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Special Photos
Che Guevara: Images of the Revolution - Photographs from the Skrein Photo Collection opens at MdM Rupertinum
Osvaldo Salas, Che fumano, 1964. Gelatine-Silberprint, Vintage, 40 x 50 cm aus der Skrein Photo Collection.
Austrian photographer Christian Skrein (* Vienna, 1945) began his career as an art, commercial and fashion photographer. He later became an enthusiastic and expert collector of photography and compiled comprehensive archives of snapshot photography and international press and art photography. For over 15 years now, he has focused on photographs of the Cuban Revolution and its protagonists. Today, his collection comprises more than 4,500 items, including several icons of the history of photography as well as numerous less spectacular photographs which document the political situation and social life in Cuba from the 1950s to the 1970s.
In 2011 the Getty Museum in Los Angeles selected a set of 60 photographs from the Skrein Collection for its first exhibition on the Cuban Revolution: the onslaught of visitors testified to the huge interest in this historical period and its profound and far-reaching impact on global politics and in the role of photography as mediator of pictures that create identity.
The presentation of 150 photographs at the
Museum der Moderne Salzburg
offers visitors insights into this extensive specialized collection, but also shows the importance of photography and media for events and personalities. No other political event of this period was photographically documented as much as the Cuban Revolution; the pictures of its heroes were reproduced many thousands of times. The world famous photograph of Che Guevara by Alberto Korda is the most often reproduced photograph in the world, owing to a large-scale ideological and PR campaign initiated in 1967 by Italian publisher Giangiacomo Feltrinelli.
The myth of revolution - image pictures and iconic reception
Che Guevara was recognized as media star already during the revolution; his portrait adorned the walls of every government authority and factory building, every office and tobacco factory - he was omnipresent, an icon and role model and a crucial propaganda instrument of the political movement. The charismatic, eternally young revolutionary adorned public and private rooms as poster, photograph and icon, and the people identified themselves with their leader on a never-before-seen scale. Che united the revolution with the idea of social upheaval and personified a socialist future, a new man and a new country.
After the successful revolution the photographs of its heroes became a synonym of the new society; they were revered and distributed all over the country like pictures of saints.
While the early iconic pictures of the revolution were made by Cuban photographers, who were part of the revolutionary movement, the Western world began to take notice of developments in Cuba in 1959.
Leading European photographers travelled into this troubled country in the midst of social upheavals and turned the leaders of the revolution into icons and symbols of a dissatisfied youth on the eve of the global 1968 movement. Particularly the word famous portrait of Che Guevara as "guerrillero heroico" with baret and red star, photographed by Alberto Korda, is still regarded as an epitome of revolution and rebellion today and considered the most famous portrait of a person worldwide.
The photographic language of the revolution
Few photographs exist from the early years of the revolutionary movement against the Batista regime, and most of them were made by amateur photographers and travellers. They resemble the documentary photographic style of the 1930s which was popular in the United States and Europe at that time. Event photography, like the picture of Fidel Castro's release from prison in 1955, retrospectively achieved iconic status and became the initial image of the revolution widely distributed in numerous reproductions, details and enlargements.
The guerrilla fights in the Sierra Maestra are only documented in small incidental photographs made by sympathizers and fellow guerrillas with their own cameras.
Professional photographers discovered the "faces of the revolution" and their protagonists only in 1959. From then on countless portraits of Che Guevara, Fidel and Raúl Castro and their combatants were created. This is also the reason why so few photographs exist of Camilo Cienfuegos, who died in 1959, and of the authentic event of the triumphant entry into Havana on 8 January 1959, which were replaced by pictures of Fidel Castro's famous speech. Photographers developed a photographic language with an epic style which was situated between documentation and homage and supported the political scope of the revolution. A photograph by Raúl Corrales became famous under the name "La Cabelleria", even though the occasion (illegal entry into the premises of the American Fruit company) was not primarily heroic. The image created the identity of event and ideology and thus became a political statement.
The style of the photographers - from Alberto Korda to Liborio Noval and Osvaldo Salas, from Corrales to Tirso and Mayito - was characterized by a pictorial dramaturgy that was suitable for the media: strong contrasts, little internal drawing, silhouette-like figures against a discreet background - in other words the criteria of good news photography as it has been practiced since the 1940s. In addition, the photographers sympathizing with and involved in the revolution had a feel and understanding for pathos and staging and paid attention to small details and scenes on the fringe of large events.
Today's News
November 24, 2012
Highlights from Sotheby's Old Master Paintings and Drawings Sales travel to Hong Kong
Beatles for sale: Tape Decca rejected resurfaces and is being auctioned by the Fame Bureau
Sotheby's Paris announces Impressionist & Modern Art Sale including two masterpieces by Picasso
After four years in the making, first major Francis Bacon exhibition in Australia opens
Internment camp letters, where 110,000 people of Japanese ancestry lived, found in Denver building
Christie's shares remarkable family insights into Djahanguir Riahi, an impassioned collector
Bonhams sets world record of £603,837 for an exceptional Leica Lexus 1 camera from 1930
Oklahoma Art League donates Nellie Shepherd's Lottie to the Oklahoma City Museum of Art
A century of St. Ives art, from 1840 to 1940, goes on show at the Royal Cornwall Museum
Che Guevara: Images of the Revolution - Photographs from the Skrein Photo Collection opens at MdM Rupertinum
Humphrey Ocean: A handbook of modern life opens at the National Portrait Gallery in London
New images of important ancient sites in the Mediterranean by Domingo Milella on view at Brancolini Grimaldi
Record bids for orders and memorabilia from the Tsarist Empire at Hermann Historica oHG
New paintings by Bodil Nielsen on view at Galleri Lars Olsen in Copenhagen
9.26 Carat GIA D/IF Type IIa diamond highlights Heritage Auctions jewelry event
The Royal Academy of Arts wins the Walpole Award for British Cultural Excellence 2012
Argentina exhibit combats violence against women
Mead Carney announces a solo exhibition of work by Italian artist Brigitte Niedermair
Valencian Institute for Modern Art opens retrospective 'The Muses of Juan Ripollés'
Most Popular Last Seven Days
Apple releases Spring 2019 iPhone cases and watch bands with 'Delft Blue' color in the lead
Star Trek: Year Five #1 original cover art by Greg Hildebrandt Surfaces at Heritage Auctions
Guitars of the greats rock halls of New York's Met museum
Historic jewels and exceptional gemstones highlight Christie's Geneva Magnificent Jewels Auction
French museum renames masterpieces after black subjects
Heathrow Terminal 5 exhibits skeleton of new species of dinosaur
Missing Rubens sketch goes for $1.4 mn at auction
The Museo del Prado opens 'Giacometti in the Museo del Prado'
Inrap archaeologists discover an Etruscan tomb in a hypogeum in Aleria
Picasso in Ivory Coast? A village tells of its brush with the artist
Digital Art
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About iRentToOwn.com
iRentToOwn.com is a premier Fayetteville resource to rent homes, allowing buyers and sellers to quickly find and rent houses in Fayetteville, NC. Ranging from conventional homes for rent and lease to own homes to complex land contracts, this websites also contains a distinctive inventory of articles describing rent to own houses. Finding affordable Fayetteville, NC rent to own homes is now easier than ever.

subset: commoncrawl


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You must login before you can run this tool.
Improved program consists of DEMON and SDEMON
Version 1.0.2 - published on 14 Nov 2014
doi:10.4231/D3959C844 cite this
This tool is closed source.
Published on
DEMONs simulates electron transport through one-dimensional DEvices by the MONte Carlo technique. The program produces histograms of the carrier distribution function at different positions as well as other quantities of interest such as the average electron velocity, carrier density, and total and kinetic energy. While DEMON was originally written for the ternary Al(x)Ga(1-x)As, this version has been expanded to treat Ga(x)In(1-x)As, Al(x)In(1-x)As, and even conventional Si devices as well. Additional capabilities include the ability to compute the impulse response of devices.
Powered by
Results for III-V materials are computed by DEMON 2.0, developed by Martin Klausmeier-Brown, Chris Maziar, and Paul Dodd. Results for Si are computed by SDEMON, developed by Mark Stettler.
Thanks to Steve Clark, and Mark Lundstrom for helping to design and debug the Rappture interface.
For a description of the theoretical basis and the implementation of DEMON, see M.E. Brown, "Monte Carlo Studies of Electron Transport in III-V heterostructures" MSEE Thesis, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, May, 1986 and the DEMON User's Manual. For a typical application, see C.M. Maziar, M.E. Klausmeier-Brown, and M.S. Lundstrom, "Proposed Structure for Transit Time Reduction in AlGaAs/GaAs Bipolar Transistors" IEEE Electron Dev. Lett., Vol. EDL-8, pp. 483-486, 1986. Demon is written in Fortran 77. Program authors are M.E. Klausmeier-Brown, C.M. Mazair, and P.E. Dodd, Purdue University. Last updated September 8, 1992.
For a description of the theoretical basis of SDemon and its implementation, consult, M.A. Stettler, "Monte Carlo Studies of Electron Transport in Silicon Bipolar Transistors," MSEE Thesis, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, Dec. 1990 and the SDemon User's Manual. The program is written in Fortran 77. Program author, M.A. Stettler, Purdue University. Last updated 8/5/89.
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text:
April 3, 2007
CAMBRIDGE, Mass. - In its trip to West Palm Beach, Fla. last week, MIT fell to Hartwick College, 9-8, and then recorded a 12-11 win over SUNY Potsdam. Last Monday, the Engineers (2-3) quickly built a 3-0 lead on unassisted goals by Samantha O'Keefe, Casey Flynn, and Lynne Tye. Hartwick got on the scoreboard with 24:38 on the clock, but the Engineers extended their advantage to 5-1 during the next three minutes. Flynn set up Amanda Hunter for her only goal of the game and then converted a free position shot. The Hawks responded with four unanswered goals that resulted in a 5-5 tie at the break.
Hartwick registered its first lead of the day after 2:33 had expired in the second half. Following another goal by the Hawks, Flynn ended MIT's scoring drought at the 22:45 mark. Hartwick quickly added two more goals that raised their margin to 9-6. Flynn continued to be the source of the Engineers' offense as she found the back of the net two more times. MIT's defense withstood several late attacks by the Hawks, but the Engineers could not convert on the offensive end. Flynn tallied a game-high six points on five goals and an assist as Hunter, O'Keefe, and Tye each contributed a goal. O'Keefe and Flynn each posted two draw controls while O'Keefe added three caused turnovers. Lily He paced MIT with three groundballs as Hee Jay Kang collected five saves.
The next day against SUNY Potsdam, the Engineers established an 8-5 advantage at the end of the first half. The Bears responded by outscoring Tech, 6-3, which resulted in a tie at 11 with nine minutes left to play. MIT regained the lead on Flynn's free position strike with three minutes remaining.
Tye paced the Engineers with four goals as Flynn tallied three goals and an assist. Julia Roberts posted three goals while Mary Hatch dished out a trio of assists. Hunter contributed a goal and an assist as O'Keefe rounded out the scoring with one goal. Kang finished the day with seven saves.


