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This is a copy of the Societe Jersiasise's Annual Joan Stevens Memorial Lecture presented by Mrs. Anne Perchard, President of the World Jersey Cattle Bureau on 13the September 1998 at the Howard Davis Farm, Trinity, Jersey.
The Jersey cow and its importance in our cultural and economic development - in other words, the animal and the environment that has made it what it is. All living species of animal and plant develop and change over the generations by a process of selection, due to the pressure of environment both natural and man made. The Jersey breed is no exception. It is the product of the Island, its soil, its climate, its people and their history.
The origin of the Jersey breed, as of most breeds is shrouded in obscurity. It is known that in prehistoric times, 100,000 years ago Neanderthal man lived in caves like those of La Cotte, St. Brelade and La Cotte a Chevre, L`Etacq. Of the animals that he preyed on or who preyed on him some of the largest were the fierce Aurochs, Bos Primigenus, whose modern representative is the Jersey cow. Homo Sapiens replaced Neanderthal man in Europe about 30,000 years ago and was responsible for the remarkable wall paintings in the caves at Lascaux and Les Eysees in the Dordogne some 350 miles to the SE of Jersey. It is obvious from those that he had a special interest in the Aurochs for a great many of the paintings are of bulls and cows. He may even have practiced some cult of worship of the Bull.
The great breakthrough towards civilization, when man discovered how to cultivate wheat and grain, and to domesticate wild animals, came about 10,000 years ago in the Middle East in the Valley of the Tigris and Euphrates and the hills of Turkey, which were then far more fertile and wooded than now. In an astonishingly short time - a matter of a few hundred years it led to village and town life, the beginnings of the sort of world we know today. It is probable, that before actual domestication, herding had been going on, with a family tribe following one particular herd of Aurochs, relying on it for food and skins and protecting the herd as best they could from its other enemies. Soon a smaller variant of Aurochs appeared. This apparently is one of the usual effects of domestication, we do not know. Anyhow, this small type, on account of the formation of its skull, is known as Bos Longifrons. All our European domestic breeds of cattle still roamed the forest and domestic cattle were kept in clearings, there must obviously have been a good deal of interbreeding.
It is perhaps worth mentioning that according to papyrus records of about 2,500 BC, the Ancient Egyptians, who tried to domesticate practically every kind of animal they could find, even giraffe, used to catch and domesticate the wild cattle even though they already had quite distinct breeds of domestic types. And, incidentally, if anyone thinks that the idea of putting coats on cattle and tethering them by head claims and training horns is a purely local custom in Jersey, they can see in an Egyptian tomb of about 3,000 BC, a wall painting of exactly that scene. Just how, or when during the 10,000 years since it first appeared, the Bos Longifrons type got from the Middle East to Jersey we do not know. It would seem though, that sometime in its development and passage to the West, the ancestors of the Jersey breed with its early sexual maturity, its fine bone, thin skin and tolerance to heat had been subjected to a process of selection to enable them to thrive in a hot, semi-tropical climate, so it is not unreasonable to assume that these ancestors came from the Middle East probably via North Africa and up through Spain and Morocco. There are now Jersey type cows in Egypt and Morocco. There are also in Sahara the Tassili Frescoes of a date prior to 2,000 BC showing Bos Longifrons. Most probably the people who brought this type of cattle from North Africa to Jersey were the Iberians, a small dark haired race who had been squeezed out of North Africa, had wandered across Spain and France to Normandy and Brittany and, finding Jersey uninhabited, settled there probably around 7,000 BC. We cannot tell whether or not there was a nucleus of cattle on the island when the sea cut it off from the mainland or if all were brought in later. We do of course know that cattle were still being imported up to the first half of the 19th Century. From the time of the Iberians till the Norman conquest by William Longsword in 931 AD, Jersey had been overrun by the Gauls in 700 BC before it formed part of the Roman Empire around 56 BC. After the collapse in North-west Europe, the Franks became the new masters in the 5th Century AD. At the same time, Christian Celts from Britain arrived, fleeing from the Anglo-Saxon invasions. During the ninth century; Jersey, the other Channel Islands and the Cotentin were plundered again and again by the Vikings on their annual raids till peace came with the Norman Conquest. It is not known what happened to cattle during periods of unrest and plundering. It is recorded that Vikings from the Loire accepted 500 brown cows as tribute from a Breton king during that time. Needless to say meat and milk were necessary for survival and somehow or other some of the cattle must have lived on to eventually form new herds.
It was in the interest of the new Norman rulers, who turned out to be remarkably enlightened, to encourage agriculture as the basis of a prosperous community and economy, and this they did- During the Middle Ages each small farm kept pigs for meat, a cow or two for milk and butter and a yoke of oxen to draw a cart and help with ploughing. Over the ensuing centuries the true wealth of the islanders depended on farming, fishing and their exports to England and elsewhere. These included pickled eels, oysters, knitted garments, cider apples, cod fish from Newfoundland and more recntly early potatoes, tomatoes and flowers. But the export for which the Island has been renowned all over the world is of course the Jersey Cow.
It is known that animals from Jersey were being exported in increasing numbers as early as the 1700s - emigrants from Jersey took cows with them to provide milk on board. Recently on the homepage of the Poingdestre family on the Internet, it reads that George Poingdestre took some Jersey cows with him to the USA in 1657 - Jerseys (or Alderneys as they were more often called) were very popular to have on board by some sea-captains, especially on long voyages. Once the destination had been reached the poor creatures were quite often cast over board to swim ashore. What thanks!
Also, at this time, the numbers of English visitors coming to Jersey on holidays were increasing and some of these were very attracted to this small docile cow with the very rich milk. There were increasing demands for extra livestock in England as well and exports were encouraged after the dreadful endemic cattle plague of rindepeste had once again taken its toll. It was the. It was the beginning of a prosperous time for agriculturists.
During the second half of the 1700s as well as trade between the islands, many cattle from Normandy were shipped into Jersey to be sold on to English markets after being pastured in the island for a few months. Being sold on as Alderney cattle on the mainland, they escaped the excise duty imposed by the English Government on cattle from foreign countries. The French economy was in a bad way, due mainly to the Napoleanic wars and this loophole helped financially. Again, a lucrative trade for the farmers involved in it. People in England complained as the markets became glutted with these animals. In 1763, pressure was put on the States to stop this illegal trade. It banned the importation of live cattle, sheep and goats from Normandy into Jersey and imposed heavy fines. However, the law was not observed by farmers - it had to be renewed in 1789 (26 years later) "the fraudelent importation of cattle from France having become a most alarming matter". "A severe fine, forfeiture of the boat, the slaughter of the beast with the meat to be distributed to the poor" were the penalties. This time the legislation was more effective, although a traveller`s guide written by William Gerard Walmesley in 1812 states that on August 1st, he and his companion visited Rozel harbour " situated at the foot of mountainous ground which is much frequented by French boats that run over from the opposite coast with cattle etc." along with a drawing of the Military Barracks and the French boats which had just arrived with cattle. It needed more acts passed in 1826, 1864 and 1878 to finally put a stop to this trade. It then meant that even cattle were sent over to the English shows were not allowed to return and the trade of live animals between Guernsey, Alderney and Jersey prohibited. This law proved to have many benefits to the breed on the island. It served to isolate it from the ravages of the deadly cattle plague rindepeste which had been endemic in Europe for centuries and flared up from time to time. As late as 1865 over a third of a million cattle had been affected in the UK alone and because of its import restrictions Jersey remained unaffected. But now, most important of all, was the ability for the breed to develop its purity and strengths.
As this time all Channel Island breeds shipped to the mainland were called Alderneys - possibly because the last port of call for ships sailing from the islands was Alderney - the ships themselves were also called Alderney Paquets. As early as the 1820s wealthy landowners in different places around the world began to discuss the advantages of the Alderney breed.
King Wilhelm of Wurtemberg bought some cows in 1824 from the Duke of Bedford and exhibited them in Stuttgart in 1827.
The third Secretary of State in the USA, Timothy Pickering of Salem, Massachusetts became interested in the breed during the 1820s. He wrote several letters about the improvement of the Alderney in Massachusetts. These are now in the Massachusetts History Society archives.
