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|Template:Chembox header | Identifiers
|Template:Chembox header | Properties
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|verifgactionExcept where noted otherwise, data are given for materials in their standard state (at 25 °C, 100 kPa)
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Ozone or trioxygen (O3) is a triatomic molecule, consisting of three oxygen atoms. It is an allotrope of oxygen that is much less stable than the diatomic O2. Ground-level ozone is an air pollutant with harmful effects on the respiratory systems of animals. The ozone layer in the upper atmosphere filters potentially damaging ultraviolet light from reaching the Earth's surface. It is present in low concentrations throughout the Earth's atmosphere. It has many industrial and consumer applications.
Ozone, the first allotrope of a chemical element to be recognized by science, was proposed as a distinct chemical compound by Christian Friedrich Schönbein in 1840, who named it after the Greek verb ozein (ὄζειν, "to smell"), from the peculiar odor in lightning storms.[1][2] The formula for ozone, O3, was not determined until 1865 by Jacques-Louis Soret[3] and confirmed by Schönbein in 1867.[1][4]
Physical propertiesEdit
Most people can detect about 0.01 ppm in air. Exposure of 0.1 to 1 ppm produces headaches, burning eyes, and irritation to the respiratory passages.[5]
At -112 °C, it forms a dark blue liquid. At temperatures below -193 °C, it forms a violet-black solid.[6]
Ozone is diamagnetic, meaning that it will resist formation of a magnetic field and will decrease the energy stored in the field once the field is established.
The structure of ozone, according to experimental evidence from microwave spectroscopy, is bent, with C2v symmetry (similar to the water molecule), O – O distance of 127.2 pm and O – O – O angle of 116.78°.[7] The central atom forms an sp² hybridization with one lone pair. Ozone is a polar molecule with a dipole moment of 0.5337 D.[8] The bonding can be expressed as a resonance hybrid with a single bond on one side and double bond on the other producing an overall bond order of 1.5 for each side.
Ozone is a powerful oxidizing agent, far better than dioxygen. It is also unstable at high concentrations, decaying to ordinary diatomic oxygen (in about half an hour in atmospheric conditions[9]):
This reaction proceeds more rapidly with increasing temperature and decreasing pressure. Deflagration of ozone can be triggered by a spark, and can occur in ozone concentrations of 10 wt% or higher.[10]
Ozone will oxidize metals (except gold, platinum, and iridium) to oxides of the metals in their highest oxidation state:
- 2 Cu+ (aq) + 2 H3O+ (aq) + O3 (g) → 2 Cu2+ (aq) + 3 H2O (l) + O2 (g)
Ozone also increases the oxidation number of oxides, such as the oxidation of nitric oxide to nitrogen dioxide:
This reaction is accompanied by chemiluminescence. The NO2 can be further oxidized:
The NO3 formed can react with NO2 to form N2O5:
Ozone reacts with carbon to form carbon dioxide, even at room temperature:
Ozone does not react with ammonium salts but it reacts with ammonia to form ammonium nitrate:
Ozone reacts with sulfides to make sulfates. For example, lead(II) sulfide is oxidised to lead(II) sulfate:
- PbS + 4 O3 → PbSO4 + 4 O2
Sulfuric acid can be produced from ozone, starting either from elemental sulfur or from sulfur dioxide:
All three atoms of ozone may also react, as in the reaction of tin(II) chloride with hydrochloric acid and NaCl:
- 3 SnCl2 + 6 HCl + O3 → 3 SnCl4 + 3 H2O
In the gas phase, ozone reacts with hydrogen sulfide to form sulfur dioxide:
In an aqueous solution, however, two competing simultaneous reactions occur, one to produce elemental sulfur, and one to produce sulfuric acid:
Iodine perchlorate can be made by treating iodine dissolved in cold anhydrous perchloric acid with ozone:
- I2 + 6 HClO4 + O3 → 2 I(ClO4)3 + 3 H2O
Solid nitryl perchlorate can be made from NO2, ClO2, and O3 gases:
- 2 NO2 + 2 ClO2 + 2 O3 → 2 NO2ClO4 + O2
Ozone can be used for combustion reactions and combusting gases; ozone provides higher temperatures than combusting in dioxygen (O2). The following is a reaction for the combustion of carbon subnitride which can also cause lower temperatures:
Ozone can react at cryogenic temperatures. At 77 K (-196 °C), atomic hydrogen reacts with liquid ozone to form a hydrogen superoxide radical, which dimerizes:[11]
Ozonides can be formed, which contain the ozonide anion, O3−. These compounds are explosive and must be stored at cryogenic temperatures. Ozonides for all the alkali metals are known. KO3, RbO3, and CsO3 can be prepared from their respective superoxides:
Although KO3 can be formed as above, it can also be formed from potassium hydroxide and ozone:[12]
NaO3 and LiO3 must be prepared by action of CsO3 in liquid NH3 on an ion exchange resin containing Na+ or Li+ ions:[13]
- CsO3 + Na+ → Cs+ + NaO3
Treatment with ozone of calcium dissolved in ammonia leads to ammonium ozonide and not calcium ozonide:[14]
- 3 Ca + 10 NH3 + 6 O3 → Ca•6NH3 + Ca(OH)2 + Ca(NO3)2 + 2 NH4O3 + 2 O2 + H2
Ozone can be used to remove manganese from water, forming a precipitate which can be filtered:
- 2 Mn2+ + 2 O3 + 4 H2O → 2 MnO(OH)2 (s) + 2 O2 + 4 H+
Ozone will also turn cyanides to the one thousand times less toxic cyanates:
Finally, ozone will also completely decompose urea:[15]
Ozone in Earth's atmosphereEdit
The standard way to express total ozone levels (the amount of ozone in a vertical column) in the atmosphere is by using Dobson units. Concentrations at a point are measured in parts per billion (ppb) or in μg/m³.
Ozone layerEdit
- Main article: Ozone layer
The highest levels of ozone in the atmosphere are in the stratosphere, in a region also known as the ozone layer between about 10 km and 50 km above the surface (or between about 6 and 31 miles). Here it filters out photons with shorter wavelengths (less than 320 nm) of ultraviolet light, also called UV rays, (270 to 400 nm) from the Sun that would be harmful to most forms of life in large doses. These same wavelengths are also among those responsible for the production of vitamin D, a vitamin also produced by the human body. Ozone in the stratosphere is mostly produced from ultraviolet rays reacting with oxygen:
- O2 + photon(radiation< 240 nm) → 2 O
It is destroyed by the reaction with atomic oxygen:
The latter reaction is catalysed by the presence of certain free radicals, of which the most important are hydroxyl (OH), nitric oxide (NO) and atomic chlorine (Cl) and bromine (Br). In recent decades the amount of ozone in the stratosphere has been declining mostly because of emissions of CFCs and similar chlorinated and brominated organic molecules, which have increased the concentration of ozone-depleting catalysts above the natural background. Ozone only makes up 0.00006% of the atmosphere.
Low level ozoneEdit
- Main article: Tropospheric ozone
Low level ozone (or tropospheric ozone) is regarded as a pollutant by the World Health Organization[16] and the United States Environmental Protection Agency (EPA). It is not emitted directly by car engines or by industrial operations, but formed by the reaction of sunlight on air containing hydrocarbons and nitrogen oxides that react to form ozone directly at the source of the pollution or many kilometers down wind.
Ozone reacts directly with some hydrocarbons such as aldehydes and thus begins their removal from the air, but the products are themselves key components of smog. Ozone photolysis by UV light leads to production of the hydroxyl radical OH and this plays a part in the removal of hydrocarbons from the air, but is also the first step in the creation of components of smog such as peroxyacyl nitrates which can be powerful eye irritants. The atmospheric lifetime of tropospheric ozone is about 22 days; its main removal mechanisms are being deposited to the ground, the above mentioned reaction giving OH, and by reactions with OH and the peroxy radical HO2· (Stevenson et al., 2006).[17]
There is evidence of significant reduction in agricultural yields because of increased ground-level ozone and pollution which interferes with photosynthesis and stunts overall growth of some plant species.[18][19]
Certain examples of cities with elevated ozone readings are Houston, Texas, and Mexico City, Mexico. Houston has a reading of around 41 ppb, while Mexico City is far more hazardous, with a reading of about 125 ppb.[19]
Ozone crackingEdit
Ozone gas attacks any polymer possessing olefinic or double bonds within its chain structure, such materials including natural rubber, nitrile rubber, and Styrene-butadiene rubber. Products made using these polymers are especially susceptible to attack, which causes cracks to grow longer and deeper with time, the rate of crack growth depending on the load carried by the product and the concentration of ozone in the atmosphere. Such materials can be protected by adding antiozonants, such as waxes, which bond to the surface to create a protective film or blend with the material and provide long term protection. Ozone cracking used to be a serious problem in car tires for example, but the problem is now seen only in very old tires. On the other hand, many critical products like gaskets and O-rings may be attacked by ozone produced within compressed air systems. Fuel lines are often made from reinforced rubber tubing and may also be susceptible to attack, especially within engine compartments where low levels of ozone are produced from electrical equipment. Storing rubber products in close proximity to DC electric motors can accelerate the rate at which ozone cracking occurs. The commutator of the motor creates sparks which in turn produce ozone.
Ozone as a greenhouse gasEdit
Although ozone was present at ground level before the Industrial Revolution, peak concentrations are now far higher than the pre-industrial levels, and even background concentrations well away from sources of pollution are substantially higher.[20][21] This increase in ozone is of further concern because ozone present in the upper troposphere acts as a greenhouse gas, absorbing some of the infrared energy emitted by the earth. Quantifying the greenhouse gas potency of ozone is difficult because it is not present in uniform concentrations across the globe. However, the scientific review on the climate change (the IPCC Third Assessment Report[22]) suggests that the radiative forcing of tropospheric ozone is about 25% that of carbon dioxide.
Health effectsEdit
Air pollutionEdit
