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Deputy Lieutenants
Kate Belinis
Kate Belinis is the CEO of CDA Herts since 2006. She has worked in Hertfordshire and London for many years as CEO in the voluntary sector. Prior to her voluntary and community roles, she worked in the private sector for 20 years in the analytical/testing of retail products and quality assurance sectors.
Her passion is in the development of sustainable communities and their infrastructure needs to enrich their communities and quality of life. Her work and networks cover rural affairs, social enterprise, community gardens, transport solutions, the criminal justice system and marginalised communities including the protected groups.
Kate continues to maintain an active role in several volunteer groups and sits on several Boards in Hertfordshire: Herts Independent Living Services; Herts Young Homeless; Stevenage World Forum for Ethnic Minorities; Ware Arts Centre; School Governor; Herts Equality Council and MENTER (Minority Ethnic Network in The Eastern Region).
Dame Claire Bertschinger
Dame Claire Bertschinger DBE DL DEd DSSc DSc (Hon Causa) MSc RGN works as Assistant Professor and Director for Tropical Nursing at London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine. She was honoured as a Dame Commander of the British Empire in the 2010 New Year's Honours List for services to Nursing and to International Humanitarian Aid.
She is known as the nurse who inspired Bob Geldof to create Band Aid/Live Aid.
See: http://www.lshtm.ac.uk/aboutus/people/bertschinger.claire
Patron of 'Promise Nepal' http://www.promisenepal.org.uk/
Patron African Children's Educational Trust http://www.a-cet.org/
Patron The Chocolate Run, for homeless http://www.chocolaterun.org.uk/
Patron Buburi http://www.friendsofbuburi.com/
Vice HQ leader for Soka Gakkai Buddhists in Hertfordshire http://www.sgi.org/
Her hobbies include walking her dog, growing vegetables and Buddhism.
Marion Brown
Marion Brown's employment history is in charities and administration. Her voluntary roles (historic and current) include being a member of the senior leadership team for National Youth Ventures, Chair of Building Committee for a major church refurbishment and extension, part of the leadership team running a leadership course for those in positions of leadership in church, work and/or community.
She has been a magistrate (JP) since 2003 (roles have included membership of the Advisory Panel for Hertfordshire, mentor appraiser, schools' presenter and currently Deputy Bench Chair West and Central Hertfordshire), consultant for clergy reviews in the St Albans Diocese, "Assistant" for the Diocesan "Support in your Ministry" scheme (listening service for clergy and church workers), school governor (previously in two primary schools) – currently of Verulam School, St Albans, choreographer for Year 6 annual production at Maple School, St Albans.
Other ongoing involvements include St Paul's Church St Albans (small group leader and a variety of other roles involving leadership, youth and community activities), other voluntary activities with individuals or local organisations, particularly with emphasis on developing people, children's and youth activities, initiatives that strengthen community links and justice matters. Her personal interests of "creative and craft" and hospitality play a key part in this.
Sally Burton
Sally Burton studied law at Bristol University and qualified as a solicitor in 1981.
Moving to Hertfordshire in 1985, she immediately embraced the voluntary sector, fund raising for the Scanner Appeal at the QEII Hospital in WGC. She then became involved with Breakthrough Breast Cancer (newly named Breast Cancer Now), raising over £365,000 by organising Balls and Dinners, Fashions Shows and Quiz Nights, Winter Fairs and a Gardeners' Question Time, as well as being their local representative in Hertfordshire. She has talked about breast cancer in schools and colleges, represented the charity at dinners, shows and at Golf Clubs, and was a member of their Campaigns & Advocacy Group to raise the profile of breast cancer, working specifically with the local MPs.
Chairing the Fighting Breast Cancer Committee since 1994, she has raised a large sum for the Hertfordshire Breast Unit Appeal at the QEII Hospital. She has also been a school governor (of a prep school in Oxfordshire and of Richard Hale in Hertford), Chairman of the Heath Mount School du Maurier Society and Chairman of the Stevenage Patrons' Club. As Chairman of the Mid-Herts Wives Fellowship, she organised a two-day conference at Hatfield House in 2010 as well as monthly meetings with speakers and church services.
She is married to Mark, with three adult children and a brown standard poodle, Truffle. She loves playing tennis and skiing, trips to the theatre and discovering new restaurants in London.
Roy Button
Roy has been a member of the UK film industry for over 46 years. He started in the industry in 1969 as a runner and graduated up through the ranks of AD's, Production Manager, Producer etc.
Roy joined Warner Bros. in January 1993. In his capacity as head of Physical Production for Warner Bros. Productions Limited, he is responsible for all Warner Bros. films based out of the UK, Europe, Africa and the Middle East and has been responsible for over 150 films all over the world.
Roy was also the key driving force to Warner Bros' Investment in Warner Bros. Studios Leavesden which has created Europe's largest studio, solely owned and run by Warner Bros.
Roy is heavily involved with training programmes within the UK Film Industry and is currently sitting on the board of the Film Industry Training Board. He is also responsible for all Health and Safety matters related to productions and for bringing further major motion pictures to the country.
Roy was awarded an OBE for services to the film industry as part of Her Majesty The Queen's 2009 Birthday Honours List and was appointed as a Deputy Lieutenant for Hertfordshire in 2010.
David Cansdale
David Cansdale worked as a police officer in London and Hertfordshire and retired in 1997 as Assistant Chief Constable.
In his "retirement" he has worked with many charities and church groups and is a Lay Minister at Christ Church in Chorleywood. He was appointed a Deputy Lieutenant in 2009.
His wife Judy was a nurse in the Cancer Unit at Mount Vernon Hospital. They have three "children" and eleven grandchildren and have lived in Chorleywood since 1975. They enjoy gardening (including their allotment and chickens) as well as bird-watching, walking and canoeing.
Lord Charles Cecil
Charles Cecil was High Sheriff in 2011/12. His focus was on the prevention of offending and reoffending and he remains involved many areas and organisations related to this in Hertfordshire.
His career has been in the financial field – particularly in private equity and investment, nationally and internationally.
Anthony Chapman
Ant was born in St Albans and attended Hitchin Boys' School and then Portsmouth Polytechnic. Qualifying as a Chartered Surveyor he worked in London for a large Surveying practice. He then joined the family business, Chapman Ventilation, based in Welwyn Garden City where he and his brother have worked together for the past 20 years.
Ant has also had a parallel career in the Reserve Forces and holds the Rank of Captain, Royal Navy Reserve. He is currently responsible for the Royal Navy's relationship with current and future Employers of Royal Navy and Royal Marines Reservists. He has also deployed to the Middle East in support of UK operations and also commanded HMS WILDFIRE, Hertfordshire's Royal Navy Reserve Unit.
Ant is married to Katharine and they live in Welwyn Garden City with their 2 children. In his spare time he competes in triathlons and enjoys sailing in the UK and abroad. He also enjoys mentoring individuals looking to grow their own business enterprises.
Dr Sarah Coffey
Sarah lives in Broxbourne and is married to Peter, who she says is a wonderful support for her voluntary work and earns their living.
She is a magistrate on the North & East Herts Bench and the St John Ambulance Hertfordshire County President.
Sarah is a member of the Joint Audit Committee for the Hertfordshire Police & Crime Commissioner and the Hertfordshire Chief Constable. She was an Independent Member of the Hertfordshire Police Authority until its successful transfer to the Hertfordshire Police and Crime Commissioner.
Previously a Non-Executive Director on the Board of the Princess Alexandra NHS Hospital Trust, she co-chaired the Quality & Safety Committee and was a member of the Audit Committee and Remuneration & Nominations Committee.
Sarah has a background in Research, Development and Quality (previously a Qualified Person and a Quality Assurance Auditor) in the Biotechnology and Pharmaceutical Industries.
Sarah has a Batchelors Degree in Medical Biochemistry from Birmingham University and a Masters Degree and a PhD in Biotechnology from Reading University.
Josephine (Jo) Connell
Jo Connell's career was in information technology where she became Managing Director of a software company followed by a number of Non-Executive Directorships with a variety of IT and Telecommunications companies.
Her current activities and interests are Chair of the Communications Consumer Panel, Chair of Ofcom's Advisory Committee for Older and Disabled People, Trustee of the Hertfordshire Community Foundation, Past Master (2008/9) of the Worshipful Company of Information Technologists and Chair of their Charity, and Patron of the Hospice of St Francis in Berkhamsted.
Gerald Corbett
Over a long business career, Gerald served on the boards of 13 different public companies, seven of them as Chairman. He is currently chairman of Segro plc, Britvic plc and Numis plc. Previously he chaired Betfair plc, the Towry Group plc, Moneysupermarket.com, SSL plc and Woolworths. He has been a non-executive director of Numis plc, MEPC plc, Burmah Castrol plc and Greencore plc. He was the Group Financial Director of Redland plc and Grand Metropolitan plc. He was Chief Executive of Railtrack.
