text:
Security in Microsoft Office 2003 Editions
Don Kiely
Information Insights
June 2004
Applies to:
Microsoft Office 2003 Editions
Summary: Discover how to approach secure computing with the Microsoft Office 2003 Editions. The security features in Office 2003 Editions protect against four major categories of threats: data, intellectual property, privacy, and application threats. Learn how to manage security in your implementation. (19 printed pages)
Identifying Security Threats
Protecting Data in Documents
Protecting Privacy
Using the Remove Hidden Data Tool
Applying Code-Based Protections
Providing Programmatic Access to Security
As the most used business productivity suite, the Microsoft Office System has been the object of many malicious attacks over the last few years. Microsoft responded by making each of the last several versions of the Microsoft Office System and its applications increasingly secure, leading to the most secure version yet—Microsoft Office 2003 Editions.
Security is a complex, ever-changing subject; Microsoft provides the tools that you need to enjoy more secure computing. You need to do your part and learn how to use those tools.
This article applies to user documents and to the solutions that you build using the Microsoft Office System as a foundation. As a user, it is essential that you understand the security features built into Office 2003 Editions to take full advantage of them and, more importantly, avoid accidentally circumventing them. If you are a developer building applications for Office 2003 Editions, you need to know how to hook into the security features for Office 2003 Editions in order to take advantage of them, and again, avoid accidentally circumventing them.
Identifying Security Threats
As with the security features of any product—software, buildings, anything—you have to understand the threats to security in order to use security tools effectively. So the first thing to do is inventory the threats that are specific to your users in their environment, in this case, when they use Office 2003 Editions applications and solutions that were built using Office applications. Figure 1 lists the threats that are typically faced by Office users and the features designed to counter them.
X Indicates applicability. ? Indicates potential applicability
Figure 1. Threats to Office 2003 Editions documents and users and the features designed to counter them
The security features of Office 2003 Editions protect against four major categories of threats: data, intellectual property, privacy, and application threats. While not formally defined, these categories map to real-world environments and provide a useful framework for understanding threats and protections.
Use Figure 1 as a tool to protect against the threats most important to you so that you do not waste time on features that do not provide any benefit for your users and environment. For example, signing a document with a digital signature does nothing to keep the document private, while document encryption does little to protect the integrity of data in a document. Choose the right security feature for the right threat.
This article does not examine every threat and security feature listed in****Figure 1; many merit separate article. This article provides an overall framework for the security features in Office 2003 Editions to help you to understand how to use them to protect against the threats that are most important to you.
Protecting Data in Documents
Documents contain a large amount of data, ranging from results of local races to information forming the basis of billion dollar decisions by major corporations and governments. Data integrity is critical to anyone who compiles, records, or uses the data.
The last several versions of Office provide data protection features, placing the ability to control data protection firmly with the user. In most Office applications on the Tools menu, select Options, and use the Security tab to set protection features (see Figures 2, 3, and 4). Each Office product offers similar security options, making it easy for a user to decide how to protect their documents and data.
Figure 2. Microsoft Office Word 2003 Security properties sheet
The user can use an appropriate level of protection for each document depending on how users use the document and its contents. By setting a password, Office encrypts the document, rendering it unreadable by anyone without the password. The Advanced button on the Security properties sheet provides control over the encryption algorithm that is used, as shown in the following figure. The user can select any compatible algorithm installed on their computer.
Figure 3. Encryption Type dialog box
The user can also use a modification password to control whether other users can make changes to the document. This option alone does not encrypt the document, but you can use it together with a password. In this case, any users with the password can read the document but must have the modification password to make changes. When opening the document, the user is prompted for both passwords. If the user does not provide a modification password, the document is opened as read-only.
**Note **The Password to Open feature uses advanced encryption. Encryption is a standard method of securing the content of a file. There are several encryption methods that are available for use with Word files, Excel files, or PowerPoint presentations. Microsoft Office Outlook 2003 allows for encryption also, but also implements it by using different methods. For more information about encryption, see Encryption in the Important Aspects of Password and Encryption Protection section of the Office 2003 Editions Resource Kit.
When you are using the Password to Modify feature, a malicious user may still be able to gain access to your password. For example, if you save a word (.doc) file by using the Password to Modify feature enabled in Rich Tech Format (.rtf) a malicious user may be able to gain access to your password.
The new Protect Document task pane in the Microsoft Office System guides the user to set protection for the document. The options that the user sets in the task pane limits the formatting options for other users and restricts whether they can edit, track changes, comment, complete forms, or make any changes. The tracked changes option, one of the options in the Editing restrictions list, is particularly useful when multiple users have the opportunity to edit a document and you want to make sure that changes are highlighted.
Figure 4. The Protect Document task pane
Note The Protect Document button on the Word 2003 Security properties sheet (Figure 2) only opens the Protect Document task pane. If you do not click the Yes, Start Enforcing Protection button on the pane, no protections are enforced.
In Microsoft Office Outlook 2003, on the Options menu, when you click Security, you have different options available to you than what is available in the other Office applications, as shown in Figure 5. The differences reflect that while Outlook manages documents at some level, it is operating in a different environment and uses standards and protocols that introduce unique threats to Outlook.
Figure 5. Outlook Security tab
Protecting data in documents with passwords helps limit who can make changes to documents and to some extent what they can do in the document. But what if you must be confident that a document has not changed in any way? Or, if there are changes, you need to know who made them. This is an important part of data integrity if users are to rely on the data in documents. This is the purpose of signing documents with digital certificates.
A digital signature is encrypted information that uses public and private key cryptography. Unlike the shared secret of file open and modification passwords—which require that all legitimate users have the shared secret, the password—digital signatures use public and private key pairs and provide the strongest protection available. They do not actually prevent tampering with a document, but digital signatures provide reasonable assurance concerning the identity of the originator of the document and produce a warning if the contents are tampered with. A digital signature does not guarantee that the signer does not have malicious intent, but a digital signature does provide reasonable assurance about who they are.
Signing a document means that you attach a digital certificate to it. When you sign a document, the Office application creates a hash of the document, encrypts the hash, and includes it with the digital certificate as part of the document. The combination of digital certificate and hash creates the digital signature. If another person changes the document, the signature is no longer valid because its new hash no longer matches the hash in the signature. Users from that moment on are alerted that the document was altered.
There are several ways that this kind of signature validation failure can occur. Try this experiment:
- Sign a document, and close it.
- Reopen the document then change the text.
- Save it.
The Office application warns you that saving removes all digital signatures.
If you change the text in a signed document, you invalidate the hash in the digital signature so that it doesn't match a hash calculated from the current version of the document. Rather than notify every subsequent user that the document is corrupt—even though you may have been the person who originally signed the document—the Office application removes all signatures.
But this is only one scenario that can cause signature validation failure. It can also occur because:
- The document or embedded script code is modified in any way, from:
- Corruption
- A macro virus that changes code or other content
- Programmatic changes (such as an add-in) that automatically change data
- The document is signed with an invalid certificate, which can be invalid because it is:
- Expired
- Forged
- Altered
- Corrupted
The data protection features of Office applications help protect the integrity of data from accidental or intentional modifications. If you want to exert more control over who views the document's content and what is done with it, use the intellectual property protections available in Office 2003 Editions.
Protecting Privacy
A typical document may contain information about who first created the document and who made changes to it. Several most useful Office features require this kind of information, such as change tracking and commenting. Labeling a comment or change with something such as "{00020906-0000-0000-C000-000000000046}" instead of "Don Kiely" may ease concerns about privacy but is not useful for easily reviewing who made what changes.
But sometimes users just do not want any kind of identifying information in their documents. Rather than turn to other document formats to distribute documents, you can directly remove personal information and other related metadata from documents.
Note Protecting a document with a password encrypts identifying personal information, but the metadata is still available to anyone who can open and view the document.
Users can remove personal data in two ways:
- On the Tools menu, click Options, and then click the Security tab. Check Remove personal information from file properties on save.
- When you save a file using the Save As menu item, click Tools, then click Security Options.
**Note **You must select this removal option for each document. It persists only with that document. Microsoft Office 2003 Editions does not have a global setting to remove personal information from all documents.
This option removes or changes four kinds of information:
- The Author, Manager, Company, and Last saved file properties are removed.
- Names associated with comments or tracked changes are changed to "Author."
- Any routing slip information is removed.
- The e-mail message header that the application generates when the user sends a document directly from an Office 2003 Editions application is removed.
A document's content is not affected in any way by the removal of personal information.
The user can also select an option that presents the warning box shown in Figure 6 each time they print, save, or send a document that contains personal information. Even after you remove personal information, any subsequent changes to the document embed some information into the document. This option provides a reminder that you may have to remove personal information repeatedly over the life of a document.
Figure 6. Optional warning dialog that appears when a user prints, saves, or sends a document with personal information
For more information about this, see Protecting Personal Data in Your Word 2003 Documents.
Using the Remove Hidden Data Tool
You can also download the Office 2003/XP Add-in: Remove Hidden Data tool. This tool does a much more thorough job of scouring personal information from Office documents than the built-in feature, and a command-line version lets you scour multiple documents simultaneously.
The list of hidden document data removed by the tool is quite long. This list includes hyperlinks that could point to internal locations that shouldn't be publicized, all user names, deleted text, field codes, embedded objects, and PowerPoint presentation notes. Many types of data are automatically removed but the user can optionally review some types of hidden data and make decisions for each removal.
