservation of the dead body: "The Kamitians removed the intestines and brain, and embalmed it the body with great skill, and then swathed it in linen, and laid it in a coffin or sarcophagus. The modern African removes the more perishable part of the body by ways described in detail by the book, and dries or smokes the corpse very effectively. He also anoints with unguents, and wraps it up in much cloth, and then places it in a coffin or a bier." (p. 90)
*The mention of the jawbones of the deceased Unas, Re-stau amd enemies of Hru (Heru, Horus) in Kamitian texts are explained by the African practice of removing and preserving the jawbones of kings, or using the jawbones of enemies as trophies. Specifically mentioned are the Sudani, Dahomey, Baganda, Ashante, and various peoples of Uganda.
*Both modern Africans and Kamitians took care to protect the buried body from contact with the earth, was seen as contaminating. The African burial usually consists of a deep pit, which a niche is carved so that the body does not come into contact with the earth. The Kamitian tomb was also built in a pit with a sarcophagus taking the role of the niche. In some African burials the niche was sealed off with stones as with the Kamitian sarcophagus.
*The Kamitians, like modern Africans, saw the journey to the "Other World" after death as difficult. In both cases, rituals were performed to "open the way" for the deceased.
*The Kamitian concept of Duat found its counterpart in the African "God's Town" or "Njambi's Town."
*The concept of divine kingship linked ancient and modern cultures.
*Budge noted that spitting had a religious meaning among Kamitians. He found similar beliefs among the Kordofan, Dyur, Barotze (Zambezi), Nandi, Suk, Kytch and Masa.
*The use of multiple "mighty names" among Kamitians was similar to the use of "strong names" among African peoples.
*Budge mentions that the Kamitians commonly made figures of steatopygous women. He mentions mentions specifically the dolls and representations at the 4th Kamitian room in the British museum. He compares these with the figures of the steatopygous queen and the princess of Punt.
Hope this helps.


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Design Specification: Enhanced JPQL
Document History
|Version Description & Notes
|0.1 Draft
Project overview
JPQL currently offers a sub-set of SQL functionality. Some queries that are possible using SQL cannot be defined using JPQL.
It is desired to make EclipseLink's JPQL support be more complete of what is possible in SQL.
A key requirement from users (#1 voted enhancement) is to have ON clause support in JPQL.
Other missing features of SQL could also be added to JPQL, such as sub selects in the SELECT from FROM clauses, and enhanced function support.
Other JPQL enhancements:
- BUG#243698 - allow qualified class names in from clause
- BUG#293775 - allow alias on join fetch
- BUG#315087 - support for cast function
- BUG#333645 - group by fails in in
- BUG#276147 - support union and intersect
- BUG#305187 - support platform independent functions and custom operators
- BUG#321722 - support nested join fetches
- BUG#321724 - support connect by
- BUG#321725 - support common functions
- BUG#350597 - JPA 2.1 sub select in functions, having, select, from
- support IN with nested arrays
- support literal key word
- support table and column references
- support asOf
- BUG#246356 - support inner joins in from clause
Other JPQL bugs:
- BUG#346729 - incorrect SQL for distinct
- BUG#331124 - join to element collection does not work
- BUG#331969 - join ignored
- BUG#347562 - group by ignored [1]
- BUG#300625 - duplicate join in sub select
- BUG#267767 - package with order fails to parse
- BUG#301905 - stack overflow parsing query
- BUG#320541 - join of map fails
- BUG#326848 - plus not aliasable
- BUG#327848 - sub-string fails
- BUG#328378 - element collection fails with in
- BUG#245652 - count distinct fails
- BUG#259867, 243384, 314025 - bad sql for in [2] [3]
- BUG#301741 - jpql sub selects incorrect
- BUG#307412 - member of fails
- BUG#354344 - concat fails in subquery
- BUG#303268 - expression order in jpql causes error
- BUG#303767 - join fetch ignored
- BUG#357843 - dot removes outer join
- (fixed - Hermes) - BUG#275449 - is not null should be used
- (fixed - Hermes) - from clause alias not used in select clause or where clause is omitted
- object parameters on left
- BUG#362063 - Nested subselects
ON clause : the SQL clause part of the FROM clause that defines how to tables are joined, this can be used for both joins and outer joins, but is required for outer joins.
outer join : A join where if a row in the source table has no joined rows in the target table it is still included in the join result with a null row for the target table.
ANTRL : Third party library currently used in EclipseLink for parsing JPQL.