He was Chairman of Action on Hearing Loss (the Royal National Institute of the Deaf). He was High Sheriff of Hertfordshire for 2010/2011 and served on the Council of the High Sheriffs Association between 2008 and 2011. He is Chairman of the Hertfordshire Community Foundation, the St Albans Cathedral Music Trust, the Cathedral Appeal "Alban, Britain's First Saint" and Marylebone Cricket Club.
He was educated at Tonbridge School and Pembroke College, Cambridge University. He gained an MSC with distinction in Business Studies from the London Business School and was an exchange scholar at Harvard Business School. He is married to Virginia who is an artist. They have four grown-up children and live on a farm near Redbourn, Hertfordshire. His personal interests include watching cricket, golf, country pursuits and playing bridge.
Louise Faure Walker
Brought up in North Yorkshire, Louise trained as a nurse at the Middlesex Hospital in London before marrying Teddy and moving to Sandon Bury Farm. They have 3 children and 5 grandchildren.
She has been a school governor at Sandon JMI School and Maidwell Hall, Northampton, she organised the Holly Ball at Hatfield House for 9 years, worked as a volunteer at the Isabel Hospice, as well as supporting her husband as High Sheriff, Vice Lord Lieutenant and Ordained Priest.
In 1995 she returned to nursing at Addenbrookes Hospital, Cambridge, retiring in 2013. She was appointed Patron Marie Curie 2013-2016, running three highly successful Art Shows with the NGS Open Garden at Sandon Bury for Marie Curie.
Howard Guard
Howard grew up in Knebworth, was educated at Ardingly College in Sussex and Leeds University and despite having an international career in advertising, he has never lived anywhere other than Hertfordshire which he considers to be greatly underestimated. Married to Sheila they have four sons and for the last forty years have lived on a farm outside Radlett. Other than a passion for planting trees, they also run a livery yard.
In the late 60's he entered the film industry where his career led from tea boy, assistant director and producer to directing commercials which he did until 2006, the year before he became High Sheriff of Hertfordshire. He served on the National Hospital of Neurology Foundation from 1990 to 2010.
In 1990 his family bought the redundant church of St Nicholas at Great Munden and over a ten-year period carried out a full restoration. Howard and Sheila present occasional concerts. He was the Chairman of the Fabric Trust at St Albans Cathedral from 2006-2013.
His TV documentary Inside Eton was screened in 1997 and in 2014, on behalf of the Lieutenancy, he wrote and directed "A County at War, Life on the Home Front".
The film premiered at the Rex Cinema on August 4th and was distributed to every school and museum in the county and will be re launched in 2018 to mark the end of the First World War.
Nicholas Halsey
Nick Halsey served in the TA in Hertford, Hemel Hempstead and elsewhere and was Deputy Hon Colonel for the Royal Anglian Regiment.
He was Chairman of the Hertfordshire Society (CPRE) for 7 years, Chairman of the Ashridge Estate National Trust Management Committee for 15 years, member of the National Trust Regional Committee and Estates Panel and a governor of the Berkhamsted Schools.
More recently, he was President of the Royal Forestry Society (England, Wales and N. Ireland). Currently he is President of the Herts Scouts Council.
By qualification, he is a Chartered Surveyor (Land Agent) and in practise a farmer/forester.
Dr Helen Hanbury
Helen Hanbury qualified as a doctor in 1981. She moved to Hertfordshire and stopped working as a GP in 1995 in order to bring up her family.
Since then she has worked as a volunteer, then Trustee, for Independent Age (formerly RUBKA) until 2015, she has been a school governor since 2002, and Chair of Governors at Lonsdale School in Stevenage for disabled children from 2005 to 2017.
She enjoys opera and theatre and is a keen walker.
Commodore Tim Hennessey
After graduating from Durham University Tim Hennessey served in the Royal Navy until 2012 as Fleet Air Arm aviator and Surface Warfare Officer.
On leaving the RN he joined the Institute for Statecraft, assisting in work on the Prevent programme and lecturing on leadership. He also helped establish the Institute in its current premises in Temple Place. In 2014, he returned to his original passion and became a flying instructor and ground theory lecturer for prospective airline pilots. In 2016 he also qualified as a commercial pilot.
He is Chairman of Trustees for the Sailors' Children's Society, of which the Princess Royal is Patron, and he is a Trustee for three other charities. Tim is currently the Church Warden at St Peters in Berkhamsted.
Tim has been married to Kate, a Senior Financial Ombudsman, since they met at Durham in 1979. They have 3 children and 5 grand-children.
Peter Holland
Peter Holland has been involved with local and national journalism, spending many years with Reuters travelling first as a journalist and later in senior management.
He has also been involved in policing for many years, chairing the Hertfordshire Police Authority as well as being chairman of a national Police agency.
For many years he was a director of St John Ambulance. He is currently Chair of a small charity, Herts in Trust, aimed at keeping young people away from crime.
Professor Keith McAdam
Keith McAdam is Emeritus Professor of Clinical Tropical Medicine, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine. He is also International Advisor for East, Central and Southern Africa at the Royal College of Physicians in London.
He is Chair of NAMWEZA, a life skills training programme to build self-esteem of the 23 million people living with HIV in Africa. He is Chairman and Founder of Music for my Mind, a new UK charity to bring favourite music to people suffering with dementia, to improve wellbeing and quality of life for them and their care-providers.
He is currently Charity Trustee of BBC Media Action, recently Trustee of AMREF (African Medical and Research Foundation), and was Co-Chair US National Academies of Science, Engineering and Medicine Committee on Clinical Trials during the Ebola Outbreak.
Jane McCue
Jane McCue moved to Hertfordshire in 1996 on taking up her appointment as a Consultant Colorectal surgeon at the QEII hospital in Welwyn Garden City which subsequently merged with the Lister Hospital in Stevenage and later the Mount Vernon Cancer centre. During her time in the Trust Jane also held a number of management positions culminating in almost ten years as Medical Director for the combined East & North Hertfordshire NHS Trust until her departure in December 2017.
Now semi-retired she continues to work in a part-time capacity as a mediator with healthcare teams in difficulty and with a healthcare management consultancy.
She is also the Honorary Colonel for 254 Medical Regiment which includes 162 squadron based in Hitchin, a Volunteer surgeon with Hernia International and a past Governor of the University of Hertfordshire.
A resident of Bengeo, Jane is married with a son and daughter. Her interests include gardening, tennis, skiing, dancing, travelling and learning French.
Fergus McMullen
Fergus McMullen is Production and Sales Director of his family brewing and pub company McMullen and Sons Ltd.
He is Chairman of the Hertfordshire Community Liaison Group and sits on the Hertfordshire Criminal Justice Board. He is also chairman of the Hertfordshire 'Out of Court Disposal Scrutiny Panel'. Fergus also chairs the Keech Hospice Care, BraveHerts Charity and is Vice chairman of Future Living Hertford, a charity dealing with addictions and domestic abuse.
He was president of the Hertfordshire Agricultural Show in 2017 and High Sheriff of Hertfordshire in 2013/14. Fergus is married to Kate and they have five children and three grand-children. Kate works for the Cancer Research Trust for Addenbrooks and is a member of the BraveHerts Appeal committee. Kate enjoys travelling and teaching her grandchildren tennis and swimming. Fergus is a keen cricketer and fisherman and loves his dogs beside him at all times!
David McMullen
David studied sciences at Rugby School, taught A Level Sciences in Uganda and read Economics and Law at Cambridge.
He took a Commission in the TA, qualified as a Chartered Accountant (tax and family companies) and worked in Merchant Banking Corporate Finance – old style with Lazards. He was Finance Director and subsequently Chairman of the Hertford family brewery.
Other activities include farming and CLA county committee, school governor of Prep and Public schools, and the Investment committee of a Cambridge College. He was Chairman of a Housing Association and a private company manufacturing oil pipeline valves and property. His trusteeships include estates and pension funds as well as being on the Parish Council.
He is keen on most sports and other stuff but not sailing or golf. He flew the earliest microlight plane. He can't cook! Currently a bit immobile after falling off a roof while dealing with a wasp's nest.
Stuart Nagler
Stuart is a qualified Chartered Accountant and was a partner in a firm in Radlett until he retired a few years ago.
Currently he has a part-time role as Assistant Police & Crime Commissioner for Hertfordshire and formerly was a Council Leader and Mayor, Chair of the Hertfordshire Police Authority and a Magistrate. He is involved with many voluntary organisations within Hertsmere and the county.
His interests include sport, local history, politics and travel.