There is a great deal of evidence to show that high concentrations of ozone, created by high concentrations of pollution and daylight UV rays at the Earth's surface, can harm lung function and irritate the respiratory system.[16][24] A connection has also been known to exist between increased ozone caused by thunderstorms and hospital admissions of asthma sufferers.[25] Air quality guidelines such as those from the World Health Organization are based on detailed studies of what levels can cause measurable health effects. Exposure to ozone and the pollutants that produce it has been linked to premature death, asthma, bronchitis, heart attack, and other cardiovascular problems. According to scientists with the United States Environmental Protection Agency (EPA), susceptible people can be adversely effected by ozone levels as low as 40 ppb.[26]
The Clean Air Act directs the EPA to set National Ambient Air Quality Standards for several pollutants, including ground-level ozone, and counties out of compliance with these standard are required to take steps to reduce their levels. In May 2008, the EPA lowered its ozone standard from 80 ppb to 75 ppb. This proved controversial, since the Agency's own scientists and advisory board had recommended lowering the standard to 60 ppb, and the World Health Organization recommends 51 ppb. Many public health and environmental groups also supported the 60 ppb standard. On the other hand, the EPA had already designated over 300 mostly urban counties as out of compliance, and lowering the standard to 75 ppb put hundreds more in non-compliance. Lowering it further to 60 ppb would likely have left most of the US in non-compliance. Manufacturers, employers, and others argued that the cost of compliance with the lower standard would be prohibitive.[26] The EPA has also developed an Air Quality Index to help explain air pollution levels to the general public. Eight-hour average ozone concentrations of 85 to 104 ppb are described as "Unhealthy for Sensitive Groups", 105 ppb to 124 ppb as "unhealthy" and 125 ppb to 404 ppb as "very unhealthy".[27]
Ozone can also be present in indoor air pollution.
A common British folk myth dating back to the Victorian era holds that the smell of the sea is caused by ozone, and that this smell has "bracing" health benefits.[28] Neither of these is true. The characteristic "smell of the sea" is not caused by ozone but by the presence of dimethyl sulfide generated by phytoplankton, and dimethyl sulfide, like ozone, is toxic in high concentrations.[29]
Long-term exposure to ozone has been shown to increase risk of death from respiratory illness. A study of 450,000 people living in United States cities showed a significant correlation between ozone levels and respiratory illness over the 18-year follow-up period. The study revealed that people living in cities with high ozone levels such as Houston or Los Angeles had an over 30% increased risk of dying from lung disease.[30][31]
Ozone, along with reactive forms of oxygen such as superoxide, singlet oxygen, hydrogen peroxide, and hypochlorite ions, is naturally produced by white blood cells and other biological systems (such as the roots of marigolds) as a means of destroying foreign bodies. Ozone reacts directly with organic double bonds. Also, when ozone breaks down to dioxygen it gives rise to oxygen free radicals, which are highly reactive and capable of damaging many organic molecules. Ozone has been found to convert cholesterol in the blood stream to plaque (which causes hardening and narrowing of arteries). Moreover, it is believed that the powerful oxidizing properties of ozone may be a contributing factor of inflammation. The cause-and-effect relationship of how the ozone is created in the body and what it does is still under consideration and still subject to various interpretations, since other body chemical processes can trigger some of the same reactions. A team headed by Dr. Paul Wentworth Jr. of the Department of Chemistry at the Scripps Research Institute has shown evidence linking the antibody-catalyzed water-oxidation pathway of the human immune response to the production of ozone. In this system, ozone is produced by antibody-catalyzed production of trioxidane from water and neutrophil-produced singlet oxygen.[32]
When inhaled, ozone reacts with compounds lining the lungs to form specific, cholesterol-derived metabolites that are thought to facilitate the build-up and pathogenesis of atherosclerotic plaques (a form of heart disease). These metabolites have been confirmed as naturally occurring in human atherosclerotic arteries and are categorized into a class of secosterols termed "Atheronals", generated by ozonolysis of cholesterol's double bond to form a 5,6 secosterol[33] as well as a secondary condensation product via aldolization.[34]
Ozone has been implicated to have an adverse effect on plant growth, "...Ozone reduced total chlorophylls, carotenoid and carbohydrate concentration, and increased 1-aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylic acid (ACC) content and ethylene production. In treated plants, the ascorbate leaf pool was decreased, while lipid peroxidation and solute leakage were significantly higher than in ozone-free controls. The data indicated that ozone triggered protective mechanisms against oxidative stress in citrus."[35]
Safety regulationsEdit
Due to the strongly oxidizing properties of ozone, ozone is a primary irritant, affecting especially the eyes and respiratory systems and can be hazardous at even low concentrations. The Canadian Center for Occupation Safety and Health reports that:
"Even very low concentrations of ozone can be harmful to the upper respiratory tract and the lungs. The severity of injury depends on both by the concentration of ozone and the duration of exposure. Severe and permanent lung injury or death could result from even a very short-term exposure to relatively low concentrations." [36]To protect workers potentially exposed to ozone, OSHA has established a permissible exposure limit (PEL) of 0.1 ppm (29 CFR 1910.1000 table Z-1), calculated as an 8 hour time weighted average. Higher concentrations are especially hazardous and NIOSH has established an Immediately Dangerous to Life and Health Limit (IDLH) of 5 ppm. [37] Work environments where ozone is used or where it is likely to be produced should have adequate ventilation and it is prudent to have a monitor for ozone that will alarm if the concentration exceeds the OSHA PEL. Continuous monitors for ozone are available from several suppliers.
Ozone often forms in nature under conditions where O2 will not react.[5] Ozone used in industry is measured in g/Nm³ or weight percent. The regime of applied concentrations ranges from 1 to 5 weight percent in air and from 6 to 14 weight percent in oxygen.
Corona discharge methodEdit
This is the most popular type of ozone generator for most industrial and personal uses. While variations of the "hot spark" coronal discharge method of ozone production exist, including medical grade and industrial grade ozone generators, these units usually work by means of a corona discharge tube.[38] They are typically very cost-effective and do not require an oxygen source other than the ambient air. However, they also produce nitrogen oxides as a by-product. Use of an air dryer can reduce or eliminate nitric acid formation by removing water vapor and increase ozone production. Use of an oxygen concentrator can further increase the ozone production and further reduce the risk of nitric acid formation by removing not only the water vapor, but also the bulk of the nitrogen..
Ultraviolet lightEdit
UV ozone generators employ a light source that generates a narrow-band ultraviolet light, a subset of that produced by the Sun. The Sun's UV sustains the ozone layer in the stratosphere of Earth.[39] While standard UV ozone generators tend to be less expensive, they usually produce ozone with a concentration of about 0.5% or lower. Another disadvantage of this method is that it requires the air (oxygen) to be exposed to the UV source for a longer amount of time, and any gas that is not exposed to the UV source will not be treated. This makes UV generators impractical for use in situations that deal with rapidly moving air or water streams (in-duct air sterilization, for example). Production of ozone is one of the potential dangers of ultraviolet germicidal irradiation.VUV Ozone generators are used in swimming pool and spa applications ranging to millions of gallons of water. VUV Ozone generators, unlike Corona Discharge generators) do not produce harmful nitrogen by-products and also unlike Corona Discharge systems, VUV Ozone generators work extremely well in humid air environments. There is also not normally a need for expensive off-gas mechanisms, and no need for air driers or oxygen concentrators which require extra costs and maintenance.
Cold plasmaEdit
In the cold plasma method, pure oxygen gas is exposed to a plasma created by dielectric barrier discharge. The diatomic oxygen is split into single atoms, which then recombine in triplets to form ozone.
Cold plasma machines utilize pure oxygen as the input source and produce a maximum concentration of about 5% ozone. They produce far greater quantities of ozone in a given space of time compared to ultraviolet production. However, because cold plasma ozone generators are very expensive, they are found less frequently than the previous two types.
The discharges manifest as filamentary transfer of electrons (micro discharges) in a gap between two electrodes. In order to evenly distribute the micro discharges, a dielectric insulator must be used to separate the metallic electrodes and to prevent arcing.
Some cold plasma units also have the capability of producing short-lived allotropes of oxygen which include O4, O5, O6, O7, etc. These anions are even more reactive than ordinary O3.
Special considerationsEdit
Ozone cannot be stored and transported like other industrial gases (because it quickly decays into diatomic oxygen) and must therefore be produced on site. Available ozone generators vary in the arrangement and design of the high-voltage electrodes. At production capacities higher than 20 kg per hour, a gas/water tube heat-exchanger may be utilized as ground electrode and assembled with tubular high-voltage electrodes on the gas-side. The regime of typical gas pressures is around 2 bar absolute in oxygen and 3 bar absolute in air. Several megawatts of electrical power may be installed in large facilities, applied as one phase AC current at 50 to 8000 Hz and peak voltages between 3,000 and 20,000 volts. Applied voltage is usually inversely related to the applied frequency.
