text:
|Low pass active filter apparatus
|Audio compressor/limiter amplifier
|Campell et al.
|Active resistor-capacitor filter arrangement
|Filter Networks
|Rollett et al.
|Audio limiter for phase modulation circuits
said preemphasis means comprises a shaping network having a transfer function with an upper cut off frequency of preemphasis above the highest frequency of said predetermined band of audio frequencies to provide an attenuation characteristic that decreases substantially at a constant logarithmic rate with increasing frequency across said predetermined audio frequency band,
said limiting means including a Norton type of operational amplifier characterized by inventing and non-inverting current responsive inputs biased by a single source using the current mirror type operation and by the collector load of a difference current amplifier being a constant current source, said operational amplifier having a value of feedback resistance and bias resistance selected to provide symmetrical clipping,
said filter means being a Chebychev type filter having a generally equal amplitude but ripple response over said predetermined band with a steep slope cut off with one of the response peaks being located near the highest frequency of said predetermined band.
The present invention is directed to an audio signal processor that processes an audio signal for radio transmission and, in particular, to an audio signal processor for preceding phase or frequency modulators.
An audio processor is a circuit which performs pre-emphasizing, limiting and filtering functions on the audio signal before the signal is applied to the modulator. This is done to improve the signal-to-noise ratio in the system and, at the same time, avoid overmodulation conditions that generate undesired out-of-band transmission. The present invention is directed to an audio processor providing improved performance in these regards.
In the drawing:
FIG. 1 is a block diagram of a typical FM transmitter;
FIG. 2 is a graph comparing the limiting characteristic responses of a prior art audio processor in accordance with the present invention;
FIG. 3 is a schematic diagram of an audio processor in accordance with the present invention;
FIG. 4 is a simplified schematic diagram of an "op amp quad" used in the audio processor of FIG. 3; and
FIG. 5 is a plot of the response of the low pass filter of FIG. 3.
In frequency modulation transmitters the frequency of the transmitted signal is varied from a nominal carrier (center) frequency by an amount proportional to the instantaneous peak amplitude (Va) of an audio input signal. The amount of variance from the center frequency is termed the "frequency deviation" (ΔF) of the FM signal. The ratio of the amount of frequency deviation to the amplitude of the audio input signal ΔF/Va is termed the "sensitivity" of the modulator. The frequency deviation from the center frequency occurs at a rate equal to the frequency of the audio input signal.
In many applications, an FM modulator must be capable of operating on input signals, such as human speech or music, which vary over a considerable range of amplitudes and frequencies. For example, mobile radios are required to operate over the range of amplitudes of human speech for frequencies between 300 and 3000 Hz. The maximum frequency deviation (ΔF max) allowable in a given FM system is prescribed by Governmental regulations. For example, the North American standard for mobile radio is 5 kHz maximum frequency deviation. It is essential that the maximum frequency deviation of a channel not be exceeded in a multichannel environment so as to avoid objectionable interference with other channels. However, the signal to noise ratio of an FM signal, and hence the efficiency of the FM system, is directly proportional to the magnitude of the maximum frequency deviation of the signal. Thus, it is desirable to utilize as high a percentage as possible of the frequency deviation allocated for a particular channel without "overmodulating", that is, without deviating beyond the prescribed limit.
To this end an "audio signal processor" circuit is commonly interposed between the audio signal source and the FM modulator. For example, as illustrated in FIG. 1, in a typical FM transmitter, a microphone 10 is coupled through an audio processor 12 to an FM modulator 14. The output signals of the FM modulator are applied through amplifying, frequency-multiplying output stages, generally indicated as 16, to a transmitting antenna 18. Audio signal processors typically provide a pre-emphasis network to improve the noise characteristic of the transmitter, a signal amplitude clipper or limiter, to maintain the amplitude of the audio-modulating signals applied to the modulator below a predetermined value and a low pass filter to attenuate spurious out of band signals produced by the limiting or clipping. As will be explained, the relative amplitudes of the frequency components of the audio processor output signal applied to the FM modulator, depend in part upon the frequency of the audio input signal. Accordingly, the deviation of the modulated signal also becomes, in effect, dependent on the frequency as well as the amplitude of the audio input signal.
In general, the sensitivity of the modulator is adjusted such that an audio input signal of a predetermined standard reference frequency having an amplitude above the limiting or clipping level generates a "high percentage" frequency deviation. In practice, the standard reference frequency and a specific procedure for adjusting the modulator sensitivity is prescribed by industry standard, for example, set by Electronic Industries Association (EIA). Pursuant to the standards applicable to mobile radios (EIA RS-152-B) the audio input signal is set at a standard reference frequency of 1000 Hz, the geometric mean of the 300 Hz -3 kHz audio band, at an amplitude calculated to generate a frequency deviation in the FM output signal equal to 60% of the maximum deviation (5 kHz). The audio input amplitude is then increased by 20 db, within a predetermined period, raising the input amplitude far beyond the clipping level for all frequencies within the audio band, and the instantaneous peak and steady state deviations are observed.
A "limiting characteristic" response for the modulation system is determined pursuant to the EIA standard by maintaining the input amplitude at the 20 db level, such that clipping occurs at all frequencies within the prescribed 300 Hz -3 kHz audio band, and observing the frequency deviation for all frequencies in the audio band. Since the frequency deviation of modulator 14 is directly proportional to the amplitude of the signal applied to the modulator, the limiting characteristic response of the FM system will hereinafter be referred to as the "limiting characteristic response" of audio processor 12.
FIG. 2 depicts a typical prior art limiting characteristic 21. FIG. 2 shows that in such a prior art system, if the maximum deviation of the system at the 1 kHz reference frequency is set for the maximum allocated frequency deviation (5 kHz), audio input signals at the 20 db limiting level having frequencies in the 350 to 1,000 Hz range would cause overmodulation. Accordingly, the prior art systems utilize modulators with sensitivities such that the maximum frequency deviation at the 1 kHz standard is in the range of 4500 to 4700 Hz to avoid thereby overmodulation at the lower frequency input signals. Thus, the prior art systems are typically unable to make the most effective use of the allocated channel bandwidth.
Referring to FIG. 3, an audio processor 12 embodying the various aspects of the present invention comprises a pre-emphasis network 100 including an operational amplifier 102; a limiter network 200 including an operational amplifier 202; and a four-pole active low pass filter 300 including operational amplifiers 302 and 304; all utilizing a positive voltage source 20.
Amplifiers 102, 202, 302, and 304 each comprise an operational amplifier of "transresistance" or "Norton" type. These amplifiers may be constructed on a single monolithic integrated circuit in a so-called "quad op amp" format. Suitable commercially available op-amp quads are the RCA CA 3401, the National Semiconductor LM 3900, and the Motorola MC3401P. Such chips typically utilize a single positive power supply (20) having a voltage of between 5 and 18 volts d.c., and are operable over a temperature range of -40° C to 85° C. The gain of such amplifiers should be sufficient at the upper frequencies of the audio input pass band to allow for large negative feedback. Each respective amplifier 102, 202, 302, and 304 typically has an open loop gain of 60 db or more and a unity gain bandwidth of 6 MHz. For a detailed schematic of such op amp quads reference is made to the data sheets on the above named commercial chips. A simplified schematic of a typical one of the operational amplifiers is shown in FIG. 4. A diode CR1 and an NPN transistor Q3 are connected as a current mirror amplifier with minus unity current gain. The current mirror differentially combines current applied to the noninverting input terminal with the current applied to the inverting input terminal to develop a difference current applied as base current to a transistor Q1. Transistor Q1 is connected in a high-gain common-emitter amplifier configuration with a high impedance collector load being provided by a constant current generator S. A potential amplifier A having a voltage gain G substantially equal to unity connects the collector of Q1 to output terminal OUT, providing for low output impedance and buffering the collector electrode of Q3 from the load connected to the output terminal OUT.
Monolithic construction is particularly advantageous in that the limiting, gain, and distortion characteristics of audio processor 12 are unaffected by large temperature excursions since the components of the differential input circuits of the amplifiers have identical intrinsic parameters and will track each other in accordance with the temperature variation. Further, the high gain of these amplifiers allows for large negative feedback to reduce distortion and make the audio processor gain and limiting characteristic insensitive to integrated circuit parameter variance and component tolerances.
Referring again to FIG. 3, resistors 114, 120, 122, 210, 212, 214, 318, 320, 322, 326, 328, 334, 336, 340, 344, and potentiometer 350 discussed infra, are respectively of values denoted herein as R2, R4, R5, R6, R7, R8, R9, R10, R11, R12, R13, R14, R15, R16, R17, and R18. Capacitors 112, 150, 250, 324, 330, 332, 338, 342, 348, and 352, also discussed infra, are respectively of values denoted herein as C1, C3, C4, C5, C6, C7, C8, C9, C11, and C12.
An audio signal processor 12 has been built for a mobile radio, the maximum allowable frequency deviation being 5 kHz and audio passband 300 to 3000 Hz, utilizing a 9.5 volt source and the component values set out in Table I.
|TaBLE I
|Toler- Toler- Component Value ance Component Value ance
μF Mylar,
μF Tantalum
μF Tantalum
μF Mylar,
pF Mylar,
μF Tantalum
μF Mylar,
pF Mica 2%
μF, Tantalum
μF, Tantalum
Pre-emphasis network 100 operates to provide attenuation of the audio signal in accordance with a predetermined function. The attenuation of pre-emphasis network 100 decreases as frequency of the audio signal increases, to compensate for the noise characteristic of an FM system which increases in the direction of higher audio frequencies. The prescribed pre-emphasis network attenuation characteristic (transfer function) for mobile radio decreases from 300 Hz to 3000 Hz at a nominal rate of 6 db per octave. Consequently, higher frequency components in the audio signal result in a greater deviation than do lower frequency components having the same amplitude (below the clipping level). The overall frequency response of the FM system is restored to a linear relation by the use of a de-emphasis network in the receiver having an attenuation characteristic generally equal to, but opposite that of the pre-emphasis network 100.
The transfer function of the pre-emphasis network is generally expressed as: ##EQU1## where fp is the cut-off frequency of the pre-emphasis network and f is the frequency of the particular component of the audio signal, VIN is RMS voltage of the pre-emphasis network.
Pre-emphasis networks typically comprise a resistive-capacitive network, such as a serially connected capacitor and resistor, having a predetermined time constant, which determined the cut-off frequency of the network. The attenuation characteristic of a pre-emphasis network is preferably linear across the entire prescribed audio passband. However, in prior art designs the transfer function cut-off frequency of typical pre-emphasis networks has been chosen to be approximately equal to the upper limit of the audio input passband, resulting in deviations from the ideal characteristic of 6 db per octave at the high end of the audio input passband.
Pre-emphasis network 100 differs from those used in the prior art in that its transfer function is caused to have a cut-off frequency much higher, for example, by a factor of 5, than the upper limit of the audio input passband. This higher cut-off frequency is so chosen that all substantial non-linearities occur at frequencies above the prescribed audio input passband. The pre-emphasis network attenuation characteristic is thus substantially linear at a rate of 6 db per octave across the entire audio input passband. Amplifier 102 provides sufficient voltage gain to offset the additional attenuation of pre-emphasis network 100 due to the higher cut-off frequency. Operational amplifier 102 has a noninverting input terminal 104, an inverting input terminal 106, and an output terminal 108. Feedback resistor 122, (of resistance R5) is connected between output terminal 108 and inverting input terminal 106, to which terminal 106 an output resistor 114 (having a resistance R2) also connects. The voltage gain G1 of the feedback amplifier so formed, as between the end of resistor 114 remote from terminal 106 and the output terminal 108, is defined in terms of R2 and R5 as follows: G1 = (R5 /R2) (1)
g1 is carefully chosen in the preferred embodiment of FIG. 3 as will be explained infra. The input impedance of the feedback amplifier is resistive in nature and has a value substantially equal to RIN, defined as follows: RIN = R2 + RINV (2)
where RINV is the real part of the input impedance of amplifier 102 (about 100 ohms when using the CA3041, LM3900 or MC3401 quad amplifiers).
The MICROPHONE OUTPUT terminal receives input audio signals from a preceding microphone amplifier, not shown, for pre-emphasis. Pre-emphasis is carried out by the high-pass filter action of a capacitor 112, linking the MICROPHONE OUTPUT terminal to the end of resistor 114 at the input of the feedback amplifier, in series with the input resistance RIN of the feedback amplifier. Amplifier 102 in effect provides a virtual short-circuit input impedance for this series network and responds to the current flow therein to provide an output voltage proportional to such current flow.
The overall transfer function of pre-emphasis network 100 may be expressed as: ##EQU2## C1 is the capacitance of capacitor 112 and f is the frequency of the audio input signal component.
