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Orleans by Sherri L. Smith (huge spoiler alert)
The Delta borders have been sealed.
The United States is changed forever.
After a string of devastating hurricanes and a severe outbreak of Delta Fever, the Gulf Coast has been quarantined. Years later, residents of the Outer States are under the assumption that life in the Delta is all but extinct... but in reality, a new, primitive society has been born.
Fen de la Guerre is living with her blood tribe in the Delta when they are ambushed. Left with her leader's newborn and determined to get the baby to a better life over the wall, Fen meets Daniel, a scientist from the Outer States. Brought together by chance, kept together by danger, they are each other's last hope for survival.
Well...The blurb pretty much says it all. Fen's blood tribe is ambushed, she escapes with her leader and delivers the baby, the leader dies, she leaves and is on a mission to get the bub over the wall. She gets into many tricky situations and gets away fairly easy... She runs into some people she knew before, gets taken to a blood farm, meets Daniel escapes (too easily) and they work together and it all works out fairly well.
It had so much potential to be an awesome book, but the author wrote it in such a weird way... Fen is written in first person and in the accent of, I imagine, someone from New Orleans, but it's quite hard to read. Daniel is written in third person, which is normal...
The tricky situations that they get into are resolved way to easy and quickly, and then there's just nothing for ages.... It got a little boring and personally I found it hard to read. I kept reading because I really did want to enjoy it. I enjoyed the concept of the book, but it didn't live up to my standards :/ A shame.


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Why this blog is for every kitesurfing beginner?Posted by vivek
Aug 10
Image credit: Ingrid Taylar.
Hi there! If your reading this, you've stumbled upon my little effort in de-mystifing the sport of kitesboarding. Kiteboarding is one of those sports which can be really hard for some people but very easy for others to pick up. If your finding it a little difficult then this site is for you. You'll realize that a large reason why kiteboarding can be so difficult to learn has really nothing to do with you!
I will be discussing everything from kitesurfing equipment to kitesurfing vacations to the psychology of kiteboarding. I hope this site grows into an information source and a community for kiteboarding beginners.
Why am I doing this? Well kitesurfing (or kiteboarding) is complicated and I'd like to make it a little easier for people to understand and enjoy. Its also really expensive and reading this blog may save you a few 100's of dollars!

subset: commoncrawl


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AOL and Yahoo: A Merger That Doesn't Even Look Good on Paper
Figuring out exactly what's going on is a moving target, but here's a recap: reports first surfaced a few weeks ago that AOL might be reaching out to Yahoo about a strategic alliance or merger. Then, yesterday, the WSJ reported that AOL had "hired financial advisers to explore various strategic options for the company, one of which includes a possible tie-up with bigger rival Yahoo." (Most of the story is behind a firewall.) Those advisers are said to include Bank of America and boutique investment firm Allen & Co.
Meanwhile, the New York Post is reporting today that KKR & Co. is also circling Yahoo, independently of a potential AOL deal. But that's not all. If you read all of the press about the two in the last few weeks, other financiers, including Goldman Sachs, Blackstone and Silver Lake have all been mentioned.
That's lots of interest, but if potential investors look closely, this is what they'll find: two companies whose traffic and advertising revenue are at the very best ho-hum at a time when other players -- particularly in social and search -- have had no trouble reaping the benefits of a market that was up 11.3 percent over the first half of the year. According to the Interactive Advertising Bureau, the first six months of the year were also record-setting, with $12.1 billion going online. And, no, it wasn't just search. All forms of display were up by almost 16 percent.
But at AOL, which just announced third-quarter earnings, ad revenue was down 27 percent -- slightly more than overall revenue, which was down 26 percent. (Unbelievably, the company still receives hundreds of millions in revenue from subscribers.) Next to AOL, however, Yahoo looks like a positively thriving concern. In the third quarter, its marketing services revenue was up four percent, display was up 17 percent and overall revenue was up by two percent. Promising, right? Well, uh, not so much. ComScore released figures today showing that Facebook served up 297 billion display ads in the third quarter, doubling its market share from last year to 23.1 percent. Yahoo served 141 billion to come in at a distant number two.
In a sense, the problems at Aol and Yahoo are all about Facebook -- because the dominance of Google in search was long ago baked in to whatever one thinks of the two companies. Social is where it's at -- and not just from a revenue perspective. One of the more telling statistics of the year came in June U.S. audience measurement statistics from Nielsen. They showed a 43 percent increase in time users spent within social networks -- or 22.7 percent of all online time. Portals, meanwhile, showed a 19 percent decline, only accounting for 4.4 percent of time spent.
So, combining two portals? Not a great idea. Whatever their individual problems, the market they primarily play in is the core difficulty. Of course, the fix would seem to be social, but that's harder than it looks. Social is all about the glue that connects people, and those people seem to mostly be on Facebook. So, rather than turning to one another, AOL and Yahoo need to turn to Facebook -- and hope that Facebook would be interested at looking back in their direction.


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5 StarsWaking up in Vegas was never meant to be like this.
Evelyn Thomas's plans for celebrating her twenty-first birthday in Las Vegas were big. Huge. But she sure as hell never meant to wake up on the bathroom floor with a hangover to rival the black plague, a very attractive half-naked tattooed man, and a diamond on her finger large enough to scare King Kong. Now if she could just remember how it all happened.
One thing is for certain, being married to rock and roll's favourite son is sure to be a wild ride
Selena's Thoughts; Ok, so you all know I love Kylie Scott right? And you all know that her books Flesh and Skin are two of my most favorite books ever, right? Well, this book has pretty much sealed my love for her into a full on girly crush.... not like that get your heads outta the gutter!!! I am talking the kind of crush a girl gets on an author after she creates the most yummtastic man ever, yep THAT kind.
I knew before I started reading this book I was gonna love it (please refer to aforementioned love fest). Kylie has a way of sucking her readers into the story and making them wish it would never end. I loved this book from page one.
Evelyn wakes up on the bathroom floor feeling like death and right in front of her is the most beautiful man she has ever seen and she has NO CLUE who he is..... SURPRISE!!! David Ferris stands before her the picture of perfection and every woman's fantasy. And again she has NO CLUE who he is. But she is soon going to find out that not EVERYTHING that happens in Vegas stays in Vegas.
Taking this journey of getting to know you was truly rocking. I can't wait til book two in this series and I keeping my fingers crossed that it is about who I how it is *ohpleaseohpleaseohplease*
Want an excerpt?? Of course you do!!!!
He angled his head and kissed me, his lips firm and so good. My eyes closed and my mouth opened. The taste of him took me over. The mint of his toothpaste and the slide of his tongue against mine. All of it was past perfect. He lay me back against the stairs. The new bruise at the back of my head throbbed in protest when I bumped it yet again. I flinched but didn't stop. David cupped the back of my skull, guarding against further injury.
The weight of his body held me in place, not that I was trying to escape. The edge of the steps pressed into my back and I could care less. I'd have happily lain there for hours with him above me, the warm scent of his skin making me high. His hips held my legs wide open. If not for my jeans and his towel things would get interesting fast. God, I hated cotton just then.
We didn't once break the kiss. My legs wrapped around his waist and my hands curved around his shoulders. Nothing had ever felt this good. The ache in me for him increased and caught fire, spreading right through me. My legs tightened around him, muscles burning. I couldn't get close enough. Talk about frustrating. His mouth moved over my jaw and down my neck, lighting me up from inside. He bit and licked, finding sensitive spots below my ear and in the crook of my neck. Places I hadn't known I had. The man had magic. He knew things I didn't. Where he'd learned his tricks didn't matter. Not right then.
"Up," he said in a rough voice. Slowly he stood, one hand beneath my ass and the other still protecting my skull.
"David." I scrambled to tighten my hold on his back.
"Hey." He drew back just enough to look into my eyes. His pupils were huge, almost swallowing the sky-blue iris whole. "I am not going to drop you. That's never going to happen."
I took a deep breath. "Okay."
"You trust me?"
"Good." His hand slid down my back. "Now put your arms around my neck
For these fun facts about me, I thought I would take the opportunity to set the record straight. The thing is, LICK is entirely based upon my real life experiences. Let me now prove this...
1. I once dated a guitarist. Okay, it was only for about five minutes. But he was really hot and he had a tattoo and everything.
2. I play guitar. I'll have you know I do a rockin' rendition of "Closer to Fine" by the Indigo Girls. Only rarely do I forget half the lyrics and what chord comes next.
3. I've experienced the stifling loneliness and the weight of expectation that comes with having a fan. This one time at a romance reader's convention, a woman knew who I was and was quite excited to meet me.
4. I have experience with stalking. It has yet to be legally proven that I then stalked said female fan insisting she never read anyone else but me.
You're not buying any of this, are you? Fair enough. Let's try again... some fun facts about me.
5. I've always been obsessed with books and music. Eskimo Joe, Ani Di Franco, and Kings of Leon are some of my fave music artists. Recently, "Reapers Property" by Joanna Wylde, and "Sweet Dreams" by Kristen Ashley most recently in the books department. Because guys that ride motorcycles are hot. RAWR.
6. My favourite colour is blue. Basically everything I own is blue. This makes shopping and getting dressed pretty damn easy.
7. Vodka.
8. I love tattoos and am currently working on a half-sleeve.
9. I've been a secretary, bartender, nanny, housekeeper, shop-assistant, and a florist. Being a writer is the best job by far.
10. Whenever my husband busts me looking at male models I get to tell him it is for "research". (Note: I'm not saying he believes me.) This is why being a romance writer rocks.
11. People that read and write romance are some of the best damn people in the whole wide world. This is another reason why being a romance writer rocks.
12. Clowns scare me. It's probably a Stephen King thing. I dunno. But seriously, they look freaky, right? Tell me I'm not alone with this.
Thank you Kylie for stopping by the blog today and even bigger thanks for continuing to WOW me with your stories!!!
Momentum Books
Kylie is offering an eCopy of Lick to one lucky person. All you need to do is hop over to her Facebook LIKE it and then leave a comment here (or under the posting on facebook) letting me know you did :-) I will select a random winner from the comments. Winner will be announced July 17th!! Good Luck Everyone and as always.....
Happy Reading!! :-)


