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Norwegian literature, the body of writings by the Norwegian people.
The roots of Norwegian literature reach back more than 1,000 years into the pagan Norse past. In its evolution Norwegian literature was closely intertwined with Icelandic literature and with Danish literature. Only after the separation of Norway from Denmark in 1814 is it possible to point to a literature that is unambiguously Norwegian. This article focuses on literature produced from the 16th century onward by writers of Norwegian birth in Bokmål (Dano-Norwegian; also called Riksmål) and, later, Nynorsk (New Norwegian). Because Norwegian literature and Icelandic literature are often indistinguishable in their earliest forms, both are discussed together under Icelandic literature. Writers of Norwegian birth who produced works in Danish are discussed both in this article and under Danish literature.
The 16th and 17th centuries
Political union between Denmark and Norway started in 1380, and Danish eventually became the official language and the most widely used literary medium. Copenhagen, with its university, established itself as the cultural capital of the two countries. Not until after the Reformation were there signs of significant literary activity in Norway itself—for example, Om Norgis rige ("Concerning the Kingdom of Norway"), a nostalgic apologia for Norway written in 1567 by Absalon Pederssøn Beyer. The most original and most conspicuously Norwegian writer of this age was Petter Dass, whose Nordlands trompet (The Trumpet of Nordland) gives a lively picture in verse of the life of a clergyman and his part of the country; although probably completed before the turn of the century, this work was not printed until 1739.
The 18th century
Several of Denmark's leading writers of the 18th century were of Norwegian birth, preeminently Ludvig Holberg and the members of the Norske Selskab (Norwegian Society). Established in Copenhagen in 1772 by a group of resident Norwegians, it looked to French rather than to German and English literature for models. Within Norway itself there was little overt literary activity, though the establishment in 1760 of a Royal Norwegian Society of Learning in Trondheim was evidence that Norway was beginning to assert its cultural aspirations. The poet Christian Braunmann Tullin typifies the age and its tension between cultural pessimism and optimism.
The 19th century
The Age of Wergeland
After the signing of a new constitution in 1814, an exciting and difficult age began for Norway: an opportunity seemed to be offered to develop an independent Norwegian culture and way of life, but there were deep differences of opinion as to how this could best be achieved. Johan Sebastien Cammermeyer Welhaven was the chief representative of those who insisted that the existing Danish element in the culture should not be neglected. Henrik Wergeland was a spokesman for those whose nationalistic pride led them, on the other hand, to demand a complete break with Denmark. Welhaven stood for a coolly intellectual approach, for restraint and control, and for conscious artistry, as his own sonnet cycle Norges dæmring (1834; "The Dawn of Norway") exemplifies. Wergeland was more passionate and revolutionary, and his enormous epic Skabelsen, mennesket og messias (1830; "Creation, Humanity and Messiah") typified the spirit he admired.
Wergeland dominated the age as a poet, orator, and social reformer, and the clash between him and Welhaven and between the two factions associated with them—the "patriots" and the "intelligentsia"—began an ideological conflict that persisted throughout the century.
National Romanticism
The literature of the mid-19th century, known as Norway's "national Romanticism," continued to reflect the country's larger aspirations. The compilation and publication, between 1841 and 1844, of the landmark Norske folkeeventyr (Norwegian Folk Tales) by Peter Christen Asbjørnsen and Jørgen Engebretsen Moe—preceded by Anders Faye's Norske sagn (1833; "Norwegian Folk Legends") and followed by Magnus Brostrup Landstad's Norske folkeviser (1852–53; "Norwegian Folk Ballads")—indicated a lively interest in the past, as did Peter Andreas Munch's eight-volume history of the Norwegian people (1857–63). Ivar Aasen was the creative spirit behind the Landsmål movement to establish a literary language based on rural dialects linked with Old Norse. Many publications of these years, including earlier works of Ibsen and Bjørnson, turned consciously to Norway's heroic past and its peasants. To these years belonged also the lyric poetry of Aasmund Olafson Vinje, founder of the periodical Dølen ("The Dalesman"), who adopted Nynorsk as his literary language.
Toward the modern breakthrough
In 1855 Camilla Collett, Wergeland's sister, published Amtmandens døttre (The District Governor's Daughters), which, by considering the place of women in society, marked a beginning of a trend that, encouraged by the immensely influential Danish critic Georg Brandes, culminated in the 1870s and '80s in the realistic "problem" literature of Henrik Ibsen, Bjørnstjerne Bjørnson, and their contemporaries. l (1877; Pillars of Society) was the first of a succession of problem dramas by Ibsen to win him worldwide fame. By then he had already written two verse dramas, Brand (1866) and Peer Gynt (1867), and his long "double drama" Kejser og galilæer (1873; The Emperor and the Galilean). The first substantial problem drama by Bjørnson was En fallit (1875; The Bankrupt). Although never the world figure that Ibsen became, Bjørnson was a leading personality of his age in Norway as a novelist, dramatist, and lyric poet and in public affairs.
The novelists Jonas Lie and Alexander Lange Kielland, together with Ibsen and Bjørnson, were the major figures of modern Norwegian literature and were responsible for a remarkably large body of important work between 1870 and 1884, as the following titles illustrate: Ibsen's works Et dukkehjem (A Doll's House), Gengangere (Ghosts), En folkefiende (An Enemy of the People), and Vildanden (The Wild Duck); Bjørnson's dramas Det ny system (The New System), En handske (A Gauntlet), and Over ævne (Beyond Human Power I) and his novel Det flager i byen og på havnen (The Heritage of the Kurts); Lie's novels Gaa paa! ("Go Ahead!"), Livsslaven ("The Life Convict"; Eng. trans. One of Life's Slaves), and Familjen paa Gilje (The Family at Gilje); and Kielland's Skipper Worse (Eng. trans. Skipper Worse), Gift ("Poison"), and Fortuna ("Fortune"; Eng. trans. Professor Lovdahl). The foremost stylist of his age, Kielland was an elegant, witty novelist with a strong social conscience and an active reforming zeal stemming from an admiration for English philosopher John Stuart Mill.
The literature of the 1870s emphasized individual development and expression in keeping with the optimistic attitude of the times to social change and improvement. In the following decade, growing skepticism and disillusionment made writers more bitter in their attacks on "established" social institutions. The publication of Fra Kristiania-Bohêmen ("From the Christiania Bohemia") in 1885 by Hans Henrik Jæger created, by its seeming advocacy of sexual license, a public scandal. The most extreme exponent of naturalism was Amalie Skram, especially in the four-volume novel Hellemyrsfolket (1887–98; "The People of Hellemyr"). Arne Evensen Garborg—a poet, novelist, dramatist, and critic—was a superb writer whose work reflected successive movements of Romanticism, realism, naturalism, and Neoromanticism. His wider reputation was first established with a novel, Bondestudentar (1883; "Peasant Students"), but perhaps his greatest achievement was the poem cycle Haugtussa (1895).
The 20th century
In the 1890s established Norwegian writers came under fire from a new generation. The manifesto of new ideas was an essay published in 1890 in the periodical Samtiden ("The Present Age") by Knut Hamsun, "Fra det ubevidste sjæleliv" ("From the Unconscious Life of the Mind"), which demanded attention to what was individual and idiosyncratic rather than typical. Hamsun was impatient with contemporary emphasis on social problems, and his early novels—Sult (1890; Hunger), Mysterier (1892; Mysteries), and Pan (1894)—exemplified these ideas; his later novels, such as Markens grøde (1917; Growth of the Soil), were less extreme but still showed a strong, sometimes savage irony. Hamsun won the Nobel Prize for Literature in 1920.
Poetry and the novel
Lyric poetry at this time flourished with Sigbjørn Obstfelder, who had a close affinity with the Symbolist movement, and Nils Collett Vogt, who produced some of the best lyrics of the 1890s. In drama Gunnar Heiberg, who combined a sharply satirical wit with a lyric deftness, expressed the new spirit in Kong Midas (1890), Gerts have (1894; "Gert's Garden"), Balkonen (1894; The Balcony), and Kjærlighetens tragedie (1904; The Tragedy of Love). Sharing Hamsun's preoccupation with the irrational side of human conduct was Hans E. Kinck, a writer of considerable power and penetration. In his verse drama Driftekaren (1908; "The Drover") and long novel Sneskavlen brast (1918–19; "The Avalanche Broke"), Kinck showed himself to be a more reflective and analytical writer than Hamsun.
The real achievements of Norwegian literature in the first half of the 20th century were in the novel and lyric poetry. Drama was not conspicuous, except for the plays of Heiberg and Nordahl Grieg. In the early decades of the century, regionalism was a strong element, particularly in the novel; and authors adopted language coloured by dialect, thus becoming identified with their region. Kristofer Uppdal, of the midnorth region of Trøndelag, wrote a remarkable work—a 10-volume novel cycle, Dansen gjenom skuggeheimen (1911–24; "The Dance Through the Shadow World"). The novel also considered conflicts arising from the spread of industrialism, which Norway underwent later than did other European countries. The novelist and dramatist Oskar Braaten was closely affiliated with the labour movement, while Johan Falkberget wrote with understanding and historical insight about the miners in Røros in the trilogy Christianus Sextus (1927–35) and in Nattens brød (1940; "Bread of Night"). Sigrid Undset, who won the Nobel Prize for Literature in 1928, set her novels in many different ages, and their concern was to examine women's loyalties within the framework of their role in society. A long historical novel, Kristin Lavransdatter (1920–22), is a masterpiece of Norwegian literature. Her later novels, Gymnadenia (1929; The Wild Orchid) and Den brændende busk (1930; The Burning Bush), were overtly influenced by her conversion to Roman Catholicism. Olav Duun, also of the midnorth region, revealed his insight into life as endless conflict in a six-volume novel cycle about the development of a peasant family through four generations—Juvikfolke (1918–23; The People of Juvik).
There were other accomplished and popular lyric poets writing prior to World War II, all of whom used traditional forms and regular metre and rhyme. They included Herman Wildenvey, who combined realism and romanticism in his light but elegant verse, and Olaf Bull, a more learned poet than Wildenvey. Bull vented in his meticulously crafted poems feelings of existential anxiety as well as yearnings for a woman's love.
Arnulf Øverland, a highly public figure who wrote poems and essays and was a contributor to the Marxist journal Mot Dag ("Toward Day"), actively opposed both organized religion and modernist trends. Other socially committed writers of the interwar years were Grieg, Helge Krog, and Sigurd Hoel. Grieg, a poet, novelist, and playwright, was an avowed leftist who in his play Vår ære og vår makt (1935; "Our Honour and Our Glory") assailed profiteering during World War I. He addressed pacifism in Nederlaget (1937; Defeat). Krog, best known for his dramas Konkylien (1929; "The Sounding Shell") and Opbrudd (1936; Break-Up), was also a fine essayist and social critic. Although he shared the Mot Dag group's political views, Hoel in his fiction probed the root causes of social ills via Freudian psychology rather than Marxist theories. His novel En dag i oktober (1931; One Day in October) created a public commotion because of its critical depiction of bourgeois marriage. He was at his best in portraits of the times, such as of the 1920s in Syndere i sommersol (1927; Sinners in Summertime) and of the Nazi occupation years in Møte ved milepelen (1947; Meeting at the Milestone).
Tarjei Vesaas was one of several writers—among them Cora Sandel and Aksel Sandemose—who opened new horizons for Norwegian prose before and after World War II, each in distinctive ways. Vesaas, who wrote in Nynorsk, has been called Norway's most provincial international writer; his works—especially Det store spelet (1934; The Great Cycle)—are firmly rooted in the Norwegian countryside, but their concerns are universal. Fuglane (1957; The Birds), through highly symbolic and sensitive prose, described life from the perspective of a mentally handicapped man. In both Kimen (1940; The Seed) and Huset i mørkret (1945; The House in the Dark), the latter an allegorical story of Norway during the Nazi occupation, Vesaas examined the forces of evil. Sandel was a French-influenced novelist and author of short stories. Her largely autobiographical Alberte trilogy (1926–39), a depiction of a young woman's often torturous journey toward maturity and her artistic calling, resonated powerfully among women readers. Freudian, primitivist, and radical are among the epithets typically applied to Sandemose. A novelist and journalist, he was throughout all of his writing intent on attacking the self-satisfied but hypocritical petite bourgeoisie. His novels probe the depths of the human mind, especially its irrationality, through their use of allusion, fantasy, and broken chronologies. Sandemose also exhibited a profound understanding of a child's world with novels such as En flyktning krysser sitt spor (1933; A Fugitive Crosses His Tracks). In Varulven (1958; The Werewolf), a novel about love, murder, and jealousy, he delved into the psychological forces behind Nazism.
Among the Scandinavian countries, Norway had some of the most painful experiences of World War II, which were widely reflected in the country's postwar literature. While Finns, whose country also suffered greatly during the war, tended to concentrate on realistic depictions of the war itself, Norwegian authors focused on the nature of evil. Jens Bjørneboe did so in his novels (e.g., Før hanen galer [1952; "Before the Cock Crows"]) and plays in a very concrete and drastic manner. In later works, such as Frihetens øyeblikk (1966; Moment of Freedom), he probed the nature of evil across all of Western civilization. In her early short stories Torborg Nedreaas, also a politically committed author, retold stories from the war years, but she did so from a woman's point of view. However, it was her Musikk fra en blå brønn (1960; Music from a Blue Well), about a young girl's growing up, that brought her fame. Her focus remained always on the societal forces bearing down on the vulnerable individual.
Another important postwar literary figure was Johan Borgen, a novelist and short-story writer. Like Sandemose, he explored the darker sides of the human psyche and, in particular, the process of identity formation. He is best known for the Lillelord trilogy (1955–57; Eng. trans. in 1 vol. as Lillelord). Jeg (1959; "I") is more experimental in form but continues Lillelord's exploration of the question of identity in a self-reflexive manner.
Modernism and postmodernism after World War II
Rolf Jacobsen was one of the early modernists in Norwegian poetry. As early as the 1930s he used free verse and vivid images to express his concerns—such as his worries, especially in the 1970s, about the destruction of the environment—which were remarkably modern and account for his lasting popularity. The real champion of lyric modernism, however, was Paal Brekke, who from the late 1940s assailed the materialistic values of affluent Western society. Other notable modernists include Olav H. Hauge, writing in Nynorsk about everyday life, and Stein Mehren, a philosophical poet, essayist, and painter. Inger Hagerup and Marie Takvam are both best known for stylistically traditional love poems; Hagerup is also known for her poems written for children.
As in other European countries, the late 1960s and '70s saw in Norway the rise of a new generation of radical writers advocating politically engaged, socially revolutionary literature. This so-called Profil group, named after a journal, included Tor Obrestad, Dag Solstad, Espen Haavardsholm, and Edvard Hoem. Many of their novels freely mixed documentary materials with fiction, as in Obrestad's Sauda! Streik! (1972; "Sauda! Strike!"), but what united them all was a shared belief in the Maoist interpretation of Marxism-Leninism. In later works their tone changed. Some, like Solstad in Roman 1987 (1987; "Novel"), gave an accounting of the earlier era. Others, like Hoem, also a playwright, returned to the traditional novel (Frøken Dreyers musikkskole [2000; "Miss Dreyer's Music School"]). Øystein Lønn, who debuted in the 1960s, critiqued modern society in novels and short stories characterized by their precise language, black humour, and open endings.
Lars Saabye Christensen, who first gained popularity with his novel Beatles (1984), won high praise for Halvbroren (2001; The Half Brother), a novel chronicling a family's fate over several generations; its style successfully combined realistic narration with the fantastic. Jan Kjærstad's breakthrough novel Homo Falsus; eller, det perfekte mord (1984; "Homo Falsus; or, The Perfect Murder") exhibited postmodern features; his three-part "biography" of a fictional television celebrity, Jonas Wergeland, demonstrated how a skillful application of postmodernist strategies could lead to an exciting, multidimensional portrait of not just an individual but an entire epoch. Three very different women authors are Bjørg Vik, a short-story writer who portrayed, from a feminist viewpoint, the lives of contemporary women in their efforts to cope with societal demands, new freedoms, and their own emotional desires; Herbjørg Wassmo, whose Tora and Dina trilogies became best sellers in the 1980s and '90s; and Cecilie Løveid, a postmodernist poet and playwright, one of the few who successfully challenged the Ibsenite tradition in drama. She probed the potential for love, family, and close human relationships in modern society. Her works are playful and rich in imagery, humour, and sensuality; they traverse various genres and art forms but always with women as protagonists. Jon Fosse is a playwright with an international reputation.
Learn More in these related Britannica articles:
Norway: The arts…Norway's separation from Denmark, that Norwegian literature firmly established its identity. Especially important were the poetry of Henrik Wergeland and the plays of Ibsen, whose realistic dramas introduced a new, politically charged moral analysis to European theatre. The works of novelists Hamsun and Undset remain influential, though modern Norwegians are…
romance: The spread and popularity of romance literature…reign (1217–63) of Haakon of Norway.…
saga: Translations…literature was also enriched by Norwegian prose translations of French romance literature. These soon found their way into Iceland, where they were popular and a strong influence on native storywriting. Probably the earliest,
Tristrams saga(the story of Tristan and Iseult), was translated in 1226. Most of the themes of…
Henrik Ibsen…[formerly Christiania; now Oslo]), major Norwegian playwright of the late 19th century who introduced to the European stage a new order of moral analysis that was placed against a severely realistic middle-class background and developed with economy of action, penetrating dialogue, and rigorous thought.…
Bjørnstjerne Martinius Bjørnson…four great ones" of 19th-century Norwegian literature. His poem "Ja, vi elsker dette landet" ("Yes, We Love This Land") is the Norwegian national anthem.…
More About Norwegian literature9 references found in Britannica articles
Assorted References
- culture of Norway
- Norske Selskab
- romance literature
- saga
work of
- Asbjørnsen and Moe
- Bjørnson
- Ibsen
- In Henrik Ibsen
- Kielland
- Lie
- In Jonas Lie


