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Power over Ethernet
Power over Ethernet or PoE describes any of several standardized or ad-hoc systems which pass electric power along with data on twisted pair Ethernet cabling. This allows a single cable to provide both data connection and electric power to devices such as wireless access points and IP cameras.
There are several common techniques for transmitting power over Ethernet cabling. Two of them have been standardized by IEEE 802.3 since 2003. Only two of the total four twisted pairs in an Ethernet cable are used for data in 10BASE-T or 100BASE-TX Ethernet; thus, power can be transmitted on the unused two pairs. In IEEE standards, this is referred to as Alternative B. It is a common PoE technique because it separates data and power conductors, making troubleshooting easier. Power may also be transmitted on the data conductors by applying a common-mode voltage to each pair. Because twisted-pair Ethernet uses differential signalling, this does not interfere with data transmission. The common mode voltage is easily extracted using the center tap of the standard Ethernet pulse transformer. This is similar to the phantom power technique commonly used for powering audio microphones. In the IEEE standards, this is referred to as Alternative A.
In addition to standardizing existing practice for spare-pair (Alternative B) and common-mode data pair power (Alternative A) transmission, the IEEE PoE standards provide for signalling between the power sourcing equipment (PSE) and powered device (PD). This signaling allows the presence of a conformant device to be detected by the power source, and allows the device and source to negotiate the amount of power required or available. Up to 25.5 W is available for a device.
Standards development
The IEEE standards for PoE require category 5 cable or better for high power levels but allow using category 3 cable if less power is required.[1] Power is supplied in common mode over two or more of the differential pairs of wires found in the Ethernet cables and comes from a power supply within a PoE-enabled networking device such as an Ethernet switch or can be injected into a cable run with a midspan power supply. A midspan power supply, also known as a PoE power injector, is an additional PoE power source that can be used in combination with a non-PoE switch.
The original IEEE 802.3af-2003[2] PoE standard provides up to 15.4 W of DC power (minimum 44 V DC and 350 mA[3][4]) on each port.[5] Only 12.95 W is assured to be available at the powered device as some power dissipates in the cable.[6]
The updated IEEE 802.3at-2009[7] PoE standard also known as PoE+ or PoE plus, provides up to 25.5 W of power.[8] The 2009 standard prohibits a powered device from using all four pairs for power.[9]
Both of these amendments have since been incorporated into the IEEE 802.3-2012 publication.[10]
Standards body IEEE is currently looking at ways of increasing the amount of power transmitted. The upcoming IEEE 802.3bt[11] aka 4PPoE (4 Pair Power over Ethernet) standard will introduce two new levels of power: 55 W (Level 3) and 90-100 W (Level 4). Each twisted pair can handle a current of up to one ampere. Additionally, support for 2.5GBASE-T, 5GBASE-T and 10GBASE-T is planned. This development opens the door to new applications and expands the use of applications such as operating high-performance wireless access points and surveillance cameras.
Comparison with other integrated data and power standards
PoE provides both data and power connections in one cable, so equipment doesn't require a separate cable for each need. For equipment that does not already have a power or data connection, PoE can be attractive when the power demand is modest. For example, PoE is useful for IP telephones, wireless access points, cameras with pan tilt and zoom (PTZ), and remote Ethernet switches. PoE can support long cable runs e.g. 100 m (330 ft) and deliver 12 W of galvanically isolated power.[12] PoE-plus provides even more power.
Universal Serial Bus (USB) and IEEE 1394 (FireWire) both provide data and power over limited distances. USB and FireWire are good choices for connecting peripherals to a PC.
If a device already has power available but no data link, then PoE may not be attractive. A wireless data connection such as IEEE 802.11 or power line communication may be more economical than running a data cable for the device.
When data rate and power requirements are both low, other approaches may be viable. Some security alarm systems use battery-powered sensors that communicate wirelessly. Remote weather sensors for personal weather stations use very low data rates, so batteries (sometimes supplemented with solar power) and custom wireless data links are used.
Depending on the application, advantages with PoE over other technologies include:
- Inexpensive cabling carries both data and power
- Power to equipment can be remotely cycled
- Fast data rate
Some types of devices powered by PoE include:[13]
- VoIP phones
- IP cameras including pan–tilt–zoom cameras
- Wireless access points
- IPTV decoders
- Network routers
- A mini network switch installed in distant rooms, to support a small cluster of ports from one uplink cable. (Mini-switches do not usually provide PoE on their output ports.) (Many modern VoIP phones include a two-port mini-switch that can provide a network connection for a nearby computer.)
- Network Intercom / Paging / Public address systems and hallway speaker amplifiers
- Wall clocks in rooms and hallways, with time set using Network Time Protocol
- Outdoor roof mounted radios with integrated antennas, 802.11 or 802.16 based wireless CPEs (customer premises equipment) used by wireless ISPs.
- Industrial devices (sensors, controllers, meters etc.)
- Access control and Help-points (intercoms, entry cards, keyless entry, etc.)
- Lighting controllers and LED Lighting fixtures[14]
- Stage and Theatrical devices, such as networked audio breakout and routing boxes
- Remote Point of Sale (POS) kiosks
- Physical Security devices and controllers
- Inline Ethernet extenders[15]
Power sourcing equipment
Power sourcing equipment (PSE) is a device such as a network Switch that provides (or sources) power on the Ethernet cable. The maximum allowed continuous output power per cable in IEEE 802.3af is 15.40 W. A later specification, IEEE 802.3at, offers 25.50 W.
When the device is a switch, it is commonly called an endspan (although IEEE 802.3af refers to it as endpoint). Otherwise, if it's an intermediary device between a non PoE capable switch and a PoE device, it's called a midspan. An external PoE injector is a midspan device.[16]
Powered device
A powered device (PD) is a device powered by a PSE and thus consumes energy. Examples include wireless access points, IP Phones, and IP Cameras.
Many powered devices have an auxiliary power connector for an optional, external, power supply. Depending on the PD design, some, none, or all power can be supplied from the auxiliary port,[17][18] with the auxiliary port sometimes acting as backup power in case of PoE supplied power failure.
Power management features and integration
Most advocates expect PoE to become a global longterm DC power cabling standard and replace "wall wart" converters, which cannot be easily centrally managed.
Critics of this approach argue that PoE is inherently less efficient than AC power due to the lower voltage, and this is made worse by the thin conductors of Ethernet. A typical 48-port Ethernet switch has a 50 W to 80 W power supply allocated for the traditional Ethernet switch and transceiver IC. Over and above this it requires typically a 740 W (for 802.3af) to 1480 W (for 802.3at) power supply allocated solely for PoE ports, permitting a maximum draw on each. This can be quite inefficient to supply through long cables. However, where this central supply replaces several dedicated AC circuits, transformers and inverters, and prevents expensive human interventions (AC installations) the power loss of long thin DC cable can be justifiable. Power can always be introduced on the device end of the Ethernet cable (radically improving efficiency) where AC power is available.
Switch power features
The switches themselves often contain "active", "smart", or "managed" power management features to reduce AC draw of all devices involved.
Multi-protocol teaming standards (G.9960, G.hn, and IEEE P1905) and handoff standards (IEEE 802.21) generally rely on simulating Ethernet features in other media.
By late 2011, some of the energy management features are proprietary.[19] Advertising for power-over-Ethernet devices usually cites its "green" features including less packaging and improvements over previous models.