Resistor 120, coupled between power supply 20 and non-inverting input terminal 104, operates to establish the quiescent output voltage level of amplifier 102 and further to establish a maximum hum and noise level generated by amplifier 102. As will be more fully discussed in conjunction with the description of limiter 200 the threshold clipping level and quiescent voltage level of amplifier 102 are respectively established by power supply 20 voltage Vdc and the ratio of the value R4 of resistor 120 and the value R5 of feedback resistor 122. The ratio of resistances of biasing resistor 120 and feedback resistor 122, 100 are chosen for optimum noise characteristics rather than for clipping symmetry. Thus, it is desirable to prevent clipping of signals by pre-emphasis network 100 in that such unsymmetrical clipping would give rise to distortion. Pre-emphasis network 100 is therefore designed to avoid clipping for the range of expected microphone output signals. To meet these requirements, the resistance R4 of resistor 120 is chosen larger than the resistance R7 of resistor 212, and the gain G1 is chosen in accordance with the following equation: ##EQU3## where Vdc is the value of voltage source 20, ΔFmax is the maximum allowable deviation of the system, fR is the standard reference frequency, ΔFST is the standard frequency deviation (set by industry standard, 60%, of ΔFmax by EIA), VIN-60 is the input voltage required to obtain 60% deviation (set by industry standard) and G2 is the gain of limiter 200.
G1 is calculated to be equal to 24 for a mobile radio in which full clipping and limiting is set in accordance with the above described EIA standard procedure; in which the gain G2 of limiter 200 is equal to 15, as will be explained; in which the input voltage VIN required to obtain 60% frequency deviation is 0.075 VRMS; and in which power supply 20 supplies a 9.5 d.c. operating voltage.
Limiter 200, as noted above, operates to limit the amplitude of the audio signals passed onto the FM modulator 14 to a predetermined amplitude, termed the clipping level. Limiter 200 further supplies sufficient gain to audio processor 12 such that the maximum frequency deviation (ΔFmax) can be attained with a modulator of a given sensitivity in response to a predetermined audio signal amplitude (typically set by industry standard) generated by microphone 10 and such that at the same time clipping can be avoided in pre-emphasis network 100 for expected microphone output levels. A voltage dividing potentiometer 350, subsequently adjusts maximum amplitude output signal of audio processor 12 to correspond to the maximum deviation. Briefly, limiter 200 operates as an amplifier with respect to input signals having amplitudes between a predetermined upper threshold level and below a predetermined lower threshold level, but provides a symmetrically clipped response to all signals above or below the respective threshold levels. Limiter 200 comprises operational amplifier 202, as noted supra; a feedback resistor 214 connecting the output terminal 208 of amplifier 202 to its inverting input terminal 206, an input resistor 210, and a biasing resistor 212. Input resistor 210 is in series connection with a coupling capacitor 150 between output terminal 108 of operational amplifier 102 in the preceding pre-emphasis network and the inverting terminal 206 of operational amplifier 202 in limiter 200. Biasing resistor 212 connects terminal 20, to which operating voltage Vdc is applied, to non-inverting terminal 204 of operational amplifier 202.
The maximum and minimum limiter (200) output signal amplitudes are established by the positive supply voltage Vdc and the ground potential. Symmetrical clipping is obtained by maintaining a quiescent output voltage at midway between Vdc and ground. The signal level produced at pre-emphasis network output terminal 108 at or above which the peak-to-peak signal at limiter output terminal 208 is driven over substantially the entire supply range is therefore approximately equal to Vdc divided by the limiter gain G2. With reference to FIGS. 3 and 4, the connection of resistor 212 (R7) between power supply 20 (Vdc) and non-inverting input terminal 204, establishes a current flowing into terminal 204. Essentially, all of this current flows through diode CR1, (FIG. 4) and is therefore, in accordance with Ohm's Law, of a level equal to Vdc minus the voltage drop (0.55 to 0.7 volt) across diode CR1, all divided by R7. A relatively low level base current maintains transistor Q1 in its normal operating region, wherein its base-emitter voltage (Vbe) is in the range of 0.55 to 0.7 volts. Resistance R7 and voltage Vdc are chosen to generate a current level much larger than the requisit base current of transistor Q1. Feedback resistor 214, connected between output terminal 208 and inverting input terminal 206 must then supply a current of substantially the same value as the current through diode CR1, in order to maintain the base current of transistor Q1 within the normal operating range. The level of current through feedback resistor 214 is, in accordance with Ohm's Law, equal to the limiter output voltage VOUT minus the base-emitter voltage drop of Q1, all divided by the resistance R8 of resistor 214. By choosing resistances R7 and R8 in substantially 2:1 ratio the feedback connection defines a quiescent value of VOUT, that is, approximately one half of Vdc. This ratio of quiescent output voltage versus Vdc is substantially constant despite variation of Vdc, so long as Vdc is substantially larger than the offset potentials at the input terminals 204, 206 of the amplifier 202. Limiting in amplifier 202 is effected by power supply constraints in that there is capability for output signal swing downward only to within 550 mv or so of ground and upward only to within 550 mv or so of Vdc. Thus, if the 2:1 ratio of R7 to R8 is maintained symmetry of limiting will be obtained. This symmetry is due to feedback and is substantially unaffected by changes in amplifier 202 so long as its open loop gain is much larger than G2.
The gain of limiter 200 is established by the respective values R6 and R8 of the input and feedback resistors 210 and 214. Inverting input terminal 206 is a virtual ground with respect to ac signals in that the feedback connection causes a substantially constant base-emitter offset potential to be exhibited at terminal 206. Thus, to accord with Ohms Law, the current flowing through input resistor 210 must be equal in magnitude but of opposite sense to the current flowing through feedback resistor 214. The voltage gain G2 of limiter 200, at levels below clipping is therefore equal to the ratio of resistances R8 and R6, that is G2 = R8 /R6 (6)
the limiter gain G2 is chosen such that limiting occurred in response to audio input signals from microphone 10 (FIG. 1) having a predetermined amplitude level, such level being set by industry standard. More specifically, G2 is chosen to have a value equal or slightly exceeding G2 min, as defined by the following formula to apportion the total required audio processor gain between pre-emphasis network 100 and limiter 200, and to avoid the occurrence of limiting in pre-emphasis network 10 at lower microphone output levels than necessary to cause limiting in limiter 200. ##EQU4## where fLM is the lower limit of the audio input passband, fR is the standard reference frequency, and KLM is the inverse of the ratio between the peak amplitude of a signal at fLM were it not limited, to its peak amplitude as limited. For mobile radio applications, although a clipping ratio KLM of one is the minimum required, optimization for clipping symmetry at the lowest audio transmitted frequency resulted in the choice of a clipping ratio of 0.037 for the circuit described. Therefore, the gain G2 of the amplifier 202 is set to the value of G2MIN with the clipping ratio at the lowest audio frequency KLM equal to 0.037.
Prior art signal processors have typically used diode clipping circuits to perform the amplitude limiting function. Such diode circuits, however, are disadvantageous as compared to limiter 200 in that the diode resistance is highly non-linear at amplitudes just under the clipping threshold, introducing distortion to the signal prior to limiting. In addition, the diodes are not temperature-matched, and accordingly, the clipping level of the diode circuits typically vary with temperature.
Limiter 200 provides symmetrical limiting for a 20-30 db range of input signals, without threshold voltage shift problems characteristic of prior art limiters.
As can be seen from a Fourier Analysis of a clipped or limited signal, the operation of limiter 200 generates harmonic signal components having frequencies outside of the audio passband (300 to 3,000 Hz) which appear, together with desired audio components, at terminal 208. This limiter output signal is applied via coupling capacitor 250 to the input terminal of low pass filter 300 which operates to pass the desired audio components, but to attenuate such spurious out-of-band signal components. Low pass filter 300 is a four-pole low pass active filter having a Chebyshev type response, with a 0.5 db ripple and a transmission peak (zero) in the vicinity of the standard reference frequency (1,000 Hz).
As noted above, low-pass filter 300 utilizes two operational amplifiers 302 and 304. Operational amplifier 302 has a non-inverting input terminal 306, an inverting input terminal 308 and an output terminal 310. Operational amplifier 304 similarly has a non-inverting input terminal 312, an inverting input terminal 314, and an output terminal 316. A Continuous Tone Coded Squelch System (CTCSS) signal utilized in the receiver to prevent production of an audio signal in the absence of an actual transmission, typically a sine wave in the frequency range of 67 to 250 Hz, may be applied through an isolation resistor 318, directly to inverting input terminal 308 of amplifier 302. Resistors 320 and 322 follow coupling capacitor 250 in a serial connection between terminal 208 and inverting input terminal 308. A capacitor 324 is connected between the juncture of resistors 320 and 322 to ground. A resistor 326 is connected between voltage supply 20 and non-inverting input terminal 306. A resistor 328 is fed back from output terminal 310 to the juncture between resistors 320 and 322. In addition, a capacitor 330, is connected between output terminal 310 and inverting input terminal 308. Output terminal 310 is connected through a coupling capacitor 332 and serially connected resistors 334 and 336 to inverting input terminal 314 of amplifier 304. A capacitor 338 connects the juncture of resistors 334 and 336 to ground. A resistor 340 is connected between power supply 20 and non-inverting input terminal 312 of amplifier 304. A capacitor 342 is connected between output terminal 316 and inverting input terminal 314 and a resistor 344, coupled between output terminal 316 and the juncture between resistors 334 and 336. An RF bypass capacitor (not shown) may be coupled across power supply 20 to ground. Output terminal 316 of amplifier 304 is serially connected through a coupling capacitor 348 and a potentiometer 350 to ground. The output signals from potentiometer 350 are coupled through a capacitor 352 to FM modulator 14 (FIG. 1). The output signals of potentiometer 350 may ultimately be coupled to a plurality of FM modulators.
Amplifier 302 and associated circuit elements 320 through 330 comprise a first resonator and amplifier 304 and associated circuit elements 334 through 344 constitute a second resonator, respectively generating first and second complex conjugate pole pair. For the value of components set out in Table I, the first resonator (associated with amplifier 302) generates a complex conjugate pole pair with normalized location (with respect to unity bandwidth) at -0.4233398 ± j0.4209457, and has a Q equal to 0.705111. The second resonator (associated with amplifier 304) generates a similar conjugate pole pair with normalized locations at -0.1753531 ± j1.0162529, and has a Q equal to 2.9405. Consequently, the overall filter characteristic is a four-pole Chebyshev ± 0.5 db ripple type characteristic, having response transmission peaks around 1180 and 2700 Hz. Calculated and measured frequency response for such a filter are illustrated in FIG. 5. The difference between the calculated and measured frequency responses are primarily due to losses in amplifiers 302 and 304 while the synthesis of the filter elements assumed ideal amplifiers and the finite values of coupling capacitors 150, 250, 332, and 348 determine the fall-off below 300 Hz. It should be appreciated that the reduction of the secondary peak of in the vicinity of 2700 Hz in the measured response as compared to the calculated response substantially eliminates the possibility of overmodulation that might have been expected from the calculated response.
The limiting characteristic response of a transmitter utilizing an audio processor 12 with component values as per Table I is shown in FIG. 2, generally indicated as 360. It should be noted that the frequency deviation v. audio input frequency is essentially constant so long as the input amplitude level is greater or equal to the limiting level at the lowest audio frequency. Thus, setting the transmitter modulator such that the frequency deviation is equal to the maximum allowable deviation (5 kHz) with an input signal at the standard reference frequency (1,000 Hz) at the limiting level, ensures that no over-modulation will occur at any of the frequencies within the audio input passband.
In some instances, a higher hum and noise signal-to-noise ratio is desirable in limiting. A transmitter having an improved hum and noise signal-to-noise ratio and, in addition, having less distortion due to limiting, may be achieved by exchanging the values of capacitors 324 and 338 and capacitors 330 and 342, in effect reversing the order of the first and second resonators. The limiting characteristic response of such a transmitter is indicated in FIG. 2 as response 370. It should be noted, that as with limiting characteristic response 360, response 370 is essentially flat, insuring thereby that setting the sensitivity of the FM modulator with a limiting level signal at the standard reference frequency (1,000 Hz), will not result in over modulation at other frequencies within the audio frequency passband. It should further be noted, that the cut-off frequency of the response changes in accordance with the amplitude of the input signal due to the limiting characteristic of amplifier 302 when the input signal thereto exceeds the clipping level. The clipping level is proportional to the amplitude of the signal applied to inverting input terminal 308, and reaches a peak value at the frequency of the pole of the second resonator, in the vicinity of 2700 Hz. Thus, limiting is more severe at such frequencies, in effect damping the second resonator pole Q, and narrowing the bandwidth of the filter proportionally to the input voltage. The larger attenuation of the Fourier components of the amplitude limited signal provides for lower distortion in the audio signal recovered by the receiver. In addition, the hum and noise signal to noise ratio is improved, by an average of 4 or 5 db, in limiting because of the lower bandwidth of the filter, and consequent lower noise bandwidth of such a configuration, and below limiting because, in general, there is an overall noise figure improvement where a high Q pole preceeds a lower Q pole in a four-pole filter.
It should be appreciated from the foregoing description that the present invention provides a particularly advantageous audio processor. Pre-emphasis network 100 provides for an attenuation characteristic approaching the ideal linear 6 db octave characteristic. Limiter 200 provides for symmetrical clipping in response to input signal upper and lower levels independent of temperature and parameter variance since both the inverting and non-inverting input terminal bias voltages are provided by a common source, and stability is insured by high negative feedback. Filter 300 provides a limiting characteristic response with a transmission plateau at the standard reference frequency to ensure that no over-modulation occurs at any frequency within the audio input passband. Further, since inverting input terminal 308 is a virtual AC ground, a high degree of isolation, for example 60 db, exists between the CTCSS signal and the audio input signals. In addition, optimum temperature compensation can be achieved by forming all of the amplifiers on a common substrate.


