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Pictures Don't Lie
Aired February 20, 2011 - 20:00 ET
SOLEDAD O'BRIEN, CNN ANCHOR (voice-over): Photographer Ernest Withers was the ultimate insider. You may not know his name, but you definitely know his photographs. ANDREW YOUNG, FORMER AIDE TO MARTIN LUTHER KING, JR.: Anything he wanted to do, anybody he wanted to shoot was glad. O'BRIEN: He snapped Martin Luther King Jr. on the first desegregated bus in Montgomery. The Little Rock Nine on their first day of school. UNIDENTIFIED FEMALE: He was actually in the spots taking the photography, shooting the shots, and he tells the story through his photography. So to me that is an invaluable piece of history that we would never have had were it not for Ernest Withers. UNIDENTIFIED MALE: Mr. Withers was at every major civil rights event within the whole Mid-south territory within striking distance of Memphis year after year after year. O'BRIEN: But now the man called the "original civil rights photographer" is being called something else, a snitch. DICK GREGORY, FORMER COMEDIAN: It's worse than being a gangster. THEODORE JACKSON, FORMER FULTON COUNTY SHERIFF: Anybody cooperated with the law enforcement was considered a snitch. People disowned them because of it. O'BRIEN: A stunning accusation, charges that Ernest Withers had worked as an informant getting money from the FBI to report on the civil rights movement. UNIDENTIFIED FEMALE: It felt piercing. He wasn't that kind of person. UNIDENTIFIED MALE: How would you like somebody to say you were a snitch, you were a paid informant and you're not even here to defend yourself? UNIDENTIFIED MALE: He was out covering his community. That was his mission to him. O'BRIEN: The Withers' children, Billy, Rome and Rosalind were devastated. Just three years earlier, their father was celebrated as a hero at his funeral. UNIDENTIFIED FEMALE: Now that's when I realized Memphis loved him. O'BRIEN (on camera): You didn't know that before? UNIDENTIFIED FEMALE: It took my breath away. We were watching the news and they actually covered his funeral all day. The activities about who he was as a man and what was really profound was that President Bush was in town, and my father made the front page and Bush did not. That was pretty profound. O'BRIEN: The children were planning the Ernest Withers Museum and Gallery on Beale Street in Memphis to honor their father's memory. But now -- (On camera): You called Ernest Withers a black Judas. What's that mean? GREGORY: They give black a bad name. I'm sorry I said that about -- black is better than that. O'BRIEN: So just Judas. GREGORY: Judas, yes. O'BRIEN: You think he was Judas? GREGORY: He's beyond Judas. UNIDENTIFIED FEMALE: Some people are on the side of, I can't believe he'd do such a thing. How could he do it? We trusted him. We told him everything. We shared our lives. He came into our family. He took our pictures. He took pictures of our daddy in the casket. O'BRIEN (voice-over): At the heart of the scandal, never before seen in public and heavily redacted FBI documents on investigations in Memphis before and after Martin Luther King Jr.'s death. Hundreds of pages long and hard to decipher, but one document, one page, one little phrase mistakenly left un-redacted exposed the stunning 40- year-old secret that Ernest Withers had taken to the grave. There it was in black and white. Ernest Columbus Withers, formerly designated ME 338-R. ME code for FBI code for Memphis and R the code for racial informant. DAVID GARROW, AUTHOR: There is no doubt whatsoever the available documentary evidence which include both Mr. Withers' name and his informant coding number matches up with dozens of FBI documents. The documentary evidence on this nails it 100 percent. Case closed. O'BRIEN: But not for his colleagues in the civil rights movement. REVEREND BILLY KILES, FORMER FRIEND: It doesn't have a ring of authenticity to it. SUHKARA YAHWEH, FORMER LEADER, THE INVADERS: Well, here they go again. The FBI is up to their old games again. O'BRIEN: Not for his friends. (On camera): You ever see him talk to the FBI, meet with the FBI? JOSEPH CRITTENDEN, FORMER FRIEND: I never did, I never did. O'BRIEN (voice-over): And not for his family. Especially not his family. (On camera): Was he betraying the civil rights movement? UNIDENTIFIED FEMALE: No. O'BRIEN (voice-over): No one wanted to believe it, but the FBI documents told a damning story. On February 28th, 1968, source ME 338-R, Withers, tells an FBI agent that a highly respected minister in the black community is domineering, has a violent temper and is not sincere in wanting to help the Negro race. Three months later the same source gives the FBI photos of a black clerk in the U.S. Civil Rights Commission Office. He identifies the woman as a rumormonger who would give aid and comfort to the militant black power groups the FBI had under surveillance. GARROW: As the FBI across the course of the 1960s became more and more fearful of black activism, the pressure on the local FBI agents to recruit black informants ramped up significantly. O'BRIEN: The truth began to sink in. To the FBI Withers was a resource, a secret weapon. YOUNG: Ernest Withers was given a regular salary by the Federal Bureau of Investigation or somebody to give regular reports on what we were doing. EARL CALDWELL, FORMERLY WITH THE NEW YORK TIMES: There was massive, massive spying going on and there was tremendous pressure on all kinds of people to be a participant in that. O'BRIEN: As the legacy Ernest Withers built photo by photo was shattering -- UNIDENTIFIED MALE: It's more a burden for his children. O'BRIEN (on camera): For you guys. UNIDENTIFIED MALE: Than it is for him. Because of the fact that he's not here to defend himself. O'BRIEN (voice-over): Painful questions were piling up. CALDWELL: How was it that Ernest got trapped up in something that we all said we will not do this? This is a line we will not cross. How did Ernest get on the other side of that? (COMMERCIAL BREAK) O'BRIEN (voice-over): Ernest Withers' life as a photographer began not with a lofty shot of a civil rights icon. But a paparazzi shot. Of a bombshell. At the time heavyweight boxing champ Joe Lewis was the most famous black celebrity in the world. And his wife Marva was famously beautiful. UNIDENTIFIED FEMALE: She was speaking to the high school and my father was bold enough to go up to the front and get a close-up shot of Marva Lewis. O'BRIEN: Ernest Withers had the instincts. But it wasn't until he enlisted in the U.S. Army and trained in the photo lab that he truly developed the skills. UNIDENTIFIED MALE: He's always told us that that's how he really knew that he can earn a living as a photographer. O'BRIEN (on camera): He made money at it. UNIDENTIFIED MALE: Right. O'BRIEN: In the army. UNIDENTIFIED MALE: Matter of fact, he came back with a lot of money, you know, at that time and that sort of gave him the inspiration to pursue it as a career. That say, you know, as the time the Army was segregated, and then all the white soldiers would come and they would line up and the CO said, is this -- you got some drills over here? For what? They all would come and get their pictures made to send back to -- back home. O'BRIEN (voice-over): Back in his hometown of Memphis, Tennessee, the side hustle grew into a fledgling but full time photo business. UNIDENTIFIED MALE: The most times you could see be with daddy was at the studio. UNIDENTIFIED FEMALE: He worked 24/7. Whatever activity was going on, he was there. O'BRIEN: Withers had no shortage of clients. But his clients often had a shortage of funds. Reverend Billy Kiles, a friend of the movement and of Ernest Withers, witnessed the constant struggle to make ends meet. KILES: Sometimes he would be paid. Sometimes he wouldn't. He'd give you a package with photographs in it and then he'd slip in a bill, but he never made an issue of money. O'BRIEN: But by then he and his high school sweetheart Dorothy had eight children to feed and clothe. In 1948, a new and steady source of income came just in time. Withers was hired as one of the first African-Americans in the Memphis Police Department. UNIDENTIFIED MALE: He was one of the first actually to drive -- African-American to drive a police car and there was only two who were given that car and it was only because nobody else had a license. O'BRIEN: After a few years on the force, Ernest Withers returned to photography, just in time to witness and document a flash point in history. In 1955, 14-year-old Emmett Till was beaten to death and thrown in a river for whistling at a white woman in a Mississippi grocery store. Gruesome details of the lynching enraged the black community. A photo of the young boy's bloated, mutilated corpse so haunted Withers that he vowed to be in the courtroom every day for the trial of the two white men accused of the murder. Withers shot the defendants, the witnesses, the all-white jury. He even self-published and sold a pamphlet about the case. Bold moves for a black man in the south. UNIDENTIFIED MALE: I don't think he was never worried because he was not a person who lived in fear. I think the purpose and the mission of it was more important than the fear of it. O'BRIEN: Joseph Crittenden remembers those dangerous days. He operated a small business by day and fought for freedom alongside Martin Luther King, Jr. by night. He often made the long drive to and from the courtroom with Ernest Withers. CRITTENDEN: We met three cars coming. They knew that truckers had prison service station on it. I passed by them. They turn around and I look bad and I said, Ernest, he said, what, I said look. He said, get on it, I stepped that thing up to 190. They were going to kill us. We wouldn't have made it if I hadn't have did that. They didn't want us down there because Ernie was snapping them pictures and come back, you see, and people would see what was going on down there. More pictures that Ernest snapped and come back and people see them, that make more people take a part of the movement. Them white folk had noted we were down there they would have killed us. O'BRIEN: As Withers confidence as a photojournalist grew, he cut his ties to law enforcement. Or so everybody thought. CALDWELL: Maybe Ernest was in the same type of situation I was in. They put their foot on me and said you're going to do this or we're going to put you in a position where you may get killed. (COMMERCIAL BREAK) MAXINE SMITH, NAACP HEAD IN MEMPHIS: Well, it was sort of a war zone. It was at the advent of the '60s. KILES: I moved to Memphis from Chicago in 1959, almost '60, and Memphis was much like all the cities its size in the south. My brothers said to me, don't you know that Chicago is the Promised Land for black people? Why are you going back to Egypt, Memphis. CRITTENDEN: It was rough. O'BRIEN (on camera): How? CRITTENDEN: If you was black you had to get over in the corner somewhere. It was rough. It was dangerous for black folks. It was dangerous for black folks. O'BRIEN (voice-over): Worst of all, some of the men who supposed to protect and serve had other ideas. (On camera): Was there a difference between the local police and the FBI? GREGORY: They were all the same. They was cousins. That's what made it scary. O'BRIEN (voice-over): Never one to mince words comedian Dick Gregory is famous for his raw confrontational stand-up act and for his conviction to stand up for civil rights. GREGORY: Can you imagine living in a society as somebody kidnapped or killed your child or your mother, you can't call the police? Because they're part of it? That's what that atmosphere was like down there. UNIDENTIFIED MALE: When we began to see the different atrocities, because one thing was part of the weekly routine, lawyers would call up on the Monday to take pictures of all the people who had been cut and beaten by the police. O'BRIEN (on camera): And that was your dad's job to take those pictures. UNIDENTIFIED MALE: Right, yes, that was one of his large accounts. KILES: The way we were treated by white people with the endorsement of sheriffs and police and everybody else was some terrible times. O'BRIEN (voice-over): Through one lens Memphis, and much of the American south, was a frightening place to be. But through another lens, the lens belonging to budding photojournalist Ernest Withers, it also could be exhilarating, exciting, inspiring. UNIDENTIFIED MALE: I don't think that he had the impression at the time that he was taking this for preservation of history. But he had a sense of the purpose and importance of what he was doing. CALDWELL: If you look at his work, one of the things he a feel for was the little guy, the poor guy that's working hard. He had a way of being able to photograph someone's face. It was almost like you were looking at the person's hands or something because you could see how hard they -- their lives had been and it was in their faces. O'BRIEN: In 1960, black sharecroppers in Fayette County, Tennessee, were being evicted from their homes for registering to vote. Tent City was an emergency camp set up on donated land for those people who suddenly found themselves with no food, no shelter, nowhere to turn. Withers rushed there with the only aid he had, his camera. UNIDENTIFIED MALE: They were literally tents, and they were starving for money to try to support this effort. And that was a sense of mission to him. I can remember him calling all the different editors and reporters around the country. He literally called -- O'BRIEN (on camera): To pitch the story. UNIDENTIFIED MALE: Right. That's what he would do on numerous occasions when he felt that it was something that really needed to be exposed. SMITH: The movement started, and you could always see Ernest there as a vital partner, only just a -- not a visitor but you could tell he was totally involved in what was going on. O'BRIEN (voice-over): The same could be said for Maxine Smith. As the head of the NAACP in Memphis she too was a vital part of the movement and totally involved. SMITH: We didn't see our pictures in history books. What we saw was white folk and we knew we were there doing something and I think we had a very, very important role in the forming of the history of our country and I'm proud of that, and Ernest Withers was everywhere recording my history, the history of the movement. O'BRIEN: The key to being everywhere was access. Access to the leaders and decision makers, access to the regular folks who showed up for marches and protests, access to the venues where everything was taking place. UNIDENTIFIED FEMALE: You can see the faces of both sides looking for that judge to make a ruling and what a powerful photograph that was too and look at where he had to have been in a particular spot to have gotten an image like that. O'BRIEN (on camera): How did he get that shot? He was behind the judge's head. UNIDENTIFIED FEMALE: That's exactly how he was. O'BRIEN: That's a true sign of how entrenched he was. UNIDENTIFIED FEMALE: Yes. SMITH: We were quite comfortable with his presence. Because he was part of us. He was just one of the fighters. YOUNG: He had all the access he wanted. O'BRIEN (voice-over): Andrew Young understands the benefits of access better than most. He was a top aide to Martin Luther King Jr., went on to become mayor of Atlanta, a member of Congress and the first black U.S. ambassador to the United Nations. (On camera): Do you remember when you first met Ernest Withers? YOUNG: Yes, I remember Ernest Withers as a lot of fun and any time you went to Memphis, he was with us and we laughed together. We joked together, and he was sort of one of the family. If he'd asked to come in could he take a picture of this meeting, he would have been welcome. We were trying to get the story out. The national news and "Jet" and occasionally the international news was basically what was needed to bring about change. And Dr. King said often we have to take these evils and put them before the court of world opinion. O'BRIEN: So the movement wouldn't have been the movement without the picture. YOUNG: It wouldn't have been the movement without the pictures. You have to remember that in those days, in the early '60s, we got no attention, no publicity, and basically he was the guy who was photographing for "Jet" and he got pictures with -- of Martin in his bedroom. His pictures tell how well he was appreciated and how well he was accepted. O'BRIEN (voice-over): Appreciated and accepted, but still not well paid. UNIDENTIFIED FEMALE: A lot of his images were, you know, given credit to like "TIME," "Life" and all of those magazines, they took credit for themselves but those were his images. You know, a lot of times he didn't get paid for the images that he may have sent. O'BRIEN: Decades later former colleagues would wonder if those long- ago financial sacrifices led Ernest Withers to take money from the FBI in exchange for information. CALDWELL: Because he was one of these people that was grinding out a living. O'BRIEN: But in the 