Hermes : New JPQL parser developed by Dali project for parsing JPQL at design time. Currently included in EclipseLink SVN, but not currently used.
- Support additional ON clause for a relationship join.
- Support an ON clause on the join for two independent objects.
- Support JPA 2.1 ON clause
- Support JPA 2.1 function key word
- Allow sub-selects in the select clause, having clause, and from clause. ("optionalish" in JPA 2.1)
Design Constraints
- Outer join capabilities differ in different databases.
- SQL capabilities differ in different databases.
- Extend ObjectExpression to support an onClause, must normalize and copy expression accordingly.
- Allow ExpressionBuilders and other Expressions to be added to nonFetchJoinExpressions in ObjectLevelReadQuery.
- Add support for having SubSelectExpressions in SQLSelectStatement's fields and print/normalize accordingly.
- Added new FromSubSelectExpression to allow SubSelectExpressions to be contained an aliased in a SQLSelectStatement's from clause.
- Added new FromAliasExpression to allow get() to be used from a FromSubSelectExpression and treated as a QueryKeyExpression aliasing one of the items in the sub-select.
- Added support to FunctionExpression and RelationExpression to support object comparisons with IN. For composite ids as parameters arrayed INs are used, this requires database specific support.
- Added support for count distinct with composite ids for MySQL and supporting databases.
- Support ON clause for join and allow joins of non related entities.
- Support sub-selects in the SELECT, HAVING, and FROM clause.
- Support IN with object expressions.
- Support ORDER BY with object expressions.
- Support = with aliases.
- Support alias on JOIN FETCH.
- Support FUNCTION key word.
- Support OPERATOR key word to allow usage of any ExpressionOperator.
- Support CONNECT BY PRIOR in FROM clause.
- Support AS OF in FROM clause.
- Support BATCH FETCH in FROM clause.
ON clause needs Expression tests in core testing and JPQL tests in JPA testing. Testing both 1-1, 1-m, relationship and parallel.
- Added ON clause tests to Expression outerJoin core tests (both inner and outer joins tested).
- Added FROM and SELECT sub-select tests to Expression subSelects core tests.
- Select e from Employee e left join e.address a on (a.city = 'Ottawa')
- Select e from Employee e left join Project p on (p.teamLeader = e)
- Sub-select
- Select e.id, (Select a.city from Address a where e.address = a) from Employee e
- Select e.id, a2.city from Employee e, (Select a.city from Address a) a2
- Select e from Employee e where e.address in (Select a from Address a where city = 'Ottawa')
- Select e from Employee e join e.phones p where p in :phones
- Select e from Employee e join e.phones p where p in (:phone1, :phone2)
- Select e from Employee e where e.address = (Select a from Address a where street = '27 Hastings')
- ORDER BY (order by objects, Id or all fields for embeddables)
- Select e from Employee e order by e.address
- Select e from Employee e order by e.period
- JOIN FETCH alias
- Select e from Employee e join fetch e.address a where a.city = :city order by a.street
- Select e from Employee e join fetch e.phones p order by p.areaCode
- Select e from Employee e join fetch e.manager m join fetch m.address
- sub-SELECTs
- Select e.salary, (Select Max(e2.salary from Employee e2 where e2.address.city = e.address.city) from Employee e
- Select e.id, c.city from Employee e, (Select a.city from Address a) c
Native API
- Expression
- join(Expression target, Expression onClause)
- leftJoin(Expression target, Expression onClause)
- getAlias(Expression subSelect)
- ObjectLevelReadQuery
- addNonFetchJoin(Expression)
// ON ExpressionBuilder employee = new ExpressionBuilder(); Expression address = employee.getAllowingNull("address"); employee.leftJoin(address, address.get("city").equal("Ottawa")); ReadAllQuery query = new ReadAllQuery(Employee.class, employee); query.addNonFetchJoin(address); // ON ExpressionBuilder employee = new ExpressionBuilder(Employee.class); ExpressionBuilder project = new ExpressionBuilder(Project.class); employee.join(project, project.get("teamLeader").equal(employee)); ReadAllQuery query = new ReadAllQuery(Employee.class, employee); query.addNonFetchJoin(project); // SELECT SUB-SELECT ExpressionBuilder employee = new ExpressionBuilder(Employee.class); ExpressionBuilder address = new ExpressionBuilder(Address.class); ReportQuery subQuery = new ReportQuery(Address.class, address); subQuery.addAttribute("city"); subQuery.setSelectionCriteria(employee.get("address").equal(a)); ReportQuery query = new ReportQuery(Employee.class, employee); query.addAttribute("id"); query.addItem("city", employee.subQuery(subQuery)); // FROM SUB-SELECT ExpressionBuilder employee = new ExpressionBuilder(Employee.class); ExpressionBuilder address = new ExpressionBuilder(Address.class); ReportQuery subQuery = new ReportQuery(Address.class, address); subQuery.addAttribute("city"); subQuery.setSelectionCriteria(employee.get("address").equal(a)); Expression a2 = employee.getAlias(employee.subQuery(subQuery)); ReportQuery query = new ReportQuery(Employee.class, employee); query.addNonFetchJoin(a2); query.addAttribute("id"); query.addItem("city", a2.get("city"));
Config files
Need to document our BNF, example queries and support beyond JPA 2.0/2.1 in query section.