The tool adds a Remove Hidden Data. . . option to the File menu in Word, Excel, and PowerPoint. The tool prompts for a new file name and location so that the original document is preserved. Then it reviews the document for hidden data and either removes it all automatically or steps the user through each potential problem. Figure 7 shows an example of a user who chose to step through each problem the tool identifies the potential problem in the document, highlights it, and gives you the option of keeping or removing the data.
Figure 7. Using the Remove Hidden Data add-in (Click to view larger image)
The command-line version of the tool includes options that allow you to specify the documents to scour and where to save the clean versions, whether to use preset defaults for the items to remove, and whether to create a log file. Both the command-line and add-in versions of the tool create log files that contain the hidden data found in each document and the changes made.
The primary difference between the built-in privacy features and the Remove Hidden Data tool is that the tool can modify—with your permission—the document's contents. For example, if you were to click the Remove Data button for a hyperlink (as shown in Figure 7) it deletes both the highlighted text and the hyperlink behind it.
Applying Code-Based Protections
One reason that the Microsoft Office System is popular is its programmability features, which allow users and developers to develop custom solutions. Power users can record simple macros to automate repetitive tasks. Anyone can teach themselves to write simple Microsoft Visual Basic for Applications (VBA) scripts. More accomplished programmers can create Microsoft ActiveX controls, smart tags, and other add-ins to build complex applications within Office 2003 Editions.
The disadvantage is that Office products are a favorite target for hackers, forcing Microsoft to become much more aggressive about the protections that it builds into the Microsoft Office System. You can still force users to be prompted whether they want to allow a macro to run, but it is now much easier to protect against users making bad choices.
Developers also worry about the protection of their intellectual property. This is a similar issue to protecting a document's user data, but the data being protected is the developer's code. A developer might have trade secrets embedded in the code, or they just want to keep the power users in the Office 2003 Editions from changing the code.
As a first level of defense, you can protect code with a password that provides protection from intellectual property theft and other modifications from power users.
To set a password on VBA code
From the Visual Basic Editor, click the Tools menu.
Click Project Properties (or Normal Properties in some builds of Office 2003 Editions) and click the Protection tab, shown in Figure 8.
Note Setting a password only protects the opening of this dialog, so users can see your code but not open the dialog box. To protect your code, you need to also set the Lock project for viewing checkbox.
Figure 8. The Protection tab for passwords on project properties
Setting a project password is a good first step.
Important Setting a password really only results in a low-strength block to code access in the integrated development environment such as the Visual Basic editor. The code is still in plain text in the document and can be retrieved from there.
To protect more fully against viruses and allow your code to run in secure environments, you need to sign your VBA code digitally. Used with a project password, digital signing protects both your intellectual property and protects your users against viruses. And if users have macro security set to High (the default), unsigned code does not run.
To apply a digital signature to your project, from the Visual Basic Editor (Alt-F11), click the Tools menu, and then click Digital Signature. . .. You can sign your code with any digital certificate installed on the local computer, such as that shown in Figure 9.
Figure 9. Apply a digital signature to your VBA project (Click to view larger image)
Once you sign the project with a digital certificate, any changes to the project code or properties causes the Office 2003 application to block the document from opening. Unlike documents signed by users, if you make changes to the VBA project on the same computer on which you originally signed the code, Office 2003 application automatically reapplies the signature, calculating a new hash to reflect the changed code. If you make the changes on another computer, the signature is invalidated and the code change fails. Re-signing the code after changes on the same computer is a nice convenience feature for developers and helps continue the protection for the code.
Note You should lock a VBA project before signing it by applying a password as described previously. Otherwise, users can invalidate the code's digital signature by opening the Visual Basic Editor and making a change, such as adding a comment.
The user can modify security settings, affecting whether code runs or not. If you write an add-in that modifies VBA code, you should determine whether a VBA project is digitally signed. Otherwise, your modification can affect whether code runs on a user's computer. Use the VBASigned property of each document object for the specified application (a Word document, Excel workbook, and so on.) to check whether a VBA project is signed.
Two other types of add-in code deserve mention. If you use an ActiveX component in your project or document, the security protections are started when the user installs the component and when the control initializes at execution. The other type of add-in code is smart tags. Office 2003 Editions treats smart tags as a type of VBA macro rather than an ActiveX component—no matter how you develop them—so smart tags are affected by the user's security setting for macros. Note that Office 2003 Editions loads smart tags when the application starts up, not when it is first used. This means that unsigned smart tags are not loaded when the user's security setting is set to High (the default), and there is no message to the user. For this reason you should always sign smart tags you deploy.
.NET-based Code Access Security
Although it is not a .NET-based application, Office 2003 Editions provides support for automating Office 2003 Editions-based solutions and documents using .NET-based assemblies. Office 2003 Editions has hooks that will automatically load and run a .NET-based assembly so that you can write applications in any .NET-based language—not just VBA.
Using a .NET-based language instead of VBA lets you hook into the much more robust security model of the Common Language Runtime (CLR) and its Code Access Security (CAS). CAS doesn't rely on the permissions that a user has, it relies on evidence about the assembly—such as location, strong name, and several others—to grant or deny permissions to code. This helps to avoid problems such as luring attacks that lure trusted code into running rogue or untrusted code.
The primary development tool for working with Office applications in the .NET environment is Microsoft Visual Studio Tools for the Microsoft Office System. Visual Studio Tools for Office initially sets up security on your development computer, but CAS can make deploying your Office solution more complicated. You need to learn more about how CAS works to build any kind of .NET-based application as well as how to match the best kind of evidence to your application's needs.
For a great description of the CAS issues and deploying Visual Studio Tools for Office solutions, see Brian Randell and Ken Getz's excellent MSDN Magazine article, Secure and Deploy Business Solutions with Microsoft Visual Studio Tools for Office 2003 Editions.
Providing Programmatic Access to Security
Microsoft Office 2003 Editions includes new and better features in the object model to support security. Many****of the object model features are common to most applications in the Microsoft Office System, while each application has its own extensions to support the particular security needs of its own. For more information about the security object model features in each product, see the appropriate product documentation.
Note An important distinction to remember when considering security features is that some protect documents, while others protect code.
You can set the same user interface features by using VBA code, such as setting a file open password. The Document object's SaveAs method provides Password and WritePassword parameters. The Password parameter lets you set a password that encrypts the document and the WritePassword parameter sets the modification password.
When you open a password-protected document, you can use parameters of the Open method to supply the appropriate password. Without the file modification password, for example, you cannot modify the document programmatically any more than you can from the user interface. One issue is that the terminology for this parameter varies across applications. For example, you have to supply the WritePassword parameter in Word to make changes to the document, but in Excel you have to supply the *WriteResPassword*****parameter. You can also remove a password requirement from a document programmatically. To do so, open the document programmatically with the correct password then immediately save it with a blank password.
Important Do not store hard-coded passwords in VBA code.
Office 2003 Editions changes the security for how macros are called from other macros. In previous versions of Office, a macro called from another macro was inherently trusted. For example, if you write code to trust other code, and the user trusts the source of the code, previous versions of Office trusted any called code. This represented a security risk. Hackers have created "luring" attacks in which trusted code is lured into calling harmful code. Office 2003 no longer inherently trusts called code.
The AutomationSecurity method is new in all Application objects in the Microsoft Office System. This method lets you control how security is handled when a macro calls another macro or an external program. The method has three values:
- msoAutomationSecurityLow. Macros can invoke other macros without establishing the invoked macro's digital signature. Similar to the Low macro security setting, this option is not recommended.
- msoAutomationSecurityByUI. Indicates the macro security setting as specified in the Office 2003 Editions user interface.
- msoAutomationSecurityForceDisable. The equivalent of setting macro security to High. If a macro is not signed by a trusted source, it does not run.
- It is recommended that you use either msoAutomationSecurityByUI or msoAutomationSecurityForceDisable to protect users and their documents.
In addition, it is important that you consider the operating system you are running. If you are using Windows® 2000 or later, all of the new security features in Office 2003 Editions are effective and you can customize applications to the environment in which they run. However, Office security features are only part of the solution. Because Office applications (other than Outlook) save documents as individual disk files, you can take advantage of your operating system's security features to protect data and code. Windows lets you define group-based read and write permissions, giving you far more flexibility than just the Office security features.
Security is a complex subject. Microsoft has been working within its Trustworthy Computing initiative for more than two years, and Office 2003 Editions is the first version of the Microsoft Office System released during that time; but security remains a task that requires careful planning and management.
You must continue to consider other factors:
- The Human Factor such as:
- Passwords taped to a monitor for anyone to see
- Unattended computers in public traffic areas
- The operating system:
- Windows has many security features you can use. . .
- ...or ignore
- Physical security:
- You must secure computers, documents, and network infrastructure against theft and damage
The Microsoft Office System attempts to balance security with a friendly user interface. To offer "complete" security, the only real solution is to hire the electronic equivalent of security guards to monitor and patrol your computing "premises," checking doors and chasing away suspicious characters. Microsoft provides tools that help you secure Office 2003 Editions against known threats, but it takes careful scrutiny and hard work to keep any application safe.
Additional Resources:
- Microsoft Office 2003 Editions Security Whitepaper
- Office 2003 Security Enhancements
- Office 2003 Editions Resource Kit: Security: Overview
- Secure and Deploy Business Solutions with Microsoft Visual Studio Tools for Office
- Information Rights Management in Microsoft Office 2003
About the Author
Don Kiely, MVP, MCSD, is a senior technology consultant, building custom applications as well as providing business, technology, and security consulting services. His development work involves tools such as SQL Server, Visual Basic .NET, C, ASP.NET, and Microsoft Office 2003 Editions. He writes regularly for several trade journals, including Access-VB-SQL Advisor, Fawcette's Visual Studio magazine, and asp.netPRO, and writes courseware and trains developers in database and .NET-based technologies. When not living and breathing technology he wanders the Alaskan wilderness with his dogs, Mardy and Izzi. You can reach Don at firstname.lastname@example.com.