The dominating parameter influencing ozone generation efficiency is the gas temperature, which is controlled by cooling water temperature and/or gas velocity. The cooler the water, the better the ozone synthesis. The lower the gas velocity, the higher the concentration (but the lower the net ozone produced). At typical industrial conditions, almost 90% of the effective power is dissipated as heat and needs to be removed by a sufficient cooling water flow.
Because of the high reactivity of ozone, only few materials may be used like stainless steel (quality 316L), titanium, aluminium (as long as no moisture is present), glass, polytetrafluorethylene, or polyvinylidene fluoride. Viton may be used with the restriction of constant mechanical forces and absence of humidity (humidity limitations apply depending on the formulation). Hypalon may be used with the restriction that no water come in contact with it, except for normal atmospheric levels. Embrittlement or shrinkage is the common mode of failure of elastomers with exposure to ozone. Ozone cracking is the common mode of failure of elastomer seals like O-rings.
Silicone rubbers are usually adequate for use as gaskets in ozone concentrations below 1 wt%, such as in equipment for accelerated ageing of rubber samples.
Incidental productionEdit
Ozone may be formed from O2 by electrical discharges and by action of high energy electromagnetic radiation. Certain electrical equipment generate significant levels of ozone. This is especially true of devices using high voltages, such as ionic air purifiers, laser printers, photocopiers, tasers and arc welders. Electric motors using brushes can generate ozone from repeated sparking inside the unit. Large motors that use brushes, such as those used by elevators or hydraulic pumps, will generate more ozone than smaller motors. Ozone is similarly formed in the Catatumbo lightning storms phenomenon on the Catatumbo River in Venezuela, which helps to replenish ozone in the upper troposhere. It is the world's largest single natural generator of ozone, lending calls for it to be designated a UNESCO World Heritage Site.[40]
Laboratory productionEdit
In the laboratory, ozone can be produced by electrolysis using a 9 volt battery, a pencil graphite rod cathode, a platinum wire anode and a 3 molar sulfuric acid electrolyte.[41] The half cell reactions taking place are:
- 3 H2O → O3 + 6 H+ + 6 e− (ΔEo = −1.53 V)
- 6 H+ + 6 e− → 3 H2 (ΔEo = 0 V)
- 2 H2O → O2 + 4 H+ + 4 e− (ΔEo = −1.23 V)
In the net reaction, three equivalents of water are converted into one equivalent of ozone and three equivalents of hydrogen. Oxygen formation is a competing reaction.
It can also be prepared by passing 10,000-20,000 volts DC through dry O2. This can be done with an apparatus consisting of two concentric glass tubes sealed together at the top, with in and out spigots at the top and bottom of the outer tube. The inner core should have a length of metal foil inserted into it connected to one side of the power source. The other side of the power source should be connected to another piece of foil wrapped around the outer tube. Dry O2 should be run through the tube in one spigot. As the O2 is run through one spigot into the apparatus and 10,000-20,000 volts DC are applied to the foil leads, electricity will discharge between the dry dioxygen in the middle and form O3 and O2 out the other spigot. The reaction can be summarized as follows:[5]
- 3 O2 — electricity → 2 O3
Ionic air purifiersEdit
Some air filters and purifiers create ozone.[42]
The largest use of ozone is in the preparation of pharmaceuticals, synthetic lubricants, as well as many other commercially useful organic compounds, where it is used to sever carbon-carbon bonds.[5] It can also be used for bleaching substances and for killing microorganisms in air and water sources.[43] Many municipal drinking water systems kill bacteria with ozone instead of the more common chlorine.[44] Ozone has a very high oxidation potential.[45] Ozone does not form organochlorine compounds, nor does it remain in the water after treatment. The Safe Drinking Water Act mandate that these systems introduce an amount of chlorine to maintain a minimum of 0.2 ppm residual Free Chlorine in the pipes, based on results of regular testing. Where electrical power is abundant, ozone is a cost-effective method of treating water, since it is produced on demand and does not require transportation and storage of hazardous chemicals. Once it has decayed, it leaves no taste or odor in drinking water.
Although low levels of ozone have been advertised to be of some disinfectant use in residential homes, the concentration of ozone in dry air required to have a rapid, substantial effect on airborne pathogens exceeds safe levels recommended by the U.S. Occupational Safety and Health Administration and Environmental Protection Agency. Humidity control can vastly improve both the killing power of the ozone and the rate at which it decays back to oxygen (more humidity allows more effectiveness). Spore forms of most pathogens are very tolerant of atmospheric ozone in concentrations where asthma patients start to have issues.
Industrially, ozone is used to:
- Disinfect laundry in hospitals, food factories, care homes etc;[46]
- Disinfect water in place of chlorine[5]
- Deodorize air and objects, such as after a fire. This process is extensively used in Fabric Restoration
- Kill bacteria on food or on contact surfaces;[47]
- Sanitize swimming pools and spas
- Kill insects in stored grain[48]
- Scrub yeast and mold spores from the air in food processing plants;
- Wash fresh fruits and vegetables to kill yeast, mold and bacteria;[47]
- Chemically attack contaminants in water (iron, arsenic, hydrogen sulfide, nitrites, and complex organics lumped together as "colour");
- Provide an aid to flocculation (agglomeration of molecules, which aids in filtration, where the iron and arsenic are removed);
- Manufacture chemical compounds via chemical synthesis[49]
- Clean and bleach fabrics (the former use is utilized in Fabric Restoration; the latter use is patented);
- Assist in processing plastics to allow adhesion of inks;
- Age rubber samples to determine the useful life of a batch of rubber;
- Eradicate water borne parasites such as Giardia lamblia and Cryptosporidium in surface water treatment plants.
Ozone is a reagent in many organic reactions in the laboratory and in industry. Ozonolysis is the cleavage of an alkene to carbonyl compounds.
Many hospitals in the U.S. and around the world use large ozone generators to decontaminate operating rooms between surgeries. The rooms are cleaned and then sealed airtight before being filled with ozone which effectively kills or neutralizes all remaining bacteria.[50]
Ozone is used as an alternative to chlorine or chlorine dioxide in the bleaching of wood pulp[51] . It is often used in conjunction with oxygen and hydrogen peroxide to eliminate the need for chlorine-containing compounds in the manufacture of high-quality, white paper[52]
Ozone can be used to detoxify cyanide wastes (for example from gold and silver mining) by oxidizing cyanide to cyanate and eventually to carbon dioxide.[53]
Devices generating high levels of ozone, some of which use ionization, are used to sanitize and deodorize uninhabited buildings, rooms, ductwork, woodsheds, and boats and other vehicles.
In the U.S., air purifiers emitting lower levels of ozone have been sold. This kind of air purifier is sometimes claimed to imitate nature's way of purifying the air[54] without filters and to sanitize both it and household surfaces. The United States Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) has declared that there is "evidence to show that at concentrations that do not exceed public health standards, ozone is not effective at removing many odor-causing chemicals" or "viruses, bacteria, mold, or other biological pollutants." Furthermore, its report states that "results of some controlled studies show that concentrations of ozone considerably higher than these [human safety] standards are possible even when a user follows the manufacturer's operating instructions."[55] The government successfully sued one company in 1995, ordering it to stop repeating health claims without supporting scientific studies.
Ozonated water is used to launder clothes and to sanitize food, drinking water, and surfaces in the home. According to the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA), it is "amending the food additive regulations to provide for the safe use of ozone in gaseous and aqueous phases as an antimicrobial agent on food, including meat and poultry." Studies at California Polytechnic University demonstrated that 0.3 ppm levels of ozone dissolved in filtered tapwater can produce a reduction of more than 99.99% in such food-borne microorganisms as salmonella, E. coli 0157:H7, and Campylobacter. This quantity exceeds 20,000 times the WHO recommended limits stated above.[47][56] Ozone can be used to remove pesticide residues from fruits and vegetables.[57][58]
Ozone is used in homes and hot tubs to kill bacteria in the water and to reduce the amount of chlorine or bromine required by reactivating them to their free state. Since ozone does not remain in the water long enough, ozone by itself is ineffective at preventing cross-contamination among bathers and must be used in conjunction with these halogens. Gaseous ozone created by ultraviolet light or by corona discharge is injected into the water.[59]
Ozone is also widely used in treatment of water in aquariums and fish ponds. Its use can minimize bacterial growth, control parasites, eliminate transmission of some diseases, and reduce or eliminate "yellowing" of the water. Ozone must not come in contact with fish's gill structures. Natural salt water (with life forms) provides enough "instantaneous demand" that controlled amounts of ozone activate bromide ion to hypobromous acid, and the ozone entirely decays in a few seconds to minutes. If oxygen fed ozone is used, the water will be higher in dissolved oxygen, fish's gill structures will atrophy and they will become dependent on higher dissolved oxygen levels.
See alsoEdit
- Global Ozone Monitoring by Occultation of Stars (GOMOS)
- International Day for the Preservation of the Ozone Layer (September 16)
- Ozone Action Day
- Ozone depletion, including the phenomenon known as the ozone hole.
- Ozone therapy
- Ozoneweb
- Polymer degradation
Notes and referencesEdit
- ↑ 1.0 1.1 Rubin, Mordecai B. (2001). "The History of Ozone. The Schönbein Period, 1839-1868" (PDF). Bull. Hist. Chem. 26 (1), http://www.scs.uiuc.edu/~mainzv/HIST/awards/OPA%20Papers/2001-Rubin.pdf. Retrieved on 28 February 2008.
- ↑ "Today in Science History". Retrieved on 2006-05-10.