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Kelly Ripa has not seen or spoken to her former Live! With Regis and Kelly co-star Regis Philbin since the show ended in 2011.
This seems to be surprising news considering Kelly Ripa and Regis Philbin, 83, spent every weekday together for a decade as the co-hosts of the morning show.
In an interview with Today's Hoda Kotb for her Sirius XM show, Philbin said he hasn't seen his former co-star and his relationship with Kelly Ripa, 44, changed with the end of the show.
"I haven't seen her," he said of Kelly Ripa. "I don't see her."
Seemingly surprised, Hoda Kotb asked if he really not seen her at all since November 2011 when the show ended.
"No, I haven't," he said, adding that it's just fine by him.
"I was over there yesterday as a matter of fact to do something for them," Regis Philbin said of ABC's studios in New York City.
Why Isn't Kelly Ripa Speaking To Regis Philbin? The Former Co-Hosts Haven't Spoken To Ea … – http://t.co/2dNfgtBe7c pic.twitter.com/wMyyKSHdSJ
— Gossips RTNews (@GossipsRTNews) March 27, 2015
Despite the estrangement, the veteran TV fixture had good things to say about his time with Kelly Ripa, who now cohosts Live! With Kelly and Michael with Michael Strahan.
Philbin also spoke of his other Live! co-host and good friend, Kathie Lee Gifford.
.@Regis Philbin says he hasn't spoken to @KellyRipa since he left their show. http://t.co/wJZ7FJhM1N pic.twitter.com/rZaiTnjsHH
— EntertainmentTonight (@etnow) March 25, 2015
"She lives in Greenwich and I'm a weekend guy there, so I do see a lot of her," he said of Gifford, 61.
Regis Philbin and Kathie Lee Gifford co-hosted Live! for 12 years before her departure in 2000.


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A Typical Night on AOL
By CJ "Duff Man" Duffy
I was in a random wrestling forum the other day and someone gave me a screen name, telling me it was Bradshaw's. Thinking it was worth a shot or a laugh at least, I messaged the guy when he got online and it sounded a bit like Bradshaw.
CathalJD: Hey...
Goosestepper69: Who's this?
CathalJD: Who's this?
Goosestepper69: I asked u 1st lol
CathalJD: I'm CJ
Goosestepper69: kewl
CathalJD: Is this Bradshaw?
Goosestepper69: don't be gay, what are you doing online?
CathalJD: I think it's Bradshaw
Goosestepper69: omg stfu queer
CathalJD: I think you're a decent champion
Goosestepper69: Shut up fatass
CathalJD: No, seriously, you're like the ultimate heel, no one likes you at all in real life or in the ring
As soon as I typed that, I got a pop-up message from woo420
woo420: Are you a wrestler?
CathalJD: Not professionally
woo420: Why are you using words like heel if you're not in the business?
CathalJD: Dude chill out and how did you know? Did Bradshaw paste it or something?
woo420: LET ME TELL YOU SOMETHING, WOOO! I'M THE 16 TIME WORLD CHAMPION AND YOU COULDN'T LACE UP MY BOOTS, WOOOO!! AND BRET HART DIDN'T DRAW A DIME, WOOOOOO!!!, TO BE THE MAN, uh, i think i just shat myself
CathalJD: Dude I'm blocking you
Then I got a message from Sharpshooter1
Sharpshooter1: Is Flair bothering you?
CathalJD: That's Ric Flair???? Who's this???
Sharpshooter1: It's Bret Hart
CathalJD: Dude you're awesome!!!
Sharpshooter1: Heh, I know. Anyway, don't worry about Flair
CathalJD: I know I just blocked him, but I didn't know it was the Nature Boy
Sharpshooter1: I know, but he won't bother anyone again
CathalJD: What did you do Bret?
Sharpshooter1: I sent him a birthday card that had anthrax in it
CathalJD: Jesus man that's harsh
Sharpshooter1: He said I couldn't draw a dime and I'm the best wrestler ever!!!!111
CathalJD: Yea but you didn't have to kill the guy
Sharpshooter1: Go f*ck yourself. I guess he signed off. Hopefully he liked his card.
Goosestepper69: u there???
CathalJD: Yeah, dude this is weird
Goosestepper69: don't be gay fatass
Goosestepper69: brb gotta get a beer
I signed off then. You guys should IM them some time, they're good for a laugh.
Copyright © 2005 Derek Burgan. All rights reserved.


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Macedonia is probably most well known outside the country for its speleological or caving. The karsts formations of so much of Macedonian's ground structure make it ideal for caves. There are 346 registered caves in the country, although the total of actual caves is probably somewhere between 400 and 500. Only four are protected: Peshna, Ubavica, Mlechnik and Gorna Slatinska. This number does not, however, reflect the number of spectacular caves.
Some of the caves have underwater rivers, lakes, multiple caverns and of course stalagmites and stalactites. Many are home to rare underground life forms as well as prehistoric fossils. Most caves have not been made tourist friendly yet and so most are really accessible only with the correct equipment, experience and preferably a guide. The only cave open to tourist is Vrelo at Lake Matka, which is Macedonia's nomination for the New Seven Wonders of Nature.
- Vrelo cave
- Gonovica and Ubavica caves
- Peshna cave
- Slatina cave


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Millennial Muslims! Sat 16th March 2019 – 10:30 am – 6:00 pm St Francis Hall,University of Birmingham, Birmingham B15 2TT Programme Introducing ISB Campus– Dr Sara Saigol Workshop 1: Navigating Campus Life – Rabiha Hannan and Dilwar Hussain Workshop 2: The Work/Life Balance – Khalid Anis Workshop 3: Understanding Mental Health and Building Resilience – Dr Yasir Abassi and Vicky Edwards Workshop 4: Finding Yourself and Searching for Love – Imam Ajmal Masroor What are the big issues affecting young adults and students today? Come along to discuss the opportunities and challenges presented to Milennial Muslims through interactive workshops with[…..]
In the Footsteps of the Prophet
In the Footsteps of the Prophet Are you 17-26 years old? Are you wanting to discuss contemporary topics in a friendly, respectful and spiritual space? Introducing the next ISB Campus residential 'In The Footsteps of the Prophet SAW.' Date: 18-20th January 2019 Venue: Islamic Foundation Ratby Lane Markfield Leicestershire LE16 9SY Session 1: Muhammad SAW, The Walking Qur'an Dr Riza Muhammad Session 2: Mohammad SAW, The political leader. Managing plurality, diversity and difference. Ustadh Ahtsham Ali Session 3: Muhammad, The Father and Husband. Access to Mosques and the 'Me Too' Movement. Dr Shuruq Naguib Session 4: Muhammad SAW, A Mercy to[…..]
Dear brothers and sisters Assalamu Alaikum Warahmatullah I would like to take this opportunity to extend my warmest greetings and prayers for you and your family. May Allah bless you, envelop you with His Light, shower you with His Mercy and protect you with His Might and Grace. I would like to extend this year's AMM to all our current members, former members, sympathizer and friends and those who may have benefited from our programmes without ever formally joining the organisation. We plan to collectively discuss the future of Islamic Society of Britain as part of a wider consultation.[…..]
Updates from localitiesMore
Appointment of New Director Asalaamu alaikum. I am delighted to announce the appointment of our new ISB Director, Tafazal Muhammed ([email protected]). Tafazal brings to the role a broad base of knowledge and experience from the voluntary and community sector spanning over 20 years. He has worked with a number of national organisations to build capacity and support with compliance matters. He also has a Masters degree in Community Leadership and a Post Graduate Certificate in Youth Work and Community Development. He has also been a leader the field of Muslim Youth Work for many years across the UK[…..]
We say: The lessons of Srebrenica should be taught and discussed in all schools.