text:
How Co-Washing Saved My Bleached-Fried Hair
I'm Marissa, the Wellness Manager at kaia naturals. Today I'm sharing with you my experience with co-washing and how I was able to train my hair to need less shampooing. I used to wash my hair every single day, but now I only wash it twice a week. Find out how I did it below.
Two summers ago, I bleached my hair using a box dye just before heading to Florida. I got distracted, left the bleach on a little too long, and my hair looked and felt like someone had put it the deep fryer – crispy and crunchy. Although I wouldn't call this a blessing in disguise, frying my hair that summer would change how I would shower and wash my hair forever.
My hairdresser (who was appalled by the mess I made) told me the first step I had to do was stop shampooing every day, as that was stripping my hair even more. Motivated to nourish my hair back to a healthy state, I started researching how I could possibly go a day without washing my hair and not have greasy roots. I then discovered the "co-washing and dry shampoo method".
Co-washing is when you skip the shampoo in your routine and only use conditioner or another moisturizing product so that you aren't stripping your hair of its natural oils. This may sound odd, but here's how it works. Scientifically speaking, like dissolves like, which means that oil will dissolve oil.
The result? The oils/moisturizing agents in your conditioner will mildly dissolve and cleanse the oils on your hair, but will not strip the hair entirely of its natural oils like shampoo does. By skipping shampoo your hair will also, over time, stop overproducing oil and balance out its own oil production. You can now go longer without the need to wash your hair.
DAY 1: I would shampoo and condition like normal.
DAY 2: By the end of the day, I was itching to wash my hair again but with sheer determination I washed my hair using only conditioner (avoiding my roots so they didn't become greasy).
DAY 3: This day was tough until I implemented dry shampoo, which was a total game changer. Instead of washing, I sprayed a natural dry shampoo into my roots before going to bed. This way when I woke up, the dry shampoo had had enough time to absorb the oil, sweat and odor from the previous day.
NOTE: Day 3 is the real hump you have to get through! Stay motivated and power through!
DAY 4: It was time to shampoo and condition again!
What I found after a few weeks of sticking to this routine was that my scalp become less greasy between every shampoo, and I couldn't believe the time I was saving from not having to wash my hair every day. In just a few months after my bleaching mishap, my hair felt so much softer and even noticed my scalp was less dry and had less dandruff. The co-washing + dry shampoo method is a total life saver!
If you want to learn a few more tips on how to start washing your hair less, read more here.

