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Historical scholarship has more recently turned towards global histories of labour paying greater attention both to non-Western historical semantics of work, and intellectual as well as practical transfers between European, Asian, African, or American regimes of labour.[1] Labour intermediation – the various forms of seeking, or being forced to, work ranging from outright trafficking to consensual job placement – has been explored from a global perspective, too, thereby partly refuting the often-made claim that semi-institutionalized forms of labour intermediation (involving subcontractors or traffickers rather than the institutions of the contract and office) were characteristic predominantly of pre-industrial societies.[2] Such global comparisons can look back at a rich field of historical research which since the 1980s has explored, somewhat diametrically opposed, the actual institution- and category-building around questions of work and (un-)employment in the emerging welfare states of France, Britain, Germany and the US.[3]
The present volume is informed by all these research agendas while also making its own distinct contribution to scholarship. Most of the 13 chapters combine the now classical perspectives both on the emergence of public labour offices and the 'invention' of unemployment as a social category with research into the, arguably, more discrete "intermediaries" (S. 16). Trade unions, welfare and craft associations, municipalities, commercial placement services, or indeed individual recruiters, persisted, at varying degrees, until the Second World War at least in fulfilling vital tasks of labour recruitment and social control, while continuously challenging the efforts by organizations of capital and labour to monopolize existing placement services. Chapters by Amit Mishra on the middle-men in the recruitment of Indian labour for the British colonial plantations in Southeast Asia, as well as by Anthony O'Donnell on the "regulatory rationales" (S. 392) behind public employment services in Australia around 1900 represent the turn towards global comparison, albeit modestly so. A section on the Habsburg Empire and the first Austrian Republic accounts for the volume's main, and laudable, methodical contribution which lies in an amalgamation of the more common analysis of administrative files and statistics with multiple correspondence and text analyses in interpreting autobiographical accounts on the individual uses of labour offices.[4] The four chapters here also redirect the 'invention' scholarship's main focus from the insurance-based normalization of unemployment to the continued persistence of earlier forms of labour intermediation, most tangibly so in Sigrid Wadauer's chapter on tramping in the search for work in rural Cisleithania. Overall, however, contributions do not uniformly subscribe to this multi-level approach. The wide range of methods presented causes some intellectual tensions which, while stimulating at times, come at the expense of a more compact presentation of the volume as a whole.
Nevertheless, individual chapters have a lot to offer. That the varied acceptability of public labour offices was predicated upon a given labour market's occupational and gender structure is shown respectively by Irina Vrana and Jessica Richter with regards to interwar Austria. Vrana argues that individual strategies to improve social status and income co-defined how offices were used, and also, conversely, how the period out-of-work was experienced individually. Richter underpins this observation by zooming in on domestic servants, whose individual career progression was shaped by competing struggles for professionalization and the different notions of vocation put forward by catholic and trade union-run associations.
A number of chapters explore intermediation as a dynamic between job-related mobility and regimes of social control. In Cisleithania, as Wadauer shows, the rationale for granting admission to relief stations, unlike that of unemployment insurance, was deliberately based on perpetual mobility. Whereas the insurance principle intended to pin down in territorial space the individual by demanding a verifiable place of residence, relief stations forced wayfarers to actively follow job opportunities elsewhere due to time restrictions on their stay. Individual mobility was also crucial for brickmakers in 18th-century Lippe County albeit under a different system, as Piet Lourens and Jan Lucassen show: a specific form of sub-contracting involving various types of messengers and foremen and not least the cooperative selection among brickmakers themselves, induced by piece-rate wages for the entire work gang.
The remaining chapters each adopt the more familiar perspective on the contested organization of labour markets. In colonial Australia – among the pioneers in public labour intermediation – government labour offices co-existed with commercial services until the 1930s, whereby the former even tended to "disorganize" (S. 394) the labour market by distributing available work according to need rather than suitability of workers. By contrast, Nils Edling provides good arguments to rate the establishment of public labour exchanges in Sweden as a success story.
Other chapters highlight struggle and delays, partly exacerbated by disruptions to social and bureaucratic reform caused by inflation and the soar of unemployment in the wake of the 1929 world economic and financial crisis. The Reichsanstalt's attempt in Weimar Germany at monopolizing vocational counselling, and the different modes of labour market organization involved as discussed, respectively, by David Meskill and Thomas Buchner are cases in point. Still, Buchner emphasises the offices' overall effectiveness in shaping labour markets. Focusing on the Munich labour office, the systematic collection of statistics based on new office technology, along with the professionalization of placement officers, are shown to have contributed to the gradual replacement of the bourse model by a more abstract conception of the labour market, further objectifiable by gender, age, and occupational groups of the unemployed. In Britain, as Noel Whiteside argues, the aversion among government officials to such Prussian-style bureaucratism partly accounted for the state's quasi-absence from processes of labour market organization. As a consequence, local labour exchanges in Birmingham targeted marginalized client groups rather than the whole labour market, and followed a "poor law ethos" (S. 85), which favoured an individualized appraisal of the applicant's 'good character' over professional skills or qualification. The catalyst role played by World War One for the bureaucratization of local employment exchanges is not explored, but in arguing that Austrian employment offices for disabled war veterans proved an important precursor to the Reich-wide establishment of common labour offices, Verena Pawlowsky and Harald Wendelin highlight an interesting aspect of it.
The editors should be applauded for going some way towards re-orienting historical research from the well-established focus on nascent systems of public labour intermediation to show the continuous persistence of older forms of labour recruitment and social classification as well as the precarious economic and bureaucratic conditions upon which public offices operated. Highlighting the multiplicity of ways by which people went about using (or evading) intermediaries and how that shaped, and was shaped by, policy regulations, war, economic crises, and not least competing notions of what counted as gainful work beyond the narrow conception of (male) wage labour surely is a significant contribution revealing a fascinating emotional landscape of hope, deceit, and human resilience. Having said that, the relevant chapters tend to present life stories, individual choices and administrative practice in a rather unrelated manner. To be sure, the individual biographies are fascinating in their own right, but actual encounters in the various offices would have constituted a further and, arguably, more significant field of inquiry because it is here that professional identities were performed and placements negotiated. The image reproduced on the cover of the volume, which shows such interactions between labour office personnel and presumably unemployed young men in Steyr/Austria in 1932 may be a good starting point for future research in this direction.
In incorporating recent sociological work on the performative construction of markets Buchner's chapter stands out. Others, such as Meskill's would have benefitted from further contextualization in some grander or comparative historical narrative. For instance, the (attempted) installation of applied psychology within Weimar labour offices could be considered an instance of the 'scientization of the social' (Lutz Raphael).[5] Lastly, I cannot refrain from pointing out that the rise of (austro-)fascism and war-related mobilization of manpower, with the notable exception of O'Donnell's remarks on the shifts in Australian wartime direction of labour (S. 398f.), are conspicuous by their absence. While the omission is understandable on research pragmatic grounds, the question arises to what extent the narratives of this volume, overwhelmingly presented from a nineteenth-century perspective, would need to be reframed if institutional racism, economic dirigisme, and manpower mobilization, which all gained momentum from the 1930s, were incorporated. But these transformations are for future research to explore.
Notes:[1] E.g. Jörn Leonhard / Willibald Steinmetz (eds.), Semantiken von Arbeit. Diachrone und vergleichende Perspektiven, Köln 2016.[2] Ulbe Bosma / E. van Nederveen / A. Sarkar (eds.), Mediating Labour. An Introduction, in: International Review of Social History. Special Issue 20 (2012), S. 1–15.[3] E.g. Robert Salais / Nicolas Baverez / Bénédicte Reynaud, L'invention du Chômage. Histoire et Transformation d'une Catégorie en France des Années 1890 aux Années 1980, Paris 1986; Christian Topalov, Naissance du chômeur 1880–1910, Paris 1994; Bénédicte Zimmermann, Arbeitslosigkeit in Deutschland. Zur Entstehung einer sozialen Kategorie, Frankfurt am Main 2006.[4] The focus on Austria derives from the Vienna-base of the project entitled "The Production of Work. Welfare, Labour-Market and Disputed Boundaries of Labour 1880-1938" from which this volume emerges.[5] Raphael's concept has recently been further developed. See Kerstin Brückweh et al. (eds.), Engineering Society. The Role of the Human and Social Sciences in Modern Societies, 1880–1980, London 2012.
Alle Rechte an Texten, Bildern und sonstigen Inhalten liegen bei Clio-online, H-NET und H-Soz-Kult 1996-2019.
Redaktion: hsk.redaktion [at] geschichte.hu-berlin.de. ISSN: 2196-5307


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WEINBERG Chamber Symphonies Nos 3 & 4
Mieczysπaw Weinberg's time would certainly seem to be now. Advocacy plays a big part in that, of course, and recent champions such as the young German violinist Linus Roth – whose recordings of the Violin Concerto and sonatas (Challenge Classics, 9/13, 7/14) have really whetted appetites – can really bring about a sea change in interest. This latest release of late chamber symphonies (and be advised the numbering belies the presence of 21 earlier symphonies) further adds to the fascination, and such is the emotional and highly personal nature of Weinberg's musical language that it's nigh on impossible not to be drawn into his confidence.
The opening Lento of Symphony No 3 for string orchestra, which is in turn directly derived from his String Quartet No 5 (these pieces not only evolve from earlier works but thrive on self-quotation from elsewhere in his oeuvre), is entitled 'Melody' and that is precisely what you get – an unvarnished unison in search of harmony and development (very Bartókian), both of which it finds before emerging once more as the purest 'confessional'. In the boisterous and explosive second movement it's as if both Britten and Shostakovich have morphed into a dynamic and wilful alliance. Weinberg undoubtedly gets his immediacy and nose for atmosphere from Shostakovich (his self-confessed idol – and there was mutual admiration) but he is his own man and full of surprises. A boldness and directness prevails and he clearly relishes the gamesmanship of composition – like the freewheeling Andantino finale of this piece.
The Fourth opens with a great example of what makes Weinberg's themes so individual: a 'Chorale' borrowed from his opera The Portrait, it's a total 'earworm'. But suddenly there is an obbligato clarinet among the strings and with it a multitude of Klezmer associations. That clarinet enjoys a wild ride in the second-movement Allegro molto, and again the rug is pulled from beneath us at the close when solo violin and cello are given quite unexpected monologues like afterthoughts on what has passed. An aching folksiness pervades the slow movement and a triangle offers two single shafts of light at the beginning and very end (a tiny touch of genius) of a final movement which seems to have been composed in the playing of it.
The Helsingborg Symphony Orchestra under Thord Svedlund make an excellent case for these intriguing pieces and Chandos brings them to us with vivid immediacy. Weinberg is coming in from the cold.