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The Hope College Knickerbocker Film Series will present "The Salt of Life" on Monday-Thursday, April 2-5, and Saturday, April 7, at 7:30 p.m. at the Knickerbocker Theatre in downtown Holland.
This film follows the 2008 film, "Mid-August Lunch," which was a part of the Knickerbocker Film Series in October 2010.
Gianni is 60. He is retired, but has not become lazy for all that. In fact he is a helpful fellow who gives a hand to all those who need one: shopping for his wife, walking the pretty neighbor's dog, and so on. Everybody likes Gianni, but is it for the right reasons? Doesn't his wife profit by the situation (she still works, so it is only logical that Gianni do all the chores)? Isn't he subject to the excruciating whims of his rich mother? Sure, everybody likes Gianni, but who loves him? Being kind to them, he is the ladies pet, but he does not attract them anymore. That is why, when his macho lawyer friend Alfonso blames him for not having young mistresses "like every other senior Italian male," Gianni, who is beginning to ask himself questions about what it is like to become old, starts pursuing the ladies.
Tickets are $6 for regular admission and $5 for students and senior citizens, and can be purchased at the door. Please note that in observance of Good Friday, there will be no showing on Friday, April 6.
The Knickerbocker Theatre is located at 86 E. Eighth St., between College and Columbia avenues.


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F2001 Piston
Product Code 43168
Scuderia Ferrari Store Exclusive
€ 680
Sold out
The original piston of the F2001 is a cult collector's item for Scuderia Ferrari fans.
A true part of F1 history, this original piston belonged to a 2001 car. It is installed on a frosted Plexiglas base complete with metal nameplate providing all its data, and is contained in a red box with cover. The collector's item comes with a certificate of authenticity signed by Ferrari's CEO.
- Signed certificate of authenticity
- Composition: 100% Metal


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WXXI News
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Innovation Trail, Capitol Bureau
News Programs
Connections with Evan Dawson, Need to Know
Latest News
Interactive Grid, Printable Listings, Kids TV Schedule
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WXXI-TV 21, World, Create,
Kids 24/7, City 12
Homework Hotline, Second Opinion, Xerox Rochester International Jazz Festival,
Arts InFocus, Need to Know, All WXXI Productions, Other Programs A-Z
- Radio
- Little Theatre
Now Showing, Coming Soon, Series
Also at the Little
- Education
Information for
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- Support WXXI
Support WXXI
myWXXI, Membership, Corporate Sponsorship, Planned Giving, Volunteer, Vehicle Donation
Pledge Now!more...
- From the President
Lean Times for Retailers
The recession continues to effect retail in New York State.
Retailers say they're keeping inventory low, and employment flat this year.
News Stories:
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All items > Knives > Folding Knives > WE Knife Co. (Folding) > WE Knife Co. 609 Series
- Overall Length:9.25"
- Blade Length:4.00"
- Cutting Edge:3.875"
- Blade Thickness:0.16"
- Blade Material:CPM-S35VN
- Hardness:59-61 RC
- Blade Style:Wharncliffe
- Blade Grind:Flat
- Finish:Bead Blast, Satin
- Edge Type:Plain
- Handle Length:5.25"
- Handle Thickness:0.54"
- Handle Material:Titanium
- Color:Gray
- Weight:5.85 oz.
- User:Right Hand
- Pocket Clip:Tip-Up
- Knife Type:Manual
- Opener:Thumb Stud
- Lock Type:Frame Lock
- Brand:WE Knife Co.
- Model:609
- Model Number:609H
- Country of Origin:China
- Best Use:Everyday Carry
- Product Type:Knife
The WE Knife Co. 609H is a sleek frame lock folder made with premium materials and built-to-last construction. Its wharncliffe style blade features deep notched jimping, ambidextrous thumb studs, and a two-tone finish with bead blasted grinds and satin flats. The 609H is equipped with ceramic ball bearings for quick, responsive blade deployment. This model has a plain titanium handle with purple hardware.Features:
- Ceramic ball bearings provide smooth blade deployment.
- CPM-S35VN blade steel offers superb edge retention and durability.
- Titanium construction for a heavy duty build that won't weigh you down.


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Related Links:
SSFL Public Involvement
Public Involvement | Fact Sheets | Information Repositories | Subscribe to the E-List
Engaging the public in an open and transparent communication process leads not only to better decisions, it also creates public trust ensuring decisions reflect what is best for the community. DTSC is dedicated to working with all stakeholders to build and maintain a process that gives a voice to all participants and allows the public unfettered access to information. Our goal is to create an open and ongoing dialogue with stakeholders that allows for the exchange of ideas, comments and questions. Many changes will involve using newer and faster communication tools such as social networking, e-mail alerts and video. While electronic tools vastly improve access to information, community meetings and face-to-face discussions will always be a cornerstone of DTSC's community outreach efforts.
With the passage of SB 990, the SSFL site will be cleaned up under the standards and processes within the California Superfund Law as well as the standards within the Resource Conservation and Recovery Act (RCRA). Prior to this change, the site was investigated under the RCRA corrective action program. Santa Susana Field Laboratory is currently in the Facility Investigation phase. The RCRA Facility Investigation (RFI) goals are to characterize the nature and extent of chemical contamination in all environmental media at the SSFL, evaluate risks to humans and the environment, and gather data to support the cleanup (the final step in the RFI process).
If you have suggestions on the Web site or have questions, please contact Marcia Rubin, Public Participation Supervisor at (714) 484-5338 or via e-mail at firstname.lastname@example.com.
Community Survey
Community surveys allow DTSC to proactively seek public input into how we can better communicate and provide access to information. This information will help us revise the SSFL Public Participation Plan, which will outline our strategy for community outreach. The survey, which will be circulated this year, will ask stakeholders for their preferred method of communication, the types of information they typically seek, and the desired frequency of community interaction.
Fact Sheets
Fact sheets provide a quick summary of project activities, meeting schedules, and upcoming opportunities for public involvement. Please see the Public Involvement page of this Web site's Document Library for a copy of SSFL documents.
DTSC Community Meetings
Informal community meetings such as workshops and open houses, provide an excellent opportunity to share ideas and hear what stakeholders and community members are saying. DTSC holds regular community meetings to review technical information, plans and data from site investigations. These scheduled meetings are held during the day and in the evenings in DTSC's Chatsworth office and in convenient locations throughout the community. Everyone is invited to attend. Dates of upcoming community meetings are listed under "What's New" on our Web site.
Public Comment, Meetings, and Hearings
Formal public meetings and hearings to collect public comment on all reports and proposed actions are held as required. These publicly opened forums will be announced via e-mail alerts, fact sheets, on the SSFL Web site and via public notices that are sent through the mail.
DTSC E-mail Updates
DTSC invites you to sign up for our regular email updates related to the investigation and cleanup activities for SSFL.
DTSC will continue to seek your input on additional means of public involvement.


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Mia's Stylish Room
Mia's Stylish Room Game: It's time to clean and decorate our kitty-girl Mia's beautiful home! First she needs your help to sweep up the dust and spider webs. Then you can decorate the stylish room, choosing the furniture and patterns and colors for each element! Much fun! Enjoy game. Use the mouse to play this game.


text: Peggle Nights - Cheats AchievementsComplete each achievement to receive the allotted gamerscore Jump to a section: Home Releases Credits Characters List Overview Walkthrough Achievements Cheats Share Cheats with others < Prev: Achievements Do you want to earn money creating pages just like this? Gamewise is currently looking for writers, find out more here. Around the Network Peggle Nights Brainwaves View all → Peggle Nights Cheats


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Taurus PT 111
Taurus line of "Millennium pro" pistols is a relatively new addition to the extensive product line of this Brazilian gun maker. These pistols are intended as a concealed carry defensive weapons for civilians, as well as backup weapons for police. These pistols are known for good reliability and adequate firepower, especially considering their relatively compact size.
Taurus "Millennium pro" pistols are short recoil operated, locked breech pistols that use modified Browning-type locking, with single lug on the barrel engaging the ejection port in the slide. Frames of all "Millennium pro" pistols are made from impact-resistant polymer; slides can be made from carbon or stainless steel, or from titanium. Trigger is double action only, striker-fired, with internal firing pin block safety. Additionally, a somewhat redundant manual safety is provided in the form of the lever, located on the left side of the frame. Magazines are double stack on 9mm and .40SW pistols, and single stack on .45 caliber pistols. Sights are of low profile fixed type, with contrast inserts for better visibility.
How to disassemble (field strip) Taurus "Millennium Pro" pistols:1) remove the magazine by pressing the magazine release button;2) check that the chamber is empty;3) pull the slide all the way back and lock it open with the slide lock / release lever;4) rotate the takedown lever (located at the left side of the frame) clockwise until it stops;5) carefully pull the take-down lever with its pin out of the frame;6) carefully release the slide stop lever, then push the slide all the way forward and out of the frame;7) remove the return spring by pushing its head slightly forward and then pulling it out carefully of the detent in the barrel;8) lift up the barrel from the slide.Reassemble in reverse order.