It was not until the Royal Show in 1844 that Channel Island cattle were recognized for the first time and not until 1862 (20 years later) at the Royal Agricultural Society of England`s show at Battersea that Jerseys and Guernseys were allowed separate classes. The amzing increasing popularity of the Jersey is well evidenced by the Royal Society`s International Show at Kilburn in 1879, when 253 Jerseys were entered out of a total entry of 930. Ten years later at Windsor, Jersey entries numbered 434. But the name Alderney stuck fast for years with many people. Even in the 1920s, A.A. Milne, in his delightful poem "The Kings Breakfast", the King asks a little grumpily:-
Could we have some butter for the Royal slice of bread? The Queen asked the Dairymaid The Dairymaid said "Certainly" I`ll go and tell the cow now, Before she goes to bed
The Dairymaid, she curtsied And went and told the Alderney "Don`t forget the butter For the Royal slice of Bread"
There is also no doubt that the ban on importation could not have happened at a better time for the Jersey breed.
Thomas Quayle in 1815 in his fascinating "Survey of the Norman Isles" states that "next to the possession of vraic, the treasure highest in a Jerseyman`s estimation is his cow. She seems to be a constant object of his thoughts and attention. That attention she certainly deserves but she absorbs it too exclusively. His horse he treats unkindly - his sheep most barbarously - but on this idolized cow his affections are riveted as those of an Eastern Brahmin on the same animal. It is true that in summer she must submit to be staked to the ground - but 5 or 6 times a day her station is shifted. In winter she is warmly housed by night and fed with the precious parsnip. When she calves she is regaled with toast and the nectar of the Island, cider to which powdered ginger is added". He continues by pointing out the advantages of the breed over any other.
"Firstly, the quantity and quality of cream produced from a given amount of fodder and secondly, the female propagates at an early age - generally 2 years or even younger."
However he does state that "no systematic experiments have been made as yet to carefully select individuals to improve the breed. It is only when a cow is famed as a good milker that her male progeny is preserved". He was optimistic about the potential of the Jersey but he was concerned about the limitations local circumstances might place upon its improvement. He was also very surprised to see bulls that had been castrated and as oxen were pulling carts and ploughs, reach the height of 16 hands at the withers.
In England and Scotland, the Industrial Revolution was soon followed by the Agricultural Revolution, emphasis being placed on the future of agriculture and interest in its many new problems and challenges, realizing that the proper cultivation of the soil and the improvement of breeds of lviestock was the mainstay of the nation.
As early as 1777 the Bath and West Society was founded and during the next fifty years, particularly in the early part of the 1800s many similar institutions, some covering restricted areas, came into being. The first Agricultural Society in Jersey was founded in May 1790 by the Rev. Francis Le Couteur, of St. Martin but it foundered in a short time.
The export of cattle was still flourishing and 5,756 head were exported in the 3 years ending in 1832 - however prices had dropped and it was realized that there was a need for some structered agriculture in the Island and particularly in the development of small holdings. On the 26th August 1833 a meeting was held in St. Helier for the purpose of taking into consideration the propriety of forming an Agricultural and Horticultural Society. The Lieutenant Governor, major General William Thornton occupied the chair, and twenty-five gentlemen and armers were present. Rules and regulations were agreed to and on the 7th of September a public meeting was held - Colonel John Le Couteur, a man of intellect, vision and enthusiasm was nominated secretary and the first resolution carried was "that the encouragement of agricultural and horticultural improvements and improved breeding of cattle would conduce to the general welfare of the island". At the end of 1833, William 4th graciously bestowed his Royal Patronage on the Society and this patronage has been given by succeeding Monarchs ever since. In 1847 a yearling bull and heifer were presented to the Prince Consort on behalf of the Society and these formed the base of the famous herd at Windsor, which has bred and exhibited many champions over the years. When the Monarch has visited the island in the past, the presentation of a top class cow from the Royal Jersey Agricultural and Horticultural Society has been made, to go into the Windsor herd.
In 1834, an official scale of points was agreed. It has been updated several times since to comply with progressive aims.
In 1844, cattle were sent to the Royal Agricultural Society of England`s show in Southampton and were allowed to return to the Island. This went on for another 20 years until it was decided that bringing the animals back was a contravention of the 1789 law and must be stopped. However, it was in 1866 that the most important step forward for the breed took place. The Herd Book was formed to officially register all animals. "Dandy" belonging to Mr. James Godfrey of St. Martin and "Daisy" belonging to Mr. P. Paisnel of St. Clement were the first bull and cow registered. The same year a census taken showed that there were 12,037 head of cattle on the island of which 611 were bulls. In just under 40 years, the cow, which although popular for production, was originally described as having "a long head, bad horns, ewe necked, hollows backed, ear hammed and walking ill" was now an object of beauty with "a lively eye, orange ears, a round barrel, short, fine deer-like limbs, a capacious udder with large developed milk veins and a fine tail", all due to the initiative of the Royal Jersey Agricultural Society. It had improved the breed out of all recognition through shows and exhibitions with good money prizes for the best cattle. No pains were spared in bringing recalcitrant breeders into sharing the judges opinions. Periodical reports pointed out the progress achieved and the defects still to be removed. With the techniques of line and in-breeding, the farmer was probably able to fix and improve certain characteristics more quickly than would have otherwise been possible. It is worth noting that the bulls registered in Jersey over those first years are the ancestors of the millions of pedigree Jersey cattle in the world today.
In 1893, 24-hour butter tests were started. These became a very important way of assessing the production qualities of cows. The parishes also formed their own agricultural societies and have played a very important role in the country-side for many decades encouraging local breeders to show and judge and parading yet more cattle for visitors to buy.
And now we come to the halcyon days of the breed - the period from the 1860s to the First World War were "boom" years for the Island Jersey and was the greatest period of development for the breed worldwide. Memorable moments occurred throughout the period. For many years, 1000 animals per year were shipped to the USA. In 1881 the steady and continued progress in the value of cattle was confirmed with American buyers looking for animals with milk and butter fat properties. Four cows were sold for the amazing sums of £300 each and a heifer and four more cows for £210 each.
But it was in 1882 that a new price ceiling was established when the cow "Khedive`s Primrose" was sold to America for an incredible £1,000 (this sum would have paid the rental of an average size farm including the farm house and buildings for ten years)!
Although records of earlier importations into Australia are not available, it is believed that the first Jerseys came to that country as "ships cows". The first actual reference of a Jersey dates back to 1829 when Mr. J.T. Palmer of Sydney advertised for sale of 200 pure bred Jerseys. New Zealand imported her first Jersey in 1862. In 1876 a Jersey called "Jenny" was purchased for £40 by a Mr. Hulke, who then led her on a rope for a distance of 130 miles to Taranaki. She became the Champion Cow of Taranaki and also won a Butter Fat Test Competition.
In 1868 Canada imported her first Jerseys when a small herd of 15 cows and 2 bulls was brought by Mr. Harrison for his son Sheldon. Mr. Andrew Van Der Byl was the first man to bring Jerseys into South Africa in 1880 - he was a regular importer after that. The breed is now a major player in South Africa`s dairy industry.
In Europe, Sweden imported 250 head in 1893 and Denmark followed with several thousand animals being imported between 1896 and 1909. That country was destined to become world famous for its development of the breed especially for its high butter fat properties. It is difficult to grasp the commercial significance of the cattle export trade during the whole of the 1800s. It was very profitable indeed.
It was in 1884 that the property at Springfield was bought and it was to become the Mecca for overseas visitors coming to see and buy cattle at the shows. In the great years of sales many hundreds of people would flock to Springfield to see the outstanding parades of cattle. Buyers, with their agents, would then select and bid for animals. They would also visit farms to fill in orders.
In 1912 the official recording of lactations began as a growing demand for authentic records of production for the export trade were taken note of. Co-operative dairying became a subject of discussion to better organize the selling of milk to the population.
The Great War put a stop to all exports - after the war there were good and bad times. In 1919 the cattle trade to the USA gathered momentum again and the intensely bred Island bull, Sybil`s Gamboge was sold at public auction there for the amazing sum of $65,000, a record which stood for 60 years, and in real financial terms has never been equaled. The bull was walked down Wall Street in New York such was the excitement at the amazing price paid.
Then the cattle plague rindepeste struck again in England, as did foot and mouth disease, to be followed by the years of the Great Depression.
We now come to the 2nd World War and Jersey`s Occupation. Numbers of cattle dropped dramatically on the island for many reasons - shortage of fodder and the need to feed the population and the German forces especially after D Day being the main ones. Much culling, especially of inferior stock, took place. After the war we experienced good times once more - the first show was regarded as of the highest quality of animals ever exhibited. In 1948, 2041 head left the island, the majority to England, the largest number ever exported in 1 year. These "boom" years, with high prices paid continued well into the 1950s. The top price of £3,500 was paid for a bull - 14,000 animals left Jersey in the 10 years after the war.
