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The formation of the anterior pattern of the Drosophila embryo is dependent on the localization of the mRNA of the morphogen Bicoid (bcd) to the anterior pole of the egg cell. Staufen protein (STAU) is required in a late step of the localization to anchor the bcd mRNA in the anterior cytoplasm. We have shown previously that endogenous STAU associates specifically with injected bcd mRNA 3′‐untranslated region (UTR), resulting in the formation of characteristic RNA–protein particles that are transported along microtubules of the mitotic spindles in a directed manner. The regions recognized by STAU in this in vivo assay are predicted to form three stem–loop structures involving large double‐stranded stretches. Here, we show that the STAU interaction requires a double‐stranded conformation of the stems within the RNA localization signal. In addition, base pairing between two single‐stranded loops plays a major role in particle formation. This loop–loop interaction is intermolecular, not intramolecular; thus dimers or multimers of the RNA localization signal must be associated with STAU in these particles. The bcd mRNA 3′ UTR can also dimerize in vitro in the absence of STAU. Thus, in addition to RNA–protein interactions, RNA–RNA interaction might be involved in the formation of ribonucleoprotein particles for transport and localization.
In Drosophila, two RNAs localized at opposite poles of the egg determine the antero‐posterior polarity of the embryo, the bicoid (bcd) mRNA anteriorly, and oskar (osk) mRNA posteriorly (St Johnston and Nüsslein‐Volhard, 1992). These localized RNAs provide sources of protein gradients that ultimately control the transcription of zygotic target genes in a concentration‐dependent manner. Localization of RNA is also observed in other germ cells such as Xenopus eggs (reviewed in St Johnston, 1995). Although the subcellular localization of mRNAs is best understood in these systems, it is not limited to germ cells and is probably used as a general mechanism for protein targeting in many polarized cell types (St Johnston, 1995).
The localization of bcd mRNA is a multistep process that requires three known genes (Frohnhöfer and Nüsslein‐Volhard, 1987; Berleth et al., 1988; Stephenson et al., 1988; St Johnston et al., 1989). Mutations in exuperantia and swallow disrupt the localization of bcd mRNA to the anterior cortex of the oocyte during oogenesis. This premature mislocalization leads to an almost homogeneous distribution (exuperantia), or to a shallow gradient (swallow) of bcd mRNA in the embryo. In embryos from staufen females, bcd mRNA is distributed in a steep anterior gradient, indicating that STAU is required after egg activation to anchor the bcd mRNA, after its release from the cortex, in the anterior cytoplasm of the egg (St Johnston et al., 1991). STAU contains five double‐stranded (ds) RNA‐binding motifs common to a family of dsRNA‐binding proteins (Green and Mathews, 1992; St Johnston et al., 1992; Gatignol et al., 1993; Bass et al., 1994; Gibson and Thompson, 1994; Kim et al., 1994); a peptide containing one STAU dsRNA‐binding domain has been shown to bind dsRNA in vitro, albeit without sequence specificity (St Johnston et al., 1992). STAU is present in excess throughout the Drosophila egg but is associated specifically with bcd mRNA at the anterior pole. Endogenous STAU also associates with bcd mRNA 3′ UTR when injected into the early embryo, resulting in the formation of characteristic RNA–protein particles. Although these particles remain at the site of injection, they associate with and migrate along astral microtubules during mitosis and thus form bipolar patterns that can be visualized at metaphase with the STAU antibody (Ferrandon et al., 1994). These observations led us to propose a simple model in which the binding of STAU to its cognate RNA induces a conformational change in STAU that allows it to associate, either directly or indirectly, with a motor that transports the RNA complex.
The cis‐acting sequences required for all steps of the localization process have been mapped by transgenic analysis to a 625 nucleotide region in the 3′ UTR of the bcd mRNA that is predicted to form a complex secondary structure (Macdonald and Struhl, 1988; Macdonald, 1990; Seeger and Kaufman, 1990; Ephrussi and Lehmann, 1992; Gavis and Lehmann, 1992; Macdonald et al., 1993). The transgenic approach has been successful in identifying elements involved in the localization pathway. However, as most mutations already disrupt the early steps in the localization pathway, the transgenes are not suitable for the analysis of later events such as the interaction with STAU (Macdonald et al., 1993; D.Ferrandon and C.Nüsslein‐Volhard, in preparation). To circumvent this problem, we have developed an in vivo assay based on the injection of in vitro synthesized transcripts into the embryo and monitoring their ability to recruit STAU to form RNA–protein particles that are transported along microtubules (Ferrandon et al., 1994). This assay appears faithfully to reproduce the specificity of the interaction of STAU with endogenous RNA since only bcd mRNA 3′ UTR shows a strong recruitment of the protein, while a number of control RNAs fail to do so. Further, bcd mRNA 3′ UTR particles are not formed in mutant embryos lacking the STAU protein. Using a linker‐scanning strategy, we mapped the regions recognized by STAU within the bcd mRNA 3′ UTR. They are predicted to form three non‐contiguous stem–loop structures involving long double‐stranded regions (Ferrandon et al., 1994). Here, we show that STAU binding requires the double‐stranded conformation of the stems within the RNA localization signal. In addition, base pairing between two single‐stranded loops plays a major role in transport particle formation. We show that this loop–loop interaction is intermolecular, and not intramolecular, indicating that dimers or multimers of the RNA localization signal associate with STAU. Thus, the formation of large nucleoprotein transport granules may be dependent on RNA–RNA interactions as well as RNA–protein interactions.
The secondary structure of the bcd mRNA 3′ UTR is required for its specific association with STAU
The regions within the bcd mRNA 3′ UTR recognized by STAU were mapped using a linker‐scanning strategy (Ferrandon et al., 1994). They are predicted (Zuker, 1989) to form three stem–loop structures involving large double‐stranded regions: stem–loop III, and the distal parts of stem–loops IV (IVc) and V (Vb) (Figure 1). The same structure is predicted for the bcd mRNA 3′ UTR of other species of Drosophila (Macdonald, 1990; Seeger and Kaufman, 1990). However, the sequence divergence between those species is relatively low; as a result, the phylogenic approach yields too few compensatory base changes to demonstrate convincingly the base pairing structure (data not shown). To test the relevance of the predicted secondary structure to STAU binding, we designed sets of compensatory mutations on both strands of putative helices. We injected the corresponding RNAs into the early embryo and monitored the association with STAU. The sequences of the mutants are presented in Figure 1 and a typical result is shown in Figure 2a. Single‐strand mutations DF503 or DF504 in stem III are each predicted to disrupt base pairing in this region; either of these two mutations prevents the formation of STAU‐containing particles by the corresponding injected RNA (Figure 2b and c). The introduction of both mutations into the same transcript results in an RNA in which the base pairs in stem IIIb can still form, but with an altered primary sequence. The injection of this double mutant RNA leads to formation of STAU‐containing granules (Figure 2d) (Table I). Thus, the double‐stranded helix of stem IIIb is required for the interaction between bcd mRNA 3′ UTR and STAU, but the primary sequence is not important. Similar results were obtained with almost all sets of compensatory mutations within predicted helical stems (Table I). In the case of loop IVc, the double‐strand mutation DF508 does not restore the ability to interact with STAU, suggesting a sequence‐specific interaction of this structure with STAU or with a cofactor. Alternatively, the secondary structure prediction of stem–loop IVc, or that of the double mutant, may be incorrect. In summary, in five out of six cases tested, the preservation of the base complementarity is sufficient for specific association with STAU, despite the substantial changes in the primary sequence of the RNA. This suggests that STAU, containing five RNA‐binding motifs, directly binds to several double‐stranded regions within the bcd mRNA 3′ UTR and that the double‐stranded conformation of the RNA within the stem–loops is essential for this binding.
Loop–loop interactions between two bcd mRNA molecules are required for bcd mRNA 3′ UTR–STAU particle formation
Six conserved nucleotides in the distal loop of helix III are perfectly complementary to a side loop of the same helix (Macdonald, 1990) (Figure 1). To examine a possible base pairing between these two loops, we tested a set of compensatory mutations that affect four of the nucleotides in each loop (DF495, DF498). RNA containing the double compensatory mutations (DF496) associates specifically with STAU in the embryo, whereas RNAs containing mutations on either single‐stranded region do not (Figure 2e–g). These results suggest that the two loops contact each other through base pairing. One possibility is that this pairing occurs within the molecule, thus forming an element of tertiary structure called a pseudoknot (Westhof and Jaeger, 1992). Attempts to model the putative pseudoknot were unsuccessful because it is not possible to bend stem IIIb sufficiently to allow these two single‐stranded loops to base‐pair with each other. Moreover, the specific in vivo interaction between bcd mRNA 3′ UTR and STAU is not affected by the DF497 mutation, which rigidifies this stem further by removing the two asymmetric bulges that form flexible joints. These observations suggest that the two loops cannot base‐pair with each other within the same RNA molecule. To test the possibility that base pairing occurs between the loops of different RNA molecules, we injected embryos with a 1:1 mixture of the single loop mutant RNAs, DF495 and DF498. Although neither mutant RNA can interact with STAU on its own, this mixture recruits STAU into particles that are localized (Figure 2h, Table I). Thus, base pairing between the distal and side loops of stem III of two different molecules appears to be required for STAU binding. Indeed, the formation of tetramers or higher order oligomers may account for these results as well as the formation of dimers.
The bcd mRNA 3′ UTR oligomerizes in vitro