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Off-campus access to library resources
Electronic resources to which the WMU libraries subscribe are available for off-campus use by currently enrolled students faculty and staff. A Bronco NetID and password are required. More information can be found on the guide for Elearning and off campus students and instructors.
Document delivery services
Off-campus students, faculty, and staff may request delivery of books, book chapters, articles, and instructional videos through Document Delivery Services. More Information.
Don't have an interlibrary loan account? Instructors and students sign in with your Bronco NetID and password. You'll automatically be asked to create a new interlibrary loan account with us.
- Renewals can be made online by accessing My Library Account.
- Renewals can also be requested by e-mailing firstname.lastname@example.com.
- Instructional videos may not be renewed.
Streaming videos
The University Libraries offer a wide selection of videos that can be streamed from any location with a high speed internet connection.
- Library Resources by Discipline
- Find Subject Librarians to WMU Departments and Colleges


text:
World Bulletin/News Desk
At least three people were killed in fighting between rival religious sects in Lebanon's second city on Wednesday, medical and security sources said, as violence from Syria spills over into the small Mediterranean country.
The dead in the coastal city of Tripoli included an 11-year-old boy, as well as two men, the sources said.
The long-running rivalry between Tripoli's Sunni Muslims and members of the Alawite sect, an offshoot of Shi'ite Islam, has been worsened by Syria's three-year-old conflict.
The civil war has become increasingly sectarian as mostly Sunni rebels - who represent the majority in Syria - battle President Bashar al-Assad, an Alawite.
That has in turn exacerbated tensions in Lebanon, which is home to Sunnis, Shi'ites, Christians and a number of smaller sects, and is still recovering from its own 1975-90 civil war.
At least 27 people have been killed in fighting in Tripoli over roughly the last two weeks, including one Lebanese soldier.Last Mod: 26 Mart 2014, 23:59


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Edit: editing works again now, like this. Thanks!
It also seems the new parser doesn't recognise <person> or <proj> tags
Edit2: I occasionally still use <proj> tags as a shortcut, but I stopped using <person> tags years ago as I find it more useful to link to a specific diary entry when responding to something in recentlog, so use <a> for a direct link to the diary entry. I think I wrote years ago that a <diary key=33>robogato<diary> would be nice :)


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St. Charles City-County Library District
Board of Trustees
February 14, 2012
The St. Charles City-County Library District Board of Trustees met at 7:00 pm on Tuesday, February 14, 2012 at the Middendorf-Kredell Branch located at 2750 Highway K, O'Fallon, MO.
Board Members present:
Board members absent:
Library Staff present:
President Myra Crook called the meeting to order at 7:05 pm with the Pledge of Allegiance. Five members responded to roll call. Myra Crook opened the floor for public comments. No requests for time were received.
The following reports were included in the Board packet.
Ms. Williams also gave postcard invitations to the Board members for the upcoming VIP Grand Opening event for the new Spencer Road Branch. The event will include local vendors and a short program to recognize donors.
Ms. Crook inquired whether or not Mr. Schultz knew when the next tax revenue payment would be made to the District? Mr. Schultz replied that he did not know at this time.
Consent Agenda
The following two items were on the Consent Agenda:
Mr. Thoelke requested that an adjustment be made to the Director's Update Discussion minutes. At the discussion, Mr. Thoelke asked Mr. Brown to report the status of 2011 annual performance evaluations for his direct report staff. Mr. Brown assured Mr. Thoelke that he would report that information to the Board members at March's Board meeting.
MOTION: Ms. Reese moved to approve the Consent Agenda, including the amended Director's Update Discussion minutes. Mr. Thoelke seconded. Motion approved five affirmative, zero negative, zero abstentions, and four absent.
Formal Agenda
Old Business
12-02 Spencer Road Branch Replacement
There are four change orders included in the Board packet.
Mr. Brown also informed the group of the costs associated with the seismic bracing project from Reflector Hardware. The total for this project is $15,860.00, which includes engineering services, truck rental, labor, and materials.
MOTION: Mr. Thoelke moved to approve the expenditure of $15,860.00 for the seismic bracing project and to authorize the inclusion of the project's cost as part of the total building cost for the Spencer Road project. Ms. Reese seconded. Motion passed five affirmative, zero negative, zero abstentions, and four absent.
12-03 Strategic Planning
Ms. Williams reported that some initiative workgroups still have not organized, nor have they had their first work session or meeting. On the other hand, some workgroups have met for a second time. The District has utilized Survey Monkey to initiate a survey on internal communication. The results of the survey will be gathered, discussed, and analyzed in order to improve on this initiative.
Ms. Crook requested that the leader of each working group bring a status update to the next meeting.
New Business
12-24 FY12 Personnel Budget Adjustment Request
Denise Mandle, Human Resources Coordinator, is requesting a position change for the Spencer Road Branch. The proposed change would eliminate one .6 FTE parapro position (open) and one .6 FTE librarian position (occupied) in order to create 1 full time librarian position. The position will support the two IRMs (Information Resource Managers) at Spencer Road as well as "coordinate internal and external group use of the new technology training room". The new full time position will also support the Branch Manager with staff training. This position will be funded by the personnel budget costs allocated to the two eliminated positions. There is a potential additional cost in health insurance; however that cost can be avoided if the individual hired does not elect our insurance. There will be some costs incurred with LAGERS, Plan 457, Life insurance, ADD, and long and short term disability. The estimated costs could range anywhere from $2,684-$5,364. All potential costs combined with savings from the eliminated positions could result in no increase in costs at all. In fact, there is a slight possibility that this change could even create a savings for the District.
Mr. Thoelke inquired about the individual currently employed in the .6 FTE position that is going to be eliminated? If the individual is interested, Ms. Mandle indicated that the part time person can apply for the full time position. Mr. Thoelke wondered why we would make this person apply for "her own job", a job she already has? Ms. Crook wondered why we wouldn't just change the amount of hours for the position and not waste time with applications, interviews, etc? Mr. Thoelke concurred. Ms. Mandle indicated that it would be unlawful to deny other people (staff) the opportunity to apply for this position. This position will be posted internally only and therefore only available to current staff. After more discussion to clarify the meaning behind creating a new position rather than "promoting" or "offering more hours" to the individual already in a part time position, a motion was made to accept the request.
MOTION: Mr. Thoelke moved to approve the Personnel Budget Adjustment request for a position change for the Spencer Road Branch. Ms. Pelikan seconded. Motion passed five affirmative, zero negative, zero abstentions, and four absent.
Joann Leykam arrived at 7:50 pm.
12-25 Staff Electronic Acceptable Use Policy (EAUP)
A copy of the District's proposed Staff Electronic Acceptable Use Policy (EAUP) was distributed in the Board packet. Frank Noto, IT Coordinator, informed the Board members that this is a fairly "universal" policy adapted to meet the needs of the District. The policy is a "codification of rules and procedures that have been informally in place for years". These guidelines apply "specifically" to staff and "specifically" for electronic usage; it covers people/staff "as part of their regular jobs". Ms. Crook inquired about whether or not staff are required to sign the policy. Mr. Noto indicated that the District is "not quite there yet" and that we are "building up to that" as part of the orientation process and handbook. Ms. Crook inquired about a District handbook? Denise Mandle, Human Resource Coordinator, indicated that the District's handbook, as it exists, is very outdated and is in the process of "being legally revised". Mr. Thoelke expressed that it is imperative that staff sign off within 30 days of implementing the policy.
MOTION: Ms. Pelikan moved to accept the Staff Electronic Acceptable Use Policy as presented. Ms. Reese seconded. Motion passed six affirmative, zero negative, zero abstentions, and three absent.
12-26 Revenue Projections FY2013 (January Estimates)
Rick Schultz provided estimates for revenues for FY13. The purpose of revenue projections is to aid in formulating budgets for the various departments for FY13. Although this is a difficult task during an ordinary budget year, it is extremely difficult this year due to the fact that Mr. Schultz has not even received a figure on the amount of taxes received so far. Without an "estimated revenue income", it is very difficult to find a starting point for determining expenses. During a "normal" budget time, the District budgets 95% of revenue. This particular projection will budget up to 97.5% of revenue. The total estimated revenue for FY13 is $17,317,383.
12-27 E-book and E-audio Materials Report
There are two parts to this report. Betty Murr, Deputy Director, and Asia Gross, McClay Branch Manager, both contributed to the report.
The first part of the report provides some history on Ebooks and Eaudio for the District as well as their progression in popularity. The District provides access and use of our Ebooks and Eaudio through OverDrive. The District pays a set contracted fee to DLR (Digital Library Reserve) for use of the services provided by them through OverDrive. Some confusion exists in the marketplace between authors, publishers, and e-book providers about ownership and licensing. Currently, we are in a position where demand is greater than availability on Ebook and Eaudio titles. We literally cannot buy anymore because publishers are not making them available through OverDrive due to the conflict among publishers, providers, etc.
Asia Gross provided more details in her report regarding the demand for Ebooks in the District, along with the struggles that the District faces trying to provide current titles and adequate supply. It is important to note that this is not a problem that can be fixed simply by allocating more money to the Ebook/Eaudio budget. Leaders in the industry continue to meet with publishers and librarians about the issue and possible solutions.
In the future, Ms. Murr indicated that the District will seek other options in the industry for providing this very valuable product and service to our customers. 3M and Baker & Taylor are two other vendors that both have available products.
MOTION:Mr. Thoelke moved to adjourn the meeting. Ms. Haupt seconded. Motion approved six affirmative, zero negative, zero abstentions and three absent.
The meeting adjourned at 8:20 pm.
Respectfully submitted
April C. Wootten, Recording Secretary
Secretary Board of Trustees Date


