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Rationalism. A. He, like others at the time, was obsessed with questions of truth and doubt
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1 Rationalism I. Descartes ( ) A. He, like others at the time, was obsessed with questions of truth and doubt 1. How could one be certain in the absence of religious guidance and trustworthy senses 2. Tried the typical rationalist program of finding clarity in thought a. Find clear first principles that could act as a bedrock or foundation for thought b. Decided that he could doubt everything except his own existence (1) Cognito ergo sum (2) Even the act of doubting presupposes a thinking entity 3. From such a clear first principle one could deduce all the rest deductive reason was seen to be largely infallible. B. Descartes also introduced modern dualism into philosophy and psychology 1. He was certainly not the first to see a sharp distinction between mind and body a. Aristotle b. And all the Christian, Medieval thinkers. 2. The older view portrayed a dualism between that which perishes and that which survives death a. The Medieval notion was based on Aristotle s division into three parts (1) vegetative (2) sensitive (3) rational b. The first two were allied with a conception of vital forces, those mysterious factors that allow for movement and evidence of life c. But they were only active to the extent that they were directed by the intellect or rational soul. d. The body then is seen as a husk that gave evidence of life only when animated by a soul 3. Descartes made a sharper distinction between these various components and assigned the vital forces solely to the body with the rational soul entirely separate -1-
2 a. Furthermore, the body is extended whereas the mind is not, unextended substance b. And the body obeys mechanical laws because it is a part of the mechanical universe, whereas the mind does not c. But in creating such a radical separation he unleashed a problem that had been camouflaged in the Medieval conception (1) How do the mind and body interact? (2) How can something without mass and weight, something that is unobservable, influence something that has mass? 4. Descartes s solution was to assume a kind of interactionism (1) The mind and body interact at the pineal gland which takes care of all the translation work (2) And when the mind influences the body, it is through the agency of will (3) That much would not have been foreign to Medieval thinkers although Descartes is far clearer about the nature of the problems (4) But the influence of the body on the mind is more complex and an issue not fully recognized by earlier thinkers in other than a passive perception sense. (a) The body is subject to passions created by sensation (b) These passions affect the mind (c) When all goes well, these passions induce will to control the body, but they can also interfere with clear thought. C. Descartes s theory of the mind was also influential 1. He distrusted sensory data which are too unreliable to produce clear truths. 2. He further reduced the importance of perception by assuming that we have innate ideas a. He doesn t seem to have meant that ideas are literally innate b. But only that we have the capacity to form certain ideas. 3. He also suggested that there re various intellectual faculties such as memory, intuition, and will. This part of his work had enormous influence and it led to much second and third rate philosophy that put French thought on the backburner for the next crucial century or two. -2-
3 II. Spinoza ( ) A. He lay outside the mainstream of Continental thought until rediscovered toward the end of the last century 1. Partially because he was Jewish and thus had a different kind of background 2. Partially because he was so rejected 3. And partially because he was geographically isolated B. He is most famous for having a different sort of solution to the mind-body problem and dualism parallelism 1. God and his creations are not separable 2. Therefore there can be no radical separation between mind and body 3. They are really two sides to the same coin today we might be inclined to say that they are just different language systems to describe the same thing 4. But there is at least one important implication in terms of causality a. Since the body is part of the physical world that obeys immutable laws, it follows that the mind (the other side of the coin) must also be so determined b. And hence our mental lives just as our physical are fully determined. C. He also had an important theory of emotion and passion largely influenced by the Stoics 1. Emotions were directed at clear objects whereas the passions were merely generalized disruptions a. Those emotions that we share with God are perfect and are emotions b. Whereas those that are not are imperfect and disruptive c. Emotions will serve as agents of the intellect in helping to channel thought and commit us to reasoned action d. Whereas the passions will disrupt 2. Truth itself is known most clearly when accompanied by emotion and we grasp truth as a kind of intuition a. Our searchings for ultimate truth will be guided by emotion b. And we will experience pleasure when we get there -3-
