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Few things better illustrate Kalamazoo's rapid growth during the late nineteenth century than the rise of the city's carriage industry. By 1887 eighteen firms produced approximately forty seven thousand horse-drawn vehicles sold nationwide. In fact, so many vehicles were produced from factories on the north side that in 1885 the Kalamazoo Gazette suggested the area be dubbed "Vehicle Square." It was a sign of the times that these firms were the city's largest employers and that total employment of the industry was second only to celery.
A solid partnership, made stronger by marriage, gave the founders of the Michigan Buggy Company a leg up over their competition. Michigan Buggy's origins trace to Moses Henry Lane. Originally from New York, Lane first came to the Kalamazoo area as a regional sales manager for the New York Wagon Company. It was during this time that he met and eventually married Ida Lay, the daughter of George T. Lay of Allegan, in 1878. The marriage would cement the friendship and eventual business partnership of the two men. Lane put down roots in Kalamazoo and expanded upon his experience in the carriage industry by being one of the founders of the Kalamazoo Wagon Company in 1881. However, while Kalamazoo Wagon would be successful, Lane's time there would be short-lived.
In 1883 Lane left the Kalamazoo Wagon Company to form a new business partnership with his father-in-law George T. Lay, and his brother-in-law Frank B. Lay. Both Lane and the Lays had considerable property holdings throughout the city but chose to build the Michigan Buggy Company factory, a large three-story box with a central courtyard, on Willard Street between Pitcher and Porter, directly on the tracks of the Michigan Central Railroad.
The intention was to build a complete line of horse-drawn vehicles that were second to none. Michigan Buggy's catalog would include buggies, carts, wagons, and sleighs/cutters. The firm offered convenience. In addition to manufacturing vehicles, the company raised ponies offered as part of a complete package. Dubbed the "Tony Pony" line, customers were thus provided one-stop shopping.
The line did so well that the factory proved insufficient to meet demand. Soon Michigan Buggy had departments scattered in rented space throughout the downtown area. A more suitable arrangement was achieved with the 1887 construction of a massive four-story brick building kitty corner from the original plant. This was heralded as good news for both the company and Kalamazoo. But when the construction job was awarded to firms from Allegan, the Kalamazoo Gazette pondered, "What's the matter with Kalamazoo contractors?"
Evidently even this expansion was not considered sufficient. In 1891 plans were announced to build a new factory on the east side of town. The local papers boasted that it would be the largest carriage factory in the world. The Kalamazoo Gazette was then filled with speculative real estate ads encouraging investors to hop on the Michigan Buggy bandwagon and buy adjacent property, the value of which was sure to rise. But ultimately, for reasons that were not documented, this structure was never built.
In 1893 the country was hit by its most severe economic recession up to that time, the Panic of 1893. But, according to the Kalamazoo Gazette on 22 April 1894, Michigan Buggy continued to prosper. The Gazette wrote, "This company stood up under the financial depression as well as any in the country, and since Sept, 1 last have been doing nearly as much business as in any former year." All told, the Michigan Buggy Company's first decade had seen great success.
However, disaster loomed. On the evening of 13 August 1896 a fire started in the paint shop inside the company's original factory. The structure, built of wood and filled with combustibles, was entirely incinerated. The Kalamazoo Gazette remarked that the fire department had no chance to save the building and that the fire had "swept it clean."
When asked about the cause of the blaze, Frank Lay credited it to "spontaneous combustion." Regardless the cause, the result was devastating. Estimated losses to Michigan Buggy reached as high as seventy five thousand dollars, more than two million in today's currancy, only forty thousand of which was covered by insurance. Additionally the firm lost needed production space, a large number of completed buggies, and valuable records. Recovery would be difficult but the firm's surviving facilities and the good reputation of its products ensured business would eventually resume.
For the remainder of the century, Michigan Buggy Company continued operations out of the surviving 1887 building. This was expanded in 1899 with a brick addition that doubled the factory's size and helped make up for the loss from the fire. Business also recovered, becoming stronger than ever, and the fire could be forgotten.
Perhaps as a sign of that recovery, in November 1897 M. Henry Lane and Frank B. Lay organized a new buggy company, technically separate from Michigan Buggy, to manufacture "top buggies of a cheaper grade." The new enterprise was named the Garland Buggy Company and the Kalamazoo Gazette noted that it was leasing a building on Willard Street, between Edwards and Pitcher. This was a block west of the Michigan Buggy plant. This small factory had formerly been occupied by the Winans Buggy Company. However, period city directories show the Garland business as having the same address and telephone number as Michigan Buggy, at the existing factory at Willard and Porter. Whether Garland ever occupied the former Winan's building is uncertain. Obviously the two businesses shared Michigan Buggy's office. The extent of the ties between the two businesses is unknown, although it is likely that they were closely linked. No further mention of Garland Buggy appears after 1902.
On the night of 16 January 1902 fire struck once more. As with the previous disaster, the blaze was so intense that there was little hope of saving the building. The entire structure, including the recent addition, was completely demolished. Even the neighboring Michigan Central tracks were damaged. The fire department's efforts were limited to preventing the fire's spread to surrounding dwellings and the nearby Michigan Central switching tower. By the time dawn broke all that remained of the Michigan Buggy Company were charred bits of walls and smoldering ash.
The next day the Kalamazoo Gazette described the fire's advance with poetic prose. But the paper was less romantic in pondering the fire's impact on the city's economy. That Kalamazoo had been dealt a severe blow was undeniable. The economic value of the fire's destruction far outweighed the company's insurance policies. Losses were estimated as high as two hundred thousand dollars, over five million today. Additionally, unlike the previous conflagration, this time Michigan Buggy had no surviving factory space to operate from. Thus, it was in doubt whether the company would ever resume operations. In the span of a few hours, three hundred men had lost their jobs indefinitely and the livelihoods of countless families were threatened.
Kalamazoo would have to wait several months before learning the fate of Michigan Buggy. Lane and the Lays could not seriously consider rebuilding before the insurance claims were settled. Even after the insurance was paid out in February, additional moneys had to be arranged. Finally, on 6 April 1902 readers of the Kalamazoo Gazette saw the welcome news that financing had been arranged and the Michigan Buggy plant was to be rebuilt at once.
Rebuilding on the old downtown site was rejected and that property was then sold to the city. The Lane and Lay families also decided against building on their other land holdings in the city. Rather, property at Reed and Factory Streets was purchased from developer Charles Hays. This was the extreme southeastern edge of Kalamazoo at the time and was known as Hays Park. At a glance the remote location seemed an odd choice. But it was adjacent to a new woodshed the company had built prior to the fire and had ready access to the Grand Rapids and Indiana Railroad.
Charles Hays was undoubtedly pleased to sell the sizable parcel and also to have a large employer move in, driving up demand for the rest of his development. In such a manner Michigan Buggy played an important role in the growth of the surrounding residential neighborhood. Given the distance from the rest of the city, hundreds of employees would seek homes there to be nearer to their jobs. It is worth noting that two adjacent streets were named Lane and Lay Boulevards, honoring Michigan Buggy's role in helping build up Hays Park.
The new factory that took shape suggested that Michigan Buggy learned a lesson from the two fires. Poured concrete was the material of choice, chosen not only for its strength but also its fire resistance. As a further precaution, the interior was networked with a complex sprinkler system, a novel idea at the time, and supplied by a massive water tank atop the building. Final fire-proofing measures were evident in the arrangement of the various departments. Those departments that posed a greater fire risk were housed in stand-alone structures, so should they burn the rest of the factory would be safe. Lastly, the office was a bunker-like structure connected to the main building by a single fire door. The memory of the burned business records was a bitter one.
Besides their fireproof qualities, the buildings were spacious. Most were two or three stories. Just south of the main plant the company erected a mill to house the Kalamazoo Blanket Company, a subsidiary of Michigan Buggy that produced horse blankets. Such blankets were used to protect the animals in harsh weather. The space between the two structures was occupied by lumber storage and grazing land for the "Tony Pony" ponies.
The new plant was ready for Michigan Buggy to resume business by Thanksgiving 1902. The first products of the reborn factory were cutters. It would not be until January of the following year that the first completed buggies were shipped. By all accounts, as with the first fire, the company quickly recovered from the second. Business was so good that over the next several years the Kalamazoo Gazette was filled with headlines of new additions being added to the factory.
Much of this post-fire success was credited to the firm's new secretary-treasurer, Victor Palmer. Palmer had first joined Michigan Buggy in 1894 as head of sales. He quickly proved himself with considerable organizational and financial planning skills, and was appointed the secretary-treasurer position. He was charged with determining much of the company's financial direction. In later years this role would come to haunt him.
The steady expansion of the Michigan Buggy plant was certainly a sign of the company's revived business. But it also reflected the company's interest in new markets. Automobiles were the great innovative product of the age; their production seemed a logical next step.
The first venture into the automobile market was a plan to manufacture a vehicle called the "Kalamazoo" in 1902. M. Henry Lane announced the proposed car to the press, and the company acquired an automobile from Chicago for inspection. In the end the proposed "Kalamazoo" did not materialize as envisioned. Rather Michigan Buggy entered into a joint venture with the Burtt Manufacturing Company to build the Cannon automobile from 1902 to 1905.
The Cannon would prove an ideal first-step towards eventual full-scale automobile production. Michigan Buggy was able to lend its experience of building horse-drawn vehicles towards the new automobile venture, chiefly producing wood bodies, paint, and upholstery work. In the process the company learned about the automobile business with less risk.
In September 1909 Lane again announced Michigan Buggy's intentions of producing a car of its own, a vehicle named the Michigan. The Michigan was aimed at the mid-priced market. The models offered in a 1911 sales catalog ran the price range from eleven hundred and fifty dollars to fifteen hundred dollars. The intention was to produce a high-class luxury car at a low price. In the short term the car would be built alongside the firm's carriage trade in the existing factory. But the company optimistically announced that a new plant, equal in size to the existing facility would eventually get built.
The Michigan Buggy Company did not manufacture its own engines. In fact, the company made few, if any, of the mechanical components within its cars. Rather the Michigan was powered by motors from third party manufacturers. Regardless, it would be the engines that would earn the cars much of their reputation. Most models were equipped with an impressive thirty three horsepower. But the top model Michigans came with an astounding forty horsepower motor, and bore the nickname "The Mighty Michigan." By comparison, the Ford Model T had around twenty horsepower.
Another advanced feature, starting with the 1910 models, was the use of electric driving lamps rather than acetylene gas lamps, the standard of the time. Although highly touted in advertising literature, the electric lamps were, perhaps, ahead of their time. The 1912 Michigans skipped over the electric lamps in favor of gas. Electric returned in the 1913 model year. By that time the innovation had spread to other manufacturers and become more popular among the driving public.
In order to distinguish the automobile side of Michigan Buggy's business, the Michigan Motor Car Company was incorporated on 24 September 1912. Technically independent, the creation of this firm had little impact on the operation of the business or the manufacture of vehicles. Rather, the name was used in all of the automobile advertisements onward. Buggies continued to be sold, quite profitably, under the Michigan Buggy name.
Mighty Michigans were aggressively marketed with a nationwide advertising campaign. Many advertisements referred to the "War of the Forties," comparing the Michigans against similarly powered vehicles from other manufacturers. The Michigan, it was argued, was the best bargain, as other cars in its class cost over two thousand dollars. In time this bargain would prove to be too good to be true. The cheap price of the Mighty Michigan led to the undoing of the Michigan Buggy Company.
The Lane and Lay families' business partnership had been a huge success. Michigan Buggy had successfully weathered economic downturns, ventures into new markets, and even disastrous fires. But strains were beginning to crack the family ties. In 1901 the "elder statesman" of the partnership, George T. Lay, passed away. This was a considerable blow. By all accounts, the relationship between the two families slowly deteriorated following his passing.
Sources suggest that it was a combination of events that led to a strained relationship and finally a feud. Disagreements over business decisions, and expanding into the automobile market all occurred within close succession. The combined stresses of these events continued to build until they boiled over in 1911.
Specific factors often credited include M. Henry Lane's withdrawal of funds from the company to help finance the construction of his new home at Main and West Streets, today's Michigan and Westnedge Avenues. Completed in 1893, the structure was a testament to lavish spending. It cost $70,000 and featuring fieldstone walls, a massive tower, and the nickname "Lane's Castle." Frank B. Lay, for his part, lived in a substantial home purchased on South Street.