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Recent Projects
Recent Projects 2
Project Options
Real vs. Artificial
Things to Consider
Fire&Planter Bowls
Built-in BBQ's
News: Projects
Company Profile
Contact Us
© 2008 Arizona Falls - all rights reserved
Q: "What's the big deal with concrete countertops? Why are they so popular?"
It's difficult to pin down exactly when and how concrete counters exploded in popularity. One reason may be that kitchen designers and remodelers saw this as a novel, fresh way of dealing with the countertop question: How to provide solid counters without necessarily going the "granite route." One thing that concrete has above other countertop options: infinite style variations. Because concrete counters are made from scratch, you are not limited to colors, shapes, styles, etc. So, for the truly adventurous homeowner, concrete counters are an option to consider.
Q: "I'm not feeling adventurous about my kitchen counters. I just want…plain old counters."
Then, definitely stay away from concrete counters. If you just want basic counters, go for solid-surface (Silestone, Corian, etc.) or laminate. Or even granite. Concrete counters are not what you might call basic.
Q: "What STYLE do I want?"
(click on style name below for full explaination with photos)
- Old World
- Traditional
Q: "Are concrete counters really heavy and will I need special cabinets to hold the weight of them?"
Yes, concrete counters are heavy. But if you have ever seen a massively thick concrete counter (say, six inches or even more), you're probably just viewing the front overhang. The bulk of that counter is probably just 1.5 to 2 inches thick. And you don't need to have a thick face, either. That's just another design option.
A 1.5 inch thick concrete counter is about 19 pounds per square foot. This compares to the weight of granite. So, no special cabinetry or bracing is needed for concrete. There is really no need at all for a six-inch countertop throughout.
Q: "Are concrete counter tops formed on-site (in the kitchen) or back in the shop?"
Either, depending on the needs. In the shop, the fabricator has a controlled environment and can produce a more predictable product. This is the preferred method. If a counter is cast "on-site," it's because the job has special design needs that can be met only by casting while in place.
Q: "I've heard that concrete counters need constant sealing. Is this true?"
They need sealing, but not "constant sealing." After installation, the counter will receive an initial sealing. Afterwards, only occasional sealing is needed.
Q: "How much do concrete countertops cost?"
The old saying is true: "It depends." It depends on thickness, style, colors, etc. If you choose to have a craftsman do the countertops, expect to pay between $70.-150.00 a square foot.
Our prices start at $70. per sq. ft.
This compares favorably with granite countertops, which can easily run $100, $200, or more per square foot installed. The cost of concrete counters is more than solid-surface or laminate, but this is not an "apples-to-apples" comparison, since solid-surface and concrete are entirely different types of counters. Concrete is more of a high-end countertop choice.
When you think of concrete countertops, does it conjure up images of a gray, dull "driveway in the kitchen" style? Well, no more! Today's concrete can be colorful and decorative and molded into a myriad of shapes, thicknesses, and patterns. In fact, concrete is fast becoming "THE" countertop for high end houses.
Concrete can be poured in place or poured in the countertop shop, delivered to your kitchen and installed like granite.
Many custom touches can be added to the countertops to make them just the way you want.
: There are three basic ways to color concrete: Adding dye to the concrete mix, acid staining cured concrete, or adding elements such as glass, marble or metal to the wet mix and grinding the top to expose the elements in patterns.
: The countertops can be formed upside down with large veins formed by packing the concrete loosely. When the concrete has cured, the countertop can be flipped over and the gaps filled with one or more coordinating or accent colors. The resulting look resembles marble.
: You can add custom accents to the corners by pressing objects such as leaves into them for a special touch.
: Concrete countertops need to be sealed with a penetrating sealer, followed by a satin or gloss sealer. The countertops are then polished frequently with beeswax to keep them from staining.
All in all, concrete countertops are extremely versatile in shape, size and look, and are as durable as any other type of countertop on the market.
Concrete is an extraordinary material that is practical, expressive, and aesthetic all at once. From a primal and formless slurry, you can transform it into virtually any shape that becomes a solid mass. The possibilities for creative expression are endless. You can grind, polish, stamp, or stain it. You can embed meaningful objects within it.
Concrete has substance and mass, permanence and warmth. It feels earthy, and is at home in both traditional and modern settings. It assumes forms that irrevocably touch our daily lives-bridges, highways, floors, walls... even countertops. Concrete is also surprisingly tactile. Cast and shaped, it can feel like stone rounded by the sea. Textured and colored, it can echo the patina of timeworn tile.
Because of its adaptability, concrete finds itself welcome in all areas of the home, especially in the kitchen and bath, but also in fireplaces, patios, garden paths, or water features. Concrete can also be used as a floor material with enormous creative advantages whether seeded, stained, stamped, broomed or diamond-finished. It can be a sole performer or play the supporting role to tile, mosaics, decorative aggregates, stone, wood, or metal. It is inexpensive, durable, noncombustible, impervious to decay, and also very effective for passive solar gain in the right application.
With vertical treatments, concrete gives us an opportunity to recapture some of the feeling of the monolithic wall-the feeling of substance, of protection. Walls are also a great place to explore form. A wall doesn't have to be flat or straight, but can curve and undulate. It can be textured to be rough as stone or smooth as glass.
What sets concrete apart from other solid surface materials...
Watch these videos for some additional comments from a decorator's point of view...
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Free Slot machine – Secrets for Locating the Best Ones online
Nowadays, there are a whole lot of choices when it comes to choosing out the right casino site. In fact, you might be rather stunned to recognize that several of these selections are even quite worthy of being thought about. Thus, it could obtain hard to identify the right one for you to go in for. Fortunately, there are strategies that you could apply in order to identify the very best method to come close to complimentary ports. Mostly all of these strategies function fairly well and also you will certainly not be let down with the outcome.
Checking out the fine lines
Among the simplest methods to identify beneficial complimentary slots would certainly be to review the fine lines i.e. the terms and conditions. Many of us fail to do so and also are surprised when we learn more about some extraordinary rule later on, which could lead to unnecessary expenses. Hence, in order to really identify whether this is a totally free option or otherwise, it may be a good idea to perhaps check out through the terms that the business has put up and also make certain that you remain in truth getting something that is actually cost-free and also does not featured any type of strings attached.
Patron's reviews
Another portal which you could be guaranteed of going to reliable complimentary slots is by reading the testimonials left by a few of the people that have tried it out. Aim to go to an unbiased resource to check out these reviews. In many cases, online casinos have individuals composing good testimonials on their behalf in exchange for services or cash. Thus, if you want to be ensured that you are in fact obtaining a good rewarding review; it could make a great deal of sense to study a great internet site that you can go to in order to check out the reviews.
Holding your horses
This may sound clichéd but the majority of people that are searching for cost-free ports are fairly restless in doing this. As my site a result, they end up surrendering the search much prior to the search actually started. This is something that needs to be prevented at all expenses, since discovering the best will absolutely take time. Thus, prepare to try every little thing out and just if you have the ability to locate exactly what you need must you go on and also develop an account with your money there. Do not expect the totally free things to keep going forever; every person eventually has to pay to the casino site, which is the system that has been established.