4 III. Leibniz ( ) A. Contemporary of Locke and much of his philosophy is an attempt to refute him 1. Nothing is in the intellect which is not first in the senses 2. To which he replied: Nothing except the intellect itself B. Also a dualist and adopted a parallelism position 1. Being consists of monads which are basically ideal points of psychic energy 2. However, when concentrated in one place they take on extension and give the impression of body 3. Mind and body obey different laws but are adjusted by God to show perfect agreement pre-established harmony C. One of his most important contributions lay in his theory of consciousness 1. Each monad has mental activity 2. However, the mental activity of an individual monad is so small that it is not conscious note the distinction between mental activity and consciousness 3. Consciousness results when monads are combined a. Note that consciousness thus exists on a continuum b. And there must be a threshold of sorts as to what is conscious c. This idea would be the first subject of psychological experimentation D. But he also had important ideas on how we think at what we might call the macro level 1. Conscious mental thought is not merely a result of sensation 2. It must be guided by higher mental structures through a process he called apperception a. This term came to mean many things, but for him it was a kind of cognitive schema that guided thought. b. It is that which gives form to thought and can be identified with the Platonic Forms or Aristotlean categories. E. Leibniz had great influence on the development of psychology in the 19 th century, more so probably than did Kant, who is by all accounts a greater thinker. 1. Psychophysics and the issue of thresholds of consciousness 2. The notion of apperception and schematic thinking Wundt 3. Conflict between ideas Freud and others -4-
5 IV. Kant ( ) A. His major work was a response to Hume s skepticism 1. He was deeply bothered by the implications for religion and morality a. If nothing could be known with certainty then theology and morality were on shaky grounds b. So there must be a way of finding certainty 2. Kant did not deny the importance of experience and sensation, but he did deny that they were sufficient 3. But somewhat inaccurately Hume and the empiricists would say that we know because we perceive, but the rationalists (and certainly Kant) would say that we perceive because we know. B. The formal way that this comes down requires an understanding of the distinction between analytic and synthetic propositions an old distinction 1. Analytic propositions are those that are true more or less by definition, so they are linguistic in nature the predicate is logically implied by the subject a. Bodies have extension b. Bachelors are unmarried males c. Men have penises 2. Synthetic propositions are those with empirical content where the predicate bears only a contingent relationship to the subject a. They are contingent b. They are probabilistically true c. And they can be assessed only a posteriori d. Examples (1) Rice students are smart (2) Frenchmen are average in height 3. Kant s program was to show that there are synthetic propositions that have a priori validity a. His method of demonstrating this takes the major part of a very large and complex book (The Critique of Pure Reason 1781). b. But the outlines are clear (1) In the first place, even the building blocks of Hume s analysis of -5-
6 causality are not given in experience (a) Requires that we understand there are actually two objects which requires a notion of extended space (b) And that one follows the other, which requires time (2) To be sure, as Hume recognized, the ideas of space and time are subject to the same skeptical view, but Kant s point is a different one, and one common to all rationalist programs (a) Whether or not one has the idea of space and time, one must have the implicit categories of same (b) And these categories must be innate because logically they must precede all experience. (3) And by extension causality may also be an innate category (4) There is a better and more extended proof in terms of Kantian analogies, part of which is given in Robinson 4. Thus there are categories of thought (12 of them) and these are logically required for any thought a. Negation b. Plurality c. Causality 5. Having thus proved that things like causality are not merely inventions of the mind, he can proceed to develop similar arguments for morality a. Certain moral truths are self-evident b. The famous categorical imperative: Act in such a way that the maxim of your action could serve as a universal law of nature C. Kant also had some negative influences on the history of psychology 1. He firmly believed that there could be no science of psychology a. Because mental processes were fleeting and could never be caught. Thus mental processes are of but not in the mind. b. He also believed that such processes could not be measured, and he understood that measurement in one essential ingredient of science. 2. This served as a challenge for subsequent thinkers a. Herbart and measurement b. Fechner and psychophysics -6-
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|Colwin and Mandy (aka The Cool Kids)
Last year we were fortunate enough to be a part of the Family that enjoyed the Year End Trip to Malongane. On the 2nd last day we had the Amazing Race. We were divided into teams of 6, our team was the natural formation of our family. We could do the pit stops in any order we chose.