subset: commoncrawl


text: Learn about this topic in these articles:Hart In HartOdiham is a historic market parish with the 13th–14th-century Church of All Saints and Georgian homes. Northwest of Odiham is the ruins of an octagonal Norman castle. Hook and Hartley Wintney are other towns. Area 83 square miles (215 square km). Pop. (2001) 83,505; (2011)…Read More


text:
I have been in Thailand since October now and I am just starting to discover my fears. Fears of the traveling horizon ahead of me. I have traveled a lot since I have been teaching in Lang Suan, but it was easier. I traveled for a few days and then always came back to my job as a teacher. I always came back to my little house. I always came back to my bed (albeit an extremely uncomfortable one and most of the time the beds were more comfortable while I was traveling). I always came back to a sense of home.
And now I won't have any of that. This was my last weekend in Lang Suan. Next weekend, I am embarking on a weeklong excursion to Malaysia and Singapore. I will be back in Lang Suan for a few days and then I am heading off to explore the rest of Southeast Asia. And this thought daunts me to no end.
Coming to Thailand was a huge step for me. It took me a short time to adjust and now I have to learn to adjust again. I am going to get to see historical monuments, breathtaking vistas, and learn about foreign cultures that others dream about. I'm going to live out of my suitcase and "couchsurf" with people I have never met. And it won't end in Southeast Asia. If I can raise the funds, I am going to travel to Europe or South America in August for a year or so. With all these thoughts in my mind, I wanted to write about my fears of traveling.
My main fear is not having a home. I'm going to be bouncing around, not having a sense of place, not having a set group of friends, and never being comfortable. Home is one of the staples of our being. We need a place to call our own. We need people to call our own. We even need "stuff" to call our own. We trade all of that for a chance to witness places we only read about in books and on the internet.
I'm also scared of missing out on everything happening back in California and the rest of the US. That includes new music, new movies, sporting events (mainly the Olympics), my friend's relationships and jobs and pretty much their lives, my family and my dogs. Yes, I can use the internet to stay in tune with all of these things, but its not the same. There's nothing like hearing a new song on the radio or viewing a preview for a much anticipated movie or being there when your best friend meets her future boyfriend. I heard about the Super Bowl and now I'm hearing about the Olympics. I don't want to watch the Olympics on the internet. I don't want to choose which events I want to stream online. I want to tune in for those six hours they are on at night and I want to see them all! Its just not the same and its hard to only see my loved ones on the computer (but thank God for Skype, right?!).
My fear is that I'm putting my life on hold. I graduated college and got a job right away. I started building my life, my future and my savings. Traveling puts all that on hold. I feel like I'm not doing what I'm "supposed" to be doing. I should be working and building a career, but I am far from that. I want a family one day and we all know I'm not close to that either. I know I'm young and I have my whole life ahead of me, but its just scary!
I have so many people writing me and telling me how jealous they are of what I'm doing. They wish that they had done this before they started their family, or law school, or working. But the truth is, every once in awhile, I'm jealous of them. I'm jealous that they know where their life is headed and what they will be doing in five years. At this point all I know is that I want to travel. I don't know where I will be in five years let alone tomorrow!!
I know I'm on the right path, but sometimes its hard getting that reality check!