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highlights from the panel
Israeli Artists: End Gender Discrimination!
Conversation with Rabbi Ariel Picard
Excerpts from Channel 10 expose on the painful path to marriage in Israel.
Rabbis Uri Regev and Shlomo Riskin
Rabbi Uri Regev introduces the 2013 Religion and State Index!
The race for the Chief Rabbinate
Yair Lapid expresses his support for same-sex marriage and civil marriage in Israel.
MK Boaz Toporovsky (Yesh Atid) speaks with Hiddush for about freedom of marriage and the challenges that are unfortunately still in place and prevent hundreds of thousands of Israelis from marrying and millions more from marrying in a ceremony that is incongruent with their beliefs.
President of Hiddush, Rabbi Uri Regev
Hiddush proposed a Basic Law for freedom of religion and conscience to the 19th Knesset
Rabbi Uri Regev, President and CEO of Hiddush which promotes freedom of observance and equality in Israel, discusses the problems of marital laws in the State of Israel due to the control of the Orthodox establishment. L'Chayim with Mark S. Golub.
Uri Regev, President & CEO of "Hiddush – For Freedom of Religion and Equality," explains why PM Netanyahu's deals with ultra-Orthodox parties to win their coalition support hurts Israeli democracy and threatens American Jewry's relationship to Israel.
Rabbi Uri Regev teaches at LimmudNY 2014.
Deputy Health Minister Litzman: Men need not work - Women and the State can pay the bills
Rabbi Uri Regev speaks to the Real News
Who is a Jew in Israel?
Read More
"Religion should be relegated to the synagogue and the homes of those families that want it; it should occupy a special position in the schools; but it shall not control the ministries of State."
Chaim Weizman
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"Religion should be relegated to the synagogue and the homes of those families that want it; it should occupy a special position in the schools; but it shall not control the ministries of State."
Chaim Weizman
All quotes »
Rabbi Uri Regev, March 7, 2017The Jerusalem Post
JTA News Brief, February 10, 2017JTA
JTA News Brief, February 14, 2017JTA
Rabbi Uri Regev, January 30, 2016The Jerusalem Post
Jason Le Miere, January 19, 2017International Business Times
23/04/2019 01:21
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Uri Regev 11/04/2019 22:29
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Uri Regev 24/05/2018 13:59
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What advocacy strategy should supporters of religious freedom in Israel pursue? How should we set our policy priorities? How meaningful are Prime Minister Netanyahu's promises to Diaspora Jewry?
Full Story »
16/07/2015 16:12
An ultra-Orthodox myth is that ultra-Orthodox women really want to sit in the back of the bus, so we shouldn't interfere with the growing phenomenon of gender-segregated bus lines. However, ultra-Orthodox blogger Chani Weiser of B'nai Brak has recently come out publicly, challenging her community's self-righteous claims. She does not want to sit at the back of the bus!
29/04/2013 14:10
45 countries, including Israel, received a grade of "0" due to severe restrictions on freedom of marriage. Hiddush CEO Rabbi Uri Regev: We cannot miss this historic opportunity for freedom of marriage in Israel.
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subset: commoncrawl


