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Nevirapine Misinformation: Will It Kill?
December 31, 2004
A note from TheBody.com: The field of medicine is constantly evolving. As a result, parts of this article may be outdated. Please keep this in mind, and be sure to visit other parts of our site for more recent information!
Summary: In mid December 2004 three Associated Press stories created widespread doubts about nevirapine, a well-known, critically important drug that can prevent HIV in many of the 1,800 babies now infected every day by their mothers in childbirth. The media allegations that went around the world grew out of a bitter personal and personnel dispute between two employees at the U.S. National Institutes of Health. No new information about nevirapine was released; doctors know that it still has the same risks and benefits after the newspaper stories as before. But many experts fear that the emotions released by the worldwide misinformation will result in many HIV-positive mothers getting no treatment and unnecessarily infecting their children with HIV. Here is background that has been missing in many of the news reports.
On December 14 and 15 the Associated Press touched off a media firestorm with stories charging that side effects of single-dose nevirapine (to prevent mothers with HIV from infecting their babies during childbirth) had been covered up. The next day it reported on the August 2003 death of a woman in a U.S. clinical trial of continued treatment with nevirapine (not single dose), due to a rare liver failure probably caused by the drug, after an abnormal blood-test result was not noticed in time. Later the AP quoted responses -- one comparing nevirapine's distribution in Africa to the notorious Tuskegee Experiment, another charging that Africans were treated like guinea pigs. In fact there never was any evidence of a significant risk of side effects from only a single dose of nevirapine. There is a risk of HIV drug resistance, but this is well known to all AIDS doctors and experts and has never been covered up.
Every day about 1,800 babies are born with HIV, mostly to women who have no treatment options either for themselves or to prevent the infection of their child. There is no reason to doubt that single-dose nevirapine works, and could prevent about half of these infections. Because of the resistance problem, single-dose nevirapine is not the first choice -- but sometimes it is the only choice possible.
The brief media storm that still threatens the lives of thousands of children grew out of a bitter dispute between two officials of the U.S. National Institutes of Health -- Jonathan M. Fishbein, M.D., a physician with clinical-trials monitoring expertise, and his supervisor, Edmund Tramont, M.D., director of the Division of AIDS (DAIDS) at the U.S. National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (NIAID), part of the NIH. The falling out happened rapidly; Dr. Fishbein was hired by NIH in July of 2003, and notified in February 2004 that he would be fired. Dr. Fishbein sought whistleblower status and released documents to Congress that he said showed "scientific and professional misconduct" at NIAID. The AP published selected internal NIAID emails, memos and reports (see links to these documents below). Dr. Fishbein, still a Federal employee today (earning about $178,000 a year, according to a December 29 story in The Washington Post), set up a Web site, www.honestdoctor.org, which alleges wrongdoing by NIAID officials and provides documents that had been released elsewhere; he "did not provide non-public documents to the Associated Press," according to a statement from his attorney, Stephen M. Kohn.
The danger now is that misleading nevirapine stories published around the world will cause patients, doctors, or even governments to reject single-dose nevirapine to prevent mother-to-child HIV transmission, in cases when no other treatment is possible.
Background on Nevirapine to Prevent HIV Transmission in Childbirth
Nevirapine was approved in the U.S. in June 1996, for use in combination with other antiretrovirals for treating HIV. For this use it is taken twice a day for as long as the virus is under control.
Later, a study in Uganda from 1997 to 1999 (the HIVNET 012 clinical trial) found that a single dose of nevirapine given to the mother and a single dose to the infant reduced HIV transmission (from childbirth or breastfeeding) during the first 14 to 16 weeks of life to about half of what it was with a very short course of AZT. This study in 645 mother-infant pairs, conducted as a collaboration between researchers from Johns Hopkins University and Uganda and funded by the U.S. National Institutes of Health (NIH), was published in September 1999. It showed that HIV transmission at childbirth could be greatly reduced by a very inexpensive and easy regimen, even when the mother had little or no prenatal care. It is rightly considered one of the great successes in HIV prevention.
Nevirapine alone is not the best regimen, however. Later it was learned from the same study that even the single dose sometimes selects for resistance mutations in the mother's HIV -- a serious problem because it could make her treatment more difficult in the future. This can be prevented by treating the mother's HIV if she needs antiretroviral treatment, which of course should be done anyway -- or by using a much more difficult regimen of AZT to prevent transmission -- or by adding other drugs (usually AZT plus 3TC) to suppress the virus while the nevirapine is slowly eliminated from the body. But still today the great majority of women with HIV do not have access to any antiretroviral treatment. Single-dose nevirapine is inexpensive and easy to use -- and in some areas many women will not accept a longer course of medication, because they are afraid of the consequences if people around them learn or suspect that they have HIV.
Background on the Recent Controversy
The December 2004 controversy developed because after the Uganda study had been published, an NIH audit found that data on possible side effects had not been reported correctly by the Ugandan staff. This problem in one trial did not change the known safety of single-dose nevirapine -- which has been tested in many other clinical trials and widely used to prevent maternal transmission, without side effects. In continuous, long-term use in HIV treatment, serious or fatal side effects can occur, as with any antiretroviral. But these are rare, they can be prevented with proper medical care, and they do not happen with one dose. Aside from the HIV resistance problem, there is no evidence of any significant safety risk from a single dose of nevirapine.
NIAID hired Dr. Fishbein in July 2003, to help it correct the kinds of deficiencies that had been found in the Uganda study. A key disagreement seems to be whether the reporting problems should invalidate the conclusion from that study that single-dose nevirapine is safe and effective for preventing maternal-infant transmission of HIV.
Links to the three AP document-release Web pages, one for each day's story, are http://wid.ap.org/nevirapine1.html, http://wid.ap.org/documents/nevirapine2.html, and http://wid.ap.org/documents/nevirapine3.html. An unsigned email from Honestdoctor.org to this writer, in response to our request for comments on an early draft of this article, specifically asked AIDS Treatment News to direct our readers to the documents on these pages in order to show Dr. Fishbein's side of the issue, and noted that "all the documents about 012 available on the site [www.honestdoctor.org] are public, many having been posted by AP last week." It is unusual for a wire-service story to link to a page set up by the wire service to release documents. If AP later takes them offline, check www.honestdoctor.org.
This whole dispute concerns a nevirapine trial that was completed and published over five years ago -- and recent disagreements over how to report flaws in the research that were discovered after publication. These flaws are universally acknowledged and were being addressed well before Dr. Fishbein arrived at NIH. They almost certainly do not affect our current understanding of the risks and benefits of nevirapine.
We looked through all the documents on Honestdoctor.org as of December 22, 2004, including those on the AP pages, and found nothing there that raised any new doubt on single-dose nevirapine -- now established by much more than the one trial in Uganda. Instead, the documents on that site show the extensive work that NIH and others were doing, both before and after Dr. Fishbein was hired, to correct universally acknowledged reporting problems. The goal was and is to re-analyze the Uganda trial in the light of all available information, both to re-check its conclusions when possible, and also to improve clinical research in the future, particularly in developing countries, which often have a steep learning curve in applying standards created for pharmaceutical-company research at sites with far more resources. We do not know why Dr. Fishbein alleged "widespread scientific and professional misconduct at the NIH Division of AIDS (DAIDS)" (quote from Honestdoctor.org).
The biggest public controversy concerned the rewritten safety report that was the subject of the second AP story, on December 14. (Both versions are available on the AP document-release page http://wid.ap.org/documents/nevirapine2.html.) We do not know NIH rules and procedures, but it is our understanding that Dr. Tramont was responsible for that report, not the team as a whole. Dr. Tramont's version provided more overview, while the previous version more deeply analyzed the problems -- and was repeatedly critical of management decisions not to investigate certain problems further. Dr. Tramont's also differed in noting something the study did right:
"These health visitors [who assisted in the trial in Uganda] knew each patient individually and used culturally sensitive methods of making the contact. As a result of their efforts, maternal and infant follow-up overall for the first six weeks of the study was 97.4% for those who received ZVD [AZT] and 98% for those in the NVP [nevirapine] group. The 18 months follow-up of the study was also high, 93.8% for the ZVD group and 96.1% for the NVP group."
A separate issue, not part of the public controversy but being discussed among some activists and researchers, is whether the current U.S. FDA's GCP (Good Clinical Practice) research standards (which were required but not always followed in the nevirapine trial) are always appropriate for research in developing countries, for which they were not designed. The goal is not weaker standards, but different ways to get at least equally good data, with better patient protection than the current system affords.
For example, simply clarifying which U.S.-government standard for adverse-event reporting should have been used when, and designing reporting forms appropriately so that dates would clearly be missing if they were stamped on the back side where they would not be faxed, and having enough blank forms so they would not be re-used to fax multiple reports, would have improved adverse-event reporting from HIVNET 012 in Uganda (see the original version of the safety review, April 3, 2003, at http://wid.ap.org/documents/nevirapine2.html). Also, according the Dr. Tramont's version (available on the same Web page), the Uganda study team consistently defined "serious" adverse events as those leading to hospitalization or death, which was the customary practice in that medical community, instead of using the more complex NIAID research definitions; the change was never formally approved by NIAID, however. Dr. Tremont's report suggested that with modifications currently accepted by the team (also counting as "serious" those problems that needed treatment to avoid hospitalization, or those that needed hospitalization though the patient refused it) the simpler definition could work.
A strong case could be made that imposing the same research requirements regardless of infrastructure and environment can result in second-class standards for developing countries, since there was little or no attempt to make the standards they must use appropriate and workable for them -- while there was such flexibility in the U.S. and other rich countries where the standards developed. Instead of fighting over how strictly to enforce rules that are sometimes unworkable, why not design rules that will better protect people and data, while helping staff get their work done correctly?
Despite the problems in this trial five years ago in Uganda, there is no reason to doubt that single-dose nevirapine works and reduces HIV transmission to about half of what it would be without treatment. (It may do better than that, since the comparison group was not a placebo but a very short course of AZT, which may have had fewer HIV transmissions than a placebo would have.) The management of NIAID's Division of AIDS, like almost all other AIDS experts, wants to focus on public-health efforts to make preventive and other treatment available, and not derail these efforts by fighting over technical problems in a trial that ended five years ago, when the medical and scientific results of that trial remain firmly established regardless. This is not "scientific and professional misconduct."
AIDS organizations including the Elizabeth Glaser Pediatric AIDS Foundations did well in answering the misinformation about nevirapine. But the damage had already been done. The news story was unexpected because it was tied to no medical or scientific development; it went around the world immediately and no answer could catch up. It is possible that children have already been born with HIV as a result, and that many more will be infected unnecessarily.
Later Dr. Fishbein told Science that "he is 'not in disagreement' that nevirapine saves lives. 'My issue is not nevirapine, but the process'" (December 24, 2004; see reference below).
What Can We Learn for the Future?
This is not the last time the AIDS world will face mass-media storms that carry serious misinformation throughout the world. What can we do about it?
AIDS needs a major organization dedicated to consensus development, and able to offer reporters a single entry point to learn what credible consensus exists on almost any AIDS issue. No position will speak for everybody, but the process should be open to hearing and understanding all dissenting views. Two or more incompatible consensus clusters could emerge, and they would need to be represented by different organizations. But reporters could immediately find broadly credible statements, and talk with experts about them. They might still publish misinformation, but at least an answer could go out with it -- or be clearly missing from their story.
Years ago AIDS had more influence through policy organizations in Washington DC than it does now. Often they represented insiders with their own interests more than a national or world community; for example, treatment and international issues were mostly locked out for years, and usually the only way to have a voice was to be part of the scene in Washington, to be at the right meetings and dinners. Groups like the AIDS Action Council became trade associations, only without admitting it -- and with a deep fear of grassroots activity, and no way for non-specialists to get involved. Still they served an important purpose in providing reporters and others with a common starting point for policy discussion. We miss that today.
Now we need a new kind of organization that prides itself on listening and learning from different people (almost like social scientists exploring what is out there instead of imposing their own view) -- but then finds and suggests practical, creative ways these views and movements can work together in a larger whole. And we need funded, top-quality media outreach that reflects consensus of those working on the epidemic, is on duty at all times, and can answer misinformation immediately.
Communication Note
Ten days into this controversy Dr. Fishbein had a better Web site than most AIDS organizations do after many years -- immediately raising the communication standard. AIDS will face media attacks in the future, and must get its house in order.
Honestdoctor.org is well organized, allowing readers to see immediately what is available and navigate to what they want. The site has an extensive collection of recent press articles, consistently and attractively laid out. Under "Definitions" it has a list of acronyms, a list of people with their titles, and even organizational diagrams of NIAID and DAIDS; it will also have a glossary. When documents are photographed and displayed as images, they are processed correctly, so that they are entirely readable and yet download rapidly on any Internet connection. And last but not least this site has clearly legible type on its main pages, when most sites have at least some text that is too small, too light, or without enough contrast between text and background.
AIDS organizations should ask for volunteer or professional Web help that can do at least as well. Remember that our visitors have millions of other pages a few clicks away, and if a site is poorly organized or otherwise hard to use, many will leave.
For More Information
Here are sources for more information on the recent nevirapine controversy. Except for the last one, they are December 2004 statements or articles in chronological order.
Note: This writer had not worked with or communicated with either Dr. Tramont or Dr. Fishbein before the AP stories. We emailed each a draft asking for comments, and made some but not all of the changes each side suggested. We checked the Boehringer Ingelheim Web site but did not contact the company about this article.
Copyright 2004 by John S. James. Permission granted for noncommercial reproduction, provided that our address and phone number are included if more than short quotations are used.
Copyright 2004 by John S. James. Permission granted for noncommercial reproduction, provided that our address and phone number are included if more than short quotations are used.
A note from TheBody.com: The field of medicine is constantly evolving. As a result, parts of this article may be outdated. Please keep this in mind, and be sure to visit other parts of our site for more recent information!
South Africa to Stop Recommending Nevirapine for Use by Itself for Mother-to-Child HIV Transmission, Medicines Control Council Says
This article was provided by AIDS Treatment News.