In 1968, among much controversy and clashes of opinion the Jersey Artificial Insemination Centre was set up. Semen sales, as predicted, would soon take the place of the sales of bulls, which were declining all around the world as artificial insemination become an acceptable and viable way of exporting genetics. Gradually, demand and prices fell. If one thinks it through it was bound to happen. The cost of shipping cattle to far away countries became increasingly expensive. Breeders in Countries like America, Canada, Denmark and New Zealand now had large populations of Jerseys and were developing the breed to the type of animal for the economic climate in which they had to survive. Also, because of the greater numbers of cattle in the national herds it was possible to test and prove bulls out of top cows to provide faster genetic improvement for production than we had been able to do on the island. One must also accept that the rich gentry of the UK who in the past had bought our most expensive animals because of their beauty (the Jersey has always been known as the Arab of the dairy breeds) to graze their paddocks and provide thick cream and lovely deep yellow butter for their social life style as well as enjoy competing with their friends in the show ring were fast becoming figures of the past. Rising wages for staff, heavier taxes and death duties made this type of farming no longer viable, let alone profitable. Commercial farmers were looking for high production cattle, which returned a good monthly milk cheque to support the bringing up of a family and for the buying of equipment and farms. Many dairymen abroad turned to the Holstein-Friesian breed which had been making such tremendous strides forward since the war as a working farmer`s cow producing many gallons of milk, albeit of a lower quality, but then receiving the same price as for Jersey milk. The Black and White cow also produced a larger and more saleable carcass at the end of her life and the calves were more valuable than the small Jersey ones. So that breed marched relentlessly on, promoting its strengths on a large scale till it formed 80% of the dairy herd worldwide. The Jersey was decreasing in popularity.
However, some 20 years ago, the fast-growing number of cheese factories in the USA began to realize that when Jersey milk was brought in (it was becoming rare then) there was considerably more profit to be made from a gallon of milk with it`s high compositional quality compared with milks from the other breeds on offer. They soon devised a price structure whereby milk was paid for by its total solids. The Jersey dairyman then began to realize he was now in pocket and in real business again. The leaders of the American Jersey Cattle Club used these facts to heavily promote the breed and along with a genetic recovery programme and the vigorous testing and proving of bulls for production traits the Jersey breed was really back in business.
The main dairy countries of the world, New Zealand, Denmark and now the EU are paying their farmers on compositional quality. Other countries are following suit. This structure favours the Channel Island breeds and especially the Jersey. In America and Canada, registrations of calves and the grading-up of non-pedigree herds to full pedigree status is growing at a tremendous rate and the breed has its rail right up! All other breeds`registrations are declining. Sales of cattle, semen and embryos from North America have been booming to all countries of South America (Brazil especially) and also to Central America; New Zealand and Australia. There is now interest in China. Jerseys do much better in tropical countries than other exotic breeds - they can withstand heat much better, they mature earlier, they calve very easily and are probably closer in their genetic make-up to the animals of these hot and humid countries, with their colour and quick adaptability to heat and altitude.
From Denmark export of live Jerseys are going to Eastern Europe and now Russia. Denmark has 200,000 registered Jerseys and sell hundreds of thousands straws of semen to countries such as India annually.
There are estimated to be some 5-6 million pure-bred Jerseys in the world, 3/4 million in North America, 1/2 million in South AMerica, 1/4 million in Africa, 1/2 million in Asia and the Middle East and 1 million in Australia and New Zealand. The pure-bred is just the tip of the iceberg with regards the millions of Jersey type cattle worldwide. The Jersey is used extensively for cross-breeding. India is a prime example of the upgrading of indigenous cattle and today some 25 million cows are crossed with Jersey bulls to produce tuture generations of more productive animals. More than one breed of cattle has, as its main progenitor, the Jersey cow. One of the best known breeds in the Tropics is the Jamaican Hope breed which contains 90% of Jersey blood.
And so we return to the small island where it all began - what does the future hold for our breed on this 9 by 5 mile island? In 1866 there were 12,000 head, all on very small holdings. In 1973 there were 8,000 head on 344 farms, now in 1998 (25 years on) there are some 4,360 cows on 52 farms sending milk to the dairy and with young stock, a total of just over 6,000 head. The average number of cows in a herd is around 80 and along with the UK is the highest herd size population in Europe. Why is this happening?
Of course, one must accept that this trend is going on in every sphere of business - words like "specialization", "economy of scale", "improvement of management skills" are "buzz-words" in all industries. Hundreds of thousands of pounds have been spent on modernizing and up-grading the dairy industry in recent years and with more emphasis on environmental issues paramount in the demands of the consumer more investment will be necessary. We now have herds of over 100 milkers and even half a dozen or so gearing up to handle 200-plus. The days of the man or woman willing to commit themselves 7 days a week and 52 weeks a year are almost gone. Very soon, we shall see the retirement of the dozen or so older persons who are prepared to farm in this way. The sons and daughters of farmers now have opportunities to move on through the superb education system offered by the Island and choose not to farm but to work in more lucrative jobs, mainly in the very buoyant financial industry, with five-day weeks, long paid holidays, bonuses and so much more leisure time. The concern has been in the Island that not sufficient milk for its needs will be produced in the future if this trend continues.
We are fortunate that the States decided many years ago that all fresh liquid milk requirements should come only from the island herd. Nevertheless it is not envisaged that with the dernise of further small herds there will be less milk produced. The large herds are improving their management and breeding skills all the time and with the use of improved techniques for monitoring feed and health the production per cow is increasing annually. The emphasis for income now is milk production rather than sales - the price paid for a good average heifer is £1,000 and what does that buy? After the war my father sold a young bull for export for £1,000 and with that money he bought a tractor and family car. Now one needs £20,000 to buy a small tractor and what does one pay for a car? The whole emphasis has changed. The large herds keep just enough calves for replacement purposes, so not all heifer calves are neede, as in former times. The small specialist breeder who cannot for one reason or another expand still keeps all his heifers and hopes to sell them for export or even locally; something that would never have been contemplated years ago. Many top breeders then sold "for export only". Fifteen years ago when the EEC (as it was then) introduced quality payments, interest in the Jersey breed in countries like Italy and France grew, and in Jersey there was an upturn in demand for stock. Prices and demand increased and for those few years the signs were encouraging. The trend to keeping more heifers began once more. Then the dreadful disease of Bovine Spongiform Encaphylitus (BSE or "mad cow disease) struck in the UK to be followed by cases in Jersey itself. In 1990, Europe put up the shutters to import of cattle, semen and embryos into the continent. This became a worldwide embargo which has effectively stopped all overseas markets bying for the past eight years. We now await the results of the scientist` on-going work to find the root cause of the disease. We anticipate the lifting of the embargo on sales by the EU now that the disease is being eradicated and the very strict regulations on feed and carcass disposal imposed by the British Government are being seen to work effectively. Once markets re-open is a very promising "niche" market for semen and embryo sales to breeders worldwide who wish to widen their own genetic base once more with genetics from the original home of the breed which they feel has still much to offer. Jersey Island Genetics, the trading arm of the RJA & HS is very progressive and positive about future sales.
The question of in-breeding in a closed herd for the past 200 years often arises. You may well appreciate that, due to the relatively small number of cows for testing and giving statistical information and also the fact that even the use of plus-proven semen from outside the Island is forbidden by law, it is therefore impossible to test our young bulls sufficiently quickly to keep up with countries with large populations. During the past 20 years much thought and discussion has gone on about these problems. In the early 80`s Professor Ken Deeble, an eminent UK geneticist, was called in to assess the situation and although, surprisingly, he found no in-breeding to cause concern, he did advocate a very small importation of plus-proven semen for four years only, to allow a wider genetic base to develop. But this was dynamite to the older, established breeders and the scheme was thrown out in the States by 2-1 (votes). There is, nevertheless, no doubt at all, that in the production stakes, we are all falling behind, compared with the more advanced countries. However, there are traits in our island herd which are recognized as very desirable - these are overall conformation and strength of our cattle with special accents on udder shape and teat placement. There was a second States` debate in the mid 80`s to allow plus-proven semen from selected bulls, again on a limited scale, but this failed once more, the more traditional breeder wooing the politicians yet again, to vote against. In 1987, Professor Jim Allen,, another renowned geneticist from Stellenbosch University, South Africa was invited to stay in the island for three months to fully research the situation. His findings were most interesting. Again, there was no in-breeding to be concerned with. He advised however, that before importation of semen be allowed, island breeders should work together (something which had before been always difficult to achieve) to test 15 selected young bulls a year. They should strictly commit breeding half of their herds to these young bulls. The States Committee of Agriculture offered a carrot of £150 per heifer lactation completed at 3 years-old. The majority of breeders agreed and signed the contract. The scheme is now in its tenth year (albeit a little different from the original). It has proved to be a most constructive development and a very valuable aid in the improvement of the breed.