To investigate the intermolecular association of the RNA in vitro, we incubated bcd mRNA 3′ UTR under low or high salt conditions, which respectively hinder or promote base pairing, and separated the RNA by non‐denaturing agarose gel electrophoresis (Marquet et al., 1991; Tounekti et al., 1992). Incubation under low salt conditions results in only one species of the bcd mRNA 3′ UTR, whereas under high salt conditions additional bands are observed (Figure 3a). The lowest band most probably corresponds to the monomeric form, whereas the upper bands are likely to correspond to dimers, trimers and tetramers. Similar results are obtained with the 480 nucleotide long DF525 RNA that represents the minimum STAU‐binding site or with a 210 nucleotide long RNA that forms helix III (RNA III) (Figure 3b). In contrast, when a 180 nucleotide long RNA spanning helices Vb and IVc was used, only one band could be detected under both low and high salt conditions, suggesting that this part of the bcd mRNA 3′ UTR does not dimerize on its own under our in vitro conditions. To test whether the upper bands on the gel do correspond to multimers of the RNA and not to altered conformations of RNA monomers, we mixed equimolar amounts of bcd mRNA 3′ UTR and of the short RNA III. Under high salt conditions, this results in a shift of the major band (Figure 3b, lane III+wt), suggesting that this band corresponds to a heterodimer between RNA III and the wild‐type RNA. The upper band observed in the mix migrates more slowly than the 3′ UTR dimer band and therefore probably represents heteromultimer forms of these two RNAs. These data indicate that the bcd mRNA 3′ UTR can oligomerize in vitro and that stem–loop III is involved in the process.
Modeling of the dimer structure reveals a new dimerization motif
The structure of a dimer constituted of two helices III base paired via their side and terminal loops could be successfully assembled and modeled (Figure 4). The loop–loop interaction contains six central Watson–Crick base pairs (A289–C294 to U834–G829) with two tentative non‐Watson–Crick pairs at each extremity (A288…A835, and G295…U828), thus forming a mini‐helix. The helical domain between the two interacting loops, helix IIIb, is slightly bent at the large asymmetric bulge and its axis is in rough continuity with that of the loop–loop helix. The helical axis of the supporting helix, the end of helix IIIa, is located between those of the two helices IIIb. The dimer possesses a 2‐fold axis of symmetry located half‐way on the line connecting the helical axis of helices IIIa. This model suggests that the helices IIIb may be structurally required to orient the loops for efficient base pairing.
By testing mutations which change the primary sequence, as well as double mutations restoring base pairing within the stems of the bcd mRNA 3′ UTR, we have shown that in most instances the double‐stranded conformation and not the primary sequence is crucial for the specific association with the STAU protein. In addition, dimers or oligomers of the RNA must be present in the ribonucleoprotein particles observed in vivo. These findings support the notion that STAU, containing five dsRNA‐binding motifs, binds directly to the bcd mRNA 3′ UTR. We propose that the specificity of this binding is provided by the spatial correspondence between the dsRNA‐binding motifs within STAU and the helices found in oligomers of the bcd mRNA 3′ UTR. Several proteins contain more than one dsRNA‐binding motif, each of which displays little sequence specificity (Green and Mathews, 1992; St Johnston et al., 1992; Gatignol et al., 1993; Bass et al., 1994; Gibson and Thompson, 1994; Kim et al., 1994; Bycroft et al., 1995). However, in a few instances, sequence‐specific interactions with mRNAs have been reported (Polson and Bass, 1994; Davis and Watson, 1996). It is possible that a particular RNA conformation is the basis for recognition in these cases. So far, STAU is the only protein with more than three copies of the dsRNA‐binding motif, and this might explain its exquisite structural requirements for RNA recognition.
RNA loop–loop interactions have been reported to play an important role, intermolecularly in the control of DNA replication (Tomizawa, 1993; Marino et al., 1995; Predki et al., 1995) and in the dimerization of HIV RNA (Paillart et al., 1994, 1996; Skripkin et al., 1994), and intramolecularly in the autocatalytic group I and group II introns (Michel and Ferat, 1995; Jaeger et al., 1996). In our model, helix III appears to be the main element involved in the intermolecular association. However, other parts of the RNA may be required to stabilize the intermolecular RNA interaction. Our data indicate that the bcd mRNA 3′ UTR under high salt conditions can form dimers and higher order oligomers even in the absence of STAU, and that helix III is also involved in dimer formation in vitro. Modeling studies show that trimers or tetramers can be formed easily by base pairing between the two helix III loops. However, for the macroscopic particles that are observed in vivo, the interaction of the RNA with STAU is required. One possibility is that STAU functions as a linker between RNA dimers or short oligomers, either through its five dsRNA‐binding motifs or by dimerization itself. Alternatively, STAU could serve to stabilize the RNA–RNA interactions, allowing the formation of multimer chains.
STAU is also required to localize osk mRNA to the posterior pole of the oocyte (Ephrussi et al., 1991; Kim‐Ha et al., 1991; St Johnston et al., 1991). osk mRNA 3′ UTR does not show any homology to the bcd mRNA 3′ UTR (Kim‐Ha et al., 1993). In the case of osk, large particles, the polar granules, are formed at the posterior pole of the oocyte that contain, in addition to STAU, a number of identified proteins as well as RNAs (St Johnston, 1993). In contrast to bcd mRNA, the interaction of STAU with osk mRNA takes place only during oogenesis; in our injection assay, osk mRNA 3′ UTR does not associate with STAU (Ferrandon et al., 1994). This suggests that other proteins not present in the egg cytoplasm are required for the association of osk mRNA with STAU. It will be interesting to see whether the osk mRNA 3′ UTR also multimerizes upon association with STAU.
Nucleoprotein particles have been observed in many instances of mRNA transport, both at the optical and electron microscopy level, suggesting that particle formation may play an important role in packaging the RNA for efficient localization (Ainger et al., 1993; Trembleau et al., 1994, 1995; Forristal et al., 1995; Racca et al., 1997). The large particles of bcd mRNA 3′ UTR and STAU that are detected in the injected embryos are not observed with the endogenous RNA or with injected full‐length transcripts. However, smaller particles are observed with full‐length transcripts when the cell cycle lengthens at cycle 14 (Ferrandon et al., 1994). These transcripts contain large open reading frames, and it may be steric hindrance caused by translation or their greater size that prevents the formation of larger particles. As these full‐length bcd mRNA molecules also recruit STAU, migrate to the cortex and eventually induce the formation of small particles, it seems likely that they interact with STAU in the same way as the 3′ UTR alone.
The present results suggest that both RNA–RNA and RNA–protein interactions may provide the basis for the formation of very large ribonucleoprotein particles such as the polar granules of Drosophila (50 times the size of a ribosome) (St Johnston, 1993), P‐granules of Caenorhabditis elegans (Seydoux and Fire, 1994) and germinal granules of Xenopus laevis (Kloc et al., 1993; Forristal et al., 1995; Kloc and Etkin, 1995). In conclusion, through its role in mRNA sorting and transport, RNA quaternary structure might turn out to be fundamental to the generation of cell polarity.
Materials and methods
Plasmids and RNA
The mutations were introduced in the bcd mRNA 3′ UTR by a two‐step PCR procedure as described (Higuchi et al., 1988) using DF400 (Ferrandon et al., 1994) as a template and the following external primers for all mutant constructs (bcd sequences are in capitals): 5′ sense primer, ataagaatgcggccgCCTGGACGAGAGGCGTGT (the first nucleotide is nucleotide 1 of the bcd mRNA 3′ UTR) and 3′ antisense primer, ccggaattcAAGGGACGGAAATATGGG (the last nucleotide is nucleotide 870 of the bcd mRNA 3′UTR) as well as the following primers for mutagenesis (mutated nucleotides are shown in bold; only the sense primer is indicated since the antisense primers are exactly complementary to the sense): DF503, TATTCGCCTTAGCATCTTCTGGGTGGC; DF504, TGCAACCAGTAGATGTTGAGGCCATTTG; DF506, AACATTTGCGCTAAGATTGACCAAGAA; DF507, TTGACCATCTTAAGTCAGCAAATTGTA; DF508, ATTTGCTGACTTAAGATGGTCAATCTT; DF509, TCAAAATGAAAATACAATTCTCTTGGGCGT; DF510, CCCTTAAAGATCGTTGTATTAAACAATAATA; DF512, TTCTCTTGGGCCATTACTCATACAAATG; DF513, CTCATACAATGTAATGCCTTAAAGATC; DF515, CCAGTTAACTCTATACAAAGGCTGCAATACGC; DF516, GCGTATTCCATCCTTTGTTATCGTCCC; DF518, TTTCCCTGCAAGCTAGTATTCGCCTTA; DF519, TTTGGGCTTAACTAGCTTCCATGGAAA; DF521, CGCCTTAGATGTATGACCATCACTGCTCCACTAAAG; DF522, CCGGGAATATGTAAGGTCTTACATTTGAG.
Double‐mutant DNA fragments were obtained by repeating this procedure using one single‐strand mutant as a template and the mutagenic primers of the second single‐strand mutation. The only exception was DF508, where a specific primer was designed since the stem–loop is too short. After purification and digestion with NotI and EcoRI, the PCR bands were cloned into NotI–EcoRI‐cut pBNMB vector (Ferrandon et al., 1994). The mutations were confirmed by sequencing. Some mutant constructs contain an additional G→T mutation at nucleotide 211. This mutation alone has no effect in the injection assay (data not shown). RNAs were prepared as previously described (Ferrandon et al., 1994).
Injection experiments
Experiments were carried out as described (Ferrandon et al., 1994). Pictures were taken with a Zeiss Axiophot microscope. The black and white negatives corresponding to the Cy3 channel (STAU) and the DAPI channel were scanned, assigned false colors, and superimposed upon each other using Adobe Photoshop 3.0.
In vitro dimerization experiments
These experiments were carried out as previously described (Marquet et al., 1991). Briefly, RNA dissolved in 8 μl of MilliQ‐water (Millipore) was heated for 2 min at 90°C and was chilled on ice. Two μl of the appropriate buffer were then added. For samples incubated under high salt conditions, the tubes were incubated at 37°C and subsequently were chilled on ice. The samples were loaded on 1.1% non‐denaturing agarose gels. Electrophoresis was carried out at room temperature in 1× TBM buffer (90 mM Tris‐borate pH 8.3, 0.1 mM MgCl2) at 7 V/cm. Gels were then stained in 0.5 mg/ml ethidium bromide.
Incubations were carried out in buffer containing 50 mM sodium cacodylate pH 7.5, and either 40 mM KCl, 0.1 mM MgCl2 (standard monomer buffer: low salt) or 300 mM KCl, 5 mM MgCl2 (standard dimer buffer: high salt). RNA final concentration was usually 0.6 mg/ml. In mixing experiments, equimolar amounts of each RNA were added to a final concentration of 0.6 mg/ml.
RNA modeling
The structure was refined with NUCLIN‐NUCLSQ (Westhof et al., 1985) and the drawing made with DRAWNA (Massire et al., 1994).
We thank Georg Kalhammer for excellent technical help, the Tübingen Fly group, Anne Ephrussi, Gail Habicht, Jean‐Luc Imler, Roland Marquet and Daniel St Johnston for discussions and for critically reading previous versions of the manuscript.
- Copyright © 1997 European Molecular Biology Organization