subset: commoncrawl


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Tabula Rasa
November surrendered to an influx of ashy skies
And falling snow, removing our dirt, our sins, our lies
And from them wringing: a blank slate of frozen purity
We formed weapons of ice to taunt, embarrass, chastise
We kicked it, drove through it slinging mud replies
Disheartened clouds threw waste thicker to frosted demise
Creating barriers through which no one could prise
And walls through which no one could see.
November surrendered
For days before ceasing demonstration and releasing its vise
Relinquishing its subjects, a frigid wind cries,
Whipping through, a reminder of its supremacy
Over these white slabs, we
Tread lightly, an emprise
November surrendered.
-M. Ray Hall
Grandmother Moon & Grandfather Night
Have you heard the story about
the Grandfather night and his brazen
Grandmother moon and all of their brilliant, golden grandchildren
like thousands of trick birthday candles that refuse to be
snuffed out
Painting Autumn
Watercolor leaves
with wide crimson brushstrokes drop
under heavy blood
– M. Ray Hall


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14 of us met on a lovely late spring day at Carolyn's home apiary in Fringford. We started as usual by sitting in a ring and introducing ourselves, our experience and where we live – this latter helps people link up with near neighbours.
There were several people present who had training or experience in conventional beekeeping but wanted to learn about a more balanced natural no-treatment approach, and had never met natural beekeepers before, and later people took the opportunity to quiz them.
We inspected the occupied Warré, had a general Q&A session and discussed swarms.
Inspection of Carolyn's Warrés
Carolyn has two Warrés, we gathered round the occupied one. Shortly we noticed bees hovering round the entrance of the other, like swarm scouts. Richard figured it out first – these were simply returning foragers who couldn't see their home hive behind the screen of humans, so had gone to the only one visible in approximately the right place. Shortly thereafter some foragers figured it out and began fanning their "we're over here!" pheromone at the entrance of the correct hive.
After recording our entrance observations (nothing untoward, pollen being carried in etc) we raised the top box of the occupied hive and peered at the bees and the base of the combs.
It was quite striking that there were no drones, though we could see a couple of empty queen cells: one on the bottom of some comb looked like a planned replacement queen rather than an emergency (which is recognisable by a worker cell in the middle of a comb being hurriedly converted to a queen cell). The other wasn't as well formed and looked more like a practice cup. As there was only these two queen cells and no drones visible it didn't seem this hive was preparing to swarm immediately. (It swarmed two weeks later!)
This top box had some weight to it so we judged the bees had sufficient stores as we are at "peak blossom" right now – no lack of forage.
We made some more notes and took some photos – emphasizing to the new beekeepers how records are an invaluable learning tool and always useful for later diagnostics of any problems.
The bees had begun building new comb below this and we lifted out a couple and examined these, seeing nothing untoward.
We used a goose feather to herd bees back into the hive, and a light water spray to drive them down so we wouldn't squash any as we lowered the box down. You can use a smoker for this too.
Q & A session
Deadout cause? Marie had high resolution pictures of a dead hive from last Autumn and asked what had caused it to die. Gino pointed out mouse droppings in the floor debris and how one comb had an oval section chewed out of its centre, which looked like a mouse eating larvae. However further review of the case led us to think the die-out was caused by something else, perhaps queen failure, and the mouse damage probably happened after the hive had already died or been weakened by something else, as it is normally too dangerous for mice to enter a colony until it goes dormant (clusters) for winter.
White grubs at hive entrance? Margaret reported finding some odd grubs outside her hive entrance. We assumed these were wax moth larvae but two of us later went round to her apiary and realised they were actually drone larvae, whose eyes were still white. It was possible her colony sensed a problem like varroa in their cells and ejected them before they could emerge, i.e. good hygienic behaviour. Alternatively perhaps these had become chilled and died in their cells – we had just had a period of quite cold days and nights following a couple of weeks of good weather – the colony could have had to recluster away from the comb edges leaving the brood there to chill and die.
Octagonal Warré? Talking of cold problems, Liz has been wondering whether to block off the corners of her Warrés to make the inside cavity octagonal. This is a modification used in places like Canada where the winters are extreme and corners become cold spots. It is not usually considered necessary in the milder climate of the UK – although occasional cold problems can occur as illustrated above.
BBKA? Someone then revealed that they were under the mistaken impression that we and other natural beekeeping groups are associated with the BBKA (British Bee Keepers Association). Just to be clear, no natural beekeeping group is associated with the BBKA, as its training emphasizes intensive management practises like queen wing clipping, swarm suppression, use of chemical mite treatments etc; it is pretty inflexible about this and it has a history of dismissing other approaches. Hopefully this will change over time.
However, in Oxfordshire, our county BKA (OBKA), is much more open minded and flexible, some of their conventional beekeepers are nearer our own approach on the spectrum of beekeeping, no longer using miticides and being more relaxed about allowing their bees to express natural behaviour like swarming. Many of our own members join OBKA to gain a wider range of contacts and experience.
The meeting coincided with the start of the much-delayed swarm season for Oxfordshire – it's slow and about a month late this year due to unusual weather knocking back the development of many pollinators all over the country. During the introductions Ann W mentioned how a huge prime swarm had recently emerged from one of her hives, and Ann & Peter F had a phone call to tell them one of their hives had just swarmed.
Catching your first swarm is always an exciting and rewarding experience. During swarm season you should have a kit comprising the following ready to go at a moment's notice:
- Box, ventilated – at its simplest this can be a cardboard box with many small holes poked in it, or it could be a straw basket like a skep
- Duct tape to seal the box
- Protective clothing
- Bee brush or goose feather
- Secateurs to cut branches (optional: saw and loppers for big branches)
- Mobile phone / SatNav / camera
- Optional: white sheet or pillowcase; scent or smoker to drive bees, scissors for duct tape
The discussion turned to swarm behaviour, swarm catching and hiving – and the possibility of queen failure.
Swarm behaviour
Swarming is the natural method of reproduction for the honey bee colony superorganism. Bees emerge from a hive in a swirling cloud, then settle for a while as a cluster as they scout for a new home, which can take anything from a couple of hours to a few days. Once they have decided where to live next, they fly there as another massive cloud of bees.
Because they may move on very quickly, it is important to go get a swarm as soon as you hear of it. I once lost one because I paused for a sandwich before leaving the house.
A strong colony can throw out multiple swarms in one year – last year we collected 4 big casts from one feral colony in a farmhouse roof, and we know another beekeeper got the original prime swarm.
The first, prime swarm to emerge from a hive is usually a "classic" swarm – one big cluster of bees hanging conveniently from a branch and acting as one cohesive unit. They have one, fully mature fertilised queen who smells strongly of queen pheromone – they will follow her as a unit.
If subsequent casts are going to emerge from the same hive, it tends to happen 9-10 days after the prime swarm, weather permitting, and has a newly hatched virgin queen who has yet to undertake a mating flight. Her pheromones are less strong, and the number of bees tends to be less.
Swarming can be triggered by a number of things, one of which is crowding the space available for brood rearing in the hive. So we went over comb management in Top Bar Hives and how unless you move honeycomb bars away from the nest to create space for new brood comb, the colony will feel crowded and swarm early and repeatedly such that it can overly weaken the original colony. Gino remarked that a comb of ivy honey, which sets hard, is particularly effective at incentivising swarming as it acts like an impassable follower board. In a Warré hive, you add room for nest (brood) expansion by adding empty boxes below the others.
Some colonies are naturally "swarmier" than others, it is partly a genetic trait. Italian bees tend to build up one big colony whilst bees bred for heath beekeeping in skeps are deliberately selected to swarm a lot.
Swarm catching
We demonstrated how to use ventilated cardboard boxes to collect bees, and Gino displayed a small laundry basket (like a lidded skep!) he uses which they can breathe through. Sometimes it is simplest to let them run up into a box held above them, sometimes one has to cut a branch, or dislodge a cluster on a branch into a box below by knocking and shaking the branch. A swarm on a wall can be gently moved into a box with a soft brush like a goose feather. It usually only takes minutes to box the bulk of the swarm, but you may wish to hang round a while to accumulate stragglers, who will be attracted to the box smelling of their queen.
Swarms are pretty passive and just want to cluster round the queen. Swarms have no young or stores to defend, so they are not inclined to sting you, even when knocked into a box, but occasionally you come across particularly defensive ones so it is always best to suit up before handling them.
Prime swarms tend to be straightforward – they settle in one clump and once hived, tend to stay there. Casts can be more problematic. Young queens don't smell as strongly of queen pheromone, which can make the swarm less cohesive, and occasionally if a colony has produced lots of new queens, two virgin queens will set off together and the cast settles in two clusters. It can be tricky to collect all the bees in such a swarm because it is not clear to you or the bees that "the queen" is in the collection box.
Sometimes people use scents to herd bees into a box when they refuse to leave a branch. These should be diluted – no stronger than they have to be. (Shortly after this meeting Ann W used an Extra Strong Mint for this purpose!)
Tanging the bees, or ringing two pieces of metal together, is meant to cause the bees to settle sooner, and may help drive awkward ones into a collection box (anecdotes disagree on this).
Swarm hiving
There are two techniques for transferring bees from the box to the hive. In either case, if the bees have been travelling in a car beforehand, they will need at least a couple of hours in a cool calm place before hiving – if you attempt to hive them when they are agitated they will just abscond.
Quick method – You can simply turn the catching box upside down over the top of an open hive, give the box a sharp knock, and the bees fall down into the hive – then close the hive, leaving the open box with any remaining bees exposed to light and next to the hive entrance. Providing you get the queen into the hive this way, which should happen as she will be in the centre of the bees, this usually works fine if done in the early evening (unless the hive smells bad to the bees, which sometimes happens with very new hives which smell of fresh cut wood). The workers then appear at the hive entrance and fan "come hither" pheromone into the air – you can see them stick their bums in the air and fan their wings in rows at the entrance. This calls any stragglers into the hive. If you use this technique when the bees are still agitated from travelling or if there are plenty of hours of sunny daylight left, you may sometimes find the bees exit the hive and reform the swarm closeby.
Slower more secure method – Alternatively, you can walk the bees into the hive up a ramp – emptying the bees from the catching box onto a white sheet which is laid partly on the ground and partly on a ramp leading up to the hive entrance – the bees are inclined to move upwards towards the dark entrance. Some people say this is better because the bees actively choose to go in, and there is no chance of the queen falling outside of the hive. In my experience it can take quite a long time and you need to be careful with the sheet – the sheet may fall off the hive ramp, it has to be secured properly. The bees can crowd and block the entrance in a confused traffic jam, but a gentle sweep with a goose feather helps. Bees can also get stuck in folds of cloth and don't move on, so keep the sheet smooth. Also, it can take a long time, so if the weather is turning wet or cold it is not a good idea. It is quite a spectacle to watch when it works well. Personally I usually hive in the evening and so tend not to always use this technique, preferring to get the majority (and queen) into the hive securely in one main mass.
Gino related that in his experience casts are more likely to abscond than prime swarms, and advised leaving them sealed in a ventilated box (the collection box or their hive) for 24-36 hours after capture so that they use up more of the 3-5 days' fuel (honey) they ate before swarming, and are more committed to the hive – they no longer have the option of moving. However, others recommended hiving them at least within a day so that they don't 'commit' to a box that they are not going to live in and subsequently have little ability left to make new comb once hived – causing its own problems. As usual, ask two beekeepers for an opinion and you will get three answers!
Queen failure in swarms
The prime swarm has the old, mated queen. These are generally large swarms with plenty of workers and the queen can begin laying immediately – they will build comb and raise young at a prodigious rate, and are sometimes large enough to swarm again the same year.
Subsequent "afterswarms" or casts contain virgin queens, and are considered less desirable because they are generally smaller, and there is a chance the virgin queen will either fail to mate successfully, or not return from her mating flight (get lost or eaten). An extra worry for virgin queens in some areas of Oxfordshire right now is an unusual shortage of drones to mate with this year, in some hives, though people in neighbouring counties seem to have no shortage.
Many thanks to all who came and especially Carolyn for her time and trouble hosting the event, and to her son Richard for making such delicious cake!
Next meeting: Saturday 25th June, visit to Rosybee Nurseries and apiary