1960s while the movement was rising to its peak, Ernest Withers was above suspicion. He enjoyed a singular spot at the top of the black media elite. (On camera): So he was a point person in the community? YOUNG: With the press. The press, there was community, they was used to him, you know, his taking pictures and all of this and there's no -- like I say, nobody suspected him. CALDWELL: And one of the things that the black journalist did in that time, we made just a little pact with each other. You come to my town and you look me up and I'll give you everything you need. I'll take care of you. I'll show you around. I'll introduce you to -- which is a huge thing. And that was the way it was with Memphis because Ernest was Memphis. UNIDENTIFIED MALE: How would I say, if you would Google -- if you had to Google something, he was that. O'BRIEN (on camera): He was Google. UNIDENTIFIED MALE: Right. And because he was resourceful. He knew everybody. GARROW: He was the African-American civil rights photographer of those decades in that whole part of the south and he was a friendly personable individual, so he had entree, entree as a friendly professional that really exceeded that of any other journalist, black or white. O'BRIEN (voice-over): That gift of access would eventually become a curse landing Ernest Withers right in the crosshairs of the FBI. (COMMERCIAL BREAK) UNIDENTIFIED MALE: 200,000 people converged on the nation's capital to rally for civil rights. GREGORY: Yes, I really learned what life was about watching not the thugs, not the Klan and folk call you nigger this and nigger that, watching the folks that's willing to die with no guns. They would come to those rallies like a child running to give them some M&Ms. O'BRIEN (voice-over): The decade that began with a mass display of calm and peaceful mobilization ended with a fearsome display of rage and disorder. CALDWELL: There was no greater story than the story of race in America. The exploding story of race. O'BRIEN: In Detroit, in Newark, New Jersey, in Los Angeles. UNIDENTIFIED MALE: More than 100 square blocks were decimated by fire and looters. O'BRIEN: As a recent hire with "The New York Times," Earl Caldwell got the key assignment. He was young but he had something his older colleagues didn't. CALDWELL: I'd begin to notice the most incredible thing, black people in these rooms would say, white reporters out. White reporters say, you can't make us go, we represent the -- white reporters out, and sometimes the white reporters wouldn't go and they physically threw them out. O'BRIEN: Civil rights historian David Garrow wrote a book on the FBI's obsession with Martin Luther King Jr. He says being white was suddenly shifting from an asset to a liability in some government circles, too. GARROW: That's for the very simple reason that within certainly urban areas with a heavy degree of racial segregation in residences, in commercial districts, you simply need African-American people physically present if you're going to learn anything representing inside information. O'BRIEN: In order to understand, describe, control or even thwart what was going on, having black informants was key. GARROW: In the J. Edgar Hoover era, the FBI actually did relatively little wiretapping because it was so expensive in terms of human time. To monitor a wiretap like the one they had on Dr. King's office, on Dr. King's advisers, required 24/7 coverage and required someone to have to listen to the tape-recordings or, you know, be there second by second to take notes. O'BRIEN: The perfect informant would be someone good with names and faces. Someone who could get inside both large community meetings and small strategy sessions. In Memphis, Tennessee, that someone was photographer Ernest Withers. GARROW: As an established universally known photojournalist, everyone expected him to be everywhere. O'BRIEN: Theodore Jackson is the sheriff of Fulton County in Georgia, but he began his career as an FBI agent in Memphis. JACKSON: In the '60s, '63, '68 in order to keep the uprising in the neighborhoods down or keep track of what was going on in the neighborhood, there were ghetto informants. O'BRIEN: The Ghetto Informant Program was an actual initiative set up by the FBI. It ran from 1967 through 1973. JACKSON: They were just people that you'd go out and talk to and just make sure there are no issues going on in the neighborhood. O'BRIEN: Withers was considered one of the 7,000 members of the Ghetto Informant Program. As part of his duty he provided the FBI things like copies of newsletters, photos of suspected militants, car tag numbers and home addresses. JACKSON: You had to do it at least once within a 45-day period and the conversations would go -- you know, you'd say is there anything in the neighborhood that you want to bring to my attention? Is it quiet? Are there any issues? GARROW: It's better than having a hidden microphone. O'BRIEN: As the national discourse of the civil rights movement shifted from nonviolence to more militant groups like the Black Panthers, the FBI's intelligence-gathering efforts escalated. Suhkara Yahweh, used to be known as "Sweet Willie Wine Watson." He was the leader of a group of young black men who called themselves "The Invaders." YAHWEH: We were a type of Black Panther. O'BRIEN (on camera): You were leverage. YAHWEH: Right. Right. O'BRIEN: You were pressure. You were intimidation. YAHWEH: That's right. That's right. O'BRIEN: You had guns? YAHWEH: Yes. We had guns. O'BRIEN: You did violent acts. YAHWEH: We police our own community. That's what we did. We police our community. O'BRIEN: Were people afraid of the Invaders? Or do they welcome the Invaders? YAHWEH: No. No. No, they were not afraid of them. They loved the Invaders. If you know something -- a dog will bite you, you don't go and agitate the dog. O'BRIEN: And you guys were the dog that would bite. YAHWEH: If you made us the dogs, we would become the dogs. We would do whatever was needed to deal with the situation. O'BRIEN (voice-over): As the local FBI in Memphis used Withers to get information on the Invaders, black journalists across the country were also being approached. CALDWELL: They would come to you and say, we need to know certain things. We want you to cooperate with us and as a matter of fact sometimes they would be asking you to do something and it would be like this is your duty as an American. To help us. And it was always made out to be so harmless that, listen, we don't want you breaking any confidences. You don't -- just tell us this or what you can do and, no, no, we'll meet you. O'BRIEN: Sometimes it was gentle persuasion. Other times it was outright intimidation. CALDWELL: They were the Black Panthers. When I wouldn't become an undercover agent -- informant for them, they did something to me that I thought was -- well, they could have gotten me killed because they said if you don't do this, then we're going to bring you before a federal grand jury investigating the Black Panthers and you're going to be in a very difficult situation. In other words, we're going to put you in a situation that makes it appear as though you had been working for us all along. O'BRIEN: Seventy black journalists decided to band together and take a very public stand. CALDWELL: We said we will not be used as spies, informants or undercover agents by anybody. We strongly object to attempts by law enforcement agencies to exploit our blackness. (COMMERCIAL BREAK) O'BRIEN (voice-over): By April 3rd, 1968, black sanitation workers in Memphis had been off the job for more than 50 days. They were on strike. Protesting dangerous working conditions and unequal pay. Ernest Withers covered the whole thing. KILES: Being a photojournalist too, he realized the importance of a record, keeping a record. O'BRIEN: He also took a photograph of the workers lined up with placards that declared their manhood and demanded respect. It would be one of the most iconic images of the civil rights movement. Martin Luther King Jr. came to town to support the workers, but a rally he had led erupted in violence. With broken windows, teargas, beatings. SMITH: It was down there shooting those tanks when they were riding down Memphis and -- the world needed to see. I mean we looked like we were at war. O'BRIEN: Less than 24 hours later, a sniper's bullet would silence the leader of the civil rights movement. Ernest Withers who photographed Dr. King for more than a decade wasn't at the Lorraine Motel when the fatal shot was fired. But the famous photo of Dr. King's aides pointing in the direction of the shooter was developed in his lab. Withers rushed to the scene right afterwards in time to capture the shock, grief and devastation of the people left behind. (On camera): Why would your father not take pictures of Dr. King as he lay there dead? He could have. UNIDENTIFIED MALE: Right. O'BRIEN: He was the first photographer -- UNIDENTIFIED MALE: No, he just said, hey, he was too beautiful a man to do that. UNIDENTIFIED FEMALE: He could have taken an image of him with his head completely blown off but he refused to do that. Because this was a man that represented a nation of people and he did not want him to be remembered that way. He demanded that they dress him before he took a photo and that photo that he took was the image that went throughout the entire nation and the world after his death. O'BRIEN (voice-over): In Memphis, a militant group called the Invaders stepped in to fill the gaping void suddenly left by Dr. King. They shared his desire for black equality, but not his strategy. YAHWEH: They would embrace violence as a method of getting things done. O'BRIEN (on camera): So it was more Malcolm than MLK. YAHWEH: Oh, yes, much more Malcolm than MLK but they loved MLK. They loved Dr. King. They said, well, if you're going to kill a man who, in fact, is preaching love then what other choice do we have? So that became a natural thing for the violence to come about. O'BRIEN (voice-over): The violence in the streets wasn't confined to the rioters. SMITH: They put them in positions where I saw I saw his head get beat pretty good one time. He had no fear in what he was doing, you know, people in the media often are beat on because nobody wants that recorded. O'BRIEN: Tensions and tempers were on the rise. Withers continued to feed information to his FBI handler. But Andrew Young says double agents were a waste of time. (On camera): Did you worry about informants? YOUNG: No, we didn't think of informants. We didn't care about informants. O'BRIEN: At all? You didn't care. YOUNG: We were informants. O'BRIEN: What do you mean? YOUNG: Our lawyers instructed us. The NAACP Legal Defense Fund said the day before a demonstration, you need to write out what you're going to do and send it in a telegram to the FBI and the Justice Department. O'BRIEN: Let them know ahead of time. YOUNG: Let them know ahead of time. O'BRIEN: Why? YOUNG: That made it civil disobedience. Uncivil disobedience is to sneak around and do something and try to get around the law. We were not trying to get around America's laws. We were trying to challenge and fulfill the Constitution of the United States. O'BRIEN (voice-over): And he says having FBI agents sniffing around was better than the alternative. SMITH: Due to the way of life, most blacks were just either in complete fear of police officers or hated them because of the abuse they inflicted against us. The FBI was always around us, in and out of our offices. Police were beating our heads so badly, we were glad to see them. YOUNG: We saw the FBI as a government agency. O'BRIEN (on camera): You weren't afraid of them? YOUNG: No, we were more comfortable having the FBI there because it was a restraint on the Ku Klux Klan. In fact, down in St. Augustine where I got beat up, the sheriff had deputized the Ku Klux Klan and they all had badges. O'BRIEN: Did it put people at risk that someone was snitching? (COMMERCIAL BREAK) O'BRIEN (voice-over): Ernest Withers spent decades building an unparalleled legacy with his extensive collection of photos. But that legacy and his personal reputation was crumbling under the heavy weight of news that he had worked as an FBI informant. UNIDENTIFIED MALE: That's the biggest thing is now there's a sad story now you go to the computer, you Google Ernest Withers, now you come up with the word FBI informant. History has been revised. CRITTENDEN: It kind of hurts me when somebody comes to me and said my friend was a snitch, you know? That's what -- O'BRIEN (on camera): People said that to you, your friend was a snitch? CRITTENDEN: Yes, I think -- O'BRIEN: They did? CRITTENDEN: I've had some of them said it. I tell them, I tell them. I look right at them and say you know what I don't believe it and I'm about to wait for God to show me and if he did, I would see before I leave here. O'BRIEN: Does it make a difference if he was? CRITTENDEN: If he was that kind of person, then I would say he wasn't a man I thought he was. GREGORY: This man is dangerous. He was all over the place. If he would have walked up to me and said, Dick, I was on my way up to King's room and he wanted me to leave this package, and my daughter got hit by a car, would you take this up, I would have no problem. O'BRIEN: You would have done anything for him. GREGORY: Yes. O'BRIEN: Because you were friends. GREGORY: Not just friends, just I wouldn't suspect him of doing anything wrong. O'BRIEN: You never suspected. GREGORY: Never. No one did. O'BRIEN (voice-over): Former Memphis FBI agent Theodore Jackson says the Ghetto Informant Program was different than the FBI's COINTELPRO, where the agency purposefully spread lies and gossip about black leaders to destabilize and undermine the movement. JACKSON: And what he was doing was a civic duty. More people should do that. It's no more than neighborhood watch. Man, we call it neighborhood watch, but in his day, it wasn't called neighborhood watch. O'BRIEN: Jackson says perhaps Ernest Withers saw this work as an extension of his previous work. JACKSON: Military is public service. Law enforcement is public service so he continued in public service. I don't see the issue and he didn't do anything damaging to anybody. SMITH: I have no idea and don't care. I don't think he was any more an informant than I was and I know I wasn't. O'BRIEN: Maxine Smith, who used to head the Memphis NAACP, says both she and her husband, a dentist, were accused of being snitches. SMITH: I always said you're products of your time. You're products of your time. And Ernest Withers had a wife and eight children to raise and we black folks didn't have a whole lot of money to pay for pictures. O'BRIEN (on camera): What was the reaction? YOUNG: Nothing. I was surprised but I wasn't upset. I mean, again, I said, well, I'm glad he made a little money because he wasn't making much on his pictures and he had a family to support. And I don't begrudge him taking my tax money to take pictures of us and make sure that the FBI had an accurate record. O'BRIEN: Do you think it changes the value or the context of Ernest Withers' photographs knowing what we know today about him? YOUNG: Not at all. He probably wouldn't have given any information that he thought was going to hurt the movement. O'BRIEN: Why is there such a sense of betrayal among some people about what Ernest Withers did? YOUNG: Because -- because people don't understand nonviolence. Part of our nonviolent discipline was to do it openly and transparently. There's no forgiveness necessary for Ernest Withers because he was working for the United States government. That's our government. I just wish he'd gotten a pension and it hadn't been in secret. UNIDENTIFIED FEMALE: What I would simply say is that it makes me sad in some ways to understand or hear about the FBI but, you know, frankly, a lot of people didn't trust the FBI. When you look at COINTELPRO, when you look at the fact that they were really tracking the lives of African-Americans and others, Jewish people in this country, do you believe everything that the FBI says to you? Certainly back in the '50s and '60s they were suspect so we all kind of looked with lowered eyes at the FBI and if you stack Mr. Withers up against the FBI, I think I'll take Mr. Withers. KILES: I said something at his service, a drop of water maketh the hole in the stone, not by violence but by oft falling. Drip, drip, drip. That was Ernest. I (INAUDIBLE) fully. O'BRIEN (voice-over): Ernest Withers died in October of 2007 taking to his grave the full story. But his work remains. UNIDENTIFIED FEMALE: The value in it is the historical record that he has left to really teach people from where we've come from. And what really happened and, you know, we could sit and we could tell people about something all day long, but if you're able to show it to them, the impact is a second. SMITH: He's a part of the recording. They may have been making the history but he was recording history. And Ernest was that. God, you can tell a lie but you -- photos don't lie.