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Tuesday, January 3, 2017
Happy New Year 2017
I hope it's not too late to wish everyone here a very Happy New Year 2017!
We have been away on a Christmas and New Year family vacation and even though we didn't really travel far (we just went to a rather historical town :), it was a very good time spent together and for the first time in quite a while, we had a good view of the countdown fireworks without leaving the comfort of our hotel room!
With three days into the new year and today being the first day to work and school, we still have three hundred and sixty two days to go before we have to say good bye to this year, there's plenty to look forward to and plenty to do.
One of my resolution this year would be to clear as many of my TBR books as possible and yes, I did managed to complete two books during the vacation especially during flight time and that's about 1% of the total TBR but hey, I have three hundred and sixty two days to do so! *confident & fingers crossed*
Another resolution would be to be more consistent with my posts as hopefully it supports my attempt to have consistency in my reading habits. Unless I managed to clear what I have, I do not foresee myself making any major purchases this year.
This is also to support one of my resolution of 'less is more' and to declutter my home and to get rid of what I do not need.
Posted by Purple Queen Fairy at 9:45 PM
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subset: commoncrawl


text:
Improvement in Food Resources
Chapter: Improvement in Food Resources
All the living organisms need food for their growth, body development and also for their health. The food that we take contains carbohydrates, fats, vitamins and minerals. Plants and animals supply us with food. India produces food in large quantities since agriculture is done on a large scale in India. Despite huge cultivation in India, we face the problem of supplying food to our people and the main reason behind it is the increasing population. Green revolution and white revolution were the most important periods during which many efforts were made to meet the demands of the food by the increasing population. Green revolution led to increased food grain production and white revolution led to increased milk production. However, these revolutions meant an extensive use of natural resources causing damage to them and thereby destroying the balance. There, we should use scientific management techniques like intercropping, mixed cropping and integrated farming practices for obtaining high yields without causing any damage to the environment.
Improvement in crop yields:
Cereals like rice, wheat, jowar, etc; pulses like gram, black gram, etc; oil seeds like, groundnut, mustard, etc; other fruits, vegetables and spices are grown extensively across the country. Apart from these crops, fodder crops like Sudan grass, Rhodes grass, bar seem etc are raised as fodder for the livestock
The Plants of the same variety grown at a place at the same time on a large scale are referred to as Crop. Different crops require different climatic conditions, temperature and photo-periods (period of exposure to sunlight) for their growth and completion of life cycle. Growth of plants and flowering are dependent on sunlight. Plants manufacture their food from sunlight through photosynthesis. There are some crops which are grown in rainy season. They are called Kharif.
Some of the crops grow in winter season. They are called Rabi. In India, there was a four times increase in the crop production from 1960 to 2004.
The practices involved in farming are divided into three stages. The first is the choice of seed for planting. The second is the nurturing of crop plants. The third is the protection and of the growing and harvested crops from loss. Thus the major group of activities for improving crop yields can be classified as:
- Crop variety improvement
- Crop production improvement
- Crop protection management
1 . Crop variety improvement:
It involves finding a crop variety that can give a good yield. We can improve the crop variety by incorporating desirable characteristics like disease resistance, response to fertilizers, product quality and high yield. Hybridization is one of the best ways to incorporate desirable characters into crop varieties.
Hybridization is a technique of cross breeding between two different varieties of crop plants, each having a desirable characteristic to obtain a new variety having a combination of desired characteristics. Another way of improving the crop is by introducing a gene that would provide the desired characteristic. By using hybridization techniques, we can get genetically modified crops (GMC's). Weather conditions, availability of water and soil quality should be kept in mind for cultivation practices and better crop yield. Since we cannot predict weather conditions like drought and floods, it is important for us choose crops that can be grown in diverse climatic conditions.
2 . Crop Production Management:
The yield of the crop depends on the nutrients added to the soil, the method of irrigation and the cropping pattern.
a . Nutrients:
Just like the organisms, plants also require nutrients for their growth and development. Plants get their nutrients from air, soil and water. There are about sixteen nutrients which are utilized by the plants. Air supplies plants with carbon and oxygen whereas hydrogen is provided by water. The plants obtain rest of the thirteen nutrients from soil. Six among these thirteen nutrients are required in large quantity and hence they are called macro- nutrients. The other seven nutrients are used by plants in trace amounts and therefore they are called micro-nutrients.
Nature of the Nutrient
Carbon, Nitrogen, Calcium, Hydrogen, Oxygen, Sulphur, Phosphorus, Magnesium and Potassium.
Iron, Zinc, Chlorine, Manganese, Boron, Copper and Molybdenum.
Deficiency of these nutrients affects physiological processes. Repeated cultivation of crops decreases the primary nutrients present in the soil. In order to make up for the deficiency of nutrients in the soil, it has to be enriched. So the required nutrients are supplied to the soil in the form of manures and fertilizers.
b. Manures:
Deficiency of these nutrients affects physiological processes. Repeated cultivation of crops decreases the primary nutrients present in the soil. In order to make up for the deficiency of nutrients in the soil, it has to be enriched. So the required nutrients are supplied to the soil in the form of manures and fertilizers.
Compost &Vermicompost: The process of decomposing farm waste material like vegetable waste, animal refuse, domestic waste, livestock excreta in pits are called composting and decomposed materials are called Vermicompost that are rich in nutrients and organic matters. Vermicomposting is the preparation of compost using earthworms.
Green Manure: The manure, which is prepared by using green plants, is called green manure. Some plants like sun-hemp are first grown and then mulched by sowing into soil. Thus, these plants turn into manure. Green manure enriches soil with nitrogen and phosphorus..
c . Fertilizers :
Fertilizers are commercially produced plant nutrients. A chemical fertilizer contains the primary plant nutrients namely nitrogen, potassium and phosphorus that makes the soil more fertile and enhances the growth of plants. Fertilizers can be of three main types:
Serial No.
Fertilizer Type
Ammonium Sulphate, Urea, Ammonium Nitrate.
Super phosphate, Ammonium phosphate.
Potassium chloride, Potassium sulphate, Potassium nitrate.
In order to maintain or improve the fertility of the soil, chemical fertilizers are supplied in proper doses before and during the cultivation of each crop. These chemicals are soluble in water and are readily absorbed by the plants. A chemical fertilizer is compact and concentrated and it is easy to handle.
Continuous use of chemical fertilizers can turn the soil infertile by reducing the organic matter present in the soil and by killing the natural microbial flora present. Organic farming technique has been developed to overcome this problem
Organic Farming: It is a farming system with minimal or no use of chemical as fertilizers, pesticides etc. This system uses organic manures, recycled farm wastes and biological agents to enhance the fertility of the soil and for pest control.
d . Irrigation :
Agriculture in India mostly depends on rains. Since rains are not consistent in our country, it is necessary for us to find other sources to supply water to the crops continuously. The method of supplying water to the crops through the sources like canals, reservoirs, wells and tube wells is called irrigation.
e. Cropping Pattern :
Different ways of growing crops can be used to give maximum benefit.
a . Mixed Cropping: It is a method of growing two or more crops simultaneously on the same piece of land. The two crops are selected in such a way that they support each other's growth. This cropping technique leads to an improvement in the fertility of the soil. Example: Wheat is grown along with Tur.
Inter-cropping is the method of growing two or more crops simultaneously on the same field in a definite pattern. A variety of crop is grown in a few rows and the other variety of crop is grown in next few rows. Example: soya bean+ maize+ cow pea.
b . Crop rotation: It is a method of growing different crops on the same piece of land alternatively. In this method, legumes like pulses, peas, beans, etc are grown in between the seasons of cereal crops like wheat, paddy, maize, etc. It helps in maintaining or improving the fertility of the soil.
3 . Crop Protection Management:
The crops in the field are exposed to many factors. The crop plants may be destroyed by insects, rodents, birds, etc. Sometimes the crops get infested by pests, weeds and diseases. Pests are organisms that bring about moderate to heavy damage to the standing crops. The common pests are insects, mites, aphids, rats, birds etc. Chemicals used to protect the crops from these organisms are called Pesticides. There are mainly two methods adopted to control the pests..
a . Chemical control: The control of pests using pesticides is called chemical control. Pesticides are sprayed by using a hand operated machine or by power operated sprayer. Fumigation and dusting are other methods of using pesticides.
b . Biological control: It is the method of controlling the pests by deliberately leaving biological agents like insects or any other living organism into the field. These organisms will kill the pests and save the crops. Biological control is a very slow process of controlling the pests but is a highly specific and eco- friendly process too.
An interesting example is of the orange orchards in California which were infested by scale insects. Australian lady birds were let loose in these orchards. These lady birds destroyed all the scale insects in about two years and saved the plants and fruits.
Weeds :
Unwanted plants which grow in the fields along with the crop plants are termed as weeds. Their growth in the field is harmful for the crops as they compete with the main crop for nutrients, space and sunlight. So, these weeds have to be removed. Examples of weeds are wild oats, grass, etc.
Storage of Food Material:
Storage of food is essential for their availability to the people throughout the year. Stored food may be destroyed by both biotic and abiotic factors. So it is necessary to ensure a safe storage.
Biotic Factors include:
I . Rodents, birds and other animals
II . Insects, certain worms and microbes
III . Action of enzymes
Abiotic factors include:
I . Temparature at which food item is stored
II . Moisture content of the food
III . Humidity of the surroundings
We can ensure safe storage of grains, pulses, fruits, vegetables and other food materials by storing them in granaries and cold storage.
Large quantities of food grains are stored in warehouses known as Granaries. The Food Corporation of India (FCI) is one of the biggest granaries in India.
Animal Husbandry:
Animals are very useful to mankind since they provide us with food that is rich in certain proteins which even the plants cannot provide us with. The branch of agriculture which deals with the feeding, shelter, health and breeding of domestic animals is called Animal Husbandry. Animal Husbandry practices include:
- Proper feed and clean drinking water
- Proper shelter
- Proper methods for breeding
- Prevention and cure of diseases
Cattle Farming:
Cattle farming in our country are practiced mainly for the production of milk and agricultural activities like ploughing the field, etc. Indian cattle mainly belong to two different species. They are Bos Indicus or Cows and Bos Bubalis or Buffaloes. Domestic cattles should be provided with proper nutritive diets. Their feed must be rich in basic nutrients like carbohydrates, proteins, fats, minerals and vitamins. The diet should also provide them with fiber and enough quantity of water. Besides, they should also be supplied with certain feed additives rich in micro nutrients. This would promote the health and increase the milk produce of the dairy animals.
We can maintain good health of the animals by keeping the cattle shed clean and dry. If the animals are healthy, they provide us with good amount of milk. Not only keeping the cattle shed clean but it is also necessary to keep it well roofed and well ventilated. By keeping the cattle shed clean, we can prevent animals from many infectious diseases that can hamper milk production and also sometimes can lead to the death of the cattle. The diseases of the cattle are caused by micro organisms like bacteria, virus or fungi. Cattles are vaccinated against many major viral and bacterial diseases.
Poultry Farming
- Birds like fowl and chicken are reared for the purpose of meat and eggs since they are rich in proteins and this is called poultry farming.
- In a poultry farm, two varieties of birds are reared. (i) Layers, for laying eggs (ii) Broilers, for meat.
- Hens which would lay more eggs by taking less food are selected for breeding as layers.
- Hens which are reared for meat are given high protein and vitamin rich food in order to increase their weight.
- Another major source of food for mankind is fish. Rearing fish on a large scale is called fish farming or Pisciculture.
- The place where fish is reared on a large scale is known as nursery or hatchery. The natural hatcheries are ponds, lakes, canals, etc, where the eggs of fish are introduced.
- Cross breeding is a technique to develop fast growing varieties of fish.
- Sometimes culturing of fish is carried out along with paddy crop. Cultivation of paddy requires a lot of water. The water used in paddy fields is used to culture the fish.
- Fish caught from the sea, ocean, estuaries are called as marine fish. They are caught by using fishing nets from special fishing boats or mechanized boats known as fishing trawlers.
Bee-culture or Apiculture:
- Honey is a nutritive food obtained from honey bees which are commonly seen flying in gardens.
- The nests of honey bees are called hives , we often seem them on tall buildings.
- Apiculture is the rearing of honey bees for the production of honey of commercial purpose.
- The rectangular containers in which the honey bees are reared are called apiaries. There are frames arranged in these containers and the hives are built on these frames. Compartments of the hives are called honey comb.
- Honey bees collect nectar from the flowers and convert it into honey.
- Bees wax which is useful in making candles is another important substance produced by honey bees along with the honey.
- Apis cerana (Indian bee), Apis dorsata (the rock bee) and Apis florae (the little bee) are the species of honey bees used in apiaries.