Integrating EEE and PoE
After integration with the IEEE 802.3az Energy-Efficient Ethernet (EEE) standard, the energy management capabilities of the combined standard are expected to be good. Pre-standard integrations of EEE and PoE (such as Marvell's EEPoE outlined in a May 2011 white paper[20]) claim to achieve a savings upwards of 3 W per link, extremely significant across the tens of millions of new links shipped each year. These losses are especially significant as higher power devices come online. Marvell claims that:
- "With the evolution of PoE from a fairly low power source (up to 12.95 W per port) to one with devices of up to 25.5 W, the direct current (DC) power losses over Ethernet cables increased exponentially. Approximately 4.5 W/port of power is wasted on a CAT5, CAT5e, CAT6 or CAT6A cable...after 100 m... EEE typically saves no more than 1 W per link, so addressing the 4.5 W per link loss from PoE transmission inefficiency would provide much more incremental savings. New energy-efficient PoE (EEPoE) technology can increase efficiency to 94% while transmitting over the same 25 ohm cable, powering IEEE 802.3at-compliant devices in synchronous 4-pairs. When utilizing synchronous 4-pairs, powered devices are fed using all the available wires. For example, on a 24-port IEEE 802.3at-2009 Type 2 system (delivering 25.5 W per port), more than 50 W are saved."[20]
Standard implementation
Standards-based Power over Ethernet is implemented following the specifications in IEEE 802.3af-2003 (which was later incorporated as clause 33 into IEEE 802.3-2005) or the 2009 update, IEEE 802.3at. A phantom power technique is used to allow the powered pairs to also carry data. This permits its use not only with 10BASE-T and 100BASE-TX, which use only two of the four pairs in the cable, but also with 1000BASE-T (gigabit Ethernet), which uses all four pairs for data transmission. This is possible because all versions of Ethernet over twisted pair cable specify differential data transmission over each pair with transformer coupling; the DC supply and load connections can be made to the transformer center-taps at each end. Each pair thus operates in common mode as one side of the DC supply, so two pairs are required to complete the circuit. The polarity of the DC supply may be inverted by crossover cables; the powered device must operate with either pair: spare pairs 4–5 and 7–8 or data pairs 1–2 and 3–6. Polarity is required on data pairs, and ambiguously implemented for spare pairs, with the use of a diode bridge.
|802.3af (802.3at Type 1) "PoE"
|802.3at Type 2 "PoE+"
|Power available at PD[note 1]
|Maximum power delivered by PSE
|Voltage range (at PSE)
|Voltage range (at PD)
|Maximum current
|350 mA[23]
|600 mA[23] per mode
|Maximum cable resistance
|20 Ω[24] (Category 3)
|12.5 Ω[24] (Category 5)
|Power management
|Three power class levels negotiated at initial connection
|Four power class levels negotiated at initial connection or 0.1 W steps negotiated continuously
|Derating of maximum cable ambient operating temperature
|5 °C (9 °F) with one mode (two pairs) active
|Supported cabling
|Category 3 and Category 5[1]
|Category 5[1][note 2]
|Supported modes
|Mode A (endspan), Mode B (midspan)
|Mode A, Mode B
- ↑ Most switched power supplies within the powered device will lose another 10 to 25% of the available power.
- ↑ More stringent cable specification allows assumption of more current carrying capacity and lower resistance (20.0 Ω for Category 3 versus 12.5 Ω for Category 5).
Powering devices
Two modes, A and B, are available. Mode A delivers power on the data pairs of 100BASE-TX or 10BASE-T. Mode B delivers power on the spare pairs. PoE can also be used on 1000BASE-T Ethernet, in which case there are no spare pairs and all power is delivered using the phantom technique.
Mode A has two alternate configurations (MDI and MDI-X), using the same pairs but with different polarities. In mode A, pins 1 and 2 (pair #2 in T568B wiring) form one side of the 48 V DC, and pins 3 and 6 (pair #3 in T568B) form the other side. These are the same two pairs used for data transmission in 10BASE-T and 100BASE-TX, allowing the provision of both power and data over only two pairs in such networks. The free polarity allows PoE to accommodate for crossover cables, patch cables and auto-MDIX.
In mode B, pins 4–5 (pair #1 in both T568A and T568B) form one side of the DC supply and pins 7–8 (pair #4 in both T568A and T568B) provide the return; these are the "spare" pairs in 10BASE-T and 100BASE-TX. Mode B, therefore, requires a 4-pair cable.
The PSE (power sourcing equipment), not the PD (powered device), decides whether power mode A or B shall be used. PDs that implement only Mode A or Mode B are disallowed by the standard.
The PSE can implement mode A or B or both. A PD indicates that it is standards-compliant by placing a 25 kΩ resistor between the powered pairs. If the PSE detects a resistance that is too high or too low (including a short circuit), no power is applied. This protects devices that do not support PoE. An optional "power class" feature allows the PD to indicate its power requirements by changing the sense resistance at higher voltages. To stay powered, the PD must continuously use 5–10 mA for at least 60 ms with no more than 400 ms since last use or else it will be unpowered by the PSE.[25]
There are two types of PSEs: endspans and midspans. Endspans (commonly called PoE switches) are Ethernet switches that include the power over Ethernet transmission circuitry. Midspans are power injectors that stand between a regular Ethernet switch and the powered device, injecting power without affecting the data.
Endspans are normally used on new installations or when the switch has to be replaced for other reasons (such as moving from 10/100 Mbit/s to 1 Gbit/s or adding security protocols), which makes it convenient to add the PoE capability. Midspans are used when there is no desire to replace and configure a new Ethernet switch, and only PoE needs to be added to the network.
| Volts specified
|PSE detects if the PD has the correct signature resistance of 19–26.5 kΩ
|PSE detects resistor indicating power range (see below)
|Mark 1
|Signals PSE is 802.3at capable. PD presents a 0.25–4 mA load.
|Class 2
|PSE outputs classification voltage again to indicate 802.3at capability
|Mark 2
|Signals PSE is 802.3at capable. PD presents a 0.25–4 mA load.
|Startup voltage[26][27]
|> 42
|> 42
|Normal operation
|Supply power to device[26][27]
IEEE 802.3at capable devices are also referred to as "type 2". An 802.3at PSE may also use layer2 communication to signal 802.3at capability.[28]
| Classification current
| Power range
|Class description
|Classification unimplemented
|Very Low power
|Low power
|Mid power
| Valid for 802.3at (Type 2) devices,
not allowed for 802.3af devices
|High power
Class 4 can only be used by IEEE 802.3at (type 2) devices, requiring valid Class 2 and Mark 2 currents for the power up stages. An 802.3af device presenting a class 4 current is considered non-compliant and, instead, will be treated as a Class 0 device.[30]
Configuration via Ethernet layer 2 LLDP
|TLV Header
|MED Header
|Extended power via MDI
| Type
(7 bits)
| Length
(9 bits)
(3 octets)
| Extended power via MDI subtype
(1 octet)
| Power type
(2 bits)
| Power source
(2 bits)
| Power priority
(4 bits)
| Power value
(2 octets)
|PSE or PD
|Normal or Backup conservation
| Critical,
|0–102.3 W in 0.1 W steps
The setup phases are as follows:
- PSE (provider) tests PD (consumer) physically using 802.3af phase class 3.
- PSE powers up PD.
- PD sends to PSE: I'm a PD, max power = X, max power requested = X.
- PSE sends to PD: I'm a PSE, max power allowed = X.
- PD may now use the amount of power as specified by the PSE.
The rules for this power negotiation are:
- PD shall never request more power than physical 802.3af class
- PD shall never draw more than max power advertised by PSE
- PSE may deny any PD drawing more power than max allowed by PSE
- PSE shall not reduce power allocated to PD, that is in use
- PSE may request reduced power, via conservation mode[31]:10
Non-standard implementations
Some Cisco manufactured WLAN access points and IP phones supported a proprietary form of PoE many years before there was an IEEE standard for delivering PoE. Cisco's original PoE implementation is not software upgradeable to the IEEE 802.3af standard. Cisco's original PoE equipment was capable of delivering up to 10 W per port. The amount of power to be delivered is negotiated between the endpoint and the Cisco switch based on a power value that was added to the Cisco proprietary Cisco Discovery Protocol (CDP). CDP is also responsible for dynamically communicating the Voice VLAN value from the Cisco switch to the Cisco IP Phone.