The island is fortunate that the directive of free movement of cattle within the EU is prohibited in Jersey. We have a strong case for the prevention of any other breed of cattle being allowed into the Island. Historically 200 years of a closed herd, even to semen, the clean bill of health our cattle have, due to the non-movement of stock, hopefully will continue to stand us in good stead. This protection is vital to the industry.
We are also successful in marketing our milk through Jersey Milk, our Farmers` Cooperative. For the past 18 years under the Commercial Executive - a very business orientated, forward-looking and effecient body, the hygienic quality of our products is second to none. These command very good sales in an extremely difficult market place with massive competition. The producers and dairy work well together to produce very high quality products for the demands of today`s market place, which is as it should be.
The Department of Agriculture encourages embryo transfer work and testing of young bulls along with all the other modern aids to the industry e.g. milk recording and an animal data base, injecting considerable sums into them for which breeders are most appreciative. Almost 100% of the island`s herd is milk recorded - a valuable tool when assessing statistics.
That just about brings us up-to-date, however, the story would be incomplete without telling you of our umbrella organization the World Jersey Cattle Bureau, now safely housed in its true home - the Island of Jersey. I will take you back to the year 1947 - 50 years ago.
As the Jersey cow spread around the world, it was inevitable that sooner or later an organization would evolve to bring all interested parties together to further promote and develop the breed. The seed that led to the formation of the World Jersey Cattle Bureau appears to have been planted by the indignation of Jersey breeders in the Union of South Africa during 1947.
The stimulus for this development was a "Jersey explosion" that hit South Africa following World War Two whereby demand for female stock far exceeded supply. Many Jerseys of doubtful quality were being imported into South Africa from other countries.
The late SDG Rossow, a breeder and member of the South African Council suggested that a "world organization" should be formed to bring Jersey breeders from all over the world together and thus introduce some uniformity and control in the import and export standards of Jerseys. The President of the South African Society, Mr. G. Vernon Crookes is credited with providing the initiative and becoming the motivating force in the eventual formation of the World Jersey Cattle Bureau.
The Royal Jersey Agricultural and Horticultural Society was invited to host a conference over four days which took place in May 1949. Twenty-five delegates representing thirteen countries attended and at the final session Mr. E. Lea Marsh from the USA proposed that a World Federation be formed. Great endeavours followed to prepare the basis of a constitution, guided by Professor Albert Messervy who had been nominated temporary President until the next conference, two years later. In October 1951, they discussed and finalized the structure of the organization now known as the World Jersey Cattle Bureau.
Its objectives were summed up in the 4 main points of its constitution..
1. To promote the welfare and safeguard the interests of the Jersey breed of cattle throughout the world. 2. To maintain the purity of the breed. 3. To endeavour to improve the breed. 4. To develop the full potential of the breed.
The success of the Bureau is that it has given the opportunity for people from all over the world to discuss mutual roblems and open up new ideas, predominantly via the conferences, held every three years and through its publications.
The conference in 1949 set a precedent for other conferences, with business and pleasure combined. The island welcomed the delegates with typical Jersey hospitality, entertaining them in a manner which other countries have reciprocated with equal sincerity. Amongst the papers presented were the important subjects of "export and import requirements", "the value of Jersey milk in relation to other milks" and "production, recording and standardization".
At the first meeting of the General Council in 1951, ten societies were accepted as full members of the Bureau - tehse were the Australian Jersey Herd Society, the Canadian Jersey Cattle Club, the Danish Jersey Cattle Society, the English Jersey Cattle Society, the Jersey Society of East Africa, the Jersey Breeders Society of Sweden, the Jersey Cattle Breeders Society of South Africa, the New Zealand Jersey Cattle Breeders Association, the Syndicat Jersiase de France and the Royal Jersey Agricultural Society. This all happened nearly 50 years ago. In 2001, we look forward to a great celebration in Jersey of our 50th Anniversary. SInce 1951, fourteen international conferences have been held and more than 200 papers have been presented. Looking through them they represent the problems, advances and scientific thoughts of their time and show the continuing progress of the breed over the years.
As the Bureau has developed and more member countries have joined its ranks, the Annual Council Meetings have provided countries with smaller and new Jersey cattle populations to host them. A fairly recent decision has been made to include Regional Conventions at these meetings so as to discuss specific regional topics with breeders, who might not in many instances be able to travel to the International Conferences.
Over the past decade Columbia, Costa Rica, Guatemala and Mexico have been some of the countries visited where jerseys are increasing in numbers and popularity and where there is a desire for knowledge and promotion. To date there are eleven Full national Members and sixteen National Association Members, the Czech Republic and Mexico being the latest new members.
In 1989 a Life membership Scheme was introduced - there are now almost 600 members. This had had a two fold advantage. Firstly -giving individuals the opportunity to belong to the Bureau and receive the bulletins and newsletters published annually, and secondly - to provide funds for the Bureau. The Bureau has limited financial resources which are derived from National Membership fees conference and convention fees and Life membership fees.
In 1992 major developments with the Constitution and Rules were ratified after a very positive Think Tank held in Ohio - a Mission Statement was also endorsed. This was in order to bring the Bureau up-to-date with the present needs of the industry. A milestone in it`s history was the official opening of the headquarters which took place at the Howard Davis Farm, Trinity on 15th July 1992 with local breeders and overseas delegates, after the special feature show during the post conference tour of the UK to the Island. The World Centre, which incidentally will be moving on into the RJA & HS` prestigious new development when it is built, has a dual role. It will provide a historical library of a unique collection of books and artifacts on the breed but most important is its primary function to act as an information centre where scientific research into dairying and particularly the Jersey breed worldwide is stored. It collects information, indexes it, promotes and distributes it to all parts of the world - in fact its intention is to become a database to the breed. With today`s communications and modern technology the Bureau plays an ever more important international role encouraging exchange of ideas between countries and helping developing countries to recognize the advantages of the Jersey cow. It also gives Jersey breeders the opportunity to travel, learn and make friends with others across the world. It provides a facility for information on a common subject to be channeled from one source to another worldwide.
The International Youth Exchange Scheme, whereby young people can travel to any country to work with Jerseys offers opportunities second to none in an era when the involvement of young people in the industry is so vital. This is a real success story helped greatly by an annual donation from the Sir James Knott Trust Fund to help finance travel.
The recent grant of £10,000 for three years from the States through the Committee of Agriculture is a much appreciated gesture, which we feel shows confidence in our work.
Ladies and Gentlemen, in conclusion, we are all aware that in this rapidly developing world we must all be acceptable to change, or perish. The year 2000 and beyond will herald yet more challenges. The EU and continuing World Trade Organisation discussions will make the world a still smaller place trade-wise and competition in the market-place will become even more severe. it is a salutary thought to note that in Europe there is a long term decline in agriculture. 80% of Europe`s rood is produced by 20% of its farmers. 2000 farmers are leaving the industry annually in the UK. By the end of the 21th century, who knows, with the amazing technological advances being made, amachine may well have been invented that gobbles up forage at one end and delivers any kind of milk product at the other end just by pressing a button! The famous breeds of cattle will then be gazed at in preservation parks! In my book, a nightmare scenario and not to be dwelt on.
Let us be positive.
Today, in many of the emerging countries the Jersey breed is proving itself to be the Number One cow for all reasons and all seasons and has a great future in hellping to feed hungry populations.
In the developed world, the payment structure for the compositional quality of milk is giving the breed new and exciting prospects for profitability in a demanding marketplace.
And here, in Jersey, we know that, whereas previous to World War Two, agriculture was one of the mainstays of the economy, it now accounts for just 4% of GNP and we often feel that our farming industry is very vulnerable.