text: dairy Pa. Dairy Farmers Struggling To Find Greener Pastures In Tough Milk Market By Min Xian • May 25, 2018 Min Xian / Keystone Crossroads Along stretches of farmland on South Lincoln Avenue in Lebanon, Pennsylvania, you will notice yard signs with bright orange letters that read, "SAVE OUR LOCAL DAIRY FARMS." Alisha Risser owns one of those dairy farms. Seventeen years ago, Risser and her husband started a contract with Swiss Premium, a brand of the national distributor Dean Foods. In those days, Risser said business was good. Pa. Distributors Rescue Some Dairy Farms While Others Face Uncertain Future By Min Xian • Apr 12, 2018 Forty-two Pennsylvania dairy farms scrambled in search for new markets after receiving contract termination notices about a month ago from Dean Foods, a national distributor based in Texas. Since then, two distributors in the state have entered agreements with some of those farms. Harrisburg Dairies will pick up nine farms in the Lebanon-Lancaster area, while Schneider's Dairy in Pittsburgh decided to take on four farms from Clarion and Venango counties. Pa. Dairy Farms Scrambling Due To Major Contract Termination By Min Xian • Mar 23, 2018 One of the nation's largest dairy distributors is ending its contract with dozens of Pennsylvania dairy farms at the end of May — a decision that reflects challenges faced by the industry.


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Business owners, managers and C-level executives alike are all trying to maintain balancing acts in their workforces. You don't want so many workers that you keep catching them sitting around doing nothing and waiting for customers to walk in. But you also don't want overloaded employees with too much work or too many customers to get to in a timely manner. Having a staffing shortage may not hurt your payroll, but it could impact your ability to effectively serve clients. Finding the perfect workforce balance to minimize costs but maximize productivity takes careful planning and the ability to anticipate your needs.
Signs That You're Understaffed
Whether you're understaffed or overstaffed may just be a matter of perception. As an employer, you may think you have the right size staff, but your employees could feel differently – as could your customers. For example, a 2010 Gallup survey found that 40 percent of workers said their companies were understaffed.[1] One study found that 63 percent of IT departments were understaffed.[2] Another report revealed that 80 percent of marketers surveyed said they felt overloaded and their companies were understaffed.[3]
But as an executive, you may be more concerned with your profits than how your employees feel about your staffing practices. However, you shouldn't just brush this off as employees griping about having to work too much. Understaffing can lead to an erosion of the quality of your products and/or services, so it would be wise to pay attention to these signs that you might be understaffed:
- Mounting Overtime: Paying your employees overtime week after week is a great way to ruin your payroll budget halfway through the year. If you notice that your employees are regularly racking up overtime hours, it could be a sign that your staff needs help.
- Customer Complaints: Though not all customer complaints are related to your staffing levels, many are. If your customers are complaining that they have to wait too long to be helped or feel rushed when they do get service from one of your workers, an extra staff member or two may make a big difference.
- Constant Errors: When workers are spread too thin, mistakes will occur. It could be that your employees are rushing from one duty to the next or that they are mentally and physically overwhelmed. Whatever the reason, constant mistakes will turn off your clientele and make them look elsewhere for your products and/or services.
- Missed Deadlines: There aren't too many businesses that can afford to be lenient with deadlines. Whether it's internal deadlines or deadlines for clients, being late is indicative of a lack of professionalism. It also could mean that your employees are overloaded and unable to realistically meet their deadline requirements.
- Employees Saying it's Busy When it's Not: One of the telltale signs of staffing shortages is your employees discussing how busy they are and your numbers not backing it up. If you find that your workers keep talking about how busy they are, but your sales figures don't reflect that, you may have a staffing shortage problem.
How to Respond to a Staffing Shortage
- Do you or your employees feel the staffing shortage all day, every day; or is it only at certain times of the day, month or year?
- How efficient is your staff? Is there a lot of time wasted? Are they taking too long to complete certain tasks?
- Are you expecting or hoping for any upcoming business growth?
- Are your deadlines and work expectations realistic?
Your answers to these questions will help you determine whether or not you need more workers. If your staffing shortage is only for brief periods of the day or only during certain times in the year, temporary staffing may be the way to go. If you find that your deadlines are unrealistic or that your staff is highly inefficient, it could mean that you simply need to reorganize your staff and focus on management. However, if you are feeling staffing shortages during a time when you are hoping to grow your business, hiring permanent, high-performing employees may be best.
One common strategy for business owners and hiring managers who are unsure of their staffing needs is to use a temp-to-perm approach. This allows you to hire an employee on a temporary basis to see if the worker is a fit for your organization and if your company actually needs more staff.
Whether you need full-time workers, part-time staff, managers, C-level executives or temporary employees, TPG Staffing is prepared to help you meet your workforce needs. Staffing shortages don't need to be the norm for your company. We've coordinated the workforce needs for dozens of businesses across the United States and can help in any industry. Contact us today at 732-246-7100 to begin remedying your staffing shortage.
[1] http://www.gallup.com/poll/143480/four-workers-say-company-understaffed.aspx
[2] http://www.securitymagazine.com/articles/83412-study–63-percent-of-companies–it-departments-are-understaffed
[3] http://www.adweek.com/brand-marketing/80-marketers-say-they-are-overloaded-and-understaffed-166339/