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Walter's Flying Bus for iPad$6.99
$6.99 Chosen and Dearly Loved, LLC iOS Version 1.3 Full Specs
Publisher's Description
From Chosen and Dearly Loved, LLC:
2013 NATIONAL PARENTING PUBLICATION SILVER MEDAL WINNER!Walters Flying Bus is inspired by the real-life art and dreams of Walter and his friends, who all live together at a special needs orphanage in Uganda. Walter lives without a family, and was badly burned as a young boy, yet despite his circumstances, he still seeks adventure and dreams of being a bus driver someday.In "Walter's Flying Bus," Walter finds an abandoned bus and together with the hopes and dreams of his friends, and a little work, the engine soon roars to life! The children realize their dreams are not only inspirational but they have the power to carry them to what they desire most, families that will love them forever."Walter's Flying Bus" Features: Interactivity within an animated adventure Narrated in English, Spanish and Luganda (A primary language of Uganda) Inspired by the real-life art and dreams of orphaned children in Uganda Fully scored with original music Auto Play feature Ability to select ENGLISH, SPANISH or LUGANDA Narration/Text Mini-documentaries of the real-life children featured! (requires Wi-Fi connection) Celebrates the beauty and dignity of every child On/off narration and on/off music selection Chapter selection Full navigation menu Information button (credits)ONE HUNDRED PERCENT of after-tax profits from App sales go to efforts helping orphans with special needs, including advocacy, care, and adoption assistance grants.
read more +


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Specific namelist for the control variables for EKF.
Fortran name Fortran type values default value (...)
Home > User's guide > 11. Data assimilation > 11.4 Nature > 22.214.171.124 ISBA: EKF soil assimilation
Latest update : 13 May 2016.
The Extended Kalman Filter (EKF) is an option to be used on several soil properties. At the moment TG1/2, WG1/2 and LAI can be used as control variables. Extended Kalman Filter is activated by setting CASSIM_ISBA="EKF" in NAM_ASSIM:
|Fortran name
|Fortran type
|default value
Before EKF can be used you have to run the same number of perturbed offline runs as the number of control variables you are using in addition to an unperturbed control run.
This can be set in NAM_IO_VARASSIM:
|Fortran name
|Fortran type
|default value
When running the assimilation, the initalization is done by reading the total number of perturbed runs (+ the unpertubed) and storing the relevant fields for assimilation in memory. In inline mode an additional reading is done, which ideally should be removed.
NB! At the moment the internal matrices are stored as text files pr. individual CPUs. It means you can not change the number of CPUs used (or control variables) from one cycle to the next unless you start from a "cold" start with no existing matrices.
The following package contains example files to run SODA-EKF in SURFEX V8:
Documentation is available in the package. It was finalized by David Fairbairn and Simon Munier.
Specific namelist for the control variables for EKF.
Fortran name Fortran type values default value (...)
Specific namelist for the observations in EKF. For the moment, 5 types of observation are possible: "T2M", "HU2M", (...)
General SODA EKF options. Note that LBEV and LBFIXED are exclusive, and could a priori be reduced to one single (...)
For EKF only the time information is used from this namelist.
Fortran name Fortran type values default (...)
General assimilation namelist used only with SODA. Note that NBOUTPUT should be moved in NAM_OBS for more (...)


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The participation of our church family in Pastor Tim's ordination council and service is a matter of Christian obedience. Together, let's positively respond to the biblical admonishment, "Let the elders who rule well be considered worth of double honor, especially those who labor in preaching and teaching (1 Tim 5:17)." As your lead pastor, I give this encouragement with a smile because I am sure Tim and Amy will be blessed – – Jamie and I have been loved on by the Bricks on so many occasions.
Our church family is aware that Pastor Tim has been working for years to prepare for ordination. He has served, studied, written papers, attended seminary, and suffered through countless oral exams (and lectures) from me. We are thankful Tim has worked so faithfully. Ordination is of monumental importance for local churches.
Lord willing, Pastor Tim's will soon accomplish the final two steps in the ordination process. But he can't be ordained alone. Our church family's participation in the ordination service is essential. Both of the final two steps in Tim's ordination offer opportunities to participate.
- The Ordination Council (8/5/16, 9:30-3:00pm) is a time when Tim will go through an oral examination with other like-minded pastors and theologians who will quiz him on areas of doctrine and pastoral ministry. Ultimately, this group will make a recommendation to our church regarding whether or not our church should ordain Pastor Tim for gospel ministry.
Our church family is encouraged to be in the gallery for some or all of the oral exams. Your presence will encourage Pastor Tim, represent our church to the other ministries present, and offer you an opportunity to learn about important areas of theological study.
- The Ordination Service (8/7/16, 4:00pm) is the service when our church will formally ordain Pastor Tim. We are privileged to welcome T.J. Klapperich, a former pastor of Tim's, and a senior pastor in Florida to speak in the service. We will have many guest from both Tim's family and other area churches.
Most of you are well ahead of me in this regard – – I have been encouraged by your cards on so many occasions over the last 11 years – – but it would be great if Tim and Amy received many cards and gifts to celebrate their ordination.
Obviously, there are legitimate reasons why you may not attend, but short of those, our presence at Pastor Tim's service is a matter of obligation for our church family. Not only is it necessary so to have our people present for the vote, it is also our opportunity to be obedient to the Bible's admonition to honor pastors and elders in the appropriate way.
If you would like to learn more about the ordination process, read the article, "The Ordination of Men to the Ministry" by Don Anderson, Th.M. of Faith Baptist Bible College, found online at http://www.faith.edu/resources/publications/faith-pulpit/message/the-ordination-of-men-to-the-ministry/read.
Pastor Tim's ordination packet is available online at http://chrisbrauns.com/timothy-michalek-ordination-package-16-07-19/.


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So, today marks the first day of September. 2013, why are you going by so quickly? I'm going to blink once and my mom and baby sister will be headed back to Africa, and then I'll blink twice and it will be time for Kate's play, and a third time and we'll be on our way to Berlin. Can you say holy crap?
Clicking through various blogs on the links page — if you haven't figured it out, that there page is REALLY just a bookmarking tool for me 😉 — and through my Pinterest feed, I decided that September is going to be a picture-a-day blogging project for me. It might be interesting with the flying to Berlin, but I'm sure if the airport in Istanbul doesn't have free wifi I'll figure something out for the 14th 😉
So, without too much more pomp and circumstance, I give you my picture for September 1, me brushing my teeth!
Sexy, no?
Part of the reason I'm posting this is to have a decent reference for how long my hair is, because I'm going to NOT cut it in Germany. Getting bangs/fringe cut before we leave and maintaining it while we're over there is still up for debate though! Because I really do like how I look with them… hmmm….
Also, what do you think of our camera upgrade? Not an DSLR, but neither of us is a pro, so JP and I didn't feel like we wanted to put up the cash for one just yet — also, if you lose a $200 camera running around Europe it's a much smaller deal than losing a $500+ one!
Alright, time to go see if JP has activated zombie mode on Red Dead Redemption — he finished the game earlier and wasn't 100% happy with the ending. He said it was kinda sudden.


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Let's consider both simple and complex applications of remainders. The most straightforward scenario is for the question to ask what the remainder is in a given context.Let's start by looking at an official Data Sufficiency question of moderate difficulty:
What is the remainder when x is divided by 3?
1) The sum of the digits of x is 5
2) When x is divided by 9, the remainder is 2
Pretty straightforward question. In Statement 1, we could approach by simply picking numbers. If the sum of the digits of x is 5, x could be 14. When 14 is divided by 3, the remainder is 2. Similarly, x could be 32. When 32 is divided by 3, the remainder will again be 2. Or x could be 50, and still, the remainder when x is divided by 3 will be 2. So no matter what number we pick, the remainder will always be 2. Statement 1 alone is sufficient.
Note that if we know the rule for divisibility by 3 – if the digits of a number sum to a multiple of 3, the number itself is a multiple of 3 – we can reason this out without picking numbers. If the sum of the digits of x were exactly 3, the remainder would be 0. If the sum of the digits of x were 4, then logically, the remainder would be 1. Consequently, if the sum of the digits of x were 5, the remainder would have to be 2.
Again, in Statement 2, we can pick numbers. We're told that when x is divided by 9, the remainder is 2. To quickly generate a list of numbers that we might test, we can start with multiples of 9: 9, 18, 27, 36, etc. Then, we can add two to each of those multiples of 9 to get the following list of numbers: 11, 20, 29, 38, etc. All of these numbers will give us a remainder of 2 when divided by 9. Now we can test them. If x is 11, when x is divided by 3, the remainder will be 2. If x is 20, when x is divided by 3, the remainder will be 2. We'll quickly see that the remainder will always be 2, so Statement 2 is also sufficient on its own. The answer to this question is D, either statement alone is sufficient. That's not too bad.
Take this more challenging question:
June 25, 1982 fell on a Friday. On which day of the week did June 25, 1987 fall. (Note: 1984 was a leap year.)
A) Sunday
B) Monday
C) Tuesday
D) Wednesday
E) Thursday
Consider a very simple case. Say that June 1 is a Monday, and I want to know what day of the week it will be 14 days later. Clearly, that would also be a Monday. And if I asked you what day of the week it would be 16 days later, you'd know that it would be a Wednesday – two days after Monday. Put another way – because we're dealing with weeks, or increments of 7 – all we need to do is divide the number of days elapsed by 7 and then find the remainder in order to determine the day of the week. 16 divided by 7 gives a remainder of 2, so if June 1 is a Monday, 16 days later must be 2 days after Monday.
Suddenly the aforementioned question is considerably more approachable. From June 25, 1982 to June 25, 1983 a total of 365 days will pass. 365/7 gives a remainder of 1, so if June 25, 1982 was a Friday, June 25 1983 will be a Saturday. From June 25, 1983 to June 25, 1984, 366 days will pass because 1984 is a leap year. 366/7 gives a remainder of 2, so if June 25, 1983 was a Saturday, June 25, 1984 will be 2 days later, or Monday. We already know that in a typical 365 day year, the remainder will be 1, so June 25, 1985 will be Tuesday, June 25, 1986 will be Wednesday and June 25, 1987 will be Thursday, which is our answer.
Takeaway: the challenge isn't necessarily that questions are asking you to do difficult math, but that it can be hard to figure out what the questions are asking you to do. When you encounter something that seems unfamiliar or strange, remind yourself that virtually every problem you encounter will involve the application of a concept considerably simpler than the nebulous wording the question might suggest.