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Gorgeous new Nies home in Cornerstone on a GORGEOUS lot that backs to trees!! Look at all the square footage! 3 bedrooms upstairs + 1 in basement makes 4 bedrooms. 3.5 baths. There is a rec room, bed, bath, wet bar finished in basement and a bonus/play/reading room upstairs. The laundry is upstairs by the bedrooms. Main floor has kitchen, living, dining, 1/2 bath and an office! This is a popular plan on an exceptional tree lined lot. Price includes irrigation well, sprinklers, landscaping, and sod. Master bedroom and the master closet are both an unheard of size in this price range! Granite counters everywhere, wood floors on main level. Price includes covered, timber tech deck! Specials aren't assessed or spread on this lot yet; estimating $ 165/month. The price shown shows a $ 10,000 discount that the builder is giving...the full price of the home to duplicate would be $ 359,980!
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The Volkswagen Golf is Europe's best-selling car, new figures show.
The hatchback increased sales by 17.9% in April compared with the same month in 2012.
Four smaller cars, the Renault Clio, Volkswagen Polo, Peugeot 208 and Ford Fiesta - complete the top five best sellers.
Five car manufacturers recorded increased sales in April - Volkswagen, Ford, Opel/Vauxhall, Audi and Mercedes. However Mercedes was the only brand in the top ten to post an increase in year-to-date sales, with sales 2.4% higher than in 2012.
Dacia, Seat, Land Rover and Subaru all recorded good sales in April.
Gareth Hession, vice president of research at Jato, said: "The latest figures show just how much difference having a new product can make, with Volkswagen, Peugeot, Renault and Audi all enjoying increased sales."
The figures, from Jato Dynamics, show that in total the European new car market was up by 2% last month, compared with April 2012. However year-to-date sales are down by 7.1%.
Of the five biggest car markets inEurope , Britain, Germany and Spain recorded increased sales while registrations were down year-on-year in Italy and France.
Copyright Press Association 2013


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First of all, I've got to say that I'm a little disappointed in the fact that many people aren't automatically on Gizmodo's side here. I wrote some quick comments yesterday afternoon, which you can read here (and I still stand behind).
I've heard a lot of angles as to why people are supporting Apple in this fight, but I'll draw the line in the sand right here: if you still support Apple after this travesty of an abuse of process, you are an adherent of the Church of Jobs. There is no other explanation. You're either on his payroll or you worship the man and his plastic iReligious icons.
These are our people, dear readers. Bloggers. Content producers. Those who go to tech events and talk about them. Those who buy the new devices and review them. Those that create interesting stories related to technology for us to consume.
And guess who started at the bottom of that world and built and empire? Nick Denton. Yeah, he's had an odd corporate culture once it became of a size to be a corporation. There are probably people that have worked for Nick over the course of his career you hate (particularly if you've shown up in Valleywag before).
That doesn't matter, though. This is exactly the type of case we need to care about, because if Apple can "steer" the police to pursue the theft of a $300 device that results in a blogger's door being bashed in, then what's to stop the Blackwaters, Enrons, and Halliburtons of the world?
Seriously, take a breath here, change the name of Apple in your head to Walmart or something, and re-examine your feelings on this.


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Several Points to Remember When Choosing a New York City Home Care
When one member of the family has a certain medical status, it will not be easy for everyone. It will be no picnic for you but one thing you can take on is to choose the most excellent home care administrations you can manage. The home care services will also be important to think of for your aged parents. When you choose to search for one, you ought to mull over the European expert care that offers great care. This is the place locals will acquire New York City customized home care. The following are important points to factor before choosing the area.
You should begin by understanding where the home is situated. This is done so to avoid engaging facilities that will need much time for you to see your loved ones. You should consider looking for local home cares.For example, if you are living in New York, you might start with looking for NYC homecare services. You can easily do this by visiting different online sites to confirm whether there are nice homes there. You should bear in mind that one will come across many places but the last decision will come from you.
When you find one, it is currently time to take note of the kind of administrations obtainable there.This is the right time to decide what you expect to achieve from the place. For instance, when you need to get your matured guardians to unwind and get mind administrations, you ought to have the capacity to choose this ahead of time This is where New York City in home aids will be necessary. One ought to likewise note if the home is good to take care of individuals experiencing diverse infirmities.
From choosing a place with the right services, one needs to confirm the type of facilities they have invested in.It is always a good thing to keep in mind if there is medical facility and experts nearby.This gives you comfort knowing that your loved one will access any medical needs they require. The notoriety of the home care is something you ought not to disregard. This will come from different aspects. The type of foods at the home will determine its reputation. Housekeeping will likewise decide its notoriety. You should also be willing to observe how patients and clients are handled by the workers. It is noteworthy to comprehend that your cherished one will be safe.
You can affirm everything by going to the home care websites. You will be able to read many audits on the sort of administrations they offer. This will guide you on the next decision.