Lady Nichols (Shelagh)
High Sheriff 2004/5 and a DL since 2008.
Shelagh is a Trustee and Co- Founder of The Cure Parkinsons Trust which is an increasingly important charity funding research into finding a cure to slow, stop or reverse Parkinsons.
She is also Trustee of the Music Trust at St Albans Cathedral.
An enthusiastic touch line supporter of grandsons, she is a keen gardener who isn't winning. Her husband Richard who sadly died in 2016 was Lord Mayor of London in 1997/8.
Brigadier John Palmer
John was born in Belfast and educated at Haileybury.
He was commissioned into The Corps of Royal Electrical and Mechanical Engineers (REME) in 1967. After graduating from Nottingham University, where he met his wife Sue, his early career was spent largely in Germany, Northern Ireland and England, including a posting as an instructor at the Royal Military Academy Sandhurst.
His subsequent career alternated between postings in the Ministry of Defence and command jobs in Germany. On promotion to Brigadier, he joined a team charged with recommending changes to the Army's command structure – most of which were subsequently implemented.
He is a Chartered Engineer and a Fellow of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers.
After leaving the army he became Bursar at Haileybury, the school that both he and his two sons had attended, until 2005. His elder son lives in Indiana, USA with his wife and three sons. His younger son Richard was killed on operations in Iraq in 2006 whilst serving as a Lieutenant with the Royal Scots Dragoon Guards. The family has subsequently actively fundraised for ABF The Soldier's Charity in his memory, and he is Chairman of its Hertfordshire Committee.
He is also a trustee of the Hertfordshire Community Foundation and the St Albans Cathedral Music Trust.
He is keen on sport, particularly rugby and tennis, but his need for competition now largely involves playing very bad golf. He is also an enthusiastic gardener.
Dame Alison Peacock
Professor Dame Alison Peacock is Chief Executive of the Chartered College of Teaching which aims to provide a professional body 'by teachers, for teachers'. Prior to joining the Chartered College, Dame Alison was Executive Headteacher of The Wroxham School in Hertfordshire.
Her career to date has spanned primary, secondary and advisory roles. She is a member of the Royal Society's Education Committee, a trustee of Teach First, a Visiting Professor of the University of Hertfordshire and a columnist for TES.
In March 2015, Alison was appointed by the Department for Education as a member of the Commission on Assessment Without Levels and she is author of Assessment for Learning without Limits.
Sir William (Eric) Peacock
Sir Eric Peacock is the Chairman of Buckley Ltd, the holding company for the Buckley brands.
He is formerly the Founder, Chairman and Chief Executive of Babygro which he took to full listing, and currently chairs other businesses in Packaging, E-Learning), Men's Grooming and Luxury Leisure businesses.
He is also a Non-Executive at UKEF (United Kingdom Export Finance) supporting UK export focused businesses and has previously been a Non-Executive at the FCO (Foreign and Commonwealth Office), BIS (Business Innovation and Skills) and UKTI (United Kingdom Trade & Industry) government departments/agencies.
He has considerable international experience and focus on growing businesses throughout the UK and internationally.
Sir Eric is also focused on philanthropy and the charity scene and is Chairman of The Peacock Foundation, Uniqueness, The AB Trust and Zoological Society of Hertfordshire, and is a Trustee of The Big Cat Sanctuary in Kent. These charities are for disadvantaged young persons' learning and the animal charities are for conservation, education, breeding and return to the wild.
Ian Pigott
Ian runs a diversified farming business near Harpenden. He has a particular interest in reconnecting the British public and in particular young people with food, farming and the natural environment.
He chairs FACE (Farming and Countryside Education) and his own charity The Farmschool, which is an interactive farm-based programme for children from the inner cities and local schools.
He has a keen interest in sport, particularly cricket and golf.
He is married to Gillian and has two young children.
The Hon Richard Pleydell-Bouverie
Richard has been involved with many things in the County over a period of many years. He currently chairs the Diocesan Glebe committee and is also a member of the Diocesan Board of Finance.
Having assisted with the recent Appeal for St Alban's Abbey, he is a member of the Alban Foundation and the Cathedral Council. He is Lead Governor of the Herts Partnership Foundation Trust which is responsible for Mental Health Services in the County.
He is a member of the University Court and until recently he sat as the Independent Member of the Hertfordshire Criminal Justice Board, retiring in 2016.
His interests include shooting, Natural History and racing.
Dame Joyce Plotnikoff
Joyce has a law degree from Bristol University, the Diploma in Social and Administrative Studies from the University of Oxford and the Certificate of Qualification in Social Work. She is a member of the United States Bar.
In 1991 she formed Lexicon Limited with Richard Woolfson to undertake research and consultancy assignments on behalf of government departments involved in the operation of the legal system.
She was made a Dame in the 2015 honours list for services to justice, particularly vulnerable and child witnesses. She has also received awards from the US Supreme Court and an honorary Doctor of Laws from the University of Hertfordshire.
Joyce and Richard married in 1987.
Neville Reyner
Neville Reyner is a Chartered Electrical Engineer. He spent 15 years in a global electrical conglomerate as UK Executive Vice President of Mitsubishi Electric Europe responsible for a turnover of £250 million. Prior to this he worked with Fairchild Semiconductor and Analog Devices. He started his working life in the Coal Mines of North-East Lancashire (Burnley) where he was a coal face electrician followed by the position of unit electrical engineer.
He is Chairman of the Hertfordshire Chamber of Commerce, Young Chamber and Investment in Young People UK, Groundwork East (a £4.5 million plus charity in the sustainable environment area), Smartsource GB and Honeycomb Global. He is a Director of Premier EDA Solutions and sits on the IoD Regional Advisory Group for the East of England.
He is a visiting professor to the School of Engineering and Technology at the University of Hertfordshire and a member of the School of Engineering board at Warwick University. In Hertfordshire he chairs the Independent Business Advisory Group, PCC Hertfordshire and is a member of Stevenage First leading the redevelopment of Stevenage Town Centre.
Neville spoke at the Oxford Union in 2011 in his capacity as President, British Chambers of Commerce. He also spoke at the European Parliament in Brussels and is a distinguished Member of the European Parliament of Enterprises awarded by the association of European Chambers of Commerce and Industry.
He was appointed CBE in the 2001 New Years Honours for services to business, awarded an Honorary Doctorate from the University of Hertfordshire in 2002 and appointed a Deputy Lieutenant of Hertfordshire in 2003.
The Most Hon the Marquess of Salisbury
Lord Salisbury was educated at Eton College and Christ Church, Oxford. He spent several years in banking in California before being elected Conservative MP for South Dorset in 1979. He stood down in 1997 after eight years of particular interest in foreign affairs, constitutional affairs and Northern Ireland.
He took his seat in the House of Lords in 1992, becoming a life peer in 1999. He served as Parliamentary Under-Secretary for Defence, Lord Privy Seal and Leader of the House of Lords until 2002.
He is Patron of Politeia, a forum for social and economic thinking, connected with "Open Europe" and a founder member of Afghanaid.
He is involved with many charitable and community enterprises in Hertfordshire and Dorset. Formerly Chairman of the Council of the Royal Veterinary College and President of the Royal Agricultural Society of England, he is currently the Chancellor of the University of Hertfordshire. He is also President of the St Albans Cathedral Campaign and Chairman of the Chelsea Pensioners' Appeal.
He became a Deputy Lieutenant of Hertfordshire in 1987.
Dr Amjad Shah
Dr Amjad H. Shah holds a PhD from the University of Edinburgh. He is the Dean of the Shīʿah Institute, which he established in 2012, in order to facilitate and promote scholarship on Shīʿah Islam, its heritage and its peoples.
The Shīʿah Institute is located in Bloomsbury, the academic, scholarly, and publishing heart of London. The Fellowship of the institute comprises more than seventy reputable international scholars from some of the most renowned universities around the world. Other leading academics, also associated with the institute, advise on various editorial boards for the institute's numerous publication series.
Dr Shah's published monographs and academic interests include subjects as diverse as classical and modern Arabic literature, critical editions, history, jurisprudence from the Medieval to the Modern period, mysticism, philosophy, and theology. He is currently engaged with numerous academic projects, including an English literary translation and Arabic critical edition of the Nahj al- Balāghah.
Over the past few decades Dr Shah has given more and more time to good causes both in the United Kingdom and abroad, and continues to give his free time in a voluntary capacity to charitable projects on matters related to fundraising, education, and community issues.
He became Deputy Lieutenant of Hertfordshire in 2016.
Stelio Stefanou
Stelio was High Sheriff of Hertfordshire in 2016/17.
His charity, the Stefanou Foundation, has created the Healthy Relationships: Healthy Baby programme, which helps mothers and fathers to break the cycle of domestic abuse and protect their baby's mental health.