Under Cisco's pre-standard scheme, the PSE (switch) will send a Fast Link Pulse (FLP) on the transmit pair. The PD (device) connects the transmit line to the receive line via a low pass filter. And thus the PSE gets the FLP in return. And a common mode current between pair 1 and 2 will be provided resulting in 48 V DC[32] and 6.3 W[33] default of allocated power. The PD has then to provide Ethernet link within 5 seconds to the auto-negotiation mode switch port. A later CDP message with a type-length-value tells the PSE its final power requirement. A discontinued link pulses shuts down power.[34]
In 2014, Cisco created another non-standard PoE implementation called Universal Power over Ethernet (UPOE). UPOE can use all 4 pairs, after negotiation, to supply up to 60 W.[35]
Linear Technology
A proprietary high-power development called LTPoE++ using a single CAT-5e Ethernet cable is capable of supplying varying levels at 38.7 W, 52.7 W, 70 W, and 90 W in addition to being backwards compatible with IEEE 802.at.[36]
PowerDsine, acquired by Microsemi in 2007, has been selling midspan power injectors since 1999 with its proprietary Power over LAN solution. Several companies such as Polycom, 3Com, Lucent and Nortel utilize PowerDsine's Power over LAN.[37]
The common 100 Mbit/s passive applications use the pinout of 802.3af mode B - with DC plus on pins 4 and 5 and DC minus on 7 and 8 (see chart below) and data on 1-2 and 3-6. Gigabit passive injectors use a transformer on the data pins to allow power and data to share the cable and is typically compatible with 802.3af Mode A. In the common "passive" PoE system, the injector does not communicate with the powered device to negotiate its voltage or wattage requirements, but merely supplies power at all times. Passive midspan injectors up to 12 ports simplify installations. Devices needing 5 Volts cannot typically use PoE at 5 V on Ethernet cable beyond short distances (about 15 feet (4.6 m)) as the voltage drop of the cable becomes too significant, so a 24 V or 48 V to 5 V DC-DC converter is required at the remote end.[38] Passive DC-to-DC injectors also exist which convert a 9 V to 36 V DC input power source to a stabilized 24 V 1 A or 48 V 0.5 A PoE feed with '+' on pins 4 & 5 and '−' on pins 7 & 8. These DC-to-DC PoE injectors are used in various telecom applications.[39]
Power capacity limits
Category 5 cable uses 24 AWG conductors, which can safely carry 360 mA at 50 V according to the latest TIA ruling. The cable has eight conductors (only half of which are used for power) and therefore the absolute maximum power transmitted using direct current is 50 V × 0.360 A × 2 = 36 W. Considering the voltage drop after 100 m (330 ft), a PD would be able to receive 31.6 W. The additional heat generated in the wires by PoE at this current level (4.4 W per 100 m cable) limits the total number of cables in a bundle to be 100 cables at 45 °C (113 °F), according to the TIA. This can be somewhat alleviated by the use of Category 6 cable which uses 23 AWG conductors.
The ISO/IEC TR 29125 and Cenelec EN 50174-99-1 draft standards outline the cable bundle temperature rise that can be expected from the use of 4PPoE. A distinction is made between two scenarios: 1.) bundles heating up from the inside to the outside, and 2.) bundles heating up from the outside to match the ambient temperature. The second scenario largely depends on the way that the cable bundle has been installed, whereas the first is solely influenced by the physical make-up of the cable. In a standard U/UTP cable, the PoE-related temperature rise increases by a factor of 5. In a shielded cable, this value drops to between 2.5 and 3, depending on the design. Put another way, the temperature increases by twice as much in a U/UTP cable bundle than in a comparable bundle of S/FTP cables. This is because the metal in the shield helps to transport heat from inside the bundle to the outside.
|Pins at switch
|T568A color
|T568B color
| 10/100 mode B,
DC on spares
| 10/100 mode A,
mixed DC & data
| 1000 (1 gigabit) mode B,
DC & bi-data
| 1000 (1 gigabit) mode A,
DC & bi-data
|Pin 1
White/green stripe
White/orange stripe
|Rx +
|Rx +
|TxRx A +
|TxRx A +
|Pin 2
Green solid
Orange solid
|Rx −
|Rx −
|TxRx A −
|TxRx A −
|Pin 3
White/orange stripe
White/green stripe
|Tx +
|Tx +
|TxRx B +
|TxRx B +
|Pin 4
Blue solid
Blue solid
|TxRx C +
|TxRx C +
|Pin 5
White/blue stripe
White/blue stripe
|TxRx C −
|TxRx C −
|Pin 6
Orange solid
Green solid
|Tx −
|Tx −
|TxRx B −
|TxRx B −
|Pin 7
White/brown stripe
White/brown stripe
|TxRx D +
|TxRx D +
|Pin 8
Brown solid
Brown solid
|TxRx D −
|TxRx D −
- 1 2 3 IEEE 802.3at-2009, clause 33.1.1c
- ↑ 802.3af-2003, June 2003
- ↑ IEEE 802.3-2005, section 2, table 33-5, item 1
- ↑ IEEE 802.3-2005, section 2, table 33-5, item 4
- ↑ IEEE 802.3-2005, section 2, table 33-5, item 14
- ↑ IEEE 802.3-2005, section 2, clause 184.108.40.206
- ↑ 802.3at Amendment 3: Data Terminal Equipment (DTE) Power via the Media Dependent Interface (MDI) Enhancements, September 11, 2009
- ↑ "Amendment to IEEE 802.3 Standard Enhances Power Management and Increases Available Power". IEEE. Retrieved 2010-06-24.
- ↑ Clause 33.3.1 stating, "PDs that simultaneously require power from both Mode A and Mode B are specifically not allowed by this standard."
- ↑ IEEE 802.3-2012 Standard for Ethernet, IEEE Standards Association, December 28, 2012
- ↑ "IEEE P802.3bt DTE Power via MDI over 4-Pair Task Force". 2016-03-29. Retrieved 2016-08-03.
- ↑ IEEE 802.3at-2009 Clause 33.4.1
- ↑ "Power over Ethernet". Commercial web page. GarrettCom. Retrieved August 6, 2011.
- ↑ "The Bright New Outlook For LEDs: New Drivers, New Possibilities" (PDF). Commercial Application Note. Maxim Integrated. Retrieved 27 April 2015.
- ↑ "Ethernet Extender for POE and POE Plus equipment". Retrieved 2015-10-26.
- ↑ Cisco Aironet technotes on 1000BASE-T mid-span devices, visited 18 July 2011
- ↑ IEEE 802.3-2008, section 2, clause 33.3.5
- ↑ IEEE 802.3at-2009, clause 33.3.7
- ↑ "GS108PE". Netgear.com. Retrieved 2013-06-01.
- 1 2 Roman Kleinerman; Daniel Feldman (May 2011), Power over Ethernet (PoE): An Energy-Efficient Alternative (PDF), Marvell, retrieved 2016-08-31
- 1 2 IEEE 802.3at-2009 Table 33-11
- 1 2 IEEE 802.3at-2009 Table 33-18
- 1 2 IEEE 802.3at-2009 Table 33-1
- 1 2 IEEE 802.3at-2009 33.1.4 Type 1 and Type 2 system parameters
- ↑ Herbold, Jacob; Dwelley, Dave (27 October 2003), "Banish Those "Wall Warts" With Power Over Ethernet", Electronic Design, 51 (24): 61, archived from the original on 2005-03-20
- 1 2 IEEE 802.3-2008, section 2, table 33-12
- 1 2 IEEE 802.3at-2009, table 33-18
- ↑ "LTC4278 IEEE 802.3at PD with Synchronous No-Opto Flyback Controller and 12V Aux Support" (PDF). 2010-01-11 cds.linear.com
- ↑ IEEE 802.3-2005, section 2, table 33-3
- ↑ IEEE 802.3-2008, section 2, clause 33.3.4
- 1 2 "LLDP / LLDP-MED Proposal for PoE Plus (2006-09-15)" (PDF).2010-01-10
- ↑ "Planning for Cisco IP Telephony > Network Infrastructure Analysis". 2010-01-12 ciscopress.com
- ↑ "Power over Ethernet on the Cisco Catalyst 6500 Series Switch" (PDF). 2010-01-12 conticomp.com
- ↑ "Understanding the Cisco IP Phone 10/100 Ethernet In-Line Power Detection Algorithm - Cisco Systems". 2010-01-12 cisco.com
- ↑ "Cisco Universal Power Over Ethernet - Unleash the Power of your Network White Paper". 2014-07-11 cisco.com
- ↑ "Power over Ethernet Interface Controllers".