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We can offer you a wide range of distribution option that fit any of your customer and consumer requirements for speed , quality and costs.
By visiting regions prices of absolute beauty our own notion system is transported to a brand-new region. If you're looking for a cleaning service company that offers a reliable, affordable and compact agency then you've arrived at the proper location. CONCLUSION In conclusion, it's crucial to say space travel may give humankind a great deal of benefits this is the main reason why it isn't a fantasy, and distance travel could be reality from the nearest future.
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If you, your customers and consumers require a classic mail service, then we have many years of experience in this field with strategic partnerships with many Postal Operators and Alternative Delivery Providers.
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Parcel Distribution
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Whether you want classic parcel services or the more sophisticated Courier services we have the solutions for you.
We are a gate way and drop point hubs for parcel distribution carriers for the UK and Europe which allows our customers to benefit direct transfers which enhances their services direct to delivery points. We work with all the Courier companies and know their strengths and weakness.
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The e-packet service has a 2 very unique processes, these allow our customers with lower end products and high end products to choose the level of service driven by costs.
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The E-packet DelCon provides customers a delivery confirmation service to the recipients tracked.


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Try this rub in our island style Mexican mole! We use Wai'anae Gold Kiawe flour & Nā Hua O Ka 'Āina natural macadamia nuts to accentuate the nutty & malty flavored coffee. Use it as a crust on chicken, fish or a roast.
65 grams
Visit Us:
Mill House Roasting Cafe
1670 Honoapiilani Hwy #4
Wailuku, Hi 96793
Daily 8:00am-5:00pm
Contact Us:
(808) 270-0319
Review us:
Proud Member of;


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Privacy helps to establish personal autonomy and create individualism. Privacy is a state or condition of limited access to a person (e.g., client). In particular, information privacy relates to an individual's right to determine how, when, and to what extent information about the self will be released to another person or to an organization.
Key Points
With the rising occurrence of information privacy violations, people have begun to take interest in how, when, and where their personal information is being used. People usually interchange the concepts of security with privacy. In fact, they are essentially two different concepts used to protect data. In general, security involves the use of cryptographic tools to protect information in terms of confidentiality, availability, and access control and integrity enforcement. Privacy mainly focuses on the ability of keeping data away from public access, and the way to protect it according to the individual rights.
Recommended Reading
- 1.Anderson RJ. A security policy model for clinical information systems. In: Proceedings of the 1996 IEEE Symposium on Security and Privacy; the 1996.Google Scholar
- 2.Westin A. Privacy and freedom. New York: Atheneum; 1967.Google Scholar


text: Next stop, the Mariners' Museum. The drive up there turned out to be one of the most thrilling parts of the visit, thanks to Dr. Research's libertarian approach to road rules. Apparently "One Way" doesn't automatically mean "in the direction of the arrow" to the doc, an interpretation which took me by surprise, an emotion which seemed to be shared by the drivers of oncoming cars. The museum itself was mind-boggling in its largicity.


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LinkedIn is the top networking platform to connect with industry professionals and businesses. It's the #1 social media platform for B2B businesses, but what is less known is that LinkedIn is also a great tool for B2C businesess too.
50% of LinkedIn members are in upper management positions and are decision makers. LinkedIn members have 2x the buying power than other social media platforms.
LinkedIn is a generally career-oriented networking site; most of its members are decision makers, executives of some kind, statistically more educated and consequently have higher salaries comparatively. Looked at as potential consumers, LinkedIn members have higher buying power and more more inclined to engage with a business that promotes services and products that they want. LinkedIn is therefore thought of as a more professional and credible source of information, and members are more likely to trust and take seriously other businesses that have LinkedIn profiles.
ESimplified has developed a strategic approach in putting clients on LinkedIn. Through setting up a business profile advantageously, we ensure every element of your business page is optimized so that it becomes a lead generator instead of a bland information page.


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Thursday, July 21, 2011
Who Are You Mister?
8 comments:
What kind of 'membrane' are you referring here Rolyn? I am quite puzzled...ReplyDelete
ambot...basta kay membrane ra gud..hahahaha :PReplyDelete
Aie....nagdadalaga na si Rolyn... hahahaha, spoiler pud ni si albert.... basta kay membrane.!! lisod-lisodon jud.!!!hahaizzzz...ReplyDelete
shanz sojor again nang hilabot na pudReplyDelete
hahah..tama na ang bangayan...di yan nakakatulong :)ReplyDelete
@shenmae: haha..how i wish I will see him soon, again :)
Albertoh.!!! care mu if mang-hilabot ko? ano kita? tatay???ReplyDelete
Rolynskie.....hehehe,tell me if nakakita naka niya usob....plzzzzz....
An interesting story. In the US (NY) there is a Missed Connections section of the newspaper. A girl named Sophie Blackall reads them and then illustrates the most interesting one. This would certainly fall under that category. You should look her site up. I think you would find it interesting.ReplyDelete
@mcgrad89: can you give me a link to her site? I would love to check it out :) Thank you..ReplyDelete


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The immediate past President Goodluck Jonathan has said politicians are full of sugar-coated lies.
The former President, who was speaking ahead of the December 5 gubernatorial election in Bayelsa State, has warned youths to stay away from sweet-talking politicians or get carried away by their lies.
Jonathan urged them to assess what those aspiring for elective offices have done in the past.
The former President stressed that most politicians today are men of many words, who tell many lies to woo voters and deceive the public in order to get to their respective offices, saying that politicians are full of lies
He stated this on Sunday, November 29 during the presentation of Peoples Democratic Party, PDP, flag to Bayelsa State Governor, Seriake Dickson, at a grand finale of Dickson campaign in Yenagoa, the state capital.
Present at the ceremony were Jonathan, Chairman of PDP Governors' Forum and Governor of Ondo State, Dr. Olusegun Mimiko, National Chairman of the PDP, Chief Uche Secondus and Governor Dickson.
Others are Senator Nimi Barigha-Amange, State Chairman, PDP, Chief Serena Dokubo-Spiff, Deputy Governor, Rear Admiral John Jonah, among others.
Jonathan, who urged the youth to vote for a person that would develop the state and not by propaganda, said Dickson deserved reelection considering his developmental initiatives in the state.
He said a vote for Dickson in next Saturday's poll was a vote for liberation, development, security and peace, stressing that PDP remained the party for the people.
His words: "So, for Bayelsa young people, do not be carried away by politicians. They are people of many words; they go to so many places, talking to so many people, telling so many lies.
"So, do not listen to what people say, but assess what people have done over the period. Most of the candidates are well known to you, so it is the choice of Bayelsa young people to vote for development of this state or to vote for the retrogression of this state. It is the choice of Bayelsa young people to vote for education of our youths or to vote for the retrogression of our young people.
"The choice is ours and I think you will think beyond yourselves. At our age, we are looking down, not looking up, whether you like it or not. So, think about your children and your grandchildren, think about building a state for your children and grandchildren, do not think about what you will swallow in the morning and I believe that the steps so far taken by Dickson have shown me that he wants development of this state, he has encouraged development in this state


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50th wedding anniversary meanings, symbols, and gift ideas
The Golden Wedding is celebrated after 50 years of marriage. The Golden Wedding is a great anniversary, like gold that is one of the most precious and expensive metals. Olympic champions are awarded with gold medals for a reason – they have to highlight significance of their victory that was reached by hard working. The Golden Wedding Anniversary is a day when everybody congratulates the couple for strength of their family. A half-century age of a family is a great occasion for a celebration. Married couple who managed to preserve their mutual feelings, affection, and common interests for such a long time, deserve respect. Nobility of the metal that is the symbol of the anniversary is out of any doubt. As a gift for the 50th wedding anniversary gold jewelry are given in sign of devotion and love, because this date really means great love.
Any golden jewelry could be great as a gift for the Golden Wedding Anniversary: not only gold itself, but anything resembling gold: jewelry (bracelets, necklaces, pendants, amulets), accessories (a gold or gilded pen, watches, frames, trinkets, cuff links, brooches, tie clips). Also, figurines or candleholders, gold embroidery icons or tablecloths, towels, bed sheets, various household stuff, etc.
The 50th wedding anniversary is associated with:
• material – gold;
• a flower – Yellow rose, violet;
• a precious stone – gold.
50th wedding anniversary gift ideas:
• family portrait in the gilded frame;
• a gilded tea set;
• сolden souvenir;
• coverlets or plaids Golden brown;
• Cup and saucer with gilding;
• an album with photos of all relatives.