Open Issues
|Issue #
|Description / Notes
|Which JPQL parser should be used ANTLR or Hermes?
|Description / Notes
Future Considerations
- Other JPQL enhancements.
- Criteria support.


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Software Carpentry Bootcamp
Do you spend too much time wrestling with computers and not enough doing research? If so, NERSC will be hosting a free two-day Software Carpentry Boot Camp on March 28-29 to introduce scientists to skills and tools that will allow them to use computing more efficiently. The workshop will cover the core skills a researcher needs to know in order to be productive in a small team, and will be followed by four to eight weeks of self-spaced online learning. Registration is on a first-come, first-served basis. This workshop is possible with a grant from the Sloan Foundation.
Workshop Information
Registration and workshop information can be found here:
Day 1: March 28th, 2012 9am-5pm rm OSF 943-238
9am-12pm: The Bash shell
12pm-1pm: Lunch
1pm-5pm: Introduction to Python
Day 2: March 29th, 2012 9am-5pm rm OSF 943-238
9am-12: Version control with Subversion
12pm-1pm: Lunch
1pm-5pm: Relational Databases


text:
In the beginning of January, we introduced our annual photo contest, the Your Turn Photo Contest. It gives an opportunity for new photographers to share their best images, gain their first editorial exposure, and win prizes. (Including the possibility to attend High Cascade Snowboard Camp's Photo Workshop this summer.) This year there is a series of four themed contests, each one having a prize package of a Burton photo backpack, Celtek's gloves, and radio slaves from Pocket Wizard.
This first theme was assigned "Riot in the Streets." Photographers submitted their favorite images relating to snowboarding the urban scene. Check the submissions out:
The image that stood out most is Mikko Roulamo made by Miika Kumpulainen. This image combined advanced lighting techniques and good composition. Congratulations to Miika, please email me with your contact info so I can follow up with your photo prizes, email@example.com
Onto the next theme, After Dark. Round up your crew and get after it by setting up your shoot at night. The Your Turn Photo Contest is the best way for you up-and-coming snowboard photographers to have your shots seen by the TransWorld SNOWboarding audiences.
Now with the second category open, you have three weeks to round up your submissions and upload them to the user generated section of TWSNOW.COM using the tag After Dark. Please follow these simple guidlines to insure that your submissions are received correctly:
- After processing your images, size them 1200 pixels on the longest side saved at 72dpi
- File name them the title of your post adding photographer name. For example: Sending_It_Chris_Wellhausen
- Upload your photo to the YOUR STUFF section at the bottom of the TW homepage. Be sure to tag the name of the category that you're entering the photo for. For example, if your submitting for February, you would tag your photo as After Dark for judging. No other words needed in that tag. If it's not tagged correctly, it may not be considered.
- Make sure to put the photographer name, and the rider name in the caption credit. Creative captions are welcomed.
The next winner will be announced on March 1st, when the next category will start. New this year, the winner of each category will go head to head in a portfolio battle, with the TransWorld staff picking the grand-prize winner based on the strongest overall submission. The grand-prize winner gets food, lodging, and a spot in the High Cascade Snowboard Camp Photo Workshop at Mt. Hood, Oregon, headed by TransWorld senior photographer Andy Wright. This is your chance to learn from the industry's pro photographers.
Categories for the rest of the year are:
After Dark (Night)
Hot Laps (Park)
Send It (Jump)
Portfolio Battle
For more info on the High Cascade Photo Workshop, go to highcascade.com or call 1-800-334-4272.