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Under the rules of the House Agriculture Committee, Chairman Goodlatte, and Ranking Minority Member Charlie Stenholm, R, Texas, will serve as ex officio Members of each subcommittee.
The Conservation, Credit, Rural Development and Research Agriculture Subcommittee, which covers issues including: soil, water, resource conservation, agricultural credit, rural development, farm security, agricultural research, Extension programs, plant pesticides, and biotechnology, is chaired by Frank Lucas, R-Okla.
Republican committee members include Vice Chairman Tom Osborne of Nebraska, Larry Combest of Texas, Jerry Moran of Kansas, Sam Graves of Missouri, Adam H. Putnam of Florida, Max Burns of Georgia, Jo Bonner and Mike Rogers, both of Alabama, and Steve King of Iowa.
On the Democratic side of the isle, Tim Holden of Pennsylvania will serve as ranking minority member. He's joined on the committee by fellow Democrats Ed Case of Hawaii, Frank W. Ballance, Jr. of North Carolina, Collin C. Peterson of Minnesota, Calvin M. Dooley of California, Bob Etheridge of North Carolina, Aníbal Acevedo-Vilá of Puerto Rico, Jim Marshall of Georgia, Mike McIntyre of North Carolina.
Chaired by Bill Jenkins, R-Tenn., the Specialty Crops and Foreign Agriculture Programs Subcommittee has jurisdiction over peanuts, sugar, tobacco, honey and bees, foreign agricultural assistance and trade promotion programs.
Vice chairman Terry Everett, R-Ala., and Ranking Minority Member Mike McIntyre, D-N.C., are joined by Larry Combest, R-Texas; Gil Gutknecht, R-Minn.; Robin Hayes, R-N.C.; Dennis Rehberg, R-Mont.; Mike Rogers, R-Ala.; Devin Nunes, R-Calif.; Bob Etheridge, D-N.C.; Baron P. Hill, D-Ind.; David Scott, D-Ga.; Jim Marshall, D-Ga.; Bennie G. Thompson, D-Miss.; and Rodney Alexander, D-La.
Robin Hayes, R- N.C., is chairing the Livestock and Horticulture Subcommittee, which has jurisdiction over livestock, poultry, meat, fruits and vegetables, seafood products, aquaculture, animal welfare, grazing, and marketing and promotion orders.
Republican committee members include Richard W. Pombo of California; Chip Pickering of Mississippi; Tom Osborne of Nebraska; Mike Pence of Indiana; Adam H. Putnam of Florida; William J. Janklow of South Dakota; Mike Rogers of Alabama; Chris Chocola of Indiana; and Marilyn N. Musgrave of Colorado.
Ranking Minority Member Mike Ross of Arkansas is joined by fellow Democrats Dennis A. Cardoza of California; David Scott of Georgia; Collin C. Peterson of Minnesota; Rodney Alexander of Louisiana; Ken Lucas of Kentucky; Leonard L. Boswell of Iowa; Mark Udall of Colorado; Rick Larsen of Washington; and Joe Baca of California.
Rep. Jerry Moran, R-Kan., serves as Chairman of the General Farm Commodities and Risk Management Agriculture Subcommittee. This subcommittee has jurisdiction over programs and markets related to cotton, cottonseed, wheat, feed grains, soybeans, oilseeds, rice, dry beans, peas, lentils, the Commodity Credit Corporation, crop insurance and commodity exchanges.
Vice Chairman Nick Smith, R-Mich., joins members Larry Combest, R-Texas; John A. Boehner, R-Ohio; Terry Everett, R-Ala.; Frank D. Lucas, R-Okla.; William L. Jenkins, R-Tenn.; Chip Pickering, R-Miss.; Timothy V. Johnson, R-Ill.; Mike Pence, R-Ind.; Dennis R. Rehberg, R-Mont.; Sam Graves, R-Mo.; Max Burns, R-Ga.; Chris Chocola, R-Ind.; Marilyn N. Musgrave, R-Colo.;
Collin C. Peterson, D-Minn., Ranking Minority Member; Bennie G. Thompson, D-Miss.; Rodney Alexander, D-La.; Mike Ross, D-Ark.; Calvin M. Dooley, D-Calif.; Earl Pomeroy, D-N.D.; Leonard L. Boswell, D-Iowa; Bob Etheridge, D-N.C.; Baron P. Hill, D-Ind.; Ed Case, D-Hawaii; Dennis A. Cardoza, D-Calif.; Jim Marshall, D-Ga.; Rick Larsen, D-Wash.; and Lincoln Davis, D-Tenn.
Gil Gutknecht, R-Minn is Chairman of the Department Operations Oversight, Nutrition and Forestry Subcommittee. His subcommittee covers agency oversight, review and analysis, special investigations, forestry, dairy, food stamps, energy and nutrition and consumer programs.
Committee Vice Chairman is Dennis R. Rehberg, R-Mont., and Ranking Minority Member is Calvin M. Dooley, D-Calif. Other committee members include: Richard W. Pombo, R-Calif.; Nick Smith, R-Mich.; Doug Ose, R-Calif.; Adam H. Putnam, R-Fla.; William J. Janklow, R-S.D.; Jo Bonner, R-Ala.; Steve King, R-Iowa; Devin Nunes, R-Calif.;
Joe Baca, D-Calif.; Aníbal Acevedo-Vilá, D-P.R.; Dennis A. Cardoza, D-Calif.; Tim Holden, D-Penn.; Baron P. Hill, D-Ind.; Frank W. Ballance, Jr., D-N.C.; Mike Thompson, D-Calif.; and Lincoln Davis, D-Tenn.


text: On Fri, Jan 21, 2005 at 09:19:14AM -0500, Mark Hahn wrote: > otoh, many people reagard "real" parallelism to be much more tightly coupled > than that. for instance, suppose you're doing a gravity simulation where > each star in your virtual cosmos influences the motion of each other star. > MPI is what you want, though you can also do it using shared memory (OpenMP). > the point though is that you absolutely must think in terms of message > passing no matter how your parallelism is implemented, because you have so > much communication. On a mildly lunatic note, message-passing fits the constraints of the computational physics of this universe very nicely. When I ask memory for a word, I send the address message, and receive a contents message. That's a minimal overhead in terms of signals propagating and gates switching required, and whether you see it, or not, depends on your requirement profile. SCI internode can be in principle very close to accessing physical memory. The latency would be largely relativistic, and depend on the distance. If I have a physical system, there's no way how a part of it can influence simultaneously all others (in a meanigful way, that we can tell apart from random way) in a relativistic universe. Depending on your temporal step size, and the size of the system broadcast or a locally-coupled communication pattern might be appropriate. > message passing is not an overhead, but rather a consequence of what data > your problem needs to exchange. if you have a lot of data exchange, and > do not think in terms of discrete packets of data collected and sent where > needed, your performance will SUCK. -- Eugen* Leitl leitl ______________________________________________________________ ICBM: 48.07078, 11.61144 http://www.leitl.org 8B29F6BE: 099D 78BA 2FD3 B014 B08A 7779 75B0 2443 8B29 F6BE http://moleculardevices.org http://nanomachines.net -------------- next part -------------- A non-text attachment was scrubbed... Name: not available Type: application/pgp-signature Size: 198 bytes Desc: not available URL: <http://www.beowulf.org/pipermail/beowulf/attachments/20050121/405af130/attachment.sig>


text:
Searching for the perfect pair of glasses? Try this helpful quiz to guide you through your next purchase!
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Got a question about multifocal lenses, prescription glasses, or just want to learn how to buy affordable prescription glasses online? Our Tips & Guide section can answer all of your questions.View all guides
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*Product warranty does not cover damage caused by accidents, negligence, or improper care.


text:
Alert 2007-49
Subject: Counterfeit Accounts Payable Checks
Date: August 6, 2007
Description: Bridgehampton National Bank
Counterfeit Accounts Payable Checks of Bridgehampton National Bank, Bridgehampton, NY
To: Chief Executive Officers of All National Banks; All State Banking Authorities; Chairman, Board of Governors of the Federal Reserve System; Chairman, Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation; Director, Office of Thrift Supervision; Conference of State Bank Supervisors; Deputy Comptrollers (districts); Assistant Deputy Comptrollers; District Counsel; and All Examining Personnel
The above-named bank has reported that counterfeit accounts payable checks issued in the bank's name, using a correct routing number of 021406667, but using a closed account number of 1123157 are being presented for payment nationwide in connection with a lottery scam.
Items presented to date have been made payable in varying amounts between $2,800 and $18,000.
Correspondence accompanying the counterfeit items may contain the letterhead of "American Sweepstakes Award, 29998 S 11th Avenue, Inglewood, CA 90307." The letter alerts the recipient that he or she is the winner of an unclaimed prize and instructs the recipient to contact a representative at (778) 859-2616. Note that this telephone number originates out of British Columbia. The letter further states that the enclosed check is to be used to "…help you pay your insurance, legal, and administration fees." The letter may be signed by Jason Chapman, President.
Consumers who receive a counterfeit item and associated material should file complaints with the following agencies, as appropriate:
Additional information concerning this matter that you believe should be brought to the attention of the OCC may be forwarded to:
E-mail: email@example.com
For additional information regarding other types of financial fraud, please visit the OCC's anti-fraud resource at: https://www.occ.gov/topics/consumer-protection/fraud-resources/index-fraud-resources.html.