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Day Spa in St. Charles MO
We are a premiere beauty destination offering our guests unparalleled full-service salon and spa services in St. Charles, MO.
Our Mission – To help each of our guests feel better when they leave than when they arrived.
We offer a full range of professional beauty care including haircutting and styling, blowouts, hair color, highlights, Ombre' color, manicures, pedicures, facials, massages, waxing, and wedding day bridal services.
Our St. Charles location is conveniently located at 2069 Zumbehl Rd. in the Dierbergs Bogey Hills Plaza. A beautiful and relaxing day spa with three treatment rooms and a private area for relaxation that is ready to meet your every expectation. We are 5 minutes from St. Peters, 12 minutes from O'Fallon, and just over the river from St. Louis.
We offer many professional hair care lines including the OB line (our exclusive line of hair care), Redken, Pureology, Rusk, and Devacurl. For our skincare guests, we offer Glo Skin Beauty and Dermalogica, OPI nail color, Biofreeze and TANS (Tans Are Now Safe).
Come in and experience our personally trained and professional team. They will strive to exceed your expectations. With the many massages we offer at Cary O'Brien's Day Spa in St. Charles, we are happy to help you find the right one for you. And the relaxation doesn't end with the massage! Plan to come early or stay afterwards in our tranquil relaxation lounge, taking some time just for you to relax and reboot before you go out to face the world again!


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People at Savannah: Anand Babu Resume & Skills
Follows Resume & Skills of Anand Babu <ab>.
Author/maintainer for Free Software projects like GNU FreeIPMI, Hymn (AKA PlayFair), GNU Freetalk, Gluster, Freehoo, bios-config, librpci (kernel debugger for the GNU Hurd). Much of time goes into writing Free Software for the GNU project. Other community services I am involved are the VOWC.org project and Ecomwel.org.
I led the engineering team of CaliforniaDigital that built worlds second fastest super computer (code named "Thunder") entirely out of free software in June 2004. As a part of my day time job, I hack free software such as driver development, porting, performance/scalability enhancements and bug fixing. Mainly GNU and Linux kernel. I have built and managed engineering organizations. I have developed and ported custom server/cluster/embedded GNU/Linux distributions. I love to troubleshoot things that are left impossible by others and I am known for fixing them at record timings. I have worked closely with the sales team making IBM, HP and Sun lose consistently to us in all our cluster and super-computing deals. I packaged free software, open standards and commodity hardware with robust manageability solution, that helped companies like GE and Synopsys confidently migrate from their proprietary RISC/Unix platforms.
Board member of FSF-India. Cofounder and CTO of Z RESEARCHl Inc.
Previously I was Vice President of Engineering and CTO for CDC Linux and California Digital Inc.
For more uptodate info please visit http://ab.freeshell.org
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Long-tailed Jaeger on Herschel Island, Yukon, site of an International Polar Year project. Photo: Alistair Blachford
Whelk laying egg capsules, for study of biopolymers. Photo: Shadwick Lab
The flight lab investigates aerodynamics, sensory-motor integration, and the evolution of these features. Much work focuses on BC hummingbirds, including Anna's (shown here) and on diverse assemblages of tropical hummingbirds in Central and South America. Photo: Benny Goller
Seen near Kluane Lake, Yukon, on the BIOL 409 field course taught by Mark Vellend and Darren Irwin. Photo: M.V.
David Toews found that eastern (shown here) and western winter wrens are reproductively isolated where they appear together, and are therefore distinct species. Photo:
Pisaster ochraceus is the original keystone predator, and controls biodiversity on rocky shores. The Harley lab studies how the impacts of this sea star may change with climate change. Photo: Chris Harley
Caribou on Herschel Island in the arctic ocean, site of an International Polar Year project. Photo: Alistair Blachford
The extracellular matrix covers the entire nervous system and is necessary to ensure the survival of the glial cells that wrap, insulate and protect the nerves. Photo: Vanessa Auld
Tony Farrell's lab is investigating how cardiac performance limits the ability of salmon to tolerate high temperatures. Photo: M. Casselman
Sockeye salmon (Oncorhynchus nerka) school together in Scotch Creek, BC. Tony Farrell's lab is investigating how cardiac performance limits the ability of salmon to tolerate high temperatures. Photo: M. Casselman
A live imaging of all three cell types found at the neuromuscular junction allows us to visualize changes to synapses over development (glia: green; muscle SSR: blue: neurons: red). Photo: Vanessa Auld
Immature Porcellidium viride on eelgrass, BC's central coast. Photo: Al Lewis
Darren Irwin's lab is investigating migratory connectivity in populations of Wilson's warbler. Photo: David Toews
The brain of a fruit fly, Drosophila melanogaster, stained to visualize a set of approximately 50 neurons. Among the visualized neurons is a pair that controls a specific component of feeding behaviour. Photo: M. Gordon
A Collared Lemming (Dicrostonyx groenlandicus) on an arctic island.
Photo: Alistair Blachford
Goldbogen and Pyenson measure the largest bones on earth -- 7m long mandibles from an Antarctic blue whale. Photo: Shadwick lab
A scanning electron micrograph of two pulsating gregarines copulating within the coelomic space of a bamboo worm. Brian Leander's lab studies these enigmatic parasites, which inhabit the extracellular cavities of marine invertebrates. Photo: B. Leander
Photo: W.K. Milsom
This photo is the first record of an Old World Swallowtail (Papilio machaon) on Herschel Island, Yukon. Photo: Alistair Blachford
For their graduate research Mervin Hastings and T. Todd Jones went to Tortola, British Virgin Islands and collected leatherback hatchlings as they emerged from the sand about 65 days after the female deposited the eggs in the dunes. Photo: M.H.
Rosie Redfield used candy to make a stop-motion movie of DNA uptake by a Haemophilus influenzae bacterium. Photo: R. Redfield
Endocytosis of the transmembrane protein Gliotactin (red) is mediated by tyrosine kinase signaling (green) and is necessary to control epithelia cell survival and permeability barrier function. Photo: Vanessa Auld
A fully armoured male marine stickleback in breeding condition. The Schluter lab studies evolution of marine into freshwater forms in B.C.'s coastal lakes. Photo: Rowan Barrett
Nicholas Pyenson inspects vertebrae of a fossilized whale. Photo: Shadwick Lab
Red sea urchins (Strongylocentrotus franciscanus) at low tide. Graduate student Sarah Nienhuis is studying how ocean acidification will affect the growth and feeding rates of these animals. Photo: Chris Harley
Bill Milsom received a B.C. Community Achievement Award in April 2018 for his decades of service to the UBC and Canadian scientific community, as well as his countless hours helping rescue and keep people safe on the north shore mountains.