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Adventures of the Hokkaido Bush PigBy The Hokkaido Bush Pig
Christmas in the Backcountry
If you have lived in Japan for a while, you know Christmas here passes over the heads of adults without much notice. In fact, you wouldn't know it was Christmas if it wasn't for the shops with all their razzle and dazzle. However, there is a group of adults who have a nice way of celebrating this merry time of year.
For years, I've been snowshoeing or skiing up to a mountain hut just outside Sapporo to celebrate Christmas with the Zenbako Backcountry Ski Club. Last year I decided to take two friends, Tom and Rowen, with me.
The Zenbako Backcountry Ski Club is a group of mainly retirees with a passion for backcountry skiing and having a good time. They are a tight bunch of friends who have known each other since the days of wooden skis, which a few of them are still using. They know, even in the back hills of Sapporo, you can get some great backcountry powder if you know where to go, and we weren't just going for the party; we also wanted to get some sweet runs.
The hut is a kind of two-story lodge accommodating about 60 people. It's been there a while. It's got a rustic character and a great big iron fire place to keep you warm on those cold Hokkaido winter nights.
The trek to the hut took about three hours with two of us on skis and one on snowshoes. When we got there, two Japanese guys wearing red Santa hats suddenly started calling out, "Merry Christmas" as they skied down the backcountry slope next to the hut.
When we entered the hut, we were greeted by 20 people sitting around large tables singing Christmas songs and having a great old time. Sad to say there was no turkey, and it was probably the first time my friends had eaten noodles for Christmas dinner, but no one was complaining.
The next morning our heads weren't feeling the best, making the trek to the top of the ski slope a bit harder, but the great conditions made it worth it. My backcountry skiing isn't pretty, but my friends on telemark skis were in total heaven. For years I was snowshoeing up to the hut, spending days snowshoeing around the hills and backcountry, which I now know like the back of my hand.
My friends from the Zenbako Backcountry Ski Club gave me a hard time, saying snowshoes were a waste on such beautiful powder. I finally took up backcountry skiing. But, after seeing the way I go down the mountain, they're probably thinking I should go back to snowshoes, and they could be right.
I'll definitely be doing a trip up there again this year. So, if you want to join the Christmas party, shoot The Pig an e-mail at firstname.lastname@example.com.