text: I need a few different block that have a 4" centre block for a wedding memory quilt. I was asked to make a memory quilt of his daughters wedding. And I want him to pick the block to use. Want something relatively easy and he has 4 colours picked out so far.


text:
Lorne needed a new logo design and created a contest on 99designs.
A winner was selected from 95 designs submitted by 20 freelance designers.
Hi, I'm a travel, fine art and commercial photographer. I've developed a database for photographers called PhotoFlow. It's basically a database that lets photographers manag their business - from creating appointments, managing contacts, tracking stock and fine art prints sales, creating task and shoot idea lists, etc.,
I want to key on the concept of "artist" and "photographer". I want something super creative.
It must "fit" into my website. the background color on my website is hex value 222222.
Find out how a design contest works or learn more about our logo design services.


text:
Chubby Checker, a singer best known for his mega 1960's hit and dance sensation 'The Twist,' has hired powerhouse attorney Willie Gary of Stuart to go against Hewlett-Packard and its subsidiary Palm Inc. over the use of Checker's name on a software app that claims to estimate the size of a man's penis...based on his shoe size, reports TCPalm.com in Stuart.
The 71-year-old's suit says the app's name is "blurring and tarnishing" the Chubby Checker trademark. The app is available on the website HouseOfPalm.com, according to the report.
For DUHheads too young to remember Chubby here's a YouTube video of the legendary singer.
So, come on, baby, let's do the twist.
We're gonna twisty, twisty, twisty
Till we tear the house the Houseofpalm.com down.
<br />Get the DUHtails at TCPalm.com in Stuart.


text:
HOWTO: Unlock Your Phone
Now that your phone is your own, you can unlock it. Depending on the type of phone it is, unlocking can be as simple as getting a code from your phone company, or as difficult as "drilling into a shield over the main circuit board to tap into the right contacts and kicking the phone into a special diagnostic mode to get at the unlocking code." Uh, yeah. Thankfully there are smart people at PC Magazine who can give us the lowdown on the formerly shady practice of unlocking a cell phone.Yay!
First of all, according to PC Magazine, "if you've had a T-Mobile phone for 90 days, or you've run out of time on a Cingular contract, you can get an unlocking code just by calling your carrier. Tell your carrier's customer service representative that you're traveling abroad and want to use a foreign carrier's SIM card. If they don't give you the code, stick by your guns and ask for a manager." This is awesome, but if it doesn't apply to you, and you'd still like to unlock your phone, things can get trickier. The neat part about all of this is: You can transform some prepaid phones into regular cell phones.
More inside.
If you have an old Nokia phone, check out the "unlock code calculator."
After that it starts to get tricky. You're most likely going to have to buy something: A cable, some software, or even pay for a service. Some phones need hardware mods or are not unlockable at all, and some cell phone shops do "postal unlocking", where you send away a phone, the shop unlocks it and sends it back to you, charging around $25 for the service. As long as you can locate a reputable dealer, this seems like a good deal—especially for newer fancier phones that might require you to purchase equipment. Cell phone unlocking tools can cost more than the phone is worth.
Unfortunately, all this phone unlocking fun is only for T-Mobile, Nextel, Boost and Cingular phones. Other carriers use CDMA phones, which have more "security" and can't be unlocked. "Representatives of Sprint and Alltel said that banning other carriers' phones protects the user-experience on their networks. "We think it's important to optimize the customer experience by making sure all of the handsets on our network are optimized for it," said Sprint spokesman Travis Sowders." Losers. The rest of you can check out the linked article for more specific advice on your type of phone, then free your phone from its chains. —MEGHANN MARCO
How to Unlock Your Phone [PC Magazine]
Photo by Geektronica
Want more consumer news? Visit our parent organization, Consumer Reports, for the latest on scams, recalls, and other consumer issues.


text:
Animal Clip Of The Week: Lions Eat Baby Elephant Alive! (*Warning* Graphic)
"This disturbing video of a young elephant calf being eaten alive by lions was filmed in Botswana. Lions do not usually prey on elephants, but an extreme drought had forced this pride to take on nature's giants. The young calf had strayed too far from the rest of its herd, giving the lions the perfect opportunity to attack." - Earthtouch
Please click the "Report" button below if the video on this page is not working properly.
Comments will only be displayed by verified emails. No Spamming or Racism.


text:
Keep the Cell Phone Safe with Mobile Tracking Software
There are more phones being used in the world than computers nowadays, almost everyone is keeping a mobile device in hand. However, as is known to all, Internet connected cell phones are full of possible dangers or potential threats. In order to keep the cell phone safe, it is necessary for you to know its usage with mobile tracking software.
You need to make clear what the mobile tracker really does or could do for you. Figuring it out, you can effectively set up mobile phone spy to ensure your children are not behaving badly while surfing the web and make sure your employees are actually doing what they should do in office hours when using company phones.
The recent reports show that only 14.5% children use phones to keep in touch with their parents and friends, or to search for some useful information under a certain type of situation. In reality, they tend to get addicted easily to their devices and Internet surfing, spending too much time every day for texting, chatting, social media activities and even more. They feel it difficult for them to control this addiction to phones with reasonable limitations.
As parents, you can adopt mobile tracking software to keep a record of everything happens on your kids' phone which helps a lot in correcting their behavior with the cell phone even though you are not near to them. Because the phone tracker has the function of recording and reporting activities, it doesn't require your physical access to check recorded content including sent or received text messages, dialed or received calls, website URLs and social media activities.
More and more companies begin to put mobile tracking software into office phones for the reason of knowing clearly what the employees are doing at work. With such a phone tracker, when you are on a business trip, you can still take full control of your employees' phone activities stored by the tracking software and accessible anywhere in the world. Knowing their phone activities during work hours is especially imperative to ensure an appropriate level of company productivity.
Apart from cell phones, computers also becomes a high-risk place where inappropriate online behaviors happen. So there is need to monitor employees via office computers as well.
If you are looking for effective mobile tracking software to keep tabs on children's or employees' phone usage and clearly know what they often do with the devices, Mobile Spy App will definitely allow you to be aware of what, how and when the user performed. In addition, its installation process can be easily operated within a few minutes. It is much more convenient for you to secretly spy the cell phone with an invisible mobile tracker so as to keep it safe for using.
Any compatible iPhone, BlackBerry, Android, Windows Mobile or Symbian OS based smart phones including many models by Apple, Samsung, Nokia, Motorola, HTC, more
T-Mobile, Sprint, O2, Orange, Verizon, Alltel, AT&T, more
Tags: Mobile Phone Spy, Mobile Tracker, mobile tracking software, Phone Spy - Cell Phone Spy, phone tracker
Category: Learning Center, Phone Spy - Cell Phone Spy


text:
I originally borrowed $20,000 from a 4 year college . I worked night shift in an urban hospital as a phlebotomist. The hospital was reimbursing the cost of some of my classes. One semester I had a 4.0 GPA and received a letter from the president of the university as well as from a state senator. In 1992, I dropped out of college to care for my mother, dying 6 weeks later from cancer. At the time I was planning on returning to college and finish my degree in nursing, physical therapy, or athletic training.
On a bike tour in Northern New Mexico, I met a pilot that inspired me to become a commercial pilot. Upon returning to Ohio I began flying at a local airport with the intention of becoming a professional pilot. Knowing I needed a high-paying occupation to pay off my already accumulated student loans, I researched pilots salaries and learned pilots salaries approach $85,000 within 3-4 years after school. Wages for more experience was reported up to $150,000 after gaining 10-15 years. I always thought the loans would be insignificant compared to the initial cost. I was in top physical shape, and possessed an excellent demeanor for the rigors of flying.
I contacted a number of out of state schools, but was sold by recruiters from a community college in Colorado. I moved to Colorado in June 1994 and waited one year to begin my flight training, in order to avoid out of state tuition. I finished most all the ground classes including instrument, flight engineer, and commercial. I passed my FAA CATS instrument rating with a 94%, which is reported as the most difficult for pilots. I was on the dean's list and had a 3.13 GPA. I received my Private Pilot Certificate
in 1996, and passed my first stage of my instrument training when the college advised me that they could no longer secure financing to continue my training. Since I had no other way to finish my training, I realized I had become the victim of a bait and switch scheme.
I have resorted to living with/imposing on various family members. I have paid $6,270. I currently owe $90,044.81 plus a reported $30,000 in collections fees. I am now 56 years of age and have been robbed of the chance to have any quality of life. I have not been able to get married and have children, and I consider what happened to me to be tantamount to genocide by financiers/ school officials. My estimate of the the wages I have lost over this period would be in excess of $1,000,000. Is the system that corrupt that the public doesn't recognize that justice needs to be served for the miserable conditions these criminals shamelessly cause?
In an article bemoaning the value of a college education, a Massachusetts attorney commented that when he needed a plumber/tradesman, he can't call a person with a degree in social work. Given his arrogance, I challenge this Sturbridge attorney, when needing a package overnighted, a vacation flight for his family, or a flight to attend a professional obligation, to consider calling another attorney. What makes this idiot think that his career is worthy of more merit than another occupation? This reminds me of
financiers/political officials that attempt to harbor shame on harder working individuals than themselves. My father warned me when I was a child that there are people in this world that are so crooked, they would need to be screwed into the ground when they die. The federal government had no business getting involved in funding higher education in the first place.
-Wright Way Corrigan-


text:
4171 Jonesboro Rd
Union City, GA 30291
Woah, slow down there! We don't have any vehicles that match. Dial back the selections you've made and let's see what we can find for you.
Sorry, no items matching your request were found.
Welcome to the new BMW of South Atlanta website!
We have a strong and committed sales staff with many years of experience satisfying our customers' needs. Feel free to browse our inventory online, request more information about vehicles, set up a test drive or inquire about financing!
If you don't see what you are looking for, click on CarFinder, fill out the form, and we will let you know when vehicles arrive that match your search! Or if you would rather discuss your options with our friendly sales staff, click on Directions for interactive driving directions from all over Georgia and around Atlanta and other BMW of South Atlanta contact information. We look forward to serving you!