text:
Gran Turismo 3: A-Spec
PlayStation 2
What do you need help on?Cancel X
If you're stuck in Gran Turismo 3: A-Spec, ask your fellow GameFAQs members for help.
Some say there's nothing finer than a well-crafted automobile. Gran Turismo 3: A-Spec, which brings the series to the PS2, features over 150 of the world's top performing sports cars, luxury autos, modified street runner, rally racers, and prototype evolutionary automobiles. Each car looks and handles exactly as they should, thanks to the detailed graphics and realistic physics. Choose your favorite car from a large group of manufacturers including Nissan, Ford, Toyota, and Mercedes-Benz. Race head-to-head with another player or up to six players via iLink. Gran Turismo 3 is a true car-lover's dream.
Popular Recent Questions
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text:
About Us
Dr. Joanna B. Michlic — Project Director
Dr. Joanna B. Michlic received her doctorate and her master's degree in modern European and Jewish history from University of London, and her bachelor's degree in Slavonic studies at the University of Lodz, Poland. Until December 2008 she was associate professor of history and chair of the Holocaust and Ethical Values at Lehigh University, Bethlehem, Pa. She is an affiliated fellow at the Minda de Gunzberg Center for European Studies and the Center for Ukrainian Studies at Harvard University. Her major publications include "Neighbors Respond: The Controversy about Jedwabne" (2004; co-edited with Antony Polonsky) and "Poland's Threatening Other: The Image of the Jew from 1880 to the Present" (2006, 2008 paperback edition)(Polish and Hebrew translations in preparation). She is currently working on two monographs, "The Social History of Jewish Children in Poland: Survival and Identity, 1945—1949" and "Bringing the Dark to Light: The Memory of the Holocaust in Postcommunist Europe," co-edited with John-Paul Himka.
Her publications on Jewish childhood in wartime and post-1945 Poland include: "'Who Am I?' The Identity of Jewish Children in Poland, 1945-1949." Polin, Vol. 20, Focusing on Memorialization the Holocaust, (2007); "The Children Accuse, 1946: Between Exclusion From and Inclusion Into the Holocaust Canon," in Krzysztof Ruchniewicz and Jürgen Zinnecker eds., Zwischen Zwangsarbeit, Holocaust und Vertreibung. Polnische, jüdische und deutsche Kindheiten im besetzten Polen. (München, 2007) and also online in the Newsletter of the Society for the History of Children and Youth, H-Childhood, No. 9, February 2007; and Jewish Children in Nazi-Occupied Poland: Early Post-War Recollections of Survival and Polish-Jewish Relations during the Holocaust published by Search and Research Lectures and Papers, no. 14, Yad Vashem. Her "The 'Raw Memory of War:' the Reading of Early Postwar Testimonies of Children in Dom Dziecka in Otwock," appeared in vol. 37, no. 1, 2009, Yad Vashem Studies.
More information about our studies
Academic Advisory Board
Suzanne Bardgett
Omer Bartov
Yehudah Bauer
Harold Bursztajn
Deborah Dwork
Heide Fehrenbach
Sylvia Barack Fishman
Eva Fogelman
ChaeRan Y. Freeze
Sylvia Fuks Fried
Zvi Gitelman
Stephen J. Glantz
Henry Greenspan
Israel Gutman
Marion Kaplan
Lawrence Langer
Daniel Libeskind
Dalia Ofer
Antony Polonsky
Sharon Pucker Rivo
Shulamit Reinharz
Sigmund Rolat
Nicholas Stargardt
Liliane Targownik
Suzanne Vromen
David Weinberg
Lenore Weitzman
James E. Young


text:
Though the Browns and Steelers picked their respective first-rounders more than 10 spots apart, Barkevious Mingo and Jarvis Jones will be joined at the hip, at least for the early stages of their careers.
Jones recently said he thought the Browns would take him with the sixth overall pick. Undoubtedly, Browns fans will be keeping an eye on whether Jones outperforms Mingo, the man the Browns selected instead.
But Mingo could still be the far better player, based on the input of a couple of his former teammates at LSU.
"He's a freak, man," former LSU defensive back Tyrann Mathieu, now with the Cardinals, tells Jeff Schudel of the Morning Journal. "I've never played with anybody as freakish as him. He's all natural. He's not the biggest guy. He's not the strongest guy, but he's the most athletic out of the bunch. He's definitely going to make some great plays in a Browns uniform. Hopefully I get the chance to play with him or against him. . . .