subset: commoncrawl


text:
The Original MTC
The method behind the tape
The basis for the Medical Taping Concept method was laid in Japan and Korea in the seventies. At the time methods of taping were being developed starting from the idea that movement and muscle activity are essential in maintaining and recovering health. The idea behind this was that muscles are not only attributed to the movements of the body but also control for instance blood and lymph circulation and body temperature. Improper muscle function can cause a range of symptoms and complaints.
Pursuing this idea, several kinds of elastic tape were developed which could support the muscles in their functions without restricting their movement. By treating the affected muscles in this way, the bodys own healing process would be activated.
Development of the Medical
Taping Concept
In 1998 the Dutch company FysioTape BV developed the Medical Taping Concept method in combination with a high quality tape CureTape. During the development of this method, it soon became apparent that the possible applications were more versatile than for only treating muscle injuries. New techniques were discovered like reduction of inflammations or accumulations of fluid (oedema and haematoma), corrections of posture, treatment of symptoms caused by overuse (such as RSI or tennis and golf elbow) and more.
Worldwide there are nowadays physicians, physiotherapists, sports masseurs and skin therapists working according to the Medical Taping Concept. The Medical Taping Concept is a revolutionary method of treatment which differs fundamentally from the conventional taping treatment methods. Nowadays special Medical Taping courses, given by certified MTC instructors, are offered to various professional groups in the public health sector all over the world.
To many professional therapists the Medical Taping Concept has become an essential addition in their practice. For information about courses, please contact the distributor in your country. They will be happy to help you further.


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About the Crime ReportPage address: http://www.mnsu.edu/security/safety/aboutcrimestatistics.html
In accordance with Public Law 101-542 Title IV, Minnesota State University, Mankato provides the following crime statistics to University students, employees, and others upon request. These statistics follow the uniform crime-reporting procedures of the Federal Bureau of Investigation. Crime statistics are published annually and cover the three previous calendar years. Additional information regarding these statistics is available from Security.
All statistics are those violations that would constitute a violation of law and represent the number of incidents reported by calendar year January 1-December 31. Per federal law, statistics are reported by location. Official definitions of listed offences are in accordance with the FBI's Uniform Crime Reporting Program. Additional information can be obtained from the FBI or by contacting Security at (507)389-2111 (V/TTY).
In 1998 federal law was changed and now requires that crime statistics be reported by location and by calendar year (January 1- December 31).


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sab is a valid word in this word list. For a definition, see the external dictionary links below.
The word "sab" uses 3 letters: A B S.
Direct anagrams of sab:
abs bas
Words formed by adding one letter before or after sab (in bold), or to abs in any order:
a - abas baas c - cabs scab d - bads dabs e - base sabe g - bags gabs h - bash i - bias isba j - jabs k - bask kabs l - albs bals labs slab m - bams n - bans nabs o - abos boas p - baps r - arbs bars bras s - bass sabs t - bast bats stab tabs u - suba w - swab wabs y - abys bays
Shorter words found within sab:
ab as ba
Words formed from any letters in sab, plus an optional blank or existing letter
Try a search for sab in these online resources (some words may not be found):
Wiktionary - OneLook Dictionaries - Merriam-Webster - Google Search
Each search will normally open in a new window.
List all words starting with sab, words containing sab or words ending with sab
All words formed from sab by changing one letter
Other words with the same letter pairs: sa ab
Browse words starting with sab by next letter
Previous word in list: ryots
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Some random words: majolica via ains ihram juba age eel
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Frank's Rival
When Danny learns about a new brand of heroin hitting the streets from Nicky, who sees two people overdose, he is put on a frenzied manhunt for the deadly drug. Meanwhile, Frank pulls out all the stops to assist in getting the drugs off the street, on BLUE BLOODS. Pictured: Bebe Neuwirth as Kelly Peterson, Tom Selleck as Frank Reagan. Photo: CBS ©2013 CBS Broadcasting Inc. All Rights Reserved.


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Remember when Japan got meat buns shaped like the Slime character from Dragon Quest? Well, now your friendly neighbourhood Spider-Man is getting his own bun, too.
Ditto for Hello Kitty. There will be Snoopy buns with custard in them, instead of meat. Starting March 14, they'll be available at Universal Studios Japan in Osaka for ¥400 a pop.
In Japanese, "niku-man" means "meat bun", so you can bet there's a witty "Spider-man" pun.


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Met Olsens: what did you expect?
I don't know why people bother tutting about what the Olsens wear, especially to events like these. At this point, does anyone really think that they're hoping to make it onto People.com's Best Dressed of the Night? Mary-Kate would probably prune herself to death if she was listed side by side on style with Carrie Underwood, are you kidding me?
If there's any party where the Olsens will get it, where they will not go boring like Zoe Saldana, it's this one. You can always count on them to prefer being fashionable over "looking nice". I can get down with that.
The problem with Mary-Kate however, in this red Givenchy peasant business, is that if style is supposed to push, well, we've all seen her in this before. So... points docked for sameness, right?
Which is why on this night I'll take Ashley. In fact, the more I look at Ashley's, and those sleeves, the more I love it. And would actually wear it for myself. There's something very Marie Antoinette by Sofia Coppola about this dress - something fun, clothes you can play with, and isn't that, really, why we're here?
Photos from Wenn.com and Stephen Lovekin/Larry Busacca/Gettyimages.com


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When lead-footed drivers get snagged and ticketed, their downfall might have been passing a speed trap where a cop was using radar or a laser, or maybe the driver passed a speed camera. However, as technology improves traffic enforcement, it is also progressing on the side of the speeder. Now joining the radar detector is crowd-sourced reporting of speed traps, a virtual warning system using the Internet and a mobile app.
This list of the 10 most-active cities for speed traps was compiled by Trapster.com, a community platform accessed online and via smartphone app, that alerts drivers to traps, hazards and other traffic issues nearby.
Trapster's list is drawn from the reports of its base of nearly 15 million users. In addition to speed traps and enforcement cameras, "activity" can include road hazards, traffic, school zones, construction zones and locations of roadkill. However, Sean Farrell, product manager for Trapster, says that over 50 percent of the activity reported on Trapster are "live police" speed traps. For each of the following 10 most-active cities, Trapster users entered 3,000 to 4,000 reports in a recent 30-day period.
By Colleen Kane
Posted 10 February, 2012


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A pit bull recently attacked a woman walking with a stroller and two small dogs as well as a police officer responding to the scene.
On the morning of Thursday, Nov. 21, the Southington Police Department received a complaint of a female being attacked by a pit bull on North Summit Street.
As the woman was walking, a pit bull ran at them and aggressively engaged the two smaller dogs. The female and a witness were able to move the stroller away from the pit bull.
At this point a third person picked up the stroller and put it in the bed of a pick up truck away from the pit bull. As this was taking place the first witness was bit in the hand by the dog.
Officer Butler, of the Southington Police Department, arrived and while attempting to keep the pit bull away from the woman and others in the area, he was also bit on the right hand and left arm by the Pit Bull.
The female who was initially walking in the road took the stroller and her dogs into her house; however the pit dull followed her into the house. The dog was eventually contained inside the house.
The pit bull continued to act aggressively towards the officers as they tried to control it. The officers used a taser to take the dog into custody.
Ofc. Butler and the witness were both transported via ambulance from the scene to a local hospital for treatment. Both suffered minor injuries and were released from the hospital.
An investigation revealed that the pit bull pushed its' way out of an unlocked cellar door prior to the incident. The owner of the pit bull was identified as Justin Sieracki, 22, of Southington. He was issued an infraction for having a nuisance dog.
The dog was taken to the Southington Animal Control facility. Sieracki voluntarily surrendered the pit bull and it was later euthanized.