- ↑ PowerDsine Limited, archived from the original on 2012-07-28
- ↑ "Passive Power over Ethernet equipment, AC-DC and DC-DC". 2013-06-28 wifiqos.com
- ↑ "Passive Power over Ethernet equipment, AC-DC and DC-DC". 2010-02-18 tyconpower.com
External links
- ieee802.org: Download the IEEE 802.3 standards
- ieee802.org: IEEE 802.3af Task Force
- ieee802.org: IEEE 802.3at Task Force
- POE pinouts of various manufacturers


text:
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text: On Tue, Jan 28, 2003 at 10:33:54PM -0800, Greg Lindahl's all... > On Tue, Jan 28, 2003 at 08:24:28PM -0500, Jean-Christophe Ducom wrote: > > > I dont' know if this topic has been discussed previously. I was > > wondering how good/bad is the new value for timeslices HZ=512 for RH8.0 > > (other distributions?) and HZ=1000 for kernel2.5. > > I've lived on Alphas for ages, and it seemed to work OK. > > > I understand how good it is for desktop responsiveness but won't it > > be bad if two 'intensive' jobs are running causing a lot of cache > > misses at every timeslice, > > Most HPC clusters only run 1 intensive process per cpu. Yes, loading > the entire cache from a cold start takes around 1 millisecond. > Fortunately, not that many jobs are sensitive to the exact cache size > -- they tend to need more or less. If less, it won't thrash. If more, > it always thrashes. With large caches today you can tune a class of jobs for your cluster that are below the threshhold size nicely, and run those jobs differently from the others (using different #s of nodes, possibly even different interconnects as thrashing will obviously destroy scaling). Furthermore, if you can get your HZ >> 1/(cache ctxtsw time) then you can mitigate the impact of thrashing. Someone mentioned that idle time priority stuff a la freeBSD has been possible for some time now on linux, but I have had little luck finding out how to do it properly. With FreeBSD I have observed gaussian 98 running 100.00% cpu for over 10 seconds at a time, while another job sits fully idle. Any thrashing is minimized. But thats particular to this case because g98 will spend a long time not touching anything but the cpu (up to an hour or more at times I think, but its hard to verify) without relinquishing any cpu to idle prioritied jobs (when waiting on disk or other blocking resources). If anyone can point out to me how to achieve something like HZ ~ 10 such that cache thrashing is a non issue, I'd love to hear - need some help. I'd think that HZ ~ 10 would lead to some very interesting interupt handling problems for devices with little or no buffer, among other things. Defintely a non trivial kernel design problem -- need to avoid blocking on priority inversion among other things. Thanks. /kc > > -- greg > > > _______________________________________________ > Beowulf mailing list, Beowulf at beowulf.org > To change your subscription (digest mode or unsubscribe) visit http://www.beowulf.org/mailman/listinfo/beowulf -- Ken Chase, math at velocet.ca * Velocet Communications Inc. * Toronto, CANADA


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|Packaging Info
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Crown Verity 36" Built-in Gas Grill
Product Details
About this item
A commercial-grade built-in natural gas grill for use at country clubs, resorts, hotels, casinos, quality homes and other discerning establishments.
Available in choice of Natural Gas or Liquid Propane
Available in choice of Natural Gas or Liquid Propane
current price: $3,029.00
Online only
Price includes shipping
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Crown Verity built in grills are built to last and are made of 304 stainless steel that will not rust. The cooking grids and burners carry a 10 year warranty. This grill is designed to be safe, durable, easy to clean, and let you cook with great control. The unit includes a 36" built-in grill , 36" hood, 36" warming rack and outdoor cover. All Crown Verity grills include a water tub in the bottom of the unit. Fill the pan with water and it will add moisture to the food you are cooking and most importantly it will prevent a grease fire from occuring. The water pan also makes clean up a much easier process as the grease, and debris, that falls into the pan will not stick to the pan. All Crown Verity gas grills are designed so you can clean them with a pressure washer. All Crown Verity gas grills are constructed of stainless steel throughout. The hood of the unit is easily removed by sliding it off the back of the unit. This allows for easier cleaning and maintenance. Each burner is fully adjustable to allow the operator to cook with various temperatures depending on the food product they are cooking.
Policies & plans
1 year, 10 year on cooking grids and burners
Manufacturer Info
Crown Verity
Assembled Country
Assembled Size
38.5 x 25 x 34
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We are sorry, there are no rooms available at this accommodation at the moment
Senyati Safari Camp is situated in the Lesoma Valley, Northern Botswana, 20km from Kasane.
Senyati Safari camp can accommodate both campers and those who prefer some 'home' comfort.
There are 20 campsites, The campsites can accommodate from as few as two people at a stand to as many as 20 people at some stands.
Each and every of Senyati Safari campsites have its own well-lit ablution block, braai area, toilet, hot-water shower and 220V electric point.
All guests camping at Senyati have free access to our satellite Wi-fi and to the Senyati Elephant Bunker, or hide, as some prefer to refer to the facility. The elephant hide is located in front of our famous look-out deck which many people have described as the bar with the best view in the world. All guests are welcome to sit out on the deck throughout the night as the waterhole is lit throughout the night. Guests are welcome to spend all night watching the animals coming and going, should they wish to do so.
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Situated on the banks of the chobe River, Kasane is both the administrative centre of chobe District and gateway to Chobe National park. It also is an important point of debarkation for the nearby victoria Falls in Zimbabwe and Livingstone in Zambia, and Namibia's Caprivi Strip.
Kasane is situated a few kilometres from the Chobe River's confluence with the Zambezi, where the four countries of Botswana, Zambia, Zimbabwe, and Namibia meet. At Kazungula, a few kilometres away, there is a ferry crossing between Botswana and Zambia. On the main road that runs along the river, and further inland, there are a number of lodges and guest houses.
For travellers wishing to stay and enjoy the park. Some are splendidly situated, with wonderful views of the river and its wildlife. Often visitors opt to have a morning game drive and an afternoon boat cruise, with an afternoon game drive the following day, as this is the time of day when elephants are usually spotted. Many visitors also tack on a day trip to Victoria Falls, which is about 80 kilometres from Kasane. Kasane now boasts small shopping malls where all basic commodities can be purchased, and arts and crafts shops. While its main attraction is the park that lies a mere 10 kilometres away, there are nevertheless attractions in and around the town.
Sports & natureSince Kasane is on the edge of Chobe National Park, the logical thing to do there is take advantage of all of the natural beauty and chances to observe the wildlife in its natural environment. Boat tours provide a great opportunity to see hippos, crocodiles, elephants, and a myriad of birdlife, as well as the antelopes and other animals that come to the river to drink. Sunset on the river can be spectacular! Game drives through Chobe in open vehicles offer more wildlife viewing opportunities.