text:
Alumnus to Debut New Film in Sioux Falls
"You Don't Know Bertha Constantine," a film written and directed by Andrew Kightlinger, class of 2008, and starring Dr. Julia Pachoud Bennett, former assistant professor of Theatre, will make its world premiere at 7 p.m. on Friday, April 15, at the Washington Pavilion.
Library Associates to Host Book Sale April 14-15
The Augustana College Library Associates' Books and More Sale is set for April 14-15 at the Center for Western Studies. The sale will feature books, videos, CDs, DVDs and books and videos for children. Proceeds will support the programming of the Augustana Library Associates.
Alumnus Honored For Clinical Practice, Research and Teaching
Dr. Gene Hoyme, class of 1972, chief pediatric medical officer for Sanford Children's Hospital and nationally known expert on clinical genetics and fetal alcohol syndrome, has received the Joseph W. St. Geme, Jr., Education Award by the Western Society for Pediatric Research.
Flat Ole Accepts Friend Request No. 500
It's a milestone day for Flat Ole, Flat Stanley's Norwegian cousin! The one-dimensional world-traveler accepted his 500th friend request on Facebook today. Since his debut in January, Flat has traveled the globe with students, alumni and friends of Augustana College.
Augustana Dance Marathon Raises Money for CMN
Students with the Augustana Dance Marathon took over the Elmen Center on Saturday to raise money for the Children's Miracle Network. The funds will help provide research, treatment, equipment and education for children and families at Sanford Children's Hospital.
April 15 Campus Pilgrimage to Offer Reflections, Insights
Students, alumni, faculty and staff and members of the Sioux Falls community are invited to walk in pilgrimage on Friday, April 15, to celebrate the heritage and gifts of the Augustana experience. Beginning at Old Main, originally built in 1889, the pilgrimage will include poetry, song, sacrament, and scientific experiences.
IN THE NEWS: Alumna Helps Children Manage Type 1 Diabetes
Meet Mary Oyos, class of 1983, a clinical nurse specialist and diabetes program manager with the Avera McKennan Diabetes Center. Oyos created the Virtual Nurse Project, a new initiative to help schoolchildren in eastern South Dakota manage their Type 1 diabetes.
Band Concert Set for April 8 at Washington Pavilion
The Spring Concert will feature the Augustana Band, the Augustana Wind Ensemble, the College/Community Band, student soloists Michael King and Joanna Qualm and a guest performance by the Heartland Handbells. The show begins at 7:30 p.m. on Friday, April 8, at the Washington Pavilion.
Augustana to Host 'Send-off Celebration' for Tour de Kota
Augustana will host the official check-in festivities for the 2011 Argus Leader Tour de Kota, beginning at 3 p.m. on Saturday, June 4, at the Morrison Commons. The "Send-off Celebration" will feature live music, food and other activities. Students, alumni, friends, faculty and staff are also invited to join "Team Augustana."
Northlanders, All-City Middle School, U.S. Army Blues Trombonist to Perform April 5
Jazz Time will feature the Northlanders Jazz Band, the All-City Middle School Jazz Band and special guest Matt Niess, lead trombonist for the U.S. Army Blues Jazz Ensemble. The concert begins at 7:30 p.m. on Tuesday, April 5.


text: Keenan Palmore ODU Sports Monarchs Defeat ECSU, 81-50 In Exhibition November 01, 2013 By ODU Athletics ODU MBB vs. Elizabeth City State Press Confrence MBB vs. ECSU - Recap Gamebox NORFOLK, VA-- Old Dominion University sophomore guard Aaron Bacote (Hampton, VA. )scored a game high 23 points and fellow sophomore Keenan Palmore (Stone Mountain, GA.) added 15 to lead the Monarchs to an 81-50 exhibition win over Elizabeth City State Friday night at the Ted Constant Convocation Center. ODU led by five, 22-17 with 8:27 left in the first half, then outscored the Vikings 15-5 the rest of the half for a 37-22 halftime lead, as Bacote scored 14 points in the half. The Monarchs took care of the ball as well, committing only four turnovers in the first half to ECSU 14 and ODU scored 16 points off of those mistakes. ODU finished the game shooting .469 (30-64) from the field, including .581 (18-31) in the second half. ODU also outrebounded the Vikings, 40-34. ECSU finished the evening with .333 (15-45) from the floor and 24 turnovers. The Monarchs fnished with 12 steals on the night and scored 32 points off turnovers. Palmore, who led with four steals and four assists was six-for-eight from the floor and Bacote was eight-for-16. Red-shirt junior forward Richard Ross (Wichita Falls, TX.) came off the bench to add 12 points and a game high 12 rebounds. Newcomers Jordan Baker (Hampton, VA.) added nine points and Ambrose Mosley (Jacksonville, FL.) eight for the Monarchs. ODU opens the regular season next Friday night, Nov. 8 against Missouri State at 7 p.m. in the Constant Center.


text:
Texas, despite its independence and frontier reputation, is one of only six states where handguns cannot — in some form — legally be worn in plain view. In Texas, where residents may carry concealed handguns if they have a permit, more than 3,500 people have signed an online petition asking Gov. Rick Perry and the Legislature to make Texas an open-carry state.
Read Original at: Star-Telegram


text:
The ZigBee Alliance has made publically available the ZigBee RF4CE specification for advanced remote controls. ZigBee RF4CE replaces infrared (IR) with radio frequency (RF) communication in remote controls, allowing non-line-of-sight operation, greater range and longer battery life for consumer electronic (CE) remote controls used with HDTV, home theater equipment, set-top boxes and other audio equipment.
The ZigBee RF4CE wireless platform lets consumer electronics manufacturers create consumer products and features that are unique, secure, low-cost, easy to deploy and interoperable with other ZigBee RF4CE certified products. Freescale Semiconductor and Texas Instruments have ZigBee RF4CE certified platforms. Other platform suppliers are now able to seek platform certification and further broaden the already strong ZigBee supply chain.
"The ZigBee RF4CE specification increases the value of manufacturers' remote control products, boosting possibilities for innovation, interactivity and reliability," said Bob Heile, chairman of the ZigBee Alliance. "RF remote controls enable seamless command confirmation with components like HDTVs, home theater equipment, set-top boxes and other CE products."
Announced in March 2009, ZigBee RF4CE is a standardized specification for RF remote controls that enables faster, more reliable and greater flexibility for devices to operate from longer distances. It removes the line-of-sight and field-of-vision barriers in today's IR remotes and by supporting two-way communication, it opens the door for a whole new set of capabilities. The ZigBee RF4CE specification is designed for a wide range of products, including home entertainment devices, lighting control, security monitoring, keyless entry systems and many more.


text:
Sunscreens are designed to remain at original strength for up to three years. This means that you can use leftover sunscreen from one year to the next.
Some sunscreens include an expiration date — a date indicating when they're no longer effective. Discard sunscreen that is past its expiration date. If you buy sunscreen that doesn't have an expiration date, write the date of purchase on the bottle and be sure to throw it out within three years. Also, discard sunscreen that has any obvious changes in color or consistency.
Keep in mind that if you use sunscreen generously and frequently, a bottle of sunscreen shouldn't last long. Generally, a liberal application is 1 ounce (30 milliliters) — the amount in a shot glass — to cover exposed parts of the body. You might need to apply more, depending on your body size. If you have a 4-ounce (118-milliliter) bottle, you'll use about one-fourth of it during one application.
To maximize protection, use a broad-spectrum sunscreen with an SPF of at least 30. Apply sunscreen generously, and reapply every two hours — or more often if you're swimming or perspiring.
Lawrence E. Gibson, M.D.
Original article: https://www.mayoclinic.org/healthy-lifestyle/adult-health/expert-answers/sunscreen-expire/faq-20057957
Any use of this site constitutes your agreement to the Terms and Conditions and Privacy Policy linked below.
Mayo Clinic is a nonprofit organization and proceeds from Web advertising help support our mission. Mayo Clinic does not endorse any of the third party products and services advertised.
A single copy of these materials may be reprinted for noncommercial personal use only. "Mayo," "Mayo Clinic," "MayoClinic.org," "Mayo Clinic Healthy Living," and the triple-shield Mayo Clinic logo are trademarks of Mayo Foundation for Medical Education and Research.