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Snowflake Christmas Wrap, Navy with Gold Print and Gold Ribbon
To see the full range of gift wrapping, visit our main website at happywrap.co.uk
Christmas snowflakes in gold print on navy fabric, with beautiful Gold Berisfords double satin ribbons.
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Happywraps can be washed, tumble dried and ironed if desired. Just use a moderate temperature and wash dark colours separately.

subset: commoncrawl


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If the ID sticker falls off a CAPA hood in the woods, and there's no one there to see it blow away, is it still a CAPA certified hood? CAPA will tell you no.
What spurred the rhetorical question is this most recent incident in which a CAPA certified aftermarket replacement hood on a Toyota Tacoma opened unexpectedly when a technician took it for a test drive. What has been determined in investigations is that the secondary striker on the hood contained a nonconformity. Basically, it doesn't work. And not just this one, the word is that none of the hoods like this made by Jui Li and its manufacturing partners in Taiwan are fit for duty.
Despite a recent acknowledgment by the manufacturer's US importer that the nonconformity in the hoods' strikers exists, and a recall by a US distributor, there's been no rush to judgment by CAPA on this hood. They did, however, decertify the part, albeit reluctantly.
Some will recall the cover story of the February 1999 issue of Consumer Reports that featured another hood that flew up in the face of the owner of a Honda Accord. That also was a CAPA certified part with a major nonconformity that caused it and others like it to fly in the face of its owners. That hood, however, has faded into memory, having been dismissed by the association as a hoax. So it's back to the business of rubber-stamping bootleg parts.
This incident has CAPA taking cover again. Their first response was to deny it was one of theirs, despite the Jui Li, API and Ensure hoods being in their public database, not to mention displaying the yellow badges in distributor inventories and on who knows how many Toyota Tacomas. Apparently someone scraped the CAPA sticker off the inside of this particular part before it was painted.
CAPA spokesperson Stephanie Ackerman said, "We know of no reason why a repair shop would have a need to remove the CAPA seal. Doing so would only eliminate their ability to prove the use of a CAPA part or trace the part if necessary… If a repairer, distributor, consumer or insurer removes a seal from a part, then they are effectively voiding the certification of that part."
I think this could be a case of Ms. Ackerman smoking her own press releases. What Ms. Ackerman may not understand is that there aren't a whole lot of body shop owners that would want a CAPA part traced to them. Let's have a quick poll…all those shop owners reading this whose technicians proudly leave CAPA stickers on the non-OEM hoods they install raise their hands…I rest my case.
What's of more concern than their out-of-touch-with-reality attitude is that by right of the mere de-certification of this hood, CAPA thinks they can simply walk away from this part. Their responsibility in this goes a great deal deeper, I'm afraid.
If CAPA is what they purport to be, then it could be argued that body shops, insurance companies and distributors have formed a reliance on the CAPA certification. Ostensibly the CAPA part is a cut above one that is safe to use and presumed to be the functional equivalent to the OEM part. This presumption, as we know, is dubious, but is significant in the fact that people depend on a validating organization like CAPA to actually do something when certifying these parts, outside of selling their makers little yellow seals. One would expect a person would at least have done what I did and put a dial caliper on the striker and measured it against the OEM part.
CAPA has now dropped their certified hood in the hands of NHTSA and once their investigation is completed, they will have apparently washed their hands of the matter. Not so fast. One could argue that but for the CAPA certification, many distributors and end users might never have installed this hood on a Tacoma, so whose responsibility is it? The shops? Those insurance companies enriched in the substitution? Or should the validator play some part in retrieving these oversized box cutters before someone gets seriously hurt?
Apparently, the insurance industry has had varying reactions to the possibility of another one of these hoods causing a world of hurt to them. A few companies have notified their DRP shops and claims offices not to use this hood. Others have adopted a see what happens attitude, and are content to wait for the results of the CAPA investigation.
Rod Enlow, Chairman of CAPA's Technical Committee was quick to respond to what he sees as a rush to judgment. "This is only one hood," he said. Enlow also dipped into the aftermarket parts industry bag of phrases and insisted that "safety is not a factor of cosmetic sheet metal [body] parts."
Oh really?
Enlow said that instead of being stampeded by an isolated incident of one hood flying open, he would urge the industry to abide the results of the CAPA study being done presently by their Entela Laboratories in Grand Rapids, MI. This is the same group that had a hand in certifying this hood in the first place and all the rest of the CAPA's best, lest we forget.
I would submit that this is not a case of "only one hood." Apparently the dies that position the secondary striker during its manufacture were slightly off, leaving the nose of the striker too far from the latch's hook on the OEM assembly. This means that the hood will hold on its primary striker, but the moment one is not fastened securely (how often does that happen?), it will let go like the one we saw in New Jersey. Therefore this is not just one hood, but all hoods made by this plant in Taiwan. In fact, the importer for Jui Li actually saw the hood in question, and confirmed this fact. What's more, the distributor that sold this hood agreed and issued an immediate recall on all the hoods of this type he sold this year, which in my opinion was the right thing to do – quick and decisive action.
Quick and decisive, however, are not terms found in CAPA literature. They favor slow and deliberate, which is fine in pharmaceutical trials, but not what we look for in the face of impending disaster, such as a hood flying open at speed. This is not the slow corrosion that works its way around the hem flanges of the typical aftermarket hood, but is of consequence only when the truck is moving fast. But hey, call me an alarmist.
One more thing: there is something disturbing about the fact that CAPA is investigating themselves. Any conclusion of their study that would confirm the nonconformity in this hood exists would prove their certification was bogus in the first place. The easy solution is to A. claim this is a result of a conspiracy and another well-executed hoax, B. simply de-certify the part and leave it to the federal government, or C. stop answering the phone and send the staff on a badly needed vacation.
If I were Jack Gillis, CAPA Executive Director, I'd pick C and board the next chopper evacuating their Washington office. Having blown yet another opportunity for CAPA to prove its efficacy in the industry, his choices in this matter are limited. CAPA could have stepped up to this the moment they were notified. Instead they went on the defensive immediately, and only de-certified the part after the manufacturer recalled the hood.
I see wanton disregard for safety on the part of CAPA, its underwriters and anyone satisfied to sit back and let the system fly the plane. Can anyone be so reckless as to believe that the mere act of decertifying this hood will prevent another hood from flying open? This accident in New Jersey was caused by a system in which these events are viewed like collateral damage. But we're not at war with our customers, nor should their insurance companies be sending them off like so many unsuspecting pilots in cars rebuilt with questionable parts.
The sight of those skid marks in New Jersey where the blinded driver hit the guardrail was enough to convince me that it wasn't just a hood that failed, but the failure of an entire system. The aftermarket parts advocates say competition is good. The same goes for CAPA and their tenuous hold on the certification business.