Another of Lane's activities that led to tension was his involvement with the Kalamazoo Telegraph. He was involved in an effort to purchase the newspaper, and was listed as its president from 1909 and 1910. This was a business venture that former Telegraph editor Edward Dingley would bitterly describe as a takeover in his new publication, the Progressive Herald. Regardless of the nature of the Telegraph venture, it proved financially unsuccessful for Lane. Furthermore, in the view of his partners at Michigan Buggy, it threatened their business by distracting Lane from his duties.
The culmination of this family feud was the ouster of Lane from the firm's presidency in 1911. He would, however, remain on the board of directors. Frank B. Lay replaced him in the presidency and Lay's sons, George and Frank Lay, would assume greater roles within the firm as vice presidents. Victor Palmer and the Lay family would later claim that this was done to protect Michigan Buggy from ruin. However, with Lane now out of the leadership, ruin was just over the horizon. The feud would continue into the 1920s before the family relationship began to recover.
Family problems and leadership changes aside, going into 1913 the business outlook at Michigan Buggy appeared to be better than ever, at least to an outside observer. Despite the hardships of the past, the company had always managed to recover and expand. Now it was apparently succeeding in the automobile business, selling more cars than it could build. That summer both the Kalamazoo Gazette and Progressive Herald published glowing features describing the company's sound business, high reputation, and unlimited potential. Within a few months both would be using very different terms to describe Michigan Buggy.
To observers within the industry, the outlook was far from rosy. At the same time that the local papers were heaping praise upon the company, suppliers and creditors were encountering increasing difficulties in receiving payments. Rumors floated that Michigan Buggy was a million dollars in debt. During the spring months a few creditors were able to arrange alternate forms of payment, including cars instead of cash. But most would not be so fortunate, convinced by Victor Palmer and the Lays that the situation was well in hand.
Yet, within the company it was clear that the financial situation was a growing disaster. M. Henry Lane, the Lay family, and Victor Palmer all agreed that some sort of reorganization was required, and a number of meetings were held in hopes of devising a recovery plan. Unresolved disputes between the Lanes and Lays, however, prevented the cooperative action that was necessary.
On 31 July 1913 the Gazette abruptly reported the first public signs of trouble. It was announced that due to a few financial difficulties the Michigan Buggy Company was to be reorganized and that, for the short term, six hundred workers were being idled. However, the full extent of the company's problems was still not public. Company officials boasted, "the present difficulty is only a matter of short duration." A gross understatement if there ever was one. Kalamazoo was just beginning a nightmare that would see one of its largest businesses collapse and its executives put on trial.
Optimism that the firm's troubles would be short-lived continued throughout the summer. It was believed that Michigan Buggy could be reorganized and production resumed. These hopes were buoyed when W. A. McGuire, a noted expert in the automobile industry, came from Detroit to examine the company's books. The Kalamazoo Gazette cheered that he had come to take charge of the business and that production would soon resume. In fact, he was merely the beginning of the investigation into the collapse.
Hope for a Michigan Buggy restart lingered into early August, but on the sixth of that month the doors of the factory were formally shut. They would only be reopened on September tenth as the company's drafting room was converted into a makeshift courtroom for bankruptcy hearings. By the end of the summer, the formerly optimistic press began to refer to Michigan Buggy as "defunct." By then it was realized that Kalamazoo's only hope for retaining the auto plant was for a third party to purchase it.
As the courts looked into the failure of Michigan Buggy, there were a number of offers put forth to purchase and restart the factory. Notable local efforts were attempted by the Kalamazoo Commercial Club and even by a group of former Michigan Buggy employees. The proposal that had the most traction, however, was offered by Edwin Gerber. From Pittsburgh, Gerber was the president of the Pennsylvania Sales Company and the largest distributor of Michigan automobiles. His prior shady dealings with the company, including large purchases of cars at deep discounts, did not escape scrutiny. Ultimately the plant and its equipment were sold at auction.
A 1912 advertisement to prospective distributors described Michigan Buggy's financial approach to the automobile business. The ad claimed "we did not go into the business to make a 'killing.' We saw no reason why an automobile manufacturer should expect to make a young fortune on each car." A review of the company's books and testimony of its bookkeepers, including Earl J. McCone, verified that the company was not making a "killing." If anything, the cars were killing the company. McCone had determined that the company was losing money on each car sold. The great value the company touted in its advertisements was too good to be true. The problem was exacerbated by the deeply discounted cars being sold to Edwin Gerber. High sales of Mighty Michigans created an illusion of a successful enterprise. In fact, the more cars were sold, the worse the company fared. It was only the continued profits from horse-drawn vehicles that allowed the company to survive as long as it did.
Perhaps more remarkably, McCone testified that he received little interest from his superiors when he reported his concerns. Victor Palmer did not appear alarmed with the revenue problems or when he was told of delinquent accounts in excess of three hundred thousand dollars. Frank B. Lay, on the other hand, seemed uninformed of the situation.
The lack of revenue provided an explanation for the seemingly sudden collapse. But the bankruptcy hearings would uncover more sinister findings, including criminal activity. The month of October 1913 was especially gloomy as the hearings brought to light the dealings of the firm's leadership.
Newspaper publishers must have been thrilled by the series of unusual business practices that were uncovered, for there was no shortage of eye-catching headlines. One of the more sensational discoveries was dubbed "the velvet payroll." As the financial situation of Michigan Buggy became dim, the officers proceeded to pad their compensation at the expense of the creditors. This included additional cash payments as well as cars. Frank Lay Jr., for example, had four Mighty Michigans. Owning four cars in 1913 was an inconceivable extravagance. Meanwhile the creditors had been lied to regarding the company's finances.
Even more outrageous was the claimed existence of the "harem." It was alleged that Michigan Buggy maintained a house at 1216 South West Street (South Westnedge Avenue) where potential customers were taken for elicit entertainment purposes. This naturally made for sensational headlines. However, due to the evasive responses given to prosecutors by Victor Palmer and Frank Lay Jr., a direct financial connection was never conclusively proven. Nonetheless, the outrage generated in the public was considerable.
As the troubles of the company became known, a war for public opinion was waged within courtroom of the bankruptcy proceeding and headlines of the newspapers. The partnership that had sustained the company for so long completely unraveled as the former Michigan Buggy officers played the blame game. Victor Palmer was particularly aggressive in getting his version of events told, a version that absolved him of any blame.
Both in court and in the press, Victor Palmer denied he controlled the company's finances, claiming instead that he reported to M. Henry Lane and Frank B. Lay. He placed the bulk of the blame squarely on Lane's shoulders. In a dramatic moment of testimony, Palmer insisted the velvet payroll had been Lane's creation, Lane had milked Michigan Buggy of funds for years, and had angrily vowed to bring the company down following his removal from the presidency. The Progressive Herald made special note of Lane's courtroom reaction to Palmer's version of events. According to the Herald, Lane "flushed and expectorated tobacco juice worse than ever."
The conclusion to this story, sensationally covered in the papers, was an argument between the two at the Burdick Hotel the following evening. Having bumped into each other in the hotel's arcade, Lane furiously disputed Palmer's testimony and then invited him to "come outside." The Progressive Herald was blunt in its account of the tension, stating "had the two not been separated by the crowd, there would have been blood shed." Palmer's side of this encounter dominated the presses' reporting the following day. He claimed it as vindication that Lane was to blame for the company's downfall. Suffice to say, the poisoned relationship between the Michigan Buggy officers could now clearly be seen as a factor in its troubles.
However, for the most part Victor Palmer was far less bold on the stand of the bankruptcy hearings. Investigators often found him evasive, he responded with vague answers or claims not to remember details. This behavior ultimately did not help his case, nor did his attempt to flee Kalamazoo in the midst of the proceedings. The escape was foiled thanks to Palmer having sent his baggage to the Michigan Central Station early. Court officials were thus alerted of his planned flight and were waiting for him at the station.
Palmer had good reason to flee. Despite his accounts to the press, the actual evidence was piling up against him. As the investigation concluded, prosecutors agreed that he was the financial brains of the firm, that he and the Lays had misled the creditors, and that the velvet payroll had been the creation of Palmer and the younger Lays. At the conclusion of the bankruptcy hearing Palmer, as well as the younger Lay brothers, disparagingly dubbed "The Lay Boys" in the press, would be targeted for legal prosecution. Frank B. Lay would face financial penalties and M. Henry Lane escaped prosecution.
Victor Palmer appeared before a Federal Grand Jury in Grand Rapids on 3 March 1914. He was charged with fraudulent use of the mail by sending out false financial statements on three separate occasions. The trial lasted until 11 April 1914, during which it was clear that Palmer was a broken man. It came as no surprise that he was found guilty and sentenced to two years at Leavenworth, Kansas. He departed Kalamazoo on 19 June 1914, amid a gathering of curious and well-wishers. Palmer would not return to Kalamazoo until March 1915, when he was called to testify in the trials of Frank and George Lay Jrs. However, upon arrival in the courtroom, Palmer pleaded the fifth.
The case against "the Lay Boys" would not be settled until the end of 1917. Both brothers were tried separately for embezzlement linked to the velvet payroll, and both were found guilty in April 1915. However, both verdicts were appealed and tied up in the courts until 16 December 1917 when the brothers entered guilty pleas. They were subjected to a cash settlement to the creditors instead of a prison sentence.
The demise of the Michigan Buggy Company cast a dark cloud over Kalamazoo for several years. The city's name had been linked to a well-publicized scandal, hundreds of jobs were lost, and the city's hopes for a piece of the emerging auto industry were dashed. But just as Michigan Buggy had recovered from fires, so would Kalamazoo recover from the failure of Michigan Buggy.
The happy result of M. Henry Lane's ouster from Michigan Buggy's presidency was that he emerged from the bankruptcy without serious legal and financial penalties. In 1916, after the dust had settled, Lane founded the Lane Motor Truck Company with partner W.A. Cook. The firm enjoyed a brief success, and was able to secure lucrative government contracts during the First World War. An estimated four hundred and fifty trucks were ultimately produced a stone's throw from the ex-Michigan Buggy plant. But in March 1919, due to declining health, Lane sold the company to H. M. Crawford, owner of the Lull Carriage Company. Lane later retired to California where he died in 1930 from injuries sustained in an automobile accident. Crawford reorganized the Lane and Lull firms as the Kalamazoo Motors Corporation, producing trucks out of the old Lane factory. Kalamazoo Motors Corporation lasted until 1924.
Due to their continued leadership roles in Michigan Buggy, the Lay family faired considerably worse. As a result of the legal prosecution of his sons, as well as his financial difficulties, Frank Lay was deeply embittered by the experience. Unlike Lane, he never returned to the manufacture of vehicles. Instead, after the bankruptcy, he bought a farm in Allegan County and raised pedigree cattle and thoroughbred horses. He died in Kalamazoo in 1933. His sons went to Detroit where they continued work in the automobile business. Frank Lay Jr. remained there, but George eventually returned to Kalamazoo.
Victor Palmer's two year prison sentence was reduced for good behavior, and he returned to Kalamazoo on 17 January 1916. He had weathered most of the blame for the collapse of Michigan Buggy. The experience had taken a dramatic toll on his health. He passed away on 14 January 1924 at the age of 53.
Kalamazoo's loss of an automobile plant was not permanent. After sitting idle for nearly two years, activity returned to the ex-Michigan Buggy plant upon its purchase by the State Motor Car Company. This, however, proved a short-lived reprieve and State quickly folded. The following year the Barley Motor Car Company moved in and began the successful production of its luxurious Roamer automobile. Barley found success for many years and continued automobile production until just before the Great Depression.
In 1914 the former Kalamazoo Blanket Company plant was taken over by the Limousine Body Company, which produced removable canvas tops for open touring and roadster cars. The firm made the tops for the Roamers produced next door as well as for Auburns. The company followed the fate of its two biggest customers and closed in 1935.
All told over seven thousand Michigan automobiles were produced from 1909 to 1913. A handful of these have survived to be restored by collectors. Michigan Buggy's horse-drawn vehicles were produced in far greater numbers, and many examples can be found throughout the country in barns and restored by collectors.
Physical traces of Michigan Buggy are scattered around town. Lane's magnificent stone residence, the funding of which was a point of contention between the two families, was demolished in 1937 and its fieldstone recycled in construction projects throughout the region. The impressive Tudor home of Frank Lay still stands within the South Street Historic District. It provides a sense of the wealth and prestige of both the Lay family and Michigan Buggy itself. On the opposite end of the spectrum, the house on Westnedge, alleged to be the company harem, still stands. No trace of the company remains at its former Willard Street locations, but significant sections of the company's final home on Reed Street remain standing. Nearby, both Lay and Lane Boulevards are an enduring testament to the role Michigan Buggy and the two families played in developing Hays Park, known today as the Edison Neighborhood.
Written by David Kohrman, Kalamazoo Public Library Staff, August 2012.
Kalamazoo Gazette, 29 September 1909, page 6