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The annual César Chávez Lecture Series at Hope College will feature the keynote address "Dare We Be Human? César Chávez and the Challenge of Christian Humanism" by Dr. Edgardo Colón-Emeric of the Divinity School of Duke University on Thursday, March 29, at 4 p.m. in the Maas Center auditorium.
The public is invited. Admission is free.
Colón-Emeric is assistant professor of theology and founding director of the Hispanic House of Studies at Duke Divinity School. He is an ordained minister in the North Carolina Annual Conference of the United Methodist Church, where he has served as pastor for Hispanic ministries.
His research and teaching bring Wesleyan and Thomistic theology into conversation with questions emerging from the Hispanic context. His book "Wesley, Aquinas and Christian Perfection" received the 2008 Aquinas Dissertation Prize from Ave Maria University, and his current project explores the significance of the theology of Bartolomé de las Casas for contemporary Christian social engagement.
Colón-Emeric is board member and former chair of Latino Community Credit Union, an organization devoted to economic development among recent immigrants; he serves as the director for the Course of Theological Studies Program in El Salvador, and he is regularly involved in ecumenical dialogues on behalf of the United Methodist Church and the World Methodist Council.
Colón-Emeric graduated from Cornell University in 1990 with a Bachelor of Science degree in mechanical engineering, and also earned a Master of Science degree in mechanical engineering from the University of Vermont in 1994, a Master of Divinity degree from Duke Divinity School in 1997 and a doctorate from Duke University in 2007. He is a native of Puerto Rico; he has been married to Cathleen for 20 years and is the father of Nate and Ben.
The César Chávez celebration at Hope is named in honor of César E. Chávez (1927-93), who played a leading role in the 1960s in organizing the nation's migrant farm workers, and was the first head of the National Farm Workers Association, later the United Farm Workers. March 31, his birthday, is the official César E. Chávez Day of Service and Learning, which is a holiday in multiple states, including Michigan, and dozens of cities and counties throughout the nation. The lecture series is organized by the college's Dean for International and Multicultural Education, Office of Multicultural Education and La Raza Unida student organization.
The Maas Center is located at 264 Columbia Ave., on Columbia Avenue at 11th Street.


text: Calverton crash requires medvac, closes Route 25 Posted on October 14, 2013 by Joseph Pinciaro COURTESY PHOTO | Members of the Riverhead Volunteer Ambulance Corps on scene at a crash Monday night in Calverton. A car crash just before 7 p.m. tonight has local emergency responders on site in Calverton and Route 25 closed to traffic. According to Riverhead police, a call for a one-car crash just west of Splish Splash came in at 6:59 p.m., and a helicopter has been called to the scene as a result. Riverhead Fire Department and Riverhead Volunteer Ambulance Corps are on scene for extrication from the car. All traffic is currently being re-routed. Check back with the Riverhead News-Review as more information becomes available.


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How to Make the Best Barbecue Elk
My husband, like many other Missoulians, is an avid hunter. I have to admit, he is pretty good at it. Our freezer always seems to be full at the end of every November. The worst part of hunting season is how long my husband is gone. Most of his vacation each year is spent chasing deer and elk around in the mountains in three feet of snow and freezing temperatures. The best part of hunting is the delicious elk meat we get to eat the rest of the year. I've learned a few tips for cooking elk over that past few years.
If your elk meat tastes a little gamey, just let it soak in milk for at least an hour before cooking it. You could always leave it sitting overnight if you are one of those people who thinks ahead. The milk not only gets rid of the game taste, but also makes the meat more tender.
Alpine Touch seasoning is an amazing blend of spices that is great for elk meat. We always get ours at Diamond Bar Meats, as it is not found in most grocery stores. This is also great on other game meat as well. Just a warning, it does contain MSG.
When grilling your elk, whether it be steak, burgers or kabobs, it is important to not over-cook it. The longer you cook the elk, the more likely it is to get dry.
When grilling elk steak, you want it to be rare or medium rare. You also want to let the elk steak sit covered for 10 to 15 minutes before you eat it so the meat has time to rest in the juices. This will help keep the steak extra tender.
I hope these few simple tips will help you have an even tastier bite of elk.
Joy Larson is a mother of four, graduate of The University of Montana, animal lover and writer.


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US scholars group endorses boycott of Israeli universities; largest US group to do so
NEW YORK – The American Studies Association has become the largest U.S. group of scholars to approve a boycott of Israeli universities.
The scholars' group announced the boycott Monday, saying the action won support from 66 percent of members who voted. Last April, the much smaller Association for Asian-American Studies also approved an academic boycott.
The boycotts are in protest of Israeli policy toward Palestinians. The American Studies Association says their action aims to ban American academic groups and schools from working with Israeli universities and not a ban on work between individual Israeli and U.S. scholars.
Israeli officials have denounced the boycott campaign as an attempt to delegitimize the Israeli state.
The New York-based American Jewish Committee called the American Studies Association vote "blatant discrimination against Israelis."


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Bundesbank chief Jens Weidmann has criticized a new debt deal for Greece agreed to by the country's international creditors at the end of last month.
In an interview with Germany's Welt am Sonntag newspaper, Weidmann, who sits of the European Central Bank's (ECB)policymaking Governing Council, said Greece's funding gap would be financed by new credits and for the first time by actual transfers from national budgets.
Continue Reading Below
"Unfortunately the central banks are also not spared," he said.
Weidmann criticized the fact that Greece would meet part of its funding needs through auctions of short-term T-bills, saying this paper would mainly be bought by local banks, who in turn were largely financed through central bank means, complicating the ban on direct state financing.
The new deal aims to cut Greece's debt load to 124 percent of national output by 2020.
To reduce the debt pile, ministers agreed to cut the interest rate on official loans, extend the maturity of Greece's loans from the euro zone bailout fund by 15 years to 30 years, and grant a 10-year interest repayment deferral on those loans.
States also agreed to forego profits accruing to their national central banks from European Central Bank purchases of discounted Greek government bonds in the secondary market.
Weidmann said it could not be assumed that the measures really would bring Greece on to a sustainable debt path, however it was positive that international creditors had not opted for a further debt write-down for Greece.
"My position is that if we do need a future debt write down, then it should only be considered if Greece has fulfilled its reform path," he said. He added that the ECB should not volunteer to forego debt repayments as this would infringe upon the ban on state financing.
"If it was down to the Bundesbank then we wouldn't have bought any euro zone debt," he said.
"Then we wouldn't be facing this question. But what is still clear - is that central banks must never volunteer to waive debt repayment demands. This would be a clear infringement of the ban on state financing."
He repeated his opposition to the European Central Bank's decision to buy the bonds on the secondary market of highly indebted euro zone states.
Turning to plans for a banking union, Weidmann called for a change to the European constitution in order to avoid any conflict of interest between the European Central Bank's monetary policy and planned new supervisory duties.
"I cannot see how with the current legal framework we can transfer supervisory duties to the ECB. A clean legal solution would require a change to the constitution," he told the paper.
Such a change would require extra time and could delay the introduction of an EU-wide banking union. But he added: "If politicians really want a banking union, then they will be able to make the necessary political decisions swiftly."
(Reporting by Alexandra Hudson; editing by Todd Eastham)