text:
6 Advanced Composition Techniques to Improve Your Photos
When you think of composition in photography, what is the first idea that pops into your head? Let me guess – the rule of thirds?
Likely that was true for many of you who reading this, why do you think that is? The rule of thirds is probably the most widely known, and well used compositional tool in photography. Most often, it is the first composition tool we are taught (it was for me anyway). Once we know it, and use it, we don't really think about it, or about any other compositional techniques.
There are other methods though, using visual design techniques that talk about texture and colour, amongst others. Many photographers simply default to the rule of thirds and take the shot, without trying other compositions. These other techniques can make a difference in your images. This article is about six techniques you can use to improve your compositions, and your photos Some of these would be known as advanced techniques, but once you understand them, they are pretty self explanatory.
1. The Golden Ratio or Fibonacci Spiral
Use the Golden Ratio to enhance your composition
This is a tool that has been used for centuries, as a design principle. Many famous works of art use the Golden Ratio in their composition and it is often seen in nature's own designs. Think of the spiral of a snail shell, how it curls in on itself. That shape conforms to the Golden Ratio. It is a ratio of 1:1.618 which seems to work really well in design and photography. To read much more detail about this technique check out: Divine Composition With Fibonacci's Ratio (The Rule of Thirds on Steroids).
2. Unity
Unity is about order. Repetition can be very powerful in this regard. You can repeat shapes, lines, or colours in your image. By doing so you create a unified view of the scene, and this in turn gives a very powerful compositional effect. Unity can bring a calming feel to the image, try and find a subject that portrays this.
The lines and the rivets in the image make it feel uniform, as does the lack of colour
3. Coherence
Different from unity, coherence is more about similar types of elements or shapes in your scene. Think of a rocky river bed with similar sized rocks and pebbles. This scene would be coherent if the rocks and pebbles are a similar size, shape, and colour. Coherence appeals to the viewer's sense of order, and can make for very interesting images.
Similar shapes and colours make this image feel more coherent
4. Balance and Rhythm
Balance is pretty much as it says, the idea here is to try and arrange the elements in your scene so that the image is symmetrical. This can be done using lines and shapes. The ideas is to create a sense of equality in the scene. Rhythm is similar in a sense, but is about a repeating pattern in the scene. These are a little more difficult to find, but often a close up or abstract image can showcase this technique well.
The centred composition of this image of a theatre shows the balance in the scene
The repeated curved shapes of the glass buildings gives a great sense of rhythm
5. Space
Open, or negative space, in your image is sometimes as important as the subject. Negative space gives your subject context, and shows the viewer where or how your subject relates to its surroundings. Quite often, negative space is the sky. It can be tempting to ignore this one, but if it's used correctly, this can be a very powerful compositional tool.
The texture in the clouds in give this image some gravity. If the sky were simply blue, it would not be as impactful
6. Breaking the Rules
Now that you have some new ideas about how to make better compositions. Knowing these techniques will certainly improve some of your images, but also, knowing how to break them is just as important. In some cases, it will be obvious which technique to use, in others, you may find that putting your subject in the middle of your frame works best. You need to decide what will work for your image. Try techniques like this and see if one works. If not, break the rules and do what you think looks good.
By cropping the building quite aggressively, the image seems unfinished, but the colours and the sky make it work
The post 6 Advanced Composition Techniques to Improve Your Photos by Barry J Brady appeared first on Digital Photography School.


text:
1965 was a pivotal year in the Civil Rights struggle, and much of the country's attention was focused on the states of the Deep South. Join HCC and Heights Libraries as we take a close look at what it took for dedicated people to stand up to injustice and racism, often at great personal cost.
People of all backgrounds participated in the marches from Selma to Montgomery; many were injured and several were killed in events surrounding the marches. What are you willing to do, and how much would you sacrifice, to effect change? Compass Consulting will lead this role play and discussion, centered on the march from Selma to Montgomery, Alabama.
Visit www.heightscongress.org or call 216.321.6775 for more information.
If you'd like to get more involved, email us at email@example.com and let us know. We have a few spots available for leaders to play prominent roles--we'll provide you with material ahead of time to help you get into "character."
Everyone is welcome to participate in this immersive experience. Reservations are appreciated but walk-ins are always welcome.


text:
|Home | Versione italiana | Comments | Staff | Contact us
|Search on site
and Technology Indicators
2007 edition
Update april 2008
Data presented in this section are necessary to estimate the amount of R&D activity in the country and place it in the international context. The National Institute of Statistics (ISTAT) is the data source for Italy. The Institute performs a survey on R&D yearly. Since 2002 it has been identifying the non-profit sector (setting it alongside the other institutional sectors made up of government, university and firms). OECD' Main Science and Technology Indicators, vol. 2007-2, is the source for international comparisons.In this section, the roles of the institutional expenditure sectors and financing sources are emphasised. Furthermore Figure 1.1 allows the reader to estimate the trend of R&D expenditure since 1980. Figure 1.2 presents the expenditure over the last decade, broken down into the principal institutional sectors; Figure 1.3 highlights investments by various institutional sectors into basic research, applied research and experimental development. The human and financial resources of the Italian regions for scientific activity are also shown (Figures 1.4, 1.5, 1.6).
The ratio of R&D expenditure over GDP represents the size of investment in science over the wealth generated by a country. It is the most widely used indicator in international comparisons (Table 1.3).
Figure 1.12 shows expenditure on research, higher education and software (net of duplications) incurred by several OECD countries. These expenses are considered fundamental for economic growth, generating new jobs and achieving a higher standard of living.
1. R&D data
Tbl. 1.1 - R&D expenditure in Italy,
|Home | CNR | Services | News | Events | Institutes | Focus


text:
Why not learn more about Experts?
Benefits of Hiring a Criminal Attorney
When you have been sentenced of a criminal offense getting a criminal lawyer can be incredibly important. It profitable that you get a criminal lawyer in spite of the way that the cost of getting a lawyer may be a bit high. It is hard and complex to grasp court systems. You need to locate a criminal lawyer that will address you well and help you really to settle your court issues in a short time. It is advantageous to contract a criminal lawyer for the following reasons.
Knowledge and skills of the criminal attorney is the thing that you will benefit. It is indispensable that you locate a criminal lawyer who has the right contribution to disentangle your legal problems. Due to the way that legal attorney are specialists they know how to investigate the legal system. Criminal lawyers have experienced different schools …


text:
Introduction: Stretch marks
Stretch marks: Skin marks from skin stretching
Researching symptoms of Stretch marks: Further information about the symptoms of Stretch marks is available including a list of symptoms of Stretch marks, or alternatively return to research other symptoms in the symptom center.
Treatments for Stretch marks: Various information is available about treatments available for Stretch marks, or research treatments for other diseases.
Causes of Stretch marks:
Research more detailed information about the causes of Stretch marks,
other possibly hidden causes of Stretch marks,
or other general information about Stretch marks.
|Contents for Stretch marks:
Last revision: June 18, 2003
Medical Tools & Articles:
Next articles:
- Risk Factor Center
- Medical Statistics Center
- Medical Treatment Center
- Prevention Center
- Medical Tests Center


text:
What to do in summer > Sports and leisure > Natural world > The Educational Trails > Heritage Trails > Historical path in Chandolin > Post 11. Old Post Office
Post 11. Old Post Office
This house with the hipped roof was the first post office in Chandolin. It was created in 1906, mainly to serve customers of the Grand Hotel. It was in summer, during the hotel's three opening months, that the post office had the most work.
Mail was sent to Chandolin, first, by mule and in low season, on the backs of men or women. After the enlargement of the road, the mail was carried on a cart, drawn by a mule, or a sleigh in winter and then a jeep. As soon as the automobile road was built in 1960, postal buses took on these tasks.
Follow the road to return to the tourist office, enjoying the view over the rooftops of the old village. After the big bend on the left is the old Pension du Chamois.