text: On Wed, Jan 31, 2001 at 02:55:42PM -0500, Michael T. Prinkey wrote: > (until now I failed to get a running system: my test box hangs > > after printing the message "booting the kernel ..." to the screen. Any > > ideas? I attribute this to some mistake I have made, not to RH 6.2). > > Check that you have selected the right CPU type. I had the same > problem. I believe 2.4 defaults to P3. Things worked OK once I > selected P1 MMX to match my system. Thanks. You were right on target. My box now is running RH6.2 with a 2.4 kernel. Which proves: 1. you don't need RH 7 to run a 2.4 kernel. 2. with respect to hardware support: most of that comes with the kernel, particularly everything that is loaded as modules (e.g., and NIC drivers). Hence, upgrading to a 2.4 kernel probably gets you better hardware support than upgrading to RH 7.0. Cheers, Martin ======================================================================== Martin Siegert Academic Computing Services phone: (604) 291-4691 Simon Fraser University fax: (604) 291-4242 Burnaby, British Columbia email: siegert at sfu.ca Canada V5A 1S6 ========================================================================

subset: commoncrawl


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Slightly later than advertised (click HERE for the full gorey details and behind-the-scenes rundown on why) Issue 2 of Vanguard is now available, and there are a couple of ways you can read it, which I'll get to in a moment.
Vanguard 2 cover art by David Blankley
This second issue sees the continuation of the stories that began in issue 1. As before, art duties on International Woman of Mystery tale "Atomic Call" are by David Blankley, while Louis Carter continues to produce some brilliantly bizarre artwork on sci-fi, fantasy epic "Halo and the Gryphon". This issue's violent installment of 1800's "When Good Donkey's Go Bad" tale "Mammoth-Jack" features a change of artist however, as my good friend El Chivo takes over pencilling duties from Owen Watts. But fear not, Mr. Watts is still on board providing some fantastic lettering work for the 6 page tale...and that's not his only contribution to this issue, as you will see when you take a look.
Apart from this there is another Tucker story, featuring glorious, blood-soaked, full colour artwork by Bhuna. This tale features a change of direction for the psychopathic character originally created for Hallowscream, bringing a fantasy-based twist to proceedings in order to 'lighten' the serial-slashing tone somewhat. I've also got another two wonderful pages of art featuring the comic's fictional editor 'Redbats' by David Withers, who also provides lettering for two of the strips herein. And, of course, it would be remiss of me not to mention that lettering master Jim Campbell has also deigned to grace us with his presence lettering David Blankley's noir-tastic Atomic Call pages. It's 24 pages of cover to cover action, sci-fi, fantasy, horror, alien creatures, ass-kicking babes, angry donkeys, demons and deceased serial killers. Honestly, what more do you want from a comic? What's that? Free gifts? Oh alright then....but we'll get to that. First...have a look at some preview pages why don't you?
Page from Atomic Call - art by David Blankley
Page from Halo and the Gryphon - art by Louis Carter
Page from Mammoth-Jack - art by El Chivo
So, how do you get your hands on this? Well, there are two ways.
Yes, that's right, I've decided to put this issue online to be viewed, in it's entirety, for free. Why? Well, because I would like a lot of people to read it, to be blunt. Although I practically sold my entire print one of issue 1 over the course of five or six months, that still only came to a small number of copies distributed (less than 50). Which means less than 50 people read the comic. I'd certainly like to have more of a readership than that but since it's difficult to persuade people to part with their cash for something they can't see in the flesh before they take a chance on, I thought this might be the way to go. That, and the fact that I will be in Japan for at least the next six months and the postage costs back to the UK would be ridiculous! So, with that in mind, you can, right this very minute, make your way HERE and enjoy the comic.
The only thing I would ask in return is that you throw a few comments our way upon reading. The beauty of that site is that you can comment on each page as you read, so if something comes to mind, if you like something or hate something, if you have suggestions for how we could improve things, you can very quickly make a note of it before going to the next page. I would love to know what you think of the stories/writing and I'm sure my collaborators would love to know how you find their art so please do take a few seconds to do this.
Note - only issue 2 is available to view. I didn't think it would be fair to those who purchased a copy of issue 1 to then make it available for free, so I haven't done so. However, there is sufficient recaps given in the strips themselves that this shouldn't hinder your enjoyment of the comic. If you haven't read issue 1 and what you see here intrigues you enough that you would like to, I still have a few copies left which I would be more than happy to sell to you - failing that, the issue is also available to view as a myebook for the ridiculously low price of 50p - click HERE to access it.
If you are the type of person (like me) who prefers to read comics 'in the flesh', let me see if I can entice you into purchasing a print copy. For anyone who does decide to avail of this option, there are a couple of extras.
Firstly, you will receive - absolutely free - a copy of "Speed Date", a 16 page full-colour A5 comic that collects together both parts of slaser-serial killer story "Speed Date", which originally appeared in Hallowscream's 2010 and 2011 issues. Art on part 1 is by Ghostpockets and on part 2 by Bhuna. The story comes wrapped in a pair of beautiful covers rendered by Bhuna - check out his awesome "after Bill Sienkiewicz" homage:
Secondly, you will also receive a set of four, full-colour, gloss laminated artcards featuring art by some of the comic's contributors. There's an unlettered version of Liam Byrne's groovy issue 1 cover art, an unlettered version of David Blankley's issue 2 cover and brand new images by Owen Watts and Louis Carter, featuring 'Mammoth-Jack' and 'Halo and the Gryphon' respectively. They look really, really good, if I do say so myself.
So there you have it. If you would like to support us by purchasing a copy, you can order via paypal at the below rates:
For ROI orders, the cost is 3.50 Euros, including p&p.
For NI orders, the cost is 3.50 Sterling, including p&p.
For UK orders, the cost is 4.50 Sterling, including p&p.
Payments should be made to firstname.lastname@example.com.
There are also copies of the comic on sale in Sub City, Exchequer Street, if anybody Dublin-based wants to check that out.
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And don't forget - let us know what you think!!!


text:
Michael is a software engineer at Green Hills Software. Michael can be reached at [email protected]
Imagine that your embedded software project is progressing nicely through the final stages of testing when, suddenly, the software unexpectedly crashes. The engineers who found this bug cannot give you a reproducible test case, yet they are able to get the product to crash periodically. Sound familiar? As an engineer, you want to solve this problem, yet there is no reliable way to reproduce it. And to add to the stress of the situation, your manager is pressuring you to release the product because you need to get to market as quickly as possible. Software teams encounter this situation all the time and are forced to release products even though they know that there are serious bugs lurking in the code.
Now imagine that there is a tool that gives you nearly perfect visibility into what your software was doing when the system crashed, making it easy to find and fix these intermittent and difficult bugs. The technology that makes this dream a reality is trace data generated by embedded microprocessors, and the tools that collect and analyze this trace data make it possible for you to analyze what went wrong and find the cause of the undesirable behavior.
Hardware trace data has been around for years, yet it has traditionally only been used by hardware and low-level firmware engineers to track down board-level problems and initialization failures. However, the concept behind hardware trace data is familiar to software engineers because they have been using a similar techniqueprintf() logging and debuggingsince the advent of modern software development.
Hardware trace data provides a complete log of the instructions executed by the processor, essentially giving you full printf() debugging in a completely nonintrusive fashion. This lets you easily look at interactions between multiple tasks and interrupts in your system. However, hardware trace data can also be used in many embedded systems where normal code instrumentation is less than ideal. For instance, if you have a system that has tight timing margins, you may not be able to insert enough extra statements to track the flow of your program reliably. Additionally, you may have bugs that occur only because of sensitive timing problems and inserting extra code may make the bugs disappear.
Because hardware trace provides a full history of the instructions executed by the processor, there is too much data to analyze efficiently by hand, but there are extensive software tools that analyze trace data and provide high-level information to help solve a variety of problems. Basic trace-analysis software lets you reconstruct the flow of your program and possibly see the memory locations that were read or written by it. There is also software that can generate profiling information from trace data, provide additional high-level views of your program execution, and even software that lets you virtually step backwards through your code so that you can see exactly what happened. These tools offer the main value of trace data because you are able to collect and analyze all of this information without having to change any of the runtime characteristics of your embedded software project.
Hardware Versus Software Trace
Much has been written about software trace and instrumenting code to provide software trace logs (see, for example, "Tracing Program Execution & NUnit" by Paul Kimmel, DDJ, August 2004). While this type of instrumentation is great for certain applications, hardware trace has several advantages over software trace, especially for embedded systems.
First of all, software trace requires you to instrument your code. If you have an existing codebase that does not have trace instrumentation, it could take months to insert trace statements in all of the interesting code fragments. And if you overlook some of the interesting code or neglect to instrument some functions, you may spend a good deal of time investigating the wrong cause of your bug.
A second advantage of hardware trace data is that it often has the ability to provide data values along with each instruction that is executed. This lets you see the values that caused the program to take the incorrect execution path, which gives you more insight into what caused the problem and how to fix it. While you can certainly log values with software trace, it is impractical to log more than a few, and if a bug occurs and you did not instrument one necessary value then you may not be able to find the cause of your bug.
Finally, the most important advantage that hardware trace data has over instrumentationespecially for embedded systemsis that it does not involve changing any aspect of your program to collect the data. This is vital for applications that may involve timing errors, interrupt latency issues, or other bugs that only appear when a specific set of circumstances arises. Additionally, it is often impractical to instrument code in interrupt handlers or other timing-sensitive code. In nearly all high-reliability applications, you must certify and test the final code without any instrumentation, and software trace almost certainly cannot be enabled in production code, making it impossible to use software trace to track down bugs that appear in the production version of the code.
What is Hardware Trace Data?