- ↑ Jacques-Louis Soret (1865). "Recherches sur la densité de l'ozone". Comptes rendus de l'Académie des sciences 61: 941, http://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/bpt6k3018b/f941.table.
- ↑ "Ozone FAQ". Global Change Master Directory. Retrieved on 2006-05-10.
- ↑ 5.0 5.1 5.2 5.3 5.4 Nicole Folchetti, ed. (2003). "22". Chemistry: The Central Science (9th ed.), Pearson Education. pp. 882–883. ISBN 0-13-066997-0.
- ↑ "Oxygen". WebElements. Retrieved on 2006-09-23.
- ↑ Takehiko Tanaka; Yonezo Morino. Coriolis interaction and anharmonic potential function of ozone from the microwave spectra in the excited vibrational states Journal of Molecular Spectroscopy 1970, 33, 538–551.
- ↑ Kenneth M. Mack; J. S. Muenter. Stark and Zeeman properties of ozone from molecular beam spectroscopy. Journal of Chemical Physics 1977, 66, 5278–5283. doi:10.1063/1.433909
- ↑ Earth Science FAQ: Where can I find information about the ozone hole and ozone depletion? Goddard Space Flight Center, National Aeronautics and Space Administration, March 2008.
- ↑ http://www.iitk.ac.in/che/jpg/papersb/full%20papers/K-106.pdf
- ↑ Horvath M., Bilitzky L., & Huttner J., 1985. "Ozone." pg 44–49
- ↑ Housecroft & Sharpe, 2005. "Inorganic Chemistry." pg 439
- ↑ Housecroft & Sharpe, 2005. "Inorganic Chemistry." pg 265
- ↑ Horvath M., Bilitzky L., & Huttner J., 1985. "Ozone." pg 44–49
- ↑ Horvath M., Bilitzky L., & Huttner J., 1985. "Ozone." pg 259, 269–270
- ↑ 16.0 16.1 WHO-Europe reports: Health Aspects of Air Pollution (2003) (PDF)
- ↑ Stevenson et al. (2006). "Multimodel ensemble simulations of present-day and near-future tropospheric ozone". American Geophysical Union. Retrieved on 2006-09-16.
- ↑ "Rising Ozone Levels Pose Challenge to U.S. Soybean Production, Scientists Say". NASA Earth Observatory (2003-07-31). Retrieved on 2006-05-10.
- ↑ 19.0 19.1 Mutters, Randall (March 1999). "Statewide Potential Crop Yield Losses From Ozone Exposure". California Air Resources Board. Retrieved on 2006-05-10.
- ↑ "Tropospheric Ozone in EU - The consolidated report". European Environmental Agency (1998). Retrieved on 2006-05-10.
- ↑ "Atmospheric Chemistry and Greenhouse Gases". Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change. Retrieved on 2006-05-10.
- ↑ "Climate Change 2001". Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (2001). Retrieved on 2006-09-12.
- ↑ Jeannie Allen (2003-08-22). "Watching Our Ozone Weather". NASA Earth Observatory. Retrieved on 2008-10-11.
- ↑ Answer to follow-up questions from CAFE (2004) (PDF)
- ↑ Anderson, W.; G.J. Prescott, S. Packham, J. Mullins, M. Brookes, and A. Seaton (August 2001). "Asthma admissions and thunderstorms: a study of pollen, fungal spores, rainfall, and ozone". QJM: an International Journal of Medicine (Oxford Journals) 94 (8): 429–433. doi:10.1093/qjmed/94.8.429. PMID 11493720.
- ↑ 26.0 26.1 Weinhold B (July 2008). "Ozone nation: EPA standard panned by the people". Environ. Health Perspect. 116 (7): A302–A305. PMID 18629332.
- ↑ "Smog - Who does it hurt? What You Need to Know About Ozone and Your Health". AIRNow.gov. Retrieved on 2007-07-10.
- ↑ Ashfield District Council: Monitored Air Pollutants, downloaded February 2, 2007
- ↑ University of East Anglia press release, Cloning the smell of the seaside, February 2, 2007
- ↑ Jerrett, Michael; Burnett, Richard T. and Pope, C. Arden, III and Ito, Kazuhiko and Thurston, George and Krewski, Daniel and Shi, Yuanli and Calle, Eugenia and Thun, Michael (March 12, 2009). "Long-Term Ozone Exposure and Mortality". N. Engl. J. Med. 360 (11): 1085–1095. doi:10.1056/NEJMoa0803894. PMID 19279340, http://content.nejm.org/cgi/content/abstract/360/11/1085.
- ↑ Wilson, Elizabeth K. (March 16, 2009). "Ozone's Health Impact". Chemical & Engineering News (American Chemical Society Publications) 87 (11): 9, http://pubs.acs.org/cen/news/87/i11/8711notw9.html.
- ↑ Hoffmann, Roald (January 2004). "The Story of O". American Scientist 92 (1): 23. doi:10.1511/2004.1.23, http://www.americanscientist.org/template/AssetDetail/assetid/29647?&print=yes. Retrieved on 11 October 2006.
- ↑ Smith, LL (1 August 2004). "Oxygen, oxysterols, ouabain, and ozone: a cautionary tale". Free radical biology & medicine (Elsevier) 37 (3): 318–24. doi:10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2004.04.024, http://toxnet.nlm.nih.gov/cgi-bin/sis/search/r?dbs+toxline:@term+@mh+%22+5,6-secosterol+%22+@OR+@na+%22+5,6-secosterol+%22+@OR+@ab+%22+5,6-secosterol+%22+@OR+@kw+%22+5,6-secosterol+%22. Retrieved on 17 May 2008.
- ↑ Paul Wentworth (November 2003). "Evidence for Ozone Formation in Human Atherosclerotic Arteries". Retrieved on 2006-08-03.
- ↑ Iglesias, Domingo J.; Ángeles Calatayuda, Eva Barrenob, Eduardo Primo-Milloa and Manuel Talon (February-March 2006). "Responses of citrus plants to ozone: leaf biochemistry, antioxidant mechanisms and lipid peroxidation". Plant Physiology and Biochemistry (Elsevier) 44 (2-3): 125–131. doi:10.1016/j.plaphy.2006.03.007, http://www.sciencedirect.com/science?_ob=ArticleURL&_udi=B6VRD-4JSF4VY-1&_user=10&_rdoc=1&_fmt=&_orig=search&_sort=d&view=c&_acct=C000050221&_version=1&_urlVersion=0&_userid=10&md5=088005a9f3bd83a2de1605ca93f9461a. Retrieved on 17 May 2008.
- ↑ [1]
- ↑ http://www.cdc.gov/niosh/idlh/intridl4.html
- ↑ Organic Syntheses, Coll. Vol. 3, p.673 (1955); Vol. 26, p.63 (1946). (Article)
- ↑ Dohan, J. M.; W. J. Masschelein (1987). "Photochemical Generation of Ozone: Present State-of-the-Art". Ozone Sci. Eng. 9: 315–334.
- ↑ "Fire in the Sky". Retrieved on 2008-08-16.
- ↑ Ibanez, Jorge G.; Rodrigo Mayen-Mondragon and M. T. Moran-Moran (October 2005). "Laboratory Experiments on the Electrochemical Remediation of the Environment. Part 7: Microscale Production of Ozone". Journal of Chemical Education 82 (10): 1546, http://jchemed.chem.wisc.edu/Journal/Issues/2005/Oct/abs1546.html. Retrieved on 10 May 2006.
- ↑ Phillips, TJ; Bloudoff DP, Jenkins PL, Stroud KR. (1999 Nov-Dec). "Ozone emissions from a "personal air purifier".". J Expo Anal Environ Epidemiol. (6: 9): 594–601, http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10638845. Retrieved on 29 May 2009.
- ↑ "Ozone and Color Removal". Ozone Information. Retrieved on 2009-01-09.
- ↑ Hoigné, J. (1998). Handbook of Environmental Chemistry, Vol. 5 part C, p83-141. Berlin: Springer-Verlag.
- ↑ "Oxidation Potential of Ozone". Ozone-Information.com. Retrieved on 2008-05-17.
- ↑ "Decontamination: Ozone scores on spores". Hospital Development. Wilmington Media Ltd. (2007-04-01). Retrieved on 2007-05-30.
- ↑ 47.0 47.1 47.2 Montecalvo, Joseph; Doug Williams. "Application of Ozonation in Sanitizing Vegetable Process Washwaters" (PDF). California Polytechnic State University. Retrieved on 2008-03-24.
- ↑ http://news.uns.purdue.edu/UNS/html4ever/030130.Mason.ozone.html
- ↑ "Chemical Synthesis with Ozone". Ozone-Information.com. Retrieved on 2008-05-17.
- ↑ de Boer, Hero E. L.; Carla M. van Elzelingen-Dekker, BSc; Cora M. F. van Rheenen-Verberg, BSc; Lodewijk Spanjaard, MD, PhD (October 2006). "Use of Gaseous Ozone for Eradication of Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus From the Home Environment of a Colonized Hospital Employee". Infection Control and Hospital Epidemiology (Chicago: The University of Chicago Press) 27 (10): 1120–1122. doi:10.1086/507966, http://www.journals.uchicago.edu/doi/abs/10.1086/507966. Retrieved on 17 May 2008.
- ↑ Sjöström, Eero (1993). Wood Chemistry: Fundamentals and Applications. San Diego, CA: Academic Press, Inc.. ISBN 0-12-64748.
- ↑ Su, Yu-Chang; Chen, Horng-Tsai (2001). "Enzone Bleaching Sequence and Color Reversion of Ozone-Bleached Pulps". Taiwan Journal of Forest Science 16 (2): 93–102, http://www.tfri.gov.tw/enu/pub_science_in.aspx?pid=339&catid0=37&catid1=64&pg0=&pg1=1.
- ↑ Bollyky, L. J. (1977). Ozone Treatment of Cyanide-Bearing Wastes, EPA Report 600/2-77-104. Research Triangle Park, N.C.: U.S. Environmental Protection Agency.
- ↑ "The Unknown Truth Regarding Ozone!". Retrieved on 2006-09-16.
- ↑ EPA report on consumer ozone air purifiers
- ↑ Long, Ron (2008). "POU Ozone Food Sanitation: A Viable Option for Consumers & the Food Service Industry" (pdf). (report also shows tapwater removes 99.95% of pathogens from lettuce; samples were first inoculated with pathogens before treatment)
- ↑ Tersano Inc (2007). "lotus Sanitises Food without Chemicals". Retrieved on 2007-02-11.
- ↑ Jongen, W (2005). Improving the Safety of Fresh Fruit and Vegetables. Boca Raton: Woodhead Publishing Ltd. ISBN 1855739569.
- ↑ "Alternative Disinfectants and Oxidant Guidance Manual" (PDF). United States Environmental Protection Agency. Retrieved on 2008-01-14.
- Template:Greenwood&Earnshaw
- Series in Plasma Physics: Non-Equilibrium Air Plasmas at Atmospheric Pressure. Edited by K.H. Becker, U. Kogelschatz, K.H. Schoenbach, R.J. Barker; Bristol and Philadelphia: Institute of Physics Publishing Ltd; ISBN 0-7503-0962-8; 2005
External linksEdit
- International Ozone Association
- European Environment Agency's near real-time ozone map (ozoneweb)
- NASA's Ozone Resource Page
- Paul Crutzen Interview Freeview video of Paul Crutzen Nobel Laureate for his work on decomposition of ozone talking to Harry Kroto Nobel Laureate by the Vega Science Trust.
- NASA's Earth Observatory article on Ozone
- International Day for the Preservation of the Ozone Layer
- International Chemical Safety Card 0068
- NIOSH Pocket Guide to Chemical Hazards
- National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, Ozone Information
- Ground-level Ozone Air Pollution
- NASA Study Links "Smog" to Arctic Warming — NASA Goddard Institute for Space Studies (GISS) study shows the warming effect of ozone in the Arctic during winter and spring.
- EPA Assessment of Effectiveness and Health Consequences of Ozone Generators that are Sold as Air Cleaners
- Pesticides Database; Ozone
- Ground-level ozone information from the American Lung Association of New England
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Open Design Alliance (ODA) announced the release of version 4.3.2 of Teigha BIM, its SDK for Autodesk Revit files. Version 4.3.2 introduces improved parameter APIs and a new export to 3D PDF, among other enhancements.
"The new parameter APIs make it easier for developers to work with parameter data, making Teigha BIM more user-friendly," commented Neil Peterson, ODA President. "Support for incremental saving was also added, which reduces the time requirements for file writing significantly for large models."
Sergey Vishnevetsky, ODA Development Director, said, "Teigha BIM 4.3.2 also adds new options for filtering visible elements, creation of extrusions from curves, improvements to direct shape elements, and fixes for a number of client issues."