Culture and history infoThe history of Botswana is characterised by migrations of peoples into the country from the north and west and particularly from the east and south, as well as internal movements of groups of people. The group which eventually emerged as most numerous, and dominant, were the Batswana. Their pattern of dividing and migrating saw the formation of numerous Tswana tribes, and their eventual occupation of all areas of the country. The term "Batswana" refers to the ethnic group of people who speak the Setswana language and share the Sotho-Tswana culture, while in its common contemporary usage, it refers to all citizens of the Republic of Botswana, regardless of their ethnic background. The singular is "Motswana": a citizen of the country. "Tswana" is used as an adjective - for example "Tswana state" or "Tswana culture". First inhabitants The earliest modern inhabitants of southern Africa were the Bushman (San) and the Hottentot (Khoe) peoples. They have lived an almost unchanged lifestyle in the country since the Middle Stone Age. The physical characteristics of the Khoe and the San are similar. Both tend to have light, almost coppery skin colour, slanted, almond-shaped eyes, high cheekbones, thin lips and tufted, tightly curled hair. Both speak click languages, though there are major differences between them. Both hunted and collected wild foods and neither grew crops. Approximately 60,000 years ago, the peoples of sub-Saharan Africa were of one tribe, probably of Khoe/San type. It is believed that the Bantu-speaking people were an offshoot from the Khoe/San tribe. This occurred in the tropical rain forests of equatorial Africa about 10,000 years ago. The Bantu-speaking people gradually developed darker skin pigmentation and different physical attributes because of the different environments they eventually occupied. The origins of the Tswana tribes In Botswana, about 1,000 years ago, large chiefdoms began to emerge in the area between Sowa Pan and the Tswapong Hills. Large settlements developed on hilltops. These people are known as the "Toutswe", after the first of their capitals, which was excavated on Toutswemogala Hill. Soon these communities were eclipsed by the Great Zimbabwe Empire, which spread its domain over much of eastern Botswana. Around 1300 AD, peoples in present-day Transvaal began to coalesce into the linguistic and political groups they form today. This resulted in the emergence of three main groups: the Bakgalagadi, the Batswana and the Basotho, each of which had smaller divisions. Each group lived in small, loosely knit communities, spread widely over large areas of land. They spoke dialects of the same language and shared many cultural affinities. Two central features of the history of the Batswana are fission and fusion. Groups of people broke off from their parent tribe and moved to new land, creating a new tribe and absorbing or subjugating the people they found there. This is how a single group of Batswana living in the Magaliesberg Mountains in northern Transvaal evolved into the numerous Tswana tribes, which exist today. In 18th century further movements and split-ups of the Batswana resulted in the Tswana tribes which exist today: Bakhurutshe, Bangwato, Bakwena, Bangwaketse, Bakgatla, Batlhokwa, Barolong, Batlhaping and, much later, the Batawana. The earlier farming inhabitants of Botswana - the Bakgalagadi - also split into several groups, namely the Bakgwateng, Babolaongwe, Bangologa, Baphaleng, Bashaga and many smaller groups. This then was how the Tswana tribes came to be living in Botswana as they were until about 200 years ago. The Difaqane wars The Difaqane wars were a devastating wave of tribal wars that swept across Botswana and much of southern Africa in the early 1800s. By the early 19th century, populations in southern Africa had expanded to such a point that most fertile land was occupied. During the 1700s, the slave and ivory trades increased rapidly in southeastern Africa - minor kings were attacking their neighbours and selling their captives to slave traders. Along the Orange River, white bandits began to terrorize people living in the east. Nguni peoples (Bantu-speaking peoples including the Zulus and Xhosas) began to form themselves into stronger units to resist these pressures. In 1816 King Shaka seized control of the Zulu chiefdom, and, by forcefully incorporating other smaller tribes, rapidly formed a powerful, war-like nation. Conquered peoples, began to move northwestwards in vast numbers (80,000 - 100,000) destroying everything in their path. Towards the end of the Difaqane wars, tribes slowly began to re-establish themselves. The chiefs, in their efforts to reconstruct, began to exchange ivory and skins for guns with European, Griqua and Rolong traders, who began to infiltrate the African interior at that time. Missionaries and traders In the 19th century numerous missionary societies were formed in Europe and America to send out proselytizers around the world. The London Missionary Society was one of the first to preach amongst the Batswana. It set up a mission station at Kuruman (near present-day Vryburg in South Africa) in 1816. The untiring Robert Moffat headed the station for 50 years. The famous Dr. David Livingstone arrived in 1841, worked out of Kuruman for about two years, and then married Moffat's daughter, Mary. Though much more interested in exploration than missionary work, and later much more involved in the abolition of the slave trade, Livingstone set up a mission station at Kolobeng amongst the Bakwena. From Kuruman, Christianity very gradually spread to the interior. Missionaries settled amongst the people, often at the invitation of the chiefs who wanted guns and knew that the presence of missionaries encouraged the traders. By 1880 every major village of every tribe in Botswana had a resident missionary and their influence had become a permanent feature of life. The missionaries worked through the chief, recognizing that the chief's conversion was the key to the rest of the tribe. Chiefs' responses varied - from Khama's (of the Bangwato) wholehearted embrace of the faith, to Sekgoma Letsholathebe's (of the Batawana) outright rejection, which he claimed was in defence of his culture. Independence Growing dissatisfaction with British protection and an increasing nationalism among Batswana found expression though tribal leaders, who exercised considerable power at a local level. From the 1930s, demands for self-determination were increasingly vocalised through the African Advisory Council, which often found itself in conflict with the colonial administration. After 80 years as a British protectorate, Bechuanaland attained self-government in 1965, becoming the independent Republic of Botswana on September 6, 1966, and maintaining a position of stability and harmony ever since. Sir Seretse Khama was elected the first president and served until his death in 1980. One of the world's most impoverished nations at the time of independence, the discovery of commercially exploitable diamonds in 1967 paved the way for economic prosperity, with Botswana becoming a shining example of an African success story. The Botswana Democratic Party (BDP) has been in power since the first democratic elections in 1966, and continues to draw support from a wide range of Botswana's population. Mr. Ketumile Masire served as Botswana's second president, taking over from the late Sir Seretse Khama in July 1980 and continuing a tradition of good governance. This eloquent former journalist ruled Botswana for 18 years, during which time it became one of the richest countries in Africa. Sir Ketumile Masire voluntarily retired from office in 1998 at the age of 72, and was succeeded by his vice president and former finance minister, Mr. Festus Mogae. Headed by President Mogae and Vice-President Ian Khama, son of the country's founder president, the ruling BDP swept to victory in the democratic election held during October 1999, securing 33 of 40 seats in the nation's Parliament. It is largely the culture of the Batswana that has dominated that of other minority groups. This is particularly evident with regard to cattle ownership. Cattle, the traditional Tswana source of wealth and status, are now desired by most, if not all groups of people in Botswana. But this exchange of cultural values has not been a one-way affair: minority groups have influenced and contributed to the dominant culture in numerous ways - in Ngamiland, for example, the Bayei fishing methods were adopted by the ruling Batawana. Recent years have seen the introduction of western culture in the form of western business, technology, consumer goods, tourism and the media. There is a rather circuitous route, which all this takes to get to Botswana. South Africa, heavily influenced by America, Europe and Japan, acquires the latest goods and media items from these countries first; Botswana, in turn, imports nearly all commodities from South Africa. Botswana can well afford to buy in such goods, but personal wealth on the scale that exists for the elite few in Botswana is a new phenomenon. Life in the urban areas has been most affected by western culture and increasing modernity. In the rural areas many traditions persist and ways of life differ from region to region. Some of the more obvious physical aspects of the different cultures have disappeared (such as traditional clothing, arts and crafts, most ritual ceremonies and some tools and utensils). Others remain important, however, such as cattle ownership, music and dance and the consultation of traditional healers. The changes, which have come so rapidly to Botswana, have had their advantages and disadvantages. Better health and education facilities have been provided and increased prosperity has improved the standard of living for some. However, there is a steadily widening gap between the rich and the poor. Music and dance Music is the aspect of culture, which has perhaps best survived the onslaught of western influences in Botswana. Both traditional and modern music of numerous ethnic groups from southern Africa and sub-Saharan Africa are heard nearly everywhere you go - in shops, malls, houses, schools, cars, combis, trains, taxis and bars. Music, dance and singing are an integral part of everyday activities and modern-day ceremonies such as weddings and even funerals. Batswana have incorporated their traditional music into church singing. The result is some of the most stirring, soulful music on earth. There are a lot of church choirs, in both urban and rural areas. Children are taught traditional music and dance at primary school. Even in secondary schools, morning assembly sometimes begin with singing. Teacher training colleges often have their own dance troupes, some of which have performed overseas. Traditional dance competitions for schools are periodically held, usually in larger towns and villages, and many schools from around the country participate. These school groups also perform for the public on public holidays - in villages, town halls and community centres. The dancers, wearing traditional costumes of skins and beaded jewellery, move exuberantly and energetically. The music is happy, infectious, and full of feeling. Religion Early tribal religions were primarily cults. The supreme being and creator was known as Modimo. Religious rites included the bogwera and bojale (male and female initiation ceremonies) and gofethla pula or rain-making rites. Today, Christianity is the most prevailing belief system in Botswana, with well over 60% of the population. It was brought into Botswana by David Livingstone in the middle 19th century who converted Kgosi Sechele I (Chief of Bakwena) to Christianity. The main denominations are - Roman Catholic, Anglican, Zion, Lutheran and Methodist Christian Church.
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Animator Floyd Norman vividly recalled the first time he encountered Walt Disney.
In early 1956, Norman was one of a few young animators hired for a one-month tryout at the Disney studio in Burbank. A few weeks into its training, the group was told to report to a screening room on the third floor of the Animation Building. Because the room was occupied, they had to wait in the hallway.