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January 2, 2012
ADA Compliance: What's the Big Deal About March 15, 2012?When the U.S. Department of Justice adopted the 2010 ADA Standards for Accessible Design, there set into motion much information and MISinformation regarding compliance with the new standards. At NCA, we see a lot of marketing literature for "accessible" products and services. Recently there has been an influx of marketing to the parks and recreation field with misleading assertions about compliance with the new standards. Here is but one example aimed at aquatic facilities:
"Dear [Director]...Are you aware that as of March 15, 2011 the Department of Justice has adopted revised ADA Standards that effect Swimming pools, wading pools and Spas? The Department of Justice can impose fines of up to $110,000.00 and force you to comply if complaints are made, you may also be sued by individuals. Why take that chance, allow us the opportunity to bring you into compliance."
Here's some more information for you, the consumer, to use as you're wading through product literature with new claims about ADA compliance.
First, March 15, 2011 was the date designated by DOJ for the revisions to the Title II and Title III regulations to take effect. The update to the regulatory language included expanded the definition of service animals, wheelchairs and other power-driven mobility devices along with addressing other policy issues such as ticketing. At this 2011 date, DOJ also gives entities covered by Title II and Title III the option to begin using the new accessibility standards for new construction and alterations to existing facilities.
March 15, 2012 is designated by DOJ as the compliance date where all entities covered by Title II and Title III must use the new (2010) accessibility standards. This means all new construction and alterations to existing facilities should begin utilizing the new standards. Of special note to the park and recreation industry, Chapter 10 of the new standards includes technical provisions for amusement rides, swimming pools, golf courses, boating facilities, fishing piers, and playgrounds. This date is important to the recreation industry as it marks a new era – for the first time since the passage of the ADA more than 20 years ago, we have accessibility standards specific to the unique features for recreation facilities. This 2012 compliance date does NOT mean that all existing facilities have to conform to the new standards immediately or by March 15. Adherence to the new standards is triggered for all new construction covered by Title II and Title III. ALL new construction of these types of recreation facilities must begin using the new 2010 standards. The triggers for existing facilities are a little different. Remember, there is no "grandfather clause" under the ADA. Facilities are not "grandfathered" into compliance. We simply view exisitng facilities differently based upon 1) whether they are undergoing alteration or 2) if physical or communication barriers exist to the program, good, service, or activity offered at the facility. If any type of rennovation or alterations is being made to the existing facility, the alterations must follow the new 2010 ADA Standards. Now....here is where it gets cloudy....for Title II entities (public entities of state and local government)—are there barriers to your programs offered at the facility? These barriers, like lack of access to the fishing pier, golf course, playground or swimming pool, should be identified in your Transition Plan and prioritized for barrier removal as an active means to achieve the Program Access (28 CFR 35.149-35.150) standard under Title II. For Title III entities (public accommodations) barriers to goods, services and activities should also be identified and prioritized as part of the Readily Achievable standard (28 CFR 36.304).
So does this mean I need to get lifts for all my swimming pools by March 15, 2012?
No....but.... The new standards trigger access 1) if you are building a new pool or 2) making an alteration to an exisiting pool. In those first two cases you would need to provide a primary means of access to the swimming pool – either a pool lift or sloped entry.
And here's the BUT.....say you have an existing facility, but no alterations/rennovations planned. Are there barriers to participation by people with disabilities? Can a person with a disability enter/exit the swimming pool by an accessible means? You still have a proactive responsibility under the Program Access standard to remove barriers and make your programs, services and activities accessible. So if you don't currently have access into your swimming pool, that barrier should be indentified in your Transition Plan and prioritized for corrective action. Remember, transition planning under the ADA is an active responsibility until such time that you have removed all physical and communication barriers to programs, services and activities for people with disabilities.
Confused? No problem. Feel free to give NCA a call. Our accessibility specialists on staff would be happy to answer your questions and discuss practical approaches to transition planning to improve access. While March 15, 2012 is just around the corner, it doesn't have to be a cause for alarm. Instead it should be viewed as an opportunity to look at the "big picture" and status of accessibility for your recreation facilities. Where are they at in terms of access? What barriers still exist? What plans can we put into place to continue efforts towards barrier removal and achieving total program access?


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Capture your grief project 💛👣Day 26•
what heals you? • writing {y'all know}
• walking {nature teaches stillness}
• fresh flowers
{instant beauty}
• daily gratitudes
{its the little things}
• hubby's arms
{instant relief}
• Isaiah holding my hand {because it won't last} •yoga
{16 years and countin'}
•sacred symbols
{visual imagery is powerful}
•sitting: breathing {absorbed in a cow bay sunrise}
• painting {personal sadhana}
• dresses { instant feeling good }
• friends that are family {you know who you are}
• having wine with those friends {celebrate a good life}
•travelling, good books, good coffee, cooking, dancin'
• showing up {for you, Tommy Tinker}
And so much more.........
What heals you? ✨❤ #whathealsyou#captureyourgrief #mayweallheal#tommytinkerforever