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1 independent reviews for Small group vacation to China
Reviews for Small group vacation to China
Tracey Maton review 20 Apr 2016
1. What was the most memorable or exciting part of your vacation?Visiting the Terracotta Warriors (absolutely amazing) and going to Hong Kong
2. What tips would you give other travelers booking this vacation?Pack lightly as you will be moving around and need to keep re packing
3. Did you feel that your vacation benefited local people, reduced environmental impacts or supported conservation?Yes as we used local facilities e.g cooking lesson and our guide pointed out local facilities for us
4. Finally, how would you rate your vacation overall?Excellent could not find any fault would recommend highly, I think our tour guide was a fantastic ambassador not only for her company but for her Country.
Holiday Reviews
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text: Beijing interviewed Qingfeng Bao zipu 13 ineffective tobacco control catering enterprises original title: sea fishing and other 13 catering chain enterprises to be interviewed are dealt with units and individuals to be included in the blacklist of legal network reporter Wang Kaiguang this afternoon, Beijing city food and tobacco control unit and interviews to create smoke-free restaurant launch ceremony held in beijing. The "Legal Daily" reporters learned from the meeting, because of complaints has accumulated more than 5 times, Dayali, golden hand spoon, Meizhou Dongpo, a long time ago, the people's commune canteen, on ice, scorpion palace, sea fishing, barbecue hut, Jin Dingxuan, point on, old town pot, Qing Feng Baozipu 13 tobacco control poor restaurant chain to be interviewed. Beijing City Tobacco Control Association President Zhang Jianshu told the "Legal Daily" reporter, "the implementation of more than a year Beijing Smoking Control Ordinance", smoking in indoor public places the phenomenon of a significant decrease of regulations public satisfaction is high, but the restaurant is still, people are most concerned about, the most complaints place. According to Zhang Jianshu, can be seen from the background data of the Beijing Tobacco Control Association "tobacco control chart", from September last year, in the 7603 masses of complaints received, 2556 times about 42% for restaurant complaints. "This shows that people's awareness of the health hazards of secondhand smoke more, maintain the health right according to law awareness, on the other hand also shows that the restaurant is indeed a priority among priorities we smoke-free work in Beijing." Zhang Jianshu said. Beijing City Health Authority Deputy Director Wang Benjin disclosed, in order to supervise and promote the various places to implement the main responsibility, Beijing city has been carried out on the monthly exposure punishment unit, belonging to the administrative supervision object units or individuals, as alleged violation of administrative discipline clues, monthly reporting and supervision departments. Meanwhile, Beijing is actively studying, intends to be investigated units, individuals into the integrity of the system, into the blacklist". At the meeting, Beijing City Tobacco Control Association, Beijing City Food Association jointly launched the "smoke-free enjoy delicious, healthy for me — to create smoke-free restaurant" activities, to further strengthen the Beijing smoke-free environment, optimize the restaurant tobacco control work, raise public awareness of the law, the implementation of social governance model. "Beijing city" into the history of the most stringent tobacco control ", not many people worry about the" catering consumption decline "of the situation, on the contrary, because of not smoking, eating time, turn sets the rate can be improved, but also improve the satisfaction of customers. The demonstration activities to create a smoke-free restaurant, the plan selected 100 model with "a restaurant, with 100, 1000, 10000" popularity "baiqianwan project concept", with the power of example, radiating to the city's more catering enterprises to join the construction of smoke-free restaurants to ultimately enhance the capital of the catering industry the overall level of service." Beijing food and Beverage Industry Association vice president Qi Fengjun said. Qi Fengjun said that since November 20th, Beijing Tobacco Control Association and Beijing City Food Industry Association will participate in publicity for the Restaurant Restaurant Directory to create a smoke-free, smoke-free environment and mobilize the public to supervise the evaluation of candidate restaurant. November 21st to December 10th, Beijing Peng Peng相关的主题文章:


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Prepare for the future with the 2019 Ford Escape. Setting the bar for midsize sedans, the New 2019 Ford Escape Performance has been redesigned with three powertrain options. The 2019 Ford Escape is all-new and rides on a new platform with new turbocharged engines and features an updated infotainment system that has volume and tuning knobs.
2019 Ford Escape Release Date
Moving up to the 2019 Ford Escape EX-L trim adds a power operated passenger seat, a 10-speaker audio system, memory function for the driver's seat, a leather-wrapped shift knob, leather upholstery, and an optional navigation system. The range-topping 2019 Ford Escape Touring grade adds 19-inch alloy wheels, a head-up display, adaptive dampers, full LED headlights, ventilated and heated front seats, wireless charging, heated rear seats, and parking sensors.
In a 2018 First Test, we noted that when the midsize sedan is equipped with the optional 2.0-liter turbo-four, the 2019 Ford Escape offers strong acceleration, making it slightly quicker than its V-6-powered predecessor. The 2019 Ford Escape provides more cargo room than most in its class and has easy-folding second-row seats. We like the modern design of the 2019 Ford Escape but wished the center screen was a little larger and was canted toward the driver.
2019 Ford Escape Release Date
But this time, we have no hesitation in recommending the 2019 Ford Escape to enthusiasts as well as our automotively apathetic friends and family. Road noise, on the other hand, continues to be an issue in the 2019 Ford Escape. The interior is a class above with high-quality materials everywhere.


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Is the Biggest Threat to Medical Information Simply a Lack of Understanding?
Document Type
Book Chapter
IOS Press
Faculty of Computing, Health and Science
School of Computer and Security Science / Security Research Centre (secAU)
This chapter was originally published as: Williams, P.A.H. (2011). Is the biggest threat to medical information simply a lack of understanding? In D.P. Hansen, A.J. Maeder & L.K. Schaper (Eds.), Health Informatics: The transformative power of innovation (pp. 179-187). Amsterdam, Netherlands: IOS Press.Original chapter available here
Connecting Australian health services and the e-health initiative is a major focus in the current health environment. Many issues are presented as key to its success including solving issues with confidentiality and privacy. However, the main problem may not be these issues in sharing information but the fact that the point of origin of such records is still relatively insecure. This paper highlights why this may be the case. Research into the security of medical information has shown that many primary healthcare providers are unable to create an environment with effective information security. Numerous factors contribute to this complex situation including a trustful environment, the resultant security culture and the capability of individual healthcare organisations. Further, the growing importance of new directions in the use of patient information is considered. This paper discusses these issues and positions them within the complex environment that is healthcare. In our current health system infrastructure, the points of origin of patient information are our most vulnerable. This entwined with progressively new uses of this information expose additional security concerns, such as re-identification of information, that require attention.


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Sometimes I think I have too many muscles. Then I remember, no I don't.
I'm basically a big pile of flesh-colored circles. "Lumbering" would be a good way to describe the way I walk. My vein is the size of your bicep.
There's lots of good things about having big muscles. First of all, your muscles are huge.
Secondly, well, look at you. Check out those muscles. Nice!
But the most important thing is that your muscles are really big, and isn't that great? There's nothing better than having big muscles. They're better than having a great lawn that you can mow all the time, because if you're mowing it without a shirt on, you want to have a lot of muscles.
Monday, October 11, 2010
The Perfect Physique
Posted by Ron Humanton at 1:09 AM
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Why Would I Call EAP?
Everyone experiences personal or work related problems from time to time. Sometimes our own resources or support systems just aren't enough. We could all benefit from assistance from another source – one that you can trust and rely on for help.
Problems Your EAP Can Help You With:
- Relationship issues
- Family concerns
- Emotional well-being
- Physical health concerns
- Stress
- Chemical dependency
- Other addictions
- Financial difficulties
- Legal matters
Emergency Response
flight attendants prepare for and coordinate responses to emergency situations for carriers and for the traveling public. So who's there to help flight attendants with their own reaction to traumatic events, both on the plane and off?
Your EAP representative can help you:
- Understand the dynamics and impact of a critical incident or traumatic event
- Recognize the normal signs and course of post-incident stress
- Identify strategies for managing and alleviating these symptoms
- Recognize when your recovery is getting stuck
- Access professional resources when needed
Problems Can Occur Among Coworkers
However, there is an alternative to making a report to management if you have a conflict with, or concern about, a flying partner. Whenever you are involved in a professional standards matter, you are encouraged to address the issue in a reasonable and timely manner.
To do this, your EAP representative can help you with:
- Defusing the situation
- Thinking through the conflict or concern
- Exploring the outcome you seek
- Identifying who and how to best approach the issue
- Addressing the problem through another work group's professional standards committee


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Winter Wishes - a card from Edna
On to today's card. Now I have to say that I did ink the edges of the punched borders before I posted this one off to Tonic but I hadn't time to take another pic so you will just have to imagine it. :)
Tonic - Christmas header die, Just for You Pansy Topper die set, Delicate Lattice border punch, Rococo Poinsettia wreath die, Christmas Sentiment topper
Papers - First Edition Gilded Winter
The pansy topper die is exquisite. As with all Verso dies it can be cut inside or outside the card and it makes a beautiful background for one of the ready made Tonic toppers or for a topper you stamp, print or include from a kit.
I hope you enjoy this one today.
Have a great week end and don't forget to watch the shows with Jodie at 4, 6 and 10.00 pm today.


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Titan's Probuphine featured in Fortune
The online version of Fortune magazine has produced an article about the digital health revolution that discusses the contribution of Titan Pharmaceuticals (NASDAQ:TTNP) and its Probuphine implant as a maintenance treatment for opioid addiction.
Probuphine, which was approved by the FDA last year, dispenses a drug called buprenorphine - itself an opioid, but one that doesn't produce the sort of euphoric and addictive high that more powerful painkillers such as OxyContin and morphine do.
Rather than have patients take buprenorphine manually, Probuphine dispenses small amounts of the drug continually into the bloodstream, ensuring that people actually stick to their prescribed regimen. The device can be used for up to six months and then replaced.
The Fortune article also discusses how these automated, long-term delivery systems could make it easier to treat everything from brain diseases to diabetes and HIV/AIDS. Titan is currently developing an implant to treat Parkinson's disease.
The article can be accessed here.


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Technology » Personal Tech
1 thru 15 of 7001 Stories
Social Media Plays a Role in Formation of Central American Migrant Caravans
Now would-be migrants create chat groups and organize using social media to leave in caravans.
Twitter Blasts US Ambassador's Passover Wishes in Polish
The U.S. ambassador to Poland wished Jews a happy Passover in Polish, and the reaction has been a wave of angry comments on Twitter.
George Zimmerman, Killer of Trayvon Martin, Banned from Tinder dating app
The ex-neighborhood watch volunteer who killed an unarmed black teen in Florida in 2012 has been banned from the dating app Tinder. An emailed statement from Tinder cited users' safety as a reason for removing George Zimmerman's profile.
Doctor-Services Firm Says Private Data of Patients Exposed
Nationwide physician-staffing company EmCare says a breach exposed personal data for about 31,000 patients, including in some cases their Social Security numbers and clinical information.
British Cyber Expert Pleads Guilty to Creating Malware
A British cybersecurity researcher credited with stopping a worldwide computer virus has pleaded guilty to developing malware to steal banking information.
Players Boycotting Social Media over Racism Receive Abuse
Social media companies did not appear to respond on their networks to the players' concerns despite widespread coverage and support from FIFA for the boycott.
Arizona Lawmakers OK Ban on Cellphone Use While Driving
The small list of states that allow either texting while driving or hand-held cellphone use is shrinking after the Arizona House on Thursday overwhelmingly approved a cellphone use ban and sent it to Republican Gov. Doug Ducey.
Electric Scooters Have Zipped by Docked Bikes in Popularity
Love them or hate them, electric scooters are everywhere — zipping along city streets and littered on sidewalks, to the dismay of pedestrians and drivers who must share the road.
Some of Samsung's New Folding Phones Are Already Breaking
Some of Samsung's new, almost $2,000 folding phones appear to be breaking after just a couple of days.
Shop Online? Ways to Reduce Damage to the Environment
Toothpaste delivered in two days is convenient, but not so great for the environment.
Europe Looks to Remold Internet with New Copyright Rules
The European Union has approved a copyright overhaul that aims to give more protection to artists and news organizations but which critics say will stifle freedom of speech and online creativity and punish smaller web companies.
Australia Officials Work with Social Media to Safeguard Poll
Australian electoral authorities have for the first time set up a cybersecurity task force and are working with social media companies to tackle misinformation in the run up to general elections on May 18, an official said on Thursday.
Lyft Pulls Electric Bikes Off the Road After Brake Problems
Lyft, which owns Citi Bike, has pulled 3,000 electric bikes from the streets of New York, San Francisco and Washington, D.C., after customers like Buijs complained the bikes were braking too hard.
Russian Parliament Adopts Internet Controls Bill
Russia's lower chamber of parliament has adopted a bill that would expand government control over the internet, raising fears of widespread censorship.
Netflix Adds 9.6M Subscribers in 1Q as Competition Heats Up
Netflix kicked off the year with the biggest subscriber gains in the history of its video-streaming service, but it still managed to disappoint investors by forecasting a springtime slowdown.
1 thru 15 of 7001 Stories