text: Mendocino Headlands State Park is an amazing meeting of land and ocean. The park is located literally next door to the quaint tourist village of Mendocino with its rich history and getaway appeal. However, despite the park's accessibility, this section of coastline is one of the more rugged and inspiring in all of California. The raw power of water is on full display with many intricate rock formations, numerous sea arches, hidden passageways, secluded beaches and jagged spires. The dramatic views are truly memorable. We explored the park on an unseasonably cool winter day that was chilly despite the blazing sunshine. While we had to bundle up, the clear and crisp conditions more than compensated and we spent all morning venturing out onto the rock promontories and peninsulas, admiring the spectacular beauty of these headlands with every turn. Locals will confirm that the fall and winter season is the best time to visit this stretch of coastline to avoid persistent coastal fog common in late spring and summer. Further exploration on this trip to Mendocino included Russian Gulch State Park, Van Damme State Park, Jug Handle, Anderson Valley, Hendy Woods and Glass Beach in Fort Bragg. I'll be posting photos and descriptions from these other destinations in the next entry. For now, here are some of my favorite photos from the Mendocino Headlands with the complete album here.


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Spa Deals Brooklyn
Spa Deals Brooklyn is free HD wallpaper. This wallpaper was upload at April 18, 2019 upload by admin in .You can download it in your computer by clicking resolution image in Download by size:. Don't forget to rate and comment if you interest with this wallpaper.
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Adobe Spark
Explore our variety of best-in-class layouts, colors, and fonts. Then tweak them with text and photos to fit your needs.
Share your creations via social or email and capture attention with your amazing designs.
Projects are automatically synced across the web or the iOS apps so you can work whenever inspiration strikes.
Stand out from the crowd and engage your followers with eye-catching Videos using your mobile device.


text:
Extensible HTML/XML generator, cross-platform templating language, Oracle utilities and various other tools
Project description
XIST provides an extensible HTML and XML generator. XIST is also a XML parser with a very simple and pythonesque tree API. Every XML element type corresponds to a Python class and these Python classes provide a conversion method to transform the XML tree (e.g. into HTML). XIST can be considered 'object oriented XSLT'.
XIST also includes the following modules and packages:
ll.ul4c is compiler for a cross-platform templating language with similar capabilities to Django's templating language. UL4 templates are compiled to an internal format, which makes it possible to implement template renderers in other languages and makes the template code "secure" (i.e. template code can't open or delete files).
There are implementations for Python, Java and Javascript.
ll.ul4on provides functions for encoding and decoding a lightweight machine-readable text-based format for serializing the object types supported by UL4. It is extensible to allow encoding/decoding arbitrary instances (i.e. it is basically a reimplementation of pickle, but with string input/output instead of bytes and with an eye towards cross-plattform support).
There are implementations for Python, Java and Javascript.
ll.orasql provides utilities for working with cx_Oracle:
- It allows calling functions and procedures with keyword arguments.
- Query results will be put into Record objects, where database fields are accessible as object attributes.
- The Connection class provides methods for iterating through the database metadata.
- Importing the modules adds support for URLs with the scheme oracle to ll.url.
ll.make is an object oriented make replacement. Like make it allows you to specify dependencies between files and actions to be executed when files don't exist or are out of date with respect to one of their sources. But unlike make you can do this in a object oriented way and targets are not only limited to files.
ll.color provides classes and functions for handling RGB color values. This includes the ability to convert between different color models (RGB, HSV, HLS) as well as to and from CSS format, and several functions for modifying and mixing colors.
ll.sisyphus provides classes for running Python scripts as cron jobs.
ll.url provides classes for parsing and constructing RFC 2396 compliant URLs.
ll.nightshade can be used to serve the output of PL/SQL functions/procedures with CherryPy.
ll.misc provides several small utility functions and classes.
ll.astyle can be used for colored terminal output (via ANSI escape sequences).
ll.daemon can be used on UNIX to fork a daemon process.
ll.xml_codec contains a complete codec for encoding and decoding XML.
Changes in 5.14.2 (released 03/02/2016)
- Fixed color blending in color.Color to use "premultiplied alpha" values. With this change blending colors gives the same result as CSS.
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Marilyn Monroe (Marilyn) , 1967
36 x 36 in (91 x 91 cm)
Printer: Aetna Silkscreen Products, Inc., New York
Publisher: Factory Additions, New York
Edition: 250, 26 AP
Materials: From the portfolio of ten screenprints on paper
Markings: Signed in pencil and numbered with a rubber stamp verso; some signed in ball-point pen; some initialled on verso; some dated (AP are signed and lettered A-Z on verso)
Catalogue: Feldman & Schellmann II.26
Additional Notes:
Based on a publicity photograph by Gene Kornman for the 1953 film Niagra.
There are unauthorized prints, 33 1/4 x 33 1/4 inches (84.5 x 84.5 cm), which were published in 1970 in different colors from the portfolio. Stamped in black on verso, published by Sunday B. Morning and fill in your signature; some prints are inscribed by Warhol, This is not by me. Andy Warhol.
There are unauthorized prints, 36 x 36 inches (91.4 x 91.4 cm), in the same colors as the portfolio in an edition of 250 with a stamped number on verso. Stamped in black on verso, published by Sunday b. Morning and fill in your signature.
There are unauthorized prints, which are frequently referred to as the European Artist's Proof Edition; they are dated 1985 and have a stamped signature.
Warhol made paintings of this subject.


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From ForensicsWiki
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Cryptocloud VPN is a commercial, consumer-oriented VPN service provided by Cryptocloud. It uses a modified implementation of the OpenVPN toolset to provide TCP-and UDP-based VPN connectivity to customers worldwide. Cryptocloud has publicly stated that it does not keep user-detail logfiles of its customers' usage of its network [1].


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Robert Cruickshank (workshop of)
Canadian, 18th–19th century
Ciborium, c. 1790–1803
28.1 x 14.3 cm
Collection of the Winnipeg Art Gallery; Acquired with a repatriation grant from the Government of Canada through the Cultural Property Export and Import Act and with funds from Agnes M. Benidickson
Metallic, Decorative Arts Silver
Robert Cruikshank was among Lower Canada's most significant silversmiths. Trained in Britain, he arrived in Montreal in 1773 and was firmly established by 1782. He was in great demand for trade silver, which was used in the fur trade with First Nations people. The market was so great that it was necessary for him to transition from working out of his home to an independent workshop and store or showroom, complete with the volume of tools and equipment for numerous apprentices and employees. As obvious from the WAG piece, Cruikshank and his workshop also produced ecclesiastical silver. This work, a ciborium or receptacle for the holy sacrament, is typical of his refined wares, with its restrained decoration and elegant baluster stem. Cruickshank is credited for bringing British silver traditions to Montreal.
Gallery Hours
- Tuesday 11am-5pm
- Wednesday 11am-5pm
- Thursday 11am-5pm
- Friday 11am-9pm
- Saturday 11am-5pm
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- Closed Monday