Previously Stelio owned and chaired a public services and construction company.
His hobbies include cooking and photography.
Vinay Tanna
Dr Ros Taylor
Ros qualified as a doctor at Cambridge University in 1980.
In 1996 she took on the strategic leadership role at the Hospice of St Francis in Berkhamsted, a post she held until March 2015. She is now working as Clinical Director for Hospice UK, a national umbrella charity for the hospice movement, and part-time as a physician at the Royal Marsden Hospital in London.
Dr Taylor has over 20 years' experience in palliative care, and has lectured widely, nationally and internationally. She believes clinical leadership is vital, keeping core values of care in focus from the bedside to the Board.
She was awarded an MBE for Services to Hospice Care in 2014, following nomination by a patient.
She tweets as @hospicedoctor.
The Viscount Trenchard (Hugh)
Lord Trenchard is a banker and company director. He worked for Kleinwort Benson Limited from 1973-76, including 11 years in Japan. He has also worked for Robert Fleming & Co. Limited, Prudential Financial, Inc. and Mizuho International plc. He is a former Director-General of the European Fund and Asset Management Association.
He is currently Chairman of Stratton Street PCC Limited and a Director of several companies including Lotte Chemical UK Limited. He is also a Consultant to Simon Robertson Associates LLP and a Senior Advisor to Optum Health Solutions (UK) Limited and to Adamas Asset Management (HK) Limited.
He was a member of the House of Lords from 1987-99 and returned to the House as an elected hereditary peer following a by-election held in May 2004. He is a Vice Chairman of the British-Japanese Parliamentary Group. He served as joint Chairman of The Japan Society from 2000-04. He was awarded the Order of the Rising Sun, Gold and Silver Star, by HM The Emperor of Japan in 2014.
He is Deputy Chairman of The Royal Air Force Benevolent Fund, having served as a Trustee from 1991-2003 and as Chairman from 2006-13. He served with 4th Battalion, The Royal Green Jackets, TA, from 1972-80 (Captain 1976) and was appointed Honorary Air Commodore, 600 (City of London) Squadron, Royal Auxiliary Air Force, in 2006. He was appointed a Deputy Lieutenant for Hertfordshire in 2008 and a Lieutenant of the City of London in 2014.
Hugh was educated at Eton College and Trinity College, Cambridge. He is married to Fiona who served as High Sheriff of Hertfordshire 2013- 14. They have four children and four grandchildren and live at Standon, Hertfordshire. His interests include watching skiing and country pursuits.
Bill Tudor John
W. ("Bill") Tudor John is a lawyer who practised for 33 years in the international law firm, Allen & Overy, 28 years as a partner and the final 6 years as the senior partner; his speciality area of practice was international financial law. He retired in 2000 and then joined Lehman Brothers as Chairman of its European Commitment Committee. When Lehman collapsed in 2008, its European and Asian businesses were acquired by Nomura International, the Japanese bank, and Bill joined Nomura as a Managing Director. He retired from Nomura in 2010.
He also held a number of non-executive positions including that of deputy chair of the Financial Markets Law Committee (the body established by the Bank of England, on behalf of the UK Government, to examine legal uncertainties in the wholesale financial markets and to recommend ways of removing them), a fellowship at Downing College, Cambridge University, non-executive directorships of Grainger plc and of the National Film and Television School (NFTS) and deputy chairmanship of the Nationwide Building Society, having previously been Chairman of the Portman Building Society which merged with Nationwide.
He retired from a number of these in 2014 but retains his Downing fellowship and NFTS directorship and is also on the Hertfordshire University Court and a member of the St Albans Cathedral Fabric Trust.
Bill is also a Trustee of the Welsh National Opera Company and a Steward of the British Boxing Board of Control. Between 2006 and 2007 he was the High Sheriff of Hertfordshire and is also a Deputy Lieutenant of the County. He holds an MA from Cambridge University. He is married to Jo, and has 3 daughters and 8 grandchildren.
The Countess of Verulam (Dione)
Lady Verulam succeeded Sir Simon Bowes-Lyon as the Lord-Lieutenant of Hertfordshire in June 2007. She retired from the role in August 2017 but continues as a Deputy Lieutenant. She is a liveryman of The Goldsmiths' Company.
She was High Sheriff of Hertfordshire in 2002/3. She co-chaired Alban in Glory and Alban 2000 and has served on various National Trust Committees and on the Resources Acceptance in Lieu of Tax Panel.
As an artist, she has undertaken various stencilling commissions including at Cliveden and Hambleton Hall, several churches and for private clients and decorators. In 1980 she was a co-founder of Verona Stencilling.
She is married to the Earl of Verulam and they have four grown-up children and ten grandchildren.
Lionel Wallace
Lionel is an Aeronautical Engineer, Consulting on Aviation Safety and a graduate in Law from the University of Hertfordshire.
He is a minister working particularly with Italian Churches in Europe. Lionel is involved in various charity and community organisations, including the Local Scrutiny and Involvement Panel of the Crown Prosecution Service.
He is married to Dawn and they have 2 boys.
Janie Wentworth-Stanley
Janie moved to Hertfordshire with her young family in the mid-eighties. She was involved originally with the NSPCC and then was lured by Teddy Faure-Walker to the Hertfordshire Association of Young People (HAYP). Janie eventually chaired HAYP which later joined the Hertfordshire Council for Voluntary Youth Services and the two became Pro-Action. Janie chaired this charity for seven years from the inception (and loved it – still does!).
In 2009/10 Janie was High Sheriff of Hertfordshire, a great honour. Her main focus for the year was young people and visiting and learning about the work of hospices in Hertfordshire. Moreover she hugely enjoyed being involved with those who do so much to enhance the lives of others in the County.
Her hobbies are her grandchildren and skiing.
Penny Williams
Penny is a retired qualified social worker.
Her current roles are Chairman of Vincent's Charity (housing) and Co-Chairman of St Albans Amnesty International Group, Vice-Chairman of St Albans and Hertsmere Domestic Abuse Forum, Trustee of Centre 33 (a day centre for the lonely) and Hertfordshire Domestic Abuse Helpline. She presents for the local Magistrates's Association with their Magistrates in the Community primary schools project. She sits on the Community Liaison sub group of the Hertfordshire Criminal Justice Board and is a lay member on the Victim sub group of the country strategic board on Modern Slavery. She is Vice-President of HACRO, having previously been its Chairman. She was co-opted onto the Hertfordshire Community Foundation Development and Marketing Group.
Formerly she was a magistrate for 27 years, and in that time was Chairman of the St Albans Family Panel, vice chairman of the Hertfordshire Family Panel and Vice-Chairman of the national Magistrates' Association Family Courts Committee. She was also Trustee of Hertfordshire Community Foundation and chairman of Governors at Batchwood School for children with Emotional, Social and Behavioural Problems having previously been a governor there.
She currently leads the team of Deputy Lieutenants for QAVS and sits on the Social Responsibility Panel and an area panel.
Professor Sir Tim Wilson
Tim was formerly Vice-Chancellor of the University of Hertfordshire.
He is now a Non-Executive Director of the Unite Group plc, Chair of Arden University Ltd, Senior Trustee of Garden House Hospice Care and Chair (designate) of the Unite Foundation, a charity that supports students who are estranged from their families.
He is also a Director of Wilson-Pendleton Ltd.
He is married to Jackie whose long-term interests include the North Hertfordshire RDA and volunteering in the Children's ward at the Lister Hospital in Stevenage.
Dr Richard Woolfson
Richard holds a doctorate in Mathematics from the University of Oxford. He was an academic before the diamond industry in a research capacity.
He spent eight years in the Information Systems industry before forming Lexicon Limited with Joyce Plotnikoff to undertake research and consultancy assignments on behalf of government departments involved with the legal system. He has sat on the Access to Justice subgroup of the Civil Justice Council and the Bedfordshire, Hertfordshire and Essex Courts Board. He facilitated the CPS Local Scrutiny Involvement Panel for Hertfordshire and Bedfordshire.
He and Joyce married in 1987.
Akhtar Zaman
Akhtar Zaman attended primary and secondary education in St. Albans then went onto gain a Bachelor of Science with Honours in Computer Science at the University of Hertfordshire. He has spent his working career with several multinational software companies both as technician and in a management capacity including the role of CEO for a start-up consultancy business. He has travelled for work to over 20 countries worldwide, experiencing many and varied cultures. Akhtar is married and has a daughter and two sons who also live and work in Hertfordshire.