text:
Petra Földi
POUCH POCKET JACKET - in grey for men
we encourage you to choose a "Custom Size".
Women's Standard Size Guide
Questions? You can also contact us, we are always happy to help you.
Men's Standard Size Guide
The lightest choice to top your unique look.
Be unique. Go your own way, against the masses. Show that you are a real character. And remember: your style starts with your top layer. Choose a garment that you'll see on nobody else on the streets.
To max out this level of uniqueness, the POUCH POCKET JACKET will be one of the best choices you can make: grey, lightweight, lined coat with yellow details made of water repellent fabric with waterproof taped seams. The coat has fixed hood and one front pouch packet. We use engraved Japanese YKK snap fasteners.
All products are handmade in Budapest, the heart of Europe. The fabrics are procured from German or local suppliers.
The lookbook model is 190 cm tall and is wearing a size S in case of which the product length is 67 cm and the arm length is 81 cm. (The product length and the arm length increase or decrease with +/- 1 cm for each size.)
FabricMaterial and lining: 100% PES
Instructions for product use
- Washing maximum 30 C°, permanent press
- Do not bleach
- Do not tumble dry
- Iron on low, maximum 110 C°
- Do not dry clean


text:
Limited edition tote bag
(Picture is of the 7"/bag bundle - This is to purchase just the bag)
To celebrate the launch of Chaps Choir & Samantha Whates's single, we've produced a special tote bag displaying Dylan White's artwork for each track screen printed on each side respectively.
All profits to C.A.L.M.
5 oz good quality tote with a lovely design! Only 100 printed!
For international delivery email email@example.com


text:
Every now and then, there comes a year that changes just about everything you thought you knew about yourself. I had quite a few of these in the past decade, and mostly it was negativity that brought about change. 2015 felt different. I felt exposed and open, in the best way. For once, when I let myself be myself, nothing turned out poorly. I figure that's a good start to things, putting that feeling into words. I was accepted for who I am.
Here's the thing: I didn't have much of a plan for the year going into it. I normally say that I do, but I wasn't prepared for this. I had four jobs this year. Up until May, I was in retail, finishing in the bookshop after an unexpected call for an interview in April. (Unexpected because I'd applied in early March and didn't hear anything for six weeks.) In January, I worked as a teaching assistant in DCU's ComputeTY programme, helping out with HTML and CSS. From May until September, I was doing some volunteer video editing for Healthy Food for All, and in April I had started my current job. There was a time when, for about a week I think, I was working three of those jobs, while preparing for my thesis, and working on assignments. That was an exhausting period. I did not plan on that happening.
However, I made it through that. I got all of my assignments submitted, I tracked down a few people for interviews, I had meetings with my peers and celebrations, and, even if it meant going to work on two hours' sleep one day, I kept up with my new position. After a semester of learning to code more effectively, putting together video assignments and acknowledging an inability to draw early enough (just about) to submit an Animation assignment, and that incredibly busy of period of transition, I felt ready to do just about anything.
That brings us up to May, with some omissions. Mostly notably, the Irish YouTubers Creators Day in Google. It marked a change in attitude for me, and gave me a chance to meet a lot of other YouTubers in the country. I felt like I belonged, and I felt like I was beginning to better understand the world of social media. This was a journey that I would continue right up in November, with two more events to attend in the year: VlogIt in June, and BLOGGERCONF in November. At all three events, I took at least a dozen pages of notes, and left with my head spinning with ideas. Combined with everything they taught from a production point of view in my Masters, my knowledge of online video and social media became pretty well rounded this year.
For the sake of convenience, I divide the year into three parts. It helps me differentiate between lecture season, my thesis production, and life thereafter. Lecture season ended with the transition period in May. Then began the real work on the thesis.
We addressed comic book culture. Having only attended a single convention before – in April, in preparation for a presentation to the board – we chose to put together a web documentary exploring comic book culture in Ireland. This was when I really came out of myself. With out first interview in June, and our last in August, and a list of over a dozen to interview (and that was the shortlist!), we had our work cut out for us. We also ended up at four more conventions.
All in all, the recording took up almost every weekend from the start of June until the start of August, with some mid-week interviews to address, too. From superhero artists and cosplayers, to a broker, full-time illustrators, community organisers, and publishers, we met people across the entire spectrum of comic book creation and fandom during the production of CO/MIX. If we'd had more time, to record and to edit, we could have gone on to produce something even bigger, and worked with some of the media in the industry in Ireland, but all in all we captured some spectacular stuff, which brought us all around Dublin, up to Belfast, and down to Cork.
During all of this time, I had to learn to work with three completely different types of people, while arranging tickets and press passes for events, collating and organising footage and beginning the pre-production notes for video editing – while putting together a website based a JPEG mock-up. (Thankfully, someone else took over after the HTML and CSS, to attempt to figure out the best way to make the website more dynamic and interesting through Javascript and JQuery.)
Towards the end of the summer, I didn't have time off. When I wasn't in work, I was editing video or writing the written report. I didn't know what to do with myself when we finally submitted it. I'd been pushed to the limit, and I'll admit that I thought for a while we weren't going to make it. Somehow, we pulled it off. I've already celebrated the results here.
We're in the third and final part of the year – the part in which I worked full-time and attempted to figure out my future. It doesn't feel quite so bleak as I might have imagined. Maybe it was the results, maybe it's the joy of having the entire Christmas period off, and maybe it's the fact that I finally beat my dad in Scrabble, but as I finish up the year – with BLOGGERCONF and Eirtakon in November, and a couple of attendances at the ComicBooks.ie mini-cons – I'm bringing with me a tremendous amount of unforeseen optimism and excitement.
But that's a different story.


text:
10 Amazing and Interesting Science Magic tricks using Liquids
1. Slow motion ball
2. Water fire starter
3. No leak magic bag
4. Liquid stacking
5. Invisible bottle
6. Dancing liquid
7. Magic water barrier
8. Leiden frost effect
9. Reverse illusion
10. Reversing liquid
Detailed information of the Science tricks in the video:
1. Slow motion ball:
Materials required: thick liquid, preferably honey, a heavy ball, and a sphere
shaped container.
Instruction: Place the heavy ball in the lower half of the sphere.
Fill the lower half of the container with honey a little more than half. Let it move from the top of a slope area and see how it moves in Slow motion.
If you use too little or too much, it will affect the motion of the ball.
Water fire starter.
Credit goes to The King of Random for this idea.
Materials Required: plastic or glass container with a curved area. The Pom bottles
work great. Fill the bottle with water. Fold 2 sheets of paper in half,
twice. Black Marker.
Instructions: Print or scribble a black mark on one of the sheets. On a sunny
day hold the bottle near the paper, focusing the light on the black area
of the paper. Once it starts to smoke and a hole begins to form, wrap
the other sheet of paper around the smoking piece. Wave the papers
through the air to feed oxygen to the spark. Continue this until the
paper catches on fire.
3. No-leak magic bag:
Materials required: a zip baggy, pencils and water.
Instructions: Fill the bag almost to the top. Zip it
shut, and start sticking pencils through the bag. Sometimes a few drops
will leak out, but overall, this is a simple yet impressive trick
4. Liquid Stacking:
Materials required to do the science trick: a tall glass or bottle. Dish Soap, vegetable oil, dark corn syrup, rubbing alcohol, water and food coloring.
Instructions: First
add the dark corn syrup, then dish soap, then add food coloring to the
water and pour it in with the bottle tilted, then add the vegetable oil
(bottle tilted), and finally add food coloring to the alcohol and pour
it in with the bottle tilted.
5. Invisible Bottle:
Materials: glycerin, a glass and a bottle that will fit in the glass.
Instructions: Fill
both glass and bottle with glycerin and place the bottle in the glass.
It looks like the bottle disappears.
6. Dancing Liquid:
Materials: a powered speaker, a tone generator (can be found online), corn
starch, water and plastic to protect the speaker.
Instruction: Pour 1/2 cup of corn
starch in a bowl and 1/4 cup of water. Mix. Pour the liquid into the
speaker and generate a 60hz tone.
7. Magic Water Barrier:
Materials: 2 of the same glasses. Hot water, cold water, food coloring and a
thin piece of plastic or cardboard.
Instructions for the Science magic trick: Pour the hot water in 1 glass, the
cold in the other glass, add food coloring, then place the plastic on
top of the hot water glass. Turn the glass upside down, place it on top
of the cold water glass, then carefully remove the plastic. Hot water is
less dense than cold water, so it "floats" on top of the cold water.
8. Leidenfrost effect:
Materials: a pan, water and a stove.
Turn the heat on high for about 4
minutes then add the water. This experiment can stain your pans.
9. Reverse Illusion:
Instruction: Add all sorts of images or words behind a glass, then watch as it reverses when you add water in the glass.
10. Reversing Liquid:
Required Materials for this reversing liquid Science Magic trick: 1 big glass, 1 smaller glass, 3 mixing glasses, corn syrup, pipettes, food coloring, and clips.
Instructions: First
pour the corn syrup into the 2 bigger glasses. Place the smaller glass
inside of the bigger glass. Attach the clips to prevent the smaller
glass from moving side to side in the bigger glass. Pour a small amount
of corn syrup into the 3 mixing glasses. Add food coloring and stir.
Fill each pipette with a different color, then add the colored corn
syrup to your big glass. Turn the smaller glass carefully and watch the
colors mix. Turn it back and watch them unmix.
Thanks for reading and Watching .. ! Have fun..!
10 Interesting Science Magic tricks using Liquids, science fair projects for 8th grade and 9th grade students


text:
— Posted in Home
Where people don`t have access to clean water?
Do you know how many people don`t have access to clean water at all? Do you know that there are people who drink dirty water and kids who daily suffer consequences? Access to clean water and sanitation are connected. People who don't have access to it, go to toilet outside and have a bigger percentage death cases by infection and viruses.
77% of the people who live in Eritrea don't have toilets. Cholera, dysentery, hepatitis A, and diarrhea are just a few of the infections that cause serious health problems in this country. Of course, the world is not staying unobtrusive and there are people who are helping this country. A data reveals that there is certain progress in these areas and people improve their way of life. The first thing that the rest of the world try to assure is clean drinking water because it is the most important thing and without it, mortality will be raising every day. Ethiopia is another country who had bad conditions but thanks to common efforts today they have big improvements. For example, 90% of their population has used open toilets 10 years ago. Today, only 25% of people still have open toilets.
Last decade people have improved their access to water sources.
The numbers show that 91% of people use improved water sources, which means cleaner water. People who drink directly from the water source are less than 10%, which is amazing. For example, in 1996 this percentage was 76%. One number shows improvement, too. The number of people who don't have access to clean drinkable water has reduced to 663 million from 700 million. It is a huge number but there is a hope at the end of the tunnel. If you didn't know, 2% of all the donation goes to water supplies and structures. Unfortunately, this percent can't raise bigger because in these areas people need other things, too.
Unfortunately, there is a downside. Donations create structures and people have access to clean water, but they don't have it at home. So most women are occupied to take care of the water supply for their families and some of them spend 4,6 hours daily. This is an enormous amount of time because women can't work or do something different. This is one of the differences between societies and the population in a different end of the world. In Western Europe, there are no women who have to go to pour clean water. Actually, if something like this happens women organizations will start to popularize the idea of equality.
However, my idea was to explain to you how important is water for us. We can ignore it and take it for granted but in fact, it is something we can't live without. Yesterday, we acquired in our office a hot and cold water dispenser from Triple Lifestyle Marketing Pte Ltd. and all these thoughts burst into my head. A hot and cold dispenser is a water machine that has a filter and cleans your water. It is one, of these clever machines, that makes our life easier. To have a hot and cold water dispenser in Singapore is not a big deal because the water here is not dirty as it is in Africa, for example. But it is certainly a convenience because it is a way easier to have cold or hot water whenever you want without a single effort. It sounds like we are spoiled kids but clean water is a right, so we should take the opportunity for us and help others, too.