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- Research
- Open Access
CONCOR: context-aware community-oriented routing for intermittently connected network
- Rahul Johari1Email author,
- Neelima Gupta2 and
- Sandhya Aneja3
© Johari et al. 2015
- Received: 30 March 2014
- Accepted: 10 April 2015
- Published: 26 May 2015
Delay-Tolerant Networks (DTNs) are characterized by time-varying and partially connected network topology. In such networks, mobility of node may be by virtue of its carrier. Social beings such as humans may act as a carrier of mobile nodes, and therefore mobility pattern of node follows a social-based movement model. Due to intermittent connectivity, end-to-end path between source and destination is rare and therefore message delivery is a challenge in such networks. In this paper, we present a new routing approach, context-aware community-oriented routing (CONCOR) that exploits the community and the context awareness of nodes, for efficient message delivery. Nodes with a common point of interest form a dynamic community. We have identified a set of node's attribute (context) and formulated a utility function to determine its capability to deliver a message. CONCOR is a multihop routing approach exploiting the nodes as message relays (store-carry-forward). Through simulation, we validated the effectiveness of node's attributes in estimation of message delivery probability. The simulations were done for our approach using the social movement-based data set on Opportunistic Network Environment (ONE) simulator. We compared our approach with dynamic social grouping (DSG)-based routing and context-aware routing(CAR) on three metrics viz. message delivery ratio, message traffic ratio and average message delay. We found that the results of our approach outperforms the DSG and CAR on all the three metrics.
- Intermittent connectivity
- Routing algorithm
- Context awareness
1 Introduction
A Delay-Tolerant Network is an occasionally connected network that may experience frequent, long-duration partitioning and may never have an end-to-end contemporaneous path.
Research in the area of Delay-Tolerant Networks (DTNs) has been receiving considerable attention in the last few years owing to their widespread occurrence in a variety of applications such as : a) InterPlaNetary(IPN) internet project [1], b) Wizzy digital courier service which provides asynchronous (disconnected) internet access to schools in remote villages of South Africa [2], c) transmission of information/message during mission critical operations like natural disasters or battle zones.
One of the earliest approach proposed for routing in partitioned networks is epidemic routing [3]. However, it is very expensive in terms of message traffic and buffer space, which reduces the life of the network. To overcome the problem of heavy traffic and high buffer requirement, probabilistic routing [4,5] and social routing [6-10] schemes were proposed. Both the approaches provide considerable improvement in the delivery ratio under low buffer requirement.
The probabilistic routing schemes are based on the heuristic that if a node has interacted with a group of nodes in the past, it will do so again in the future. On the other hand, social routing assumes that the mobility of node is due to the mobility of its carrier (social beings, mostly humans). Therefore, movement of node follows a pattern known as social-based movement pattern. In such movement model, contacts established between nodes are not random; rather, they are based on the interest of social beings. Both probabilistic and social routing have two basic limitations. Firstly, the two approaches exploit only opportunistic contact wherein a message is forwarded by a node, say A, to the first node, say B, encountered with higher delivery probability than A. This is true, even if a node, say C, with higher message delivery probability than B is available in the neighbour of A. Secondly, their performance in terms of message delivery ratio heavily depends upon the function chosen to compute the message delivery probability of nodes. In some of the routing approaches [8,11,12], delivery probability of node is computed using multiple attributes of node such as buffer space, battery level, colocation of nodes etc. Values to these multiple attributes is provided by context awareness of nodes.
Two categories of routing schemes have been proposed for DTN. First one exploits the opportunistic contact, and the other one uses the source based routing. For both the approaches, decision to select next hop node is to be made. For opportunistic contact, a decision is to be made whether to forward or not to forward a message to an encountered node. Whereas, in case of source-based routing, a decision is to be made, to which neighbouring node the message should be forwarded. This decision depends upon a node's capability (also called delivery probability) to deliver a message to destination. The routing schemes proposed in literature [4,13] suggest various node attributes for determining its delivery probability.
We have used multiple factors for computing a delivery probability vector. In [11], node's mobility, i.e. number of different connections established per unit time, is used as one of the factors for determining node's probability to deliver a message. We have shown that large number of different connections established by a node per unit time may not add to node's capability to deliver a message. Through simulation, we show that our approach outperforms both DSG (routing approach using dynamic social grouping that exploits opportunistic contacts) and CAR (Context-Aware Routing using source-based routing approach) in terms of message delivery ratio, average delay per delivered message and average message traffic per delivered message.
Although, in this paper, we have assumed the nodes to be collaborative and participating in network activities, but the impact of selfish behaviour of nodes on network performance cannot be denied specially if only a single copy of a message is maintained as it happens in first contact routing. In our approach, as multiple copies of a message are forwarded through different routes, therefore the impact of few nodes showing selfish behaviour will be small. As the study of impact of selfish behaviour of nodes on network performance is outside the scope of the paper, we would like to mention some of the studies conducted by other researchers about selfish behaviour of nodes. In [14], authors have studied the impact of distribution of selfish behaviour on performance of mobile social networks. Their work supports our view that existence of multiple paths makes social networks more robust to selfish behaviour of nodes.
The paper is organized as follows: Section 2 describes the problem. Section 3 presents the related work done in the area of routing in Delay-Tolerant Network. Section 4 presents our approach. Section 5 presents the CONCOR algorithm. Section 6 presents the experimental setup and analysis of the results generated after the implementation of the algorithm on Opportunistic Network Environment (ONE) simulator [15]. Section 7 presents the conclusion and future work.
2 Problem scenario
Due to lack of wired infrastructure and hilly terrain, the existence of connected end-to-end path between the source (mobile devices) and destination (base station) of message is rare. In this scenario, routing a message from source to destination is a challenge. Using store-carry-forward approach to deliver a message is a solution, but delays are inevitable. In the absence of complete route from source to destination, choosing a next hop node is a decision problem.
3 Related work
One of the earliest approaches proposed for routing in partitioned networks is epidemic routing [3]. The goal of epidemic routing was to maximize the message delivery ratio while minimizing the message delivery time. However, it is very expensive in terms of message traffic and buffer space, which reduces the life of the network. That is, the approach does not seem to scale as the number of messages in the network grows. An intelligent buffer management scheme can improve the delivery ratio over the simple FIFO scheme.
Spray and Wait [16] routing scheme was proposed to provide controlled forwarding thus leading to reduced message traffic.
To enhance the performance of routing schemes, several researchers studied the characteristics of relay node to compute its delivery probability. It was observed by researchers [4,17-19] that the mobility is mostly not random and there is a pattern in encounters. The probabilistic routing scheme is based on the idea that nodes that have met in the past will again do so in the future and therefore nodes that have met the destination directly or through transitivity will have higher probability of delivering a message.
The routing problem in wireless networks (with intermittent connectivity) is transformed into a decision problem wherein a node having a message has to choose the next best hop (relay) node for message forwarding instead of relying on opportunistic contact. Various routing schemes for DTN evaluate the message delivery capability of a relay node for message forwarding.
Delivery probabilities are computed using the history of encounters and transitivity to reflect that if a node has been encountered in the past, it is likely to be encountered again. The approach introduced by Wang et al. in [5] is also based on probabilities of nodes of successful delivery of a message to a base station. However, the delivery probabilities are computed based on successful delivery of messages rather than regular contacts between the nodes.
As the movement of nodes is mostly not random, it was also observed that it is affected by the interest of its carrier, mostly social being. Various routing schemes exploited the social-based movement patterns for choosing the most appropriate relay node.
The SimBet routing algorithm [6] borrows ideas from social networking and contact patterns to predict paths to destinations for improving delivery ratio and time. The algorithm assumes that the groups have been formed and calculates the betweenness and centrality metrics to make routing decisions. Bubble rap [7] extends their work by allocating nodes into social groups based on direct and indirect contacts. Based on the global knowledge of the nodes' contact, they construct k-cliques/clusters to define the groups. However, grouping is static in their approach.
In [13,20], authors presented an approach that combines the advantage of social grouping and message forwarding based on message delivery probability of a node. Groups are formed dynamically as nodes come in contact with each other. The message is either forwarded using the individual delivery probability of a node, which is computed on the basis of messages forwarded by a node or by using the group probabilities of all those groups of which node is a member. In [13], the authors present an application of social grouping on network with single base station; and in [20], approach for network with n message source and sink is presented. The authors have presented an approach for identification of social groups dynamically. The approach suffers from overhead involved in creation and maintenance of groups.
To better exploit the social-based movement for message forwarding, the characteristics of nodes movement were studied. Working day movement model was proposed in [21].
In [22], authors presented the impact of movement characteristics on contact and inter-contact time. The contact time was used for determining the utility of contact being established. By capturing these characteristics of movement, the authors proposed prediction of the activities being performed by a node carrier.
Nodes capability as a relay node not only depends upon the movement pattern of its carrier but it also depends upon other attributes. In [23], routing scheme has been proposed that computes message delivery probability of a node on the basis of buffer space.
In [11], authors present an idea of CAR (Context-Aware Routing) protocol for routing of the message in DTN. The protocol is based on the idea of exploiting nodes as carriers of messages in a partitioned network to achieve message delivery. The choice of the best carrier is made using Kalman-filter-based prediction techniques and utility theory. The authors used two of the node's attribute viz-a-viz, colocation and change degree of connections, for estimating the delivery probability of a node. In the said approach, a single copy of message is forwarded. The approach does not exploit the social contact pattern of nodes.
In [24], the authors proposed a distributed scheme for sparse networks by calculating resources such as buffer, bandwidth and energy levels to take crucial routing decision. The routing decision is based on the quantum of resources available in a node's vicinity. However, authors does not exploit the existence of communities for efficient routing decisions.
In [25], authors proposed a framework for energy-efficient message forwarding using opportunistic contacts. In their work, they have proposed static and dynamic forwarding policies. Unlike the probability of forwarding a message by a node, as used in [25], in this paper, we discuss the message delivery probability of node. As per our approach, a node forwards a message only when it encounters a node that is more capable of delivering a message to its destination. This any how makes efficient use of energy by controlling the message forwarding and at the same time reduces message traffic.
In [26], authors proposed the usage of throwboxes, battery power stationary nodes, for enhancing the performance of DTN. In [27,28], authors proposed further enhancement in the architecture of throwboxes so as to make them energy efficient. The authors proposed a multitiered, multiradio hardware platform that applies heuristic for using the two tiers. By using low-power tier for listening the beacons and high-power tier for message exchange, throwboxes are able to provide energy-efficient solutions to DTN in general and sensor networks in particular. The proposed architecture can be implemented in DTN nodes, and its effect on the performance may be studied further. However, the implementation is outside the scope of this paper.
The knowledge of nodes' physical location and a schedule of futuristics locations or contacts have also been utilized for routing in DTN. In [2], authors have proposed an approach for routing in DTN using modified Dijkstra algorithm. They assume that the DTN nodes possess the knowledge about the time and duration of contact. On the basis of this knowledge, a node may create a number of routing metrics. Their results show that the efficiency and performance increases with the amount of information used for the metric. In DTN, determining the futuristic knowledge of opportunistic contacts is extremely difficult and therefore the approach presented in [2] may only exploit the scheduled contacts for message transfer and opportunistic contact may not be used. The weakness of this approach is that each node must have access to updated schedule data.