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Facts about bgrs
The Benishangul Gumuz national regional state is one of the nine constituent states of the federal democratic republic of Ethiopia with its regional capital Assosa situated at about 667Km North West of Addis Ababa. The region has an estimated surface area of 50,698.68Km2, population size of 735,430 (2010 projection) and endowed with immense untapped natural resources. It has 3 Zonal, 20 woreda and 480 Kebele administrations


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Social responsibility management
Our well-functioning and efficient infrastructure enables us to provide reliable services for all of our customer groups in a socially responsible manner. We deal ethically, openly and transparently with all of our stakeholders. We use various channels to provide our stakeholders with information and enable them to interact with us.
We support and respect the United Nations' Universal Declaration of Human Rights. As an employer, we comply with the International Labor Organization (ILO) Declaration on Fundamental Principles and Rights at Work. In accordance with the principles of the UN Global Compact, we are committed to promoting employees' rights, environmental protection, anticorruption work and human rights in working life.
We comply with an approved equality plan and all laws and regulations related to equality in order to promote and ensure nondiscrimination and equal treatment. We maintain a system that makes it possible to report any deviations from our principles and guidelines and address them.
We also expect partners to comply with equivalent, ethically sustainable principles. We present our environmental and ethical requirements in the tendering phase and ensure that they are addressed when agreements are signed. We expect our suppliers to provide feedback, and we respond to any shortcomings, as necessary. We have not identified any risks related to the use of child, forced or penal labor in our operations.


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Texte du rabat
Excerpt from The War: And Its Lessons; Four Lectures Delivered in London, October, 1919
Teachings to the problems of our own time; for truly the use of all knowledge is to illuminate the path of action. Knowledge is sterile where it is not applied to the direction of conduct, and the use Of Theosophical teachings studied so long by so many all over the world is to illuminate the problems of the present critical time. For thirty years and a half I have been a student of those teachings, and during that long time I have never found them fail to irradiate the darkest Obscurity, and to keep the heart at peace, whether in the storms of public life or in the trials of private life. But in Speaking on the lines laid down by those teachings, I would ask any of you who may not know it to remember that no member of the Theosophical Society is bound by what I say. We have so firm a belief in Truth that we do not desire to make it a barrier in the fellowship of fellow - students of the Truth, and, therefore, there is no teaching of Theosophy which is binding on the members of the Society which really exists to spread those teachings. We believe that Truth is recognised the moment the eyes-teach the position whence that Truth is visible. We do not desire to use any Truth we have, as Robertson of Brighton once said, turning the Bread of Life into a stone to cast at our opponents. On the contrary, we leave every member of the Society absolutely free to accept or to reject any Theosophical teaching, and although I happen to be President of the Society, I have no more.
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Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Houston, Houston, Texas
The purpose of this paper is to draw attention to the fact that the routine application of Saint-Venant's principle in the solution of elasticity problems involving highly anisotropic or composite materials is not justified in general. This is illustrated in the context of the plane problem of elasticity for an anisotropic rectangular strip loaded only on the short ends. For highly anisotropic transversely isotropic materials, the slow decay of end effects is demonstrated using a method involving self-equilibrating eigenfunctions. For a graphite/epoxy composite, for example, the characteristic decay length is shown to be approximately four times that for an isotropic material. The results have implications in the accurate measurement of mechanical properties of anisotropic materials.
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by Matt | June 7, 2014 4:46 pm
Busy work schedule caused me to not log for a bit, but have still been training 6-7x/wk. A few days ago switched to ThorneFX vitamins.
Warmup – 10 pushups, 10 squats, butt kicks, high knee, kerioki, backwards run to sprint, burpee to sprint
Cycle – 14.5 mi … phone got heat warning about half way thorough so don't know my exact performance. Based on data available (about 70% of route), average pace 16mph
Run – 3.29 mi average pace 8:43. Lower back + both anterior tibia sore, especially in the beginning
Source URL: http://mattstevens.me/2014/06/training-log-06-07-2014/
Copyright ©2019 matt stevens unless otherwise noted.


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Frequently Asked Questions (F.A.Q.)
Q Is the safe to travel remote on road or air in Nepal ?
Yes, but suggest is you to buy insurance from your home country before to leave. Should cover insurance helicopter evacuation in Nepal .
Q. Is trekking suitable for me?Its depend on your health and age . So any one, with a pair of strong legs and the spirit for adventure to explore the exotic will enjoy the thrills of trekking in the hills of Nepal. Normally for weary trekkers we have a list of short, easy and exotic treks and for the experience trekkers we offer a longer trek with lots of excitement and adventure.
Q. Which season is best season for treks in Nepal ?October, November, March and April. are best season treks for Nepal
Q Do I need treks equipment for trekking times ?
While organizing the trip trekking company can manage the necessary equipment however one can have several trekking gear shop from easy hiring facility is available .
Q Do I need to confirm my flight ticket?
Yes it is compulsory .
Q. Does Himalayan Quest Travels and Tourism accept credit cards?Yes, Himalayan Quest Travels and Tourism accept credit card (Visa and Master) but 4% will be extra charge and sometime credit card can be declined in Nepal so we kindly request you to pay in bank transfer, Cash or Travelers Cheques.
Q. What type of insurance should I have? It is necessary to have Travel insurance for all clients to take in any tour. It should provide adequate protection for the full duration of the tour to cover personal injury, medical expenses, repatriation expenses, helicopter evacuation, loss of luggage, etc..
Q. DO I need a insurance before leave my country ? Yes It is necessary to have travel insurance for all clients to take in any tour.
The Himalayan Quest Travels and Tourism Pvt. Ltd is a well - known Government Registered Company in Nepal . We are trust worthy and fully committed to give you the best service. We accept your bookings under the following terms and conditions.
Payment and Advance
Clients should be paid only authorised with Himalayan Quest Travels and Tourism bank acount or authorised person are president and managing director of this company . While making your trip with us, we need a photocopy of your passport and 30% of the total amount, a non-refundable booking deposit is required for every trip booking per person. The rest of money can be paid up on arrival on our office, full payment is required before departure the trip and for your last minute booking before a week you need to pay full amount of money as an advance.
Payment and Charge
Money trasfer charge , credit card (4.5%) charge all kinds of banking service charge should be paid by the clients themsleves at the time of deposit .
Bank Detail :
Bank Name and Address : Commerz and Trust Bank Nepal Ltd.
Tridevi Marg, Thamel Branch, Kathmandu
Account Name : Himalayan Quest Travels and Tourism Pvt. Ltd.
Account Type : Current
Account Number : 0110000011CA
Swift Code : CTBNNPKA
Risk & Liabilities
The Himalayan Quest Travels and Tourism Pvt.Ltd shall not be responsibile for any change or cancellation of programmes due to unavoidable circumstance such as Government restriction, land slide, road blockage, flood, avalanches, political unrest, cancellation of flight, delay, sickness or accident, breakdown of vehicle. Any extra cost incurring thereof shall be borne by the clients on the spots. So it is most advisable that clients to have full insurance against medical and personal accident risk. Cancellation insurance is also most recommended.
Cancellation Policy:
15% Cancelletion charge within 30 days, after the date, no refund will be made.
Passport and Visas Cost
All clients must have a valid passport with at least 6 months validity from return date. Nepalese visas can be obtained from the Nepalese Consulate in your country or up on arrival in Kathmandu Airport. Nepalese visas cost is USD 25 for 15 days and USD 40 for 30 days till date.
Flight delay:
Advised to reserve extra days to prepare with some delays and avoid frustrating consequence. In case of delay in flight prior to trek departure or at the end of the trek, you need to meet your accommodation, food costs by yourself.
Price Changing:
Under any circumstances, or on the pressure of various external factors that are further than our control, for instance changes in exchange rate, government action etc. Most of the time domestic flight fare is changing due to fuel price hike up.
Entrance fee and permit