text:
Duddy Mouf - Mouf Piece [Label Submitted]
Directed by Nvd
Produced by J-Rum
Label:Nubreed Ent....
The Street Album "Live Before Yo Die" Out Now
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Telephone, an instrument designed for the simultaneous transmission and reception of the human voice. The telephone is inexpensive, is simple to operate, and offers its users an immediate, personal type of communication that cannot be obtained through any other medium. As a result, it has become the most widely used telecommunications device in the world. Billions of telephones are in use around the world.
This article describes the functional components of the modern telephone and traces the historical development of the telephone instrument. In addition it describes the development of what is known as the public switched telephone network (PSTN). For discussion of broader technologies, see the articles telecommunications system and telecommunications media. For technologies related to the telephone, see the articles mobile telephone, videophone, fax and modem.
The telephone instrument
The word telephone, from the Greek roots tēle, "far," and phonē, "sound," was applied as early as the late 17th century to the string telephone familiar to children, and it was later used to refer to the megaphone and the speaking tube, but in modern usage it refers solely to electrical devices derived from the inventions of Alexander Graham Bell and others. Within 20 years of the 1876 Bell patent, the telephone instrument, as modified by Thomas Watson, Emil Berliner, Thomas Edison, and others, acquired a functional design that has not changed fundamentally in more than a century. Since the invention of the transistor in 1947, metal wiring and other heavy hardware have been replaced by lightweight and compact microcircuitry. Advances in electronics have improved the performance of the basic design, and they also have allowed the introduction of a number of "smart" features such as automatic redialing, call-number identification, wireless transmission, and visual data display. Such advances supplement, but do not replace, the basic telephone design. That design is described in this section, as is the remarkable history of the telephone's development, from the earliest experimental devices to the modern digital instrument.
Working components of the telephone
As it has since its early years, the telephone instrument is made up of the following functional components: a power source, a switch hook, a dialer, a ringer, a transmitter, a receiver, and an anti-sidetone circuit. These components are described in turn below.
Power source
In the first experimental telephones the electric current that powered the telephone circuit was generated at the transmitter, by means of an electromagnet activated by the speaker's voice. Such a system could not generate enough voltage to produce audible speech in distant receivers, so every transmitter since Bell's patented design has operated on a direct current supplied by an independent power source. The first sources were batteries located in the telephone instruments themselves, but since the 1890s current has been generated at the local switching office. The current is supplied through a two-wire circuit called the local loop. The standard voltage is 48 volts.
Cordless telephones represent a return to individual power sources in that their low-wattage radio transmitters are powered by a small (e.g., 3.6-volt) battery located in the portable handset. When the telephone is not in use, the battery is recharged through contacts with the base unit. The base unit is powered by a transformer connection to a standard electric outlet.
Switch hook
The switch hook connects the telephone instrument to the direct current supplied through the local loop. In early telephones the receiver was hung on a hook that operated the switch by opening and closing a metal contact. This system is still common, though the hook has been replaced by a cradle to hold the combined handset, enclosing both receiver and transmitter. In some modern electronic instruments, the mechanical operation of metal contacts has been replaced by a system of transistor relays.
When the telephone is "on hook," contact with the local loop is broken. When it is "off hook" (i.e., when the handset is lifted from the cradle), contact is restored, and current flows through the loop. The switching office signals restoration of contact by transmitting a low-frequency "dial tone"—actually two simultaneous tones of 350 and 440 hertz.
The dialer is used to enter the number of the party that the user wishes to call. Signals generated by the dialer activate switches in the local office, which establish a transmission path to the called party. Dialers are of the rotary and push-button types.
The traditional rotary dialer, invented in the 1890s, is rotated against the tension of a spring and then released, whereupon it returns to its position at a rate controlled by a mechanical governor. The return rotation causes a switch to open and close, producing interruptions, or pulses, in the flow of direct current to the switching office. Each pulse lasts approximately one-tenth of a second; the number of pulses signals the number being dialed.
In push-button dialing, introduced in the 1960s, the pressing of each button generates a "dual-tone" signal that is specific to the number being entered. Each dual tone is composed of a low frequency (697, 770, 852, or 941 hertz) and a high frequency (1,209, 1,336, or 1,477 hertz), which are sensed and decoded at the switching office. Unlike the low-frequency rotary pulses, dual tones can travel through the telephone system, so that push-button telephones can be used to activate automated functions at the other end of the line.
In both rotary and push-button systems, a capacitor and resistor prevent dialing signals from passing into the ringer circuit.
The ringer alerts the user to an incoming call by emitting an audible tone or ring. Ringers are of two types, mechanical or electronic. Both types are activated by a 20-hertz, 75-volt alternating current generated by the switching office. The ringer is commonly activated in two-second pulses, with each pulse separated by a pause of four seconds.
The traditional mechanical ringer was introduced with the early Bell telephones. It consists of two closely spaced bells, a metal clapper, and a magnet. Passage of alternating current through a coil of wire produces alternations in the magnetic attraction exerted on the clapper, so that it vibrates rapidly and loudly against the bells. Volume can be muted by a switch that places a mechanical damper against the bells.
In modern electronic ringers, introduced in the 1980s, the ringer current is passed through an oscillator, which adjusts the current to the precise frequency required to activate a piezoelectric transducer—a device made of a crystalline material that vibrates in response to an electric current. The transducer may be coupled to a small loudspeaker, which can be adjusted for volume.
The ringer circuit remains connected to the local loop even when the telephone is on hook. A larger voltage is necessary to activate the ringer because the ringer circuit is made with a high electrical impedance in order to avoid draining power from the transmitter-receiver circuit when the telephone is in use. A capacitor prevents direct current from passing through the ringer once the handset has been lifted off the switch hook.
The transmitter is essentially a tiny microphone located in the mouthpiece of the telephone's handset. It converts the vibrations of the speaker's voice into variations in the direct current flowing through the set from the power source.
In traditional carbon transmitters, developed in the 1880s, a thin layer of carbon granules separates a fixed electrode from a diaphragm-activated electrode. Electric current flows through the carbon against a certain resistance. The diaphragm, vibrating in response to the speaker's voice, forces the movable electrode to exert a fluctuating pressure on the carbon layer. Fluctuations in the carbon layer create fluctuations in its electrical resistance, which in turn produce fluctuations in the electric current.
In modern electret transmitters, developed in the 1970s, the carbon layer is replaced by a thin plastic sheet that has been given a conductive metallic coating on one side. The plastic separates that coating from another metal electrode and maintains an electric field between them. Vibrations caused by speech produce fluctuations in the electric field, which in turn produce small variations in voltage. The voltages are amplified for transmission over the telephone line.
The receiver is located in the earpiece of the telephone's handset. Operating on electromagnetic principles that were known in Bell's day, it converts fluctuating electric current into sound waves that reproduce human speech. Fundamentally, it consists of two parts: a permanent magnet, having pole pieces wound with coils of insulated fine wire, and a diaphragm driven by magnetic material that is supported near the pole pieces. Speech currents passing through the coils vary the attraction of the permanent magnet for the diaphragm, causing it to vibrate and produce sound waves.
Through the years the design of the electromagnetic system has been continuously improved. In the most common type of receiver, introduced in the Bell system in 1951, the diaphragm, consisting of a central cone attached to a ring-shaped armature, is driven as a piston to obtain efficient response over a wide frequency range. Telephone receivers are designed to have an accurate response to tones with frequencies of 350 to 3,500 hertz—a dynamic range that is narrower than the capabilities of the human ear but sufficient to reproduce normal speech.
Anti-sidetone circuit
The anti-sidetone circuit is an assemblage of transformers, resistors, and capacitors that perform a number of functions. The primary function is to reduce sidetone, which is the distracting sound of the speaker's own voice coming through the receiver from the transmitter. The anti-sidetone circuit accomplishes this reduction by interposing a transformer between the transmitter circuit and the receiver circuit and by splitting the transmitter signals along two paths. When the divided signals, having opposite polarities, meet at the transformer, they almost entirely cancel each other in crossing to the receiver circuit. The speech signal coming from the other end of the line, on the other hand, arrives at the transformer along a single, undivided path and crosses the transformer unimpeded.
The anti-sidetone circuit also matches the low electrical impedance of the telephone instrument's circuits to the higher electrical impedance of the telephone line. Impedance matching allows a more efficient flow of current through the system.
Development of the telephone instrument
Early sound transmitters
Beginning in the early 19th century, several inventors made a number of attempts to transmit sound by electric means. The first inventor to suggest that sound could be transmitted electrically was a Frenchman, Charles Bourseul, who indicated that a diaphragm making and breaking contact with an electrode might be used for this purpose. In the 1850s Italian American inventor Antonio Meucci had electrical devices in his home called telettrofoni that he used to communicate between rooms, though he did not patent his inventions. By 1861 Johann Philipp Reis of Germany had designed several instruments for the transmission of sound. The transmitter Reis employed consisted of a membrane with a metallic strip that would intermittently contact a metallic point connected to an electrical circuit. As sound waves impinged on the membrane, making the membrane vibrate, the circuit would be connected and interrupted at the same rate as the frequency of the sound. The fluctuating electric current thus generated would be transmitted by wire to a receiver, which consisted of an iron needle that was surrounded by the coil of an electromagnet and connected to a sounding box. The fluctuating electric current would generate varying magnetic fields in the coil, and these in turn would force the iron needle to produce vibrations in the sounding box. Reis's system could thus transmit a simple tone, but it could not reproduce the complex waveforms that make up speech.
Gray and Bell: the transmission of speech
The first devices