Nevertheless, the Island of Jersey is the fountainhead of a very important and popular breed of cattle. Of all the coloured breeds in the world, 80% are Jerseys. The Island is still the Mecca to be visited by breed enthusiasts and revered as the true home of the breed. I have a profound respect for today`s dairymen and women of Jersey. They are very intelligent, highly trained and motivated. I believe they can cope with any situation with vision and true Jersey determionation and will work to ensure a viable living with this amazingly versatile, hardworking and much appreciated, beautiful and unique Jersey Breed.


text:
- Article
- Open Access
Variations in the equatorial ionization anomaly peaks in the Western Pacific region during the geomagnetic storms of April 6 and July 15, 2000
© The Society of Geomagnetism and Earth, Planetary and Space Sciences (SGEPSS); The Seismological Society of Japan; The Volcanological Society of Japan; The Geodetic Society of Japan; The Japanese Society for Planetary Sciences. 2007
- Received: 5 September 2006
- Accepted: 15 February 2007
- Published: 8 June 2007
This study utilizes total electron content (TEC) observed by a network of ground-based GPS receivers located in the Western Pacific region (∼120°E) to study the responses of the low-latitude equatorial ionization anomaly (EIA) to the two major magnetic storms that occurred during April 4–10 and July 12–18, 2000. The latitude, time, and TEC (LTT) maps in the northern and southern EIA regions show that both EIA peaks move equatorward along with a pronounced reduction of the TEC values 10–12 h after the storm onset. The variations in the EIA peak TEC values and locations in the northern EIA are highly correlated with those in the southern EIA. The correlation coefficients of the day-to-day variations of peaked TEC between the northern and southern EIA regions are 0.75 in the April storm and 0.83 in the July storm. The correlation coefficients of the day-to-day EIA peak movements between the two hemispheres are 0.98 in the April storm event and 0.88 in the July storm event. The highly correlated peaked TEC and movements between the northern and the southern hemisphere suggest that the storm-produced electrodynamics played a dominant role in affecting the low-latitude ionosphere during the two major storms.
Key words
- Low-latitude equatorial ionization anomaly
- Western Pacific region
- Magnetic storms
- Total electron content

subset: commoncrawl


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Remarks at a White House Presentation Ceremony for the President's Volunteer Action Awards
June 2, 1986 It's an honor for Nancy and me to welcome you to the White House. And at this point, it's my job to say a few words about voluntarism. Now, imagine that -- [laughter] -- talking to this audience about voluntarism. It makes me think of a gentleman who, in his later life, was the only living survivor of the Johnstown flood. And when his time came to meet his maker, he went to heaven. But in his later years -- he had been on the mashed-potato circuit, quite busily in demand as a speaker and lecturer to tell about these experiences with the flood. St. Peter said to him, ``You know, when newcomers are up here, there are a lot of people that would like to hear about things that have been happening down below and since their departure, and do you have'' -- ``Oh,'' he said, ``Yes.'' And he told him about his experience and, yes, he'd be very happy to speak. So, they gathered them. And St. Peter brought him over there, introduced him very graciously, and then, as he stepped back from the podium and the gentleman -- the newcomer stepped up -- he whispered to him, ``That man in the aisle seat, second row, is named Noah.'' [Laughter]
Well, I may not be able to tell you much about voluntarism that you don't already know, but it's appropriate for us to gather today in a spirit of celebration and reflect upon the goodness of the American people and their willingness to give each other a helping hand. The spirit of voluntarism is deeply ingrained in us as a nation. Indeed, when asked by pollsters, most Americans state their belief that no matter how big government gets and no matter how many services it provides, it can never take the place of volunteers. In other words, the American people understand that there are no substitutes for gifts of service given from the heart.
In the past few years, moreover, we've witnessed an unprecedented outpouring of the volunteer spirit -- a reassertion of good will and neighborliness. Last year alone, individuals, corporations, bequests, and foundations gave nearly $80 billion to good causes; and that is an all-time record high in our country. Now, according to polls -- and I know this includes people in this room -- some 92 million Americans, more than a third of our entire population, perform volunteer work year-in and year-out. And I just have to believe that we're entitled to feel pretty good about that.
You can see these volunteer efforts, these private sector initiatives, all around. Hands Across America last week represented a dramatic, national effort to help the poor and homeless who live in our midst. Just Say No is a largely volunteer organization teaching children around the world to say no to drugs. And a week and a half ago Nancy hosted a Just Say No rally here at the White House. It was one of those small affairs that she likes so much -- [laughter] -- there couldn't have been more than 2,300 kids here. [Laughter] But although Just Say No requires school officials, teachers, and especially parents to give up a great deal of their time, Nancy told me that everyone that she spoke to at the rally was convinced that it was not only worth it but of vital importance for the future.
Then there are the volunteer efforts in which each of you is involved. You're champion givers, all of you, people of heart and selflessness, examples for the entire Nation. I don't want to -- you know, just looking at that note there, I've been scared to death until I finally got it out -- how easy it would have been to just glance down and then say ``selfishness'' instead of ``selflessness.''
But I don't want to go into what each of you has done before we present the awards, but I am, if you don't mind, eager to say a word to Mr. and Mrs. Gilbert Laake. The Laakes operate an American Red Cross mobile administrative supply unit. It's an 18-wheel tractor-trailer. Last year they spent 126 days away from home assisting with disaster relief. And I had to tell that. I just can't resist, because I just want to say, ``Keep on truckin'.'' [Laughter]
But all of you have our deepest thanks and admiration. I can think of nothing finer to say about our country than that it has produced men and women like you -- true heroes of the heart. God bless you.
And now, if Governor Romney and Donna Alvarado -- she is Director of ACTION, and he is chairman of the board of VOLUNTEER -- and if they will come up here and assist my roommate and me in handing out the medals. [Laughter]
Note: The President spoke at 1:11 p.m. in the East Room at the White House. The 1986 award recipients included the Oregon Shakespearean Festival Association, Ashland, OR; the Boys Choir of Harlem, New York, NY; Carol Sasaki, Pullman, WA; Kimi Gray, Washington, DC; Raymond J. Moore, Tampa, FL; Jerome H. Stone, Chicago, IL; Operation Santa Claus, Sacramento, CA; Anthony Barracca, Apopka, FL; Gloria Allred, Los Angeles, CA; Heifer Project International, Little Rock, AR; Aid Association for Lutherans, Appleton, WI; The Volunteer Connection, Dallas, TX; L.I.A.I.S.O.N., Inc., New Hyde Park, NY; Gilbert and Madeline Laake, Bellevue, KY; Louis Leeder, Brooklyn, NY; National Association of Letter Carriers, Washington, DC; the Mutual Benefit Companies, Kansas City, MO; Chesapeake and Potomac Telephone of West Virginia, Charleston, WV; and Security Pacific National Bank, Los Angeles, CA.


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New Delhi: Tata Global Beverages and Tata Trusts are partnering Smile Train, an international children's cleft charity, to raise awareness and extend support for cleft lip, palate repair and comprehensive cleft care.
Tata Global Beverages and Tata Trusts are together contributing USD 1 million to Smile Train, Tata Global Beverages and Tata Trusts said in a statement.
Tata Global Beverages MD and CEO Ajoy Misra said: "Through this partnership, we hope to positively impact many thousands of children and bring alive Tata Global Beverages' ethos of giving back to community." In India, Tata Global Beverages will further build on this partnership by using its 'Gaon Chalo' initiative to spread awareness about cleft lip and palate repair. This will help the initiative reach nearly 60 per cent of the rural population, the statement said.
"We are privileged to partner with Smile Train. The barriers created by untreated cleft lip and palate have major consequences on a child's health. Through this partnership we hope to play a catalytic role in improving health outcomes," Tata Trusts Managing Trustee R Venkataramanan said.
Through the partnership with Tata Global Beverages and Smile Train, Tata Trusts aims to shrink the alarming statistics of malnutrition in the country at scale, the statement said.
"This important partnership will help provide new smiles and the opportunity for new lives for 4,000 children with clefts," Smile Train CEO Susannah Schaefer said.
Tata Trusts is an philanthropic organisation owning two-third of the stock holding of Tata Sons – the apex company of the Tata group of companies. PTI
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Tetiba ja, kemarin seronok masuk pergi daftar kat Nuffang, Saja ja only for fun, I know my blog has not many visitors, dun dream meh to earn money...I just ever wondering how it was all about and want to experience it... but....today I'm not going to tell uolls about that.