text:
Contact Us
Map & Directions
Regular Schedule
Trinity Baptist Church
It's about Faith. It's about Family. It's about Friends.
Terry Tolbert
Associate Pastor/Missions
Jimmy May
Minister of Music
Gary Word
Youth Minister
Justin Doughty
Sharon Ward
Lorena Hurley
Children's Ministry
Discipleship Training
F.A.I.T.H. Riders
GAP Prayer Ministry
Music Ministry
Senior Adult Ministry
Sunday School
Van Ministry
Youth Ministry
Women's Ministry
Why Do We Need a Savior? (Easter 2019)
The Subtle Nature of Pride
Jesus in His Own Words ( The I AM Statements)
Job: A Perspective on Suffering
Tabernacle Truths (A Study of the Tabernacle in the Wilderness)
Christmas Questions (Christmas 2018)
Marching Orders
Delight Yourself in the Lord
Growing God's Church God's Way for God's Glory
The Sin Problem
Fixing the Family
The Story of Jacob (Genesis 25-50)
The Four D's of the Gospel - A Study of John 3:16
The Math of God (Philippians 3:4-11)
The Fourfold Message of the Cross - Easter 2018
I Love My Church Series
Life: God's Gift to Man
The Ugliness of Christmas (Christmas 2017)
The Work and Ministry of the Holy Spirit (Romans 8)
Growing by Addition
Bless the Lord, O My Soul!
The Strategies of Satan and the Armor of God
From the Sheep Pen to the Palace
I Can See Clearly Now (Easter 2017)
The Book of Acts
Thriving in Babylon (Daniel)
2013 Malawi Africa
2013 Community Thanksgiving Dinner
2013 Fall Festival
Billie Simmons 45 years of faithful service
Acapulco, Mexico July 2013
Lilongewe Malawi Africa 2013
Acapulco, Mexico February 2013
Fall Festival 2012
Trinity F.A.I.T.H. Riders at B.B.B. 2012
F.A.I.T.H. Riders at Sturgis 2012
Accapulco, Guerrero Mexico 2012 Mission Trip
Malawi Africa 2012
Info Center
Malawi Africa 2013
Acapulco, Mexico February 2013
F.A.I.T.H. Riders in Fayettville, Arkansas 2012
F.A.I.T.H. Riders at Sturgis 2012
Acapulco Mission Trip 2012
Malawi, Africa 2012
F.A.I.T.H. Riders in Daytona Beach, Florida. 2012.
Guerrero Mexico February 2012
Trinity F.A.I.T.H. Riders at B.B.B. 2011
McCall Idaho 2011
2011 F.A.I.T.H. Riders Mission Trip to Daytona, Florida.
Malawi, Africa 2011
Big Feed 2011
Malawi Africa 2010
2010 McCall Idaho
Rawhide Cowboy Church
Malawi 08 Video
2009 Idaho Mission Trip
Naco, Sonoro, Mexico 2008.
Lilongwe Malawi, Africa 2008 Report
2008 Riverton Utah Report
April 2019
Upcoming Events
Finance Committee Meeting
Bible Search
Quick Tutorial
Print View
The Book of Acts
Acts #21 (chapter 6:3-15)
The Book of Acts
Stephen: The First Martyr
Acts 6:3–15
We return tonight to the 6th chapter of Acts. Last time we looked at the first seven verses of the chapter and saw a little bit about how the original church was organized to do ministry. Tonight we pick up the story at verse 8
verse 8-15
Just as a reminder, Stephen makes his first appearance in Scripture back in verse 5 where he is selected to help with the distributing of food and resources to the Greek widows. So he was a Greek-speaking believer in Jesus Christ who had belonged to a Jewish synagogue in a foreign land and has now come to Christ.
And just to see what happens, notice verse 1 of chapter 7. I other words, what is your response to the charges that have been brought against you? And his answer is the first 53 verse of chapter 7. And when he finished, they killed him, and we'll look at the details of that in coming studies.
What an amazing man was Stephen. He was not a deacon in the purest form. That office is established at a later time. But he did act and serve in a deaconly capacity because he was put in charge of serving tables.
Neither was he as apostle, but he did signs and wonders.
He wasn't a prophet, but he was a great preacher. Not a deacon, but a servant. Not an apostle, but a miracle worker. Not a prophet, but a great preacher. And as the first martyr, he apparently had a very short career. This is the only recorded sermon he ever preached, and there were no positive results.
As far as we can tell, there's no record that anybody was saved or anybody believed, and yet it was the catalyst that caused the church to move in the next step of the Great Commission. Again, it may have been his death that began the career of Saul who became Paul. And it was his death that served as the catalyst for the spread and expansion of the gospel to the Gentile world.
It was because of his martyrdom and the persecution that was launched at because of his martyrdom that the believers scattered. And that was the purpose of God in his martyrdom. Remember, Jesus had said, "When the Holy Spirit comes, you will be witnesses unto Me in Jerusalem, Judea, Samaria, and the world."
So what was going to send them into Judea? What was going to send them into Samaria? What was going to send them into the world? Not a missionary mission trip or an announcement from the pulpit, but persecution, martyrdom and the threat of death. The Lord indeed does work in mysterious ways, doesn't he?
That's why I believe we are very often omitting a very important component of prayer when we pray for people to be healed and delivered and their loads to be lightened.
Very often, it is the pain and suffering and sickness and sorrow that God uses to advance kingdom causes. And in this amazing turn of events that Satan intended to use to quieten the witness of these new Christians, God uses the death of Stephen to rocket the gospel to the farthest reaches of the world!
Everything we know about Stephen is right here in this text of Scripture. And even though we don't know much about him, we do know, maybe more than anything else, he was a man of courage. And because of that courage, he put himself in a position to lose his life. But he was so committed to being faithful he paid the ultimate price for his commitment.
From this brief text, let me point out four things about his life. First of all,
1. His Choosing
Acts 6:3
They're to look for, "men of good reputation who are full of the Spirit and of wisdom." Stephen was one of those men. So we know that he was full of the Spirit, full of wisdom, and verse 5 adds that "he was full of faith".
So when the first church looked for the best qualified leaders, and they want seven of them out of the thousands of Christians now, Stephen was one of the seven. What that tell us is the church held him in high regard.
And keep in mind, here is a man that the Jerusalem church probably hadn't known very long. He was a Jew from outside the land of Israel. I think it right to assume that the early church would have been very careful in its choosing, selecting those only of the highest spiritual quality. And Stephen makes the cut.
So the people choose the seven. They present them to the apostles for validation and verification. And if we didn't know anything else, if would be enough to tell us of his heart and ministry and spirit just to know that out of all the thousands and thousands of men in the church at Jerusalem, he's the first one on the list.
The second thing I want to take note of is
2. His Character
Again, looking up to verse 3, I think we can assume that he, like the rest, was of good reputation, full of the Spirit and of wisdom, but specifically it says about him in verse 5, "He is a man full of faith".
He is filled up with faith. That is to say his life is dominated by faith. He walks by faith. He is controlled by faith. The idea of full is total control.
When you say, for example, "Someone is filled with rage or filled with anger or filled with madness or filled with joy or filled with love," you mean that is a dominating emotion. That is a dominating force at that point in the person's life. That is a consuming thing. It is unmixed. It is unmitigated. Things which control are the things that would be contained in the notion of being filled. He is filled with faith. So what do we know about his faith? What did he believe? If he is full of faith, what did he believe? Well, I can tell you what he believed because Scripture tells us what he believed.
Go to chapter 7, and let's pick it up at verse 2.
Acts 7;2-3
Stephen is quoting Genesis 12 and 13. That tells me Stephen believed the Bible. Specifically, since it's all he had, he believed in the authenticity and validity of the Old Testament. He believed that God determined and God ruled history, and further that God wrote history. This Sunday evening we're going to watch "Is Genesis History?" It's a fascinating look at the creation story and how it is documented through science and modern techniques.
But I can tell you, Stephen didn't need any of that. He believed in the God revealed in the Old Testament, and what that God reveals about hsitory and he unfolds that all the way through the sermon.
Then, move down to verse 52 and you find out something else he believed.
Acts 7:52
He believed Jesus was the Messiah. He believed in Jesus as the righteous one of God, and he believed that His death was the pivotal point in which history turned. They killed the righteous one.
He also believed that Jesus was risen from the dead. How do we know that he believed that?
verse 55
He believed in the Messiah. He believed the Messiah had risen and ascended. He believed the Messiah was in heaven. He believed the Messiah cared for him. He believed the Messiah, the Lord Jesus, was waiting to receive him.
verse 59
He also believed in the Holy Spirit.
verse 51
This is what he believed. He was
full of faith
, and he believed in all these great spiritual realities that he delineates in this great sermon.
He believed so strongly in the God of the Old Testament and the Old Testament, he believed so strongly in the Lord Jesus Christ, His death and resurrection, and his own hope of eternal life and welcome into heaven that he bet his life on it. He put his life on the line, so much that he believed that he was willing to be stoned to death. He knew the price that could be paid for being as bold as he was willing to be.
Stephen was full faith.
We see also that he was
full of the Spirit
It is seen early in chapter 6 as a qualification for being selected to the work and it's seen at the end of chapter 7, verse 55 as an evidence of his life.
He is totally controlled by and yielded to the Holy Spirit. This is a man who believes in the truth so passionately that he will die for it. This is a man who is so confident in the ministry of the Holy Spirit to care for him, to comfort him, to strengthen him, to bring him to a glorious end, that he has complete confidence in the Holy Spirit.
He is also a man who is
full of wisdom.
Acts 6:3
In fact, his wisdom is so profound, it is so beyond argument that when he speaks, his enemies cannot withstand what he says. And in fury and anger they kill him because they can't answer his arguments.
Furthermore, verse 8 says, he is
full of grace
What is that? Well, it could be the grace of salvation, but we all have that fully. It could be the grace that comes in persecution, but I think it's something else. I think it's not the grace that he received, but rather the grace that he gave.
In Old Testament terms, he was full of "loving kindness." Why do I say that?
Acts 7: 60
While they're stoning him, he falls on his knees and begs God not to punish them for what their doing.
What kind of tenderheartedness is this? No anger, no vengeance, no violence, no retaliation. I'll tell you what kind it is: It is the grace of God.
What an amazing man. This kind of grace comes out of full faith. This kind of grace is a product of the Holy Spirit. He was full of faith, the Spirit, wisdom and grace, then we see in verse 8, he was
full of power
Acts 6:8
He is performing great wonders and signs among the people. Like the apostles, he is actually doing miracles as a validation of the message he preaches. This is before there was a New Testament. How did you know if anybody was a legitimate speaker for God? If he had miraculous power.
What an amazing, amazing man. We see his choosing and his character, then notice
3. His Courage
verse 9
I guess one of the most surprising things we ever encounter is that good and genuine people are so hated by the world. Here is this man, full of the Holy Spirit, full of faith, full of wisdom, full of power and full of grace, with this love to reach people with the glorious gospel of Jesus Christ who comes face to face with the hostile world.
He preached Jesus as Messiah to the Hellenistic Jews and it took tremendous courage to do that. But this is his mission field.
The apostles are going to the Jerusalem Jews. Paul later will go to the Gentiles in the farthest reached of the world. And Stephen will go to the Jews in Gentile lands.
And notice, he starts right there in Jerusalem where synagogues for these pilgrims existed. There were communities of Grecian Jews who had resettled in the land of Israel. When there were feasts and festivals and when people came on pilgrimages to Jerusalem, they would find their way to these synagogues. These synagogues functioned perhaps in the language of the country of the people who made them. So that's his mission field.
After all, he's one of them. He is introduced earlier in the chapter as one of them. All those names in verse 5 are Greek names. These Greek Jews were chosen to meet the needs of the Grecian Hellenistic widows.
So he goes to the place where he can reach his people. The place is the synagogue. The meeting place is where the Jews gathered. In fact, this particular group is identified for us.
It is the Synagogue of the Freedman. What is that? Pompeii, the Roman general, had carried off large numbers of Jews as prisoners to Rome in 63 B.C. and sold them as slaves.
Most of them eventually found their freedom and came back to their homeland. Very likely, the synagogue of the Freedmen is a synagogue that was developed by freed Roman slaves who had returned to their own city to worship.
There also are mentioned Cyrenians, a city in Africa in the Libyan area. They had a large Jewish colony there. They also participated in a synagogue in Jerusalem. Then Alexandrians, the capital of Egypt, founded by Alexander the Great. A huge Jewish community there and a great library of many Jewish scholars there.
Cilicia is mentioned, a district in the settlement known as Asia Minor near Syria, large Jewish colony. By the way, the principal city of Cilicia and that Jewish colony was Tarsus. Saul was from Tarsus, and was the most prominent member of that synagogue. Here's where Saul probably functioned in the synagogue of the people from Cilicia.
Then there were some from Asia, meaning the western part of Asia Minor. The chief city was Ephesus. So you have five groups. Maybe there were five different synagogues. Some think so. Maybe there were three synagogues mixed and maybe there was only one synagogue, and they were all in the same one, and they all spoke some Greek well enough to interact. We don't know, but to them, Stephen went. And what did he do? He rose up. I don't think he was an invited speaker. I don't think they lined him up for a weekend conference.
He rose up and argued with them and they argued back with him. He took his place there and spoke, and it created no small stir, but verse 10, they were unable to cope with the wisdom and the Spirit with which he was speaking. Of course they were unable to cope. They couldn't argue against what he said.
By the way, I think it highly likely that one of the ones leading the argument against him was none other than Saul, who would certainly have been great at arguing and making his case. Two brilliant minds, Stephen and Saul, battling over divine truth and Stephen won. Why? Was he a greater debater than Saul? No, but he had the truth on his side.
So about what did they argue and debate? The exact subject of the debate we don't know, but we can guess. I would guess it was a debate between the old covenant and the new covenant. It was a debate over the identity of Jesus the Messiah, the Son of God. It was a debate over the role of the law. It was a debate about salvation by grace.
And Stephen won the debate because of his unparalleled wisdom and because the Spirit was upon him. But the victory came at great cost.
verse 11
That tells us he was arguing against the old covenant. He was arguing against the Judaistic misinterpretation of the Law of Moses. He was also arguing, no doubt, for the deity of Christ. By dismissing the saving power of the Law of Moses, he was seen as blaspheming Moses. By identifying Jesus as God, he was blaspheming God in their minds.
Now, this is a man who has taken the message to the people. He walked right into the fire and declared to them that the Law of Moses cannot save. It can only condemn. Maybe this is where Paul for the first time heard that, "By the deeds of the law, no flesh will be justified."
Maybe this is where the apostle Paul heard for the first time that all the fullness of the Godhead dwelt bodily in Jesus Christ. To these Jews, these were blasphemous words, blasphemy against Moses, treading on very sacred soil, blasphemy against God by saying Jesus is equal to God.
So they stirred the people, the elders, the scribes. These agitated Hellenistic Jews left their synagogues and started stirring up the rabble that Stephen was a blasphemer, Stephen was a blasphemer. Does that sound familiar? It's exactly what happened to our Lord Jesus.
Now the people, for the most part have been watching the church as it grew and developed, and they were impressed. In fact, we learned back in chapter 2 that the apostles in the early church had favor with all the people. There bringing their sick folk so the shadow of Peter can fall on them and be healed.
They respected them even in chapter 5 when Ananias and Sapphira were killed in the church.
And I think it safe to say the crowd is indifferent, perhaps curious, but impressed until now.
But now come the word that one of these churchmen, Stephen, is a blasphemer against God and Moses and it agitates the people and it agitates the leaders and the agitation reaches such a level that they drag him away to appear before the Sanhedrin.
Verse 13
Again, that tells us something about what the debate was about. They accused him also of saying that, "This Nazarene – " that's a scornful epithet, " – this Nazarene, Jesus, will destroy this place – " the temple " - and alter the customs which Moses handed down to us.'"
So now we understand the picture. He's preaching about Judaism being replaced with Christianity. And think about the courage it must have taken to preach that message. After all, Stephen knows what they've done to the Lord. He knows they have already imprisoned and beaten the apostles. He knows what's at stake, and he knows that it is the Jews who will perpetrate these persecutions.
But his courage is undiminished. I don't know how they found this guy out of the thousands of men in the church, but what a remarkable man he is.
In fact, this is what he says to them in
Acts 7:51
You killers of the Righteous One! Wow. This not friendship evangelism. This man is heroic. We see it in his choosing out of all that could have been chosen, and he heads the list of those who are full of all the necessary spiritual realities. We see it in his character. We see it in his courage. Finally, it shows up in
4. His Countenance
Acts 6:15
They're all looking at him. He is the center of attention. And all of a sudden, his face lights up like an angel! Now remember, they are accusing him of blasphemy. They're calling him evil. They're saying he is denouncing God and Moses, and he is standing there looking angelic. His appearance is as the pure holiness of an angel.
What does this mean? It's not that he had a halo or wings. Instead, I see it as nothing less than the reflection of the glory of God. Later, in chapter 12, we'll read about a light shining in Peter's jail cell because an angel shows up.
But this isn't an actual angel. Stephen just reminds them up the face of an angel. So what did he look like? I don't know! I've never seen an angel, and I don't suppose many if any of them had.
But in their minds, he looked heavenly. He looked as if he were pure and holy and virtuous. All of his power in the Holy Spirit, all of his wisdom in the Holy Spirit, all of his grace in the Holy Spirit, all of his faith, all of it came out on his face. He looked angelic.
Only once in all of recorded history has God ever put His glory on the face of a man and that's in Exodus 33 when He put it on the face of Moses. After Moses saw the glory of God, his face was shining. Somehow or another, He was reflecting the glory of God and for a moment, people could see it!
And something like that is happening here as Stephen is preaching. While the Jews are accusing Stephen of being a blasphemer, God puts a glow on his face.
And in that moment, he stands, as Moses did before his people, in shining purity with the mark of divine favor on his face.
We have only these two occurrences of men's faces shining with the glory of God. One represents the law, the other grace. Do you remember what happened with Moses? After a while, the glory faded. But as far as we know, Stephen went out shining!
In an unparalleled experience, as evil men were accusing him of blasphemy and eventually stoned him to death, the glory of God light up the face of Stephen and he was the heavens opened and Jesus Christ Himself standing to welcome him home.
In those two men and their experiences we see a vital gospel truth. There is no salvation in the law of God. It appeared for a little while, given by God, served its purpose and faded away as the light of the gospel begin to shine in human hearts.
That message still needs to be shared. That's why God is still looking for men and women who can serve Him in His church, who can be chosen out of the thousands, who demonstrate the character of a Stephen, full of faith, full of grace, full of the Holy Spirit, full of wisdom, who stand with courage and conviction to share the gospel.
And through them, God waits to demonstrate His glory, not visibly, but in the calm, peaceful, tranquil, almost transcendent trust that comes through in the most hateful and violent of circumstances. God help us to shine!
Post a Comment
Your Name
site administration
site map
Contents © 2019 Trinity Baptist Church |
Church Website Provided by mychurchwebsite.net
Privacy Policy