Hardware trace data is generated and output by microprocessors and collected using a Trace Port Analyzer (TPA), which is a device that records trace data from a microprocessor and stores it into a trace buffer on the device. This data is output over a dedicated trace port and consists of a stream of highly compressed packets. Some examples of embedded microprocessors that currently support trace are ARM processors such as the ARM7, ARM9, and ARM11; the IBM PowerPC 4xx series; as well as the PowerPC 5554 and MAC7100 family from Motorola. Figure 1 shows a trace collection system with a microprocessor outputting trace data that is collected by a TPA and a PC that software engineers use to debug software.
There are several Trace Port Analyzers available, including the Agilent E5904B Trace Port Analyzer (http://www.agilent.com/), the RealView MultiTrace from ARM (http://www.arm.com/), and the SuperTrace Probe from Green Hills Software (the company I work for, http://www.ghs.com/). The trace buffers on TPAs range from a few megabytes (the Agilent E5904B has 4 MB of trace storage) to 1 GB (available on the SuperTrace Probe). Figure 2 shows a SuperTrace Probe ready to collect trace from an ARM920 target.
Trace data essentially consists of a log of each instruction that is executed by the processor. This is often referred to as "PC Trace" because it is a simply a list of PCs executed by the processor. Many trace implementations also contain information about data that is read from and written to memory (called "Data Trace"), as well as information about when context switches and interrupts occur. This information combines to give you a complete view of exactly what the processor was doing as your system was running. Trace data lets you debug either a single application or the entire system by showing you the interactions between various tasks and interrupts. This is essential for finding the most difficult bugs in complicated systems.
As you can imagine, collecting a full log of the PCs executed and data values accessed involves a lot of data. For instance, if you have a processor running at 200 MHz and executing roughly one instruction per cycle, storing a full trace log of 32-bit PCs involves storing roughly 800 MB of trace data per second. On top of this, if 20 percent of the instructions are data accesses (assuming data trace consists of 32-bits of address and 32-bits of data), then that is another 320 MB of data per second. That's well over 1 GB of data per second for a relatively slow processor! Due to this high volume of data, the designers of trace-enabled microprocessors have implemented efficient compression systems to minimize the amount of data that is streaming out of the processor. With these compression schemes, trace ports generally output between 4 and 20 bits per cycle, depending on the compression scheme, whether data trace is available, and how many pins the chip designers are willing to dedicate to trace.
Even with a high rate of compression, trace data still uses very high bandwidth. The 200-MHz processor just mentioned still outputs trace data at a rate of 500 MB/second with a 20-bit trace port. Thus, even a very large trace buffer on a TPA fills up in a few seconds or less. To allow tracing over longer periods of time, the devices that collect trace data generally use a circular buffer to constantly collect data, always throwing away the oldest data once the buffer is full.
Using a circular buffer to collect trace data makes it important to be able to precisely stop trace collection when a problem occurs because the trace buffer wraps around so quickly. This problem is solved by "trace triggers," which are special signals from the trace hardware that are sent through the trace port when a condition defined the user occurs. Potential trigger conditions include executing a specific instruction and reading from a selected memory location. When the TPA receives the trigger signal, it collects a user-defined portion of the buffer and then stops trace collection. For instance, you can configure the TPA to trigger in the center of the trace buffer, which collects half of your trace buffer before and half after the trigger occurs. Likewise, you could put the trigger at the beginning or end of the buffer, or anywhere in between, depending on what information you are trying to collect.
For example, if you are trying to debug an error message that occurs intermittently, you could set a trigger to occur when the error message is printed. Further, you could configure the trigger to occur at the end of the trace buffer. Once the error message is printed with trace collection enabled, your trace buffer will contain information about what instructions were executed prior to the error message. You will now be able to examine in detail the code paths that were executed, looking at memory and register values to help you determine what caused the error message you are interested in.
Trace-Analysis Software
Once the trace data is collected, the analysis software uploads the data from the TPA and decompresses it. After decompressing the trace data, the trace-analysis software displays the list of instructions that were executed. However, because most software is written at a much higher level than assembly code, a list of instructions executed by the processor is not all that useful to software engineers. Software that can analyze this information and present it to software developers in an easy-to-understand format that allows them to see exactly what is happening in their system is a major benefit that trace data can provide to the embedded software development process. There are many trace-analysis software packages available, including the ARM RealView Developer Suite and the TimeMachine tools from Green Hills Software.
An Example
One of the best examples of a situation where trace data is particularly useful is a system that suffers from resource contention problems. For instance, if two tasks try to access a shared memory-mapped bus without some sort of locking mechanism, one or both tasks will get incorrect values. This could cause any number of system glitches and errors. This type of problem is often not obvious from looking at the source code for either task because the bug only occurs due to the interaction between two tasks. Additionally, in complicated systems, this type of problem may occur infrequently, making it even harder to track down the root cause. With trace, as long as you catch the bug occurring one time, you have a good chance at discovering the root cause and fixing the bug.
Listing One is a simplified example of two tasks incorrectly sharing a resource. In this case, two tasks read from the I2C bus on a processor. Roughly, an I2C bus is a serial bus requiring multiple transactions to read a single piece of data, including selecting a device and then reading from the selected device. Task A periodically reads from a temperature sensor on the I2C bus and task B reads from an EEPROM that is also connected to the I2C bus. Task A checks for an invalid reading from the temperature sensor and prints an error when it gets an invalid reading. You can set a trigger to occur when the error condition (printf() statement) is executed. Then enable trace when you start running the program and wait for the trigger to be hit. Once the trigger is hit, the trace data will be loaded into the trace-analysis software and you will be able to look at what happened in your system prior to the error.
Many trace-analysis software packages convert the list of instructions executed by the processor into a list of functions that were executed and what task was running at each point in time. This is a relatively elementary type of analysis that can give useful information to programmers debugging a system. For this example, Figure 3 shows a sequence of functions and context switches that indicate that a context switch occurred after selecting one device on the bus but before reading the data from that device.
From examining this series of function calls, it is clear that one task initiated an I2C bus transaction while another bus transaction was in progress. However, especially since these two devices seem unrelated at first glance, traditional debugging techniques will probably not uncover this bug nearly as quickly as the trace tools.
Performance Analysis
Trace data also makes performance analysis easy by processing a trace log and displaying profiling information. This lets you easily see how much processor time each part of your system uses without requiring any code instrumentation or other overhead. Additionally, because it does not require any code modifications, profiling information generated from trace data lets you see how long various interrupt handlers take when they run and let you identify situations where various components will not meet their real-time deadlines. Another significant benefit of using trace data for profiling is that you can get very accurate performance numbers without incurring any system overhead or using on-board sampling timers, which lets you collect all instructions for a region of code rather than some relatively small number of samples per second.
Many TPAs are able to generate either a timestamp or cycle count information along with each incoming trace packet. A timestamp is the time at which each incoming trace packet is collected, often with a resolution of a few nanoseconds, and a cycle count is the number of processor cycles that each instruction takes to execute. Both of these pieces of information provide accurate timing information for individual instructions, memory accesses, and other processor events. You can even see individual cache misses by finding memory accesses that take longer than others! This information provides very detailed performance analysis, letting you see detailed performance information that is unavailable using typical debugging methods.
One great advantage of this profiling information being readily available when tracing a microprocessor is that you can often find problems that you may not even be specifically looking for. Since you do not need to recompile the code to collect profiling data, it is almost effortless to collect trace data and convert it to profiling information. You can then easily see what functions executed and find any potential performance problems before they start negatively affecting your system.
Another specific application of trace-based performance analysis is driver optimization. If you have ever had to try to squeeze every bit of performance out of an Ethernet driver and/or TCP/IP stack, you know that a large part of the battle is determining exactly what sequence of events occur and where the bottlenecks are. Using trace data coupled with the generated profiling information allows you to first find the functions or segments of code that take the most time, then examine the trace data to determine exactly what code was executed and why it took so long. Whether it is because your code copies the data too many times or uses an inefficient algorithm, trace tools can quickly help you find the bottlenecks in your system. You can then examine these areas in more detail using traditional debugging techniques to eliminate inefficiencies in your code.
While trace is currently supported on relatively few embedded processors, the advantages of devoting some portion of the silicon to generating trace data greatly outweigh the extra costs in many applications. Indeed, since more and more new processor designs include trace implementations and trace-analysis tools are improving, trace data has the potential to fundamentally change the way software engineers debug their software. From simple resource management errors to complicated memory bugs within a single application, trace data and analysis make it possible to correct otherwise difficult bugs in a relatively short time.
How many of us have had bugs reported to us that we were unable to reproduce and had to write off as random glitches? Imagine if it were suddenly possible to solve many of these problems and remove most if not all of the glitches from your system. With trace data, this possibility is becoming a reality. And as more processors support trace and the trace-analysis tools improve, it will only become easier in the future.
// This function is obviously not correct for actually reading // from an i2c bus, but is an example of a function that could // read from a shared resource. int read_i2c_value(int DEVICE_ID) { // Select the I2C device select_i2c_device(DEVICE_ID); // Select the register on this device that we want to read write_i2c_register(); // Actually read the register return read_i2c_register(); } #define TEMPERATURE_SENSOR 1 #define EEPROM 2 void TaskA_entry() { while(1) { int temp_c; ... temp_c = read_i2_value(TEMPERATURE_SENSOR); if(temp_c > 100) { // Error. The temperature cannot possibly be // above boiling! printf("Error reading temperature sensor!\n"); } ... } } void TaskB_entry() { while(1) { int eeprom_value; ... eeprom_value = read_i2c_value(EEPROM); ... } }Back to article