Akhtar grew up in St. Albans, and has been active from a young age with many faith groups, race relations, and charities. He has served and represented the Muslim and Asian communities over the past 30 years on various committees; currently this includes being a trustee and chairman of two organisations. Areas of interest include Faith Groups Collaboration, Youth Enablement Initiatives, Helping the Disadvantaged, Community Integrations/Relations, Promotion of Digital initiatives especially in the community.
He is the chairman of the Lieutenancy Media Panel, and a member of the Inter-Faith Panel.


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Friday, December 19, 2008
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- Review
- Open Access
Uplink resource allocation in cooperative OFDMA with multiplexing mobile relays
- Salma Hamda1, 2Email authorView ORCID ID profile,
- Mylene Pischella1,
- Daniel Roviras1 and
- Ridha Bouallegue2
© The Author(s) 2016
- Received: 16 April 2016
- Accepted: 23 August 2016
- Published: 8 September 2016
Cooperative relaying is an important feature for the fourth generation wireless system to upgrade system performance. Mobile relays can offer better results than fixed relays without any additional infrastructure cost. However, efficient cooperation decision as well as resource allocation are critical to satisfy model constraints as required quality of service (QoS). In this work, simple mobile users with advantageous channels can act as potential relays for cell edge users for an uplink transmission. They multiplex, in the frequency domain, their own data to that of the relayed sources, with the objective for both relay and sources to reach a target data rate. An optimal joint resource blocks (RB) allocation and power allocation scheme under a required data rate constraint per user is proposed. The optimization problem is formulated to minimize the total system power. Dual decomposition and subgradient method are used to solve the optimization problem after dividing it into independent subproblems with less complexity to find the optimal solution. The cooperation decision and the sources-relays association is either performed as a first step of resource allocation, or jointly optimized with RB and power allocation. Simulation results show that these proposed algorithms both reduce system's power consumption while ensuring the required QoS. Joint optimization of relay selection, RB and power allocation provides a higher power consumption decrease, but requires higher complexity and overhead.
- Multiplexing mobile relays
- Resource allocation
- Required QoS
- Optimization problem
- Uplink
1 Introduction
Replying to quality of service requirement with always greedy data application is still an important challenge for wireless cellular networks. Technical constraints push researchers and operators to provide solutions allowing users to acquire high performances independently of their geographical distance from Base Station (BS). In addition to the orthogonal frequency division multiple access (OFDMA) technology, relays are among the principal features of the fourth generation (4G) wireless systems. Relaying technologies, inspired from ad hoc multihop networks, are currently receiving much attention to improve cellular network's performance where bandwidth and power are limited. Instead of deploying BS, relay stations become a solution to reduce high deployment cost and can provide capacity and coverage comparable to small cells. Relaying data aims to upgrade user's performance especially in cell border where users suffer from large signal attenuation. Relaying topology and behavior are standardized in both long term evolution (LTE) Advanced [1] and International Mobile Telecommunication Advanced (IMT-Advanced). In these standards, relays have to be fixed in positions beforehand planned by the operators and become a part of the fixed access network. Each relay is then attached to a designated BS in a static topology. Moreover, relaying data can be considered for a single hop or for multihop using one or multiple relays to transmit information from source to destination. In this context, the LTE Advanced standard allows only two hops when the IEEE.802.s standard offers a multihop relaying scheme [2].
1.1 Literature overview
Many relay transmission schemes are proposed to relay information from source to destination in two time intervals [3, 4]. A relay can use the decode and forward scheme (DF) where it decodes the received signal in the first transmit time interval (TTI), re-encodes and then forwards it to destination in the second TTI [5]. A relay may also use amplify and forward scheme (AF) where it just forwards the received signal with an amplification factor. It is proven in [3] that DF scheme can achieve better performance than AF scheme but it is more complex. Several solutions using relays are proposed in the litterature. We can differentiate relays used as virtual multiple input multiple output (MIMO) to exploit spatial diversity [5, 6] which need combining techniques at the destination and relays used as repeaters where source has no direct link to destination [7].
While only fixed relays' architecture is optimized in the standards [8], mobile relays are studied to offer dynamic relaying topology. Mobile relaying has been investigated in the Wireless World Initiative New Radio (WINNER) project [9] contributing in the development and the assessment of 3GPP LTE and IEEE 802.16 (WiMAX) [10] standards and in the Advanced Radio Interface Technologies for 4G Systems (ARTIST4G) project providing innovative concepts to cellular mobile radio communications [11]. Mobile relays can be considered as a serious candidate for the 5G wireless systems. A mobile relay can have the same technical characteristics as a fixed relay but its location dynamically changes. In [12], relaying use cases are studied to prove the relaying improvement for mobile relays. Some examples for this type of mobile relays are relays placed on transportation vehicles such as buses or trains. These relays can be placed to serve users traveling in theses vehicles or to serve users in the street. Another type of mobile relays is to use simple user terminals as relays. Users can have advantageous location and channel conditions to relay some cell border users. This type of mobile relay can upgrade system performance without any additional infrastructure cost. An unpredictable dynamic topology is offered depending on sources and relays mobility [13].
Resource allocation for cooperative networks has been actively studied in the literature for both downlink and uplink. The principal features to discuss are relay selection, subcarriers' allocation and power allocation that can be treated separately or jointly. The selection of relay partners is an important element to successful cooperative strategy [4]. The pairing step may be realized as a centralized process where the BS collects necessary channel and location information from users and relays and decides then to attach users to appropriate relays. Relays selection may also be established in a distributed manner where users or relays decide to make cooperative pairs [3]. It can be made before transmission with the objective to achieve some required level of performance [4]. It can also occur during the transmission time as a proactive selection or as an on-demand relay selection when the direct link's channel quality to the destination decreases. We note that for multihop relaying, an initial path selection from the source to the BS can be initially defined, involving all potential relays [13, 14].
Depending on the system objective and the constraints to respect, resource allocation for a system with relays is generally formulated as an optimization problem. The resource allocation problems are then solved via mathematical tools or heuristics to find the optimal or suboptimal solutions. In [7, 15], the authors formulate an optimization problem to maximize the total system throughput with one source, one destination and a set of fixed AF and DF relays, respectively, where the source may use one or multiple relays to transmit data to destination. In [16], resource allocation considering an uplink relaying system with one destination, several sources, and several fixed relays are studied to maximize system throughput using AF and DF schemes with a minimum data rate constraint per user. In [17], joint power allocation, relay selection, and subcarrier assignment with a minimal data rate per user is discussed for a downlink system model with fixed relays. Downlink energy-efficiency maximization under proportional rate constraint is investigated in [18]. Resource allocation for the multiple access relay channel, with successive interference cancellation at the relay, is studied in [19]. In [20], joint resource allocation is considered for uplink system where relays are fixed. It is solved via an iterative algorithm based on dual decomposition theory. Dual resolution method is adopted after problem adaptations to solve optimization problems in [7, 13, 16]. Dual decomposition [21] consists in dividing the global problem into subproblems to be solved independently. It is a resolution method for convex problems [22] and can be adopted for non-convex problems [23] with some adaptations in the initial problem.
1.2 Contributions
In this work, we propose a new resource allocation algorithm for an uplink multiuser OFDMA relay network in the context of green communications where we aim to save battery life by minimizing the consumed transmit power. We consider a relaying system model where DF relays are simple users with advantageous positions to relay cell-edge users. The main novelty of this work is that relays forward relayed data to the BS and multiplex the relayed data with their own data in different RB. Multiplexing in the frequency domain allows all mobile users to fulfill their QoS constraints, even though some users help others through relaying. In the literature, fixed relays are generally investigated. In addition, relays have no data to transmit to the BS. The major contribution of this work is that relays are mobile users and that have their own information to transmit. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first work studying this system model where mobile relays multiplex their own data to the relayed data.
Two different strategies are studied regarding relay selection: it is either performed before resource allocation, depending on average channel gains. In this case, relayed sources are cell edge users, and a relayed source chooses only one relay. In the second method, relay selection is dynamically performed in each RB, depending on its channel gain. Then, any user may become a relayed source or a relay, and a relayed source may choose different relays on different RB. The RB and power allocation problem is formulated as an optimization problem that aims to minimize the total consumed power, while achieving a target data rate for all users, whether they are relayed source, relays of non relayed sources. Dual Lagrange decomposition is adopted for theoretical resolution and an iterative algorithm is proposed to find the optimal solution.
A cooperative relaying model is proposed, where mobile users may serve as relays to other users, while still transmitting their own data to the BS.
The corresponding RB and power allocation algorithm, aiming at minimizing the total consumed power, is determined using Lagrange dual decomposition.
Two relay selection algorithms are proposed: a fixed relay selection strategy, where a source uses the same relay on all RB, and an adaptive strategy where relay selection is jointly optimized with resource allocation. In this case, a source may use different relays on different RB, and may also directly transmit to the BS on some other RB.