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Redesign Wordpress Website
I want a developer to redesign my Wordpress website [url removed, login to view] to look like another website [url removed, login to view]
Using Enfold theme. Use existing content & replace dummy text where content is not present.
Should not affect any plugins.
Dear Sir/Mam Before bid in your project I have read your requirement that you want redesign your wordpress website I have looked your site and your reference site I have 5+ years experience in wordpress with desig 更多
28 威客就此工作平均出价 ₹8328
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Hi, WordPress expert here. I can redesign your site. I can start right now. Regards Rasel
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Dear Employer, This is Kritwasha from Live Software Solution. I have read your project description and glad to work with you. I assure you that I will deliver quality work, expected output and will meet deadlines 更多
Dear Hiring Manager, My name is Smile, I have a vast working experience in WordPress website development and have developed number of WordPress Themes in my career. I have been using foundation and bootstrap for Mak 更多
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Waka Flocka Flame (Feat. Derez, Reeseman Kackalack, Slim Dunkin & Dae Dae) - 80s Baby
1st Single off Derez and Reeseman Kackalack's "Stack or Starve" mixtape. 80s Baby feat. Waka Flocka Flame, Slim Dunkin, Dae Dae & Reeseman Kackalack
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Is This Whats Goin Down In The 09? 2 Girls Ruffin Up Each Other In Arlington High School's Bathroom To Be Down In An All Girls Gang In Minnesota!
2 Arlington high school girls fight it out to be apart of some all girl gang
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BEAM Pieces is a BEAM Reference Library site.
Gearmotors compared -- efficiency
To further this process, I invented my own metric of motor efficiency -- deg / mW-sec. Analogous to km / liter or miles / gallon for a car, this measure looks at motor speed (deg / sec) given by a particular power consumption (mW). Note that many BEAM uses require a motor to turn a given angle one way or another, so an efficiency metric that takes motor speed into account should be a better measure of efficiency than just raw motor current. Let's see how all the motors compare using this measure:
Here you'll see one definite "outlier" -- the microcassette worm-drive motor is extremely efficient (although this comes at a cost, as you'll see later). Again, most gearmotors are down a bit lower -- let's zoom in again:
As you can see, the Omron "mini gearhead" motor is the
least efficient of the bunch. The motors used in B.I.O. Bugs
are nearly twice as efficient -- surprisingly good for "toy"
motors, and comparable to many servos. The floppy eject
motors (both Tokyo Micro and Omron) are both good at higher
voltages. The winners here, though, are the Copal and Nihon
("BG Micro") motors.


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Rose Gillio Enrione, who immigrated from Italy with her mother in 1928 and ran the Holiday Acres Motel on Montauk Highway in East Hampton for many years, died of pneumonia on May 18 at Lutheran Medical Center in Brooklyn. She was 90.
She was born on Dec. 29, 1920, in the Northern Italian province of Turin, the daughter of Battista Gillio and the former Maria Chiala. She came to the United States with her mother in July of 1928 to join her father, who had settled in Worcester, Mass. There she went to school to learn secretarial skills.
During World War II she worked as a stenographer in the surgeon general's office in Washington, D.C. On April 22, 1946, she married Peter Enrione, whom she'd met in Washington. The next year, the couple moved to New York City, where Mr. Enrione worked as a waiter in a number of the city's prestigious eateries, including the 21 Club. He died in 1993.
Mrs. Enrione is survived by two daughters, Barbara Straniero of Pompton Plains, N.J., and Norine Enrione of Brooklyn.
In 1965, Mr. and Mrs. Enrione moved to East Hampton, where they built and operated the Holiday Acres. Mrs. Enrione retired in 1976, after which she volunteered at Guild Hall and at Most Holy Trinity Catholic Church. She enjoyed gardening, gourmet cooking, Italian culture, and travel.
She leaves a brother, John Gillio of Worcester, and four grandchildren.
A funeral service was held at Most Holy Trinity on May 23. The Rev. David C. Parsons officiated. Burial followed at Mount St. Mary Cemetery in Flushing, Queens. Memorial contributions were suggested to the Heart Disease Research Foundation, 50 Court Street, Brooklyn 11201, or the Arthritis Foundation, 122 East 42nd Street, First Floor, New York City 10168-1899.


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There's a light and dark theme running through the Baltimore Symphony Orchestra's 2013-2014 season, which includes works dealing with great loss, as well as great compassion.
"Sometimes through tragedy, whether a world war or a personal loss, the beauty of humanity comes out in art," said BSO music director Marin Alsop. "Great art brings us together in a very authentic and pure way."
The season will feature Benjamin Britten's large-scale, profoundly moving "War Requiem" from 1962, written for the reconsecration of England's Coventry Cathedral, destroyed in 1940 by bombing. The score combines the Latin Mass for the Dead with poetry of Wilfred Owen, who was killed in World War I.
Alsop will conduct the Requiem in November with the exceptional young tenor Nicholas Phan among the soloists and the participation of the University of Maryland Concert Choir and the Peabody Children's Chorus.
Leonard Bernstein's Symphony No. 2, "Age of Anxiety," another response to the toll of World War II, will be performed in September. Alsop will conduct this W. H. Auden-inspired work with celebrated pianist Jean-Yves Thibaudet playing the pivotal keyboard solo.
Other sobering compositions slated for next season include John Adams' haunting "On the Transmigration of Souls," which commemorates 9/11, and Karen Tanaka's "Water of Life," a reflection on the 2011 tsunami in Japan.
In addition to the recurring theme of solace, there will be uplift, too, especially from such masterworks as Beethoven's testament to the brotherhood of man, Symphony No. 9. Joining Alsop and the BSO will be the Baltimore Choral Arts Society and a quartet of soloists that includes eminent, Baltimore-born bass-baritone James Morris. The Ninth will be paired with the Adams piece.
Mendelssohn's incidental music to "A Midsummer Night's Dream" will be performed with actors delivering extensive portions of Shakespeare's play in a semi-staged adaptation prepared and directed by Edward Berkeley.
"There's a fine line between comedy and tragedy that makes Shakespeare's comedies more poignant," Alsop said, who noted that the BSO is trying "to get a big name for [the role of] Oberon."
Beneath the recurring theme of loss and hope next season is "a fundamental thread about community and humanity," Alsop said, "about bringing people together under the BSO's umbrella. It's about partnering with different organizations that can bring so much to the table."
One of this season's most successful partnerships -- a production of "The Nutcracker" with the Baltimore School for the Arts, Lyric Opera House and Maryland Institute College of Art –- will be reprised next season.
In conjunction with the "War Requiem," Alsop said there would be "a big regional education project to get young people thinking about the themes addressed in the work by writing prose or poetry, drawing, even composing. The underlining theme for many of the concerts next season is reaching out to as many constituents as we can, get them thinking about art in a way that is relevant to their lives."
Woven through the season will be a hefty helping of popular classics, including Mozart's "Jupiter" Symphony, Dvorak's Symphony No. 9 , and Holst's "The Planets" (with high-def, outer space images projected on a screen), conducted by Alsop; Brahms' Symphony No. 3, led by Jun Markl; Vivaldi's "Four Seasons" led by BSO concertmaster Jonathan Carney and Bach's complete Brandenburg Concertos, led by Carney and BSO associate concertmaster Madeline Adkins.
Tchaikovsky will be well represented: "Pathetique" Symphony, conducted by Gilbert Varga; Piano Concerto No. 1 with soloist Nobuyuki Tsujii, Arild Remmereit conducting; Violin Concerto with soloist Ray Chen, Hans Graf conducting; and the 1812 Overture, on a bill with Rimsky-Korsakov's "Scheherazade" led by Alsop.
The BSO music director will lead the orchestra in its first performances of Shostakovich's Symphony No. 12, as well as revisit Mahler's First Symphony, which she and the orchestra recorded (the CD came out last year). Another first symphony, the one by Sibelius, will be conducted by John Storgards.
Itzhak Perlman will make a return, double-duty visit to the BSO, playing violin pieces by Beethoven and conducting a Mozart symphony and Berlioz's "Symphonie Fantastique."
Other notable guest artists include pianists Andre Watts (the Grieg concerto) and Yefim Bronfman (Beethoven's Concerto No. 5); violinist Nadja Salerno-Sonnenberg (Shostakovich's Concerto No. 1); and clarinetist Anthony McGill (the Mozart concerto).
The season will also offer premieres of works by two American composers -- one, John Adams, already ranked among the finest of our time; the other, Baltimore-based Jonathan Leshnoff, who has steadily made a name for himself.
Adams' Saxophone Concerto, commissioned by the BSO, will get its U.S. premiere with Tim McAllister, who was featured in the premiere of the composer's "City Noir," as soloist, conducted by Alsop. She will also lead the world premiere of Leshnoff's Guitar Concerto with the extraordinary classical guitarist and Peabody Conservatory faculty member Manuel Barrueco as soloist.
The season also promises more movie-with-orchestra presentations, including "Casablanca," conducted by Emil de Cou, and two early-1920s Charlie Chaplin films.
Alsop's popular "Off the Cuff" series returns; among the programs is "CSI: Mozart," an investigation into the composer's premature death.
On a much lighter note, the hip ensemble Pink Martini will be showcased in the BSO Gala that opens the season in September. The BSO SuperPops series with principal pops conductor Jack Everly includes salutes to Marvin Hamlisch; Barbra Streisand, featuring vocalist Ann Hampton Callaway; and sci-fi, featuring George Takei ("Star Trek").
In the background next season, as in the current one, will be concern over the BSO's finances.
"The budget's tight. What can I say? We're being judicious," Alsop said. "We're creating enjoyable programs that won't break the bank."
The BSO's deficit for fiscal year 2012 is $823,000. The annual budget is about $26 million.
"It's possible to end up with another deficit this fiscal year, but it will be smaller," said BSO president and CEO Paul Meecham. "There is some light at the end of the tunnel."