subset: commoncrawl


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This workshop is open to all writing levels. This exhibition does contain some adult themes and language. For details, we encourage you to read our Family Review.
For the participants interested in sharing their work as a featured reader at the Words & Art Reading, they can submit their work to firstname.lastname@example.com by midnight on Saturday, July 14, 2018. Works must be one page or less and must respond to the artworks in the exhibition Cary Leibowitz: Museum Show. Submissions are judged by Mary Wemple and a guest judge. Featured readers will be announced on Friday, July 20, 2018. It is not required to attend the workshop in order to submit writing to be a featured reader.
About Words & Art
Words & Art is a workshop and reading series inspired by the art in Houston. It was founded and is organized by local poet and artist Mary Wemple.


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As red diesel suppliers in Portsmouth, we can deliver rebated fuel quickly to any required location including Fareham & Chichester. We also deliver fuels & lubricants on a nationwide basis.
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We stock a variety of quality leather watch bands, sports silicone and metal watch bands. A variety of colours and textures including white leather, blue leather, tan leather, black leather with white stitches, rose gold metal and silver metal. We can order to suit a specific brand or type of watch (e.g. Skagen or Aviator) or for exotic leathers such as crocodile or premium leather bands from Italy, France or USA.
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Bring your clock or watch to our Mosman store for a free appraisal and quote. All work comes with a 6 month warranty against faulty workmanship. Battery replacements come with 12 month warranty.


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The Lands Council wants to install a greenhouse at the local jail, Geiger Corrections Center. Already we offer job training classes and teach offenders how to manage an on-site native plant nursery. With your help we can take it one step further and build a greenhouse to teach further propagation techniques. Video produced by Corner Booth Media
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Left handedness and breast cancer: correlation is spurious
Bloor, Adrian J. BMJ, 2005 Oct 29;331(7523):1023-4
Challenges the writings of Ramadhani, et al, which claim that left-handedness makes one more disposed to developing breast cancer.
We are committed to providing the most interesting news about Breast Cancer... Not the most news, or even the most current news (though we try), just the most interesting stories.
Hopefully some will make you go "Huh!" Some may even save a life!
Bloor, Adrian J. BMJ, 2005 Oct 29;331(7523):1023-4


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Modeling the relationship between GDP and unemployment for Okun 's jurisprudence particular to Pakistan during 1976-2010. Okun 's jurisprudence postulates a negative relationship between motions of the unemployment rate and the existent gross domestic merchandise ( GDP ) . This article investigates the nexus between the existent GDP growing and unemployment, as described by Okun 's jurisprudence. For this intent we have used clip series one-year informations during the period 1976 to 2010 and used unit root trial and lest square method to happen the relationship between GDP growing and unemployment in Pakistan. The empirical analysis shows that a rise of one per centum point of unemployment is associated with a diminution of 0.36 per centum point of existent GDP growing.
I. Introduction
Okun 's jurisprudence postulates a negative relationship between motions of the unemployment rate and the existent gross domestic merchandise ( GDP ) . This empirical relationship is a major portion of every traditional macro-model as the aggregative supply curve is derived by uniting Okun 's jurisprudence with
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the Phillips curve. It is the characteristic of supply side in macroeconomics, as end product additions in a recovery stage – unemployed workers are hired, as end product falls in recession – workers are laid off from their occupations. In world, though, Okun 's jurisprudence is a statistical relationship instead than a structural characteristic of the economic system. As with any statistical relationship, it may be capable to alterations in an ever-changing macro economic system.
" In earlier surveies, Okun found that the relationship was approximately 3 to 1: that is 1 point of unemployment for every 3 points of GDP spread. However, more recent informations and more advanced econometrics techniques suggest that the 2 to 1 ( or possibly 2.5 ) pitching ratio between end product and the unemployment rate is more representative for recent periods " . [ Samuelson and Nordhaus, 15th Ed. ] .Irfan Lal, Sulaiman D, M. Anwer Jalil and Adnan Hussain 2010, find long tally relationship between variable and error rectification mechanism for short tally dynamic by utilizing co integrating technique. They found that Okun 's jurisprudence reading may non be applicable in some Asiatic developing states including Pakistan.Christian Pierdzioch, Jan-Christoph Rulke and Georg Stadtmann, 2009, found a important negative relationship between the expected growing rate of existent end product and alteration in the unemployment rate.Dany Lang and Christian de Peretti 2009 pointed out that there is a important relationship between fluctuations in unemployment and growing, the most of import yesteryear growing daze exerts an influence on the current unemployment rate.Jim Malley, Hassan Molana 2008, found that to follow the consequence of typical demand side macroeconomic policies targeted at cut downing unemployment depends on which province prevails, and that such policies are improbable to give the expected consequence when the economic system is in a low-effort state.Jose Villaverde, Adolfo Maza 2008 argued that, the quantitative values of Okun 's coefficients are rather different, a consequence that is partly explained by regional disparities in productiveness growing. These differences imply that, when it comes to policy issues, conventional sum demand/supply direction policies should be combined with region-specific policies.Knotek ( 2007 ) pointed that there are three ways of happening the Okun 's Law. First, to captured the alterations in the unemployment rate from one one-fourth to the following one-fourth i.e difference version. Second, the spread version captures unemployment to the spread between possible end product and existent end product, which was besides applied by Thirlwall ( 1969 ) in ciphering natural rate of growing and the 3rd, the dynamic version implied the past end product, current of end product and past unemployment to impact the unemployment. Last but non least, the production-function version which combined the theory of production map ( labour, capital and engineering ) with the spread version of Okun 's Law.Mohd Noor, Zaleha. , Mohamed Nor, Norashidah and Abdul Ghani, Judhiana ( 2007 )
found the being of Okun 's jurisprudence in Malaysia with coefficient of -1.75, important at 1
per centum degree which is lesser than the original Okun 's law.Paramsothy Silvapulle, Imad A. Moosa, Mervyn J. Silvapulle 2004 found that the short-term effects of positive cyclical end product on cyclical unemployment are quantitatively different from those of negative 1s. Besides proposed that the output-unemployment relationship as represented by Okun 's jurisprudence is asymmetric. Leopold Soegner and Alfred Stiassny 2002 proposed that states with a extremely protected labour market really exhibit a low reaction of employment to GDP fluctuations ( chiefly due to labour stashing ) , while the continuity in the unemployment rate is stronger for these countries.Lee ( 2000 ) supports the cogency of Okun 's jurisprudence, but non the hardiness of Okun 's jurisprudence application of other OECD states, besides added that the relationship of the Okun 's Law is non every bit robust as reported by Okun in his determination. Okun 's ( 1962 ) findings pave an of import background on the analysis of the relationship between end product growing and unemployment. The initial determination of Okun 's jurisprudence predicts that if end product were to increase by 3 per centum point, it will cut down the unemployment rate by 1 per centum. This was agreed by Weber ( 1995 ) but he found smaller value of coefficient if dynamic specifications were applied.
Model Specification
The initial signifier of Okun 's can be written as:
I‰ ( U* – Uracil ) = ( Y – Y* ) / Y* — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — – ( 1 )
Where U is the unemployment rate, Y is the existent GDP and an asterisk represents possible or natural rate degrees of the variables. The Above inquiry provinces that for every per centum point the unemployment is below the natural rate, GDP is I‰ % above possible GDP.
In order to through empirical observation gauge Okun 's jurisprudence, giving the fact that U* and Y* are hard to gauge we will utilize a decreased signifier of the old equation
To deduce the growing rate version, we foremost expand equation 1:
Now we differentiate Eq ( 2 ) w.r.t to all variables. In order to simplify our analysis we will see Y* as a changeless, Stating the possible GDP is non altering on the short term. Frankincense:
I‰dU* – I‰dU – dysprosium / Y* – dY*/ Y* — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — – ( 3 )
Besides, we assume that the alteration of the natural rate of unemployment dU* = 0. Using this premise and rearranging we obtain:
dysprosium / Y* = – I‰dU + dY*/ Y* — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — ( 4 )
The natural existent GDP growing rate is normally close to the existent growing rate. Therefore we can come close dY*/Y with dY/Y. This alteration can be invalidated on the short tally but on the long tally it is consistent. Thus
dysprosium / Y = – I‰dU + dY*/ Y* — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — ( 5 )
The natural existent GDP growing rate is equal to the possible GDP growing rate less the merchandise of Okun 's jurisprudence coefficient and the alteration in unemployment rate. Using ordinary least squares Okun has obtained I‰ = 2 and dY* / Y* = 3. Therefore possible GDP growing rate is about 3 per centum points while a rise in unemployment by 1 per centum point will take down existent GDP growing rate by 2 per centum points.
Testing the Validity of Okun 's jurisprudence for Pakistan
In order to through empirical observation prove Okun 's jurisprudence for Pakistan, we have used one-year informations for existent GDP growing and unemployment in the period 1973-2010. The beginning of the information is World Bank Dataset ( WDI ) and State Bank of Pakistan.
Graph 1: Real GDP vs. Unemployment
Graph 2: DY/Y V DU/U
The graph suggests that higher values of economic growing can be associated with lower values of unemployment growing rate.
To look into the relationship between the growing and unemployment rate, preliminary trials were made in order to choose the best arrested development theoretical account. First measure was to prove whether the variables are stationary by running ADF and PP trials. The consequences are shown in the Table below:
Table 1: Stationary trials for GDP growing rate ( dy/y ) and unemployment growing rate ( du/u )
Both Augmented Dickey-Fuller trial ( ADF ) and Phillips-Perron ( PP ) trial confirmed that the variables are stationary in degree. Besides the dependant variable ( DY/Y ) the partial autocorrelation map showed dependance in the first two slowdowns ; to acquire better arrested development consequences we included in the arrested development the first two AR footings. After running several arrested development equations which included different slowdowns for the unemployment growing rate it was taking the one which consider du/u ( -2 ) based on statistically significance standard. Therefore the equation found to depict the best relationship between the unemployment and growing rate on significance and information standards was:
Dependent Variable: DY/Y
Method: Least Squares
Sample ( adjusted ) : 1977 2010
Included observations: 34 after accommodations
Convergence achieved after 12 loops
Std. Mistake
Prob.A A
A A A A Mean dependant volt-ampere
Adjusted R-squared
A A A A S.D. dependant volt-ampere
S.E. of arrested development
A A A A Akaike info standard
Sum squared resid
A A A A Schwarz standard
Log likeliness
A A A A F-statistic
Durbin-Watson stat
A A A A Prob ( F-statistic )
The coefficient of dU is around -0.36 and is statistically important. A rise by one per centum
point of unemployment will cut down existent GDP growing by 0.36 per centum points with a hold of 2
slowdowns. The intercept can be interpreted as possible GDP growing ; so the degree of economic growing
which will non bring forth rising prices is below 2.83 per centum points. The Durbin-Watson statistic is around 2 which mean that there is no autocorrelation in the remainders. The correlogram of remainders confirmed the absence of autocorrelation.
The importance of Okun ' jurisprudence lies in its deductions for economic policy. The correlativity between existent GDP growing and unemployment is really of import for policy shapers in order to obtain a sustainable rise in life criterions. If the GDP growing is above its natural degree, policy shapers will make up one's mind non to intensively advance the creative activity of new occupations in order to obtain a sustainable growing rate which will non bring forth rising prices.
The incline of unemployment in Okun 's jurisprudence in around -0.36 and possible GDP growing is around
2.8 per centum points and the variables are negatively correlated as predicted by the theory. The methods used and the consequences presented in this paper supply penetrations into the effects on the unemployment rate of divergences of national end product. This grounds supports the consequences of other writers for different series and periods, which allows us to utilize it as a good instrument of analysis and prediction of the economic rhythm ; allows us to gauge the forfeit rate of long tally unemployment ; and moreover, shows that the economic policy must concentrate by all agencies in avoiding fluctuations in growing and at the same clip cut downing unemployment, because this manner it will excite growing in the long tally.