In [29], authors have presented an approach that uses link state routing protocol. The link state packets are exchanged using epidemic approach which leads to overhead. Whenever a node has a message to transfer, it forwards message to the node which is closest to the message destination. The approach is good in the sense that it requires very small buffer space and is therefore scalable. But the approach may not be practical in the scenario wherein the nodes have sparse connectivity.
4 Our approach
CONCOR is a source-based routing technique. The approach exploits the existence of community structure existing in social networks and the context awareness of node to efficiently deliver the messages. When a node has a message to be delivered to the destination, it scans its neighbour. If a destination is found, a message is delivered else a next hop node is selected. A node forwards a message to that neighbouring node whose delivery probability is more than the node itself and is also highest amongst all the neighbouring nodes. Periodically, each node computes its message delivery probability with respect to each of the destination. The method to compute delivery probability is detailed in Section 4.2.
4.1 Community structure
where: \(\lambda _{A, B_{i}}\) is the contact strength between node A and base station B i . ϕ is the rate at which contact strength changes. We are using the same value of ϕ as used in [13]. duration contact is the time duration for which node A is in contact with B i .
A node uses its community information in computing its DPV. A node will have a higher delivery probability for a base station of its own community. Such a node will be better capable, than the nodes of other community, for delivering a message destined to the base station of its own community. The community formation in CONCOR is different from group formation approach mentioned in [13]. The group formation and expansion may or may not involve a message destination as one of a group member. Therefore, fact that node is a member of a group does not reflect node capability to deliver a message.
This means that the purpose of group creation may be futile, and it may only result in overheads due to group formation. The group [13] may be formed between any two nodes and two groups may merge to form a larger group, but in CONCOR a node becomes a member of a group only when it comes in contact with a base station.
Further, unlike group formation in DSG, where a clusterhead of group maintains the list of member nodes, community formation is decentralized and there is no clusterhead. Each node is aware of its own community. This implementation of community formation avoids the overhead of message exchange occurring in the group formation in DSG [13]. Also, there is no concept of node resigning from a group, again reducing the overhead. In community formation, a node periodically checks its contact strength for a base station of community. If the contact strength is below the threshold value, a node ceases to be a part of community.
4.2 Structure of delivery probability vector (DPV)
- 1.
Member of community represented by a base station.
- 2.
Messages delivered per unit time to a base station.
- 3.
Total messages forwarded per unit time.
- 4.
Ratio of available buffer space to the maximum buffer space.
- 5.
Ratio of available battery level to the maximum battery level.
- 6.
Is node one hop away from destination?
If a node is a member of a community represented by a base station, it is very likely that a node will meet the base station in near future. Considering all the parameters the same, if a node say A contacts a node, say B, of the same community as the message destination, then node B's utility to deliver that message will be higher than A.
We have considered message delivery per unit time as an attribute for computing the delivery probability of a node for a particular destination. If the value of this attribute is close to 1, a node is capable of delivering a message and its delivery probability is also high.
Total messages forwarded by a node per unit time is used for defining the goodness of a node to deliver messages. Heuristically, if a node is able to forward a large number of messages to other nodes having higher delivery probability, it means that the node is coming in frequent contact with the nodes having higher delivery probability.
We use the ratio of available buffer space to the maximum buffer space as a node attribute for computing its utility. A node having large free buffer space at any point of time is more capable to store a message for longer duration in comparison to a node with smaller free buffer space.
Another attribute which enhance the node's capability of delivering a message is the node's battery level. This attribute is more important in sensor networks. In [11], authors have highlighted the importance of the attribute in computing the utility of a node to deliver a message. A node with high battery level can remain alive for longer duration and will be able to forward or deliver the messages. The consumption of battery power by a node occurs due to communication- and non-communication-related activities. If a node forwards or delivers more messages, then its power consumption will be more in comparison to a node not involved in forwarding and delivery of messages. Therefore, the maximization of two attributes, battery level and messages forwarded or delivered by a node seems contradictory. However, consider a network, where there are two sets of nodes. One that works on high power transmission mode and the other one that works on low power transmission mode. Suppose, number of messages forwarded by both the type of nodes is the same. The node working on high transmission mode will lose more battery power than the one working on low power transmission. As a result, a node operating on low power transmission mode have a higher delivery probability than the one operating on high power transmission mode.
Periodically, a node exchanges its delivery probability vector with the neighbouring nodes. Therefore, a node will be aware of existence of any of the base station in its neighbour. A node that is one hop away from a destination will have high utility value for forwarding a message to the destination.
In [11], authors introduce change degree of connectivity as one of the attribute for computing utility function. The change degree of connectivity specifies how frequently a node changes its contact. The high value of change in degree of connectivity means that a node is establishing connections and disconnections very frequently and probably is moving at high speed.
If a node establishes number of connections and disconnections in very short time span, it is very likely that a node comes in contact with other nodes for a small duration. In such a short duration, transfer of large-size message might not be possible. Moreover, as the change in degree of connectivity increases, less number of messages will be delivered.
A context awareness attribute used in [11] is co-location. Using community structure, we have captured the idea of co-location of node with destination. The application of prediction approach, such as Kalman filter, requires the knowledge of time at which the node was co-located with one of the destination. This knowledge is not required in community structures.
4.3 Utility function
dp=Cf×(W a ×MDT+W b ×MFT+W c ×BL+W d ×BuffS+W e ×C B )
Cf − compulsory factor. It is 1 if battery level and buffer space is above a threshold else it is 0.
MDT − messages delivered to destination b i per unit time.
MFT − messages(with destination b i ) forwarded per unit time.
BL − ratio of current battery level to the maximum battery level.
BuffS − ratio of available buffer space to the maximum buffer space.
C B − is 1 if community of node A is b i else it is 0.
W a ,W b ,W c ,W d ,W e − weights assigned to various attributes.
4.4 Initialization and update of DPV
Weight reference table
Tested value
Ideal value
W a
Weight assigned to MDT
10 to 40
W b
Weight assigned to MFT
10 to 40
W c
Weight assigned to BL
0.1 to 0.5
W d
Weight assigned to BuffS
0.1 to 0.5
W e
Weight assigned to C B
0.1 to 0.5
Periodically, a node updates its DPV. If a node is frequently involved in forwarding of the messages, its DPV will increase for the destination whose message is forwarded by the node. Similarly, if a node delivers a message to a destination, its delivery probability will increase with respect to that destination. Over a period, a node's utility to deliver a message to a base station may increase or decrease.
4.5 DPVT initialization and update
Each node maintains a delivery probability vector table. A node periodically receives a DPV from its neighbouring nodes. The received DPV is stored in a table with a timestamp. If a node, say Node A , receives a vector from another node, say Node B for the first time, it creates a new entry for Node B in its DPVT. If DPV of a node, say Node B , already exists in DPVT of a node, say Node A , then the value of DPV and the timestamp is updated. If the DPV of a node is not refreshed for long duration, the entry becomes invalid and is not used for selection of the next hop node.
Sample of DPVT
Timestamp (sec)
Valid (Y/N)
Node B
Node C
[1 0 0 0]
5 Proposed algorithm
- 1.
A node is a source and carrier of message, and a base station is a sink for message.
- 2.
Number of nodes in a network are much more than number of base stations.
- 3.
A node is aware of all the base stations existing in the network.
- 4.
A node computes its message delivery probability with respect to each of the base station.
- 5.
Each base station represents a community.
- 6.
Initially, a base station is the only member of community.
- 7.
No node is selfish or byzantine.
- 8.
Communities are disjoint.
6 Analysis
6.1 Effect of timer on CONCOR
The value of timer affects the performance of CONCOR. If the value of timer is very small, then the entry in the DPVT will become invalid very frequently. As a result, a node (say Node A ) will not be able to choose the relay node although a node (say Node B ) capable of delivering a message is in its neighbour. On the other hand, if the value of timer is large, DPVT will continue to hold a valid DPV for a node which is not in range. As a result, the execution efficiency of routing approach will decrease. The effect of timer was studied through simulation also. The results of the same are detailed in Section 6.6.
6.2 Effect of DPV exchange interval
A node periodically broadcasts its DPV that is received by all the nodes in the direct transmission range of the given node. If this period of exchange is very small, then a node will frequently forward and receive the DPV message to /from its neighbouring nodes and will in turn lead to overhead on itself and network resources. On the other hand, if this period is large, a node may indicate a DPV, as valid, for other node that is not in its neighbour. This will affect the performance of CONCOR, as the algorithm will choose a relay node that is not in the range of the given node. Therefore, DPV exchange interval should be optimal, neither too short nor too long.
6.3 Experimental setup
The Opportunistic Network Environment (ONE) simulator implemented in Java and available as open source has been used to evaluate the algorithm. The ONE simulating environment is capable of simulating mobility patterns of nodes and message exchange between them. Many of the routing algorithm applicable to DTN environment are pre-implemented in the simulator. We implemented routing as used in our algorithm (CONCOR), the DSG-based routing algorithm [13] and context-aware routing [11]. Three metrics viz. message delivery ratio, message traffic ratio and delay per delivered message were used to compare the performance of DSG, CAR and CONCOR. The simulator generated total messages delivered, message delivery ratio, total and average message traffic per delivered message. The simulator was customized to generate total delay and average delay per delivered message. The simulation was run for non-replicated messages.
6.4 Data source
The simulation was run using randomly created network with eight stationary base stations and 75 mobile nodes running delay-tolerant applications. The said number of nodes were chosen after repeated experiments so that community structure is formed and its effect could be studied in the network. Of these 75 mobile nodes, 25 nodes (one third) were high transmission power nodes, whereas the remaining 50 (two thirds) were low transmission power nodes. Power consumption during communication involving high transmission power nodes is four times the power consumed during non-communication. The communication in nodes with low transmission power consumes twice the power consumed during non-communication. The base stations are assumed to be high power transmission nodes with constant power supply. The data traces from North Carolina State University (NCSU) available at [30] were used to provide the mobility pattern of nodes. The data set is the movement trace of students in a university campus. The data set contains the location of nodes at different times. The specific data set was chosen because it closely relates to the problem scenario. The data set represents students' movement pattern and therefore has been used as a social-based movement pattern. The nodes were allowed to move in an area of 5.4 km2.
6.5 Simulation parameters
Simulation parameters
Serial number
Max. buffer space
Max. battery level
1,600 mAh
Buffer space in each node
Power consumption in communication for high power transmission node
195 mAh
Power consumption in communication for low power transmission node
112 mAh
Power consumption in non-communication-related activity
62 mAh
Message Size
Message time to live
1,440 min
Rate of message (msg) generation
1 msg /min
Data transfer rate
2 Mbps
Time to transfer a message between nodes
16 s
Speed of mobile nodes
2 to 3 km/h
Transmission range at low power transmission
30 m
Transmission range at high power transmission
90 m
60 s
Variable reference table
Tested value
Ideal value
Threshold for buffer space
2 to 10 MB
Threshold for battery level
65 to 200 mAh
112 mAh
Threshold value for joining community
.01 to.05
Contact decay ratio
0.1 to 0.5
6.6 Comparison of results
We conducted four different sets of experiments. During the first experiment, the effect of various context attributes on the routing performance was studied. In the second experiment, the effect of variation in timer value was studied. In the third experiment, the effect of number of mobile nodes on routing performance of CONCOR was compared with DSG and CAR.
7 Conclusions
The proposed algorithm exploits the existence of community in social networks. It also makes use of context awareness of nodes to improve the estimate of message delivery probability of a node. The simulation results shows an improvement of message delivery ratio, message traffic ratio, and reduces delay significantly over both DSG and CAR. The work also highlights the effectiveness of node's attribute at estimating its message delivery probability. Further, as future work, an application of CONCOR may be widened to a network with N message source and sink. Also, the performance of the CONCOR will be studied through its deployment in the real-time scenario where a node's message delivery capabilities are likely to get affected by geographical terrain and environmental interferences.
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This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.