The complexity and overhead of the two algorithm's variants are evaluated, and several simulation results are provided to assess their performance.
This paper is organized as follows. Section 2 describes the adopted system model and the constraints to respect, formulates the associated optimization problem, and provides the proposed resolution algorithm. Section 3 details the resolution steps of the optimization problem. Section 4 presents simulation results. Finally, Section 5 concludes the paper.
2 System model and problem formulation
In this section, we present the adopted system model and assumptions. Then, we formulate the optimization problem and the associated constraints. We finally enumerate the resolution steps in the proposed resolution algorithm.
2.1 System model
Mobile users are assumed half-duplex and thus cannot transmit and receive during the same TTI. Full duplex transmission would require that received and transmit data would use distant RBs, to avoid inter-RB interferences. We did not consider that case in this work. The transmission process takes then two phases: In the first TTI, NRS transmit to the BS and RS transmit to their relays while relays are listening. In the second TTI, RS are silent, NRS and R transmit to the BS. R transmit at the same time their own data and the data of their RS thanks to multi-carrier transmission. For relayed data, the DF method is adopted at the relay.
The objective of our model is to outperform the system without cooperation in minimizing the whole system transmit power subject to a constraint of minimal rate per user. The objective has been chosen as optimizing energy consumption to reduce the overall environmental effects.
\(g_{k,k^{\prime }}^{(j)}\) is the square Rayleigh fading in RB j between user k and user k ′ if k≠k ′, or between user k and the BS if k=k ′. \(L_{k,k^{\prime }}\) and \(S_{k,k^{\prime }}\) are respectively the pathloss and the shadowing experienced by user k considering their direct links when k=k ′ and considering the indirect links via user k ′ when k ′≠k. N rb is the noise power per RB.
2.2 Problem formulation
Power expended per user per TTI
\( P_{NRS}^{(j)}\)
\( P_{RS}^{(j^{\prime })}\)
\( P_{NRS}^{(j)}\)
\(P_{R}^{(j^{\prime })}+P_{R}^{(j^{\prime \prime })}\)
Average Power per TTI
\(\frac {1}{2} P_{RS}^{(j')}\)
\(\frac {1}{2} \left (P_{R}^{(j^{\prime })}+P_{R}^{(j^{\prime \prime })}\right)\)
b =[b 1,b 2,....,b K ] T is the vector of users decisions of cooperation. b k =1 is k is a R or a RS, and b k =0 otherwise. Please note that in the joint relay selection strategy, a user is considered a RS if its data is relayed in at least one RB. Similarly, a user is considered a R if it relays some data in at least one RB.
P is the power matrix per user in each RB:$$ \mathbf{P} = \left(\begin{array}{llll} P_{1}^{(1)} & P_{1}^{(2)}&....&P_{1}^{(N)}\\ P_{2}^{(1)} & P_{2}^{(2)}&....&P_{2}^{(N)}\\.&.&.&.\\.&.&.&.\\ P_{K}^{(1)} & P_{K}^{(2)}&....&P_{K}^{(N)} \end{array} \right) $$(4)
a is the RB allocation matrix per couple of (source, relay) and each RB j:$$ \mathbf{a} = \left(\begin{array}{llllll} a_{1,1}^{(1)} &..& a_{1,K}^{(1)}& a_{1,1}^{(2)}&..&a_{1,K}^{(N)}\\ a_{2,1}^{(1)} &..& a_{2,K}^{(1)}& a_{2,1}^{(2)}&..&a_{2,K}^{(N)}\\.&.&.&.&.&.\\.&.&.&.&.&.\\ a_{K,1}^{(1)} &..& a_{K,K}^{(1)}& a_{K,1}^{(2)}&..&a_{K,K}^{(N)} \end{array} \right) $$(5)
Constraint (3e) represents the cooperative decision for user k, b k =1 if user k is involved in a cooperative manner (k is a RS or a R), b k =0 otherwise.
Constraints (3b) and (3d) represent the RB allocation constraints, \(a_{k,k}^{(j)} = 1\) means that RB j is assigned to the transmission of user k towards the BS. \(a_{k,r}^{(j)} = 1\) with k≠r means that RB j is assigned to the transmission of user k towards relay r in the first TTI and transmission of relayed data from r to BS in the second TTI. If there exists at least one subcarrier j such that \(a_{k,r}^{(j)} = 1\), then b k =1 and b r =1.
Constraint (3c) indicates the required target data rate per user R t .
Constraint (3f) ensures that all powers are positive.
The first item of the optimization problem (3a) represents both the transmit power for a NRS in two TTIs and the transmit power for a relay for its proper data for only one TTI (expressed by the \(\frac {1}{2}\) factor). The second item of the optimization problem represents the transmit power consumed to transmit relayed data.
The different natures of the constraints makes the problem difficult to solve. Having both continous and boolean variables makes the problem a combinatorial optimization problem with excessive computational complexity to find the global optimal solution. To put our problem in a resolvable form, we relax the boolean variable \(a_{k,r}^{j}\) to be continous in [0,1] based on the time sharing process. A RB is then shared by several users that can have the same RB j but not at the same moment. It is proved that relaxing the optimization problem leads to an upper bound solution of the primal optimization problem [24]. It is also proved in [23, 25] that the duality gap of an optimization problem is considered insignificant if the number of subcarrier is high1.
- 1.
The optimal power allocation subproblem
- 2.
The optimal resource block allocation subproblem (and relay selection if relay selection is not fixed)
The Algorithm 1 presents the proposed iterative algorithm, the details of each step will be detailed in Sections 3.1 and 3.2.
2.3 Relay selection strategy
Two different relay selection strategies are proposed: a sub-optimal heuristic, and a relay selection that is jointly performed with resource allocation.
2.3.1 Fixed relay selection
Users with distance \(d_{k} < \frac {R}{3}\) will not have any advantage of being relayed because of their low distance to BS. Furthermore, they are far from cell border users so they are not seen as potential relays. Users with \(d_{k} < \frac {R}{3}\) will be thus non relayed sources and will not act as potential relays.
Users with distance \(d_{k} > \frac {2R}{3}\) are in the cell border and will take advantage of being relayed if a user at mid distance from them and the BS exists. Users with \(d_{k} > \frac {2R}{3}\) are thus potential relayed sources.
Users with distance \(\frac {R}{3} < d_{k} < \frac {2R}{3}\) can act as potential relays for users with \(d_{k} > \frac {2R}{3}\). Because of their relative low distance from the BS, these users will not be relayed.
A mobile user with \(d_{k} > \frac {2R}{3}\) can have only one associated relay in order to lower signaling.
First, each user in the border finds its potential best relay and compares the data rate that it can achieve with the indirect link using this relay to the data rate with the direct link to the BS. It then decides between direct or indirect links. If the user chooses the direct link, it becomes a NRS even if it is in the cell border. A potential Relay not used by any RS becomes also a NRS. At the end of this first step, we have initialized sets of NRS, R and RS depending on the users cooperation decision (see example 1 in Fig. 2). We assume that a relay can support one or more RS but a RS can have only one relay.
Once r ∗ is found, s compares it with its direct link to the BS. If \(\tilde {\gamma }_{s,s}<{\min }\left (\tilde {\gamma }_{s,r^{*}},\tilde {\gamma }_{r^{*},r^{*}}\right)\), then relaying will be advantageous for s, relaying scheme via r ∗ is then adopted. Else, relaying is considered not advantageous and s will be a NRS.
2.3.2 Joint relay selection, RB, and power allocation
The second proposed relay selection strategy includes relay selection in the resource allocation algorithm. Then the optimization variables are a, P, and b. Users can transmit directly to the BS, or via relay cooperation. A relay can support one or more RS, and a RS can be relayed by one or more relays, but in different RB. In a specific RB, only one relay is assigned for cooperation.
This implies that in Algorithm 1, users nature (R, RS, or NRS) is updated after RB allocation has been optimized, in step 3. This provides a higher flexibility since a RS is not compelled to transmit all its data through the relay, and can choose several relays. Besides, frequency diversity is exploited in the relay selection and in the RB allocation, which cannot be performed with fixed relay selection. Consequently, higher power consumption decrease are expected. They will, however, be achieved at the expense of additional computational complexity and signalling overhead. These additional costs are detailed in Section 3.4.
3 Problem resolution
The dual method is adopted to resolve theoretically the optimization problem (3). Solving the hard primal problem in the dual domain begins by decomposing it into subproblems easier to solve. The master problem distributes to each subproblem the resources it can use and the price to pay. In turn, each subproblem returns to the master problem its solution with the amount of the resources it uses [21].
where λ=[λ 1,λ 2,....,λ K ] T is the vector of dual variables associated to the required data rate constraint.