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|One That Got Away
|Think A Little Less
|Kiss You In The Morning
|Real Men Love Jesus
|Get To You
Feb 2019 • 3 songs
Nov 2018 • 1 song
Jun 2018 • 11 songs
Florida's Michael Ray has a resonant voice and a knack for crafting vibrant, upbeat contemporary country-rock. Although he built a strong grassroots fan base in Southern Florida, Ray also gained prominence as the winner of the CW network's reality television vocal competition The Next: Fame Is at Your Doorstep in 2012. A native of Eustis, Florida, Ray was first introduced to music via his grandfather. A local country and gospel musician, Ray's grandfather taught him how to play ... Read more


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Acuvue Oasys
for Astigmatism
Get noticed
for your eyes."
Introducing NEW ACUVUE® OASYS™ Brand Contact Lenses for ASTIGMATISM!
The makers of ACUVUE® ADVANCE® Brand Contact Lenses for ASTIGMATISM are proud to introduce the next generation lens for astigmatism – ACUVUE® OASYS™ Brand for ASTIGMATISM.
No other contact lens for astigmatism offers the total package like ACUVUE® OASYS™ for ASTIGMATISM! ACUVUE® OASYS™
for ASTIGMATISM was designed to deliver comfort that lasts through
the day combined with stable vision because our contacts move less
so you can move more!
Consumer research has shown that UV protection is an important
lens attribute for patients. In fact, 3 of 4 patients report that they want
UV protection from their contact lenses, and 1 of 2 say they would switch
brands for UV protection.
Since 1997, ACUVUE® Brand Contact Lenses have led the
way in UV blocking. All ACUVUE® Brand Contact Lenses are FDA approved
to help provide protection against transmission of harmful UV radiation
to the cornea and into the eye.*
‡ACUVUE® ADVANCE™ Brand Contact Lenses block
approximately 90% of UV-A radiation and 99% of UV-B radiation. All other
ACUVUE® Brand Contact Lenses block approximately 82% of UV-A radiation
and 97% of UV-B radiation. On the average, contact lenses without UV blocking
block approximately 10% of UV-A radiation and 30% of UV-B radiation 1.
1 Harris MG, Hararifar M, Hirano K. Transmittance of
tinted and UV-blocking disposable contact lenses. Optom Vis Sci 1999;76(3):177-180.
* WARNING: UV-absorbing
contact lenses are NOT substitutes for protective UV-absorbing eyewear such
as UV-absorbing goggles or sunglasses, because they do not completely cover
the eye and surrounding area. You should continue to use UV-absorbing eyewear
as directed. NOTE: Long-term exposure to UV radiation is one of the risk
factors associated with cataracts. Exposure is based on a number of factors
such as environmental conditions (altitude, geography, cloud cover) and
personal factors (extent and nature of outdoor activities). UV-Blocking
contact lenses help provide protection against harmful UV radiation. However,
clinical studies have not been done to demonstrate that wearing UV-Blocking
contact lenses reduces the risk of developing cataracts or other eye disorders.
Consult your Eye Care Professional for more information.
© JJVCI 1996 - 2004. All rights reserved
Crisp, clear vision all day long through a
unique design called Accelerated Stabilization Design
Breakthrough design to help keep the lens
from shifting during your day
Exceptional comfort throughout the day with
HYDRACLEAR® Plus – the next generation of proprietary technology
that creates a more wettable, ultra smooth contact lens
Feels almost like you're wearing no lens at
Visibility tint – so your lenses are easy to
see and handle
Highest UVA and UVB blocking‡ – to help
protect against harmful UV rays, blocking 96% of UV-A rays and
100% of UV-B rays
WHO SHOULD WEAR ACUVUE® ADVANCE™ for
People with astigmatism who:
for ASTIGMATISM
Contact Lenses


text:
Santa Clara County City Sites and Resources
City Sites
Santa Clara County
Almaden Valley
Los Altos
Los Altos Hills
Los Gatos
Monte Sereno
Morgan Hill
Mountain View
Palo Alto
Santa Clara
San Jose
Crestwood Behavioral Health Inc
DaVita Cornerhouse Dialysis Center
Dreamcatchers Empowerment Network
El Camino Surgery Center
Good Samaritan Hospital, L.P.
Healthsouth Forest Surgery Ctr
Idylwood Care Center
Kaiser Foundation Hospitals
Kaiser Permanente Health Care
Kindred Healthcare Operating Inc
Medelex Inc
Mission Oaks Hospital
O'Connor Hospital
Palo Alto Nursing Ctr
Parenting & Breast Feeding Services
Plastic Surgery Center
Progressive Sub-Acute Care, Inc
Regional Medical Ctr-San Jose
Stanford Hospital and Clinics
Stanford Stroke Center
Sub-Acute Saratoga Hospital
Sutter Health
Tenet Healthsystem Medical, Inc
The Leland Stanford Junior University
VA Palo Alto Healthcare System
Waverley Surgery Ctr
Catholic Healthcare West
Santa Clara Valley Medical Center Santa Clara Valley Medical Center provides superior inpatient and outpatient care. The 524-bed hospital is recognized as providing a range of sophisticated specialty services
Good Samaritan Hospital Through leadership in research and adopting the latest technological and clinical practices, Good Samaritan Hospital offers excellent medical care for the high-tech region of Silicon Valley
Kaiser Permanente
Regional Medical Center of San Jose Regional Medical Center of San Jose has served the health care needs of the people of east San Jose
Mayview Hospital MayView Community Health Clinic is a local non-profit organization devoted to providing essential primary health care services to low-income families and individuals who live and work in the northern part of Santa Clara County and the Southern-most part of San Mateo County
Lucile Packard Children's Hospital LPCH is a world-class, non-profit hospital devoted entirely to the care of babies, children, adolescents and expectant mothers
Coyote-Hellyer Park
Emma Prusch Farm Park
Foothills Park
Happy Hollow Park & Zoo
Henry W Coe State Park
Open Space Authority
Santa Clara County
Santa Clara County Model Aircraft Skypark
Santa Clara County Parks
Raging Waters With over 23-acres of slides and attractions, at Raging Waters there's more than enough excitement to satisfy thrill seekers of all ages
Saratoga Parks
Calero County Park Two distinct areas define this park: the reservoir, which offers a host of water-oriented recreational activities, and the adjoining "back country" which reveals to the visitor California Oak woodland, chaparral riparian plant communities and associated wildlife habitats
Chitactac-Adams County Park The park features the beautiful Uvas Creek and a wealth of cultural artifacts including bedrock mortars and petroglyphs left by the Ohlone Indians
Joseph D. Grant County Park This 9,553 acre park includes some of the County's finest open space resources, as well as rich environmental, cultural and recreational assets
Sanborn-Skyline County Park
Law Enforcement
Santa Clara Police Department The Police Department provides law enforcement and policing services to the City of Santa Clara
Santa Clara Sheriff The Santa Clara County Sheriff's Office is dedicated to the preservation of public safety by providing innovative and progressive service in partnership with the community
Santa Clara District Attorney's Office District Attorney's Office making every effort to achieve the lowest crime rate reasonably possible while emphasizing the prosecution of violent crime
Santa Clara County Fire Department The Santa Clara County Fire Department exists to protect the lives, property, and environment within the communities served from fires, disasters, and emergency incidents through education, prevention, and emergency response
Santa Clara County Office of Emergency Services The Santa Clara County Office of Emergency Services is responsible for coordinating organized planning efforts with County departments, local cities and special districts to mitigate against, prepare for, respond to, and recover from disasters
Bay Area Transit Information 511 Transit brings together route, schedule and fare information for all transit services in the Bay Area
Cal Train - information on rail service from San Francisco to Gilroy
Altamont Commuter Express (ACE) - commuter rail service information for Stockton to San Jose
Amtrak's Capitol Corridor - information on Amtrak's service from Sacramento to San Jose
Dumbarton Express - express bus service form the east bay to the peninsula
Highway 17 Express Service - express bus service linking Santa Cruz to Silicon Valley
Palo Alto Free Shuttle
San Jose International Airport Located two miles north of downtown San Jose, Norman Y. Mineta San Jose International Airport (SJC) is a completely self-supporting enterprise, owned and operated by the City of San Jose
Santa Clara County Bikeways Map
Santa Clara Transportation Authority
Santa Clara County Library
The Palo Alto City Library The Library's mission is to enable people to explore library resources in order to enrich their lives with knowledge, information, and enjoyment
San Jose State University Library and the San Jose Public Library system The collaboration of SJLibrary.org is unique in the United States. It reflects the best of cooperative efforts between a major city library system and a major university library - a collaboration supported by Silicon Valley's innovators and leaders
Santa Clara City Library
Cupertino Library
Gilroy Library
Los Altos Library
Milpitas Library
Morgan Hill Library
Saratoga Library
Campbell Library
California's Great America
Cultural Initiatives Silicon Valley
San Jose Convention Center
Shoreline Amphitheater The Pollstar Concert Industry Awards named Shoreline Amphitheatre the Best Large Outdoor Amphitheatre in the United States
Triton Museum of Art
Japanese American Museum of San Jose The Japanese American Museum of San Jose (JAMsj) preserves and disseminates the culture and history of Japanese Americans, with a special focus on the Santa Clara Valley
Children's Discovery Museum of San Jose The purpose of Children's Discovery Museum of San Jose is to serve the needs of children, families and schools as a center for learning and discovery
The Fillmore
Lace Museum
Mexican Heritage Corporation The mission of the Mexican Heritage Plaza of San Jose is to affirm, celebrate and preserve the rich cultural heritage of the Mexican community and showcase multicultural arts within the region
Museum of American Heritage Combine elements of history, technology and design to illustrate the evolution of technology, how and why it has influenced society from inception to the current time, and a glimpse of future expectations
West Valley Light Opera
Opera San Jose Opera San Jose is a professional, regional opera company that is unique in the United States
American Musical Theatre of San Jose Since 1935, American Musical Theatre of San Jose has offered professional musical theatre of the highest caliber
Theatre On San Pedro Square
SAP Center
San Jose Museum of Art
The Tech Museum
Winchester Mystery House