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By definition, a natural disaster is a force of nature that has a significant impact on a human population. The tremendous damage to farms and farm products that have resulted from recent storms Hurricane Irene and Tropical Storm Lee are, in this sense, natural disasters of large proportions. In New York State alone, Governor Andrew Cuomo estimates more than $45 million in agricultural damages from Irene.
The toll of farm and food dollars lost will continue to add up over the coming months. However, what is immediately clear from the recent flooding is the role human choices have had in affecting the scale of a natural disasters as our farmland has turned over to development.
Farmland is of value to local populations beyond the food and fiber it provides. It helps to absorb and filter water, an indispensable characteristic in mitigating the impact of flooding and other results of a natural disaster. Unfortunately, these valuable benefits are often not missed until they are gone and – as is the case with Irene – lost attributes with disastrous consequences. The rainfall and flooding from Irene was unprecedented in much of the Northeast. What appears an anomaly for the region may be the result of our changing landscape.
The farms and forests that were once located upstream from populated areas have been and are continuing to be turned over to development. This conversion of farmland that has occurred throughout the United States—more than 23 million acres nationwide between 1982 and 2007—takes agricultural land away from its vital role in water control.
In fact, the top five states that have developed the largest percentage of their agricultural land are among the states located in the path of Irene – New Jersey (26.8 percent), Rhode Island (22.5 percent), Massachusetts (18.1 percent), Delaware (14.3 percent), and New Hampshire (13.2 percent). What results, as Irene and Tropical Storm Lee have so dramatically highlighted, is the impact of water and flood control once the natural "sponge" of farm and forestlands has been paved over.
Farmland also provides a cost-effective water management infrastructure. With a nation increasingly attuned to belt-tightening, it is more essential than ever that the value of farmland for controlling water is fully recognized.
Rain and flood water drenched farm fields and strong winds flattened crops throughout the path of Irene. Farms along the East Coast have major damage, losing crops because of water, having crops covered by new silt, and fields being flooded by contaminated water. Throughout the Mid-Atlantic region, damage to crops will mean greater uncertainty as farmers move into the harvest season. What is in the water that has submerged farm fields is also of concern. Foods that have survived once flood waters receded have been deemed unsafe for human consumption by the FDA.
We would be remiss to let an eye-opening experience presented by Irene to pass by without considering an improved vision for the future. Through programs and a supportive marketplace, we must incorporate the value that farmers provide, not just in feeding the population but in quelling a natural disaster.
Fortunately, many of the states recently affected by Irene and Lee have already recognized the value of farmland protection, including Delaware, Maryland, and Vermont that have each saved more than one acre for each acre of agricultural land developed. Most recently, New Jersey's Governor Christie approved legislation providing $90.6 million in grant funding for farmland protection efforts in the state. We must continue to think about what happens next, in both regional and national contexts, to keep farmland protected and our farms and homes safer from the coming storms.
About the author: One of the nation's leading experts in Farmland Protection, Bob Wagner celebrated his 25th year at American Farmland Trust in 2010 and has worked in the field of farmland protection since 1981. In his current position, Wagner helps states and local communities nationwide build support for and create policies to protect agricultural land.