Actually there is something else i want to share. A story about my future....wahhh gitew...kelassss mak cik...Sebenarnya, last few weeks, I was very busy about our future business..my hubby bought a pieces of land. We were decided to be a" pekebun getah" after we resign. Most probably another 6 years. Tanah yang we bought tu dah ada tanaman getah about 200 pokok. We decided to tanam somemore. So that in 6 years time we get back to village semuanya dah tersedia. Pokok - pokok getah yang ada we decided to upah other villager to menoreh. Dapatlah hasil sikit kan..There is a fews photos been taken during we visit our kebun...
my mother and my brother pereparing ndoi or buaian
smiles....my hubby and my brother..we only go for menyebuk, because i hired someones to bersihkan kebun...:P
see...pokok dah besar dah...dah boeh menoreh pun...but I'm so sad because I don't how other peope been thinking...ada yang tergamak mai menoreh kat kebun org without asking permission. Before I bought it there's someone duk menoreh di sini. She knew it wasn't hers ...macammna dia bagi anak-anak dia makan dengan duit mcm tu.at least ask permission.
pandangan dari hadapan.
so kawan-kawan please pray with me so that our dream come true...
Tak larat dah kerja dengan orang. Nak jugak kan jadi tokey...hehehe :P..
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New Tunes and a Good Read
September 30, 2007
Dilling over at Nanaimo Blahg turned me on to Martin Sexton in a post last February. She had nothing but good things to say about him. I followed her link over to his site and I knew he was someone I would remember and keep an eye out for. So, today Willi and I were at Borders, taking advantage of our Educator's Discount, and who should I come across but Martin Sexton. There he was sitting on the new release shelf saying pick me up and give me a try. So I did. Then I brought him home.
Give this song a listen. It's called Happy and that's just how it makes me feel. And the keyboards are outstanding. As I post I'm listening to the 7th song called There Go I. Oh my, what a voice. Do I detect a little of the Very Reverend Al Green?
Hey Dilling, he's coming to Vancouver, October 5th!
– – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – –
If you've been reading here for long you know I have a liking for children's books and Berkeley Breathed, of Opus fame. Here is his latest offering, Mars Needs Moms! Its a great little story about a little boy named Milo, who doesn't realize just exactly the worth of his mother until she is abducted by Martians.
The illustrations are beautiful as always. I think most kids could identify with this book on some level. I know there were certainly times I thought my mom was a "giant, summer-stealing, child-working, perfumy garden goblin."
– – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – –
So, there you have it. I had a great day today. How was yours?
7 Responses to "New Tunes and a Good Read"
September 30, 2007 at 8:58 pm
It was a good day for a walk on the beach at West Beach. There were no little green men around the lake shore. There was however, a lot of green algae in the water.The sun was out and warming.
October 1, 2007 at 6:46 am
My day was great. I got to hang out with my wife and son and the NFL all day. 😉
October 1, 2007 at 10:42 am
Oh my…I better run out for this one…Michael and I were just watching numerous Martin Sexton videos on YouTube just last night!!!!
His "Black Sheep" album is my very favorite, though I keep buying his new ones, just in case, ya know? Something about the way that album reached me at the time has always been dear to me…
Dangit…I am on his mailing list for shows and stuff but didn't know he'd added Vancouver. I doubt I will be able to make it, but maybe. I'll see what I can work out in the next day or two…my dog sitter is actually away until after the holiday…I have her dog!
Dangit dangit dangit.
October 1, 2007 at 10:43 am
glad you like him so much….
October 1, 2007 at 1:21 pm
i like this will have to have a look out for him.
hey my doggy is MILO
October 1, 2007 at 3:22 pm
I love Opus. I didn't know Berkley Breathed wrote children's books, too.


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World Youth Day (WYD) is a worldwide encounter with the Pope which is typically celebrated every three years in a different country. The most recent WYD was celebrated in Krakow, Poland in 2016.
WYD is open to all young people who want to take part in a festive encounter with their contemporaries centered on Jesus Christ. This event is an opportunity to experience first-hand the universality of the Church. World Youth Day is a unique way to deepen your faith and grow closer to Christ, by means of prayer and the sacraments, together with thousands of other young people.
For more information: http://worldyouthday.com/
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Don't miss out on exciting updates
' Tis The Year Of Ankara'
Dear Brownie,
When you've been friends as long as Aniekeme and I have, you tend to unknowingly vibe off each other, I guess it comes from being friends for 15 years! I dont really know anyone else who gets my style the way she does!, I think that's how it's always been. If you don't know who Aniekeme is…where have you been??? Run over to thisfashionloveaffair.com !
Today, we're coming to you with another collaboration! Yes, we've collaborated before! I'm still in the process of retrieving all my old blog posts but check out her version of our collaboration HERE. We chose to make ankara the focal point and as usual, our interpretations have some similarities but integral differences at the same time! Of course, I was in charge of the location and you guys know how I love barren waste lands with just a pinch of life attached!!
Outfit Details…
For my outfit, I decided to channel my inner tom boy if she was forced to wear a skirt (let's call her Chelle, short for Michelle,lol) I've always loved bowties and for sure I couldn't heels with my 'reformed tomboy' look so I went for my jellies! They remain one of my favourite purchases till date.
I loved my frumpy white shirt because I feel like it gave me more body, and gave the illusion of my having a rocking bod underneath!
Feel like tweeting? Click on this sentence! ---> * Big outfits with cinched in waists are perfect for girls with athletic builds because they give the illusion of an hour glass figure! - #browniebits *
What I'm wearing...
Hat- Primark ( old stock)
Shirt- Cotton On (Any White button down that's a little bigger will do)
Skirt- IG- YardStitchByYetty
Jellies- HERE, Alternative HERE
For Aniekeme's outfit break down AND more pictures, click HERE
Don't forget to tell her I say hi!!!
'Pictures by Emma of theafricanbeaute.com and Tayo of tayovisuals.com
Support by Samantha <3 '
Quick Question…
What's your favourite ankara outfit to wear?
Be Better Brownie,


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Dolly Parton's look has changed with the decades, but it remains distinctly Dolly, its mainstays blonde wigs, full lips, large breasts, and long nails. Parton is frank about her look's inspiration: the full-service sex worker in her Tennessee hometown. Her avowal of her style's origins proves that non-sex workers can wear "slutty" or "trashy" clothing without necessarily appropriating sex workers' visual codes.
Although Parton's style is closely tied to her, it has also become associated with imitation. People find something essentially copy-able about Parton's appearance, and Parton participates enthusiastically in the fun. Fans have come to Parton's shows in drag since the 1980s. Parton says, "I see so many drag queens out there, I see so many girls that look more like me than I do," acknowledging that her look is hers, yet it is not her.
She has also spoken about entering a Dolly Parton impersonation contest and losing. Aware of the conventions of drag (which she already follows, really, when she's made up and in the public eye), she says, "I just over-exaggerated—made my beauty mark bigger, the eyes bigger, the hair bigger, everything." Exaggerating the elements of her own look wasn't enough to win her the contest, maybe because she was shorter and older than most of the entrants, but also because Parton's look isn't about being Dolly herself. It's about copying a pre-existing style.
Even beyond the drag community, cultural consciousness understands that Parton's look is a copy. Dolly the Sheep, the first animal cloned from adult cells, was named for Parton because her DNA came from another sheep's mammary glands—a nod to Parton's chest, and a nod to Parton's ability to replicate high femininity so consistently. Similarly, in her review of Sh!t Theatre's production DollyWould, a play that looks for similarities between Dolly the Sheep and Parton, Charlotte Pegram writes, "You can't help but think about the 'Parton' clones who dress up like the singer."
But the originator of Parton's style is often omitted from this intellectual discussion of the look's proliferation, perhaps because it makes people. Parton does not retreat from the topic of sex work, and she addresses it often in interviews. On BBC talk show Parkinson for instance, she says, "I really patterned my look—it was a country girl's idea of glamour—after what they call the town tramp." The audience laughs, but Parton refuses to let them dismiss her sincerity as a joke: "Seriously, though," she says. "This woman, I thought, was beautiful. And she had this beautiful peroxide hair, and had it piled on her head, red nails, high-heeled shoes, and I just thought she was the prettiest thing I'd ever seen." She speaks highly of sex workers, saying the "town tramp" was "precious, and she meant a lot to me," and that "prostitutes…are some of the sweetest, most caring people I've known because they've been through everything." She also respects her style icon's privacy, refusing to give interviewers her name—albeit using the problematic language, "I don't think her family probably knew she was a ho," to say so.