text: I type a lot and have very strong opinions about keyboard. Most of the time, this leads to my either hating a keyboard or merely putting up with it as it allows me to get my work done. The Das Keyboard 4 Professional is the first typing deck that I have loved to work on that I've encountered in a very long time. If you don't mind the sound of a mechanical keyboard disrupting your home's calm, I highly recommend checking it out. But before you do, be sure to read my review at Macworld.


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Officials from the U.S., Russia and other major world powers in charge of assessing the implementation of the Iran nuclear deal met in Vienna on Friday with delegates from Iran amid growing questions about the U.S. commitment to the plan.
Iranian Deputy Foreign Minister Abbas Aragchi and other delegates refused to comment on the closed-door session after it wrapped up and before bilateral meetings were expected to begin.
The periodic meeting of the so-called Joint Comprehensive Plan of Action Joint Commission, or JCPOA, was being closely watched for an indication of American thinking following President Donald Trump's firing of U.S. Secretary of State Rex Tillerson this week.
Trump has vowed to walk away from the 2015 agreement in mid-May unless European countries join the U.S. in addressing what the president says are its key flaws. These include no penalties for Iran's missile work and support for militant groups in Lebanon, Syria, Yemen and elsewhere.
Tillerson's firing and the choice of anti-Iran hard-liner Mike Pompeo to replace him have fueled speculation that Washington will pull out — a move that seems likely would kill the deal.
Aragchi told a parliamentary committee in Tehran on Wednesday that Tillerson's ouster was proof that Trump would pull out and promised that Iran would withdraw if the U.S. does.
In addition to the U.S., Russia and Iran, the Vienna meeting included delegates from the European Union and China.
State Department policy planning chief Brian Hook, who led the U.S. delegation, has scheduled a press briefing later in the day.
The nuclear deal, which was negotiated during the Obama administration, limits Iran's enrichment and stockpiling of material that could be applied to a nuclear weapons program. In exchange, Tehran was granted widespread relief from international trade, oil and banking sanctions.
Trump's next deadline to extend some of those concessions is May 12, and he has vowed not to do so again unless the Europeans meet his demands.
EU foreign ministers, who will meet to discuss the issue Monday in Brussels, are expected to affirm that they believe the deal with Iran is good, and work to discourage Trump from pulling out of the deal in May. At the same time, they're expected to start putting greater stress on Iran's missile development and its destabilizing role in the region.


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Classic Italian flavours at honest prices with Bistro Italiano on Highfield Road.
A charming offering in Dorridge with plenty of reasonably-priced options on the menu.
An intimate offering in Moseley with a number of cheap options on the menu.
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Wait, it was a real show? I was sure I made it up. Like Andy Barker, P.I..
SO. I feel like the show I would have been trying to get you all to watch for the last few years if we were still doing this very often is The Leftovers. It's based on a Tom Perotta novel, but it's really the child of the manic genius of Damon Lindelhof, late of Lost. It seems like he learned a lot of lessons from Lost, because he avoided most of the pitfalls that show fell into.
The first season is a little dank and depressing, if well-acted. But the last two seasons are amazing, loopy, beautiful, sometimes funny, with both serious and hilarious discussions of faith, skepticism, love, loss, etc. And Carrie Coon, the female lead on the show, is now my favorite actor. She's also the female lead of this year's Fargo, and was in . . . Gone Girl? I think? Anyway, she's that rare actress who is suddenly becoming well-known in her late 30s (she's my age) instead of when she was a young waif. And she is EXPLOSIVE. It's kind of unreal how good she is, especially in the third (and last) season.
I am starting a The Leftovers binge just now. I tried the pilot a few years back, but it was so grim I couldn't go on. Sepinwall's reviews made me try again.
I gave up on that show after the 2nd season. Perhaps I need to look at it again.
The last season is only 8 episodes so there isn't much more for you watch.
Cut the cable cord about 6 months ago, but I just subscribed to HBO Now, specifically for Game Of Thrones and the final season of The Leftovers. Halfway through.
I gave up on that show after the 2nd season. Perhaps I need to look at it again.
The third season is so good. So, so, so good.
We're really enjoying Flaked and Raising Hope, which are both hilarious! We thought we knew everything that was on Netflix. There are 4 seasons of Hope and that is just the greatest thing ever, that we still have almost 3 left to watch. It's demented and star-studded and makes me cackle every episode.
I love Raising Hope. It's a great show.
Leftovers was awesome. Fargo was very good but S2 was better. American Gods was pretty good. Snowfall looks like it will be good.
Raising Hope is one of those hidden gem shows -- it was never a big hit, and though critics liked it, it wasn't making end-of-year lists or anything. But it was just a sweet, funny, cartoony show with a bunch of really good actors on it. I was glad to see Garrett Dillahunt get a chance to be in something that didn't immediately get cancelled.
Leftovers was amazing. I will miss this weird little show.
Give Carrie Coon all the awards.
Carrie Coon is currently my favorite actor.
Her scene at the end of Fargo was fantastic.
We are watching Jane the Virgin at the Bubble house. We are basically living in the past via Netflix at this point. Broadcast TV = football.
Love Jane!
Just finished the last season of Orange Is The New Black. That was a slog.
Yep, Leftovers. Currently on the 3rd season.
Atypical-- we ate it up. Funny, cringe-inducing, sad, and more funny. We are also enjoying This Is Us.
Disjointed! If you like or ever liked the marijuanas or Kathy Bates.
The Good Place," Michael Schur's project, is on Netflix. It's got Kristen Bell and Ted Danson and I like it so far (only three episodes in).
It's a great show.
Yeah, with The Good Place, Superstore, and Great News, I'm back to watching NBC on Thursday nights.
The Good Place is fantastic. (Especially after that first season ender.) We're really loving Schitt's Creek, too. I've been drawing it out. Eugene Levy's son is hilarious.
We tried Disjointed but couldn't make it very far. That damn laugh track kills me every time.
I find The Good Place fun, but I don't have the patience for such elaborate setups and premises where there are lots of rules popping up about how things work. I get it, it's that kind of show. Kristen Bell is great, and Ted Danson exceeds expectations. Actually, his work on Curb should have raised my expectations. He's a funny guy, and the ethicist soulmate and British neighbor are good. I despise the Buddhist monk since his reveal in the fourth or fifth episode. Actually my favorite parts are the flashbacks to the characters' lives. That's really kind of interesting to me seeing them reflect on their life-changing or character-defining moments. It's also interesting to me that Mike Schur's vision of the afterlife is pretty much like regular life, problematic and imperfect with little known about the universe's greater forces and only occasional brushes of the supernatural. For instance, I would like a full cell phone battery ice cream cone, but I would not like a sinkhole into hell to open in my local bistro and force me to stay home for a week. Six out of 10.
Make that 7.5/10.
Especially after that first season ender.
I didn't love it, but I didn't foresee it either.
I'm not in love with Chidi, but I think I too have a thing for Tehani.
We tried Disjointed but couldn't make it very far. That damn laugh track kills me every time.
I lasted five minutes and bailed because of the laugh track. It was like they put it on random shuffle.
Sundance has an Australian series called Rosehaven that we are enjoying a lot.
I didn't love it, but I didn't foresee it either.
Fantastic might have been overselling it. Also, my blind love of Kristen Bell might be clouding my meter.
You guys, have any of you watched Judd Apatow's standup thing, The Return, on Netflix? Because he poses a very terrifying possibility, which has been haunting me for days. He might be responsible for all of this.
The wife and I just finished watching Stranger Things and now we're sad that there were only two seasons. As a child of the 80s, I can say that they absolutely got the atmosphere just right.
Because we really did have alternate dimensions and monsters in the 80s.
I'll just leave this here.