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Life happens. Things at work got a little busy. I elected to stop posting things online for a few weeks. Today I started thinking about the defining moment that started it all. It happened about a decade ago. Inspiration struck. I wrote most of a book in one massive writing session. Inspiration fueled a degree of singled minded purpose that was all consuming. That feeling was intoxicating. It was almost self-sustaining. However, it was fleeting. That is the cruelest reality about inspiration. You have to capture it when it occurs. Seizing inspiration the moment it occurs remains a defining act. We have to make the most out of each and every day.
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Mike Hapgood SWWT Plenary, Brussels, 18 June 2010 F7/F8 – the way forward Mike Hapgood firstname.lastname@example.com.. with apologies that I could not attend in person
Mike Hapgood SWWT Plenary, Brussels, 18 June 2010 FP7 and FP8 FP7 saw first substantive inclusion of space weather in an Framework Work Programme –Only passing reference in FP6 –SPA.2010.2.3-01 Security of space assets from space weather events under FP7 Space –Called in 3 rd Space Call (2009) and successful proposals now in negotiation or approval phases Other SpW-related projects made successful cases under –Space science: e.g. SOTERIA, … –Research Infrastructure (RI): e.g. HELIO, CASSIS,... What are lessons-learned? –Exploit remaining FP7 calls –Make it clear to all that there is much more to do on SpW –Lobby NOW for extended coverage of Space Weather in FP8
Mike Hapgood SWWT Plenary, Brussels, 18 June 2010 Rest of FP7 Exploit remaining FP7 calls –Community now has much experience of FP7 –Growing awareness of SpW by Commission & some national reps –Vital to maintain community momentum wrt FP7 More opportunities for technical work as above –Be creative in exploiting what is in calls, e.g. science, RI, … –Talk to National Reps to be ready for those calls – lobby on details, e.g. ionospheric work under Research Infrastructures Seek support for policy development work –CSA funding – as advised by Commission in Jan 2010 More good bids to FP7 help the case for FP8
Mike Hapgood SWWT Plenary, Brussels, 18 June 2010 FP8 Lobby NOW for extended coverage of Space Weather Identify which current programme areas to press on: –Space – what is logical way to extend current SpW element? Should it more explicitly include ground-based impacts? –Security – push hard on space weather as a risk to civil security. The GIC and GNSS cases are extremely strong –Research Infrastructures. Natural home for ground-based measurements. Ionosphere is a strong focal point because of existing work on EURIPOS and EISCAT-3D –Transport – major SpW issues in aviation and shipping –What else? Monitor how these will evolve into FP8 –And what new themes will emerge!
Mike Hapgood SWWT Plenary, Brussels, 18 June 2010 Way forward How to structure our efforts? –Existing topical groups dont map easily to current themes –Identify action group for each theme? –Coordinate via SWWT and Wiki? Civil security is a critical target –Action group needs contacts linked into national activities –And with appropriate national clearances? Get space weather into national roadmaps European roadmap for space weather and heliophysics? –Astronet does good job for astronomy, patchy for space weather –Commission encourages roadmaps as input to Framework
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Filed under: Perfume reviews | Tags: amber, apple blossom, clean, crushed raspberry leaves, feminine, freesia, jasmine, Juice, lily of the valley, OP, OP Juice, precious woods, transparent musk, wild cyclamen
NOTES (as listed on perfume.com): crushed raspberry leaves, freesia, jasmine, apple blossom, lily of the valley, wild cyclamen, amber, precious woods, transparent musk
CLASSIFICATION: clean, feminine
AGE GROUP: perfect for any age
SIMILAR SCENT(s): n/a
FORM: eau de parfum
While there isn't much to say about OP Juice, that's not necessarily a bad thing. If you're looking for a nice perfume that isn't too complex, this is your man.. err, girl?
While the notes would lead you to believe that this is a fruity floral drenched in delicious sweetness, it's not. Instead, it's a simple, clean smelling fragrance that evokes a very feminine aura. It's nice. And that's that. Sometimes it's a good thing not to have a list of so many bad things, or not being able to put your finger on what you like, about a fragrance. Such is the case here. This is just a relaxed, girlie scent.
My only complaint is that, especially with this being an eau de parfum, the staying power leaves a lot to be desired. Such matches the light and airy personality of this fragrance, though. If you do end up being a fan, get ready for some serious reapplication throughout the day.
(We highly recommend reading our guide to understanding our grading system if you haven't already)
First sniff (bottle): B-
First sniff (skin): B-
Worn scent: C
Staying power: D
Scent as compared to note(s): C
Bottle: D+
Overall: C-
Don't get me wrong, OP Juice is a very nice smell. I enjoy the clean femininity about it. Combine it's simplicity with lack of staying power, in addition to being unfortunately forgettable, and you have an average-smelling fragrance. I'd recommend this to anyone looking for a non-offensive scent to wear around the house or out running errands, or even for a bit of a younger crowed – middle school and up.
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An Inside Look At Establishing Vital Elements Of Doctor Home Loan Canberra Australia
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