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Some 448 hockey players have worn a Worcester uniform in the AHL, but not nearly that many have made a lasting difference in the city's hockey fabric.
The IceCats had Terry Virtue, Eric Boguniecki, Brent Johnson, Bryce Salvador, Stephane Roy, Jason Widmer and Dwayne Roloson — an unofficial list, of course — as difference-makers.
For the Sharks, there have been Mike Moore, Riley Armstrong, Al Stalock, Jimmy Bonneau, John McCarthy and a few others.
One of those is Mathieu Darche, who announced his retirement as an active player last week.
Darche was the leading scorer on that very likeable 2006-07 Sharks team, the first chapter of Volume II for the AHL in Worcester. He scored 19 goals in the franchise's first 20 games and was an All-Star, which gave the new team instant credibility. It was just one season, but like Roloson in 2000-01 with the IceCats, it was worth buying a ticket just to watch Darche play.
"It wasn't so much a gut feeling," Darche said in a phone call from the Montreal-area rink where he was watching his son skate, "as it was logic. I had offers to go to Europe and I had offers from NHL teams for a two-way contract, but I didn't want to go back to the AHL.
"It's not that I'm saying I'm too good to play in the AHL, because that's not how I feel. It's just that I've played in the AHL before. I've had my AHL career, and it's over."
Darche's last on-ice hockey experience was an invitation to training camp with the Devils after the NHL lockout ended. He wasn't released; he just decided it was time for a second career.
He spent his last three seasons in Montreal, having retooled his game from 30-goal scorer in the minors to third-line winger in the NHL. It worked nicely, but the Canadiens thing ended when the 2011-12 season did.
Darche didn't drop out of sight, though. He was heavily involved on the players association side in the negotiations for a new collective bargaining agreement.
"My wife told me I was driving her crazy hanging around the house," Darche said, "so I had to work on the CBA."
People ask him if being on the players' side in those talks, which were long and often difficult, will work against him as he looks for a second career, with hockey management being one of the options.
"I think it's just the opposite," Darche said. "As hard as you try to get the best deal you can for the players, at the same time you're able to look across the table and see the other side's point of view. I know that, for me, working with Don Fehr and Gary Bettman was a tremendous learning experience.
"When I was in Worcester, I worked with the PHPA (the minor league players union) on the new deal with the AHL. And one of the people I heard from when I announced I was retiring was (AHL president) Dave Andrews wishing me luck."
Darche is in the process of networking, which is the 21st-century version of knocking on doors. The network he developed as a player has already begun to show promise. Darche has had lots of contacts with possible job opportunities — some in hockey, some in sports media, some on the business side.
"I'll finally get to do something with this McGill degree," he said.
Darche's career included 12 seasons as a pro and 250 NHL games, almost 150 of them with his hometown Canadiens. The Sharks part consisted of 76 games, 35 goals and 80 points in his first year back in North America after a year in Europe.
"Worcester was one of my favorite places to play," he said. "It was a great organization and I made a lot of friends there. The summer after, when I signed with Tampa Bay, (general manager) Wayne Thomas called me to thank me for all I did for the team and wish me luck.
"That's the kind of thing that stays with you through the years."
Darche had a lot of good years, and one of the best was right here.
1. Which two teams, AHL and NHL, have been affiliated for the most consecutive seasons among current AHL teams?
2. Who holds the AHL record for most goals scored in a season by a player born in the United States?
3. Which Sharks players scored the goals on Nov. 1, 2009, the last time Worcester had two short-handed goals in the same game?
Answers below.
The Calgary Flames have yet to confirm the story that has them moving their affiliation to Utica, which does seem like a strange step back in time for the AHL. However, the New York Rangers are staying in Hartford through 2016, and that announcement surprised a lot of AHL executives. Glens Falls had been talked about as a possible landing spot for that franchise, with the Phantoms on the way to Allentown, Pa. A move to Glens Falls for the Flames, as opposed to Utica, would seem to make more sense. Long-term, look for Vancouver to wind up in nearby Abbotsford. … Interesting comments by, among other things, former AHL (Maine Mariners) coach Mike Milbury in The Boston Sunday Globe. Milbury would like to see more scoring — no argument here — and backs bigger nets, smaller goalie equipment, and a change in the no-icing rule on penalty kills. We'll go along with the smaller equipment and no icing — what other sport rewards a team that breaks one rule by bending another? — but not bigger nets. Add these suggestions to that list: Teams don't get penalized players back after power-play goals, teams play four on four for the duration of matching major penalties, and the 10-minute misconduct is abolished and replaced with a regular 2-minute unsportsmanlike conduct, with the offender's team having to play a man short. … Chicago veteran Darren Haydar went 4-3-7 in three games last week and is Player of the Week for the fourth time in his career, and for the first time since Dec. 27, 2009.
It seems to be milestone time.
On Sunday in Springfield, Worcester's Roy Sommer will tie Bun Cook for the second place on the league's all-time list for games as a coach at 1,171. Sommer will take over sole possession of second at the DCU Center on March 9. Brodie Reid and Matt Pelech both will play in their 100th games for Worcester on Friday night in Providence.
Bryan Helmer played in his 1,300th pro game Sunday afternoon in the Sharks' 5-1 victory over Springfield. Seventy of those games were with the IceCats. And both Norfolk and Chicago won the 500th games in their franchise histories last weekend. The Wolves have been in the league one fewer season than the Admirals, though. Worcester has 657 victories as a city — 254 for the Sharks, 403 for the IceCats.
Dan DaSilva, whose plus-39 for his Sharks career is second best to Andrew Desjardins, signed a PTO with Houston and was 1-1-2 and plus-2 in his first game. Worcester sent Yanni Gourde to San Francisco of the ECHL and he picked up a point in his first game for the Bulls this week. … The Sharks' three-in-three road weekend commences Friday night in Providence. They can establish their status as a serious playoff contender with a good showing — say, four points at the very least. Matt Irwin is up with San Jose, but Sena Acolatse has been cleared to play. … With all the scoring chances he had last weekend, it was worth asking Bonneau if he has ever had two goals in an AHL game. The answer was yes, and it happened on March 13, 2010, when he was playing for Rochester.
1. The Bruins — Boston and Providence — have been affiliated ever since the Rhode Island capital re-entered the AHL in 1992-93.
2. Chris Tancill, born and raised in Michigan, scored 59 goals for the Adirondack Red Wings in 1992-93.
3. Andrew Desjardins scored short-handed for the Sharks in the first period and Steven Zalewski did it in the second period as Worcester beat Springfield, 4-1, at the DCU Center. The only Falcons goal was also short-handed.
Contact Bill Ballou at firstname.lastname@example.com.