"We saw this figure step out into the hallway moving toward us," Norman said. "As the figure moved closer, we suddenly realized — oh, my God — it was Walt Disney. We all just backed up against the wall as Walt walked by. Noticing our odd behavior, he kind of chuckled because he saw us as a bunch of geeky kids reacting to his presence. It truly was like Moses descending from the mountain."
PHOTOS: Upcoming Disney films fall and beyond
Nearly 60 years later, Norman, a timeless 78, is going strong. He published his autobiography, "Animated Life: A Lifetime of Tips, Tricks, and Stories From a Disney Legend," last year. He has his own blog. He still works as a storyboard artist, and he is a freelance consultant for Disney.
The Feb. 11 release of the Blu-ray of 1967's "The Jungle Book" brought Norman back to the studio on a recent sunny afternoon. He was one of the storyboard artists on the classic, the last animated film Disney personally supervised before his death in December 1966.
Norman made history when he stepped on the Disney lot 58 years ago as the studio's first African American animator.
Animation historian Charles Solomon disagreed with Meryl Streep's declaration last month that Disney was an anti-Semite and a "gender bigot." Solomon pointed out that going back to the 1930s, Disney "hired Jews, Chinese, Latinos, Japanese and female artists."
Animation historian Jerry Beck added, "The animation industry has been colorblind. They have never cared about your background or ethnicity. The bottom line was the talent."
PHOTOS: Behind-the-scenes Classic Hollywood
Norman described his position as "the best job in the world."
"No matter how much we try to refute these things, they come back at us again with Disney was this and that," Norman said. "It's tough to get that to go away."
After seeing Disney classics "Dumbo" (1941) and "Bambi" (1942) with his mother, he knew he wanted to be an animator at the studio.
After graduating from high school, Norman drove to Burbank one Saturday to show his portfolio but was told to go to school.
So he went to the Art Center College of Design in Pasadena. During this third year at the school, he got a call from the studio asking him, "Can you be here at 8 Monday morning?" So he dropped out.
A lot of the young artists who arrived at Disney didn't stay long. "It was the money," Norman said. "Disney didn't pay that much. I shouldn't say this, but I would have worked here for nothing."
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Norman laughed when he recalled his visit to the Penthouse Club, which was for the "big shots, he said — a place to have your hair cut, get a massage, grab a drink at the bar."
Norman sneaked into the club during lunch hour. "There was a door leading outside. I wondered, what's out there? I opened the door slowly and I'll never forget it: All I saw was a sea of fannies. At lunch time you could take your towel and sunbathe on the roof."
Norman worked his way up the animation hierarchy on such films as "Sleeping Beauty" (1959), "101 Dalmatians" (1961) and "Jungle Book," where he worked on storyboards for such sequences as the Mowgli and Kaa song "Trust in Me."
After he finished his work on "Jungle Book" in 1966, he left Disney and with his friend fellow African American animator Leo Sullivan formed Vignette Films, where they produced six animated films on black history. Norman briefly came back to Disney to work as an animator on "Robin Hood" (1973) but was fired. "I think what the studio was looking to do was to reduce costs," he said.
Eager to return to feature animation, Norman "invited myself back" to Disney animation, working as a storyboard artist on "The Hunchback of Notre Dame" (1996), then joining the story team on Pixar's "Toy Story 2" (1999) and "Monsters, Inc." (2001).
Norman won the 2003 Winsor McCay Award, a lifetime achievement honor that is part of the International Animated Film Society's Annie Awards. But even after a lifetime in animation, Norman enjoys looking back at his early days at Disney. The "Nine Old Men," Disney's legendary core animators, were tough task masters, he recalled.
"They were demanding, and well they should be," said Norman, a Santa Barbara native who now lives in Pasadena. "They were the cream of the crop, Disney's best. So if you worked for them, they expected nothing less than your best. This was like joining the Marine Corp of animation. If you made it at Disney, you could make it anywhere."


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October 17, 2017
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Seems to me that Christians worship an incredible shrinking god. - At one time it was supposedly capable of flinging thousands of billions of galaxies into existence with a mere thought.
By the time of Noah, it was reduced to flooding an insignificant speck in the cosmos.
By the time of Moses, its best trick was moving a tiny portion of a minor sea aside for a short while.
By the time of Jesus, it has to send a delegate on its behalf who leaves behind only rumors that he was able to turn water into another beverage, or render himself extra buoyant.
Now it counts as a miracle if a water stain grows mold that kind of looks like a bearded face, which could be claimed to resemble this, supposed delegate.
How much more pathetic can this god get? How do Christians manage to sing praises of its glory and greatness without feeling like fools--or at best, like new parents gushing over their toddler's ability to make pee?
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It is difficult to maintain an image of being a straight A student. Maybe for some, but for the ladies of Sex and Grades, they get to be star students, and for their spare time, they get to do a lot of fucking. Now that is the life. They are really nice girls in general, but when they are left alone with a horny teacher, tutor, or even the bus driver, these young women can't control their raging hormones anymore.
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Celebrity-Inspired by MeganHeartsMakeup
Megan nails Carrie Underwood's fairy-like look using silvery eyeshadows, a bit of bronzer, and a curling iron.
Bold Lips and Smoky Eyes by JuicyStar07
Blair is a master at creating party-perfect looks, and her prom tutorial is no exception. Her makeup is strong but well-ecuted, making it perfect for someone who likes to wear some color.
Flawless, Glowing Complexion by MacBarbie07
Summery skin is what you'll get if you follow this simple tutorial by Bethany before jetting off to prom. As an added bonus, you'll get a how-to on soft curls at the very end.
Photo-Ready Makeup by Pixi2Woo
Tanya teaches you how to do a makeup look that's gorgeous in person and in pictures. She has tons of tricks that will keep you from looking shiny, overexposed, or visibly powdery on camera.
Drugstore-Only Makeup by LilCammo93
The guru does this look on her little sister (cute!), so she can easily explain each step. And the product list makes this tutorial affordable from start to finish.
Five-Minute Makeup by BeautyCrush
If low-maintenance makeup is your goal, follow this British beauty as she creates a simple-yet-beautiful look in under five minutes.
Intense Eyes and Dewy Skin by Hayleyistcb
This fresh, shimmery makeup would complement a light, flowing dress perfectly. Cat eyes and falsies take the look up a notch at the end.
Sweet and Simple by PixiWoo
Makeup artist Nic shows you how to create a barely-there beauty look with slightly bronzed skin and glossy lips. Individual false lashes and glimmering eyeshadow make it extra special for prom.


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Yesterday, I went on FamilySearch to see if they had any new records available. I thought that they might have only been uploading the 1940 census, but I was happy to find an update to the Ohio marriage records. Searching for my great grandparents, I finally found their marriage record in Columbiana County, Ohio.
Edward C. Eiswerth and Angie C Couche were married 14 October 1919 in East Palestine, Ohio.
My great grandfather was a very serious man by all accounts. He didn't like my great grandmother's first name, Angela, and instead called her Catherine. For the rest of her life she went by Catherine. But before that, she went by Angie. I wonder if her mother called her "Angie" when Catherine would take her son to Cleveland to visit her mother. I wonder how she felt never hearing her name again after moving to my great grandfather's birthplace in central Pennsylvania. I think I'm going to refer to her as Angie for now on; I already call her Angela Catherine.
Other interesting things about this record:
- Edward's mother's name is misspelled as Dinchmer. It should be Dincher.
- Angie uses the Americanized name for her father, Enos Couche. But the surname Couche was not used until after her father's death. Their original surname was Kavcic. (Or at least that is what they used after arriving in the US from Austria.)
- Angie also uses the Americanized name for her mother, Pauline Albright. Her first name was Apolonia. I have seen many variations of her maiden name including Albrecht and Albrict.


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Employers seeking to hire qualified individuals with disabilities should have access to a nationwide network of vocational rehabilitation employment specialists equipped to help.
That is the goal of the Vocational Rehabilitation (VR) Employer and Business Development Network. That is the purpose of these web pages.
Here, employers will find knowledgeable contacts who can provide qualified, job-ready candidates with disabilities. Employers will find also examples of the types of services they may encounter when working with their state VR agencies. We will feature interesting employer development programs in different states. Over time, we aim to feature noteworthy examples from the 80 state VR agencies.