Parton dramatizes the childish innocence of seeing a sex worker as beautiful, without judgment, in her Christmas special A Christmas of Many Colors (2016). In this film, a nine-year-old Dolly approaches the "town tramp" to say, "I wanna look exactly like you when I grow up." Parton retains this non-judgment of sex work as an adult. The sex worker answers young Dolly, "If I ever had a little girl, I'd want her to be just like you." Parton herself plays the sex worker, creating a strange mirroring, since Dolly does grow up to look just like the "town tramp" but without actually becoming her. Parton manipulates this mirroring further, drawing a parallel between the characters' career paths when the sex worker gives t Dolly twenty dollars and says, "I can still remember a time when a twenty changed my life." This line suggests sex work and music, both non-traditional careers that involve struggle and hustle, are on par.
The parallel between sex work and music feels false. Parton's family was poor, and she moved to Nashville to find work in the music industry with almost nothing. But, however challenging, music does not carry the stigma of sex work. Parton does acknowledge that she never had to choose to go to into sex work. She knew, when she moved to the city, she could work in a restaurant or "whatever." "Whatever" is presumably not sex work, since she says of her role as the madam Miss Mona in The Best Little Whorehouse in Texas (1982), "I am not trying to glorify prostitution, but if I do, may God forgive me. Not everyone is so lucky as me to get a change to portray a whore instead of having to be one".
Parton's acknowledgment that she isn't a sex worker is necessary to avoid outright appropriation of sex worker style, but it's difficult to say to what extent Parton wants to give credit where it's due, or how much she wishes to dissociate herself from sex work. She makes sure to say she has not engaged in sex work, but, on the other hand, she does not pretend to be chaste. When interviewers ask if she's been unfaithful to her husband while on the road, she answers, "I've… been accused of being involved with every man I'm ever seen with or worked with. Maybe I have, maybe I ain't. I never tell if I have." And when Parton was mistaken for a prostitute in New York City in 1969, Parton did not tell reporters she was insulted (despite sensationalist headlines like "Dolly Parton threatened to shoot man who mistook her for prostitute") but recounted how she pulled a gun on the man to stop him harassing her, an act of self-defence that should be open to people, sex workers or not, regardless of how they dress. Just as she refuses to let people dismiss her love of her hometown sex worker's look, she refuses to let interviewers place her on the virgin-whore dichotomy. Her appearance both is and is not a signifier of her sexual values.
The Best Little Whorehouse in Texas's treatment of clothing and appearance is nuanced. The film doesn't portray sex workers as deceitful for their way of dressing: Parton announces openly that she has just bought Fredericks of Hollywood lingerie before putting it on, and her openness does not diminish the effect of the lingerie. In contrast, Burt Reynold's character, Sheriff Ed Earl, appreciates the lingerie but refuses to be pulled into the world of sexy clothing. He does not want to put on a pair of "sexy" underwear Miss Mona buys him because, in the world of the film, men who think about their clothing are deceitful. Melvin P. Thorpe, the TV host who exposes Miss Mona's brothel the Chicken House, talks hypocritically about fakes, phonies, and crooks while he dons a girdle and crotch and shoulder padding before going on air. The sex workers at Miss Mona's institution are honest and simple, willing to strip down to their underthings, while this man is dishonest for his "feminine" concern with manufactured appearance.
Thorpe's hypocrisy deepens when he storms the Chicken House and tears the sex workers' clothing and blankets off, taking non-consensual nude photographs of them. His violation of their privacy shows how sex workers' clothing choices are scrutinized and judged, while non-sex workers, especially men, can dress how they choose and create a "respectable" appearance whether they are honest or crooked.
At the climax of the movie, when Miss Mona and Ed Earl become engaged after the closing of the Chicken House, Ed Earl rejects this concern with respectability in favour of honesty, saying, "I don't give a damn what people say." Here, he tries to redeem himself for his previous comment that being sheriff of a small town is "a hell of a lot better than being a whore," after Miss Mona questions his inability to protect her institution from the media. This line illustrates the attitude of fake allies who claim to support marginalized sex workers until they risk too close a tie to them.
Parton's role in The Best Little Whorehouse as the recipient of Ed Earl's slur, "whore," makes me want to think she's the good kind of ally. The kind who celebrates and thanks sex workers for their creativity, while working to make it more socially acceptable, and hopefully reducing the stigma against sex work. But wearing clothing, makeup, and hairstyles associated with sex workers is complicated because, too often, sex workers remain marginalized while their fashions go mainstream.
Words: Emily Gaudet, Illustrations: Beth Richardson


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By: S. Davis
Several characteristics can be used to describe me: Handsome, funny, great in bed, silly, fair, confident…I mean I could go all night long with the superlatives. (See what I did?) Putting all that on the side, I consider myself intelligent and reasonable above anything else. That's where my list begins when I honestly view the man in the mirror.
How in the hell am I supposed to reason through the political climate right now? Is this country aware that it's on the precipice of facing a 50/50 chance of Donald Trump sitting in the Oval Office? The United States isn't a bad reality show – although even that can be debated – and it sure isn't a beauty pageant or a chain of hotels or golf courses. This shit is really happening and America is casting the ballot that matters.
I've said on many occasions that I'm a registered democrat but I have voted across party lines. Politicians will talk you into anything that serves their agenda, granted. ANY politician will do that if allowed; republican, democratic or a true independent. A particular narrative needs a face; find a talking head to be the mascot. I tell you though, what's going on in the red side of the political pie is disturbing.
People, Americans, are reasonably casting votes for a man that's been racially insensitive and – in some cases – racist, specifically to Mexicans and followers of Islam. This land of ours is infested with and was founded on racism and the exploitation of it, so after electing the first black Commander-in-Chief, citizens of this nation are looking to vote Trump in?
Fuck party unity! I don't give a shit about that. Aren't we all Americans before we fill out a voter registration card? We are Americans first and foremost – and the person we choose to work in the highest office is representative of our beliefs, goals and ideals. Are we ready to pull this one, fellow Americans? Will you all be able to live with yourselves if he's elected?
He's not a reasonable man. I know republicans that are frightened that he's the leader of their party while others like his bull-headed candor. He's going to cause larger divisions among races in this country. Mind you, he kicked off his campaign insulting Mexicans loudly, never really apologized and yet there's support, the real tangible kind; polling numbers for a presidential bid.
There's a loud counter argument that Barack Obama is the reason race relations in this country are as toxic as they've been since the Civil Rights Movement – and I'll listen…for a moment. It isn't his fault. The reality is America's original sin could no longer be swept under the rug when the house boy controls the whole damn show. Obama isn't a deity. He has no superpowers that I'm aware of. The vehement opposition he's faced politically, hasn't been just disrespectful, crass and littered with racial double-speak, it's obviously racist. A large portion of this country will never accept – and never accepted – an African-American in that house. It scares the establishment and makes everyone uncomfortable, well the racists that is.
That's ending soon so the pivot is to…this republican? Other republicans have had some policies that I've agreed with or they were introspective at the bare minimum. Trump's like a terrible cartoon villain – but people are clapping and cheering for him at rallies. None of his agenda is fictional. I'm not shocked that people are voting for him, I'm not. It's painting a clear picture of the divisions in this country. How can an intelligent, educated, cultured adult fall into this web?
Am I missing something? I'm not saying Hillary Clinton is the golden candidate by any means but doesn't she seem like someone who has a semblance of a plan? Doesn't she do more than bluster about generalities? Is she petulant when Bernie Sanders refuses to bow out even though it's mathematically impossible for him to unseat her position?
At the very least, doesn't she seem reasonable? Maybe so, maybe I'm wrong. That's ok.
So you're going to let this shit happen, America? The fact that he's a nominee is scary enough but it opens a window into the mind of half of this nation. That's frightening.
If I see another billboard with that "Make America Great Again" slogan laced with subtext I might drive my car off the Pacific Coast Highway. I'm depressed; time to call a girl now so she can tell me how handsome I am.


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Administration/Application fee
This is a charge levied by the lender to cover the costs of processing a mortgage application or a fee paid by a prospective tenant to cover the costs of their tenancy application. If an application is not completed, the fee may not be refunded.
A Mortgage Loan.