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Job description
- Entry level
- No Education
- Salary to negotiate
- Covington
Pharmacy Technician
Company Name: Kroger Stores
Position Type: Employee
FLSA Status: Non-Exempt
Position Summary:
Provide exceptional customer service in a safe and clean environment to ensure the customer's return visit. Treat our customers and employees in a fair and ethical manner by promoting an inclusive work environment, being a responsible member of the community, and providing the right products at the right time with fair and accurate pricing. Demonstrate the company's core values of respect, honesty, integrity, diversity, inclusion and safety.
Essential Job Functions:
Assist store leaders and associates in providing a positive customer shopping experience and increase associate interest in customer service/relations to enhance the company's reputation as the 'Best In Class' in the retail food industry.
Create an environment that enables customers to feel welcome, important and appreciated by answering questions regarding products sold throughout the store.
Enter patient's information into computer accurately and efficiently.
Count, measure and prepare specified product using company best practices.
Follow the appropriate staging procedures.
Maintain records on prescription volume and sales.
Perform posting audits to verify prescription information matches computer records.
Input accurate scanner data weekly.
Process customer transactions in a quick and efficient manner.
Promote the sale of any current charitable promotions to our customers.
Understand and follow company guidelines on tendering electronic fund transactions, such as credit/debit cards, EBT and gift cards, as well as cash and check transactions.
Understand and adhere to guidelines on accepting and tendering vendor coupons, company limits on cash shortages and shrink guidelines.
Understand the operation of the cash register and follow all cashier handling policies to prevent loss.
Maintain a clean and organized work station.
Display a positive attitude while interacting with customers and peers.
Practice preventive maintenance by properly inspecting equipment and notifying appropriate department or store manager of any items in need of repair.
Reinforce safety programs by complying with safety procedures and identifying/notifying store management of unsafe conditions and customer/associate accidents.
Report all illegal activity, including robbery, theft or fraud.
Assist pharmacist in all responsibilities, except those that require a judgment call by a pharmacist.
Must be able to perform the essential functions of this position with or without reasonable accommodation.
Minimum Position Qualifications/Education:
Must be 18 years of age
High school diploma or equivalent
Effective communication skills
Ability to complete certification or licensure depending upon state requirements
Ability to learn and comply with HIPAA regulations
Ability to maintain confidentiality of customer records and information
Desired Previous Job Experience:
Previous comparable experience
Education Level: None
Required Certifications/Licenses: None
Position Type: Full-Time
Shift(s): Day; Evening
Regions: Midwest
Jobs at Kroger: At Kroger, we hire people who have a passion for helping others and who want to build a relationship with our Customers. No matter what stage of your career, you can build your future at Kroger. We look for people who want more, aspire to be more and work hard to achieve their goals. Our focus on keeping the Customer first is what makes us successful. We offer many opportunities not only in our stores, but in Manufacturing, Logistics, Marketing, Finance, Human Resources, and many other fields.
Company Overview
Kroger Family of Companies employs nearly half a million associates who serve customers in 2,782 retail food stores under a variety of local banner names in 35 states. Our Family of Companies also operates 2,268 pharmacies, 274 fine jewelry stores, 1,489 supermarket fuel centers and 38 food production plants in the United States. Kroger is dedicated to our Purpose: to Feed the Human Spirit™ by serving America through food inspiration and uplift and creating #ZeroHungerZeroWaste communities by 2025. Careers with The Kroger Co. and our family of companies offer competitive wages, flexible schedules, benefits and room for advancement.
Posting Notes: KY || Covington || 4303 Winston Ave || 41015 || Kroger Stores || [[mfield2]] || Customer Service; Pharmacy; Store Operations
About the company
Kroger, one of the world's largest retailers, employs more than 339,000 associates who serve customers in 2,425 supermarkets and multi-department stores in 31 states under two dozen local banner names including Kroger, City Market, Dillons, Jay C, Food 4 Less, Fred Meyer, Fry's, King Soopers, QFC, Ralphs and Smith's. The company also operates 789 convenience stores, 337 fine jewelry stores, 1,109 supermarket fuel centers and 38 food processing plants in the U.S. Kroger also operates over 80 "The Little Clinic" retail healthcare sites inside select Kroger, King Sooper and Fry's stores.
Recognized by Forbes as the most generous company in America, Kroger supports hunger relief, breast cancer awareness, the military and their families, and more than 30,000 schools and grassroots organizations in the communities it serves. Kroger contributes food and funds equal to 160 million meals a year through more than 80 Feeding America food bank partners. For more information please visit Kroger.com.
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text:
Only 10 years ago, I was a self-described whiner when it came to my rooting interests on the professional sports scene. Having spent most of my life in New England, I rooted for the New England-area sports teams. That meant the Massachusetts-based Red Sox, Bruins, Celtics and Patriots.
Entering this millennium, rooting for those aforementioned teams (with the possible exception of the Celtics) meant wearing a big loser "L" on my forehead at any gathering of sports enthusiasts.
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Here's the disconnect on the issue of the hour: Fewer than one in four Americans think that raising the debt ceiling is necessary to avoid a national economic crisis, according to a recent Gallop poll.
WILLISTON — The Vergennes Champs visited Champlain Valley Swim League rival Edge Swim Club on Tuesday and came from behind to defeat the hosts 249-223 in a nail-biter.
MIDDLEBURY — Vermont's 14 regional hospitals are performing well and aren't at risk of being shuttered or consolidated as a byproduct of Vermont's new health care reform law, according to the state official who is reviewing hospital operations and their proposed spending plans.
Life sometimes requires making adjustments.
So does fishing. Some of the adjustments are small. Some less small. But large or small, a failure to adjust can result, well, in failure.
Yesterday morning, the second to last day of family vacation in Maine, I headed out to spend a couple hours fishing a nearby stream. It is a stream I know well, and have fished dozens of times over the past 35 years.
MIDDLEBURY — As children, three members of the band Chamberlin enjoyed playing on Middlebury's gazebo during the town's annual Festival on-the-Green, often entirely unaware of the music being played. This year, they came back to play again — this time on the stage.
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With businesses looking to mine their vast amounts of data for a competitive edge, data architecture skills are in great demand and can lead to hefty salaries, an analyst report reveals.
Data architecture was ranked number 1 in the highest-paid noncertified skills list featured in the Foote Partners IT Skills and Certifications Pay Index covering the fourth quarter of 2013. A senior data architect with 10 or more years experience could command an average salary approaching $125,000, according to David Foote, chief analyst at Foote Partners. "It's just on fire," with data architecture and database skills demand likely being driven somewhat by data analytics and big data, Foote said.
"Mainly, what's happening now and why I think database developers, database administrators, [and] data architects are becoming so popular is because companies are just awash in unstructured data," Foote said. Companies like Amazon have shown they can succeed by being data-driven, he said. Now, others are picking up on this idea. Data architecture is a place to start when it comes to analyzing data, Foote said.
But usually people holding other titles are getting paid for data architecture skills, said Foote, and those people in other positions could command a premium for having these skills. "Data architects generally would not receive data architecture skills pay because, after all, data architecture is their job, and for that they earn a salary," he said. "So who receives data architecture skills pay? Database developers, data modelers, data analysts and database analysts, database administrators, a bunch of data warehousing jobs are the ones that come to mind first."
Foote's index tracks market values for IT skills and certifications, getting feedback from 500 to 600 people who make decisions on skills acquisition. Looking at 650 skill sets, the company maintains a base of about 2,600 companies in the United States and Canada for conducting its analysis. Both noncertified and certified skills are examined. This InfoWorld slideshow runs down the top 15 noncertified skills employers want, according to Foote's survey.
This story, "Thirst for better data analysis drives demand for data architecture skills ," was originally published at InfoWorld.com. Get the first word on what the important tech news really means with the InfoWorld Tech Watch blog. For the latest developments in business technology news, follow InfoWorld.com on Twitter.


text: Greg, based on your evaluation of the available MPI libraries, does this imply that overlapping communication and computation can really only be done by explicitly building two separate threads? Mike On Mon, 14 Feb 2005, Greg Lindahl wrote: > On Mon, Feb 14, 2005 at 06:47:15PM +0300, Mikhail Kuzminsky wrote: > > > Let me ask some stupid's question: which MPI implementations allow > > really > > > > a) to overlap MPI_Isend w/computations > > and/or > > b) to perform a set of subsequent MPI_Isend calls faster than "the > > same" set of MPI_Send calls ? > > > > I say only about sending of large messages. > > For large messages, everyone does (b) at least partly right. (a) is > pretty rare. It's difficult to get (a) right without hurting short > message performance. One of the commercial MPIs, at first release, had > very slow short message performance because they thought getting (a) > right was more important. They've improved their short message > performance since, but I still haven't seen any real application > benchmarks that show benefit from their approach. > > -- greg > _______________________________________________ > Beowulf mailing list, Beowulf at beowulf.org > To change your subscription (digest mode or unsubscribe) visit http://www.beowulf.org/mailman/listinfo/beowulf > >