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Honduras has been unjustly overshadowed by its neighbors for decades. For some time, divers have passed over Honduras to go to Belize, nature and beach lovers have traveled to Costa Rica, and culture and history buffs have headed to Guatemala and Mexico. This is beginning to change, though, as more and more tourists are coming to realize that all of these attractions can be found in Honduras, and that, even though large crowds and overdevelopment threaten other Central American countries, Honduras is still practically untouched, with more cloud forests and unexplored tracts of wilderness than anywhere in the region.
Much of it may still be taken up by banana cultivation, but few other countries in the world today can lay claim to such obvious natural beauty. About the size of Tennessee, Honduras is home to 20 national parks, a couple of biosphere reserves, and nearly 100 other protected ecological areas. The cultural diversity here is nothing to laugh at either. The country has almost eight million people, mostly mestizos (mixed descendants of the Spanish and Ameri-Indians), as well as another 10% divided among eight main indigenous groups: the Lencas, the Chortís, the Tolupan, the Garífunas, the Miskitos, the Pech, the Tawahkas, and the Bay Islanders.
Adventure has been woven into the very fabric of this country over the past 400 years. Christopher Columbus set foot on the Bay Islands and the North Shore on his fourth and final voyage to the Americas in 1502, but that may be the most boring tale. Consider also that the country's history involves pirates raiding gold from Spanish ships and hiding the booty in caves on the Bay Islands, archaeologists searching for Maya ruins and crystal skulls, and a North American named William Walker launching a raid on the country with his own small army. Throw in conquistadors, indigenous warriors, multinational fruit corporations, whale sharks, and indigenous land rights and you have one of the most exciting environments on the planet.
Until recently, Honduras's tourist infrastructure has been limited, but things are slowly coming together. Visitors can now expect more variety, better hotels, and a far greater range of wild and wonderful tours and attractions than has ever existed here before. Cruise landings on the Bay Islands are expected to explode in the next decade as the ports are expanded. Luxury ecolodges near La Ceiba can now compete with anywhere else in Central America, and beach resorts are set to turn Tela Bay into the next Cancun. The Maya ruins of Copán are luring more and more visitors from countries to the north. Even La Mosquitia, traditionally one of the least accessible and unorganized places in the Americas, is turning to community-based tours and excelling at them.


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Authorization rules in the access control file are applied according to the following principles:
Any operation not explicitly authorized through an authorization rule is implicitly prohibited. For example, if the access control file contains no authorization rules, all users are denied access to all operations.
Authorization rules for specific users override those applying generically to all users. For example, the rules
queue.q1.produce.allow.user=* queue.q1.produce.deny.user=Snoopy
authorize all users except Snoopy to send messages to queue destination q1.
Authorization rules for a specific user override those for any group to which the user belongs. For example, if user Snoopy is a member of group user, the rules
queue.q1.consume.allow.group=user queue.q1.consume.deny.user=Snoopy
authorize all members of user except Snoopy to receive messages from queue destination q1.
Authorization rules applying generically to all users override those applying to all groups. For example, the rules
topic.t1.produce.deny.group=* topic.t1.produce.allow.user=*
authorize all users to publish messages to topic destination t1, overriding the rule denying such access to all groups.
Authorization rules for specific resources override those applying generically to all resources of a given type. For example, the rules
topic.*.consume.allow.user=Snoopy topic.t1.consume.deny.user=Snoopy
authorize Snoopy to subscribe to all topic destinations except t1.
Authorization rules authorizing and denying access to the same resource and operation for the same user or group cancel each other out, resulting in authorization being denied. For example, the rules
queue.q1.browse.deny.user=Snoopy queue.q1.browse.allow.user=Snoopy
prevent Snoopy from browsing queue q1. The rules
topic.t1.consume.deny.group=user topic.t1.consume.allow.group=user
prevent all members of group user from subscribing to topic t1.
When multiple authorization rules are specified for the same resource, operation, and principal type, only the last rule applies. The rules
queue.q1.browse.allow.user=Snoopy,Linus queue.q1.browse.allow.user=Snoopy
authorize user Snoopy, but not Linus, to browse queue destination q1.


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Our $10,000 bounty for Donald Trump's tax return is back on. Let us explain why.
Last year, we had a similar offer for then candidate Trump, one which was only half serious. Things have since changed. We now have a number of people in positions of great power who apparently feel they're no longer beholden to the rest of us and can do as they please without consequence. This attitude is nothing new, but the scale of it today is quite unprecedented.
There is no law that compels the President to release this information. But being the first in modern history to refuse to do this creates a very unhealthy environment of mistrust and suspicion, one which ultimately hurts us all. And right now, the only thing that can begin the healing process is a good dose of truth. We need to find out if there's a liar and a cheat in the White House or if some kind of a witch hunt is underway by his detractors. Continuing to withhold information that has traditionally been made public is the stuff of dictatorship, not the society we all build and maintain.
We are well aware of privacy concerns as they relate to the citizens of our country. However, when you assume an incredible position of power, one that literally affects each and every one of your fellow citizens, some of the privacy previously enjoyed while not in that position winds up being sacrificed. The rest of us know your schedule, who you're talking to, all kinds of personal details from your past, and what you're generally up to each and every day. This is how the game is played and nobody is forced to be a part of it. Unilaterally changing the rules only invites the casting of aspersions over the person, the office, and everything related. It's a dark road to go down.
So here is what we're after. We're looking for the complete federal tax returns for:
Donald John Trump
721 Fifth Avenue
Apartment 66N
New York, NY 10022
The returns must be from 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014, or 2015. We believe any of these will paint a somewhat accurate picture of the President's recent financial filings. At the very least, we'll have something, as opposed to the blank slate we have now.
We are pledging $10,000 to the first person who gets any of these to us, provided they have not been disclosed to any other media outlet or already made public. This offer is only valid while Trump is in office.
A number of people have expressed an interest in adding to the bounty to bring the number up to a significantly higher level. We support this, but we want to be clear on a few things. We fully expect negative repercussions as a result of our stand here. While we will make every effort to shield anyone else from such actions, please understand that there is always a risk when challenging an authority such as this. We're doing it because we feel obligated to and because we think we might be able to reach people who can reveal the truth. Please only join the effort if you've thought it through carefully.
If you want to contribute to the total, we're keeping it really simple. Just email firstname.lastname@example.com and tell us how much you'd be willing to add to the total if our above conditions are met. That's it. You likely will never hear anything from us because we actually believe the chances of someone getting us the documents are fairly slim. However, if we do get them and we verify their authenticity, you will get an email informing you of this and asking you to fulfill your pledge in one of a number of methods which will be disclosed at that time. You can change your mind, but we will not release the documents until the full amount pledged/announced is raised so that we're able to fulfill our end of the bargain to the submitter. Right now, that amount is set at $10,000 and we're guaranteeing it. (If and when we receive significant amounts of pledges, we will update the figure.)
The above email address may be used for all communications on this subject. You can use our PGP key below if you want to add a level of security when emailing. The meta-data will still be visible, but not the contents of your email to us. And there are already many people emailing that address, so that in itself shouldn't be cause for concern. But we're deliberately not going full throttle with anonymity because we want this to be as simple as possible for many people to participate in and also because we want to be as open and transparent about this as we can. That said, we will always protect our sources and contributors to the fullest extent possible.
Finally, let us be clear on what we DON'T want. This is not an appeal for people to hack the IRS and attempt to liberate these documents in that manner. First off, we strongly doubt they have this information on any site accessible from the outside world. Second, we don't want people getting themselves into trouble over this. We believe there are enough people out there who already have legitimate access to this information who will see its disclosure as the right thing to do.
We will post any updates as they happen here and on our @2600 Twitter account.
Version: GnuPG v1