Race Objectives:
- Take 5 photo's of strangers, posing with the prop you chose.
- At each stop the Staff/Barman will tip you for your service, collect as much as you can.
- Each team must present a mascot & team name at the final. This can be anything.
- Teams must bring all photo's and badges collected.
We had to find a spot within the resort and pick a prop and our first badge. We were second to get there so I shouted at the kids to stay in the car, hopped out ran in and chose the prop Carlos had been appreciating a few days earlier. On the way to the 1st pitstop Carlos was teaching us all Portuguese : "Bom Dia!" and "Obrigado" and I was telling the kids to say hello and smile and ask if they could wash dishes.
|Chief Carlos (aka The Voice of Authority)
1st Leg
On your way to Ponta, find Laurenco's bar and ask to see their bracelets.
We had to buy something, we bought a necklace for each child and the mandatory purchase. It was the start of the race we were all in good spirits and the people at Laurenco's were really friendly. The barman liked us very much and gave us lots of serviette dollars and our badge. Demi made friends with some local lads and gave them some sweets. The lovely lady working in the kitchen put on our prop and posed with us for a photo.
|Demi with the local lads
|The lady from the kitchen at Laurenco's Bar wearing our prop
2nd Leg
Find a place with a view and a long staircase leading to the beach. Each team member must write their own name in the sand big enough to take a photo from above.
We'd been there a few days earlier and the kids ran down the stairs and played on the beach, I had to run down (and crawl up) because Demi was playing with her friends and you can't hear someone shouting from the beach to the bar or vice versa. We all ran down and wrote our names in huge writing in the sand and everyone galloped up the stairs and I crawled up, by the time I got back up they had already finished their refreshments and taken the photo. We went to the barman and got our serviette dollars and our badge.
|Our names in the sand
By now the niggles of our little humans had started to surface. Who was going to sit in the car and who was going in the canopy. Who was going to hold the prop and who was going to wear it. Carlos' cellphone battery was drained so we plugged it into the car charger and prayed it would charge for our next pit stop.
3rd Leg
Find King Neptune. Buy at least one of his awesome R&R Milkshakes to get your badge. Make sure you take a team photo with him before you leave.
|Showing King Neptune some love
We found King Neptune in a bar above Ponta Da Ouro's shopping centre. We bought the delicious Milkshake and shared it (Carlos and I) and the barman was having a slow day so he convinced us to buy 2 chocolate milkshakes for Roberto, Doug, Pedro and Demi to share. They perked up a bit and offered to wash dishes. The barman posed with our prop and us, gave us our badge and serviette dollars and off we went to find our next pit stop.
|Roberto, The Barman, Douglas, Pedro, Carlos, Demi
4th Leg
Find Gambozini Lodge. Take a team photo at the tree bar. Ask Enzo about his Pancakes & Cappuccinos and your token! Don't get stuck!
We asked around and were told where to go to find Gambozini lodge. We travelled up the mountain which was really a bumpy ride and Demi and I were in the canopy, we were rattled around and dinged our heads. We found the tree bar and took a photo and Enzo told us about his pancakes and cappuccinos. Demi and Doug ordered a pancake to share and Roberto also ordered one.
|At the Tree Bar
Enzo gave us our token and tipped us and was kind enough to pose for a photo with our prop. Yay! off to our next pitstop…OOPS Pedro decided he also wanted a pancake. Oh boy, we got STUCK, only for a shortwhile thank goodness.
|Enzo, the best pancake maker in the world
5th Leg
Find a bar on the beach. Buy at least one R&R for the barman to explain the game of skill you need to play for your badge.
This one had us stumped. We went to the bar on the beach where Pedro had met his namesake a few days earlier but it was closed. We went to the bar next to them and they said it wasn't them, they suggested we go round to the other bar on the beach. We went there and they said it wasn't them.
We decided to skip to the next one which we turned into the fourth leg and come back to this one. After completing Gambozini lodge we went into town and I think I spotted a sign at a motel that said beach bar, we raced in to complete the leg.