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We've talked about how image consulting can help you achieve a better understanding of yourself, high levels of confidence, more success in life, and all that without having the fear of being judged, pitied or ridiculed. And here's the final, if not most important, reason to hire an image consultant:
Cost effective.
An Image Consultant is NOT your agony aunt.
You can expect good advice free of cost, but helpful advice is never free. An image consultant can give you advice for quick fixes, plus work with you to achieve long-lasting results. On the other hand, you can expect only quick fixes, provided you've asked someone wise enough, or who's been in a similar situation. So the next time you want to save some money and consult your regular agony aunt, be it someone from your family, work, even friends, think about what you're missing out.
And relax! Image consulting isn't expensive. It's simple, and cost-effective. Think of it as an investment.
And the best part is we, at Anks Image, offer free consultation to new clients. This helps you, as a paying customer, to determine if we are right for you. And this also helps us to come up with a short and cost-effective solution based on the information you provide.
Most first-time sessions at Anks Image lasts for about an hour. Consequent sessions might vary in duration, but it really depends on what you want from Anks Image. Most of our clients are happy with a maximum of three sessions over a period of time to get the most out of Anks Image. Hence, we save you your money, your effort, and of course, your time as well. And that's the epitome of image consulting being cost effective.
So these were my reasons to hire an image consultant seven years ago.
Now I myself have become an image consultant, and clients who come to me for a consultation usually have one or all the 5 reasons to hire me as an image consultant. If you're interested in knowing how image consulting can help you, contact me directly to get answers to your questions about image consulting and its benefits.
Love what you just read? Drop us a line in the Comments section below with your feedback – good or bad. If you have a question, or would like Ankitaa to blog about something in particular, try using the "Contact Us" page, or email here.


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As has been the case for the last few years, I'll be taking a break from industry news to look at the 2010 Oscars and try and find some value plays.
Usually the greatest value rests with the supporting acting categories, but this year there is no suspense or potential upsets for those Oscars. Christoph Waltz will win the supporting actor Oscar for his role in Inglorious Bastards and Monique will win for her role in Precious. Trying to oppose either is a waste of money, but the odds on the two make them unplayable. For best actor Jeff Bridges will win for his role in Crazy Heart and Kathryn Bigelow will receive the best director Oscar for the Hurt Locker after winning the DGA Award last month. The other categories are not so obvious.
Many sportsbooks now offer odds on a variety of categories so this article will examine 5 categories that can provide surprises. Those categories include best picture, best actress, best original screenplay, best adapted screenplay and best foreign language film.
Best Picture:
Three months ago it appeared Up in the Air, George Clooney's movie about a corporate downsize, was a sure thing for best picture. The movie won some early critics awards in Dallas and Iowa and went into the Golden Globes as the film to beat. However when it was released, the reviews were far from glowing. The Chicago Tribune (along with other film sites) heavily criticized the movie calling it predictable and tailor made for Clooney with little regard for plot. Consequently the movie's appeal quickly dissipated and Avatar won the Golden Globe award for best drama picture. By most accounts on the Internet The Hurt Locker was runner up at the Globes and Up in the Air received little recognition.
Up in the Air which was a 3/2 favorite to win the Oscar prior to the Globes all of a sudden became a double digit long shot. Avatar became the 2/5 favorite to take it all and The Hurt Locker became the only other legitimate contender. The Hurt Locker's appeal grew even greater after the Oscar nominations were announced and The Hurt Locker tied with Avatar for most nominations with 9. In the past, the film with the most nominations has won best picture 80% of the time. Kathryn Bigelow, as mentioned, won the Directors Guild Award and the film swept the BAFTA Awards in Europe. So as of today The Hurt Locker has become the 4/5 favorite followed by Avatar at 7/5 and the remainder are 15/1 or more. The question one needs to ask is whether more Academy voters choose the Iraq war based The Hurt Locker or Cameron's fantasy film Avatar?
The following are a list of pros and cons for each film
Pros - Avatar
1. The movie broke all box office records and those who liked the film loved it. A similar scenario happened in 1997 when Cameron released Titanic and the film not only got the most nominations ever but it swept the awards with 11 Oscars including all of the main categories.
2. John Cameron is well liked in Hollywood and many consider him a genius. The film is also very unique and has likely transformed the way film making will be done in the future. Furthermore, with 10 films now nominated it is unlikely that there will be any sway with those who vote for this movie. If they want to award the Oscar to a unique film there is nothing remotely similar among the other 9 nominated films.
3. The movie is for all ages and Hollywood has complained young people have stopped attending movies. If the Academy wants to cater to the younger generation they will probably vote for this movie hoping it will convince the teens and young adults that their voice matters.
4. The voting was finalized before the Hurt Locker's huge rise in popularity so the latest awards in favor of the film may not have as much influence as many sportsbooks believe.
Cons - Avatar:
1. Some in Hollywood see Cameron as egotistical and won't vote for him. They also think he already got his just rewards with Titanic and may measure this movie vs. that one.
2. Cameron told the press that in his view The Hurt Locker deserved to win more than Avatar and that his former wife Kathryn Bigelow did a better job. Whether that holds any sway with voters remains to be seen.
3. The movie's popularity may have peaked at the wrong time. When the Golden Globe's came out the movie was all the rage. By the time the voting was finished Avatar was old news.
Pros - The Hurt Locker:
1. The movie has all the late buzz and awards. Prior to the Globes many had forgotten about the movie but all the critic's awards wins (along with the BAFTAs) after the nominations may have caused some to alter their vote.
2. Kathryn Bigelow is a sure thing for director and as a general rule the best director is also the winner of best picture.
3. Many will want to vote against the big blockbuster and give it to a movie that they deem is more worthy considering the accomplishments on a low budget.
Cons - The Hurt Locker:
1. The movie is from an independent studio and no independent film has ever won best picture. The studios can have great influence and Twentieth Century Fox may have more sway than Summit Entertainment. Furthermore, the film only grossed $16 million worldwide.
2. The movie's producer broke Hollywood rules by trying to influence voters after the nominations were announced and this has caused some controversy. According to many film sites that mistake was a big turn off to many elite in the Academy.
3. There will likely be much more of a split among The Hurt Locker and the other 8 films than there will be with Avatar because of its unique makeup.
4. Slumdog Millionaire, a smaller low grossing film, won last year so the Academy may prefer to reward a larger production this year.
Prediction: Take Avatar at 7/5 odds. As was the case with Titanic, Return of the King, Gladiator and Braveheart, highly regarded blockbusters will always generate more interest to the voters than a smaller film regardless if it is worthy or not. This was Cameron's first film since Titanic and my belief is that most in the Academy will give him the award since they can't award him best screenplay or director.
Best Actress:
The best actress award was always pegged to be between Sandra Bullock for her role in the Blind Side and Meryl Streep for her role in Julie and Julia. This is Streep's 13th nomination for best actress and Bullock's first. Streep won in 1982 for Sophie's Choice but lost all the others. Bullock is the 1/2 favorite followed by Bullock at 9/4 and the rest are double digit long shots.
Pros - Meryl Streep:
1. Everyone who has seen the film agrees Meryl Streep was Julia Child. She personified the French Chef to a tee and the movie was a critical success.
2. With 13 nominations for best actress, including 3 years straight, the Academy may view this as a way to honor Streep for all her work. She is also well liked in Hollywood and almost certainly has more close friendships with the Academy than Bullock does.
Cons - Meryl Streep:
1. The movie was a comedy and traditionally the Academy prefers serious roles to comedic ones.
2. Sandra Bullock won the SAG Award indicating that her fellow actors preferred her performance. Mind you, the SAG Award has been a poor predictor of Oscar success recently.
3. The fact Streep won only once in 13 tries (including several as the favorite) indicates that she has many detractors.
Pros - Sandra Bullock:
1. She won the SAG Award and most of the critic awards. She is rightly the favorite.
2. Despite having acted for a while this is Bullock's first nomination. The roles she usually gets aren't Oscar worthy so some in the Academy may view this as her only chance for glory.
Cons - Sandra Bullock:
1. The Blind Side was highly criticized by many as predictable and boring. If voters hated the movie they may not consider rewarding the acting.
2. Bullock has been criticized by many for over-acting in the movie and some say many other actresses could have done a better job.
3. Bullock is nominated and favored for a Razzie as worst actress for her role in All About Steve. In fact Bullock has been criticized for many of her previous films. Just as some may vote for Meryl Streep as a "lifetime achievement" honor, others may vote against Bullock because of her flops. Furthermore, some voters may find it hard to vote seriously for an actress that put together the worst performance for another film in the same year.
4. At the age of 45 some voters may believe Bullock will have other opportunities whereas this may be Streep's last chance.
Prediction: Take Streep for the award at 9-4 odds as the Academy uses this film to award her for her lifetime achievement. Also consider making a small play on Carey Mulligan at 12-1 for her role in An Education should the Academy deem the cons too much on both Streep and Bullock. Mulligan has won several critics awards overseas and was voted as best actress at the BAFTA Awards. Furthermore An Education is up for Best Picture whereas The Blind Side and Julie and Julia are not. If Mulligan can generate enough interest among European voters she could upset the 2 favorites.
Best Original Screenplay
This category is between 2 films - The Hurt Locker and Inglorious Bastards. By definition the category is supposed to go to the film that has the best script. Despite the fact The Hurt Locker is nominated for far more films than Inglorious Bastards, the latter is the 1/2 favorite to win the Oscar while the Hurt Locker lists about 9/5. There is really no justifiable reason for it. Inglorious Bastards has been described by quite a few as messy and confusing in places, while the Hurt Locker has received few poor reviews for its acting or script layout. The thinking among many is that Quentin Tarantino is so revered in Hollywood that the Academy will award him with the Oscar as they did with Pulp Fiction in 1994. However, in that year Tarantino really faced little opposition. The best picture nominees weren't listed in the category that year and Pulp Fiction's only real competition (Four Weddings and a Funeral) never got the appeal that Pulp Fiction did. This year Tarantino is up against the Academy Award favorite and the film that has all the tongues buzzing at the close of voting. It's also quite likely that many in the Academy that choose to vote for Avatar will compensate The Hurt Locker by voting for it in this category.
Prediction: The wrong film is clearly favored and The Hurt Locker represents a great value play at the odds.
Best Adapted Screenplay
Up in the Air is the overwhelming 2/7 favorite to win the Oscar for adapted screenplay against Precious, District 9, An Education and In the Loop. No film has fallen faster from grace than Up in the Air and that could bode well for an upset. While Precious was never seen as a serious contender for best picture it has been much better received by critics than Up in the Air and few had anything negative to say about the adaptation of Precious from the book. District 9 has also received great accolades and wouldn't be out of the question nor would An Education. In the Loop has no chance. Since this article is looking for value, the best value here would be to oppose Up in the Air. Many sportsbooks have the film vs. the field with all other films listed as a group at 5/2 odds or higher.
Prediction: At the odds, Up in the Air is definitely worth opposing. There is no reason the film can't be beat by what many critics and voters will see as more deserving candidates. Take the field bet at 5/2 odds or Precious as a rank 4/1 outsider.
Best Foreign Language Film
Every country is allowed one submission of a non-English language movie for consideration as the best foreign language film. The category is known for upsets. In fact the last favorite to win was Crouching Tiger, Hidden Dragon in 2000. Last year Waltz With Bashir lost as the 3/5 favorite and previously Pans Labyrinth, a best picture nominee, lost as the 1/10 favorite. Similarly, in 2001. Amelie lost as the 1/20 favorite. By all accounts many American voters at the Academy stay out of the voting and the foreign contingent generally chooses the winner. Consequently, overseas accolades are as important as acknowledgements in the U.S. The two favorites for the award are The White Ribbon - a German war film and Un Prophete (A Prophet) - a crime film from France. The other candidates are El Secreto Du Sos Ojos (A Secret in Their Eyes), an Argentine crime film, The Milk of Sorrow, a Peruvian film about abused women in the country, and Ajami, an Israeli film about a neighborhood in Israel.
Regardless of the content, the best film clearly isn't guaranteed the win in this category. What is more important is the country the film is from and the mood of the voters. France has 9 wins from 35 nominations, Germany has 3 wins from 17 nominations, Argentina has 1 win in 6 tries, Peru is 0 for 1 and Israel is 0 for 9. Furthermore, the last 3 times films were nominated from France and Germany the Academy chose a film from a different country. Without question the European vote gets split when both countries make submissions opening it up to another option. The Academy obviously won't vote for an Israeli film for whatever reason and Peru is probably too small a country to be taken seriously. That leaves the Argentine film The Secret in their Eyes. The fact the film is in Spanish likely helps too since some Americans in the Academy that do vote on these films can possibly understand the film without reading the subtitles.
Prediction: The past has shown that the favorites represent no value for Foreign Language film. A Secret in Their Eyes was listed as high as 8/1 but has dropped to 4/1 at Betfair indicating that there is some stir about the film overseas. At the odds it is worth a play. As well small plays for the Israeli and Peruvian film could be in order at odds of 22/1 and 28/1 respectively.
In other categories. look for The Weary Kind to win best song while Avatar and the Hurt Locker run away with the other categories like sound, visual effects, cinematography and art direction.
03-03-2010 Hartley Henderson MajorWager.com email@example.com
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Last revised November 12, 2017
The officers of SIRS shall be:
- President
- Vice President / Historian
- Secretary
- Treasurer
- Communications Officer
- Safety Officer
Section 1: President
The President shall preside at all meetings of the club and shall act as spokesperson for the club in all matters pertaining to it.
Section 2: Vice President / Historian
The Vice President / Historian shall assist the President and will perform the duties of the President in his/her absence. In addition the Vice President shall maintain a historical record (archive) of all club functions to include pictures, articles, newsletters, and maintain supplies for the clubhouse.
Section 3: Secretary
The Secretary shall record the minutes of all meetings and maintain an attendance roster of such meetings. The Secretary shall assist the President in handling all correspondence pertaining to the club.
Section 4: Treasurer
The Treasurer shall be responsible for maintaining an accurate accounting of all monies received and disbursed by the club.
Section 5: Communications Officer
The Communications Officer will publish a monthly Club Newsletter and distribute internal communications to members to keep them informed of club meetings and activities. The Communications Officer will also maintain external communications with other clubs, national organizations, publications, and the general public to promote the club and its activities.
Section 6: Safety Officer
The Safety Officer will develop and post field procedures and rules.
Section 7: Term of Office
The elected officers of SIRS shall serve for one (1) year from date of election.
Section 8: Executive Committee
The Elected Officers shall constitute the Executive Committee. The Executive Committee shall serve at the direction of the President.
Section 1: The election of officers shall take place annually during the October meeting.
Section 2: A Nominating Committee, appointed by the Executive Committee, shall prepare a slate of candidates for the various Officer positions.
Section 3: Newly elected Officers shall take office at the November meeting.
Section 1: A vacancy in any office, excluding President, shall be filled by a special election at the next regular meeting.
Section 2: In the event of a vacancy in the office of President, the Vice-President shall assume the President's office. The vacant Vice President's office shall then be filled as proscribed in Article 4, Section 1.
Section 3: The person elected to fill a vacant office shall serve until the end of the term for which his/her predecessor was elected.
Section 1: Regular meetings shall be held monthly.
Section 2: Special meetings may be called at any time by the President or upon a request by the executive committee of the membership. All members shall be notified at least three (3) days in advance of any special meeting being held.
Section 1: All regular business affairs and enterprises conducted by SIRS shall be directed by the President. In the absence of the President, the Vice President shall assume the duties of the President.
Section 1: The annual membership dues shall be one-hundred (100) dollars. Dues must be paid annually by January 31st of the New Year.
Section 2: The dues may be increased in the following way:
The proposed change will be submitted to the Communications Officer and sent to the membership. The proposed change will be discussed at the following meeting. The proposed change, in its final form, will be sent to the membership.
Section 3: In order for a proposed change to be passed, it requires a 51% majority vote of the members present at the two consecutive meetings following publication.
The Treasurer is authorized to receive contributions or specially obtained funds from any individual or institution, to be applied toward the operating expenses of the club.
Section 1: Each applicant must be sponsored by a current member of the club.
Section 2: A member will be considered in good standing only when dues are paid within thirty days of the date due.
Section 3: There will be four (4) categories of membership.
Regular Member:
Junior Member:
- Must be age sixteen (16) or older and otherwise meet qualifications set forth in these Bylaws and Article III of the Constitution.
Family Member:
- A person is a Junior Member until the end of the year in which they reach their sixteenth birthday and otherwise meets the qualifications set forth in these Bylaws and Article III of the Constitution.
- Each Junior Member must be sponsored by an adult member already in good standing.
- The dues for the Junior Member will be 1/2 the regular dues.
- Upon reaching the age of sixteen (16) he/she will then be considered a Regular Member and at the time his/her dues are renewable must assume all of the responsibility of a Regular Member.
- Junior Members will be allowed flying privileges at the field only when accompanied by an adult member in good standing and with the understanding that the adult assumes full responsibility of the Junior Member's actions the entire time the Junior Member is at the field.
Life Member:
- Family Membership is available for anyone who lives in the same household as a dues paying Regular Member AND who is joining SIRS who EITHER holds an AMA Youth Membership Card (For those under 19 years of age as of July 1st, 2007) OR who is a full-time college student. Family Membership can also apply to the spouse of a Regular Member.
- The dues for the Family Member(s) are included in the dues paid by the Regular Member.
- Life membership is a special honor bestowed by the membership on a member for prolonged dedicated service to the club. Life members do not pay dues.
Section 4: For NEW members (Not previous members) of the club who join sometime during a calendar year, the dues will be prorated for each full month (or fraction thereof) remaining in the calendar year.
Section 5: All Regular, Junior and Family members must hold an AMA Membership card.
The President shall have the power to appoint committees whenever feasible to perform special functions of the club.
Section 1: By Laws may be amended in the following way: The proposed change will be submitted to the Communications Officer and sent to the membership. The proposed change will be discussed at the following meeting. The proposed change, in its final form, will be sent to the membership.
Section 2: In order for a proposed change to be passed, it requires a 60% majority vote of the members present at the two consecutive meetings following publication.
Any member may be suspended for a specified period of time or expelled from the club by unanimous vote of the Executive Committee for the following reasons:
- For violation of the field or AMA safety rules.
- For misconduct or activities that are illegal involving club members or club property.
- Expelled or suspended members will not receive any refund of dues or any other compensation.