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About clbevilacqua
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For Mac And Cheese Lovers...(rice&cheese)
clbevilacqua replied to Justin087's topic in Gluten-Free Recipes & Cooking TipsIt's pasta and our Whole Foods has it. It cooks really well-doesn't get mushy if you over cook by 20 seconds! It also bakes well in recipes-I uncook mine a bit if I am going to be baking it, but then I did that with 'regular' pasta pre-gluten-free, too! I will need to check our Walmart for the Kraft M&C sauce-I've been buying the on sale blue box and pitching out the macaroni, also! What a great idea for them to do that! Thanks for the tip!
Hate To Keep Asking, But
clbevilacqua replied to kolka's topic in Gluten-Free Recipes & Cooking TipsI would love to have a good recipe for stuffing, if you are willing to post it. Thanks!
Just wondering what's going on with oats? It is on some countries don't eat lists but ok on others. Some celiacs can eat them some can't (I can eat them occasionally, but my daughter can't touch them). I have read that they do not contain gluten themselves so is it just a cross-contamination risk? or is there a low level immune response that I am not noticing in me? If it is just cc, why is it any different then the risk when I go out to eat in a restaurant or to someone else's house? And if it is just cc, why does it seem to affect some people so much more than others? Like I said just wondering........
Bah Humbug
clbevilacqua replied to lpellegr's topic in Gab/Chat RoomI think the commercialization is definately out of control but it will continue to be that way as long as society permits it. Though how each person celebrates is totally within their control. My kids get 3 presents at Christmas (if it was good enough for Jesus, it's good enough for them!) and last year they purchased goats, pigs and chickens through World Vision for their grandparents and aunts and uncles. This was their idea and it was their money. World Vision uses the money to purchase the animals for impoverished communities around the world. We also fill several shoe boxes for the Operation Christmas program and try to participate in the Angel Tree. This is not said to brag, I know of many people who do so much, much more-just trying to say that I believe that Christmas is more what you put into it than the commercialization. Sorry, I just re-read my post and wanted to say that I didn't mean for this to sound "preachy" or anything. Mainly, just that I agree that all the commercial stuff is way way out of hand and that I am sad if you feel bah humbug.
Good Ravioli!
clbevilacqua replied to lpellegr's topic in Gluten-Free Foods, Products, Shopping & MedicationsThe best raviloi we have had is from Dietary Specialties (dietspec.com) They look, cook and taste like raviloi. Expensive but I really felt that there was no compromise in taste or texture.
Yummie Hushpuppies.
clbevilacqua replied to MySuicidalTurtle's topic in Gluten-Free Recipes & Cooking TipsThere is a good recipe on the Clabber Girl Baking Powder can & website. It does have milk though.
Any Cream Or Lotion Help Heal Dh Scars?
clbevilacqua replied to Sharon C.'s topic in Dermatitis HerpetiformisI don't know if it will help, but Aquaphor is an amazing product. You can get it at most any pharmacy (some have it behind the counter even though it is an over-the-counter product). It is the consistency of petroleum jelly but very different in results. It was originally developed for burn victims to maintain moisture during healing of scar tissue. My dr recommended it for a contact dematitis that my daughter had (it cleared up mostly overnight) and we use it liberally for sunburn-it will cool it literally in a matter of hours. Also, I don't know if external scar tissue is the same as internal but I do know that for the scar tissue inside my knee to heal properly and not continue to grow out of control and get hard in needs to be deeply (and painfully) massaged to promote healing. Good luck! Cathy
Gas X
clbevilacqua replied to skinnyminny's topic in Gluten-Free Foods, Products, Shopping & MedicationsI've taken it with no problems before. I prefer the multi-symptom rolaids though if you have the choice. I hope you get better soon.
Rice Cookers / Microwaving Rice?
clbevilacqua replied to Helena's topic in Gluten-Free Recipes & Cooking TipsFor traveling I have found this to be the easiest thing to do (although I have only tried this with white rice): Get 2 large styrofoam coffee cups. Stack them together (for better insulation) and put in the rice and boiling water (don't microwave the water in the styrofoam cups they will melt eventually). Put on the lid and put a folded washcloth or hand towel on top (again, for insulation). Let it sit for several hours (I do mine overnight, then just put it in the room fridge) and it will be done. It takes longer this way, but it does work. It also works for buckwheat cereal-so with 4 styro cups/lids you can make breakfast & lunch!
I Want To Write A gluten-free Cookbook
clbevilacqua replied to Sweetfudge's topic in Publications & PublicityIt is true that all you need to do for a copyright is put the c in a circle; but if you ever have to defend your intellectual property-you better be able to prove that it is yours and when you came up with it or you run a significant chance of losing it.
Brownies, Kaluha & Yummmm
clbevilacqua replied to clbevilacqua's topic in Gluten-Free Recipes & Cooking TipsYes I have made it gluten-free. I used Bob's Red Mill (I also added chocolate chips to the top with the pecans, but that's because there is not enough chocolate in my life yeah sure!) I don't see why it wouldn't work with pretty much any mix. Have fun and enjoy!
Brownies, Kaluha & Yummmm
clbevilacqua posted a topic in Gluten-Free Recipes & Cooking TipsFor those of you who like Kahlua (or other flavored liquors) -here is an easy, but oh so tasty brownie recipe. Follow your brownie recipe as usual except replace the liquid called for with an equivalent amount of Kahlua (or Grand Marnier or, my personal fav, Bailey's Irish Creme). Before baking top brownies with pecans that have been lightly browned (sauteed) in butter. Bake as called for in your recipe. Enjoy and don't forget to share!
I Want To Write A gluten-free Cookbook
clbevilacqua replied to Sweetfudge's topic in Publications & PublicityI forgot to add my 2 cents, too (aren't you excited that I remembered??? )-Writing a cookbook can be fun, but also a pain in the hind end. I bet that you will find that there are a lot of things that you just do automatically when you cook that you will now need to think about and write down-so that others can understand and duplicate the results (that's the pain in the hind quarters part!) My suggestion would be that you make sure and have someone else (who will give you an honest-not an 'I'm your friend and don't want to hurt your feelings' answer) read through and make sure that they all make sense. That having been said-I'm always up for buying a new cookbook and look forward to yours! Make sure you let us know when you publish it!
I Want To Write A gluten-free Cookbook
clbevilacqua replied to Sweetfudge's topic in Publications & PublicityIf you make 3 or more changes to a recipe, it is considered to be a new recipe. The easiest way to protect you material is to print out your recipes, put them in an envelope, seal the envelope and have the post office hand stamp the envelope closure edges and mail them to yourself. When you recieve the envelope DO NOT OPEN IT. Just file it away. Make sure that you have somehow kept track of what is in the envelope (written on the outside back of the envelope works) as once you get several you won't be able to remember what is in each one and if there is ever a dispute you don't want to open all of the envelopes, just the one that is needed. If there is ever a dispute, you don't open the envelope, the judge or mediator does. Since it is sealed by the post office and been delivered the federal government it will be considered that you have provided incontravertible proof of ownership. The most important thing is to be able to show that there was no way that the contents of the envelope have been tampered with, so any edges that could be steamed or otherwise opened, need to be hand stamped by the post office. Good Luck and God bless you and those you hold dear! -Cathy
Favorite gluten-free Thanksgiving Recipes
clbevilacqua replied to lonewolf's topic in Gluten-Free Recipes & Cooking TipsI don't know if you can find chocolate chips that meet your requirements, as I only need to be gluten-free. But my first year making a pumpkin pie I hadn't yet figured out a crust and used crushed pecans and crushed chocolate chips mixed together. Put them in the bottom of a greased pie plate and microwave them until soft enough (but not melted) to push down and together. Then just pour a no-bake pumpkin pie on top. Everyone loved it so much (and I was the only gluten-free person at the meal) that it is requested every year! I also drizzled a fine thread of melted chocolate on top of the pie for decoration.


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Amoi Electronics Selects RFMD's POLARIS(TM) 2 Total Radio Module For EDGE
NEW YORK--(BUSINESS WIRE)--Nov. 17, 2006--RF Micro Devices, Inc. (NASDAQ: RFMD), a global leader in the design and manufacture of high-performance radio systems and solutions for applications that drive mobile communications, today announced that it has commenced volume production shipments of its POLARIS(TM) 2 Total Radio Module for EDGE for GSM/GPRS/EDGE handsets to Amoi Electronics Company Limited, a leading handset manufacturer in China. The POLARIS 2 Radio Module for EDGE will be used in several models across Amoi's product portfolio, including devices running Windows Mobile(TM) software that target the growing worldwide market for smartphones. "The combination of RFMD's market-leading EDGE transceiver architecture and proven levels of integration has allowed us to achieve a compelling form factor and offer superior performance," said Hongquan Xie, General Manager of Amoi Mobile. "As a result, we can offer consumers unmatched performance and features across multiple stylish handset designs." "This opportunity is especially exciting for RFMD as it adds another leading handset manufacturer to the growing list of customers supported by our POLARIS EDGE solutions," said Eric Creviston, RFMD Corporate Vice President, Cellular Products Group. "It is also noteworthy that these designs were won as a result of our ongoing collaboration with a leading top-tier baseband manufacturer." The POLARIS 2 Radio Module for EDGE is the smallest EDGE radio solution commercially available and requires less than half the number of discrete components required by competitive EDGE radio solutions. Additionally, the production-proven large signal polar modulation transmit architecture minimizes transmit current consumption in today's EDGE handsets and provides a technology migration path up to approximately 50% transmit power consumption savings over competing linear transmit radio architectures.