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The climate in Seattle pummels the outside of your home in view of all the rain we get her in the Pacific Northwest. The need to repaint a home in Seattle can prompt the choice to supplant the siding if the wood on your house is buckling, rotting or cupping. In the event that the paint and wood siding is damaged to the point that the cost to prep and repaint your home will be more than $8000 you ought to consider re-siding. The benefits of installing another fiber bond outside are that you get the best profit for your investment over every other repair on your home. In the event that the outside of your house is showing significant wear replacement with Hardieplank Fiber bond siding positions as one of the best fixes in our general vicinity for rate of profitability for your home.
This is particularly valid on the off chance that it has harmed wood siding or flawed LP siding. Did you know items like Hardy board are by a wide margin the most savvy, strong material to utilize while residing your home in the Seattle territory. You increase the resale estimation of your home by weatherproofing your home and decreasing the future maintenance needs. We complete a huge amount of siding replacement in Seattle especially due to the wet climate and installation of LP siding, Weyerhaeuser siding and masonite siding. These items and additionally installation disappointments have brought about water infiltration and legal claims against those organizations. Extensive quantities of track homes with failing siding gives mortgage holders in the pacific northwest a cost advantage over numerous different zones in the nation. The explanation behind this is all the siding replacement has made a sound market for siding replacement contractors and made costs extremely completive. Do you have issues with your LP siding, Weyerhaeuser or masonite siding.
I give individuals evaluates on residing their homes throughout the day. I see numerous statements for prepping and painting a home that are more cash than re-siding the home with fresh out of the box new Hardieplank. I am astonished at what it expenses to strip and prepare a home for Siding Replacement Atlanta. Frequently the cost to just paint your house is more cash than tearing off your old siding, replacing the siding with fibrocement and painting the new sheets. The final product is a fresh out of the box new looking home! When you take a gander at the aggregate cost just painting will improve your home search for the time being yet there will be extensively more maintenance later on. Siding replacement cost differs from home to home however you should spending plan about $5.00 a square foot for detach, replacement of your siding and painting. This ought to include new home wrap and transfer of all waste material and new corner trim. This implies an ordinary home that is 2500 square feet will cost approximately$9,000 – $10,000 to install new Hardie board siding and look shiny new. In the event that your siding and paint is in extremely awful shape your repair and painting assessments could be more than $8000. Shop around and get 3 appraisals to find out in the event that you ought to repaint or supplant your siding.


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HBA Member Profile
Kamala Boutique
December 28, 2010 - 10:09pm | admin
Kamala Boutique, found off the main street,is a gift shop full of heartfelt treasures, jewelry, and accessories, at affordable prices. We love to help you find that perfect little present for your loved ones, and will gift package it for free.
Hours: Tue/Wed/Sat 9-5 Thu/Fri 9-7 Sun 12-5 closed Mon
Contact Name:
Kate Lamontagne
Kamala Boutique
31 Union StreetHolliston, MA 01746
Web address:
Member Location


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When it comes to hair loss, a lot of theories abound as to the cause. There are plenty of reasons why you may be losing your locks. You may be overstressed or deficient in certain nutrients or, you may find out that implementing a couple of simple lifestyle changes may slow down or stop the Continue reading
Tag: stress
The other day, I was shopping in our local supermarket for some essentials (usually Richard and I do this together, but this time I was by myself). Richard had asked me to pick up a box of his favorite crackers, so I found myself staring at shelves full of them. I recognized the brand he Continue reading
Wrinkles under the eyes DON'T start when you actually SEE them. Here's how and when they start. Stop it now…
You wake up one morning and all of a sudden see another new line or two around your eyes. Panic sets in…right? Your reaction is, "It just popped up overnight." Well…not really. When you actually see the new line you should know it started developing long ago. This is often true of dark circles under Continue reading
A Doctor Friend once told me how he relieved his stress…no Pills and Easy to do…
…..he referred to it as a Total Body Healing Experience…. he was right. Yes, Your Body, Mind and Spirit Need a Break…here's how…. Years ago a doctor in New York City told me how he relieved his stress at the end of the day… I never forgot it and have followed his advice most days. Continue reading


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Stay tuned for news about an upcoming event in the spring of 2019!
Winter 2016 Conference: "Decolonization: Space, Politics, and Knowledge"
Our last conference offered engaging presentations encouraging the push back of oppressive, (neo)colonial systems through grassroots knowledge and solidarity building.
It featured a panel discussion composed of Elsipogtog Elder, Noel Milliea, Mount Allison's Indigenous Affairs Coordinator, Doreen Richard, along with Jenna Gaudet, Emma Hassencahl and Spencer Issac of the Indigenous Support Group. The discussion was followed by a reception held at the President's house and a social event off-campus. The second day of the conference was full of student presentations, followed by a keynote speech presented by Harsha Walia.
Previous Conferences:
Fall 2015 Mini-Conference
Challenges to Future World Security: Food, Energy, and Privacy
Breakthroughs: Innovative solutions for communal challenges
Revolution: Reforming Structures and Rethinking Perspectives


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This was a first. My first surprise proposal and I was so giddy to be doing it for Jeremy & Marett. He called me one day in December saying that he was going to propose to Marett and wanted to do it at Wofford College as it was where they met, plus the campus is beautiful anyway. He told me that he wanted to do a walk around on the campus, to show her some new things that were going on (Correct me if I'm wrong, but pretty sure Jeremy's dad works at Wofford). Then Jeremy had an idea that I approach them as if I'm just scouting the area for an engagement session that I'd have the next day, and ask them to be stand in subjects to test the light.
The way that it worked out was hilarious and perfect.
When they got to our meeting point, I stopped and introduced myself and asked them if they would mind standing in for me. And immediately, Marett started laughing. They agreed we started shooting. I asked them if they would mind walking back up the path they came and just talk and walk back towards me and we would go from there. I think the photos can tell the story after that 😉
What I didn't know was that Marett had been asking Jeremy about when he was going to propose to her. Jeremy told me that she basically had her ring picked out, lol. Her best friend actually helped pick out the ring, and it was perfect.
Without typing out a book (lol), here are some of my favorites from Jeremy & Marett's surprise proposal session 🙂
Thank you to Jeremy for allowing me to document this amazing part of his and Marett's life! It was an amazing experience and I had a great time planning this surprise for Marett. She was definitely surprised, haha.
I wish you both the absolute best in your lives together!


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Explore Other Events
September 24, 2015 at 6 PM | Ljubljana, Slovenia
Toptal Organized
Toptal is supporting developer communities all over the world. Our core developer Miha Rekar is the lead organizer of the Slovenia Ruby User Group. If you happen to be in Lubljana on the 24th of September and you are into Ruby make sure to drop by and say hello, it is the perfect opportunity to meet fellow Rubyist and find out more about Toptal.
There will be two talks: Ivo Gregurec will talk about freelancing, more specifically, working through our long-time sponsor Toptal. It will be a very interesting talk, not just for Ruby developers or developers in general, but for anyone who wants to start freelancing.
Srđan Prodanović will present Modern DevOps with Docker. If you're a developer you probably already heard of Docker. In this talk you'll learn what it takes to build modern scalable systems with Docker.
There will be a Q&A session after every talk so any and all questions you have will be answered. Also there will be slots for lightning talks so you can present something as well.
Tobačna ulica 5, Ljubljana, Slovenia
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Payless Disposal Inc.
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680-BINS will Dispose many items, for example:
If you can think of it then we've hauled it. P.D.I. also known as 680-BINS or 397-JUNK does not haul large quantities of:
Down below are some rates we have provided from the largest known junk removal franchise Calgary. We have found these rates on their public web site. The garbage collection Calgary trucks they use are 10' * 8' * 5' feet which equals approximately 15 cubic yards. If you look at their rates and then ours you can see the difference is substantial.
Below their rates are our rates. If you compare the cost per load there is a big difference. Our garbage company Calgary trucks can carry payloads up to 27 cubic yards. The rating shown below is based on one of our 20 cubic yard industrial bins Calgary trucks.The average cost per load we provide for our customers is significant which saves them money. Look below to see how we can save you money as well.
All the costs have been broke down to show you just how much money you can save by using our services.
We offer 5 % off for multiple green bins Calgary loads.
The City of Calgary landfill charges $15 extra for removal of freon from:
Any and all refrigerant device containing freon is charged this amount. We also haul dishwashers appliances removal Calgary.
If you aren't sure what the cost will be to remove your domestic waste disposal Calgary, trash, or garbage we can give you an estimate. Our price list speaks for itself and shows the obvious better value. Get rid junk Calgary and garbage can look much worse than it is, but you can relax knowing that your we haul junk Calgary job will be handled by the professionals from P.D.I. also known as 680-BINS. Call our dispatch today, and let us provide you with a estimate to remove your junk yard Calgary.
The advantage using with P.D.I. also known as 397-JUNK is we are a locally owned and operated get rid junk Calgary company. We are able to offer a great savings packages for disposal household hazardous waste Calgary which are flexible enough to meet your budget and time frame.
Great rates on things like Electronic Waste Calgary are nothing unless accompanied by Great service. Now that your aware of the savings on things like Calgary home renovation we've offered you, it is a great time for you to call us and check out our got junk Calgary services first hand. Call our dispatch to get your next Calgary garbage disposal Bin on your site. We will also provide you with a Calgary Property Clean outs and remove your junk while you wait. Come and see why the people of Calgary depend on Payless Disposal Inc for things like calgary waste recycling, Calgary salvage disposal, Calgary demolition service, bathroom renovations Calgary, and basement renovations Calgary. We then haul it all away to the Calgary garbage dump for you.