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If your an aware Nerf fan, you'll know that theres a Dart Tag World Championship (actually National championship) going on in Orlando, Florida today. For those who aren't familiar, these are the blasters that the player's will be allowed to use. This is part 1 of my article trio, with part 2 being an analysis of the playing arena and part 3 being tips, tricks, and strategies to dart tag success. For now, keep reading for more info on each blaster, as well as user tips.
From left to right, Sharpshot, Speedload 6, Quick 16, Swarmfire.
I'll be talking about mostly pros and cons of each blaster, as well as give some user tips for each blaster.
The Sharpshot. Single shot blaster for 25-30 feet range. Similar to other single shot blasters such as the Nite Finder.
Pros: Hard to jam, holds two extra darts. Small and light. You only have to manage one dart at a time.
Cons: Single fire, which equals slow rate of fire, especially compared to the other 2011 Dart Tag blasters. Also it's front loaded, which again means one shot as a time.
Basic Nerf Tips: I wouldn't advise using this blaster in the tournament due to the other blaster's rates of fire. If it were to be used though, stay back and try to pot shot opponents. Don't rush with it as an offensive blaster. Keep it loaded and primed at all times.
The Speedload 6. A 6 dart blaster, featuring an internal/built in magazine.
Pros: Has an internal mag, which allows it to hold 6 darts and easier loading. User manual does not mention this, but it CAN slam fire. Also solidly built. Supposed to jam less then the Quick 16.
Cons: 6 darts aren't too many when using slam fire and when compared to the Quick 16's and Swarmfire's 20 darts. Can jam in a similar way to the Quick 16.
Basic Nerf Tips: Watch out for jams, and play pot shot/hold off with it. The limited 6 dart capacity can put you at a disadvantage vs. the bigger blasters. Don't feel afraid to use slam fire if in danger. Try to keep track of how many darts you have in it, that way you don't get into situations you aren't ready for.
The Quick 16, the "assault rifle" of the group. It's internal magazine holds 16 darts.
Pros: Slam Fire capable, and it holds 16 darts in an internal mag. Mag allows for on the fly reloading. It's lighter then the Swarmfire, and it's maneuvering ability is great.
Cons: It jams often "if not used properly." Jammed darts are a pain to un-jam in this blaster. However refs can replace or unjam blaster for you.
Basic Nerf Tips: I've very skeptical of the using blaster, since it could jam up on during important moments. If you do use it though, try to keep slam fire to a minimum in order avoid jam problems and mis-feeds from the magazine. Reload when possible and try and keep your magazine count at high numbers to keep you prepared for battle heavy moments.
The Swarmfire, front loaded 20 dart blaster.
Pros: High rate of fire at the pull of a trigger. Holds the most darts out off all the 2011 Dart Tag blasters. Great for overwhelming opponents and getting a tag on their jersey.
Cons: A bit heavy. Front loaded blaster means slow reloading. Sometime's easy to go Rambo/Scarface and waste your darts. Darts may fall out if blaster is aimed down for too long.
Basic Nerf Tips: I would compare this to the Vulcan. It's best used for defense assignments, rushes, or selected attacks. If you can reload it at a decent rate, then go ahead and use it. Be careful not to fire off to many darts. If caught in a jam, blast your way out of it. Keep it held up so darts don't fall out.
Thats it for part 1 of the article. Part 2 is an analysis of the playing arena. Good luck to the 13-17 year olds if their reading this! The 8-12 age group already finished their games today.


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Monsters are unleashed! Spider-Man swings into a new show! And LMDs are taking over! On the Marvel Minute where I give you 60 seconds of the biggest news in the Marvel Universe each and every Monday. ► Subscribe to Marvel: http://bit.ly/WeO3YJ
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Upcoming EdXN Branch Forum: Privacy is your Problem - How to become empowered, not enslaved
Thursday, 17 Sep 2015
Thursday, 17 Sep 2015
Privacy is your responsibility and something you can control. We know that the rapid growth in mobile Apps and online access is matched with increased criminal activity that targets personal information. Yet, privacy breaches don't only result from poor cyber security; inappropriate access by authorised users can be just as damaging. Organisations that collect unnecessary personal data, store and disclose it inappropriately or keep it for too long, are not only increasing privacy risks, but are often breaking the law.
This presentation will use actual case studies to show why privacy needs to embrace security, confidentiality, trust and safety, to minimize the risk of harm. A common-sense approach for identifying privacy risks and adopting the best mitigation strategies is detailed through a straight-forward, step-by-step method.
Aimed at both the users and the ICT practitioner who are developing apps or managing personal information, this presentation will empower you with the tools to make the right decisions and ensure legal compliance. To date, there are precedents which rule that you cannot simply pass on your information privacy responsibilities. Both organisations and individuals can be heavily fined – PRIVACY IS YOUR PROBLEM – learn effective solutions!
|Wednesday 7 October, 2015
|5:45pm registration for a 6:00pm start
|Telstra Conference Centre, Melbourne CBD
|Dr Peter R Croll, PhD FACS CP
For more information and to register, click here.


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Earth DayBe first to leave a comment New Products & Trends
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If you are interested in purchasing a wool carpet, book a free home consultation by calling 08443245288 or by filling in our online booking form.
For further advice and tips take a look at our Facebook, Twitter and Google + pages.« Back to New Products & Trends


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10/1 PARK CRESCENT, proudly managed by Century 21 Holidays Noosa
Located within a modern complex, in a fantastic position in Sunshine Beach.
A light, bright apartment, perfect for a getaway or extended stay.
A secure, keyed lift provides access to the third floor where apartment 10 awaits. The apartment is finished with Italian marble floor tiles, high ceilings, and carpeted bedrooms.
Strategically placed louvres, windows and doors ensure natural air flow with ducted air conditioning to ensure comfort no matter what the weather.
The master bedroom has a walk-in robe and large, open plan ensuite with spa, dual vanities and separate toilet. One of the guest bedrooms has amazing ocean views and the main bathroom, featuring ample storage, has a long stone vanity and toilet, and a convenient foldaway laundry.
An open plan kitchen, dining and lounge area incorporates a galley-style kitchen with Caesarstone benchtops, two pac cabinets and Miele appliances including an integrated dishwasher and stainless steel handles. Large bi-fold doors open from the living zone on to a covered entertaining balcony with ocean views. Other complex facilities include a pool and barbecue area.
* FOXTEL in lounge room
* 3 Bedroom (Master king, 2nd bedroom with queen, 3rd bedroom with 2 x king singles)
* Master with large ensuite and spa
* 2nd bathroom and WC
* European Laundry
* Open Plan kitchen and lounge area
* Miele Kitchen Appliances
* Large Bi-Fold doors which open onto balcony area
* Garage parking (for 1 car)
* Close Access to Beach
* Short Walk to Sunshine Beach Village
* Swimming Pool and BBQ area in complex
* Pedestrian access from Henderson St and Park Crescent
Things to do
Join the local caf society find a spot on a wide deck for breakfast, lunch, dinner or any time in between. Call in at a bakery, deli or general store for fresh, local produce or a snack. Order a cool beer or a tall drink and settle into a comfy couch or perch on a stool at a laidback beach bar where locals drop in on their way to the beach. Experience a superlative espresso the organic coffee beans are roasted on-site and spend an idle hour with a favourite magazine under a broad umbrella.
Head to the beach and pack a picnic to enjoy on the beach foreshore. The wide, open beach hosts a variety of banks for an endless, uncrowded surfing session and the beach in front of the Surf Club is patrolled year-round. After a cool dip in the ocean, try the Sunshine Beach Surf Club for spectacular ocean views as well as great eating and drinking at the award-winning restaurant.
And if you havent had enough shopping, youll find boutiques stocking beach wear, fashion and homewares.
STARTER PACK upon arrival you will be supplied with a Starter pack of essentials to get you through the first night. This includes: Toilet paper, clothes washing detergent, dishwasher & dishwashing liquid sachets, tea, coffee, sugar, soap, small shampoo and conditioner.
Weekend Stays are available in low season.
A seven night minimum applies during peak season.
- Air Conditioning
- Balcony
- Bathroom
- Bedrooms
- Pay TV
- Child Friendly
- Dining Room
- Dishwasher
- DVD Player
- Ceiling Fans
- Furniture Outdoor
- Garage
- Garden Area
- Gas BBQ
- Kitchen
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- Lift
- Linen
- Lounge
- Microwave Oven
- Parking
- Porch/Deck
- Shower
- Spa Bath
- Swimming Pool
- Television
- Big Screen TV
- Views
- Washer/Dryer
Get a quote
From $186.00 daily
- 6
- 3
- 2
- 1
Bedding Configuration
- 1 Kingsize
- 2 Queensize
- 3 King Single