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The Bureau of Land Management (BLM) and Utah State Division of Forestry, Fire and State Lands (DFFSL) announced Tuesday that they are implementing fire restrictions on three major riverways in southeastern Utah. Agency officials said the restrictions are necessary because "hot and dry weather has dried vegetation and raised fire potential."
The river corridors that will be under fire restriction include the Green River from Swasey Beach to Canyonlands National Park, the Colorado River from the Colorado/Utah border to Canyonlands National Park, and the San Juan River from Bluff to Glen Canyon National Recreation Area, according to a news release from the BLM.
As a result of the restrictions, those camping and/or using public lands located along those river corridors are prohibited from setting, building, maintaining, attending or using open fire of any kind, including charcoal – unless otherwise authorized, and smoking except within an enclosed vehicle, camp trailer or building, or while stopped in an area at least three feet in diameter that is barren or cleared to mineral soil on the area, roads, and trails.
The use or setting off any kind of fireworks, tracer ammunition or other incendiary devices is also prohibited on the riverways, and BLM officials said that those activities are always prohibited on federal lands. Users are also prohibited from operating a motorcycle, chainsaw, ATV, or other types of small engines without an approved and working spark arrester, BLM and DFFSL officials said.
The prohibition will remain in effect until it is rescinded by the BLM and DFFSL, according to the news release.
The order does not apply to those lands administered by the National Park Service and all other fire restrictions, or necessary exemptions to the restrictions, will be handled through local permits issued by the responsible agency for that purpose, according to the news release.
The fire restrictions will go into effect on Friday, July 2 at 12 a.m., officials said.
Additional information is available online at www.utahfireinfo.gov, or by calling Mike Benefield at 435-259-2191.


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When I first became a staff member of Hydraulics & Pneumatics, I was quickly indoctrinated on what the hot topics were at the time. One of the hottest topics then, 20 years ago, was the integration of electronics into hydraulics — which I came to know as electrohydraulics.
Since then, we have published hundreds of articles about electrohydraulics in this magazine. Of course, back then, electrohydraulics meant analog electronics. More recently, we've written about digital electrohydraulics. And even more recently, it's been digital electrohydraulics in fieldbus systems — both in stationary and mobile equipment.
One thing hasn't changed, though: the need for a universal linear displacement transducer (LDT) that can easily and inexpensively be integrated into most hydraulic cylinders.
Don't get me wrong, several different designs of acceptable LDTs already exist, each with characteristics that suit them to specific types of applications. At the low end are resistive sensors, at the high end are magnetostrictive transducers, and in between are various other designs that have gained limited acceptance. The problem is, resistive sensors have physical limitations that will likely prevent them from ever gaining widespread use in hydraulic cylinders. Magnetostrictive transducers have become the favored technology for high-performance applications. Magnetostrictive transducers have been a real success story for electrohydraulics. They have allowed incorporating electrohydraulic cylinders into countless applications that would not have been possible otherwise. However, their relatively high cost prevents them from being used in most applications. Furthermore, the extensive machining required to accommodate in-cylinder installation only adds to their initial cost.
Therefore, a key to more widespread use of electrohydraulic cylinders is development of an LDT with the performance on par with magnetostrictive transducers but with a lower cost and that does not require extensive machining of the cylinder.
Eventually, though, someone will develop a low cost, high-performance LDT for use in hydraulic cylinders that can be installed in a drilled and tapped port on the cap end of the cylinder — making an LDT as easy to install as a pressure transducer. When they do, you can bet that the hydraulics world will beat a path to their door.