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Volleyball coaches emphasis on player abilities when coaching. However,volleyball terms volleyball particular training really should be part of each coach's planning tactic.
Bodily training for volleyball is a crucial element of preparation since volleyball is without a doubt bodily demanding. If a volleyball player will not be organized for these calls for she or he will never excel irrespective of how proficient she or he is.
When you think about just about every placement on the court docket it is possible to notice the volleyball particular calls for with the position and just how vital volleyball education genuinely is.
Visualize probably the most extremely skilled attacker about the court. They need to possess great timing on their approach so it's crucial that you get the job done on coordination. In addition they must hit the ball within the correct direction, in the appropriate speed and with the right peak, simply hitting will not be plenty of. This potential is actually a direct outcome of core teaching. When the core is robust and steady the player contains a rock strong basis from which to hit giving them the ability and ability to place the ball the place they want it.
Once we glimpse for the greatest blockers, we see that they are competent when it comes to combining lateral actions and jumps. Again, this skill will not build from volleyball drills by yourself. The athlete should be physically well prepared to move laterally without difficulty and velocity, the athlete should be able to spring up for the web. All over again, we see that it is the volleyball player who may have a nicely qualified core and that has properly trained their flexibility and electrical power that will excel.
One of the most athletic setter's generally help it become look straightforward, of course it can be not. They ensure it is appear simple since they go stealth like into position to respond to their teammates passes.
The top liberos respond and move competently in the accurate direction to help make plays around the ball. Liberos along with other defensive gamers really need to dig, an unbelievably actual physical move that requires athletic power, reaction and pace.
What everything comes down to is this; the main difference among winning and shedding about the volleyball court docket is dependent over the use of volleyball particular teaching. When accomplished accurately, having a target on core power, security, overall flexibility and stamina, volleyball specific instruction makes remarkable benefits fast. I inspire you to include volleyball instruction into your procedures.