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Ferdinand II (king of Aragón)
Ferdinand II or Ferdinand the Catholic, 1452–1516, king of Aragón (1479–1516), king of Castile and León (as Ferdinand V, 1474–1504), king of Sicily (1468–1516), and king of Naples (1504–16). His father, John II of Aragón, gave him Sicily during his lifetime and left him Aragón when he died. In 1469, Ferdinand married Isabella I of Castile, and in 1474 they assumed joint rule of Castile. Thus, all of Spain except for the Moorish kingdom of Granada became united. The royal couple, known as the Catholic kings, set out with energetic determination to complete the unification, and Granada fell to them at last in 1492.
In the same year Ferdinand and Isabella took the fateful step of expelling from their kingdoms all Jews who refused to accept Christianity. One of the effects of this measure was to deprive Spain of a valuable cultural and economic community. The expulsion of the Moors (1502) had less impact, for many more Moors than Jews chose to pretend to accept Christianity and remain in Spain. The Catholic kings also instituted the Inquisition in Spain to bolster religious and political unity.
Their reign was crucial in the history of the world as well as that of Spain. In 1492, Christopher Columbus, sailing under their auspices, discovered the New World, and in 1494, by the Treaty of Tordesillas (see Tordesillas, Treaty of), Spain and Portugal divided the non-Christian world between them. Ferdinand personally was more interested in Mediterranean affairs. He began Spain's struggle with France for control of Italy in the Italian Wars. His general Gonzalo Fernández de Córdoba conquered Naples in 1504. Ferdinand joined the League of Cambrai (1508) against Venice and the Holy League (1511) against France. In 1512 he annexed most of Navarre, basing his claim on his marriage (1506) to Germaine de Foix.
After Isabella's death (1504) he retained control over Castile as regent for his daughter Joanna. Joanna's husband, Philip I, became king of Castile in 1506 but died the same year. For the rest of his life Ferdinand continued his regency over Castile, first in the name of Joanna, who became insane, and then for his grandson, later Holy Roman Emperor Charles V. When Ferdinand died, he left his grandson a united Spain, as well as Naples, Sicily, Sardinia, and an overseas empire.
During the reign of the Catholic kings the power of the throne grew. The nobles and the Cortes (parliament) were curbed, and the church was used as an instrument of political policy. Many of Ferdinand's policies had long-lasting effects, especially the expulsion of the Jews and the Muslims, many of whom settled in N Africa, the search for American gold, and the conversion of large agricultural areas into grazing lands for the benefit of the wool industry. Spain became an Atlantic power and revolutionized the commerce of Europe.
See W. H. Prescott, History of the Reign of Ferdinand and Isabella (4 vol., 1838; abridged and ed. by C. H. Gardiner, 1963); J. H. Mariéjol, The Spain of Ferdinand and Isabella (1892, tr. 1961); R. B. Merriman, The Rise of the Spanish Empire (Vol. II, The Catholic Kings, 1918); J. H. Elliott, Imperial Spain: 1469–1716 (1963).


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Official: NY attorney general issues subpoenas in World Trade Center naming rights probe
NEWARK, N.J. – The state of New York has subpoenaed materials related to the $10 sale of the rights to the "World Trade Center" name in the 1980s, an official familiar with the review said Friday.
The subpoenas from the New York attorney general Eric Schneiderman involve an investigation into a 1986 deal in which the Port Authority of New York and New Jersey sold the naming rights to one of its outgoing executives for use by a nonprofit.
The official spoke on condition of anonymity Friday because he was not authorized to speak publicly about the probe.
The Record newspaper reported this month that the Port Authority sold the naming rights to Guy Tozzoli in his role as head of the nonprofit World Trade Centers Association. The Port Authority, which owned the World Trade Center towers and the land they sat on in lower Manhattan, is now among hundreds of entities around the world that pay to use the "World Trade Center" name.
The WTCA didn't return a message seeking comment Friday.
At the agency's monthly board meeting on September 18, Port Authority executive director Patrick Foye called the naming rights deal "a shameful episode" and vowed an internal investigation in tandem with the probe announced that day by New York Gov. Andrew Cuomo.
Neither Foye nor Port Authority board chairman David Samson was able to say who had approved the deal. The newspaper reported that the contract, obtained through a Freedom of Information Act request, bore the signature of a secretary. Foye said then-Port Authority executive director Stephen Berger told him he had not approved the deal.
The Port Authority pays $10,000 a year to use the words "World Trade Center," including on merchandise it plans to sell in the new World Trade Center currently under construction. Those sales could bring the Port Authority an estimated $23 million to $28 million annually, the newspaper reported. In exchange for the Port Authority's use of the trademark, the WTCA is requesting free office space at the new World Trade Center site worth an estimated $585,000 per year, according to documents obtained by the newspaper.
Gormley reported from Albany, N.Y.


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50 Clinton St, 6A - Lower East Side, New York
A Paris Forino-designed split two bedroom, two bath gem, exquisitely finished with solid white oak herringbone wood flooring and crown moldings throughout. Each room carries in light and air through expansive windows and generous ceiling heights. The thoughtfully designed kitchen features honed charcoal granite countertops and backsplash, espresso-stained oak cabinetry finished with brushed bronze hardware and a full suite of Wolf, Sub-Zero and Bosch appliances. The master bedroom is a serene private retreat featuring a large walk-in closet and en-suite bath finished with white Dolomiti marble and brushed brass fixtures by Waterworks. 50 Clinton is comprised of a limited collection of 37 condominium residences and luxurious amenities including a 24-hour attended emerald clad lobby, state-of-the-art fitness center, landscaped rooftop terrace with grilling stations and a bicycle room, all in a quintessential downtown location amidst many of the city's best restaurants, nightlife and shopping.
This listing courtesy of Douglas Elliman
O: firstname.lastname@example.com
F: firstname.lastname@example.com


text:
Almost every day of the year, NJ Audubon offers guided natural experiences at our Centers across the state.
Get your binoculars ready! NJ Audubon has some great resources for birders.
Visit one of our 7 staffed nature centers to enjoy a hike, participate in a nature program or go searching for wildlife. You never know what you might find!
Visit the Cape May Bird Observatory, where wind and geography conspire to direct millions of migrating birds, butterflies, and dragonflies here every autumn.
Join our membership of over 22,000 and become part of team helping to preserve wildlife and at-risk, natural habitats.


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Inaugural IU Diversity Leadership Conference focuses on 'Building Social Capital'
Oct. 16, 2013
BLOOMINGTON, Ind. -- ESPN sportscaster Sage Steele, WRTV journalist Rafael Sanchez and OutDoorAfro.com founder Rue Mapp will address the first Diversity Leadership Conference at Indiana University Bloomington on Nov. 8.
This new event, which will take place at the Indiana Memorial Union, 900 E. Seventh St., is a merger of the Hudson and Holland Scholars LEAD Conference and the Office of Mentoring Services and Leadership Development's Men and Women of Color Leadership Conference.
The Diversity Leadership Conference retains the same focus on scholarship and student development in the areas of leadership and self-efficacy. Sponsors include Target Corp. and the IU College of Arts and Sciences' Themester program, "Connectedness: Networks in a Complex World."
Speakers' presentations will be centered on the theme, "Building Social Capital: What Is Your Net Worth?" The theme focuses on how social capital connects us to just about everything.
"We will offer sessions to help students and participants unpack the types of social networks they have available to them and give meaningful insights on how better to connect responsibly to the world around them," said Patrick Smith, executive director of IU's Office of Mentoring Services and Leadership Development.
"The sessions will help students and guests navigate this often tricky network to find their own voice, brand and vision for the future."
The conference is open to all college students, faculty and staff, as well as members of the community. While it is free to attend, registration is required and can be done on the Diversity Leadership Conference website. The deadline to register is Oct. 25.
In addition to IU, other participating schools include Ball State University, Franklin College, Ivy Tech Community College Ohio University and the University of Louisville.
More about the conference:
The conference will begin at 9 a.m. with keynotes by Steele and Sanchez, followed by concurrent sessions on a variety of topics from 11:45 a.m. through 2:15 p.m.; boxed lunches will be provided. Mapp will be the third keynote speaker at 2:30 p.m.
A career fair will take place in the Solarium from 11:30 a.m. to 2:30 p.m. Among the participating companies are Altria, Ascension Health, Cintas, Coyote, Discover, Inroads and Westin Hotels and Resorts.
Representatives of the Kelley School of Business, IU School of Education, IU Maurer School of Law, IU School of Optometry, IU School of Informatics and Computing, IU School of Public Health and IU School of Public and Environmental Affairs also will be available to discuss graduate programs.
A dance party for conference participants will take place from 9:30 to 11:30 p.m. in Alumni Hall of the IMU.
A portion of the conference has been oriented toward high school students. Between 125 and 150 students -- primarily those in the seventh to the 10th grades from the Monroe County Community School Corp. -- will attend.
Other sponsors are the IU Office of Community and School Partnerships, the IU Alumni Association, the Office of the Vice President for Diversity, Equity and Multicultural Affairs, the School of Public Health, the City of Bloomington, Ivy Tech Community College of Indiana and Residential Programs and Services.
For more information, contact the Office of Mentoring Services and Leadership Development at 812-855-3540.
More about the speakers:
Sage Steele
Steele earned a Bachelor of Science in sports communication in 1995 from the School of Health, Physical Education and Recreation (now the School of Public Health-Bloomington). She joined ESPN in 2007 and is a co-host of ESPN's flagship show, "SportsCenter." She also serves as on-site host of daytime "SportsCenter" segments from the NBA Finals and hosts the Scripps National Spelling Bee. She has been a contributor to "First Take" and "Mike & Mike in the Morning" and has been a guest co-host of ESPN2's "SportsNation."
Steele began her television career at WSBT-TV in South Bend, Ind., as a producer and reporter (1995-97) and then worked at WISH-TV in Indianapolis (1997-98) as the weekend morning sports anchor and weekday reporter. Her career continued as she worked in Tampa, Fla., as a sports reporter and at Fox Sports Florida. In April 2001, Steele became the anchor for the debut of Comcast SportsNet, serving the Washington D.C./Baltimore region. She anchored the flagship show SportsNite for six years and was also a beat reporter for the Baltimore Ravens from 2001 to 2005.
Rafael Sanchez
Sanchez is a graduate of Franklin College, where he completed his bachelor's degree in journalism, political science and Spanish. He joined WRTV in Indianapolis in 1998 as a consumer investigative reporter Today, Sanchez is among the team of moderators for the station's Sunday political program "Indianapolis This Week," and he's a fill-in anchor when needed.
Over the years, he has received a number of Emmy nominations and other awards for excellence in consumer and investigative reporting from the Associated Press and Society of Professional Journalists. He's also received recognition for his civic involvement from the Indiana Black Expo, the Forest Manor Multi-Service Center and the Mozel Sanders Foundation. He is a member of the Franklin College Board of Trustees.
Rue Mapp
Mapp is CEO and founder of Outdoor Afro, a social community that reconnects African Americans with natural spaces and one another through recreational activities such as camping, hiking, biking, birding, fishing, gardening and skiing. Consistently low numbers of African Americans who participate in outdoor activities led her to use digital media as a tool to connect with people of color who share outdoor interests. Outdoor Afro emerged naturally from these experiences.
Mapp has a Bachelor of Arts from the University of California, Berkeley. She also is a successful entrepreneur whose game and hobby store, It's Your Move, remains an important part of the Oakland community. In 2010, Mapp was invited to the White House to participate in the America's Great Outdoors Conference, where President Barack Obama signed a memorandum to help reconnect all Americans to the Great Outdoors. She was invited back to take part in a think-tank to inform the launch of the first lady's "Let's Move" initiative.
For two years, she was a program officer at the Stewardship Council's Foundation for Youth Investment, managing its grantmaking program. Backpacker Magazine honored her as part of its Root 100 of the top black achievers and influencers for 2012. She has received the Josephine and Frank Duveneck Humanitarian Award and the National Wildlife Association's Award for Communications.