"At practice I've seen him shake a double-team off the line of scrimmage and get to the quarterback," Mathieu said. "We can't touch the quarterback in practice but he jumped so high in the air he tips the ball and catches it himself. That was one of those moments — I was on the sideline just watching — that's a Hall of Famer-type of person.
Former LSU safety Eric Reid, a first-round pick of the 49ers, agrees.
"If they asked him to play safety and they gave him time to learn, I think he could do it," Reid said. "He's just blessed. God gave him a gift. I'm glad he was on my team. He set the tone for our defense along with the other guys on the line. Y'all are blessed to have a player like Mingo."
Browns fans are used to the team being something other than blessed. And so they'll likely take a wait-and-see approach on the question of whether Mingo will be a great player, and perhaps more importantly whether he'll be better than Jarvis Jones.


text: Catholic Syrian Bank Recruitment notification 2016 Exam Online Application Form / Job Openings for Freshers, IPBS Clerks, Clerical Cadre, Assistant Manager Careers, PO, CWE-III, Clerk, Relationship Manager, Probationary Officer, Specialist Officer, Sales Manager, Cashier, Customer Service Executive, Customer Care, Field Executive job vacancies in various cities like Mumbai, Pune, Bangalore, New Delhi, Gurgaon, Noida, Hyderabad, Chennai, Chandigarh, Kolkata, Goa, Lucknow, Patna, Cochin, Ahmedabad, Agra, Aurangabad, Amritsar, Bhopal. Candidates can apply through online application form at Catholic Syrian Bank official portal http://www.csb.co.in/ Catholic Syrian Bank is a best bank which has several branches and ATMs in India. Catholic Syrian Bank is pioneer in Banking Facilities like Business Banking, Home Loans, Personal Loans, Car Loans, Insurance, Mortgage Loans, Fixed Deposits and has good opportunities for candidates who are looking for a career at Catholic Syrian Bank. Candidates who have passed in IBPS RRB CWE Exam can apply through online mode at Catholic Syrian Bank official website. Candidates will be selected on the basis of Personal Interview and IBPS Exam Marks. The process for recruitment of the individual is based on Written Test and Personal Interview conducted by Catholic Syrian Bank. The test includes Reasoning, English Language, Numerical Ability, General Awareness and Computer Knowledge. Shortlisted candidates in written examination will be selected as per cut off marks for an Interview. This is the best opportunity for job seekers to get banking career in Catholic Syrian Bank.


text:
Aims and scope
Thyroid Research is an online journal that aims to present the newest knowledge related to thyroid hormones, thyroid diseases and any related fields. The journal's regular readership includes researchers, clinicians and healthcare providers across the world.
Thyroid Research encompasses a wide range of thyroidology topics including, diagnosis, pharmacological and other treatment methods, invasive treatment, physiological mechanisms of thyroid hormone action and regulation, immunological aspects, genetics, new guidelines in disease management, thyroid related diseases and complications.
Prof Bijay Vaidya, Editor-in-Chief
Bijay Vaidya is Consultant Endocrinologist at the Royal Devon & Exeter Hospital, and Honorary Clinical Professor at the University of Exeter Medical School, United Kingdom. He obtained his MBBS degree from the Darbhanga Medical College, Darbhanga, India and a PhD from the University of Newcastle upon Tyne, United Kingdom.
He has clinical and research interest in thyroid diseases, particularly thyroid disorders in pregnancy. He has served as Treasurer and an Executive Committee Member of the British Thyroid Association, and is a member of the Clinical Committeee of the UK Society for Endocrinology and the Thyroid Eye Disease Amsterdam Declaration Implementation Group UK (TEAMeD UK). He has served on the ETA Guidelines Task Forces for 'Non-autoimmune hyperthyroidism due to TSHR mutations' and 'Subclinical hypothyroidism in pregnant women and children' and the Royal College of Physicians Guidelines Task Force for 'Management of Thyroid Eye Disease'.
Prof Vaidya has co-authored over 100 papers in peer-reviewed journals.
Annual Journal Metrics
44 days to first decision for reviewed manuscripts only
39 days to first decision for all manuscripts
89 days from submission to acceptance
16 days from acceptance to publication
Citation Impact
1.336 - Source Normalized Impact per Paper (SNIP)
0.329 - SCImago Journal Rank (SJR)
1.180 - CiteScore
163,036 Downloads
38 Altmetric mentions