In the 1870s two American inventors, Elisha Gray and Alexander Graham Bell, each independently, designed devices that could transmit speech electrically. Gray's first device made use of a harmonic telegraph, the transmitter and receiver of which consisted of a set of metallic reeds tuned to different frequencies. An electromagnetic coil was located near each of the reeds. When a reed in the transmitter was vibrated by sound waves of its resonant frequency—for example, 400 hertz—it induced an electric current of corresponding frequency in its matching coil. This coil was connected to all the coils in the receiver, but only the reed tuned to the transmitting reed's frequency would vibrate in response to the electric current. Thus, simple tones could be transmitted. In the spring of 1874 Gray realized that a receiver consisting of a single steel diaphragm in front of an electromagnet could reproduce any of the transmitted tones. Gray, however, was initially unable to conceive of a transmitter that would transmit complex speech vibrations and instead chose to demonstrate the transmission of tones via his telegraphic device in the summer of 1874.
Bell, meanwhile, also had considered the transmission of speech using the harmonic telegraph concept, and in the summer of 1874 he conceived of a membrane receiver similar to Gray's. However, since Bell too had no transmitter, the membrane device was never constructed. Following some earlier experiments, Bell postulated that, if two membrane receivers were connected electrically, a sound wave that caused one membrane to vibrate would induce a voltage in the electromagnetic coil that would in turn cause the other membrane to vibrate. Working with a young machinist, Thomas Augustus Watson, Bell had two such instruments constructed in June 1875. The device was tested on June 3, 1875, and, although no intelligible words were transmitted, "speechlike" sounds were heard at the receiving end.
An application for a U.S. patent on Bell's work was filed on February 14, 1876. Several hours later that same day, Gray filed a caveat on the concept of a telephone transmitter and receiver. A caveat was a confidential, formal declaration by an inventor to the U.S. Patent Office of an intent to file a patent on an idea yet to be perfected; it was intended to prevent the idea from being used by other inventors. At this point neither Gray nor Bell had yet constructed a working telephone that could convey speech. On the basis of its earlier filing time, Bell's patent application was allowed over Gray's caveat. On March 7, 1876, Bell was awarded U.S. patent 174,465. This patent is often referred to as the most valuable ever issued by the U.S. Patent Office, as it described not only the telephone instrument but also the concept of a telephone system.
The search for a successful transmitter
Gray had earlier come up with an idea for a transmitter in which a moving membrane was attached to an electrically conductive rod immersed in an acidic solution. Another conductive rod was immersed in the solution, and, as sound waves impinged on the membrane, the two rods would move with respect to each other. Variations in the distance between the two rods would produce variations in electric resistance and, hence, variations in the electric current. In contrast to the magnetic coil type of transmitter, the variable-resistance transmitter could actually amplify the transmitted sound, permitting use of longer cables between the transmitter and the receiver.
Again, Bell also worked on a similar "liquid" transmitter design; it was this design that permitted the first transmission of speech, on March 10, 1876, by Bell to Watson, which Bell transcribed in his lab notes as "Mr. Watson—come here—I want to see you." The first public demonstrations of the telephone followed shortly afterward, featuring a design similar to the earlier magnetic coil membrane units described above. One of the earliest demonstrations occurred in June 1876 at the Centennial Exposition in Philadelphia. Further tests and refinement of equipment followed shortly afterward. On October 9, 1876, Bell conducted a two-way test of his telephone over a 5-km (2-mile) distance between Boston and Cambridgeport, Massachusetts. In May 1877 the first commercial application of the telephone took place with the installation of telephones in offices of customers of the E.T. Holmes burglar alarm company.
The poor performance of early telephone transmitters prompted a number of inventors to pursue further work in this area. Among them was Thomas Alva Edison, whose 1886 design for a voice transmitter consisted of a cavity filled with granules of carbonized anthracite coal. The carbon granules were confined between two electrodes through which a constant electric current was passed. One of the electrodes was attached to a thin iron diaphragm, and, as sound waves forced the diaphragm to vibrate, the carbon granules were alternately compressed and released. As the distance across the granules fluctuated, resistance to the electric current also fluctuated, and the resulting variations in current were transmitted to the receiver. Edison's carbon transmitter was sufficiently simple, effective, cheap, and durable that it became the basis for standard telephone transmitter design through the 1970s.
Development of the modern instrument
The telephone instrument continued to evolve over time, as can be illustrated by the succession of American instruments described below. The concept of mounting both the transmitter and the receiver in the same handle appeared in 1878 in instruments designed for use by telephone operators in a New York City exchange. The earliest telephone instrument to see common use was introduced by Charles Williams, Jr., in 1882. Designed for wall mounting, this instrument consisted of a ringer, a hand-cranked magneto (for generating a ringing voltage in a distant instrument), a hand receiver, a switch hook, and a transmitter. Various versions of this telephone instrument remained in use throughout the United States as late as the 1950s. As is noted in the section Switching, the telephone dial originated with automatic telephone switching systems in 1896.
Desk instruments were first constructed in 1897. Patterned after the wall-mounted telephone, they usually consisted of a separate receiver and transmitter. In 1927, however, the American Telephone & Telegraph Company (AT&T) introduced the E1A handset, which employed a combined transmitter-receiver arrangement. The ringer and much of the telephone electronics remained in a separate box, on which the transmitter-receiver handle was cradled when not in use. The first telephone to incorporate all the components of the station apparatus into one instrument was the so-called combined set of 1937. Some 25 million of these instruments were produced until they were superseded by a new design in 1949. The 1949 telephone was totally new, incorporating significant improvements in audio quality, mechanical design, and physical construction. Push-button versions of this set became available in 1963.
Modern telephone instruments are largely electronic. Wire coils that performed multiple functions in older sets have been replaced by integrated circuits that are powered by the line voltage. Mechanical bell ringers have given way to electronic ringers. The carbon transmitter dating from Edison's time has been replaced by electret microphones, in which sound waves cause a thin, metal-coated plastic diaphragm to vibrate, producing variations in an electric field across a tiny air gap between the diaphragm and an electrode. The telephone dial has given way to the keypad, which can usually be switched to generate either pulses similar to those of the dial mechanism or dual-tone signals as in AT&T's Touch-Tone system. Finally, a number of other features have become available on the telephone instrument, including last-number recall and speed-dialing of multiple telephone numbers.
Cordless telephones
Cordless telephones are devices that take the place of a telephone instrument within a home or office and permit very limited mobility—up to 100 metres (330 feet). Because they communicate with a base unit that is plugged directly into an existing telephone jack, they essentially serve as a wireless extension to existing home or office wiring. The first cordless phones employed analog modulation methods and operated over a pair of frequencies, 1.7 megahertz and 49 megahertz. Beginning in the 1980s, cordless phones operated over a pair of frequencies in the 46- and 49-megahertz bands, and in the late 1990s phones operating in the 902–928-megahertz band began to appear. These phones employed either analog modulation, digital modulation, or spread-spectrum modulation. Some digital cordless telephones now operate in the gigahertz region—for example, 5.8 gigahertz. Generally speaking, each successive generation of cordless phones has offered improved quality and range to the consumer.
Personal communication systems
In a number of countries throughout the world, a wireless service called the personal communication system (PCS) is available. In the broadest sense, PCS includes all forms of wireless communication that are interconnected with the public switched telephone network, including mobile telephone and aeronautical public correspondence systems, but the basic concept includes the following attributes: ubiquitous service to roving users, low subscriber terminal costs and service fees, and compact, lightweight, and unobtrusive personal portable units.
The first PCS to be implemented was the second-generation cordless telephony (CT-2) system, which entered service in the United Kingdom in 1991. The CT-2 system was designed at the outset to serve as a telepoint system. In telepoint systems, a user of a portable unit might originate telephone calls (but not receive them) by dialing a base station located within several hundred metres. The base unit was connected to the PSTN and operated as a public (pay) telephone, charging calls to the subscriber. Because of its limited coverage, the CT-2 system went out of service, giving way to the popular GSM digital cellular system (see mobile telephone).
Meanwhile, the European Conference on Posts and Telecommunications (CEPT) had begun work on another personal communication system, known as DECT (Digital Enhanced Cordless Telecommunications, formerly Digital European Cordless Telephone). The DECT system was designed initially to provide cordless telephone service for office environments, but its scope soon broadened to include campus-wide communications and telepoint services. By 1999 DECT had reached 50 percent of the European cordless market.
In Japan a PCS based loosely on the DECT concepts, the Personal Handy-Phone System (PHS), was introduced to the public in 1994. The PHS became popular throughout urban areas as an alternative to cellular systems. Supporting data traffic at 32 and 64 kilobits per second, it could perform as a high-speed wireless modem for access to the Internet.
In the United States in 1994–95 the Federal Communications Commission (FCC) sold a number of licenses in the 1.85–1.99-gigahertz region for use in PCS applications.
Learn More in these related Britannica articles:
human-factors engineering: Push-button telephoneThe modern push-button telephone handset provides a good example of a relatively simple device that has required a great deal of human-factors engineering. The layout of the keys in the four rows of three buttons, for example, was selected only after extensive tests on…
history of publishing: Technological developments…with the reporter over the telephone or via e-mail (electronic mail) as they both look at it on their screens. Similarly, items from press agencies can be located instantly; these can be transmitted to the computer terminal via cables or over the air by satellite, enabling news to reach the…
language: Messages and codesTwentieth-century developments in telegraphy and telephony, and the emergence and growth of the Internet, made protection against unauthorized reception more urgent, whether of texts transmitted as speech or those sent as series of letters of the alphabet. Codes and ciphers (cryptography) are of much longer standing in the concealment of…
electromagnetism: Development of electromagnetic technology…Bell patented the first practical telephone in the United States in 1876, and the first public telephone services were operating within a few years. In 1895 the British physicist Sir Ernest Rutherford advanced Hertz's scientific investigations of radio waves and transmitted radio signals for more than one kilometre. Guglielmo Marconi,…
AT&T CorporationAT&T Corporation, American corporation that provides long-distance telephone and other telecommunications services. It is a descendant of the American Telephone and Telegraph Company, which built much of the United States' long-distance and local telephone networks, becoming the world's largest…
More About Telephone28 references found in Britannica articles
Assorted References
- cryptology
- history of electric technology
- human-factors engineering
- relation to telegraphy
- Western Electric Company
contributions by
- Arnold
- Bell
- Berliner
- Edison
- Gray
- In Elisha Gray