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"Tanya's vision for interior design was show cased in a home I had listed for sale in Beaverton. She updated both kitchen and master bath, and then staged the entire home. The transformation was remarkable! She gave the home the competitive edge that it needed. I look forward to working with her again." October 4, 2008
Julie Minor Dickey , Real Estate Broker , Meadows Group Realtors


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..just came back from Chatuchak market ... the heat out there is killing me @.@"
get a coOL Isotonic drink - 100PLUS and self cam-whoring a bit hehe...
here was the room I stayed in ... just about 500Baht a night
got it booked online ^^ It was practical not to stay in Stars rated hotel since I did not need to use their facility. I just need a place to sleep and to take bath ^^ . The staffs here were friendly too. I'm delighted to tips them since they were helpful at all time.
it was a cramp room i guess .... but everything was functioning well
.. is this what you would call - Metro-sexual guys?
well understood ... wastage is not eco friendly. I'm going out now ... ^^
a snap before my van comes to fetch me. I had booked my Dinner Cruise online prior b4 my arrival here at Bangkok.
not bad ... they fetch me... ONLY ...
an interesting scene upon my arrival ..but ..BRUTAL ..
the DOGS were having some great time ...then suddenly some S Holes(dogs) came in and attacked the couple. ..the worst part was - these pity 2 were still TIGHTLY LOCKED ..
what if this scenario happens to some dudes? oooHhhh ... scary ...
nvm ... forget those animals~~~
Now here ... can I resume my girls sampling and some findings?
nothing to do ... so I just snapping around ..
nice view .. but I can't find this in KL, Penang ...or Melaka ... yeaH~ this is BangKok~!!!
girl who rehearsal her traditional dance moves
do you like their costumes?
a sudden influx of patrons - they were usually under tour groups
a courtesy of culture
couple at work?
flower boy cum cameraman?
you may book it online and it usually offers you cheaper pricing. It only cost 1100Baht online, if you book it there, they would charge you 1400 Baht. Pay when you are there, they just do the reservation for you 1st while you book online. DO remind them 1 or 2 days before the dinner. The practice would be good for both parties.
this was the lovely boat - rice barge converted? I heard that - yes, it was...
their tables ...
my exclusive table - just for me, since I was the only loner here kakaka ... FRONT SEAT(1st class) ..LoL...
the other rice barge cruise from other company ..
my new Thai friend who was a local tour guide
mouth watering starter ... I would usually thought - these kind of preparation is only great for look not the taste ... but it did proves me WRONG~! CrisPY and paCKED with flavor!!!
snack for my itchy itchy mouth ... LoL
MC .. who talks about the ship, the surrounding and the history ...
cute entertainer who performs traditional musics ...
PnS camera was like this ... ISO800 is useless here... Low Light + Moving Objects + Rumbling Boat + Slow Shutter SPeed
Why they serve me Tom Yam soup 1st? ...coz.. it would open our appetites with the mild spicy sour taste of it
unless the subject was brightly lid ... or else it would blur like hell .. >.<"
why I snapped this in the 1st place, it was blurred? yeaH~ someone did said those food were pre cook before it is serve. Hack I proves those dudes were wrong ... there was a kitchen on the back of this boat!
simple ... yet PACKED with flavor~!
when you do your booking that time they would offer you 2 choices of meal -
a) Seafood or
b) Traditional Thai food
* I choose the Traditional one ... and I'd never regret a bit on it!
Looks small in portions? No ... I almost can't finish it~! ^^"
Vege & Prawns
this baby was yummY~ Steam Cooked Meat(not pork, not chicken, may be fish???) very nice ... sinful-licious~~~
Green Curry Fish Fillets? .. the curry was creamy and mildly spicy. Taste great and oMMphhh~~ on rice~!!!
really smells great and looks great ... nice fragrance from Lemon Grass
I'm feeling full ... but it was still plentiful as you can tell ...
have you ever eat some dessert and later keep smiling hysterically from those punchy awesome flavor and texture? I did~!!! Here~!!!
*Best piece of dessert shown here - the BEAN, look at it - it was simple but don't get deceived by it's LOOK. It MELTS in your mouth with an exotic flavor~!
* Second piece - The Baked Coconut Floss, it had 2 flavors~! 1st chew ... primary taste. Then, it sets in the secondary taste when you chew longer ..at the end ...
* Lastly - the Star shape one ... special ...but not as special as the above 2 ...
* Pink Jelly - was kinda normal to me ...
....others were plain fruits ...
after those fancy treat .. let's give my mouth a break ... have a tea ya~
relax .. and watch some drama dance ...
A sweet lady who performing the traditional songs.
Why she keep smiling and keep her eyes on me ya? hehehehe ...hehe..
Happy me ^^ a great dinner for sure
tipping is not necessary but would be much appreciated ... I gave some tips to my tour guide.
Then, since the night was young ... I took myself a tour to the Adult district aka Red Light District (not to mention the street name) LoL...
about the massage girls - they were totally different breeds~! most of the massage girls around Bangkok were came from Nisan or other further regions of Thailand. Most of them were petite and some even have very fair skin ... but however they were no match to the breeds of modern city, those from Nisan where their face features lacks exotic and usually petite in size just hardly beats those city girls who looks like exotic models, at least their model faces of mix parentage.
Looking for pretty girls for massage? sorry... unless you are trying to find it at those Japanese/ Korean customers area but the fees were DARN HIGH~! Others massage parlor only have girls who are good at skill(yet I really doubt their skill). Usually GUYS can only look for skill and pretty faces by paying premiums or use effortless time to woo one in Bangkok city. Pretty Thai who have model face and body will never work in massage parlor! They only for Escort Service or those High End that I mentioned - at least 4,000Baht for an hour joy ride~!
For a normal chap and limited cash like me - no way I would pay the premium or woo a Thai girl in just a brief period. Unless the girl who made the signal 1st ... damn ... I shy away and my Thai language sucks - (Ma mi lai, mai mi dang kup - Thai)~!!!
OMG ... this was one of the biggest and grand hotel in Bangkok, much bigger than KL ones~!!!
look ... my wide angel camera was unable to accommodate it~!
finally, I end up here - a very healthy foot massage for my pair of hard working sticks kakaka~
this was an isolated shop within Suan Lum Bazaar, Lumpini.
while on my way home to guesthouse ...
OMG ... I forgotten that Saturday night was for Boxing show ... damn ... sigh... OK.~
happy feeding ya~ you usually can spot one or 2 elephant on tourist packed area ...
coOL ... lots of rats/rodents ... or Mickey Mouse would sounds better ^^ ..LOL
good nite ... 4th day ahead ~
...to be continue ...
Monday, August 3, 2009
Bangkok Trip 2008 - Day 3 Part 2
Labels: Bangkok, Bangkok Guesthouse, Boxing Stadium, Charlie Guesthouse, Green Curry Fillets, Thai Cruise, Thai girls, Thai Massage Parlor, Thailand Dinner Cruise, Tom Yam soup, Wan Fah Dinner Cruise
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Food + Drink
Stunning Sweets! Strawberry Shortcake With Lemongrass-Basil Whipped Cream
As you probably know by now, we here at stupidDOPE love sweet treats. We've seen an array of sweet recipes for the Summer season, and today we get another worth adding to your collection. Today we get a look at a recipe for Strawberry Shortcake With Lemongrass-Basil Whipped Cream, a brilliant and rather unique combination that is sure to add some flavor to your life this Summer.
The Strawberry Shortcake With Lemongrass-Basil Whipped Cream recipe comes from the good folks over at Floating Kitchen who have certainly created something great and amazing to say the least. Sleep not on this one. Check out the dope new recipe in the images below, and head here to see the full recipe immediately. Make it, eat it, and speak your mind on it after the jump. Stay tuned for many more great treats coming very soon!