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Oink Games is one of the publishers in Japan who has a constant flow of games that are released throughout the year. Their latest release ( and last release for 2013 ) is titled Dungeon of Mandom.
Dungeon of Mandom is a micro game in the same vein as love letter. The game is made up of 13 cards ( or 17 cards if you count the player health & win marker ) and a bunch of cardboard tiles. That's about it.
It's a bluffing and push your luck game where players are trying to be the bravest ( and victorious ) adventurer to enter the dungeon or to be the smartest trickster to flee from impending death.
At the start of the game, each player is given a card which has 3 functions - track the player's health, track the player's points, and to show the breakdown of the cards in the game. The card itself is not important for the game, but it is a handy way to keep track of all the elements in the game.
The important part of the game are the adventurer tiles and the deck of monsters.
The players share a common adventurer who starts each round fully equipped for battle.
The adventurer's equipment grants him the ability to defeat various monsters in the monster deck:
1) Armor and Shield - provide more HP
2) Torch - defeat monsters power 3 and below
3) Holy Grail - defeat even numbered monsters
4) Vorpal Sword - defeat a monster type you declare before entering the dungeon
5) Dragon Lance - defeat the dragon
Situated next to the adventurer is a deck of 13 monsters that the players will use to create the dungeon that lies before the adventurer
1) 2 each of monsters valued 1, 2, 3, 4, 5
2) 1 monster valued 6
3) 1 monster valued 7
4) 1 monster valued 9
On a player's turn, he/she has only 2 options - draw a card or pass.
If the player chooses to draw a card, he/she has 2 options on what to do with it
1) Put the card into the dungeon pile to add to the monsters the adventurer has to battle
2) Keep the card with the player ( no effect ) and remove one equipment from the adventurer
If the player passes, he/she is out of the round and loses the chance to venture into the dungeon.
Once all but one player has passed, the remaining player will be the one who has to delve into the dungeon with whatever equipment is left on the adventurer.
The player who has been left with the task to face the dungeon will then open the dungeon cards one at a time. For each monster revealed, the adventurer will check if he/she has the appropriate equipment to vanquish the monster. So if a monster valued 1, 2 or 3 is revealed, and the player has the torch, he/she will vanquish the monster. Each equipment may vanquish any number of monsters of that type, it is not a one use item only. If the adventurer encounters a monster that he/she is unable to vanquish, the adventurer will lose HP equal to the monster's value. So if a monster of value 4 is revealed, and the adventurer had the Holy Grail removed from him/her before entering the dungeon, then the adventurer will lose 4 HP.
If the adventurer survives the dungeon, the player will score one victory point. If the adventurer fails to survive, the player will lose one health. Each player starts with 2 health and whoever loses both will be eliminated from the game.
The game ends when one player has scored 2 victory points or when one player is the only one left standing.
|Am I Dead or Alive ??
Everytime I take out the game to play with others, the first thing people always ask me is, "what in the world is Mandom ?" To that I have no reply really. It could have been a poor translation, it could have been some codename for something close to the designer's heart, or it could be pure gibberish. The best guess I can make for what Mandom is is probably the word Awesome.
Because that is what this game is.
The game has such a strong bluffing element to it that it makes me squeal just thinking about it.
When someone puts a monster into the dungeon, you start to think, is that a Demon ? or a Lich ?
( Reason for this is because the demon - value 5 - and the lich - value 7 - are the only cards that can't be vanquished by any equipment except the vorpal sword, but you have to declare the monster first. So if both are in the deck, you will have to suffer damage from one of them, or both if you are without the Vorpal Sword )
Then when a player removes an equipment from the game, you too wonder if the monster he/she had put in previously can be vanquished with what is left on the table or has the player willfully sabotaged the adventurer and is deviously leading you blindly into a trap.
With just 2 actions in the game - take a card and add to the dungeon, or take a card and hurt the adventurer ( who could be yourself ) - so many possibilities exist and there's so much player interactivity that it can really blow your mind. I have seen games where the dungeon was filled with nothing but 1s and 2s and 3s that a mere torch was all you needed. But I have also seen games where there were merely 3 monsters but all of them were the high valued beasts that there was simply no chance of survival.
|Breakdown of the Equipment and What Monsters they Vanquish
The adventurer equipment tiles are also very finely balanced that none seem more powerful than the other. The torch may seem useless as it only vanquishes monsters valued 1, 2 and 3, but those monsters can really add up. The shield may reward the adventurer with a small boost of +3 HP, but from experience, 1 HP is the difference between survival and death. Each equipment carries its own weight and with each one that is missing, your strategy changes and your thought process gets all jumbled up in knots.
Its variability in monster types and unique equipment abilities ensure that no game will play out the same. Different groups will take a different approach to the game and this makes each experience truly unique and satisfying.
If you aren't a fan of bluffing and/or push your luck games, then I will honestly say that Dungeon of Mandom may not be the game for you. It's brilliance relies heavily on your enjoyment of these 2 mechanics in games.
However, if you enjoy at least a semblance of bluffing, or a hint of pushing your luck, then this game will bring you much joy. I have played a lot of bluffing and push your luck games in my lifetime because I do love them very much, and I will say that Dungeon of Mandom is one of the best out there. Easily in my top 5 list of bluffing games.


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Right on top of cuddles and snuggles and belly rub, grandparents are the best thing to ever happen to a kid. They fuss over you, hit the floor when you've fell down, buys you sweets and treats when they bring you out, and becomes the go-to person when your parents chide you for doing something wrong. For all these, grandparents are a different breed altogether.
Where did all this love go to when I was growing up? Pfft.
Perhaps I might not have the exact grandparent kinda love that my son enjoys now, but it sure is an eye opener to see how our set of parents become so loving towards their grandson. Its like a hidden channel of love stream that is pouring out of a secret compartment and its only unleashed with the son's arrival.
My parents, though never openly affectionate with my sister and I, has shown tremendous affection for the son. They would lavish praises on him, kissing him often, talk and play with him and once, my own mother told my husband that she has never felt such love before ever since my son was born.
Erm, thanks Mum.
But that to me, was the best thing I've ever heard from my mum. And I guess, that's why they're called grandparents.
With all the trials and errors they made and our rebellion during our growing up years, this is their time of playing catch up with the love they've never shown us, and now, displaying for all the world to see.
Grandparents are just awesome. And under-rated and overlooked.
Love your grandparents today!


text: Art Academy of Cincinnati Save to list Cincinnati, OH, USA 3.22 Average Rating The Art Academy of Cincinnati is a private, 4-year institution established in the state of Ohio. As one of the country's smallest 4-year art colleges, students attending The Art Academy benefit from individualized support networks, guaranteed studio space for juniors and seniors, and a variety of academic opportunities including year-round internships and gallery curation volunteering. Each year, AAC students attend a New York City trip to examine the city's culture and art, as well as visit the many local museums. Overview Average Net Price $21,723 Calculate your net cost Tuition In-State Tuition $31,290 Out-of-State Tuition $31,290 Institution Type Private Not for Profit Coed See your fit Level of Institution 4 Year Campus Setting City In State Students 65% Out of State Students 24% 0 100 31% Acceptance Rate Get your chances Average ACT Composite: 22 0 36 Average SAT Composite: 963 0 1600 What Students Are Saying 3.22 Average Rating The AAC is by far one of the most artistic places I have ever seen. They want you to grow in your own vision, not a cloan trained classicly. Freedom, expression, and originality are the best three words to describe the AAC. Douglas from Milford, OH Read all reviews Similar Colleges Art Center College of DesignPasadena, CA 3.31 Average Rating California College of the ArtsSan Francisco, CA 3.49 Average Rating San Francisco Art InstituteSan Francisco, CA 3.84 Average Rating Savannah College of Art and DesignSavannah, GA 3.98 Average Rating School of the Art Institute of ChicagoChicago, IL 3.80 Average Rating Columbia College ChicagoChicago, IL 3.81 Average Rating New York UniversityNew York, NY 3.98 Average Rating University of Cincinnati-Main CampusCincinnati, OH 3.90 Average Rating Cleveland Institute of ArtCleveland, OH 4.03 Average Rating Columbus College of Art and DesignColumbus, OH 3.92 Average Rating Ohio State University-Main CampusColumbus, OH 4.15 Average Rating New York Academy of ArtNew York, NY 4.20 Average Rating Art Academy of Cincinnati Save