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Fred Hutchinson was a popular and successful manager of the Cincinnati Reds. Hutch's 466 managerial victories and .543 winning percentage rank him among the best managers ever to wear a Cincinnati uniform. The Reds exceeded the 90-win mark in three of his six seasons at the helm, and in 1961 they took the National League pennant.
But the joy of a first-place finish was matched only three years later by the sadness of Hutch's illness and early death. The courage, class and determination that Fred exemplified all his life were all the more evident during his battle with cancer. Hutch stepped down as Reds manager in 1964, and he died that November.
Today, Hutchinson's legacy lives on in the world-renowned Cancer Research Center that bears his name, and in The Hutch Award. It is given annually to a Major League ballplayer who "best exemplifies the character and fighting spirit of the late Fred Hutchinson...who overcomes any form of adversity." Past winners include Ray Knight, Ron Oester, Eric Davis, Bobby Tolan, Johnny Bench and Sean Casey.
Cincinnati's uniform No. 5 belongs to perhaps the greatest catcher to ever play in the Major Leagues. The standard by which all other catchers are measured, Johnny Bench ended his storied 17-year career in 1983 after earning two MVP Awards, 10 Gold Gloves and 14 trips to the All-Star Game. He was inducted into the National Baseball Hall of Fame in 1989.
Bench began his career with a bang, earning Rookie of the Year honors in 1968. Able to control a game on both sides of the plate, he ended his career with a .267 average and 389 homers (327 as a catcher, which at the time stood as a record for NL backstops). He twice led the league in home runs (in 1970 with 45 and in 1972 with 40) and three times led the NL in RBIs (1970 with 148, 1972 with 125, and 1974 with 129).
On the Reds' all-time batting list, Bench ranks first in homers and RBIs (1,376), second in extra-base hits (794) and total bases (3,644), fourth in runs scored (1,091) and doubles (381) and fifth in hits (2,048).
Joe Morgan, a 10-time All-Star and five-time Gold Glove second baseman, was elected to the Reds Hall of Fame in 1987 and the National Baseball Hall of Fame in 1990. A two-time MVP Award winner, Morgan spent eight seasons with the Reds from 1972-'79 during the glory days of the Big Red Machine.
He was named the NL's Most Valuable Player in 1975, when he guided the Reds to a World Series victory over the Boston Red Sox. Morgan batted .327 with 67 stolen bases that season. He turned the trick again in 1976 when he received National League MVP honors as the Reds roared to their second straight World Series Championship with a four-game sweep of the New York Yankees. Morgan batted .320 in 1976, with 60 stolen bases.
Morgan is the Reds' all-time stolen-base leader (406), and his 266 home runs as a second baseman rank third in baseball history behind Jeff Kent and Ryne Sandberg. He finished his 22-year professional career with 268 homers, 1,133 RBIs and 689 stolen bases for the Astros, Reds, Giants, Phillies and Athletics.
George "Sparky" Anderson was inducted into the Reds Hall of Fame on June 3, 2000. In July of that summer, he was inducted into the National Baseball Hall of Fame in Cooperstown.
Anderson was named National League Manager of the Year in 1972 and American League Manager of the Year in 1984 and '87. He went 2,194-1,834 (.545) in 26 Major League seasons with the Reds and Tigers. From 1970-78 he led the legendary Big Red Machine to an 863-586 record (.596), five NL West Division titles, four pennants and two World Series championships. His '75 and '76 teams combined to go 210-114 (.629) and became the first NL franchise in 54 years to win consecutive world championships. He is the Reds' all-time leader in victories (863) and winning percentage (.596).
When he won the 1984 World Series with the Tigers, Anderson became the first of only two managers to win a World Series in both leagues (Tony LaRussa, 1989 A's & 2006 Cardinals). Anderson's 2,194 career victories during his 26 Major League seasons is the fourth-highest total in history behind Connie Mack (3,731), John McGraw (2,763) and Tony LaRussa (2,297). He is one of only five managers to participate in 4,000 games (4,030), including Mack (7,755), McGraw (4,769), Bucky Harris (4,408) and LaRussa (4,286).
Regarded as one of the most complete players of his generation, Barry Larkin helped re-define the shortstop position with his combination of defensive and offensive skills, including becoming the first shortstop to hit 30 home runs and steal 30 bases in the same season in 1996. Larkin spent his entire 19–year Major League career with his hometown team, leading the Reds to a wire-to-wire World Series championship in 1990.
A 12–time National League All-Star, Larkin had one of the most decorated careers in Reds history, earning nine Louisville Slugger Silver Slugger Awards, three Rawlings Gold Glove Awards and the National League's Most Valuable Player Award in 1995. Larkin ranks among the Reds' all–time leaders in hits (2,340, second), stolen bases (379, second), doubles (441, second), runs (1,329, second), games (2,180, third), total bases (3,527, third), extra-base hits (715, third) and runs batted in (960, fifth). He was inducted into the Reds Hall of Fame in 2008 and earned enshrinement in the National Baseball Hall of Fame in 2012.
As the starting shortstop on the Big Red Machine, David Concepcion was the defensive anchor of a club that from 1970-78 went 863-586 (.596) and won five National League West Division titles, four pennants and two World Series championships. The '75 and '76 Reds combined to go 210-114 (.629) and became the NL's first franchise in 54 years to win consecutive World Series titles.
With 8,723 at bats in 2,488 games Concepcion ranks second in club history in both categories behind Pete Rose. Since 1900, he ranks among the franchise's all-time leaders in hits (2,326; 3rd), doubles (389; 3rd), stolen bases (321; 3rd), run scored (993; 5th), total bases (3,114; 5th) and RBI (950; 6th). He was a nine-time National League All-Star, fourth-most in club history (Bench 14, Rose 13, Larkin 12), and his five Rawlings Gold Glove Awards are second only to Bench's 10 Gold Gloves. He was the Most Valuable Player of the 1982 All-Star Game, 3 times was a The Sporting News All-Star and twice won Louisville Slugger Silver Slugger Awards (1981, 1982). He was voted the Reds' MVP in 1981. Concepcion was named team captain in 1983.
In a weekend celebration in June 2016, Pete Rose was inducted into the Reds Hall of Fame while his No. 14 became the 11th uniform number to be retired by the club. The Cincinnati native played for the Reds from 1963-1978 and again from 1984-86 and still ranks as the franchise's all-time leader in games (2,722), plate appearances (12,344), runs (1,741), hits (3,358), singles (2,490), doubles (601), total bases (4,645), and walks (1,210). His 4,256 career hits are the most in Major League history. Rose was a 17-time National League All-Star, including 13 times while playing for Cincinnati. He was the 1963 Rookie of the Year, 1973 Most Valuable Player, a three-time batting champion, and two-time Rawlings Gold Glove Award winner. In 1975 and 1976, Rose captained the Big Red Machine to World Series championships over the Yankees and Red Sox and in '76 was named the Fall Classic's MVP. His 44-game hitting streak in 1978 stills stands as the third longest in Major League history.
Ted Kluszewski, a four-time All-Star, was elected to the Reds Hall of Fame in 1962. Following an 11-year career with the Reds, he was noted as the greatest left-handed slugger and one of the best fielding first basemen in club history.
From 1947 to 1957, Big Klu hit 251 homers for the Reds, including 49 in 1954 to lead the National League. His 141 RBI that season also led the league, and both tallies are club records for left-handers. Kluszewski also led the National League for five straight seasons in fielding from 1951-55.
He finished his 15-year big league career with a .298 batting average, 279 homers and 1,028 RBI while playing for the Reds, Pirates, White Sox and Angels. Kluszewski, who also served the Reds as a coach from 1970-'78, had his uniform No. 18 officially retired on July 18, 1998.
Frank Robinson, a 12-time All-Star, was elected to the Reds Hall of Fame in 1978 and the National Baseball Hall of Fame in 1982.
Robinson began his professional career in Cincinnati and spent 10 Major League seasons in a Reds uniform. While playing for the Reds from 1956 to 1965, Robinson belted 30 or more homers in seven of his 10 seasons, including a rookie record of 38 while winning the National League's Rookie of the Year Award in 1956. In 1961 Robinson was named the National League's Most Valuable Player after hitting .323 with 37 homers and 124 RBIs while helping guide the Reds to their first World Series appearance in 21 years.
Robinson - who played for the Reds, Orioles, Dodgers, Angels and Indians - ranks among baseball's all-time leaders with 586 home runs (6th), 5,373 total bases (11th), 1,829 runs (13th), 1,812 RBIs (17th), 2,808 games (19th), 10,006 at-bats (23rd), 2,943 hits (29th) and 528 doubles (29th).
Tony Perez, the heart and soul of Cincinnati's Big Red Machine World Series championship teams of 1975 and 1976, was inducted into the National Baseball Hall of Fame on July 23, 2000. The popular first baseman was inducted into the Reds Hall of Fame in August 1998.
A seven-time All-Star and MVP of the 1967 All-Star Game, Tony appeared in five World Series and six League Championship Series. His 1,652 RBIs are the second-most among players from Latin America and the 21st-highest total among all Major League players. During the 10-year span from 1967-76 he led all Major Leaguers with 1,028 RBIs.
Perez ranks among baseball's all-time leaders in RBIs (21st), games (21st), at-bats (29th), doubles (39th), hits (50th) and home runs (T54th). He ranks among the Reds all-time leaders in RBI (2nd), home runs (3rd), total bases (4th), games (6th), at-bats (6th), hits (6th), extra-base hits (5th) and doubles (6th).
The first black player in the Major Leagues, he played for the Dodgers from 1947-56. The 6-time All-Star was National League Rookie of the Year in 1947 and NL Most Valuable Player in 1949. In 1997, the 50th anniversary of his debut, every team in baseball retired his number.