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T (Teen)T (Teen)
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(as amended by the AGM on 25 May 2014)
This Club shall be known as the Cat Fanciers' Club of South Africa
The headquarters shall be in Gauteng or its suburbs and the address shall be such as decided at each Annual General Meeting.
Independent legal personality
3.1 The Club shall be body corporate or "universitas" having a separate legal "persona" with perpetual succession and with a capacity to acquire and hold property for itself and apart from its members, and likewise to acquire other rights and incur obligations and to sue and be sued for and by itself apart from its members.
3.2 The property and other assets of the Club shall vest in the Club, which shall hold such assets for itself as distinct from its individual members, and the individual members shall have no right in or to any property or other assets of the Club.
3.3 Under no circumstances shall the assets of the Club or any part thereof be distributed to members in the form of a dividend or share-out of excess or remaining funds and in the event of the Club being dissolved, the assets shall be handed over to such other body, having similar objects to that of the Club, as the Committee may decide.
3.4 Any obligations or liabilities incurred by or on behalf of the Club shall be incurred for the Club itself and to the exclusion of the individual members.
3.5 The Club may sue or be sued in its own name and the power to decide on whether or not to defend a suit, shall vest in the Committee for the time being holding office, as provided for in this Constitution.
The objectives of this Club will be:
4.1 To promote an interest in and a friendly disposition towards all cats.
4.2 To co-operate and collaborate where possible with local Southern Africa Cat Council (SACC) Cat Clubs, and internationally, for mutual benefit and to promote friendly personal relations amongst all those interested in cats.
4.3 To promote a knowledge of cats by investigating or to assist in any manner the investigation of scientific breeding, feeding and treatment of cats and to publish reports of aforementioned investigations in the Press or any other suitable manner.
4.4 To aid and encourage the breeding of cats according to the highest standards.
4.5 To lay down standards for all breeds in conjunction with members of SACC.
4.6 To hold Cat Shows and appoint Judges thereat.
4.7 To offer prizes or other inducements at Cat Shows, whether conducted by this Club or otherwise, or at any other occasion for competition, exhibition, breeding kind treatment of or prevention of cruelty to cats.
4.8 To act in the prevention or assistance in the prevention of any cruelty to, neglect or abuse of cats in any appropriate manner.
4.9 To run the Club as a non-profit making organisation and to devote surplus money realised to the betterment of the aims of the Club. In this respect, the Club may donate to charitable organisations of its choice.
4.10 To train or assist in the training of persons for the breeding, judging, showing or exhibiting of cats.
4.11 To assist in carrying on of a register for the recognition and particulars of cats and their breeding in conjunction with the Associated Cat Clubs or to appoint a person to do so on behalf of the Club and to give such a person specific instructions in this respect.
4.12 To publish a newsletter or any other printed matter in order to further conclusive to the attainment of the aforementioned objectives.
4.13 To act in any manner lawful to accomplish matters incidental or conclusive to the attainment of the aforementioned objectives.
4.14 The members of this Club shall at all times promote the best interests of the Cat Fanciers' Club and SACC.
5.1 This Club shall consist of Honorary members, Life members, Founder members, Ordinary members, and Family members. It shall be persons interested in the objectives of the Club.
5.2 Honorary members shall be the President and Vice-President of this Club and entitled to vote. These Honorary members shall be elected at an Annual General meeting.
5.2.1 Honorary membership may also be granted to any person who has done exceptionally good work for the Club. This will be one year's free membership to such person, the person receiving this honorary membership will be entitled to vote. The recipient of such an honour will be decided upon by the committee of the day and the names of the recipients will be made known at the Annual General Meeting every year.
5.3 Life members shall be persons who have completed all future subscriptions by payment of the applicable fees prior to registration of membership.
5.4 Founder members will be limited to the ten original founders of the Club. These founder members shall enjoy NO special privileges which will set them apart from other members. Except for life and founder members, applications for membership shall be made annually on the prescribed form supplied by the Club and all applicable fees shall be paid prior to registration of membership.
5.5 Members shall be persons having been accepted as such by the Club Committee. Only fully paid-up members and members over the age of 18 years shall be entitled to vote.
5.6 Family members shall be persons of the same family, residing at the same address and having paid fees applicable to family membership. All such members over the age of 18 years may vote.
5.7 Except for life and founder members, application for membership shall be made annually on the prescribed form supplied by the Club and all applicable fees shall be paid prior to registration of membership.
5.8 The Club Committee elected in accordance with this Constitution shall have absolute discretion, without being obliged to give reasons, in approving or disapproving of such Application. Receipt of a membership card will be proof of acceptance as a member of this Club. Fees shall be returned together with any application which is not approved.
5.9 The Club Committee shall have the power to suspend or terminate any membership of any member as provided for in this Constitution.
5.9.1 Should membership be terminated after approval no money will be paid back to the applicant.
5.10 All membership fees are subject to approval at the Annual General Meeting.
6.1.1 The affairs of the Club shall be conducted by the Club Committee consisting of not less than 10 elected members.
6.1.2 Such elections shall take place at the Annual General Meeting.
6.1.3 Members thus elected will serve the Club for one year and will be eligible for re-election.
6.1.4 Two members of the existing Committee shall be elected by the Committee at its last meeting in any calendar year to serve from the date of the ensuing Annual General Meeting to the following Annual General Meeting.
6.1.5 The names of the two members so elected by the Committee shall be circulated to all members by the Honorary Secretary of the Committee together with notice convening the ensuing Annual General Meeting, 14 days prior to the meeting.
6.1.6 The Committee shall elect by majority vote, persons for the office of Chairman, Vice-Chairman, Honorary Secretary, Honorary Treasurer and any other officers it may deem fit and necessary.
6.1.7 A person thus elected may not serve on the Committee of any other Cat Club, unless written approval has been given by the Committee.
6.2 The Committee may remove from office any member of the Committee who has failed to attend three (3) consecutive meetings of the Committee during his period of office, except where leave of absence has been obtained, or in the case of illness of the member. Such member shall be given a reasonable opportunity of making representations to the Committee before any decision of the Committee shall be final and binding on the parties concerned.
6.3 The Committee shall strive to carry out all the objectives of this Club and everything incidental or conclusive thereto.
6.4 The Committee shall be entitled to co-opt further Committee members as deemed necessary.
6.5 Honorary members shall be elected by the Committee as and when deemed necessary.
6.6 The Committee may appoint Sub-Committees on a temporary basis for a specific purpose. Such sub-committee need not consist of Committee members, but shall act to the approval of the Club Committee.
6.7 The Committee may elect regional representatives in other centres to promote and further the aims of the Club. These appointments shall be reviewed on an annual basis.
6.8 An Independent Accountant shall be elected at the Annual General Meeting in each year, whose duty it will be to prepare the Annual Financial Statements of the Club.
6.9 All payments, other than by petty cash, shall be made by cheque drawn on the Club's banking account and shall be signed by any two of the following: Chairman, Vice-Chairman, Honorary Treasurer and one other Committee member nominated by the Committee, provided that the two signatories are not husband and wife or immediate relations.
6.10 Officers elected in accordance with the Constitution shall carry out all duties normally associated with their offices and subject to the approval of the rest of the Committee.
6.11 The Committee may accept sponsorship for any cat shows held by this Club or newsletter published by this Club on whatever basis it may deem most advantageous.
6.12 A quorum at a meeting shall be 5 of the elected Committee members.
6.13 All matters arising at a meeting of the Committee or Sub-Committee thereof shall be decided by a simple majority of votes. The Chairman shall have a casting vote in the event of an equality of votes.
7.1 Persons defined as members in paragraphs 5.1 through 5.6 hereof, shall be entitled to vote at Annual General Meetings of this Club.
7.2 In the event of an equality of votes the Chairman presiding at such a meeting shall have a casting vote.
7.3 All matters arising at such Annual General Meeting shall be decided on by simple majority vote, safe as provided for in 7.5.
7.4 The manner of voting shall be left entirely at the discretion of the Chairman presiding at such Annual General Meeting.
7.5 Proposals to amend this Constitution shall require a two-third majority to pass.
7.6 No person shall be entitled to vote at an Annual General Meeting unless he/she has paid his/her membership fees by no later than 30 days immediately prior to such Annual General Meeting.
8.1 The Club shall be entitled to hold general meetings in order to decide on matters of importance to the Club.
8.1.1 A general meeting of the Club, called the Annual General Meeting, shall be held not later than the last day of May each year.
8.1.2 Notice of an Annual General Meeting shall be given by the Honorary Secretary to all members not less than 14 days prior to such a meeting. Such notice shall include the agenda for the meeting.
8.2 The Agenda of the Annual General Meeting shall include the following:
8.2.1 Confirmation of the minutes of the previous Annual General Meeting.
8.2.2 Chairman's report.
8.2.3 Treasurer's report which shall include a balance sheet and income and expenditure statement signed by the Independent Accountant for the financial year under review.
8.2.4 Election of officers as provided for in the Constitution.
8.2.5 Amendments to this Constitution. Such amendments must be proposed and seconded in writing by members at least 30 days before the Annual General Meeting.
8.2.6 All other business that the Annual General Meeting may deal with in terms of this Constitution.
8.2.7 Members wishing any matter to be considered by the Annual General Meeting must give exact details of such matters in writing to the Honorary Secretary at least 30 days before the date of the Annual General Meeting
8.3 Nominations for election as Club Committee members, duly proposed and seconded by members of the Club and signed by the candidate shall be posted to the Honorary Secretary of the Committee not later than 21 February of each year. A complete list of nominations will be sent to members not later than 14 days prior to such an Annual General Meeting.
8.4 No other business other than that stated on the Agenda may be transacted at an Annual General Meeting. Matters on the Agenda may be passed with or without modification.
8.5 Annual General Meetings and Extraordinary General Meetings may be convened by a majority of the Club's Committee.
8.5.1 The Committee shall also summon an Extraordinary General Meeting in written requisition to do so by not less than 20% of members of the Club in good standing. Such requisition shall state the business to be brought forward before the meeting and no other business shall be discussed at such Extraordinary General Meeting. Such meeting shall be summoned within one month of the written requisition being requested to the Committee and at least 10 days written notice shall be given to members of such meeting.
8.6 At an Annual General Meeting 12 people personally present shall form a quorum. Should a quorum not be present, the Chairman presiding at the meeting shall adjourn the meeting to a later date at a place announced by him. Members present and/or entitled to vote at such adjourned meeting shall form a quorum. No further notice of such adjourned meeting save as provided therein need be given.
9.1 Every member shall strive to further the aims of this Club.
9.2 It shall be the duty of every member to bring to the notice of the Committee or any member thereof any irregularity or misconduct on the part of any member and this can pertain to the aims of the Club, its cat shows or members' keeping or handling of cats.
9.3 Such a member will be warned in writing by the Committee, and will have the opportunity to state his/her case either in writing or verbally before the Committee. After hearing a member's case the Committee will have the following routes to follow:
9.3.1 Dismiss the case.
9.3.2 Suspend the member for a said time.
9.3.3 Expel the member.
9.3.4 Report the matter to the Ethics Committee of the Governing Council of SACC.
9.3.5 Inform all the Clubs about the matter.
9.3.6 Any combination of 9.3.2 to 9.3.5 above.
9.4 All members on written request may have access to the financial books of the Club.
The Club may dissolve:
10.1 If two-thirds of its members at an Extraordinary General Meeting called specifically for that purpose agree thereto.
10.2 If membership drops below 20 members.