The dual problem is solved with two levels of optimization. At the lower level, the Lagrangian (8) is decomposed into N subproblems with Lagrangian L (j)(a, b, P) at each RB that can be solved independently. They are solved with a fixed λ. Then, the obtained subproblems solutions are used to update λ. This step is detailed in Section 3.3.
To solve problem (11), a second decomposition is necessary to solve independently the two subproblems: optimal power allocation and optimal RB allocation (and relay selection in the second relay selection strategy).
3.1 Optimal power allocation for a given resource block allocation and relay selection
k is a not relayed source or a relay transmitting its own data in RB j:$$ \mathit{P_{k}^{(j)} = \left[\frac{\lambda_{k}}{\ln(2)}- \frac{1}{\gamma_{k,k}^{(j)}} \right]^{+}} $$(17)
with [x]+= max {0,x}.
k is a relayed source with relay rLet us first remind the throughput expression (1b):In cooperative mode, the total transmit power is minimized when the source and the relay forward the same amount of data. Consequently, the rate is the minimum of the rates on the two links (see Eq. (1b)). To achieve this, we assume that:$$ \mathit{R_{k}^{(j)}= \frac{1}{2} {\min} \left\{\log_{2}\left(1 + P_{k}^{(j)} \gamma_{k,r}^{(j)}\right); \log_{2}\left(1 + P_{r}^{(j)} \gamma_{r,r}^{(j)}\right)\right\}} $$$$ \mathit{P_{k}^{(j)} \ \gamma_{k,r}^{(j)} = P_{r}^{(j)} \ \gamma_{r,r}^{(j)}} $$(18)
Solving problem (15) leads to the following expression for the power of the RS k in RB j:$$ \mathit{P_{k}^{(j)} = \left[ \frac{\lambda_{k} \ \gamma_{r,r}^{(j)}}{\ln(2)\left(\gamma_{k,r}^{(j)}+\gamma_{r,r}^{(j)}\right)} - \frac{1}{\gamma_{k,r}^{(j)}} \right]^{+}} $$(19)
From Eq. (18), we obtain that the power of the relay r for the relayed data of RS k is: :$$ \mathit{P_{r}^{(j)} = \left[\frac{\lambda_{k} \ \gamma_{k,r}^{(j)}}{\ln(2)\left(\gamma_{k,r}^{(j)}+\gamma_{r,r}^{(j)}\right)} - \frac{1}{\gamma_{r,r}^{(j)}} \right]^{+}} $$(20)
Corresponding to user's nature, optimal power expressions are calculated. We can notice that a relay has different power expressions for its own data (Eq. (17)) and for the data it relays (Eq. (20)). If relay selection is fixed, users nature is known. But in the joint relay selection and resource allocation strategy, for each user, K power values must be computed (one for each RB and for each potential source-relay pair, as well as the power is k is a NRS), although eventually only one of them will be chosen.
3.2 Optimal resource block allocation
The objective is to minimize L (j), subject to constraints (3b), (12), and (13).
if k=r and k is a not relayed source:$$ \mathit{G_{k,r}^{(j)} = \lambda_{k} \ \log_{2}\left(1 + P_{k}^{(j)} \gamma_{k,k}^{(j)}\right) - P_{k}^{(j)}} $$(24)
if k=r and k is a relay transmitting its own data in RB j:$$ \mathit{G_{k,r}^{(j)} = \frac {\lambda_{k}}{2} \ \log_{2} \left(1 + P_{k}^{(j)} \gamma_{k,k}^{(j)}\right) - \frac{1}{2} P_{k}^{(j)} } $$(25)
if k is a relayed source and k≠r:$$ G_{k,r}^{(j)} =\frac{\lambda_{k}}{2} \log_{2}\left(1 + P_{k,r}^{(j)} \gamma_{k,r}^{(j)}\right) - \frac{1}{2} \left(P_{k,r}^{(j)} + P_{r,r}^{(j)}\right) $$(26)
In the joint relay selection, RB and power allocation strategy, if k=r, then user k is a NRS, and b k is set to 0. Otherwise, if k≠r, then k and r are cooperating, which implies that b k =1 and b r =1. If there exists at least one j such that \(a_{k,r}^{(j)} =1\), then user k becomes a RS, and user r a R. Please note that a relay cannot itself be relayed by another mobile user.
3.3 Lagrangian variable update
where η is the diminishing step size as the update of dual variable is performed according to the diminishing step approach [26] for each user k. Equation (28) shows that if user k has a data rate higher than R t , it has to reduce its λ k and then to reduce its power consumed to achieve the required data rate. On the other hand, if user k has a lower data rate than R t , the dual variable update allows it to increase its λ k and so its powers' value, it can then reach R t by earning more RB or by raising its consumed power amount.
where ε is set close to zero.
3.4 Complexity and overhead comparison of the relay strategies
The complexity of Algorithm 1 depends on the number of iterations until convergence. In each iteration, step 2 requires to compute N×K power values \(P_{k}^{(j)}\) per user and RB if the relay selection is fixed. In the joint relay selection and resource allocation strategy, N 2×K power values must be computed, as explained in Section 3.1.
Similary, step 3 of the algorithm also requires N×K computations of \(G_{k,r}^{(j)}\) if the pairs (k,r) are already known, and N 2×K is they are not. Finally, the determination of b k value at the end of step 3 in the joint relay selection and resource allocation strategy does not incur any additional complexity. We can conclude that the additional complexity of the second relay selection strategy may become an issue only if the number of users is high.
The second relay selection strategy also increases the overhead, since the channel gains between any two pairs of users must be known by the BS. In the fixed relay strategy, only the channel gains between fixed source-relay pairs must be known. Once the BS has determined the values of P,a, and b, one signalling message must be sent to any user, indicating which RB it must use for its own data transmission, and if the user is a relay, which RB it should listen to perform decode and forward. Relays do not need to know which sources they are relaying, and sources omnidirectionnally transmit, so they do not need to know their relays.
4 Performance evaluations
Simulations are presented in this section to analyze the proposed approach's performance. We consider a single circular cell with radius R=1 Km, K users and N RBs that we vary along simulations. We assume a total bandwidth2 B=20 MHz equitably divided between the RBs. Rayleigh channels with slow fading are considered and the power density for AWGN noise is N 0=−174 dBm/Hz. Users are uniformly distributed in the cell and suffer from log-normal shadowing with standard deviation equal to 6 dB and from pathloss according to the LTE model with frequency F=2.6 GHz: \(L_{dB}(d_{k,k^{\prime }}) = 128.1 + 37.6 \log _{10}(d_{k,k^{\prime }})\) where \(d_{k,k^{\prime }}\) is the distance in Km from user k to user k ′. If k=k ′, \(d_{k,k^{\prime }}\) is the distance of user k to the BS.
The step size for λ k is set to \(\eta _{k} = \frac {\lambda _{k}}{\sqrt {t}}\) for t<2000 where t is the iteration index. When t exceeds 2000, η k becomes invariant. ε from Eq. (29) is set to 0.001. For classical mobile cellular networks, the transmit power of a mobile user is generally of the order of 21 dBm. Considering such emitted power and for cell radius of 1 Km, expected data rates for cell border users are lower than 2 bits/s/Hz. Based on this observation, R t is varied in the simulations in the range [0.5..1.5] bits/s/Hz. Results are averaged over 1000 simulations to get realistic results.
In the following, the proposed solution is compared to the optimal exhaustive solution for a special case with low users and RB number for evaluation. Then, convergence of the proposed solution is studied and the achieved performances are presented.
4.1 Performance results with fixed relay selection strategy
4.1.1 Optimality Evaluation
To find the optimal solution, exhaustive search is necessary for both RB allocation and power allocation. The best solution minimizing the system transmit power is then equal to the optimal solution. The complexity of this search is high and grows with the number of users and RBs. For a given number of users, all possible combinations of RB allocations have to be studied. Then, for each RB allocation, optimal power allocation for all users is established ensuring required target data rate. The optimal solution offering the lowest total system power is finally identified. All possible source-relay pairs must be considered which increases again the complexity of the optimal solution search.
where N is the number of RB. Having N=8 RBs, we have M=254, for N=16 RBs, M=65 534 and for N=32 RBs, M exceeds 109 possible RB allocation's combinations.
For N=8 RBs, L=5 796, for N=16 RBs, L=42 850 116, and for N=32 RBs, L exceeds 1015 possible RB allocation.
The optimal power allocation via waterfilling method is then performed for each possible RB allocation respecting the required QoS.