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In Theory Question: A group of Catholic bishops gathered in Baltimore last week to examine what scripture and canon law have to say about exorcism. According to CNN's Belief Blog, bishops will look at what the Bible says, "paying careful attention to how Jesus responded to evil spirits or demons in the New Testament," and clarify the rules to provide "a pastoral response with people who may or may not be having demonic activity," said Bishop Thomas Paprocki of Illinois, adding that priests and bishops need to use a great deal of pastoral discernment when dealing with someone requesting exorcism. "Is it a mental disease that can be diagnosed, or is it demonic activity, or even is the event both?" Paprocki asked.
What do you think? Does possession have a basis in reality? Do you think people can really be possessed, or is it all just hogwash, made up by those not taking their medication? What are your faith's formal teachings on the subject of exorcism and possession? And have you ever been witness to an exorcism or participated in one?
Here's an atheist with something to confess: Fun and stimulating though it is, I worry about how long I can get away with writing for "In Theory" when, week after week, more fresh stuff that I don't believe in is revealed. Add to the list this week, demons, exorcisable or not.
Plus, once again, our task is to report on my faith's formal teaching on a given issue. Atheism does have a vast literature, leaders, and institutions, but even if we had churches, I would be singing in the congregation, and in the church basement helping with the good food and fellowship. I would not be in the pulpit.
So buckle up for an ex-Lutheran opining on exorcism without a license.
I am not so naïve as to deny the existence in us of bad thoughts leading to evil deeds, along with the good and loving. (I believe that this human psychology projected into the external world is religion, Sigmund Freud's words.) And I think we must be extremely careful not to toss around the word "hogwash" lightly, not with W's memoirs on the bestseller list and Sarah Palin's latest book due out tomorrow as I write this.
The Conference of Catholic Bishops seems to be approaching the matter of exorcism with care and reason. CNN's Belief Blog reports that the devils and evil spirits (which Bishop Thomas Paprocki describes as "supernatural") are to be first treated by a physician or psychologist.
(Why not a psychoanalyst, I wonder? Its inventor, Freud again, appreciated myth and respected religious healing: "I don't think our cures can compare to those at Lourdes.")
Apparently only after a physical or mental illness is ruled out is an exorcism approved, which seems to happen somewhere between rarely and never. This begs the question of whether they merit news coverage.
It is interesting to reflect that the Roman Catholic Church, an all-too human institution with its share of evil thoughts acted out in deeds, is the denomination offering exorcisms. Please do not mistake my critical perspective for disrespect of anyone's religion, but we all must face the court of public opinion if not of criminal justice.
Roberta Medford
Bravo! Bravo! Finally, an article where I see the ideal integration of theology and psychology in its true form.
First, yes I do believe that there can be possession of a human by an evil spirit. However, my stance as a minister and psychotherapist and where my ministry, education and experience have led my view is that it is often mental illness and/or organic causes, and these must be ruled out by a medical and/or mental-health diagnosis. I say, "and/or" because there are co-morbidities in this life. Someone could have bipolar disorder and then get a brain tumor — both affecting behavior and thought process independently.
My faith is that there can be oppression of a Christian by demons and possession of non-believers. I have been witness to, and prayed for, people who were delivered from oppression and it was a very dramatic, including vomiting. These individuals felt that whatever was tormenting them "lifted," or left. I find Paprocki's quote on exorcism, "Is it a mental disease that can be diagnosed, or is it demonic activity, or even is the event both?" to be right on the mark.
The Rev. Kimberlie Zakarian
La Vie Counseling Center,
It's funny that this question should be asked this week. As I was Googling around looking for a more sumptuous way of preparing my bird for this past Sunday's Thanksgiving preliminary at our church, I ran across a site of anti-turkey vegetarians, full of celebrity spokespersons. One such was actress Linda Blair, the child star of the most notable film about this topic, "The Exorcist."
No turkey on Thanksgiving? I thought perhaps she really was demon-possessed. I jest, but most people had their first introduction to today's topic via that movie. Not only were they scared witless, they came away with the impression that exorcism is all about splashing holy water on the possessed and chanting Latin phrases at them, then expecting a pea-soup backlash and owl-like spinning of heads. Like anything Hollywood, it was over the top, and the truth of it all got away.
Christianity is a supernatural religion and we do believe in a spirit world. We also understand that not all of that realm is godly, anymore than this one is. The Bible reports of Jesus that "people brought to him all who were ill with various diseases, those suffering severe pain, the demon-possessed, those having seizures, and the paralyzed, and he healed them" (Matthew 4:24 New International Version). Note that spiritual possession is legitimized and not confused with other physical ailments. Yet the Bible doesn't record theatrical rituals in dealing with these. In fact, most Evangelical Christians would not automatically presume satanic possession when someone is having problems, but if all Earthly avenues of obtaining relief prove useless, then prayer is always appropriate. What we have to remember is that this is God's world, and he does the cleansing, not us.
Is the devil at work in our midst? Assuredly. Perhaps his activity is more pronounced in far-away cultures that practice dark arts as a general rule, but look around; we're going pagan fast, and I can only guarantee you'll never need exorcising if you've placed your soul into God's all-protective possession.
Have you?
Rev. Bryan Griem
Montrose Community Church,
While I don't want to be critical of the beliefs and practices of another religious group, I find it difficult, as a trained pastoral counselor and minister, to understand the rationale for exorcism in the Catholic or any other church.
While in biblical times people may have believed that aberrant behavior was caused by demons or by the work of Satan, we now understand that such conduct is the result of emotional or chemical imbalances, genetic factors or various types of mental illness, not the invasion of a person's body by evil forces.
That being said, such behavior is often difficult to diagnose and treat, and it is understandable that people would turn to members of the clergy for relief. However, these men and women owe it to members of the congregations they serve to help them find legitimate techniques for relieving their suffering, rather than encouraging them to fall prey to fear and superstition. I believe that it is irresponsible for a person who has been called to provide spiritual comfort to encourage a belief in something that is so patently false.
I am certainly not saying that there is no evil in the world, but one of the sources of my religious tradition is: "Direct experience of that transcending mystery and wonder, affirmed in all cultures, which moves us to a renewal of the spirit and an openness that create and uphold life." For me, that message of hope is much more powerful than the belief that our lives must be rescued from evil through the rituals of an exorcist.
The Rev. Betty Stapleford
Unitarian Universalist Church of the Verdugo Hills,
La Crescenta
I believe that evil is present in our world in many forms. It is present in the darkness of child abuse, the fuzzy ethical spaces of war, the justification of torture, the insidious perpetuation of racism, and the normalization of greed and selfishness. One can be affected by evil — without being "possessed" — and, therefore, make choices that lead to pain and brokenness. And pain and brokenness can play a part in diagnosable mental illness.
When we baptize new members into the United Methodist Church, the vows include the clear intention to renounce the spiritual forces of wickedness, reject the evil powers of this world, and repent of sin. Moreover, one is invited to accept the freedom and power that God gives us to resist evil, injustice and oppression — in whatever forms they present themselves.
Our beliefs do not preclude possession, though American United Methodist Church clergy do not typically receive exorcism training. The United Methodist Church extends throughout the world, however, reaching into many countries where interactions with the supernatural are differently experienced and understood, so I cannot speak for all of us.
Our founder John Wesley warned of the deceptive nature of evil. Evil will take away your joy in the Lord, he said, by telling you that you aren't worthy, that you have made too many mistakes to be forgiven. Resist by not giving up on yourself or on God. Know that you are made right with God just by asking to be made right.
With the healing and strengthening power of Christ in our lives, we should indeed engage in the work of expelling the darkness from ourselves and from our world.
The Rev. Paige Eaves
Crescenta Valley United Methodist Church,
There was a time when I would have dismissed the whole idea as superstition — primitive language used to describe what we now have a fuller vocabulary of mental health to define. But the older I get, the less fun I make of the concept. For I have seen addicts spew poisonous, horrible insults at people they love, all the while with a helpless look in their eyes, not wanting to be the person who says such things. I've seen people on the brink of some great good, suddenly sucked backward from it into the abyss; and I've known people who self-destruct for no reason, just when a full life seemed close at hand.
I don't know what to call it. I don't believe in an embodied devil. But sometimes it seems that there's "something" out there that doesn't want good to win, a force counter to, and destructive of, life and all its abundance.
In the Bible, Paul says: "I do not understand my own actions. … For I do not do the good I want, but the evil I do not want is what I do. Now if I do what I do not want, it is no longer I that do it, but sin that dwells within me" (Romans 7:15-20).
On a small scale, we can smile about it — such as eating doughnuts while on a diet. On a bigger scale, it's not so funny. To be sabotaged from within, preventing yourself from thriving, or even destroying the best parts of your life, that's not so fun.
To know what you need to do for your own good, and not be able to do it; to feel prevented from doing it, as if by a malicious inner enemy — it's easy to understand where the language of possession came from.
I can't pretend to understand it. But I'm not ready to dismiss the concept. And frankly I've always been secretly glad to imagine that some Roman Catholic priest somewhere knows what he's doing, and is ready with a big old cross in hand to do battle if need be.
Fight on, brothers!
The Rev. Amy Pringle
St. George's Episcopal Church,
La Canada Flintridge
The United Church of Christ has no "official" position on possession, as far as I know. Also, I have never participated in any sort of exorcism. So the idea of the existence of demons is a tough one for me, and I don't really believe in them. Having said that, however, I must also, both as a believer and a person who embraces 21st-century science, leave open the possibility that I could be wrong.
In Shakespeare's "Hamlet," there is the marvelous line that goes something like this: "There is more to the universe than what is contained in your philosophy, Horatio." All of us, believers and nonbelievers alike, must not close our minds to the possibility of there being something new under the sun, in spite of what the book of Ecclesiastes seems to say (Ecclesiastes 1:9).
My own personal belief is that when we read of demon possession, or accounts of people with "an unclean spirit" in the Bible, what we are seeing is the way those in the ancient world dealt with mental illness. King Saul may have suffered from such a thing as schizophrenia or some other affliction of the mind, and so did those, in my opinion, whom Jesus is reported to have cured. So is there evil in the world and mental illness? Most definitely. But are "demons" the cause? Probably not.
The Rev. C. L. "Skip" Lindeman
La Cañada Congregational Church,
La Cañada Flintridge
Silent Unity, the 24-hour prayer ministry of Unity School of Christianity (Unity) responds to prayer requests by individuals who believe that they are under "psychic attack" or believe that they are "possessed by an evil spirit" by reminding the caller that he or she is a child of God, created in love and light, free to enjoy all of the beauty of the kingdom of heaven, as joint-heir to the kingdom with our Elder Brother Jesus Christ, here and now.
God is the One Power and One Presence, Absolute Good. Absolute Good, Infinite Intelligence or Divine Love has not created an evil or adversarial power that would oppose itself or bring harm to its creation, mankind.
That which would appear as an evil spirit that has possessed someone is error consciousness and must be denied as having not power or reality in spirit.
We have free will to express the divinity within us or to create false, shadowy, destructive thought forms (entities) and to give them a sense of "life," or existence, by misguided belief in their power and reality.
Spiritual prayer treatments to "cast out such demons" would be to claim our unity with the One Power and One Presence, the Truth of our Being and to deny the appearance of any such destructive state of mind.
Thought is creative. Let us put our thought on God, the True Light of our Being and on the Christ consciousness, turning away from the false appearances of possessions or demons.
The Rev. Jeri Linn,
Unity Church of the Valley,
The Bible affirms the reality of demons, of demonic possession and of exorcism, or the casting out of demons.
Demons are angels, now fallen and unholy, that rebelled against God along with Satan. Revelation 12:9 describes how "Satan ... and his angels" will be thrown down before the return and rule of Jesus Christ. The Bible records as historical fact how Jesus interacted with demons and cast them out of the unfortunate, tortured people they possessed. Jesus' sovereignty over these evil spirit beings was demonstrated in every one of these encounters. When he cast them out, they obeyed. I've never seen or participated in an exorcism, and I believe that people can suffer from mental illness and drug abuse that looks like demonic possession. But we have every biblical indication that demonic possession occurs to this day.
Jesus commanded the apostles to "heal the sick, raise the dead, cleanse the lepers, cast out demons" (Matthew 10:8). The New Testament records how they did these things, but outside of the Gospels these commands aren't emphasized. Our emphasis is to preach the good news that Jesus Christ died for our sins, and that anyone who receives this truth is set free by Jesus Christ from the "domain of darkness." Cults and false religions are called "doctrines of demons." Those who turn to the truth are freed from their deception.
Jesus Christ told the apostle Paul to preach the Gospel to all people "to open their eyes so that they may turn from darkness to light and from the dominion of Satan to God, in order that they may receive forgiveness of sins and an inheritance among those who have been sanctified by faith in Me" (Acts 26:18).
So freedom from demonic possession/oppression isn't a matter of ritual or ceremony. It's found by believing in, and receiving, Jesus Christ as one's personal lord, and standing firm in the truth and the promises of his word, the Bible.
Pastor Jon Barta
Valley Baptist Church,
The New Testament has recorded in it a number of instances where individuals were possessed by "unclean" spirits, and Jesus Christ casted those spirits out (e.g., Matthew 9:32; Matthew 12:22; Mark 1:24; Mark 5:7; Luke 8:30; and Acts 19:15).
He also gave power to his disciples to cast out such "unclean" spirits (e.g., Matthew 10:1; Mark 16:17; Luke 10:17; and Acts 5:16).
The fact that "unclean" spirits have the power to possess individuals on this Earth did not stop with the conclusion of the New Testament or the passing of Jesus Christ's disciples. I don't believe, however, that many people become possessed by such spirits, as one has to invite them in to become possessed.
Have I come in contacted with a possessed person? The answer is yes. Have I also seen an "unclean" spirit cast out in the name of Jesus Christ? The answer, again, is yes.
Unfortunately, in this day and age, the media, and Hollywood in particular, have painted a false picture of possessed people and the process of casting out "unclean" spirits – the "Exorcist" movies are an example.
Further, a medically deranged person can be confused with a person who is possessed. A friend of mine was diagnosed some years ago as manic depressive and schizophrenic. This condition grew worse rather quickly. When he first started down this medical path, it was unnerving to talk with him. I learned quickly that this was a medical condition, not some type of possession, and that medicine and treatment helped.
It is unwise to dabble in the occult or invite the wrong spirit into your home or your life. This message is especially important for our youth, given the evil influences that exist in our society today.
May we not forget our focus, which should be to follow Jesus Christ, who said: "I am the way, the truth, and the life: no man cometh unto the Father, but by me" (John 14:6).
Rick Callister,
Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints,
La Canada II Ward
The Bible contains several stories of people who were challenged or possessed by external "forces." The book of Genesis relates how Jacob wrestled all night with a "mysterious man" who tried but failed to "overcome" him; although victorious in the struggle, Jacob was negatively affected and limped for the rest of his life. The Talmud, which was compiled in the second century AD, also describes some rather chilling occurrences of individuals who were possessed by strange powers and underwent attempts at healing.
All of this leads me to believe that there are indeed "powers" out there, both good and bad, that we don't fully comprehend. What these forces really are - and whether and how they can "seize" a person - is one of the many mysteries of the complex world we live in.
Of greater concern to me is how so many people get carried away with the sensationalism of all this, and in the process lose touch with reality. Frankly, I feel it is counterproductive to spend too much time worrying or thinking about demonic possession. Getting caught up in the extremes of the unknown (and ultimately unknowable) behooves nobody. Instead, we should focus on what facts we do know, and what steps we can take to positively affect the world around us.
I would also caution religious leaders who are approached by the family of someone who seems "possessed," and urge them to tread very carefully.
As a rabbi, I have been contacted several times about such situations, and I feel that in reality these people are invariably experiencing severe mental problems and should be immediately referred to a trained psychiatrist. A responsible clergyman would not try to heal a broken leg with a religious ritual; similarly, he should not try to cure a severe psychological issue but instead defer to those who are clinically trained to deal with such matters. The role of the clergy in these situations is to point those seeking help toward medical professionals who can truly assist them, and to provide spiritual guidance and assistance to help them get through difficult times.
Rabbi Simcha Backman
Chabad Jewish Center,