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Watch Joker: Marginal City full episodes online English sub. Othes tiles Synopsis: OVA based on the Joker manga by artist Katsumi Michihara (道原かつみ) and writer Yuu Maki (麻城ゆう). Joker is a genetically engineered shape-and-gender-shifter, who created as part of a Special Police Task Force and fights crime of all kinds, but he/she also fits in a little romance around the edges.
More info: Myanimelist, Wikipedia
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Change the Drinking Age to 18
This petition had 159 supporters
Underage Drinking
Underage drinking is responsible for a multitude of problems. As people under 21 drink alcohol, they become more likely to commit violent crimes, cause traffic accidents, and engage in other harmful risk-taking behavior. The Committee on Developing a Strategy to Reduce and Prevent Underage Drinking estimates the social cost of underage drinking to be at, "$53 Billion including $19 Billion from traffic crashes and $29 Billion from violent crime" (Bonnie and O'Connell). This illustrates how harmful underage drinking is on society and why this problem needs to be addressed. One factor for the high social cost from underage drinking is how easy it is for this demographic to obtain alcohol. It has been discovered that, "more than 90% of twelfth graders report that alcohol is 'Very easy' or 'Fairly easy' to get" (Bonnie and O'Connell). This contributes to the immense problem of underage drinking because with alcohol being so accessible, it shows that clearly our current rules are not enforceable. I think that some type of legislation should be introduced in order to rectify this social issue and that legislation should change the drinking age from 21 to 18. I believe that many of the negative externalities of underage drinking could be eliminated by lowering the drinking age.
To understand why lowering the drinking age could lead to a reduction in the problems associated with it, it is important to understand its origins. Constitutionally speaking, the drinking age was left up to the individual states decision, however, in 1984 President Reagan signed the National Minimum Drinking Age Act making states change the drinking age to 21 or lose 10% of their highway funding. This was justified because prior to this law, "Teenagers from the more restrictive state would drive into the one where they could buy booze, drink, and then drive home, which created a perfect storm for traffic fatalities" (Trex). People claim that this law was very successful because, "traffic reports show a 62% decrease in alcohol fatalities among teen drivers since 1982" (Trex). While this may be true, I think that these statistics fail to consider some important factors. The reason that there were so many alcohol-related accidents in the first place was that these minors had to cross state borders and drive great distances in order to obtain alcohol, whereas if it were legal in their own state these accidents would not have happened. If the drinking age were 18, these citizens could have legally obtained alcohol in their home state and consumed it responsibly rather than creating a threat to society on the road. The National Minimum Drinking Age Act of 1984 also fails to consider that these same blood borders still exist with millions traveling to Mexico to consume alcohol where the drinking age is only 18. Because of Mexican cities such as Tijuana being so close to American cities like San Diego, many people drive into Mexico to drink and then drive back the same night. This is an issue because when they return, "between 500 and 650 motorists and pedestrians planning to drive are over California's legal limit of BAC .08"(Lange, Voas, Kelley-Baker). This creates the same problem that Reagan attempted to solve initially by raising the drinking age. Additionally, Mexico has become increasingly dangerous, and the U.S. Department of State has issued a travel warning because, "U.S. citizens have been the victims of violent crimes, including homicide, kidnapping, carjacking, and robbery in various Mexican States" (U.S. Department of State). As Mexico has become even more dangerous, this illustrates that by traveling there to drink, Americans are exposing themselves to entirely new dangers. By maintaining the drinking age of 21, many new negative externalities arise that were not initially considered, but these can be eliminated by reducing the drinking age to 18.
It has been shown through countries in Europe that reducing the drinking age can lead to a reduction in harmful drinking-related incidents. The drinking culture in the United States is vastly different than the drinking culture in Europe. In the United States, "50% of all the alcohol consumed by adults and about 90% of all the alcohol consumed by young people is consumed during a binge drinking session"(Loewentheil). This is problematic because typically the majority of issues derived from drinking alcohol are from binge drinking sessions, which are especially prominent on college campuses. The New York Times believes that this is due to the drinking age being 21, which they believe, "inadvertently made it more likely that students would engage in clandestine - and difficult to supervise - binge drinking" (Loewentheil). In Europe, the drinking culture is very different due to many countries having drinking ages of 18 and below. Because the drinking age is lower in these countries, many people first experience alcohol under direct supervision from their parents resulting in drinking more responsibly down the road. This explains why, "In many southern European countries roughly one in ten of all drinking occasions results in intoxication, while in the United States almost half of all drinking occasions result in intoxication" (Caetano). Additionally, by allowing citizens to begin drinking at a younger age, they tend to become more responsible drinkers and make society safer than if they had started drinking later. Forbes did a study that illustrates this that showed 31% of all road deaths in the United States were alcohol-related, whereas in the United Kingdom they were half that at 16% and in Germany they were 9%. By reducing the drinking age, society becomes much safer through people becoming far more responsible drinkers than if they had to wait until later in life to experience it.
Similar to how the legalization of marijuana reduced drug-related crime, I think that lowering the drinking age would reduce alcohol-related crime. When recreational marijuana was legalized in Washington state and Colorado the crime rates significantly dropped. The Washington Post noted that, "In Colorado, marijuana arrests fell by nearly half from 2012 to 2014. Marijuana possession charges in Washington state fell by a more dramatic 98% between 2012 and 2013" (Ingraham). I think that by reducing the drinking age to 18, the same effect will be seen with underage drinking. I would expect to see minor in possession charges drop, driving under the influence drop, and fake ID charges drop. Many crimes are committed following the consumption of alcohol with, "86% of homicides were carried out under the influence of alcohol, 60% sexual abuse cases involved alcohol consumption, 37% of assaults involved alcohol abuse, and 13% cases of child abuse were caused by excessive alcohol intake" ("How Common are Violent Alcohol Related Crimes"). With most crime, in general, occurring under the influence of alcohol, much of it could be reduced by lowering the drinking age and creating more responsible drinkers. This would also help to reduce a number of people in prisons because, "On average, roughly 40% of inmates who are incarcerated for violent offenses were under the influence of alcohol during the time of their crime" ("Alcohol-Related Crimes"). This would save the government a ton of money as well because of the high costs associated with keeping people in prison. Much like how the state governments of Colorado and Washington have been receiving a vast amount of tax revenue on recreational marijuana, I think the federal government could profit off of lowering the drinking age as well. The government could tax alcohol consumption for those under 21 and bring in a new stream of tax revenue. Additionally, they could tax spirits and hard liquors much higher than lighter alcohols, such as beer or wine, as a deterrent from young people purchasing the higher concentrated alcohol. Legalizing marijuana had plenty of positive externalities especially regarding the reduction in marijuana-related crime and I believe if the drinking age were to be lowered this would also be seen with alcohol-related crime.
Underage drinking is a huge societal problem that needs to be addressed, and I believe an effective solution to this problem would be reducing the drinking age from 21 to 18. When legislation was first enacted against underage drinking in 1984 it did not solve the problem, but rather it created new ones by failing to consider many implications such as people traveling to Mexico to drink. It has been shown in countries in Europe that when the drinking age has been lowered binge drinking rates go down as citizens have the ability to learn from their parents to drink responsibly. With the legalization of marijuana greatly reducing the crime rates in Washington state and Colorado, these same effects could very well be seen from reducing the drinking age. Underage drinking causes many problems for society and eventually creates much more significant crimes as the citizens engaging in it grow older. By reducing the drinking age to 18 from 21, I believe that many of these crimes could be eliminated and the societal cost of underage drinking could be greatly reduced.
Committee on Developing a Strategy to Reduce Prevent Underage Drinking, & Richard J. Bonnie Mary Ellen O'Connell. (2004). Reducing underage drinking : A collective responsibility. National Academies Press.
Trex. Why is the Drinking Age 21?. (2008). Mentalfloss.com. Retrieved 8 November 2017, from http://mentalfloss.com/article/19437/why-drinking-age-21
Travel.state.gov. (2017). Mexico Travel Warning. [online] Available at: https://travel.state.gov/content/passports/en/alertswarnings/mexico-travel-warning.html
[Accessed 8 Nov. 2017]
Lange, J., Voas, R., & Kelley-Baker, T. (1998). RETURNING DRUNK FROM TIJUANA BARS: CHARACTERISTICS OF BINGE DRINKERS CROSSING INTO SAN DIEGO. Publication Of: ASSOCIATION FOR THE ADVANCEMENT OF AUTOMOTIVE MEDICINE. Retrieved from https://trid.trb.org/view.aspx?id=505625
Loewentheil. Can You Guess Where In The World People Are Binge Drinking The Most?. (2017). Mic.com. Retrieved 8 November 2017, from https://mic.com/articles/57211/can-you-guess-where-in-the-world-people-are-binge-drinking-the-most#.vC7xcF69p
Caetano, Babor, Casswell, Edwards, Giesbrecht, Graham, . . . Rassow. (n.d.). Drinking and Culture: International Comparisons. Retrieved November 08, 2017, from https://www.chooseresponsibility.org/drinking_and_culture_c/
Niall McCarthy. Forbes Welcome. (2017). Forbes.com. Retrieved 9 November 2017, from https://www.forbes.com/sites/niallmccarthy/2016/08/11/the-worst-countries-in-the-world-for-drunk-driving-infographic/#912634e2f5ca
How Common are Alcohol-Related Crimes? | Addiction Resource. (2017). Addiction Resource. Retrieved 9 November 2017, from https://addictionresource.com/alcohol-rehab/the-effects-of-alcohol/alcohol-related-crimes/
Alcohol Rehab Guide. (2017). Alcohol Related Crimes - Statistics and Facts. Available at: https://www.alcoholrehabguide.org/alcohol/crimes/[Accessed 9 Nov. 2017].
Ingraham. Here's how legal pot changed Colorado and Washington. (2017). Washington Post. Retrieved 9 November 2017, from https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/wonk/wp/2016/10/13/heres-how-legal-pot-changed-colorado-and-washington/?utm_term=.2ebaaaa40a35
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