We had rands and meticals with us, so with a large family we need to save wherever we can. Carlos asked the people at every stop how much whatever we had to purchase was in Rands and Meticals and we paid with whichever currency happened to be the cheapest.
|At the Bar on the Beach
This lady was cleaning the floors, Carlos was ordering the drink and waiting for change so I took the opportunity to take a photo. The drink was ready, the barman had explained the game of skill. We had to dig a hole in the sand on the beach and insert a pool noodle and balance the drink on the noodle without spilling a drop.
Carlos was still waiting for change, I decided to head to the beach with the children to get started digging the hole. I carried the drink because I didn't want to spill a drop.
We got to the beach and our race masters, Colwin, Mandy and Melanie were there. The boys started digging, as happens with our family each wanted their OWN hole. Colwin said something about Teamwork and I went to call The Voice of Authority (Carlos) who was still waiting for change.
He came back to the beach with me and chose the best hole and dug it deeper and we put the noodle in and packed the sand around it so that the drink could balance and we could move on. We had the skill and earned our badge and some more serviette dollars.
6th Leg
Go to 3/4 R / 1/4 R Central. Take a photo of Scubaversity's 2010 Club Card.
My analytical mind thought this could be 360. Carlos knew better it was Fernando's. He was wondering how long it would take us to find the card because the place is covered in cards, every spot has a card on it.
Fortunately for us, there was a group of people sitting at a table as we walked in and a lady in the group pointed to what we were looking for. Maybe she'd seen someone else searching for it? She also volunteered to take a picture with our prop. We went to the barman and chatted to him and he gave us our badge and tip. And off we raced to complete the final leg.
|Scubaversity 2010 Club Card
Roberto and Doug with our prop stranger
The final leg
Be at the bar where the sun sets over the lake by 18h00 sharp. Don't be early or late.
|The Sun setting over the lake
We hadn't decided on a team name or a mascot yet, so on the way to the final destination we were brainstorming ideas. We spotted some banana leaves, picked them up and it was decided we would be the "Banana Indians" and Roberto was our mascot.
Our race masters went flying passed us on the way there and Carlos had his window wide open, he was showered with mud and I got a little splash. We weren't too concerned, or maybe I wasn't too concerned the main aim of the game at this point was to get all of us to the finish in one piece.
We arrived at the finish 2nd or 3rd and I was bummed (Miss Competitive) but tried not to show it. We ran to the finish chanting something about Bananas and Indians.
|Our serviette Dollars, tokens and clues
We never knew that winning would be decided on how well we were tipped. We had the largest collection of serviette dollars totaling 3800, I think our nearest competitors were 1000 serviette dollars behind us.
|The Winners
It was definitely worth all the trauma, drama, tears and head bumps. I'd do it again in a heartbeat.
As the Scubaversity Diveclub slogan goes: "Absolutely, Positively, Without a Doubt, Nothing like it. Not even a little bit! " Of course it refers to diving but I think that anything done by Scubaversity is like that.
Thank you to Scubaversity for the photo of us winning & Mandy and Colwin.
Carlos has just read this pre-publishing, he says he thinks it was 4500 serviette dollars. He's busy with the recount.
Note Demi's facial expressions in the pictures from good to bad, she was upset because her brothers never gave her a chance to wear the prop, I told her to cover her grumpiness with a banana leaf when we got to the finish. The race was accomplished with the help of a 4x4 and 6 pairs of legs.

subset: commoncrawl


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Steinberg VoiceDesigner VST v1.03 WiN-ZoNE27 March 2014
Steinberg VoiceDesigner VST v1.03 WiN
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VoiceDesigner is a real-time VST Plug-In for changing the pitch of a voice while maintaining its natural character. VoiceDesigner is sensitive to the nature of the human voice, it can even manipulate the character of the voice while changing its pitch.
- Real-time natural pitch shifting (no'singing rats' unless you so wish).