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Microsoft Corporation v. AT&T Corp., 550 U.S. ___ (2007). Mark C. Scarsi O'Melveny & Myers LLP. Microsoft v. AT&T. On Appeal from the Federal Circuit
Download Policy: Content on the Website is provided to you AS IS for your information and personal use and may not be sold / licensed / shared on other websites without getting consent from its author.While downloading, if for some reason you are not able to download a presentation, the publisher may have deleted the file from their server.
Mark C. Scarsi
O'Melveny & Myers LLP
35 USC § 271(f)(1)
Whoever without authority supplies or causes to be supplied in or from the United States all or a substantial portion of the components of a patented invention, where such components are uncombined in whole or in part, in such manner as to actively induce the combination of such components outside of the United States in a manner that would infringe the patent if such combination occurred within the United States, shall be liable as an infringer.
35 USC § 271(f)
Why Did the Supreme Court Take the Case?
Ginsburg Decision of the Court
Ginsburg Decision of the Court
Ginsburg Decision of the Court
Alito Concurrence (Thomas, Breyer)
Stevens Dissent
4 - 3 on Footnote 14
"In a footnote, Microsoft suggests that even a disk shipped from the United States, and used to install Windows directly on a foreign computer, would not give rise to liability under §271(f) if the disk were removed after installation. We need not and do not reach that issue here."
Ginsburg, Scalia, Kennedy, Souter and Stevens
Alito, Thomas, Breyer
JUSTICE STEVENS: What is patented? Is the physical object patented or is the software patented?
MR. OLSON: The AT&T patent --
JUSTICE STEVENS: Right.
MR. OLSON: The '580 patent is a program, as I understand it, that's married to a computer, has to be married to a computer in order to be patented.
JUSTICE SCALIA: You can't patent, you know, on-off, on-off code in the abstract, can you?
MR. OLSON: That's correct, Justice Scalia.
JUSTICE SCALIA: There needs to be a device.
MR. OLSON: An idea or a principle, two plus two equals four can't be patented. It has to be put together with a machine and made into a usable device. The bind that AT&T is in here is that the components that make the machines run that are produced abroad are not supplied from the United States. They are made in Belgium or Frankfurt or something.
JUSTICE BREYER: I take it that we are operating under the assumption that software is patentable? We have never held that in this Court, have we?
MR. JOSEFFER: No, but as I was saying before --
JUSTICE BREYER: So what should we do here? Should, if we are writing this, since it's never been held that it's patentable in this Court --
MR. JOSEFFER: I think if --
JUSTICE BREYER: If I were writing something, should I say on the assumption that it's patentable? Since the issue isn't raised?
JUSTICE STEVENS: Your time is up, but I want to ask you one yes or no question. In your view is software patentable?
MR. JOSEFFER: Standing alone in and of itself, no.
JUSTICE BREYER: Is that -- how is that different from this? How is it different?
MR. WAXMAN: That is very different than this case because what -- first of all, we all agree that software code in and of itself, removed from a physical structure, cannot be patentableand when software -- when some -- when an invention that is practiced with software is patented, at the most what you will see is preferred embodiments of the source code which is language that humans understand and which computers do not.
A lot of work has to be done in items of debugging and testing and compiling to create what is, by stipulation, at issue in this case, which is the precise, machine readable sequence that commands a computer's CPU millions of times a second. Source code would do nothing. Source code has to be worked on overseas.
JUSTICE SCALIA: That, that code is not patentable, you've said.
MR. WAXMAN: The code is not patentable. The expression is copyrightable.AT&T has not sought to get a patent on the code. AT&T has a patent on a system that can be practiced, among other ways, through the use of software.


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Archive for June, 2012
Rock and Roll is Music with Many Genres
Rock and roll music is really a popular through of music that's accompanied through instruments such as drums, acoustic guitar and largemouth bass. Rock music by itself has numerous styles which were incorporated through musicians that loved this particular music. It's possible to come throughout rock songs where devices like synthesizers, piano as well as organ can also be used. Rock songs began within the early 50′s in USA and the UK and such as all well-liked music offers it personal loyal enthusiast following. Rock songs were subsequently combined with many other aspects of music to provide their personal touch in order to rock songs. Rock tune subsequently through the years had numerous new styles added within its collapse.
So within 1970s jazz had been blended along with rock to produce jazz rock and roll music, after which it had been blended along with folk music leading to folk rock and roll and later on Latin, soul as well as funk songs also experienced its affects on rock and roll music sometimes. Today we now have different groups under rock and roll music and a few of the popular types are heavy metal and rock, intensifying rock, blues rock and roll, soft rock and roll, punk rock and roll and techno rock amongst others. In the actual 1980′s as well as 1990′s numerous new extra genres associated with rock music for example Brit take rock, Indie rock and roll, alternative rock and roll, hard rock and roll and grunge design rock had been introduced. The UK is an additional country exactly where rock nation flourished as well as British rock can also be as well-known as United States rock music worldwide.
One from the greatest rock and roll music group The Beatles is actually from Britain plus they are famous worldwide for his or her songs as well as rock songs. Through 1970 Red Floyd was probably the most influential band within the rock songs scene. This team had 4 artists and those all were through Britain. The type of rock songs that Red Floyd had been sang was referred to as psychedelic rock and roll. The people scene coupled with rock gave the brand new term people rock. Here all of the traditional tunes were combined with instruments which were traditionally related to rock songs. This style of songs was pioneered through Bob Dylan as well as Woody Guthrie. A few of the other well-liked rock people rock artists include Joni Mitchell, The Band and also Neil Young.
Fast Catching House Music Lover Fancy
The type of music that describes a type of electronics dancing music is called house music. The earliest type of house music was played within the early in order to mid 1980′s. House music originated by membership DJs within the city associated with Chicago in USA. The impact of particular elements such as the funk infused dancing music design and disco style is visible heavily internally music. The foundation of the actual name home music is actually uncertain. Some claim that the name hails from the name from the club known as The Stockroom. In the actual late 1970′s and earlier 80′s stockroom parties which were held subterranean were extremely popular in the town of Chi town. Now one of these simple underground parties which were frequented mainly by Latino as well as black homosexual man was referred to as the stockroom.
The DJ in the Warehouse Frankie Knuckles combined European music with combined classic disco music, punk recordings, industrial music and also the new influx music for those who were regulars presently there. Frequent clubbers known this music as Home Music and therefore the title came in to being. But mentioned previously this really is disputed. Musician Ray Heard claims how the term Home Music originates from the truth that most from the DJ's information the music at their property. Generally these types of DJ's make use of drum devices and synthesizers in order to record the actual music at their property and hence the word House music came into being. DJ Nick E offers another story to inform behind the actual popularity from the name Home Music. Chip claims how the name originated from the approach to recording in a studio. However none from the claims tend to be conclusive.
Home music created in homes, clubs as well as garages exactly where mostly teens and nearby club goers accustomed to assemble. The recognition of home music increased once the music had been played within commercial stereo. House music was considerably longer and conceptual then every other type associated with music this also music wasn't meant with regard to widespread industrial use. Basically home music combined the standard elements from the musical instruments to provide it a far more humane contact.
Produce and Sell Your Music – You Can does this from Your Home
It's not necessary to be a specialist. Create music the very best you may, just have it recorded as well as polish this up later on. Rough tracks aren't always a poor thing. They may be an excellent starting place for an excellent song. Lots of people can value raw music and could even wish to collaborate along with you to help to make your music better still. Putting collectively music that's not perfect is preferable to keeping the actual music inside you and never sharing your own creativity as well as talents along with others.
You are able to create high quality recordings without likely to an expert recording facility. There is great home documenting software as well as recording products available. Reading through a guide, contacting customer care, and visiting forums can go an extended ways in assisting you enhance your documenting skills. You shouldn't be intimidated. Experiment with your own recording gadget, or documenting software. If you're patient along with yourself, you might have a thrilling time, learn a great deal, and your own recordings can definitely start in the future together.
Also consider going out in the music shop occasionally to understand some excellent tips through other music artists. Sales reps are usually more compared to happy to assist you and actually share their own personal experiences they've had having a product. If they do not have experience using the product you are searching for, chances are they are able to find someone within the store that has experience, or may direct you to definitely the correct place.
Home is the sanctuary, whenever you relax get an inspiration out of your environment after that capture your own creativity inside your recording. When a person creates music in the comfort of your house your creativity could be limitless. You are able to create, report, and market music at home while you're inside your pajamas. Nothing wrong with this! A large amount of good creativity sometimes happens at house… channel that right into a cool brand new song, and report it therefore you'll keep in mind it for a long time. You can screw up a 1000 times, and nobody has to understand. Practice for your heart's content material, then reports your tunes as numerous times as you have to until you receive the sound which makes you pleased.