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Crypt of Cthulhu
Crypt of Chtulhu is a literary zine devoted to the works of H. P. Lovecraft and his circle, and the Chtulhu Mythos.
First released by Robert M. Price on Hallowmas, 1981, Crypt of Chtulhu presented essays, articles, interviews, reviews, research, new items, fiction, poetry and more. It was published for twenty years, first in Bloomfield, New Jersey, and then, as of issue #34, in Mount Olive, North Carolina, U.S.A. and featured contributions by many notable writers and artists.
Contributors of writing included E.P. Berglund (Nyctalops), Leigh Blackmore, Carolyn L. Boyd, Scott D. Briggs, Donald Burleson, Ramsey Campbell, Peter Cannon, Lin Carter (Spaceteer), Marc A. Cerasini, T. G. Cockcroft, Mary Elizabeth Counselman-Vinyard, Donna Death, Stefan Dziemianowicz, Jason Eckhardt, Kenneth Fiag, Jr., William Fulwiler, Charles Garofalo, John S. Glasby, C.J. Henderson, Ben P. Indick (Ibid), Tani Jangsang (Cthulhu Cultus), P.F. Jeffery, S.T. Joshi, D.F. Lewis, Thomas Ligotti, Brian Lumley, Dirk W. Mosig (The Miskatonic), Will Murray, Gary Myers, Fred L. Pelton, Robert M. Price, Wilum Pugmire (Midnight Fantasies, Old Bones), Joseph S. Pulver, Carol Selby, David E. Schultz, Darrell Schweitzer, Richard Tierney, and Ralph E. Vaughan.
Crypt of Cthulhu also featured reprints of work by R.H. Barlow (Leaves), Robert Bloch, Fred Chappell,August Derluth, Henry Kuttner, Francis T. Laney (The Acolyte), H. P. Lovecraft, Samuel Loveman, E. Hoffman Price, Gerry de la Ree (Clark Ashton Smith - Artist), Duane Rimel, David F. Searight, and Clark Ashton Smith.
Contributors of artwork included John Borkowski, Rick Bryant, Guy Cowlishaw, Jason C. Eckhardt, Stephan E. Fabian, Jim Garrison, Peter H. Gilmore, Grey Ginter, Chris Gross, D.L. Hutchinson, Allen Koszowski, Robert H. Knox, Larry Latham, L.L.McAdams, Chris Pelletiere, Robert M. Price and Darrel Tutchton.
For a period of time during the 1980s, Crypt of Cthulhu was also included in the apazine, Esoteric Order of Dagon mailings.
Robert M. Price also edited Cthulhu Codex.


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Twins Beat Cleveland 7-3 In Gardenhire's 1,000th Win
CLEVELAND -- His blue sweatshirt drenched with beer, Twins manager Ron Gardenhire picked up the boxed bottle of Dom Perignon off his desk and smiled.
"Looks pretty good," he said, admiring the pricey Champagne. "It'll look good on the mantle, unless my wife and I drink it tonight. You just never know."
Gardenhire became the 10th manager in major league history to win 1,000 games with the same team on Saturday as Minnesota, staked to an early lead by Brian Dozier's homer on the game's second pitch, beat the Cleveland Indians 7-3.
Following the game, Gardenhire was doused with adult beverages by his players, who wore gray T-shirts that said, "1000 wins ... 67 ejections" on the front and "And Still Counting" on the back.
Minnesota's Kyle Gibson limited Cleveland to one run over five innings in his season debut after Dozier led off the game with his homer against Carlos Carrasco.
Gardenhire, who has managed Minnesota since 2002, joined Tom Kelly as the only managers in Twins history to reach 1,000 wins. He's also the fifth active manager to hit the milestone, and he joined a list of managing immortals including Connie Mack, John McGraw, Walter Alston, Tommy Lasorda and Earl Weaver as the only ones to get all 1,000 wins with the same team.
In typical fashion, the 56-year-old "Gardy," who has guided the Twins to six AL Central titles, downplayed his accomplishment.
"I haven't looked at the list," he said. "I kind of stayed away from all that stuff. We were kinda talking about it earlier. I really haven't gotten into this very much: How many? Who? Maybe I'll look at it now.
"I guess you tip your hat to those guys because I know how hard it is."
As he spoke with reporters, Gardenhire's cellphone buzzed with a flood of incoming congratulatory texts. One of his daughters called immediately after the game and his wife, Lindsay, was in his office as the Twins celebrated.
"My kids and my family are very, very excited," he said. "They've been waiting for this."
In addition to getting the bottle of bubbly from the Twins and the game's lineup card as a souvenir, Gardenhire was also touched by the gray T-shirts, which included a photo on the front of him being thrown out by late umpire Wally Bell, who died of a heart attack in October.
"It's really heartwarming because Wally Bell is on the front," Gardenhire said. "He's a very, very dear friend of mine, so it means an awful lot to have that T-shirt with Wally on there -- and it's also a pretty entertaining T-shirt."
Before taking the mound, Gibson (1-0) did his usual round of high-fives with teammates and coaches in the dugout before delivering a message to Gardenhire.
"I went up to him and said, 'Hey, let's get it today,'" said Gibson, who allowed one run and three hits in five-plus innings. "It's exciting to be the guy who is out there for the 'W' but it's Gardy's 'W' for sure. It's a pretty cool day to be a part of."
Gibson made 10 starts as a rookie last season, and the Twins are counting on the 25-year-old to do more after giving him the fifth spot in the rotation. The right-hander worked around four walks -- two in the third, when he escaped a big inning by getting Nick Swisher to ground into a double play.
Afterward, Gibson was most pleased about getting Gardenhire his win.
"The short time I've played for Gardy, it's been a lot of fun," he said. "He's fun to play for. He's a great manager."
Indians manager Terry Francona was the last active manager to reach 1,000 wins, and he was more than happy to welcome Gardenhire into the club.
"Gardy's been doing this for a long time," he said. "Yeah, I guess I wish it would have come in the next series. But he's been good at what he does for a long time. I think that number indicates he's getting old."
When reminded that he also has 1,000 wins, Francona quipped: "I'm old. That's why I didn't say too many nice things about it."
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