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1. mist - noun
· a thin fog with condensation near the ground
Hypernym(s): fog
2. mist - verb
· become covered with mist; "The windshield misted over"
Synonym(s): mist_over
Hypernym(s): cover, spread_over
3. mist - verb
· make less visible or unclear; "The stars are obscured by the clouds"; "the big elm tree obscures our view of the valley"
Synonym(s): obscure, befog, becloud, obnubilate, haze_over, fog, cloud
4. mist - verb
· spray finely or cover with mist
Hypernym(s): spray
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Download Simple Line Icons PSD Free PSD. Download Simple Line Icons PSD. This PSD Resource is created in unique & stylish way, fully layered and neatly organized for the user's benefit. Free PSD can be used for your personal website, freelance portfolio, or as a creative agency. Don't hesitate and grab this awesome freebie now! Thanks for your interest. Hope you like it. Cheers!


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Verizon: The Big Reveal Party
SAN FRANCISCO magazine chose four local powerhouse entrepreneurs to compete in the Verizon "Game Changers" campaign, including Liam Mayclem, Johnny Funcheap, DJCAMS, and Adelle McElveen. The four entrepreneurs were equipped with a BlackBerry® Z10 or Q10 to battle it out on Verizon 4G LTE for the chance to win a grand prize of $10,000 for their charity of choice, with all runners-up receiving $4,000 for each of their selected charities. The winner of the campaign was Johnny Funcheap, who was supporting The Big Brothers, Big Sisters of the Bay Area and was announced at "The Big Reveal" party at Roe Restaurant & Lounge on November 6th. Johnny won $10,000 for The Big Brothers, Big Sisters of the Bay Area. Guests enjoyed cocktails by Bombay Sapphire and many amazing prizes provided by BlackBerry, including sunglasses, tumblers, even the new BlackBerry phone!
Robert Lugtu Photography


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With your indulgence, I'll use my space this week to note a couple of Farm Press staff changes and to do a bit of horn-tooting.
First of all, we're pleased that after a short hiatus, our publisher for the previous four years, Greg Frey, has returned as group publisher.
To the readers of a publication, the publisher, for the most part, is mostly a name in the masthead, involved chiefly with the business aspects.
To that extent, Greg hasn't been a visible, week-in, week-out presence for our readers — but his appreciation for, and leadership of Farm Press have been a strong, guiding force in keeping our publications at the top of the heap in the agricultural publishing business.
Even before he became our publisher, he had more than a decade of experience on the business end of the overall group that included the Farm Presses, which afforded him an intimate understanding of their history and the deep-seated loyalty of their readers.
Aside from all that, Greg's just a heckuva nice guy, and we're delighted to have him back at the helm.
The other change entails a move up the ladder for Forrest Laws, our executive editor, who now becomes associate publisher.
The most visible, most prolific member of our editorial team, his column has appeared on this page each week for many years, and the articles he has written, on every ag topic under the sun, run into the tens of thousands. There are few in the business more knowledgeable of the issues of agriculture, from farm bill wrangling and key legislation, to trade, biotech, the environment — you name it.
In his more than 25 years with Farm Press, he's been deeply involved with agriculture at every level, from interviewing farmers in their fields in blistering summer heat in order to share their ideas and experiences with our readers, to discussing issues with congressional and administration leaders in Washington, to extensive international travel for meetings with farmers, government/trade officials, and agribusiness leaders.
He has become one of the most respected ag journalists in the country, and the friends he's made and the experience he has gained will serve him well in his new role.
While we'll miss his contributions on the editorial side (he'll continue to write his column on a semi-regular basis), we know the qualities that made him an outstanding editor will be reflected in the ongoing progress of the publications as he assumes his broader duties.
And as we note these evolutionary changes in the Farm Presses, may I take this opportunity, on behalf of all our staff — publishers, sales, editorial, production, classified, marketing — to express our heartfelt appreciation to you, our readers and advertisers, for your support and loyalty for more than half a century.
In survey after survey, ours and others, the Farm Presses are top-ranked in readership, reader preference, and reader loyalty.
Delta Farm Press, our flagship publication, has long been known as "the bible for the Mid-South farmer."
We're humbled by that. And grateful. And our goal is to continue to do our best to deserve your loyalty.


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The New Farm Bill + Sustainable Farming Systems: A Conversation with Ariane Lotti
On Wednesday, April 16, we will continue our conversation about the farm bill and the future of farming with Ariane Lotti, assistant policy director at the National Sustainable Agriculture Coalition. Lotti will speak with us about how the 2014 farm bill shapes emerging alternative food systems and will give us insight into spaces for subsidy reform in the coming years.
A farm subsidy is essentially a financial "safety net," which is designed to help agricultural producers weather unstable markets from year to year. This security is intended to even out the fluctuations in market prices, demand, and weather and protect the agricultural community from collapse as a result of one or two bad years. These subsidies, however, are not disseminated broadly within the entire agricultural system of the United States. Rather, they are heavily weighted towards the five commodity crops: corn, soybean, cotton, and rice. Dairy and sugar producers are also bolstered by a separate market and cost control system.
These subsidies are government intervention in the food systems that began in the United States during the New Deal and Agricultural Adjustment Act of 1933 (though the United Kingdom has much earlier versions of such government action). Although these subsidies grew out of economic necessity, they have come under increasing attack in recent years. While proponents point to the need for subsidies in order to make domestic products competitive in the international market, others argue that they distort markets. This distortion, detractors hold, is not only detrimental to poor farmers in developing countries but also places excessive burden on domestic taxpayers, while incentivizing environmentally harmful agricultural practices, thereby leaving more environmentally friendly techniques underfunded.
Commodity programs dispense billions of dollars every year to farmers and in order to access these funds, farmers may put marginal land into production, a decision that can lead to overproduction, and a prompt price collapse as in the rice industry of the 1980s. Opponents of historic farm subsidies quickly point to the overuse of fertilizers and pesticides that farmers use to make marginal cropland more productive, a behavior incentivized by subsidies. The resulting nutrient loading and pollution, they argue, creates an unnecessary environmental problem.
While the 2014 Farm Bill may have upheld historic trends in maintaining an agribusiness protected by farm subsidies, it does invest more than $1.2 billion over the next five years for programs for beginning farmers, local food, and organic agriculture. The Farm Bill also "reconnects crop insurance subsidies to basic conservation requirements," a good sign for those concerned about the impact of modern industrial agriculture on U.S. ecosystems. However, as Ariane Lotti will demonstrate, the Bill's persistent subsidy structure leaves much to be desired if truly innovative farming practices are to take hold.
Arianne Lotti holds a Master of Environmental Management from Yale University and, in addition to her work at the National Sustainable Agriculture Coalition, she has served as the policy director for the Organic Farming Research Foundation. Lotti is a published author and her research remains focused on organic and conventional farming in the US and in Europe. Lotti also serves on USDA's National Agricultural Statistics Service Advisory Committee.
To register for Lotti's talk, please see this link: https://www4.gotomeeting.com/register/576821455.
Our final speaker in our Frontiers in Food and Agriculture series is Sarah Carlson, research coordinator at the Practical Farmers of Iowa. Carlson will be concluding this series with her talk "Driving Sustainability: Empowering Growers with On-Farm Research." For more information about her talk please visit our events page here:http://envirocenter.yale.edu/events. To register for this final webinar see this link: https://www4.gotomeeting.com/register/470665063.


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January 04, 2013 16:30 ET
TORONTO, ONTARIO--(Marketwire - Jan. 4, 2013) - Bison Gold Resources Inc. ("Bison Gold" or the "Company") (TSX VENTURE:BGE) is pleased to announce the closing of a non-brokered private placement of $69,800 (the "Financing"). The Company has issued 800,000 units ("Units") at $0.05 per Unit for proceeds of $40,000 and 425,714 common shares were issued on a flow-through basis at $0.07 per share for proceeds of $29,800. Each Unit consists of one common share and one half of one common share purchase warrant (a "Warrant"). Each Warrant is exercisable at $0.125 per share until December 31, 2014. Since December 2012, the Company has raised gross proceeds of $914,000 in private placement financings.