Annual Percentage Rate (APR)
The APR is a compound interest rate figure used to compare different mortgages. Defined by law, it includes repayments on the loan plus any mortgage related fees such as booking, arrangement or basic valuation fees. The APR shows the true cost of borrowing over the entire term and should appear on all mortgage illustrations.
The person or party applying for a property to buy or to rent
Appraised value
The value of a property, as estimated by a surveyor.
The increase in the value of a property as a result of changes in market conditions.
Approved in Principle / Agreement in Principle
A certificate some lenders will give you showing the amount they will probably be prepared to lend you. This is not a guarantee but can be helpful when registering with estate agents.
The Association of Residential Letting Agent, the UK's foremost professional body for letting agents.
Any late or unpaid rent.
Any form of property owned by a person, including currency, stocks and enforceable claims against others.
The transfer of ownership of an insurance policy or lease.
Assured Shorthold Tenancy (AST) agreement
The standard tenancy agreement normally used for residential lettings.
The sale of a property to the highest bidder.
Balance Outstanding
The amount of loan owed at a particular time
Base Rate
The interest rate set by the Bank of England is known as the Base Rate. This can change at any time. [View Base Rate Changes]
The individual(s) designated to receive the benefits from a policy.
Break Clause
A date in the future agreed by both landlord and tenants whereby a lease can be terminated, normally either at half way or every 2 or 3 years
Bridging loan
A short term loan commonly used to cover or 'bridge' the overlap between the purchase of a new property and the sale of an old one.
Buildings insurance
An insurance policy that pays the cost of repair or rebuilding in the event your property is damaged or destroyed. Most mortgage lenders will require buildings insurance to be taken out as a condition of their loan
Building survey (formerly full structural survey)
A full inspection of the property, conducted by a chartered surveyor, who will write a detailed report setting out the soundness of a property and any property defects. Suitable for any house, particularly older properties and those that have been poorly maintained as well as properties that have been extensively altered or extended, or any property due to be altered or extended.
Buildings insurance
An insurance policy that pays the cost of repair or rebuilding in the event your property is damaged or destroyed. Most mortgage lenders will require buildings insurance to be taken out as a condition of their loan
Buy to Let
An investment where you buy a property – usually with a mortgage – and rent it out.
Buy-to-let mortgage
A type of mortgage specifically designed for people buying a property with the intention of letting it out.
The amount of money either put into buying a property or the deposit placed on a property. Also known as equity.
Capped-rate mortgage
A capped-rate mortgage sets a maximum rate of interest that the lender can charge, but only for a specified period.
Some lenders offer "cashback" on completion of your house purchase. This could be a fixed lump sum, or an agreed percentage of the mortgage loan. Remember to check whether there will be conditions attached.
Check out
The process of checking a property after a tenant has vacated. Normally only done when an inventory was carried out at the start of the tenancy. The condition of the property and the contents is checked against the inventory and the report is used as evidence for the settlement of the deposit.
Commercial Property Market
Normally including warehouses, shops and offices
The estate agent's fee for selling the property.
Common areas
Comparative search
Completion date
Conditions of sale
Contents Insurance
Contract race
Converted flat
Conveyancing fee
Council Tax
A condition, contained within the Title Deeds or lease, that the buyer must comply with, which is usually applied to all future owners of the property. A restrictive covenant is one that prohibits the owner from doing something.
Credit check
The procedure by which a check is made on the credit history of an applicant, usually conducted by one of the large dedicated credit rating agencies. The check will reveal history of credit card repayments, outstanding debts, arrears and County Court Judgments.
Critical Illness Cover
Pays out a lump sum if you are diagnosed with a specified critical illness listed within an insurance policy
Legal documents assigning ownership of a property and/or land.
Deeds release or discharge fee
The fee charged by lenders at the end of a mortgage term to cover the administrative costs of transferring the property ownership documents to the borrower.
Deferred period
A period of time that has to pass before benefit from a policy is claimed. Typically Income Protection policies will have a choice of deferred periods to suit any benefit you may be eligible for from your employer.
A situation in which prices are falling (the opposite situation to inflation).
The decline or reduction in the value of a property caused by changes in market conditions (the opposite of appreciation).
Term used to describe a property that stands alone and is separated from all others.
A newly built residence or an older property that has been refurbished and modernised.
Fees paid by the buyer's solicitor on the buyer's behalf such as stamp duty, land registry and search fees.
Fees, such as Stamp Duty, Land Registry and search fees on top of conveyancing which you normally pay via your solicitor.
Paying off a mortgage.
Discounted Variable Rate Mortgage
Mortgages charged at a rate discounted from the published bank standard variable rate for a set period of time. The rates are variable and are subject to go up or down in line with any changes to the Bank of England base rate.
Down valuation
When the lender restricts the amount you can borrow after the surveyor's valuation report indicates the property is not worth the sum sought.
Draft contract
Preliminary version of the contract.


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So much so that 'business narrative' was recently added to the FT Lexicon. The definition and discussion read as follows:
The use of narrative in business helps us to understand how and why businesses succeed or fail. Storytelling by sharing of actions, views and opinions shapes a business' culture and can be both a power for good, and a power for division and subversion. Bad narrative may exist in the form of divisive gossip around the water cooler, or finger pointing about mistakes and punishments. These subvert our shared responsibility to build trust, inspire others and create a healthy workplace community. A positive narrative can help build success by celebrating and encouraging the right behaviours.
Narrative in this sense has a profound impact on the attitude, behaviour and outlook of each member of a business community and ultimately affects its cohesion and success. It is the responsibility of business leaders to set the right tone from the top. To ensure that storytelling avoids the egotistical narrative that breeds division and poor performance, instead celebrating the shared values and behaviours that engage customers, colleagues and communities in the sustainable success of the business.Here are two interesting little exercises for budding French-to-English translators:
(a) propose an equivalent for 'business narrative'Linguee won't be of much assistance given that, for the moment at least, it offers nothing useful for any combination of 'corporate', 'business' or 'company' + 'storytelling' or 'narrative'.
(b) translate the definition and discussion above into French.
Feel free to post here if you have any comments or suggestions.


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Enjoy the view of Huaxi Park
This recreation area is 17 km from Guiyang China travel service, in the suburban areas, and is known for being remarkable wonderful, relaxed and fresh in Guizhou region. It is away from the disturbance and the fluorescent lighting of the town, peaceful and fresh, and the perfect enjoyment position for those who are active in their day lifestyles. Its comfort has drawn many guests and management from Chinese suppliers and overseas who have remaining their feedback. One of them, Common Chen Yi, remaining a poetry that is simply and honest, and moves as follows:
Real mountains and waterways can be seen everywhere,
The structure of Huaxi is more organic.
Ten kilometers of the stream seaside looks like a glowing reflection,
Flowerbeds and village areas can be seen anywhere.
The park's landscapes contains Kylin Mountain, Arizona Mountain, Turtle Mountain and Reptile Mountain asfocal factors China vacation packages. Kylin is the primary hill and looks like a intense kyli, protected with organic plants, creating an excellent disturbance. It is said that atmosphere encompass red Kylin Mountain. Over a zigzaging rock direction, you can get half-way up the hill and discover Traveling Reasoning Cavern, with a Traveling Reasoning Pavilion just outside, a position where guests can have a relax and perspective the landscapes of a substantial high cliff. The top of the hill, the high cliff, and precipice look like kylin horns. At the top of the hill, Leaning-against-the-sky Pavilion is high and directly, but bending against the hill and directing to the sky. At the top of Kylin Mountain, you get a spectacular perspective of the wonderful scenery of the recreation area that is like flying above other more compact mountains.
Phoenix Mountain is on smooth floor among some areas China tour operator, flowerbeds and routes. At its top you can see the towns and walkways creeping among the blossoms and areas like a white-colored snake or dance monster. Turtle Mountain looks like an old man creeping and there is a pavilion with the couplet "The hill expands from the western, the stream moves to the east", a basic position for guests to get away from the din of outside. Jade-chess Pavilion, on one part of the hill can be seen from far away. There's a link over the dam on the other part of the hill, which looks like arms increasing to tremble arms with guests or to say goodbye. Reptile Mountain is just like Turtle Mountain in the range, with a twisting form and three little mountains. There are Cypress Pavilion, Reptile Mountain Pavilion and Viewing-falls Pavilion at the top of the three mountains and the hill is linked with Turtle Mountain.
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