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We had such a great/crazy weekend! Friday night Ben had basketball and then stayed home with Kobe and I Saturday during the day. He was able to finally buy a new set of weights that he had been eyeing for 2 months now, so he was super excited. Then he got to go the a Pistons game that evening (while I stayed home and WORKED on getting ready for the Bridal show that was on Sunday) He had a great time at the game and had fun getting some cool pictures of some of his favorite players.
Sunday we had the bridal show at the palace and it was as big as ever. We both laughed about how we were so nervous the year before and now that we have shot so many weddings everything seems like old hat.
Our booth was across from Bed, bath and Beyond, we were next to a limo company and The Henry Ford Museum and across the way there was a dance studio booth and would have some people demonstrating their dance lessons that kept us amused.
We met a ton of brides that said they were looking for a videographer so it was nice to see our demos going to people who were really interested instead of people we were there to sign up for the free giveaways.
Anyway, everything went good and now that the holidays are over we are finally getting back to normal life. Kobe had his first day back to school and this morning was a little rough. He really didn't want to go and he was upset. The last 2 weeks Kobe was in school before Christmas break he was a little sick and he would say his throat was bothering him. Well, over the past 3 weeks Kobe has been to the ER finished 1 set of antibiotics and an eye dropper. The past week his health has been perfect (thanks to God!) so I know that he is fine, but he was worried his throat would bother him. Once he was up and around and dressed he seemed ok and was even kinda ready to go. We got to his school before the bell rang so I asked him if he wanted to wait in the car with me and we could pray that he would feel go all day and have a good day. So he said yes, and we did, he piped up during my prayer and asked God to "make him not feel sick everyday". I think he was OK when I left, so that made things a little easier on me.
I hope you guys all had a great weekend!
Can you tell Ben had good seats and a great zoom lens? Spoiled...
Monday, January 7, 2008
Our weekend was CRAZY!
Posted by Leah Wentzel at 6:55 AM
2 comments:
- gram said...
Ben got some excellent shots of the pistons. Glad Kobe is doing better. You are an awesome mom as you seem to pick up on what Kobe needs. So glad your show went well yesterday. Love ya, Gram
- January 7, 2008 at 7:28 AM
- Vicki Aeschliman said...
Remember Dec. 27 is booked for your one of your favorite cousins. I''m glad you had a great weekend. It was rough getting ready to go back to work this morning so I sympathize with Kobe.
- January 7, 2008 at 2:44 PM
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Great fun again this year. The gardens in kings park were spectacular, long live the king! The cycling club did well with their lands end to john o'groats bid. As ever the duck race was a huge excitement. Nice to see something for the younger generation to do.
See more of Retford at www.robinhoodtourism.co.uk/towns/Retford.htm
Thursday, 6 May 2010
Retford Charter Day
Posted by robin hood at 07:32
Labels: retford
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Project 06
VLGR1 signaling at focal adhesions and ICD release as a non-canonical signaling pathway of aGPCRs
Uwe Wolfrum, University of Mainz
Team members
Barbara Knapp
Deva K. Kusuluri
Jacek Krzysko
Farina Eich
Project Description
VLGR1 (very large G protein-coupled receptor-1), also known as ADGRV1, GPR98 and MASS is by far the largest adhesion GPCR (aGPCR). Although VLGR1 expression is almost ubiquitous, it is highly concentrated in the nervous system. Mutations in the human VLGR1 gene cause the human Usher syndrome (USH), the most common form of hereditary deaf-blindness. In addition, there is growing evidence that defects in VLGR1 are also associated with epilepsy. So far, little is known about its dual function in membrane-membrane adhesion and signaling. In the current funding period, we identified interaction partners and protein clusters related to VLGR1, and to several other aGPCRs by applying affinity proteomics (tandem affinity purifications (TAPs) in combination with mass spec). Bioinformatics analyses of the interactomes of these aGPCRs have defined Gene Ontology (GO) terms and cell modules related to putative aGPCR function.
(2) We will decipher the interaction of VLGR1 and other aGPCRs with the gamma-secretase complex as a common non-canonical aGPCR signaling pathway. For this, we will test whether aGPCRs are substrates of the gamma-secretase and how their intracellular domains (ICDs) are released into the cytoplasm. Furthermore, we will evaluate nuclear functions of aGPCRs.
We are certain that our results will help to understand how aGPCRs work. We also hope to gain new insights into the pathomechanisms of diseases associated with the dysfunction of aGPCRs and see opportunities to identify new therapeutic targets for the treatment of these diseases.


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There is an interview in the Energy Report with Keith Schaefer from the Oil and Gas Investments Bulletin that mentions Lynden Energy Corp. (click here for link from the Before It's News website). Towards the end of the interview (you may have to view it on the 2nd page), Schaefer mentions that LVL is "a really interesting story." He states the following:
1. Mitchell Ranch is a big land package that is very rare because it is one contiguous block.
2. If Mitchell Ranch were to be spun out and IPO'd, it could "probably get $250 million for it, worth $2.50/share).
3. Lynden raised its own money and therefore, doesn't get a lot of research from the Street, "It's a bit of an undiscovered gem."
4. Lynden's Wolfberry production "justifies the price of the stock on its own, so you're basically getting Mitchell Ranch for free." (Note, see our 10/31/11 analysis where we discuss buying an oil field for free, much of that analysis still applies.)
Thursday, February 7, 2013
Good mention about Lynden Energy
Posted by GF at 2:20 PM
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My friends and I decided to go for river rafting. The first problem we had was to decide the spot. We decided Kolad river rafting after some discussions. When we reached there, we were quite excited for Kundalika river rafting. There was happiness on everyone's face. Our river rafting guide was a nice person. He was very helpful and he made us aware of how white river rafting should be done properly. The way he taught us techniques to enjoy along with avoiding unfortunate river rafting accidents was just amazing.
He connected with us for white water rafting at Kundalika river so well that we were able to follow his instructions on how to avoid river rafting accidents. He made "do's and don'ts" clear in our mind. We were able to follow him pretty easily. Everything he said to us was crystal clear to us and we all were able to follow his guidelines without any hesitation while river rafting. By his knowledge, I could tell that he was an experienced rafter and he knew everything about river rafting. He cleared each doubt before we stepped in the river for rafting.
YouTube Subscription Link:- https://goo.gl/WfHQZv


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In today's digital age, traveling with technology is almost a requirement for even the most basic suitcase-wielding, city map-slinging traveler. Whether you may be the aforementioned tourist or a long-term expat, the advantages of today's modern technology have greatly increased the comfort level of the international traveler.
Providing on-the-spot assistance with maps and tips is just the beginning. A remarkable advantage most people seem to overlook is just the simple comfort of feeling at home with a laptop or mobile device. Enter: Netflix. Online streaming services have certainly exploded over the last few years, and the simplicity and popularity of Netflix has taken the market by force. There are around 60 million U.S subscribers to the service, with an estimated 10 billion hours spent watching a month. People love watching their favorite shows and movies on Netflix, whenever and wherever they want. Period.
So if Netflix is so great, what are we talking about? Well, unfortunately, Netflix does not allow users with an IP address(basically a code reporting your location and who you are) different then from within the United States to access the service. Traveling outside the U.S for business or pleasure? Becoming an expat in another country? Want to tune in to your favorite show over the Internet? Nope, not on Netflix. Sorry!
But alas, there is hope on the horizon! As we live in a modern world with modern technology, it is natural that alternatives arise and help users work around silly location-based restrictions. There are primarily two different services out there for travelers looking for secure, fast connections to content back home.
VPNs(or Virtual Private Networks) are readily available for users looking to bypass stingy location restrictions by Netflix. VPNs are easy to setup and use, and require nothing more than a reasonable 5-8 bucks a month. Most VPNs are very secure, reliable and offer great connection speeds. VPN's are typically recommended for users looking to access basic U.S services when abroad. To get a better understanding of how to and which particular service to use, check out bestvpn.com for in-depth guides and rankings of top VPN services.
Another similar service, yet relatively new and unknown is SmartDNS. This service operates in a similar fashion to a VPN, but with more support for multiple devices and relatively cheaper options compared to some VPN services(3-5 bucks a month), Smart DNS is also a solid option for people traveling outside of the U.S. The service itself is very easy to setup and usually takes no more than a few minutes. A SmartDNS would be recommended for someone who maybe has multiple devices that they wish to use for streaming or other services.
So which is better for you? Only you will know! The advantages of both are that they tend to both be secure connections to American servers, as well as fast speeds without the unpleasant "lagging" some users may experience with other services. VPN and SmartDNS services certainly offer users the comfort and ease that is so highly desirable in the travel world.
So whether you're enjoying the view of the French Riviera in St. Tropez, picking peppers in
Padron, or fishing in Sardinia, take comfort in knowing that secure and reliable Netflix access is just a few mouse clicks away!
Thomas Ujj is a expat and IT enthusiast with a passion for security and privacy. Passion doesn't always equal paychecks, so he writes for SmartDNS.com as well.