The Financing is subject to final approval from the TSX Venture Exchange. All common shares issued will be subject to a four-month hold period expiring April 30, 2013. The proceeds of the financing will be used to fund the Company's ongoing exploration programs in the province of Manitoba and general working capital.
About Bison Gold
Bison Gold is a Canadian public company listed on the TSX Venture Exchange. Bison Gold is focused on gold, base metal and rare element exploration with property assets in Manitoba, Canada. Bison Gold's land holdings have historically produced in excess of 200,000 ounces of gold. Further details can be found on Bison Gold's website at www.bisongold.com.
Neither the TSX Venture Exchange nor its Regulation Services Provider (as that term is defined in the policies of the TSX Venture Exchange) accepts responsibility for the adequacy or accuracy of this release.
Bison Gold Resources Inc.Mr. Chris CarmichaelCFO(416) 488-2590www.bisongold.com
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Improve your marketing strategy with free insights generated by Google
Target audience: Nonprofits, businesses, NGOs, social enterprises, socially responsible brands, marketing professionals, cause organizations, social media managers, bloggers, individuals.
Guest post by Frank Anderson
You've started a blog for your nonprofit, NGO, social enterprise or green business and included examples of your organization's sustainability initiatives. You've highlighted your efforts to reduce your carbon footprint and green your supply chain in your marketing collateral. You've created guides for your customers of how to be environmentally conscious with your product.
You've laid the groundwork for your green marketing. But things are changing and news is happening fast and furious. There are always new things to be trying and new green ideas you can be writing about to show that your organization is on the front lines of the green movement.
What is Google Insights?
The tagline for the popular movie The Watchmen was "Who watches the Watchmen?" With Google, if you've ever wondered, "Who searches the searchers?," the answer is Google Insights.
Google Insights gives people access to what people are searching for on Google. And before you start to cry privacy foul, this data is on a very high level and no personal data is being shared there. In other words, you can see what groups of people are searching for, but not individuals.
What can I do with Google Insights?
Google Insights is best used for three things:
- Seeing the general interest in the topics you are focusing on
- Seeing popular related news articles to give you an idea of what is going on within your focus
- Ideas for what other areas you could be focusing on
But first, you need to go to the site and start searching for something you are focusing your business on regarding green issues.
Let's say you run a furniture store. Perhaps you'd want to search for "eco friendly furniture" or "eco furniture" ("green furniture" would obviously pull up some unwanted data). We want to start broadly as Insights works with very high level data. Continue reading


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7-String Guitar Scales and Modes
The Ultimate Scale Reference: Everything you need to know about all the scales, including every mode of every scale, in every key, in all the popular tunings. Scales are shown on their instrument and in standard notation. Also show are all the chords that sound good with the scale. You can listen to any scale, and for fretted instruments, you can click any note on the low string to display the patterns for all the hand positions.
Other Instruments: 6-String Guitar, 7-String Guitar, 4-String Bass, 5-String Bass, 6-String Bass, Piano/Keyboard/Synth, Banjo, Mandolin/Bouzouki, Standard Notation For Other Instruments.
Scales, Modes, and Tunings Represented:


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Worn Free T-Shirt - San Francisco Heart Tee
This variant is currently sold out
San Francisco T-Shirt. Vintage style I left my heart in San Francisco T-Shirt.
Worn Free Tees are custom made from super soft washed cotton and poly cotton blends, giving them a great vintage feel, so comfy this tee will be an instant favorite in your T-Shirt rotation. (Black & White tees are 100% cotton the Heather tee is a Polyester / Cotton blend).


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"OK, I was never that smart as a teenager. . ."
That was my lingering thought as I left work last Saturday. I had just finished touring a group of high school kids from FIRST Robotics through our factory.
Andreas Lewinski, head of SolarWorld's new robotics training room, works with a potential future employee (minus the hat) on a 6-axis training robot.
FIRST Robotics (For Inspiration and Recognition of Science and Technology), is an international high school robotics program and competition. Each year, student teams have six weeks to build a robot from scratch to accomplish a designated challenge. This year's challenge was to shoot basketballs through hoops of various heights. The teams designed, built and then put their creations into competition to see how they stacked up against world-wide competitors.
Marvin Talbert, Head of Moduling, catches a basketball tossed by the robot designed by one of the visiting teams.
Colton. Beaverton. Oregon City. Philomath. Portland. Robo-kids from all over northern Oregon showed up to see our SolarWorld industrial robots in action. And maybe get a few ideas for their own robotic designs.
Joe Duncan, SolarWorld's moduling production manager, shows the robotics team from Beaverton our moduling process.
Right away I knew this wouldn't be a typical tour. "Tell me about the optical inspection system you use to find broken wafers." "Have you considered using lateral pressure and thermal treatment to re-shape the silicon crystal closer to the desired final shape before cutting?" "What is your MTBI?" (That's Mean Time Between Interrupt for those of you who don't have a teen robo-whiz at home).
Don't believe the collective wisdom that we can't or won't compete in the world of high-tech manufacturing. I had a glimpse of the future Saturday morning, and it looks awfully bright.
Robotics coach and three students get a glimpse into the automation processes involved in making solar panels.


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Innovator Team India
Beeline Reader
We're constantly looking for innovative ways to improve the Springwise experience, and so we're now introducing BeeLine Reader, a new technology that helps you read more quickly and efficiently. To learn more about BeeLine Reader, an award-winning startup funded by Intel Capital, see BeeLineReader.com.
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Istia d'Ombrone is a small town in southern Tuscany, Italy, a frazione of the comune of Grosseto. In the area surrounding the centre of Istia there have been found some ruins of ancient habitations dating back to the Etruscan era in the area of Poggio Cavallo. It was habitated also during the Roman era, as testified by some construction materials reused in later periods to build the walls of Istia. In that period there was also a series of roads which crossed the area allowing communication with the Prile Lake and with the hinterland. However the centre of Istia arose as a settlement fortified along the Valley of Ombrone and from 862 was owned by the bishops of Roselle, which had feudal rights with the title of counts and so here they established a residence. Later it passed to the family of the Aldobrandeschi, becoming in 1226 a free Comune with the acceptance of the relative statute. In 1274 it was assigned to the County of Santa Fiora at the moment of the division of the goods and the territories controlled by the Aldobrandeschi family. In the Medieval period the centre became also home to a residence of bishops, after the passage of the diocese from Roselle to Grosseto. In the course of the 14th century it passed under the control of Siena, enduring a very serious demographic decline between 1331 and 1353, also because of the diffusion of the Yersinia pestis which occurred right at the end of that period. In the 15th century Istia had become a feud of the Piccolomini family, even though it continued to maintain the status of free Comune and having a high degree of autonomy within the Republic of Siena. After the final political fall of Siena, Istia become part of the Grand Duchy of Tuscany. Consequently there was another demographic fall which stopped only during the course of the 18th century, after the beginning of some restorations done by will of the Lorena. During the Second World War, the 22 March 1944 the massacre of Maiano Lavacchio perpetrated into the nearby countryside; the abridgement process was held at the school of Istia purposely emptied. The town walls, nearly completely destroyed in 1137 by Henry X, Duke of Bavaria, were rebuilt only under the Sieneses. Some ruins of the Portaccia and the Porta Grossetana, which backs to the Palzzo della Giustizia dating to the 1400, are conserved. The residence of the bishop-counts, the Palazzo di San Salvatore, was afterwards transformed into a fortification by the Sieneses. In the town there are also two churches, one within the walls and the other on the outside of the walls in front of the Porta Grossetana.
The Tuscany, one of the most beautiful Italian regions, is known throughout the world for its Landscapes and for the Works of Art that it houses (It is the birthplace of the Italian Renaissance). Six localities have been designated World Heritage Sites: the Historical Center of Florence, Siena, San Gimignano and Pienza, the Square of the Cathedral of Pisa with the Leaning Tower and the Val d'Orcia. It is in the central Italy and borders with Emilia Romagna (north), Marche and Umbria (east) and Lazio (South). The West coast is bathed from the Ligurian and Tyrrhenian Sea; here we can find the islands of the Tuscan archipelago including the island of Elba. The regional capital is Florence and the other provinces are: Arezzo, Grosseto, Livorno, Lucca, Massa, Pisa, Pistoia, Prato and Siena.