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General Information —Fall 2013
Financial Assistance
Campus Services
| Other Programs
Welcome to Santa Monica College!
If you don't currently attend Santa Monica College, fill out an application online at www.smc.edu/admissions for admission. Then sign up for classes online at your appointed date and time. Our campus is filled with dedicated people who want you to succeed, so if you need help, please ask!
Take a Shortcut to Becoming an SMC Student!
Our Welcome Center offers new students a "one-stop shop" for admission, enrollment, orientation, academic counseling, financial aid, and more. No appointment necessary—just walk in the door! The Welcome Center (number 32 on the campus map) is located next to the Health Services Center.
Fast Track Your General Education needs
Accelerate meeting your General Education requirements by enrolling in special short-term classes. See the Guides and Special Programs section of this schedule for details and class listings.
Statement of Equal Opportunity
Santa Monica College is committed to equal opportunity in all of its academic programs and is in compliance with Equal Opportunity standards as required by Federal and State laws and District policy. Unless specifically exempted by statute or regulation, ALL SMC COURSES ARE OPEN TO ENROLLMENT AND PARTICIPATION BY ANY PERSON WHO HAS BEEN ADMITTED TO THE COLLEGE AND MEETS THE COURSE PREREQUISITES.
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OFFICE Hours
Monday: 8:30 a.m. to 4:30 p.m.
Tuesday & Wednesday: 8:30 a.m. to 6 p.m.
Thursday: 8:30 a.m. to 4:30 p.m.
Friday: 8 a.m. to 12 p.m.
Hours subject to change without notice. Please go to www.smc.edu/admissions for updates.
Enrollment by web
Monday – Sunday: 1 a.m. to 10 p.m.
Web:www.smc.edu (click on "Current Students" or "New Students" and then on "Corsair Connect.")
You may enroll at Santa Monica College if you:
• Have graduated from high school, or
• Are 18 years of age or older, or
• Are 16 years of age or older and submit your "Student Score Report" for passing the California High School Proficiency Examination,
and you meet the residency requirements (see "Residency link" at Information & Policies) and can profit from the program.
All official communication from Santa Monica College will be sent to students at their SMC student email address (last name_first email@example.com). You can check your student email account by logging into Corsair Connect and clicking on the SMC Mail icon. Be sure to check your SMC student email often!
Continuing Students do NOT have to reapply for admission. If you have never attended Santa Monica College (New Student) or have been away for two or more consecutive semesters (Returning Student), you must first:
• File an application for admission online (go to www.smc.edu/admissions);
• Prepare for and complete the assessment in English (or ESL) and in math; and
• At least four weeks before the start of the session, arrange for transcripts of previous college work (or high school work, if no college work was completed) to be sent directly to the Admissions Office. Copies issued to a student (even if in a sealed envelope) will NOT be accepted.
You will be e-mailed an admission letter. Please review it for information on orientation, assessment, and enrollment.
After your orientation, you will be able to sign up for classes through the "Corsair Connect" link at www.smc.edu on the date and time of your enrollment. There is NO need to come to campus to enroll.
International Students
Santa Monica College defines an "international student" as a student attending the College while in F-1 student status. The international student application is available online (go to www.smc.edu/iapp). Please visit www.smc.edu/international for additional information about the application process and deadline dates, tuition and fees, and support services for F-1 students. For Fall 2013, applications for out-of-country applicants must be submitted by June 15, 2013; and applications for in-country applicants who already have an F-1 visa must be submitted by July 15, 2013. For the Winter 2014 session, applications for out-of-country applicants must be submitted by October 15, 2013; and applications for in-country applicants who already have an F-1 visa must be submitted by November 15, 2013.
To maintain F-1 visa status, ALL international students MUST COMPLETE twelve (12) or more units in the Fall and Spring semesters. F-1 students may enroll in no more than one online class during a semester, and are NOT eligible to enroll in online classes during their first SMC semester/session. International students who begin their studies during a Summer or Winter session must complete a minimum of four (4) units during their first session. Summer and Winter sessions are optional for continuing international students.
• Students in F-1 status from other schools may enroll at SMC on a limited basis. Please consult with the International Education Center for more information.
• Students in other statuses (not F-1) may enroll through the Admissions Office. If you are currently in B status, you cannot enroll until you change status to F-1 or another status with education privileges. Please contact the International Education Center for details.
Santa Monica College is approved as an institution for higher learning for veterans and veterans' dependents entitled to educational assistance from the Veterans Administration (VA). The College cooperates with the VA in helping veterans. SMC offers academic, career, and transfer counseling, as well as priority enrollment, tutoring, and other services to support veterans in achieving their educational goals.
Students wishing to attend SMC under one of the veterans' assistance bills must:
• File an application for admission to SMC (go to www.smc.edu/admissions), and follow all the admissions procedures;
• File an application with the VA at www.gibill.va.gov for educational benefits;
• Arrange for official transcripts from all colleges and universities you have attended to be sent to the SMC Admissions Office (failure to do so may lead to temporary suspension of benefits); and
• Take a printout of your application for VA educational benefits, a copy of your Report of Separation from Active Duty (DD214), and unofficial copies of your transcripts to the Veterans' Resource Center, located in Room 135 of the Liberal Arts building.
The Veterans' Counselors will review your documents and assist you in creating an educational plan. Once you have enrolled in classes, you will need to return to the Veterans' Resource Center and complete paperwork for your benefits. Please see the Veterans' Counselors for details.
Students with Disabilities
If you wish to use the special counseling services provided through the Center for Students with Disabilities, call (310) 434-4265. The video phone number is (866) 957-1809. Please see the "Center For Students With Disabilities" link listed in the Information & Policies section of this schedule of classes for more information.
Printed SMC materials are available in alternate media upon request. To request publications in alternate formats for disability accommodation, e-mail email@example.com or call (310) 434-4265. This Schedule of Classes is also available online (see www.smc.edu/schedules).
Disqualified Students
If you have been disqualified (dismissed) from Santa Monica College for poor academic performance or unsatisfactory progress and you have been away from SMC for one semester or less, you must file a "Petition for Disqualified Students" in person with a counselor. Disqualified students will be dropped from any pre-enrolled classes for the subsequent term, and will need to enroll in classes again if reinstated. The counselor will determine whether reinstatement is possible and what conditions you must meet to enroll at SMC.
If you are a disqualified student and you have been away from SMC for two consecutive semesters (one year) or longer, you must file an SMC admission application online (go to www.smc.edu and click on "New Students Apply Online," then follow the instructions). After you submit your online application, a link to the Petition for Readmission will appear. Click on the link, then fill out and submit the petition. You must also arrange for all transcripts (official or unofficial) to be sent to the Transfer/Counseling Center, ATTN: Readmission Committee, Santa Monica College, 1900 Pico Blvd., Santa Monica, CA 90405. The decision on your request for readmission will be sent to you by mail, along with any further instructions.
If you have been disqualified from SMC more than once, you will be asked to take a break from attending SMC for up to a maximum of one year.
For further information, please see an SMC counselor.
Assessment Center Location and Testing Hours
The Assessment Center, located in Room 109 of the Liberal Arts building, offers testing services on a walk-in, first-arrival basis Monday from 9 a.m. to 2 p.m., Tuesday and Wednesday from 9 a.m. to 5 p.m., and Thursday from 9 a.m. to 2 p.m. (see our website for limited testing hours on Fridays). Please check our website (www.smc.edu/assessment) or call (310) 434-8040 for up-to-date information on office and testing hours. To receive assessment services, you must present a valid government-issued photo identification (e.g., driver's license, passport, current high school ID, military ID) and have already applied for SMC admission. Note that there may be an extensive wait during heavy testing periods. Students are strongly encouraged to review the practice exams available on the Assessment Center website prior to taking the tests.
Mandatory Assessment
Assessment is essential to evaluate your skills and choose the courses that best meet your needs. Assessment is used only to generate placement recommendations, and not to advance students to higher-level courses. If you have questions about the assessment process, please stop by the Assessment Center or consult with a counselor in the Transfer/Counseling Center.
Assessment in English or ESL and in math is mandatory if you are:
• A first-time college student enrolling in more than six (6) units during your first semester at SMC; or
• A continuing student who has not completed the assessment process; or
• Enrolling in an English, ESL, or math course for the first time (even if not a first-time college student);
• Enrolling in courses with recommended English or math preparation; or
• A high school concurrent enrollment student taking courses other than designated activity/performance courses.
Based upon your assessment results, you will receive an English, ESL, or math placement recommendation.
All assessment results are valid for a period of one calendar year. Make sure you enroll in the courses your assessment results qualified you for BEFORE those assessment results expire. Once your results have expired, you will be blocked from enrolling in those courses and will need to retest.
Assessment Exemptions & Placement & Prerequisite Waivers
You may be exempt from assessment if you meet certain qualifications. You may also be granted placement and prerequisite waivers—as well as credit—for selected English, ESL, math, and chemistry courses under specific circumstances. Please see our webpage (www.smc.edu/assessment) for an overview, then consult with a counselor at the Transfer/Counseling Center for details.
Please note: Although you may be exempt from assessment, you still must successfully complete—or receive waivers for—any prerequisite courses (or their equivalent) that are required for classes in English (or ESL), math, chemistry, Anatomy 1, Biology 21/22/23, Microbiology 1, Physiology 3, and physics. For further information, please consult with a counselor at the Transfer/Counseling Center.
Many students use Santa Monica College as the freshman and sophomore years of a four-year college plan. SMC is a leader in transferring students to their junior year at four-year colleges and universities, including the UC and CSU systems. Each of these institutions has a list of courses that must be completed to:
• satisfy general education requirements,
• satisfy lower division pre-major requirements, and
• satisfy elective requirements.
How credit for an SMC course transfers to your future school depends on how that school will accept the course, and how clearly defined your transfer goal is.
Typically, for admission to the UC or CSU system, you will need to complete 60 UC- or CSU-transferable semester units of study—with the required grade point average—by the end of the Spring semester for Fall admission, or by the end of the Fall semester for Spring admission. However, these institutions also look at how to apply those units to your educational goal (e.g., how many of the units meet your general education requirements, your pre-major requirements, and so on).
Santa Monica College has worked out transfer agreements—called articulation agreements—with most local colleges and universities on how your units of credit transfer to meet your graduation requirements. You can look up transfer information yourself (go to www.assist.org for details), but you will find it much easier to talk to a counselor at our Transfer/Counseling Center. To schedule an appointment with a counselor, please call (310) 434-4210.
STUDENT-ATHLETES PLEASE NOTE: A separate set of requirements may apply to you if you plan to transfer with an athletic scholarship. Please see an athletic counselor for a list of these requirements and to arrange for continuous counseling while enrolled at SMC.
BOOKS & Materials
The Federal Higher Education Opportunity Act (HEOA) requires Santa Monica College to provide students with the International Standard Book Number (ISBN), retail price, and/or other information (subject to change) about the required or recommended textbooks and supplemental materials for each course offered at SMC. Please go to bookstore.smc.edu and click on "Buy Textbooks" for details. For other book-related information—including dates for book buybacks—please visit the SMC Bookstore website (bookstore.smc.edu).
Santa Monica College uses Google Gmail to communicate with students and to provide each SMC student with an email account that offers a lifetime email address (as long as Google is the service provider). Gmail accounts are very user friendly, can be reached from any computer with Internet access, include 8GB of online storage, and give students access to Google Docs and Calendar. Before you set up and start to use your Gmail account, be sure to read the Google Privacy Policy (see the link at www.smc.edu/google). To set up your Gmail account, go to www.smc.edu, click on the "New Students" or "Continuing Students" link, then click on "Corsair Connect" and follow the instructions.
To the best of our knowledge, no programs at SMC are inaccessible, and SMC does not schedule single offerings in inaccessible locations. However, some locations are not accessible to students with specific disability-related access needs. We will relocate classes to accommodate individual students. To initiate this process, please call the Center for Students with Disabilities at (310) 434-4265 voice, (866) 957-1809 video phone, or (310) 434-4272 FAX.
The path of travel from the public bus stops on Centinela to the Bundy and Airport Arts campuses is a steep grade that may be inaccessible for some with mobility limitations. However, the Sunset Ride, an accessible public bus line, stops inside the Bundy Campus.
In addition, the following classrooms have access restrictions:
Airport Arts Campus (2800 Airport Ave.): Rooms 11, 12, 13, 14, 24.
ESL Building: Wheelchair access to restrooms is available with an access key to the staff restroom.
Letters and Science: Rooms 201, 203, 205.
Liberal Arts: Rooms 200, 204, 214, 217, 220, 223, 228, 231, 236, 237, 239, 240, 243.
Access keys are required for elevators when classes are not in session in the Business, Art, Gym basement elevator, and Student Activities buildings, and for the accessible restrooms in the Letters and Science, Art, and ESL buildings. For access-key copies, go to the Center for Students with Disabilities (Room 101 of the Admissions/Student Services Complex) or call (310) 434-4265.
Santa Monica College may sponsor voluntary field trips or excursions in which you may want to participate. If you do, according to the California Code of Regulations (Title 5, Section 55220), you are deemed to have held harmless the District and its officers, agents, and employees from all liability or claims which may arise out of or in connection with your participation in this activity.
Some SMC classes meet at off-campus locations. Santa Monica College does not provide transportation to these sites, and all transportation arrangements are the responsibility of the student. Although College staff may assist in coordinating transportation or may recommend travel times, routes, caravanning, etc., these recommendations are not mandatory. Santa Monica College is in no way responsible and assumes no liability for any injuries or losses resulting from this non-District-sponsored transportation. If you ride with another student, that student is not an agent of, or driving on behalf of, Santa Monica College.