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Teacher at Pa. Catholic high school fired after obtaining license for gay wedding in NJ
PHILADELPHIA – A gay teacher at a suburban Philadelphia Catholic high school has been fired after he applied for a New Jersey marriage license.
Michael Griffin was fired from Holy Ghost Preparatory School on Friday after administrators said his obtaining a license to marry his same-sex partner was a violation of the school's teaching terms and Griffin's contract.
NBC Philadelphia reports (http://bit.ly/J1dnME) that Holy Ghost headmaster Father James McCloskey said in a statement that faculty at the school are required to follow Church teachings. He says Griffin acknowledged that he was aware of the provision, but that he intended to go ahead with the wedding.
Griffin says that his relationship with his partner of more than 12 years wasn't a secret and that he had been to numerous school functions and McCloskey's house.


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And Taylor Swift says I told you so.
US Weekly broke the story yesterday that Katy Perry and John Mayer done, for now. The breakup covers the new issue of PEOPLE. And the reason? The safe reason is "scheduling". The real reason...?
This is the second time the two have called it off. Last time they were back together within a month. And then happily posing at events, meeting families, hiking with friends. Suddenly though, according to Katy's Twitter, there are no more hearts and kittens. Those have been replaced by angsty song lyrics. Oh the textbook emotional journey of a John Mayer lover. When the sex glow clears off, what remains is John Mayer, douchebag. The only thing that changes is how he douches. Sometimes it's with elimination fluid. Sometimes he says I love you and takes it back a day later. All the time it's all about him: John Mayer John Mayer John Mayer John Mayer John Mayer.


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itsoho needed a new button or icon design and created a contest on 99designs.
A winner was selected from 61 designs submitted by 11 freelance designers.
Cloudspace Limited
Provision of Internet Based IT solutions to business.
Small Businesses 1-250 Users.
We need section graphics for our 'Configure and buy' form. This form can be viewed at http://www.cloudspacelondon.co.uk/node.
The section graphics should be 450 x 100 pixels.
The 9 Section headings are as follows:
Your Contact Details
Support Plan
Domain Registration
VoIP Hosting
Website Hosting
Email Hosting
File Storage
User Details
We are looking to create somethng similar to the Dell configure & Buy section headings e.g. http://configure.euro.dell.com/dell…2204&s=bsd
The 9 graphics should contain items relevant to the section heading and should have a space for the section heading text (displayed above) to be added to the graphics later by ourselves.


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body hugging :)
Conditon - wore once
size - s to m
Price - RM10
Thank you for shopping with me :)
Thursday, December 30, 2010
Jap School Girl top
Posted by shopinone at 1:58 AM
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Posted by shopinone at 1:58 AM
Full payment including postage is required to confirm order. For COD, postage charge is excluded but travel fees may be charged.
Full amount will be refunded in case the goods are not available. If so, please provide your MAYBANK account no, or else for other banks, RM2 will be deducted off due to the charge from maybank2u online banking.
Prices are fixed, non-negotiable.
Colour of goods may differ slightly from the pictures.
No cancellation and no money refund once the payment is made. Goods sold are not exchangable/returnable.
First Pay first serve basis yea. so no reservation can be made :)
Step 1 : Browse through the item
Step 2 : Found something u like? Email me the name of item with your name and address
Step 3 : Wait for my reply via email
Step 4 : Bank in the money (look at the payment section)
The item is yours! :D
or u can text me for a faster reply!
1. Payment must be made to Maybank account within 3 days or confirmation (banking details will be emailed to u upon confirmation order)
2. Please email me after u have bank in the money.
3. Items will be sent after payment has been confirmed.
4. Buyers are to bear postage fees of RM 7 (West Msia)/ RM9 (East Msia ) via Poslaju or RM4.50 via Pos Express ( for 1 or 2 small items only). Estimated to arrive in 2 or 3 days.


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Beautiful 3 Creeks Plantation is now available for purchase. This 2149.5 +- acre hunting plantation is a one of a kind property which boasts long frontage on the Kinchafoonee Creek, Choctahatchee Creek, and Hog Branch. In recent years, the property has been used for recreational hunting, timber production and approximately 208 +- acres have been...Showcase 2,149.50 Acres : $5,266,275
Three Creeks Plantation
Preston : Webster Co : Georgia
Allied Land & Timber Company, Inc


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This White 12" x 14" Shoemaker 1075 Series Heavy-Duty Return Air Grille is designed to fit and cover a 12" wide by 14" high opening. This is the heavy-duty version of the Shoemaker 1050. Shoemaker has a complete line of products designed for homes, offices, stores, and many other commercial applications. The quality and simplicity of this return air grille are only two of the many reasons why Shoemaker Manufacturing leads the field in innovative air-grille design for real world applications. The Shoemaker 1075 Series Heavy-Duty Return Air Grille is built from cold roll steel. Its angular louvers are spaced a half-inch apart. For extra durability, gussets are fully welded to the back of the mullions. For best duct concealment, the louvers are installed in up or down position. Multiple sizes of the grille are available to match the desired dimensions. The standard color of this grille is soft white but it is also available in driftwood tan. Optional designer colors and plated metal finishes are also available. The Shoemaker 1075 Series Baseboard Return Air Grille can be ordered with "F" Torx center pin tamper-proof screws for added security. Be sure to measure the hole opening size instead of measuring the face plate of your old grille. This grille is designed to cover a 12" x 14" existing hole or duct. Refer to the Specification Sheet for more information.
|Vents and Terminations
|Ducting and Venting
|Mpn #
|6.72 lbs.


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Anton Avgustov
If you're a bigger guy like I am (6' 1'', 236 lbs), and you've never been able to find a sweater that would fit you, you should get it from here. I expected an OK fit, but this one is PERFECT!
Christopher Sandys
Fantastic A2 slender! Great fit and quality. Thank you.
Leslie Fidlin
Received my RAF 1940 pattern flying jacket. Perfect coat, so happy with it great quality even the packaging was brilliant, great product
Steve Warrilow
I would like to say "Thank you" to ELC especially Kevin for the very fast turnaround with my 'Monarch, a2 jacket...I posted it off on Monday and three days later Thursday it is back. My Name tag has been done perfectly;-)
Elmer Mesman
Picked up my repaired A2 at Flying Legends last week. Looking smart as ever. Thanks Rob for your excellent service!
Geoffrey Engelbrecht
Just received my RAF Irvin 1940 jacket. Absolutely gorgeous. Perfect fit. Looking forward to cold weather open cockpit flying in the Stearman. Thanks Eastman!
Thanks Eastman! Beautiful A2 jacket pearl harbor the master class.
Stuart Ditchburn
Ostmann jacket received today, many thanks indeed. Fantastic jacket, worth every single penny and fits like a glove.
AMAZING jacket, package strong and very well done, i love the calendar bonus.... thank you so much
Peter Vestergren
Got my ANJ-4 yesterday. Was really impressed by the exquisite design, material and craftsmanship of the jacket! Without doubt the best I ever had. A true gem!
The RAF Aircrew Sweater was just as nice. A perfect complement!
Excellent products!
Trevor Couch
Heartfelt thanks to the ELC crew for performing a repair on a much loved RW B-3, shipping the jacket on to a renowned UK jacket artist and then facilitating subsidised shipping back to me in Australia. MANY thanks to all who played a part.
Sebastian M. Koehler
Hi Gary, hi Rob, yesterday I recieved my A-2 23rd FTR GRP the color the fit the leather the used look everything is fantastic. Thank you so much for making this dream come true!


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Yukmouth ft The Jacka, Lee Majors, Ampichino - Fire
Yukmouth, The Jacka, Lee Majors, Ampichino
Directed by Jae Synth
Posted by Andrew
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Sorry Fellow Drunks there won't be a show tonight. We will be live in 2 weeks on July 31st 10 pm est .
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adams, ND
Your charge card bill starting as of late comes joined to alluringly plain "settlement checks." Your appraisal preparer allures you to look for survey rebate credits. You're shelled with TV ads for payday credits.
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