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Dr. Carmen Belmonte
Assoziierte Wissenschaftlerin
Carmen Belmonte received her Ph.D. in Art History from the University of Udine with a dissertation on colonial visual culture in nineteenth-century Italy entitled Arte e colonialismo in Italia tra Otto e Novecento. Dinamiche politiche e strategie visive nella prima Guerra d'Africa (2017). During her doctoral studies, she was a visiting researcher at the European University Institute in Fiesole, Florence (2016), a Ph.D. candidate in the Swiss Doctoral Program in "Civiltà Italiana" at the University of Lugano (2013-2016), and she held a fellowship from the Italian Ministry of Education, University and Research (MIUR).
She previously studied at the University of Calabria (B.A. 2004, M.A. 2007) and at the University of Pisa, where she obtained a Professional Doctorate in Art History and Conservation of Cultural Heritage (2008-2011). From 2009-2011, she held a fellowship from the LARTTE LAB at the Scuola Normale Superiore, Pisa to work on a project focusing on conservation and restoration politics in contemporary Italy. She also contributed to several digital art history projects organized by the Conferenza Episcopale Italiana (2008-2010) and the Fondazione Memofonte, Florence (2012), and she collaborated with the Museo delle Culture di Milano on the organization of the exhibition Mondi a Milano. Culture ed esposizioni 1874-1940 (2015). At the Kunsthistorisches Institut in Florenz she was Wissenschaftliche Assistentin of Professor Gerhard Wolf (2012-2015) and then Wissenschaftliche Mitarbeiterin for the project Storia dell'arte e catastrofi. In September 2017, she was awarded a Postdoctoral Fellowship at the Bibliotheca Hertziana – Max-Planck-Institut für Kunstgeschichte.
- Italian art, illustration, and photography between nineteenth and twentieth centuries
- Visual strategies and transmediality in colonial propaganda
- Visuality and cultural politics in Fascist Italy
- Collective memory and cultural identity
- History and theory of conservation and restoration
- Cultural heritage and natural disasters


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Love 'em or hate 'em no one can argue with the extremely sharp rise in the popularity of "deal sites". With astronomically sized numbers being bandied around – such as the extraordinary $200 million twelve month forecast being reported for local market leader grabone.co.nz, it's hard to argue against the consumer appetite for a good bargain. Perhaps we can thank The Warehouse for this underlying mentality!
But research findings suggest that the worm may be about to turn with 17%* of those surveyed in the Colmar Brunton nzgirl Tracker stating they were 'starting to get annoyed' by the barrage of daily emails. With an average number of email databases joined of five per person*, it's understandable that the trend that rose so quickly could also be relegated to being a flash in the pan.
As part of the research we did for the launch of quiet-time inventory site Flossie.com, we asked women where the frustrations lay for them. The resounding response pointed to a perceived drop in the quality of customer service they received from the retailer. They spoke to often being left feeling frustrated by retailers who acted as though they didn't really want the business and made them feel like a second tier customer.
The retailer has to take some responsibility for this perception. It's easy to be sold into the sizzle – the promise of a massive marketing push, instant sales conversion and cash-flow – all without any upfront marketing costs. Put like that – well, it's hard to resist.
Where the silver bullet misses its mark is in the consideration of the business impact. Vouchers sold in the multiples of hundreds and at a minimum average discount of 58%* is likely to be a loss leader once staff wages (or commissions), product costs and general business overheads are taken into consideration. An average salon or spa might field 30-50 phone calls on a normal business day. But when research suggests that 80% of people who make a deal site purchase want to make their booking the same day – you can start to understand how bottlenecks are created in the current deal site structure.
We also found the retailers selling a similar story – tales of woeful customers with little respect and only after the best possible deal. A glut of last minute pre-expiry appointment demands creating enormous pressure on the business to fulfill its legal obligations. With 30% of those surveyed stating they were buying items they ordinarily couldn't afford, the prospect of a long-term relationship becomes diluted.
All that said, 17% of the audience polled were smart enough to appreciate that deal sites have a place. To reach the right customer and not harm your business, here are my top tips for getting the most out of the trend (however long it lasts)…
- Make your vouchers for quiet times only – so there is no need to discount your prime time inventory
- Ask for transparency in purchase so that can be on the front foot with customer service. Employ someone to specifically make calls to purchasers to get them into appointments early.
- Look at how you might be able to reward those who book early or even split your vouchers into time slots (allocating set times to ensure you don't over commit your time).
- If you plan on putting junior staff on or providing a different service than your usual full-paying clients would receive – make sure you state this upfront. No one will mind if they know what they're buying.
- Look at your inventory available and sell only what you can fulfill. Don't bank on a percentage not booking – this is bad for business. Any customer who has spent money but not received a service is an unhappy one.
- Do a follow up campaign where you can get people to "like" your service or recommend to their friends.
- Consider not a one off treatment – but a group or bulk purchase. The magic number is three visits to convert them to being a customer ongoing.
When it comes to online, we advise that you should give things a go. Just bare in mind that you should only sell what you think you can deliver on – bare the above advice in mind and you'll be on the right track.
If you need a little help with understanding how you can embrace online marketing to drive your sales – feel free to drop us a line to ask for free advice email@example.com.


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Setting small goals is essential in working toward an end goal. If you do not set small goals you may get overwhelmed and give up on the whole making it all the way thing.
Once you make smaller goals that build upon one another towards your end goal you need to learn to be flexible. Certainly make deadlines and when you make those you will feel great. If you for one reason or another cannot make those goals pay attention to how you respond. Continue to be positive and work until you do make your goal.
Make sure your goals are realistic. Be real about yourself. If you create goals that are unrealistic, like I'm going to run 3 miles tomorrow even though I haven't run in 5 years, or ever, you are not going to succeed and you will get discouraged quickly.
I am all about the lists and setting goals and feel satisfaction when I can cross something off. It makes me feel productive and worthwhile. I suggest getting a little pocket notebook and writing things down as you think of them. We all know things come and go from our busy minds so quickly. Of course I also have little rewards when I've accomplished a goal of mine. Who doesn't love a little pampering, time alone, or something new to encourage them to keep going towards a goal?
I have an end goal to run a 1/2 marathon and the end date is next spring. My little goals consist of working out everyday. Running a certain amount of miles each week along with cross training. Obviously they are more detailed than that, but you get the idea. I'm giving myself some time and in the meantime working on goals I KNOW I can accomplish in the meantime.
Remeber you GOAL for this week? Start tomorrow if you didn't today. Drop me a note, I'm curious to know how you like it. Leave a comment and encourage someone else!


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While you are taking excellent care of your smile with your daily brushing and flossing routine, there are times when you may need to give up some of your pearly whites. Advanced gum disease, mouth injury or trauma, advanced tooth decay and preparation for dentures are all common reasons why you might need to have multiple teeth extracted. In most cases the extraction procedure can be performed on an outpatient basis.
Your oral surgeon might recommend that you be sedated for your own comfort. If this is the case you will need to arrange to have someone drive you and have someone at home that can help you for a few days while you get back on your feet.
It's not uncommon for the incisions to weep a little blood for the first few days. Before the procedure you can buy some sterile gauze. You can place a little folded gauze in your mouth and bite down lightly to help absorb the blood. Later you can gently rinsing your mouth with lukewarm salt water. This will help wash away residual blood and keep the incisions clean.
Stay hydrated by drinking plenty of water. You should avoid drinking through a straw as the suction could potentially dislodge a blood clot at the incision site. Avoid alcohol and carbonated beverages as well as hot and cold drinks. You will need to stick to a soft foods diet until the incisions are completely healed. You may want to stock up in advance on soft foods you enjoy like yogurt, mashed potatoes and applesauce. Protein helps tissue healing so you may want to have a few blender recipes that can help you get your protein in.
During your recovery, you will also be using prescription pain killers or anti-inflammatory medication to help with pain management. These may make you groggy so beware of driving or operating machinery.
Tobacco use can interfere with wound healing and recovery. If you use tobacco, consider checking with your doctor in advance to find a tobacco cessation program that may be right for you. Choose a program that doesn't involve the use of nicotine gum or lozenges as these can also irritate gum tissue.
If you think you might need a tooth extracted or have questions about how to prepare for an extraction, we invite you to call our friendly team at Midlothian Dental Arts at 804-419-5155 and let us help restore your smile!


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It is really unbelievable what people will put in a resume. I thought this would get a few laughs on a Friday. Enjoy!
No résumé is 100% flawless. Many include minor errors — a misspelled word, a missing digit on your zip code, a few too many buzzwords — and while these aren't favorable in the eyes of the hiring manager, they can easily be forgiven if the candidate is otherwise impressive and qualified for the job. But what can't be forgiven (and certainly not forgotten) are blatant lies, inappropriate email addresses, or links to, ahem, adult websites. And yet, real job seekers have included all of these ridiculous things, among others, on their résumés, according to hiring managers who participated in a recent CareerBuilder survey.


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Lavender Sew All Thread Gutermann 100mtrs
Lavender Sew All Thread Gutermann 100mtrs
Number 202, this 100% Polyester thread is brilliant for all of your sewing needs. It is suitable for hand and machine sewing with needles ranging 70-90.
This colour looks like a subtle polite lavender & 100 metres on its reel.
Add to Basket


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Price in reward points: 2800
- Availability:
- In Stock
- Product Code:
- Reward Points:
- 280
A wedding centric collection in India can never be without a nose ring! Inspired by a customised request by one of our clients, the nose ring was such a delight that we decided to include it in our main collection. After all every bride and her girls need their armour of gold to bring on the special day! Dressed up with pearls, the 22kt gold plated nose ring is a true visual delight.
- 22kt gold plated nosering with pearl beads
- Necklace size 14 inch
- Made in India
#WearZariinEveryday - Zariin offers lifetime warranty on the gold plating. There will be no charges for re-plating


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Estadio Municipal de Balaídos
Owned and operated by local team, Celta Vigo, Estadio Municipal de Balaídos is located in Vigo in the Galicia region of Spain. Openen in 1928 the stadium has undergone several renovations and upgrades including extensive refurbishment ahead of World Cup 1982.
Estadio Municipal de Balaidos was used for three World Cup matches 1982. All of these games were first round Group 1 clashes, involving Italy, Poland, Peru and Cameroon.
Location: Vigo
Capacity: 33,000
Construction: Opened in 1928, Renovated in 1967, 1982, 2004, 2017
Matches: Italy 0 : 0 Poland (June 14), Italy 1 : 1 Peru (June 18), Italy 1 : 1 Cameroon (June 23)
World Cup 1982 Venues : Santiago Bernabeu, Vicente Calderon, Camp Nou, Sarria, Ramon Sanchez Pizjuan, Benito Villamarin, San Mames, Jose Zorrilla, La Rosaleda, Luis Casanova, La Romareda, Martinez Valero, Carlos Tartiere, El Molinon, Jose Rico Perez, Balaidos and Riazor.