Financial Assistance
Campus Services
| Other Programs
IMPORTANT: All enrollment transactions take place online through the web. You may enroll in any class with space available until the evening before the second class meeting. Beginning the day of the second class meeting, you must have an Instructor Approval Code—which allows you to enroll from any computer—for each class you wish to enroll in, even if the class has space available. NOTE: The enrollment deadline for online, hybrid, or Arranged Hours classes is the Sunday evening prior to the week the course begins. If the class is full, you will need an Instructor Approval Code.
You may enroll by web on or after the enrollment date and time assigned to you. You may view your enrollment date and time through the "Corsair Connect" link at www.smc.edu.
You may enroll through SMC's website (www.smc.edu) using a home computer. You may also enroll by using computer terminals at designated times in the Admissions Office lobby, the library, or the Cayton Center. Please note that the Cayton Center terminals require a valid A.S. ID card and password.
Please note: All enrollment takes place on the web via Corsair Connect. If a class is closed, please keep trying, as it will re-open if space becomes available, or you may be able to opt into a space through the class waitpool (see below for waitpool details). For more information about the enrollment process, please see the "Enrollment Info" link at the SMC Admissions webpage (www.smc.edu/admissions).
You may enroll by web on or after the enrollment date and time listed for you by logging onto the "Corsair Connect" link at www.smc.edu. Beginning the day of the second class meeting, you will need an Instructor Approval Code to enroll. PLEASE NOTE: If you are enrolling in an online, hybrid, or Arranged Hours class WITH SPACE AVAILABLE, your enrollment deadline is the Sunday evening prior to the week the course begins. If the class is full, you will need an Instructor Approval Code. For online courses, you will need to email the instructor a request for an Instructor Approval Code.
You can enroll from any computer in the Admissions Office lobby, the library, or the Cayton Computer Lab (which requires a valid A.S. ID and password). You may also enroll from home if you have a Internet access.
1. Go to www.smc.edu;
2. Click on "Corsair Connect";
3. Enter your student ID number and your password;
4. Follow the instructions provided.
To confirm that the classes you selected have been added, click on "Transaction Receipt" in the menu on the left. If the receipt is correct, print out a copy. You must have this printout to contest any discrepancies.
You may also add or drop classes by web. If you decide NOT to attend a course you have enrolled in, it is YOUR responsibility to officially withdraw from it.
Please see the "College Policies" link listed in the Information & Policies section of this schedule of classes for additional withdrawal information.
For payment information, see the PAYMENT POLICY section.
Students may be given the opportunity to join a waitpool for a class section. Students in a waitpool will receive a notice by email if a seat has become available, providing an opportunity to enroll in the course on a first-come, first-served basis. Notification of an opening DOES NOT AUTOMATICALLY ENROLL YOU IN THE CLASS. Students who are not in a waitpool but find out about an open seat are also welcome to enroll on a first-come, first-served basis. Please visit www.smc.edu/enrollinfo for more details about the waitpool process.
Photo I.D.
To obtain your SMC student I.D. card, go to the Photo I.D. Station (east of the Bursar's Office). You will need your card to use the College's tutoring centers and computer labs, ride free on all Big Blue Bus routes, and purchase tickets for (or attend) certain student events or activities.
Financial Assistance
Campus Services
| Other Programs
IMPORTANT: All efforts have been made to present complete and accurate fee information. All fees are subject to change without notice. Fees published in this schedule of classes were current at the time this schedule went to press. Consult the Admissions website for the latest details.
There are no enrollment, student service, or Health Services fees for Adult Education classes (designated by section numbers of 7000 or above).
PLEASE NOTE: You may be eligible for financial aid. To find out, call the Financial Aid Office at (310) 434-4343 as soon as possible. Work Study funds and State Board of Governors (BOG) fee waivers are available for the Fall semester. Please see Information & Policies for additional information.
Enrollment Fee: $46 per Unit (subject to change)
All students—resident and nonresident—in graded credit courses must pay an enrollment fee of $46 per unit. This fee is subject to change without notice.
Student I.D. Card, Activities, & Health Services Fee: $50.50 for Fall Semester 2013
Students in Fall semester credit classes will pay a fee of $50.50. This fee includes a mandatory $18 Health Services fee, plus the optional $13 for the SMC student I.D. card, and $19.50 for Associated Students Membership support, both of which provide special benefits (contact the Admissions Office or Bursar's Office at time of enrollment if you do not wish to pay these fees):
• SMC Student I.D. Card with Picture—Offers a convenient way to speed up checking out books and materials from the SMC Library and the campus tutoring and course-related labs and learning resource centers. If you wish to take advantage of the Big Blue Bus "Any Line, Any Time" service, you will need to "activate" the I.D. card AND have a current semester Associated Students sticker. Go to www.smc.edu/transportation for details.
• Associated Students Membership—Supports SMC's many student clubs, scholarships, the "Any Line, Any Time" program, and other activities that foster academic achievement, social interaction, and community involvement. For details, see the A.S. webpage (www.smc.edu/associated_students) or stop by the Student Life Office (Room 202 of the Cayton Associated Students Center). Buy your A.S. membership sticker at the Bursar's Office today!
• Health Services—Free basic health services, information, and referrals by full-time RN; emergency first aid treatment; and free or reduced-cost immunizations.
Nonresident Tuition Fee
In ADDITION TO the per-unit enrollment fee of $46 (subject to change), all nonresident students must pay tuition of $269 per semester unit ($239 per semester unit if eligible for AB 947 exemption). Please see the "Fees" link at www.smc.edu/admissions for details. For residency information, please see the "Residency" link at Information & Policies, visit the SMC website (www.smc.edu), or call the residence clerk in the Admissions Office at (310) 434-4461 or (310) 434-4595.
Materials and Supplies Fees
Some classes require additional fees for materials and supplies. Consult the class listings in this schedule to determine whether any such fees are required. Please note that these fees are NOT refundable.
On-Campus and Satellite Campus Parking Decals
An on-campus parking decal does NOT guarantee you a parking space. What a parking decal does is entitle you to use on-campus student parking areas on a space-available, first-arrival basis. NOTE: Your parking decal is for ON-CAMPUS PARKING ONLY—it is NOT a residential (street) parking permit.
For parking at SMC's main campus, you MUST purchase a parking decal for $85 for the Fall semester. This decal provides access to parking lots at ALL SMC campuses. You are encouraged to purchase parking decals online through the "Corsair Connect" link at www.smc.edu.You will be able to print a temporary permit to place on your vehicle's dashboard until the actual permit arrives by mail, usually in 3-5 business days. Students who receive benefits under Temporary Aid for Needy Families (TANF), SSI, or a general assistance program are eligible for a parking fee reduction, provided that they have been awarded a Board of Governors Enrollment Fee Waiver for the academic year.
Parking at SMC satellite campuses (Airport Arts, Bundy, or the Performing Arts Center) is FREE for students attending classes there, but REQUIRES A DECAL. Satellite campus decals may be picked up in person or—for a small fee to cover mailing costs—requested online through the "Corsair Connect" link at www.smc.edu. See www.smc.edu/transportation for details.
Parking at the SMC Bundy Lot is FREE for SMC students, but REQUIRES A DECAL. Please see SMC's transportation webpage (www.smc.edu/transportation) for the latest details.
PLEASE NOTE: Student parking decals are NOT valid for faculty/staff parking areas.
Inter-campus shuttle service is FREE (SMC I.D. required). Please consult SMC's parking webpage (www.smc.edu/transportation) for routes and operating hours.
Handicap Parking: The display of a DMV handicap placard AND an SMC parking decal entitles you to park in any handicap, student, or staff parking space.
"Any Line, Any Time" Big Blue Bus
SMC students with a current SMC student I.D. can ride ANY Big Blue Bus ANY time—for FREE!—if they have paid the Associated Students membership fee AND have swipe-activated their SMC student I.D. Special thanks go to the SMC Associated Students for funding this major expansion of SMC's transportation initiative—launched in 2007 in partnership with the Big Blue Bus—aimed at improving access to SMC and reducing traffic, noise, and air pollution in the community. See www.smc.edu/transportation for details.
Withdrawal Refund Schedule
Please see the "College Policies" link at Information & Policies for information on withdrawal refunds. Withdrawal refund deadlines appear next to each enrolled class listed in your Corsair Connect account.
Financial Assistance
Campus Services
| Other Programs
Payment Policy
PLEASE NOTE: You may be eligible to receive some form of financial aid. If so, you should call the Financial Aid Office at (310) 434-4343 as soon as possible. Work Study funds and State Board of Governors (BOG) fee waivers are available for the Summer session (go to www.smc.edu/financialaid for details).
You can pay your fees by using a MasterCard or Visa credit card at the same site where you enroll. For other payment options, see the "How to Pay" information.
• Early Enrollment is from early May to July 31, 2013, at 7 p.m. During this period, you may enroll on or after the date and time assigned to you. Payment of enrollment and related fees (e.g., mandatory fees and nonresident tuition) is due on or before 7 p.m. on Wednesday, July 31, 2013. Failure to pay by this date may result in your being dropped from your classes.
• Payment of enrollment and related fees for courses you enroll in on or after Thursday, August 1, 2013, is due immediately. Please remember that it is YOUR responsibility to drop any courses you do not wish to continue. If you do not drop the courses by the refund deadline—even if you never went to class—you will be responsible for paying the fees and a hold will be placed on your records until all fees are paid. A hold on your records prevents you from enrolling in future courses at SMC and restricts access to Admissions Office services such as providing transcripts, enrollment verification, issuing diplomas, etc.
How to Pay
SMC offers students several payment options.
• You may pay fees in cash, by check, by money order, by cashier's check, or by Visa, MasterCard, Discover, or American Express.
• Nonresident tuition may be paid in cash, or by money order, cashier's check, or a personal check drawn on a California bank, in person, at the Bursar's Office.
You may pay:
• In person at the Bursar's Office (located north of the Counseling Complex);
• By web using a Visa or MasterCard ONLY (web enrollment takes place on a certified secured site, and all data transactions are encrypted; to pay fees online, log on through the "Corsair Connect" link at www.smc.edu, make sure the correct "school semester" is selected, and select "Pay Fees Online" from the menu on the left);
• By mailing your check, money order, or cashier's check (no cash) to Santa Monica College, Bursar's Office, 1900 Pico Boulevard, Santa Monica, CA 90405; or
• By depositing a check, money order, or cashier's check (no cash) in the collection chute at the Bursar's Office.
If you have any credit for any prior transaction(s), the amount will be applied to any owed balance.
Financial Assistance
Campus Services
| Other Programs
Financial Assistance
The California community college system is funded by the State of California. Students who meet certain state residency requirements pay an enrollment fee and may qualify for a BOG Fee Waiver to cover certain costs associated the enrollment fees. The BOG Fee Waiver, however, will NOT cover the Health Services fee or the Associated Students membership fee. In addition to the BOG Fee Waiver, Santa Monica College offers students a variety of financial assistance, which includes both federal and state financial aid to help pay for some of the basic costs of living while attending college. Many of these financial aid programs have early deadline dates and require time to process the application forms. Be sure to start the financial aid process as soon as possible.
Under certain circumstances, students who meet specific California residency requirements may be exempt from paying enrollment fees if they file a BOG Fee Waiver application with the Financial Aid Office. For example, if you can document that you are a recipient of Temporary Aid to Needy Families (TANF), Social Security Income (SSI), or General Relief (GR), or that your income meets specific criteria, you may be exempt. Before starting enrollment procedures, please contact the Financial Aid Office (or review the information available at www.smc.edu/financialaid) to determine your eligibility for a BOG Fee Waiver.
If you feel that you need financial aid to assist you with achieving your educational goals, visit the Financial Aid Office. The Financial Aid Office is open Monday from 8:30 a.m. to 4:30 p.m., Tuesday and Wednesday from 8:30 a.m. to 6 p.m., Thursday from 8:30 a.m. to 4:30 p.m., and Friday from 8 a.m. to 12 noon. Hours are subject to change without notice. For additional information, please visit the Financial Aid Office's website at www.smc.edu/financialaid or call the office at (310) 434-4343.
Financial Assistance
Campus Services
| Other Programs
Campus Services
Santa Monica College offers many campus services to assist and support you. For details about these services, see Information & Policies for additional information or visit the SMC website (www.smc.edu).
Library. Research assistance and extensive collection of traditional, online, and multimedia resources.
Tutoring Centers. Centers specializing in math, science, humanities, modern languages, business, ESL, reading, and writing offer free tutoring services.
Computer Labs. Specialized labs and classrooms with personal computers for student use.
Center for Students with Disabilities. Specialized support programs, including the High Tech Training Center.
Transfer/Counseling Center. Assists and advises students on educational plans and goals, and provides specialized services for transfers to four-year institutions.
Career Services Center. Helps students sort out aptitudes and interests to determine possible careers to pursue, and works to place students in on- and off-campus jobs.
African American Collegian Center. Specialized support and outreach programs for African American students.
Latino Center. Specialized support and outreach programs for Latino students.
Veterans' Resource Center. Specialized support and outreach programs for students who are veterans of military service.
International Education Center. Specialized assistance for international students, academic and transfer counseling, and study abroad programs.
Bookstore. Books, supplies, special orders, and buybacks.
Health Services. Free and low-cost health services.
Food Services. Food court and specialty snack shops.
Art Gallery. Professional guest artist and student exhibits.
Photography Gallery. Contemporary professional and student exhibits.
John Drescher Planetarium. Public lectures and shows every Friday evening.
Financial Assistance
Campus Services
| Other Programs
Other Programs
Besides the academic and career-preparation courses listed in the main body of this schedule, Santa Monica College offers other programs of study. These include:
SMC Community Education. Over 450 low-cost classes each semester—for children and adults—in subjects ranging from watercolor techniques to culinary arts, along with seminars and workshops on a variety of topics. Professional certificate and continuing education programs and seminars. Free English as a Second Language (ESL) and other noncredit adult education classes. See commed.smc.edu or call (310) 434-3400 for information and listings of course offerings.
Emeritus College. Over 160 free, noncredit courses each semester in a broad range of topics for older adults. Classes are held in a variety of locations (including the Malibu Senior Center) and serve more than 3,400 seniors annually. Check www.smc.edu/emeritus or call (310) 434-4306 for program information.