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Chad Clawson is an Executive Director of HGGC
Chad has more than 25 years of experience as a private equity professional and C-level executive who has created enterprise value through the identification and execution of key strategic initiatives, operational improvements and the acquisition and leverage of talented human capital. Currently, Chad serves as CEO of Nutraceutical International Corporation, which was acquired by HGGC in 2017. Prior to joining HGGC, Chad had several significant roles with American Capital where his assignments included Service Experts (Chief Officer of Operational Excellence), Paradigm Precision (COO) and Global Conference Partners (CEO). Chad joined HGGC to assist with certain diligence matters and management roles with respect to current and prospective HGGC portfolio companies.
- Role Executive Director
- Joined 2017
- Education S.M., Management (M.B.A.) and S.M., Electrical Engineering and Computer Science from the Massachusetts Institute of Technology, B.S., Chemistry and B.S., Electrical Engineering from Utah State University


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Hello gamers! We appreciate your understanding as we've given writers the week off, but I wanted to create a post to inform readers about the various sales that game companies are doing this week! Many of these sales could be taken advantage of without even leaving your house, meaning more time with family and less time shopping, so that's pretty awesome. Below we will list companies doing these sales and links to their stores/products, so check them out!
As always, be sure to ask your local game store about the deals they may be running! Not having to pay shipping makes everyone happy!
**Please note that we will constantly update THIS page as we find deals, so please bookmark this post and check back frequently!**
Conflicted : The Survival Card Game is having a great bulk sale! These decks make great stocking stuffers and gifts for your apocalyptic-loving gamer! 12:01am Thursday -12:01am Saturday you can pick up 3 decks for only $33 (normally $44.85) plus S&H, or you can get 5 decks for $55 (normally $74.75) plus S&H!
Privateer Press
Privateer Press is holding 2 distinct sales coming up that you should know about. The first is November 29-December 2 and it involves digital items. Skull eXpeditions is honoring 20% off your purchase with the code "BLACKFRIDAY". Also, the books through the digital app will be discounted.
Next up, starting December 2nd, many games will be discounted to complete your collections. LEVEL 7 and its various games will be in bundles in which you can get every game plus promo cards and figures for $150. Iron Kingdoms lovers can get all the published content plus token sets for $130. Other Bodger Games will also be on sale.
The biggest bonus of all being that sets of 25 point armies for the factions of Warmachine and Hordes will be available, ranging from $146-$178. These packages include 10 year commemorative pins and dice. Token sets and free downloadable books for those factions are also included in these sets.
To celebrate their birthday, Wyrd Miniatures is putting on a big sale. This includes the pre-release of the Malifaux 2nd Edition manuals and a nice big list of miniatures. Also, metal Puppet Wars figures can be picked up for those wanting to flesh out their models. Special edition sets are also available, as are some old limited edition models that were found in storerooms. If you missed out on a particular model in the past, this is the time to see if they are still around!
While these are available to order starting Thanksgiving, orders won't start shipping until December 5th.
You can pick up Magic 2014 – Duels of the Planeswalkers, and its expansion, for a whopping 50% off this holiday season! The dates for the sales are the following :
- Sony Playstation North America: November 26–December 3
- Sony Playstation Europe: November 29–December 2
- Sony Playstation Japan: November 28–December 3
- Sony Playstation Asia: November 28–December 4
- iOS: November 28–December 2
- XBLA: November 29 only
- Amazon (Android): November 28–December 3
- Google Play (Android): November 28–December 2
- Steam: November 27–December 3
Steve Jackson Games
From December 1 – 15, when you order $50 or more from the Warehouse 23 store, you will get a random Jolly d6 jumbo dice! Order $75 or more to get both!
Over 800 items are being marked for clearance at Miniature Market! You are sure to find something for you and your gamer friends in this sale! From full boxes of miniatures and cards to board games, accessories, and books, their list of sales is huge!
Browse the sales here or download the product list!
Fantasy Flight Games is having a big sale on their games, and their novels! Check and see if that FFG game you've had your heart set on is on sale!
Cards Against Humanity
And, in true fashion of themselves Cards Against Humanity is also holding a Black Friday "deal" in which you get (to pay) $5 more per product!
Cool Mini or Not has their shop products slashed down 15%, and this sale will continue through Cyber Monday! Get it while it lasts!
Get 40% off of Basicks miniature terrain and figures with the code "black2013″
AEG is hosting a Black Friday Extravaganza, which will make its fans very happy starting today through December 1st. For Legend of the 5 Rings Fans :
- Free L5R Poker Deck Every Order*
- Box of Greed Pull Every $5
- Free Coils of Madness Booster Every $10
All other orders get 25% off! Be sure to use the code "aegblackfriday2013" to get these deals!
More coming soon!!


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|Book Club
Event Type: Adults
Age Group(s): Adults
Date: 7/30/2018
Start Time: 6:00 PM
End Time: 7:30 PM
Adults explore recently published fiction and non-fiction titles and discuss their observations and opinions amongst other readers. Led by book club moderator Nathalia.Library: Main Branch
Location: Sm. Conference Room
Other Information:
This month's pick will be "Children of Blood and Bone" by Tomi Adeyemi.


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I user made me aware an item to watch out for when using the Revit revision system. A view which already contains a revision cloud on it was duplicated with detail. As the revision cloud was an older drawing issue the cloud was set to show none; and thus the users was not aware the revision cloud was also copied. When the view was put on a sheet, it was on its first revision before the drawing had been issued.
If this does happen, change the revision to show and delete the cloud in the copied view. Then change the older revision back to show none.
Personally I don't think Revision clouds should be part of the duplicate with detail but I do understand why is happens.