text:
Anushka Sharma starrer latest Bollywood movie 'Phillauri' minted Rs 4.05 crore as its first day box office collection. The celluloid, which features the actress and Diljit Dosanjh in significant roles, reported about 20-25% occupancy on 1st day of its release. Produced by the actress herself, the Hindi cinema witnessed an average response from the audiences.
On first Friday, the film faced box office clash with 'Anaarkali Of Araah' and 'Badrinath Ki Dulhania'. The movie's business didn't get impacted with the adjacently released flick. But the celluloid reported a big effect of its box office competition with the second installment of 'Humpty Sharma Ki Dulhania', which still has a good hold in the cinema halls.
Anushka's movie failed to perform well in the Telugu speaking states as Pawan Kalyan and Shruti Hassan starrer offering 'Katamarayudu' opened to a huge response from spectators in the theatres. Shurti's second film with Pawan divulged massive attention of public and collected a whopping income on the first day of its release in several multiplexes.
Directed by Anshai Lal, Anushka's third production received poor response in the foreign market. Though the celluloid showcased average performance in domestic zones, it didn't manage to influence the audiences in overseas and registered very low business in the international arena. The Hindi flick is expected to make Rs 15 crore collection in first weekend. Latest box office figures are awaited.


text:
This is not typical of an article for my blog. However, the coincidence struck me, resented, and, of course, introduced in the philosophical ' spin '.
Advancing the old New Year, everything was calm and no signs of anything wrong. I'm just 13. 01 is the deadline for registration and payment for the domain hosting. I'm in no hurry to pay, t. to. in our age of progress, not getting up for a few minutes of payment can be made via the Internet. On Friday, the 11th, I wrote an account have a payment method to credit card - as usual - at www. assist. ru paid. In the evening the bell rang first: it's a letter that the authentication failed due to timeout. Hmm, did not pass? . I went to the nearest terminal pay to add money to your wallet web money and pay off his hosting and domain. He has made, money in the WM-purse, and was not a day later. This is followed by calls to technical support to the terminal, it is natural to say that they have to do with it, the web money- there at all surprised at my problem again in the terminal. Finally, I promised that the money will come the day after. And hosting the meantime I have disabled the. And why 33 disaster, while only one in the colors I described? . That's all that happened one day that ill-fated New Year's old:.
Abandoned by my observation, my 6-month daughter fell off the couch. I'm just something for 2 seconds and then looked back I heard ' boom! '. I looked, and it is already up on the carpet is. I almost turned gray.
snails died. That's what she was missing? .
No one (! ) Phone. round the clock. services of those. support on Saturday and Sunday are not answered, either terminal or web money, no bank.
Hosted disabled.
Iron was broken.
Burned out light bulb expensive.
Ice cream was gone, which is very much like to eat in this cute family holiday.
The notebook came his wife, though on the edge.
Notebook for the first time use overheated and shut down.
Neighbors rattled in the top 12 at night, so that the child woke up and cried. I had to go to deal.
And finally, close to the best feeling almost crippled.
By night, I realized that this is such a thick black stripe, the day of such. Huddled in a corner and was still there, spitting on all of these hosting services, terminals, lamps and irons. And pah-pah -pah, help. The band was, and as if by magic, everything will work, without further my gestures: the account is still held, hosting involved, the money for WM-purse arrived, neighbors, no noise.
Like, ' philosophical ':.
Even with a pile of ways to pay, is not a small probability that the available methods of payment all at once will not work.
If the circumstances it was too unrealistic leaned on you, forget it all. Over time, will resolve.
AND FINALLY: The shame and disgrace of the technical support web money and terminals OSMP! . In a letter by e-mail was not a single answer.


text:
Usually, banners that are not used anymore are thrown away or sent to recycling centres. If you've managed to find some banners, you can DIY it into something fun and useful! Here's what you can make from vinyl banners.
1. Tote bag
Vinyl banners are hardy and waterproof, making the material perfect to make a variety of items such as bags. The banner can be used to make a tote bag that you can use while shopping for groceries or as a swim bag. These bags are made out of aquarium banners!
2. Bicycle bag
This will be helpful for those who cycle a lot but don't want to splurge much on bicycle accessories. Using the vinyl banner, you can make yourself a bag that can be attached to the bicycle. The bag can hold items such as a water bottle or mini towel.
3. Zipper pouch
With this simple tutorial, you'll soon have a unique pouch that can be used as a pencil case too! All you need is to get yourself a zipper and you're good to go. The zipper pouch above is made from the 2017 Marin County Fair Banner!
4. Clothes
If you're daring enough, you can make clothes out of vinyl banners! Think of it like pleather or fake leather. With the right colours and pattern placement, you'll get a one of the kind dress, skirt or top to flaunt. The dresses above are made by students.
5. Bag tags
If you need a bag tag for your upcoming travels, you can use banners to make colourful ones for yourself. Just attach an elastic band as the straps and it's ready to be used!
6. Floor cover
For those who are renovating their homes, recycle vinyl banners to be used as your floor covering! You don't need to worry about paint spills or the workmen staining or scratching the floors while they work. They may even be thankful you have provided some form of floor covering too.
Malaysian Turned Dumping Ground into a Playground with His Own Money!
2019 GFRIEND ASIA TOUR [GO GO GFRIEND!] in KUALA LUMPUR Is Coming To You Soon! BUDDY, Are You Ready For Them?


text:
Recently on one of my projects, I came across a situation where I had to display the breadcrumb on the same line as the product list toolbar on the product listing page aka category page. Since Magento displays the breadcrumb at the top of the pages, I had to bring the breadcrumb block right next to the product toolbar. And I didn't want to reposition the breadcrumb for all pages.
I tried
<reference name="root"> <remove name ="breadcrumbs" /> </reference>
and put the breadcrumb inside the product listing block


text:
|Additional Information
|Pure Evil: How Tracie Andrews Murdered My Son, Deceived the Nation and Sentenced Me to a Life of Pain and Misery
|Maureen Harvey, Christine Challand
|Spine Width
|John Blake
|Out Of Stock
Supplemental materials are not guaranteed for used textbooks or rentals (access codes, DVDs, CDs, workbooks).
Pure Evil: How Tracie Andrews Murdered My Son, Deceived the Nation and Sentenced Me to a Life of Pain and Misery
Author: Maureen Harvey, Christine Challand
On 1st December 1996, 25-year-old Lee Harvey was stabbed 42 times in a frenzied knife attack. His girlfriend, Tracie Andrews, claimed he had been murdered in a road rage attack and, days later, appeared at a press conference making an emotional appeal for witnesses to the crime. During the days following the attack, the horrific truth about what really happened that night became apparent; it was Tracie who had killed Lee and then tried to cover her tracks with a web of lies...Lee was a good-looking, happy young man with a bright future ahead of him. Tracie Andrews appeared to be an attractive, lively blonde and, at first, their relationship seemed to be a happy one. But soon, Tracie's true nature began to reveal itself and she became jealous, possessive and even violent. Soon enough, the relationship became volatile and self-destructive.On that cold winter's night in 1996, Maureen Harvey heard the devastating news that every parent prays they will never have to hear - her child was dead.As events unfolded and the reality of what Tracie had done took hold, Maureen was forced to come to terms with the fact that the woman with whom she initially shared her grief was in fact the perpetrator of this horrific crime. Tragic and heart-wrenching, this gripping account of a mother's tragic loss cannot fail to touch the emotions of any reader.


text:
Cloud computing is a model for enabling convenient, on-demand network access to a shared pool of configurable computing resources – networks, servers, storage, applications, and services that can be rapidly provisioned and released with minimal management effort or service provider interaction.
Flavors of Cloud Computing -SaaS applications are designed for end-users, delivered over the web Cloud computing comes in three forms: public clouds, private clouds, and hybrids clouds. Depending on the type of data you're working with, you'll want to compare public, private, and hybrid clouds in terms of the different levels of security and management and control required.
Private Cloud
Unlike public clouds, which deliver services to multiple organizations, a private cloud is dedicated to a single organization.
Hybrid Cloud
Public Cloud
Public cloud services may be free or offered on a pay-per-usage model.
Contact for more information


text:
We still believe you can't beat the fun you can have on a short camping break (rain or shine!). However, if your tent has fallen victim to some bad weather or you've had an accident on the campsite don't despair. Specialised Canvas are here to repair the damage and get you back out enjoying the outdoors in no time. We use a selection of high quality synthetic and natural fabrics to closely match your original tent colour and material.
When you've worked with tents as long as we have you really do see it all! Everything from broken zips to torn windows, damaged groundsheets or even the odd drunken stumble to rip out the guylines. We have all the kit and spare materials to fix almost any problem. Simple sewn seams through to full panel replacements are things we take in our stride.
Finally remember we don't want to see you without a tent for your holiday! Therefore be sure to agree a deadline with one of our team. That way we can be sure to have your tent looking its best for you to collect, and we guarantee it will be ready on time.
How to Get a Quote
- Visit, call or email our expert team and explain your tents requirements
- Based on this information we will provide a no obligation written quote for you to consider
- If you are satisfied with your quotation then we will proceed, you only pay us once your item is complete
- Please allow us around 15 days to complete your repair, if you need your tent sooner for your holiday be sure to let us know and we'll do our best!
- Finally we despatch or you collect, again please discuss your preferred service with our team
I received the tents today and I'm very happy with the repairs. The new zips are well fixed and look very sturdy, actually they do look stronger than the original zips.
Benoit Pasquereau
Image Gallery
Click each item to see a larger image
Product Reviews
I received the tents today and I'm very happy with the repairs. The new zips are well fixed and look very sturdy, actually they do look stronger than the original zips.
Benoit Pasquereau
More Information
Do you need more information? Perhaps you have unanswered questions?
You can either give us a call on the phone number below, or fill in your personal details and we will get in touch with you.
Call Us
01246 472 949
If you are calling from outside the UK, call +44 (0) 1246 472 949
Email Us


text:
Beautiful Stately House That Needs Some Love An...
- 4 Beds
- 2.1 Baths
Single Family
Manahawkin, NJ
Beautiful Stately House That Needs Some Love And Attention. Huge Home And Yard. Great For The Entire Family. Formal Living And Dining Room, Conservatory, Office Large Kitchen And Family Room All On The First Floor. Huge Master Suite And Three Additional Bedrooms On The Second Floor, Finished Basement With Another Kitchen. Come See It Today.


text: Average rating: 4.67 stars Philip 2/27/19 glens falls, ny I am a big fan of the Avett Brothers, a big fan of Leo, and a huge fan of Emerica. Like always they crushed it. I have the Leo boot in the brown truman collab and the black suede so now this fills my set. Its a solid shoe, leathers soft, take a minute to break in the high ankle section which is a good thing with a style like this. I havent skated this one yet but its comfy AF and looks good when you scroll down to your feet. Another solid Emerica show. Get one while you can!!