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Greendale lives on. The folks behind Community announced today that they'll be making a sixth season with Yahoo, following their TV cancellation earlier this year.
No word when the nerdy cult classic will come back or where we'll be able to watch it, but at least "six seasons and a movie" is still a very real possibility.
Hitfix's Alan Sepinwall has the news, which includes a statement from creator Dan Harmon:
"I am very pleased that 'Community' will be returning for its predestined sixth season on Yahoo," Harmon said. "I look forward to bringing our beloved NBC sitcom to a larger audience by moving it online. I vow to dominate our new competition. Rest easy, 'Big Bang Theory.' Look out, 'Bang Bus!"


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Jeannette D. Bentz
Jeannette D. Bentz, 48, Prairie Village, died Oct. 19 at Kansas City Hospice House following a battle with cancer.
She was born July 3, 1964, in Hillsboro to Clinton and Elaine Young Bentz of Lincolnville.
She graduated from Centre High School in 1982 and earned a bachelor's degree from Kansas State University. She was a regional accounting manager for the University of Phoenix.
She is survived by her mother, Elaine Bentz of Emporia; one brother, Tim Bentz of Marion; and one sister, Cyndi Smith of Lebo.
She was preceded in death by her father, Clinton Bentz.
The funeral service was Saturday at St. John's Lutheran Church in Lincolnville with Pastor Norbert Tegtmeier officiating. Burial was at North Tampa Cemetery.
Memorials with Kansas City Hospice House and Susan G. Komen for the Cure may be sent in care of Zeiner Funeral Home, P.O. Box 6, Marion KS 66861.
Last modified Oct. 31, 2012


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As a reader, you might only think about Folio Weekly's Best of Jax twice a year: once when you vote and again when you pick up the issue or go to the website to find out who won.
But here at Folio Weekly's international headquarters, we've been working on Best of Jax for months.
It begins in May when we start compiling the list of categories for the ballot and decide which ones to keep, which ones to cut and which ones to add.
In June, we brainstorm several ideas for themes. This year, our passion for "Game of Thrones" pushed us to pick royalty. At that time, we create a logo for that year's awards.
In July, we create the online ballot and launch it by the end of the month. While all of you are busy voting in August, we're searching for models and props to bring our theme to life.
When voting ends, we start tabulating the votes. Because the ballot is open-ended and people can type in anything they want, it takes time to comb through each answer and add it to the appropriate place. It's a laborious but somewhat humorous task sifting through the creative spellings of Northeast Florida's favorites. But every vote counts!
Meanwhile, we shoot photos for the cover and topic headers that run inside. We shoot everything in at least two ways so we have different poses for the two Best of Jax issues — this year on Oct. 9 and Oct. 16.
Once we have a list of winners in early September, we assign writers to research and summarize their laurels in individual blurbs. Our staff photographer shoots more than 50 winners in four counties in about three weeks' time.
Then, we compile and edit all the text and photos into the first and second Best of Jax issues. Once those are designed, proofed and printed, we still have to upload it all online.
We also produce laminated posters and door stickers for winners to hang with pride.
It all seems worth it when we get to celebrate with the winners at the Best of Jax party.
After a few short months, it starts all over again.