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Our Mission
Moises, Teplitsky, & Gross is noted for its involvement in the highest level of litigation and transactional work from a broad spectrum of clients ranging from individuals to businesses. Our lawyers are not only known as being some of the best in their fields, but also for providing an unparalleled level of service to our clients combined with an incomparable level of professionalism while aggressively advocating for our clients' interests.
Why Choose Us?
We've recovered millions for our clients.
We've handled thousands of cases.
- Licensed throughout the entire State of Florida, including Federal Courts.
- No Recovery, No Fees.
- Se Habla Español.
Speak With a Lawyer for Free
Personal Injury
Getting hurt in an accident can be a traumatizing, overwhelming experience. We understand and we are here to help.
Real Estate
Our firm routinely assists clients in real estate transactions as a title and closing agent on commercial and residential purchase and refinance transactions. Our attorneys are also experienced in handling various real estate litigation matters.
Insurance Litigation
Whether individuals or businesses, we aggressively pursue your case to make sure you are properly compensated according to the terms of your insurance policy.
Commercial & Business Litigation
Commercial litigation takes various different forms. It usually involves business professionals, business enterprises, and business operations coupled with contracts or duties that arise by statute or by operation of law. We have successfully and efficiently resolved these disputes for our clients.
General Civil Disputes
The terms "civil dispute" or "civil litigation" are just some of the references to a wide range of legal conflicts that can involve multiple different parties seeking compensation or other forms of legal relief from another party in civil court. Our attorneys are adept at handling a wide range of civil matters for our clients, whatever the issue may be.
HOA & CONDO Association Representation
A Condominium or Homeowners' Association is no different than a small to medium-sized business (sometimes even considered a mini-government). We have experience representing both with regard to various common and those not so common issues.


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Life Insurance Policy: How To Make Sure You Are Obtaining The Best
Lots of people nowadays have already realized the significance of getting a life insurance plan to secure their loved ones in the future. To ensure that your loved ones will be financially-conditioned, you have to make sure that you get just the right plan. Here are tips that will assist you obtain the best coverage for you and your loved ones.
Identify how much protection you want to purchase. If you are a bread winner to a family, you will need to own an insurance plan which will provide them with enough financial security when you're no longer around to offer their demands. If you've got the option to pick either a whole life or term insurance. Normally, it is less expensive to spend a term policy premium because you buy it for a particular term. This policy doesn't involve any kind of money value and you will not benefit from the advantages when the term ends while you are still living. A whole life insurance plan, on the other hand, gives you permanent protection. Which means that you are covered throughout your life and this generates a cash value. With this coverage, you are required to pay a fixed premium.
Once you decide on the kind of policy that you would like to buy, you may search for a life insurance policy both online or offline. It is always possible for you to obtain quotes from different corporations to ensure that you obtain the best plan possible. Once you find some good quotes and you want to talk to a representative or perhaps an agent, you can do this of course. Be open about what you have in mind and don't hesitate to ask whatever concerns you have.
Be truthful with your insurance provider about your present physical condition even you're not required to take a medical check. Your honesty will guarantee that the company can give your family the benefits that they can claim when you pass away. Dishonesty will suffer your insurance plan so you may want to consider this seriously. Usually, you will be asked by a supplier to submit yourself for a physical examination for either whole or term life insurance. Consider; however, that those who'll not require you to take such exam will probably ask you to pay larger premiums to pay your risk as a policyholder.
Make sure you examine the policy in case you have chosen one. Find out if you're supplied with the one that you requested without any costs that could surprise you in the short run. If the policy seems fine for you, you can begin to pay your regular monthly premium and be responsible with your own payments in order to avoid cancellations of your coverage.


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There's a treat in store for fans across the UK…
[url=]OASIS are to give fans a chance to see their forthcoming DVD in clubs across the country.
Next month (September 6) [url=]Oasis release Definitely Maybe – The DVD to commemorate the ten-year anniversary of its release. To coincide with the release, the band are doing five exclusive screenings in Glasgow, Sheffield, Exeter, Birmingham and their hometown of Manchester.
The screenings will give fans a sneak preview of the DVD before it hits the shops. Events are open to the public but operate on a first come, first serve basis. In addition, there will be competitions at each event for promo items, a DVD player and signed artwork.
The screenings are at: Glasgow King Tuts (September 3, 6.30pm)
Exeter Timepiece (September 3, 9pm)
Birmingham Bar Academy (September 3, 8pm)
Manchester Roadhouse (September 4, 12 noon)
Sheffield Leadmill (September 6, 9pm)
[url=]Oasis continue to work on their new album. NME.COM understands that much of the next month will be spent in the studio.


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Local Dog Groomers in Norfolk, VA
Whether you've recently brought home a new dog, or are new to the area and want to keep your trusty pup's coat looking stylish, we understand how important it is to find a local dog groomer you can trust. After all, we're pet owners and lovers, ourselves, and we care about each of our four-legged residents as if they were our own.
Quality pet care is important for pet owners, and that includes choosing dog groomers who are experienced working with all breeds and temperaments. Living in Norfolk, VA means that we have convenient access to some of the area's best groomers and pet care facilities. These highly-rated dog groomers are as compassionate as they are competent, and they're all located within 15 minutes of your front door.
When it's time to take your four-legged best friend for his annual De-Shed treatment, basic shampoo, nail trim, teeth cleaning or full service spa experience, you'll have options galore in our beautiful city. Here are 5 local dog groomers we recommend you check out the next time your pup requires a hearty scrub.
Muddy Paws
Muddy Paws' two locations, by ODU and in Downtown Norfolk, offer a variety of services for your pet, including outstanding grooming, daycare, boarding, dog and cat food, supplies and supplements. If you're looking for a one stop shop for all of your pet's needs, Muddy Paws is your place. Their DeShed Treatment is especially helpful at the beginning of the summer months when pups can begin to shed their winter coats, and their staff is well-known for friendly service and helpful tips.
Family owned and operated, Groomingdales has been coiffing Norfolk's finest pets for more than 30 years. Located in Ghent, Groomingdales is a full service pet grooming salon and spa, specializing in luxurious treatments for your four-legged prince or princess. If you're in a rush, you can also pay an extra $20 to ensure that your pet is groomed meticulously in 3 hours or less.
Happy Tails Resort
Happy Tails resport is an 18,000 square foot grooming, boarding and daycare facility, featuring an indoor dog swimming pool, indoor and outdoor play areas and a highly trained staff who simply love to play with pups. Their full list of grooming services include basic bathing and shampooing to DeShedding, nail trimming and painting and foot and facial scrubs. Pamper your pup before or after she plays at Happy Tails.
Robin's Grooming Nest
Robin's grooming nest provides exceptional dog and cat grooming, in addition to doggy daycare and pet supplies. Compassionate caregivers who have a genuine love for working with cats and dogs of all sizes and breeds, Robin's team will also help you to choose the best shampoo, conditioner, collar and leash for your pup, so that you can continue their outstanding care at home.
Susie's Grooming Lounge
Susie's specializes in all breed pet grooming, and their reputation for quality grooming services and compassionate care is well-known. Located on Chesapeake Blvd in Norfolk, VA, most services start at around $25, and can include nail trimming, teeth brushing and ear cleaning.
Filed Under: Pet Friendly Apartments
Mira Roberts studied writing at New York University, graduating with a BA in English Literature before pursuing a career in media, marketing and management with PARADE Magazine, Portfolio Magazine, AltDaily, skirt! and lululemon athletica. A full time mother, writing instructor and part-time freelance writer, Mira lives and laughs with her family in Norfolk, VA.
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How to stop long working hours from affecting your child's behaviour.
Working long hours can affect our children's behaviour. Parent Coach, Aoife Lee, gives us an insight into what's going on and why.
One of the most common concerns among parents is what children will do to get their attention. Children often act on impulse, unable to rationalise or self-calm so their behaviour can and does escalate. The reason these behaviours are so effective is because they get our attention. In our child's eyes, we are acknowledging their feelings, although we may have no idea what the problem is and get annoyed at how they are communicating with us.
The more one-to-one time we give our children at the weekend the less likely they will look for attention in a negative way – a run around in the park, playing a board game or even baking together.
Children thrive under positive praise which in turn develops a willingness to co-operate with you as their parent. Catch them being good and notice when they're behaving well.
IGNORE NEGATIVE BEHAVIOURS This can be the hardest part, 'if I just give in it will make life easier' – but harder in the long run. The more you can actively ignore the negative behaviours the better. An alternative to a time-out is to create a quiet space for your child to go when they need to calm down. parentsupport.ie


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Recipe Type: Bok Choy
Bok Choy Stir Fry
Photos Recipe Combine first 4 ingredients in small bowl; mix well. Heat vegetable oil until ...admin Read more
Noodle Stir Fry
Photos Recipe Soak noodles in cold water to cover 15 minutes. Drain and cut in ...admin Read more
Grilled Asian Chicken
Photos Recipe Arrange all vegetables on large rimmed baking sheet. Brush vegetables lightly on both ...admin Read more
Beef Bok Choy
Photos Recipe Cut beef crosswise (across the grain) into 1/4-inch-thick slices, then cut slices into ...admin Read more
Grilled Baby Bok Choy
Photos Recipe Cut the leaves away from the bok choy stalks. Halve the stalks lengthwise. ...admin Read more
Grilled Halibut
Photos Recipe Heat 1 tablespoon olive oil in heavy small saucepan over medium heat. Add ...admin Read more
Thai Vegetables
Photos Recipe Heat oil in heavy large skillet over high heat. Add ginger and garlic; ...admin Read more
Soba Stir Fry
Photos Recipe Preheat oven to 350°F. Spread out almonds on a small rimmed baking sheet; ...admin Read more


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After a long, cold, gray winter here in Brussels, spring has finally sprung! Matt and I have been fortunate enough to have some of our favorite people accompanying the tulips and the irises, which can only mean one thing: lots and lots of waffles.
I love sharing our sweet little city with the people we care about. Though it lacks some of the Parisian glamor and the buzz of London, it is a terrific place for foodies to visit. I'm always amazed to find that some of the most delicious delicacies are mobile.
However, for two people that love to cook, we spend much of our time hosting at home in the kitchen. Homemade spinach burgers, carrot ginger soup, vegetable curry, BBQ tofu, and roasted tempeh were all noshed on in our humble abode over the course of the last few weeks. We're already dreaming up a menu for when my parents descend on us next Monday.
More photos from our weekends with our guests to come!