System transmit power (dBm)
with relay
with relay
without relay
without relay
4.1.2 Convergence analysis
In this section, the convergence rate of the proposed algorithm is studied. A simulation is considered convergent if it respects the Lagrangian variable variation constraints (Eq. (29)) and the required data rate per user constraint as R k =R t ±0.1 R t ∀k. The convergence rate is studied for 18 users and different RBs numbers and R t values. The minimal convergence rate is 30 % for 60 RBs and R t =1.5 bits/s/Hz and it can reach 65 % for 192 RBs for the same R t . The convergence rates can be justified by the hard convergence constraints. If we relaxed these constraints by expanding the R t admissible variation range for example, convergence rates would be improved. Then, we can observe that the convergence rate increases when the number of RBs grows, thanks to the increase in frequency diversity. Indeed, users are more likely to find RB with good channel gains, and thus to achieve their required data rate.
4.1.3 Achieved performances
From simulation results, it is shown that the proposed algorithm offers better performance comparing to the model without relaying. The transmit power can be saved especially in the cell edge. This result can be exploited to reduce interference level in a multicell system model.
4.2 Performance results with joint relay selection, RB, and power allocation
4.2.1 Achieved performances
Average ratio per user type and distance to the BS, when R t =1 bit/s/Hz
Average ratio (%)
Average distance to the BS (m)
Besides, since mobile users are moving in the cell, they are relays at some location, but will become relayed sources whenever they move towards the cell edge. The proposed cooperative scenario is based on the assumption that some mobile users accept to relay some other mobile users at some point, knowing that they will be helped through relaying by other mobile users later. The local power consumption increase when a mobile user acts as a relay is compensated for by an important power consumption decrease when the same mobile user becomes a relayed source.
5 Conclusions
In this paper, we have studied resource allocation for relayed uplink transmission in OFDMA system. Compared to previous published results, our system model considers mobile relays that have to multiplex their own data to the relayed data, so that the relay as well as the relayed sources all achieve the same target data rate. Two strategies have been proposed for relay selection: it is either performed as an initialization phase by the BS, based on average channel gains, or it is jointly optimized with RB and power allocation. An iterative algorithm solving the optimization problem that aims at minimizing the total system transmit power under the target data rate constraint has been determined. The primal optimization problem has been decomposed into subproblems where resource allocation and power allocation are solved in an iterative manner. Dual decomposition and subgradient methods have been used for this purpose.
Simulation results show that the proposed algorithm is very close to optimal solutions found by exhaustive search, with low number of users and RB. When the number of users and RBs is growing, the proposed algorithm gives valuable performances enhancement compared to solutions without relay with the fixed relay selection strategies. With the joint relay selection strategy, power consumption is even lower. This strategy is more flexible and thus better benefits from frequency and multi-user diversity. However, its complexity is higher, and it incurs additional overhead. Comparing the average power per user type (relay, relayed source and non-relayed source) and their location in the cell allows to conclude that the sub-optimal fixed relay strategy achieves a good compromise between transmit power decrease and complexity.
6 Endnotes
1 We must note that in the final step of problem resolution, \(a_{k,r}^{(j)}\) are converted to boolean variables (Eq. (27))
2 Please note that we do not use RB number compliant with the LTE standard and that the total bandwidth is fixed and does not vary for all simulations.
3 We note that gain values consider power values in mW and not in dBm.
Open Access This article is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License(http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made.
Authors' Affiliations
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Category: Food for Thought
Affirmative ActionJune 3rd, 2011
Here is food for thought"South Africa is the only country in the world where affirmative action isin the favour of the majority who has complete political control. The factthat the political majority requires affirmative action to protect… more »
South Africa: Only a matter of time before the bomb explodesNovember 9th, 2011
I can predict when SA's "Tunisia Day" will arrive. Tunisia Day is when the masses rise against the powers that be, as happened recently in Tunisia. The year will be 2020, give or take a couple of years. The year 2020 is when China estimates that its… more »


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TS EAMCET 2016 Hall Tickets Download From 24th April | Telangana EAMCET 2016 Hall Tickets
—– by Mythrii Krishna
Hyderabad, 23 April 2016: Telangana State Engineering, Agriculture and Medical Common Entrance Test – TS EAMCET 2016 is scheduled to conduct on 2nd May 2016 in Telangana and some selected cities of Andhra Pradesh. TS EAMCET 2016 Engineering stream exam will be held from 10.00 AM to 1.00 PM as well as Agriculture and Medical streams exams will be held from 2.30 PM to 5.30 PM on the same day.
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Telangana EAMCET 2016 Hall Tickets will available here: www.tseamcet.in


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Economic Theory for the Anthropocene
Towards heterodox understandings of sustainable economies
Interdisciplinary workshop with Dr Ioana Negru and Dr Gaël Giraud
Guildford, University of Surrey, 3 July 2018
The event has now passed. Please find a summary by Henry Leveson-Gower on The Mint Magazine website.
In the 10 years since the financial crisis, heterodox theories of the economy have flourished. With an interdisciplinary outlook, they offer a much richer potential path towards sustainable economies than orthodox economics alone. But, to date, most research into the relationship between the environment and the economy has been undertaken through the narrow lens of orthodox economics. Consequently, the question of what a sustainable economy might look like remains largely unanswered.
On 3 July 2018, as part of a workshop that aims to fill this gap, CUSP and the Institute of Advanced Studies at the University of Surrey are pleased to invite you to two talks by leading economists in the field.
13:10 | On Coherency, Schools of Thought and Sustainability,
Ioana Negru, SOAS, University of London
Dr Ioana Negru is a Senior Lecturer in Economics at the University of London's School of Oriental and African Studies. Her research interests include economic pluralism, economic philosophy and methodology, and ecological economics.
Ioana's presentation will look into various schools of economic thought and their message on sustainability in order to debate the question of whether the literature on sustainability is coherent. Ioana will also pose the question of whether there is a strategic need for integration of various schools of thought in order to form a stronger alternative to the mainstream economic conception of sustainability.
17:00 | Global warming, Thermodynamics and Stock-flow consistent Macro-dynamics,
Gaël Giraud, French Development Agency
Dr Gaël Giraud is Chief Economist and Executive Director of the Innovation, Research and Knowledge Directorate of the Agence Française de Développement. His research interests include alternative measures of development, general equilibrium theory, game theory, and financing and energy issues.
Gaël's presentation will present the state of art of his latest research on the fundamental issues of how global warming might impact the world economy, and the tools we might use to improve planetary, economic, and financial resilience. In particular, he will provide a new macro framework that is fully compatible with the first two laws of thermodynamics. This framework. The framework is based on stock-flow consistent non-linear dynamics with a climate back-loop. This framework is used to explore the interplay between private debt dynamics and climate change as a coupled source of Minskyan instability, and how debt-deflationary collapse might be avoided through to a number of public policies.
Both lectures are free to attend. Please contact Simon Mair to register your attendance.
Built on an earlier event note, this webpage was updated on 3 June 2018. Workshop details can still be accessed on the University of Surrey website.


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PERGE, ASPENDOS, KURŞUNLU WATERFALL - Full Day Tour
Depart from the hotel to visit Perge. An important city of ancient Pamphylian, Perge was originally settled by the Hittites around 1500 BC. St. Paul preached some of his first sermons here. The theater stage has finely carved marble reliefs; other carvings from around the city are displayed in the stadium. Amateur archaeologists will want to see the handsome city gate flanked by two lofty towers, a long colonnaded road once paved with mosaics and lined with shops, a large agora, the public baths and a gymnasium.
Aspendos one of the best preserved theatres in the world with seating for 15,000. Still used today, the theater galleries, stage decorations and acoustics all testify to the architects success. Nearby stand the remains of a basilica, agora and one of the largest aqueducts in Anatolia. It is commonly believed that Aspendos was founded by colonist from Argos. We with then proceed to Kursunlu Waterfalls for a refreshing break.
17:00 Turn back to hotel
1-2 pax 275 € Total
3-4 pax 295 € Total
5-8 pax 120 € Per Person
9 Pax + 115 € Per Person
Price Inc. English Speaking Guide - Transportation - Entrence Fees
Price Ex . Lunch ,Vat.


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And now for the latest on Britney Spears' never-ending legal troubles!
Day one of the singer's misdemeanor driving without a license trial ended on Wednesday without a single juror picked. Britney did not appear at court.
Potential jurors differed on several aspects of the case. One man blamed the paparazzi for Spears' troubles while another called the idea of a trial "ridiculous." Only one person was dismissed, a woman who claimed she had some previous contact with Brit's business manager.
This puts a damper on the trial, which was supposed to move forward with opening statements on Thursday.
The charge is the last remnant of a case stemming from an accident last August in which Britney, 26, hit a parked car and left the scene. At the time she did not have a valid California drivers liscence.
Brit's father, Jamie Spears, may be called as a witness in the case, which is expected to last for three days.