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How do you explain to the boss that the tires you want to buy are going to cost more up front but run fewer miles? You can explain they will save money on fuel, but then she's going to want numbers.
If you do the research or run a fuel test, it's almost impossible to conclude that low rolling-resistance tires won't save you money. The toughest hurdle to get over is the mileage shortfall.
Many of the LRR tires on the Environmental Protection Agency's SmartWay list will run fewer miles to take-off, because most of those tires have less tread to start with. You'll probably get the same mileage per 32nd of an inch of rubber as any comparable tire (longhaul, regional, etc.), but starting with fewer thirty-seconds will inevitably take you a shorter distance.
Sorry, that's the way it is. It would be nice to drive as far on three-quarters of a gallon of fuel as you can on a gallon, but ...
There are a few inalienable truths when it comes to tires.
- The tread – the pattern, the compound or the depth – produces much of a tire's rolling resistance.
- Compromise in tire design is a delicate balance. If we push too far in one direction or another, traction, wear, or rolling resistance could suffer.
- Fuel economy improves as tires wear.
Thus, today's low-rolling-resistance tires are a compromise between traction, reasonable tread life, and importantly, a tread pattern and compounds that roll more easily than other tires. Not surprisingly, some LRR tires handle these three criteria better than others. As well, some fleets may want tires with a combination of reasonable traction and fuel economy, or tread life and fuel economy. These are available, and you can arrive at the right tire for your application by asking your sales reps lots of questions.
Donn Kramer, director of product innovation, Goodyear Commercial Tire Systems, says the task of spec'ing the right tires has become much more challenging.
"Fleets should engage a trained tire sales person to help in calculating the differences in cost-per-mile for new tires and retreads versus fuel savings," he says. "There are so many variables now, and many different inputs are required to accurately calculate fuel economy savings."
Shallower is better
So what's wrong with deep treads? Nothing, if you're after a high-mileage tire and aren't worried about fuel efficiency.
Rick Phillips, the senior director of sales, commercial & OTR Products, Yokohama Tire Corp., points out that deeper tread has more "give" or "elasticity" in the individual tread blocks than the same tire with a shallower tread. That hurts fuel economy.
"The deeper tread causes increased rolling resistance, as the leading edge actually deforms when it rolls through the footprint," he explains. "This deforming of the tread increases rolling resistance, which has to be overcome with increased horsepower from the engine, which burns more fuel."
It's worth noting as well that some deep-tread tires may be more susceptible to irregular wear.
"Again, it has to do with the elasticity of the tread blocks," Phillips explains. "There is more 'squirm' or movement in a deeper tread block as it rolls down the highway, making it more susceptible to scuffing and scrubbing. This causes tiny flat spots on the tread, which will develop into larger spots as the tire turns over multiple times under load."
That's not to say shallower, low-rolling-resistance tires are immune to irregular wear, only that the thinner tread makes them less likely to wiggle their way an untimely end.
How much am I giving up?
Where no external factors are chewing up your tires, calculating mileage to take-off is easy once miles-per-32nd of an inch of rubber is established. Comparing a deep tire with 32/32 of tread to a low-rolling-resistance tire with 26/32 of tread, you subtract the tread depth of a typical pull point like 6/32.
"You could make the assumption that since the deeper tire has 18% more usable rubber that it should last 18% longer," says Yokohama's Rick Phillips. "In a perfect world that might be the case, but there are too many variables in play to make that assumption."
In a high scrub or heavy-haul fleet that experiences rapid wear, the calculation is more linear and, all things being equal, a deeper tread will typically prove to be more cost effective. However, Phillips says, "in a lighter load, higher speed fleet the results will be all over the board depending on maintenance, load, road surface etc. Air pressure, alignment and balance will also play a major role in how the tires will perform. And then there are modified tread compounds from shallow to deeper treads that will also affect performance."
You could drive yourself crazy worrying about the difference. According to Continental's Curtis Decker, "Take the loss in tire mileage and stack it against the fuel savings and the savings will trump the forfeited mileage every time."
How much can I save?
Tire manufacturers all make their own claims related to the efficiency of their tires. It's worth remembering that the figures you're likely to hear came from a lab or a carefully controlled test, not the highway of broken dreams.
"In our case, it's a perfectly clean number," says Guy Walenga, director of engineering, commercial products and technologies at Bridgestone Commercial Solutions Group. "But it's not necessarily a real-world number a fleet could take to the bank."
To arrive at a rolling resistance figure that can be translated into a fuel efficiency number, Bridgestone calculates the number of BTUs required to overcome a load of 1,000 pounds.
"We look at BTUs of energy, which we can translate into gallons of diesel," Walenga explains. "We ignore factors like aerodynamics, powertrain inefficiencies, type of pavement, etc. This is purely and simply a measurement of the tire's efficiency relative to the amount of energy required to overcome its rolling resistance."
Bridgestone and other companies also road-test and track-test tire designs and can arrive at some pretty accurate numbers. Whether it's a real-world number, a track number, or a lab number is up to the customer to determine.
What will a fleet see from a tire that claims, say, a 10% improvement in efficiency?
"This is where people start getting confused," says Curtis Decker, manager of product development at Continental Tire North America. "If you improve a tire's rolling resistance by 10%, that doesn't equate to 10% for the truck. Continental's calculations in Europe and North America indicate there's about ratio of about 3 to 1 in tire efficiency to truck fuel efficiency. It's reasonable to assume that with tires that are 10% more efficient, you'll see a 3% improvement in fuel economy for the truck."
What does 3% mean in the real world? There are just too many variables to open that discussion here. Tire manufacturers can take fleets through the exercise, but remember, it involves balancing upfront cost, lifetime mileage, application, traction needs or preferences, vehicle maintenance capabilities, operating climate ... and, of course, projected fuel savings. It's not an exercise for the faint of heart.
The most difficult part, perhaps, is waiting on the payback. With low-rolling-resistance tires, you'll pay more today, but the benefits will trickle in over two or three years.
"It's far easier to notice a shortage in tire life than to measure the improvement in fuel efficiency," says Decker. "It's also painfully easy to see a front-loaded cost than feel a rear-loaded benefit."
Making the case for LRR Tires
If you're the tire guy trying to explain to the accounting department why you're spending more money than usual for new tires that won't last as long as your old ones, you have your work cut out for you.
The biggest problem is a lack of communication, according to Walenga. The people who buy fuel and the people who buy tires don't talk to each other.
"Tire managers live and die by cost per mile, which is how much they pay for the tires and how many miles the tires last," he says. "Fuel managers, on the other hand, know how much fuel costs, but don't know what the fuel economy of the vehicle is, and they have no idea what tire rolling resistance does."
Walenga advises opening up the lines of communication and using data to build the case for the more fuel-efficient, low-rolling-resistance tires. Any good tire sales rep can demonstrate how their fuel-efficient tires compare with their longer-lasting but less efficient deep-tread tires, but in-service fleet fuel economy comparisons are the best way to prove the case in the real world.
"You'll need to run five or 10 trucks in similar service for a period of three to six months to get really accurate results," he says. "The longer the comparison period, and the more trucks that are involved, the better the data will be."
He recommends starting with new tires and measuring tread depth regularly through the study. That will provide an accurate estimate of how far the tires will run until reaching their established tread depth at removal. Of course, accurate fuel and mileage records are essential to the evaluation.
Rolling resistance – and fuel economy – improves as tires wear, and tread wear isn't always a linear calculation, but the results will provide a good estimate of lifetime results.
The Technology and Maintenance Council of the American Trucking Associations is nearly finished with an update to its Recommended Practice RP 208C (to be titled RP 208D), Tire Cost Determination. It will include calculations for fuel savings when evaluating the lifetime costs of low rolling-resistance tires, which is a pretty significant part of the reason for making the investment in that type of tire.
"You have to help the accounting people understand that there will be just a tiny bit of pain on the way to a serious long-term gain," Walenga says.


text: Hi, Anyone have tesed or used an machine with more than 4GB of RAM or paging in virtual memory on intel machines? He have an linux beowulf cluster and one of ours developers have asked us for how much memory an process can allocate to use. In the tests we have made, we cannot allocate much more than 3GB, using an dual PIII with 1GB of ram and 12Gb of swap area for testing. We can use 2 process alocating more or less 3Gb, but one process alone canot pass this test. We have using redhat linux 7.2, kernel 2.4.9-21, recompiled with High Mem suport. I have tested the same test aplication on an Itanium machine, with 1GB of ram and 16Gb of swap area, and they passed. The aplication can alocate more than 5GB of memory, using swap. In this machine, we are using turbolinux 7, with kernel version 2.4.4-010508-18smp. If this works, we can improve our applications. Thanks in advance for the help, and sorry about my bad english. Best regards, -- Leandro Tavares Carneiro Analista de Suporte EP-CORP/TIDT/INFI Telefone: 2534-1427


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With ongoing budget cuts in public education, many teachers across America worry that their jobs are in danger. But a new report suggests that these teachers might also consider whether their jobs are dangerous.
Violence against teachers is a more widespread problem than previously thought, according to an article recently published by the American Psychological Association (APA) in the journal American Psychologist.
And, though the recent Newtown, Conn., school shooting proves that teachers can be the victims of violence from outside their schools, often, the danger lurks within the educators' own classrooms.
National surveys of K-12 teachers suggest that up to 80 percent of teachers had been victimized by students in the then-current or prior year.
The most common offense against teachers is reportedly theft or property damage, followed by harassment. And 44 percent of teachers who reported victimization did so after physical attacks by students.
"Violence directed against teachers is a national crisis with far-reaching implications and deserves inclusion in the school-violence equation," said Dorothy Espelage, professor of psychology at the University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, the lead author of the article.
The APA suggests implementing state-by-state consistency in the licensure requirements for teachers, which would require educators to master classroom-management skills before being licensed to teach.
"Because professional training typically does not prepare teachers to deal with violence at school, most lack the skills to prevent challenging behavior from occurring and to respond effectively when it does occur," said Espelage.
The APA also emphasizes the role of professional psychologists in preventing violence against teachers. Psychologists can help by implementing early intervention and treatment strategies for students who are displaying behavioral and academic problems.
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Aarsun Woods bring you this Handmade Wooden Doors made from premium quality Teak Wood with floral work that gives an elegant and traditional look to your home. Add a classy feel to your living room.
Moreover, as we are the manufacturers, the unit can be customized as per your need.The packaging of the unit is done in Wooden Crate Boxes so as to avoid any damage while in-transit. We provide best possible services to all our clients and believe in strong customer relationships


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The National Basketball Association lockout, which started on July 1, has already wiped out the entire preseason and nearly 100 regular season games. A key point of dispute for both sides continues to be focused on the breakdown of basketball-related income (BRI), which previously had been guaranteed at 57 percent for the players. The league has claimed that 22 of its teams lost money during the 2010 season.
Some star players, including Deron Williams and Tony Parker, have already signed contracts to play overseas as the work stoppage drags on. Many more players have threatened they might consider doing the same.
As the owners and players continue to squabble over their next labor agreement, we started thinking about the teams that could least afford to miss the 2011-12 NBA season.
By Darren Rovell
Posted 20 Oct 2011
Related Story:18 People Tell How The NBA Lockout Will Affect Them


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Fermental welcomes sustainable brewery
Fermental, 7250-B Market St. in Wilmington, will host An Evening with Anderson Valley Brewing Company at 6 p.m. Saturday. The event will feature a variety of brews on draught in the beer garden as well as craft cans from this Boonville, Calif., establishment that is known for inventive fusions of flavor and style in a sustainable, solar-powered facility brewery. During the free event, there will be beer tastings, giveaways, meet and greet with brewery representatives, grub for purchase from La… Read More »