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May 2, 2016—According to the Washington Post, toddlers have shot at least 23 people this year alone. Exactly 23 people more than "Muslim terrorists" have, MIC reported.
While both news organizations focus on the fact that the nation has paid little to no attention to the high number of victims of shootings committed by toddlers as compared to the number of gun attacks committed by terrorists who claim to act on behalf of Islam, they also use the statistics to blame gun violence initiated by toddlers on "lax gun laws."
MIC's lack of in depth reporting misses the point when talking about gun violence. In reality, states where gun laws are more restrictive see an increase in gun violence whereas states with more gun-friendly laws often see a drop in crime. But what's important about MIC's review of gun violence statistics is its assessment of how the War on Terror as well as Washington's insistence in targeting nations that are predominantly Muslim have contributed to violence against the Muslim community here at home.
From MIC:
"Then there's the other problem: Muslims in America haven't been afforded nearly the same benefit of the doubt as their diaper-wearing counterparts.
Since 9/11, a spike in hate crimes against Muslims and Sikhs—who are often mistaken for Muslims—has accompanied a series of administrative and law enforcement practices that criminalize them. This includes the NYPD's disgraced Demographics Unit, which dedicated years of resources to surveilling Muslim neighborhoods in the tr-state area only to fail at uncovering a single piece of actionable intelligence.
Despite Muslim terrorists having killed nobody in the U.S. in 2016, Muslims across the country are routinely made to suffer due to Islamophobic perceptions. There are now at least six documented incidents of Muslims being removed from commercial airline flights since November because their fellow passengers felt threatened by them—including an Iraqi refugee who got kicked off a Southwest Airlines flight in April because a woman heard him speaking Arabic on the phone and got scared."
To many libertarian advocates such as former congressman Ron Paul, the security problem we face today in America has absolutely nothing to do with religion. When talking about Donald Trump's comments on Muslims, Dr. Paul explained that "You should not give privileges to groups, and you shouldn't punish groups. And you should never sacrifice liberty because you think you're going to be safer. That is not the prime purpose of government. In our system, at least! The purpose … is the government exists to protect our liberties."
Should we fear Islam or toddlers with guns? Share your thoughts with us!
Muslims Are Standing Up to Extremism'
Gov't 'Worker' Assaults Muslims Praying in Public
Christian Attacked For 'Looking Muslim' and Other Stupid Stories


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Thermal Trousers Light olive Softie PCS Latest Issue with Integral Stuff Bag, New
- New Latest issue Thermal trousers
- PCS Light olive with Integral Stuff bag
- These are the repalcement trousers for the Revesable softie style
- Elasticated waist
- button top
- velcro fly
- full length leg zip
- velcro ankle adjusters
- Latest issue kit
- Warm over trouser Like softie
- Small approx 32 waist 28 leg (70/70)
- Large approx 40 waist max 30 leg (90/80)
- XLarge approx 44 waist 32 leg (100/85)
- back velcro pocket
- Side velcro slits to reach into own pocket
We send all of our goods either With Royal mail First class post or Parcel 24 for Heavier Bulkier items or if the parcel is over 2kg.
All goods ordered on a normal working day before 1.00pm are sent that same day with either service mentioned above.
We offer free next working day delivery for all orders over £100.00, if placed before 1.00pm on our normal working days.
You can call us on a normal working day on 01562 863464 to upgrade to a special before 1.00pm next day delivery if required.
Collection of goods or orders placed online is available the shop during normal working hours.
Orders can be shipped worldwide / you will be contacted for extra costs once the order is placed.
For overseas orders We use Royal mail small packet post for orders under 2kg and Parcel Global international Service for goods over 2kg.
UK Delivery / collection Terms mentioned above excludes Wednesday, Weekends and Bank Holidays.
Geographical Restrictions apply to Delivery Areas Please see full terms and conditions for full exclusions.


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I'm giving a talk at the 8th Feng Shui Society Conference, London, UK on the 17th May 2014
THE Art of Feng Shui [Lite] – Jeannie Tower (USA)
In these times of information overload, Steve Jobs said "Simplicity is the highest form of sophistication". Feng shui can get complex and complicated at times but it doesn't have to be that way. This talk will help you to see feng shui in a new, fresh and crystal clear light. Like art, feng shui works best when it's clear and simple – but, like art, it can still be profound as it works on many levels. Come and learn how to use feng shui to simplify your life and business, getting the results you want with simple and powerful feng shui solutions.
Feng Shui Energy Alignment
This exciting information packed workshop introduces you to the art of Feng Shui and how to use it as a tool to re-direct and re-energize your life and space. You will learn how art, furniture placement, colors and clutter affect your mind, body and spirit along with the easiest ways to make positive changes. You will be shown simple yet powerful Feng Shui design principles and cures that are used to align the energy (chi) in your home, create a new vibrant feeling and support your life's aspirations. This truly is a new paradigm for success, abundance and health!
"I thoroughly enjoyed Saturday's class and I want to thank you for preparing such a stimulating class. I came away with so many great ideas and plan to put them into action!!" – Nora
Space Clearing/Sacred Space
Smudging or Space Clearing describe ancient and secret rituals, which are performed to clear old vibrations or energy patterns embedded in your environment. These patterns of energy can be left over from previous tenants, illnesses, arguments, stress or even ghosts. In this workshop, you will learn a variety of powerful – but simple – techniques which you can use to clear old energy patterns and re-program new ones. Come and experience the energy and fun of smudging!
Emotional Freedom – An Introduction to EFT
Do your thoughts and emotions block you from creating the life you really desire? Do you think things like, "I could never own my own business," "Im always struggling to pay my bills," "My co-workers drive me crazy,"or "I'll never find a partner." These types of thoughts and beliefs create blocks and stress in your life. But there is hope, a way to eliminate them altogether….its called EFT (Emotional Freedom Techniques).
Based upon the quantum science that all thoughts and beliefs are energy, EFT is a simple, amazingly effective self-help system that diffuses and transforms negative emotions, fears and limiting beliefs. By tapping on certain areas of the body you can release the energy associated with any thought or belief that is blocking your desire. During this class you will be introduced to the science behind EFT. We will cover the step by step tapping technique to use in any situation and you will see a demonstration of how easily it works. NOTE: This process is designed for personal development only and is not a substitute for medical or psychiatric treatment.
"I will be looking for your new teaching schedule and enjoy having another learning experience – you are a very empowering teacher!"
– Linda


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Lea Lilou And Lee
Meet 3 young women named Lea, Lilou and Lee who decided to spend some qualitative time together and have a so-called girly day because they met a long time ago and they have to talk about the ticklers of the life a bit. They came up with the idea of a shopping tour held in the local mall of their city and right now they would like you to join them and spend a few minutes with them! I think you shouldn't refuse this offer because the girls are very funny, so go ahead and try out the new Lea Lilou And Lee which is an average spot the differences game! Have fun with it!Tags: Adventure, Cartoon, Cute, Fantasy, Funny


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Are you Screening Employees Fairly?Posted: 26th January 2017 in Pre-employment Screening
Screening employees is now seen as a crucial part of the recruitment process; who are you hiring? Do they have the right qualifications for the job? Are they legal to work? Are just some of the questions a thorough screening process can help answer.