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Steinberg VoiceDesigner VST v1.03 WiN-ZoNE
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Common Boston 2017 dParty: Utopian Visions
On the evening of June 2, join the BSA Foundation for the dParty, the kickoff event for Common Boston 2017 (#CB17), the annual open-house festival of architecture and design. Hosted at BSA Space alongside, The New Inflatable Moment exhibition, the dParty will feature utopian dreamscapes, an inflatable lounge, and tours by exhibition curator and past Common Boston chair, Mary Hale AIA. In keeping with the theme of Utopian Visions, attendees are encouraged to channel their inner Haus-Rucker-Co (featured in the exhibition) and wear white.
The dParty marks the start of #CB17 weekend festival (June 3–4), which celebrates more than 50 architectural gems around Boston, Cambridge, Brookline, and Somerville, encouraging residents and tourists to consider why design matters, while tapping into unique stories that illuminate our vibrant communities.
Volunteers who have signed up for a #CB17 weekend shift receive a free ticket. Haven't signed up yet? Volunteer HERE.
Common Boston festival is a program of the BSA Foundation.
Tickets include an evening of entertainment, food, wine, beer, and cocktails provided by in-kind CB17 supporter Boston Harbor Distillery.
Celebrate the sesquicentennial anniversary of Boston Society of Architects/AIA (BSA) in 2017. Read a weekly essay by BSA's leaders and allies and enjoy a free exhibition focusing on its achievements over the last 150 years.


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Email Newsletter
Join thousands receiving hot new sex related articles, goodies, and great deals.
An endorphin rush refers to the increase in endorphins as a result of exciting or stressful situations, and other stimuli, including chili peppers. Endorphin comes from the term endogenous morphine. It is produced by the pituitary gland and the nervous system. This implies that endorphin is morphine-like in how it affects the body. It inhibits pain. It also makes a person feel euphoric.
The endorphin rush can feel so good that people try a lot of things to achieve it. The more risky ones start off with seeking excitement. Excitement is good as long as risks are calculated and there are safety measures implemented. Remember to always take calculated risks when seeking an endorphin rush. Otherwise, it might be a better idea to just have sex or eat a raw chili pepper.
Join thousands receiving hot new sex related articles, goodies, and great deals.


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- paddywacsAsked on July 18, 2013 at 03:43 PM
On 6/29 we had a customer purchase one of our chalk paint classes and don't know how to get the money into our account?
- JotForm SupportjonathanAnswered on July 18, 2013 at 05:48 PM
The payments should go to your Stripe account.
Can you please elaborate more on how you are not able to get the payment into your account? Does this happen on all the transactions or only on the 6/29 transaction.


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It's the biggest night in Hollywood and I can't say I'm surprised with how it went! Here are my thoughts on all the winners, losers, and the evening in general. Continue reading "The 90th Academy Awards Review"
It's finally that time of the year again, and we now officially have our list of nominees for the 90th Academy Awards! Let's take look at who's in the running for some gold statues! Continue reading "Oscar Nominations and Reaction"
Christian Bale takes the lead role in this summer blockbuster that brings us a new batman and a modern twist.
The Last Jedi just released its first official trailer and all your new favorites are back…well, except for one, but I'll stay out of the spoiler sector of this galaxy. Continue reading "First Official Star Wars: The Last Jedi Trailer Released"
Get ready to hop back into some 300ft. robots and fight some aliens in the new Pacific Rim trailer! Continue reading "New Pacific Rim Uprising Trailer"
Step into the futuristic spectacle that is Blade Runner 2049 and prepare to be blown away. Continue reading "Blade Runner 2049: Review"
We've witnessed the Rise, and experienced the Dawn, now, it's War. The new Planet of the Apes trilogy ends on a triumphant and satisfying note with it's War for the Planet of the Apes. Continue reading "War for the Planet of the Apes: Review"
Hugh Jackman ends his 17 year stint as Wolverine with bang in this rated R masterpiece of a film. It's just too bad that it took this long to see the Wolverine we've all been waiting for! Continue reading "Logan: Review"


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Quiet Electronics Moderated Newsgroup For The Electronic Professionals and Other Professionals
Weldcraft hk-1 tig welder torch hook-up kit
Weldcraft hk-1 tig welder torch hook-up kit
This HK-1 Hook-up Kit appears to be new. This doesn't come with any literature and I don't know what connectors should or shouldn't be with this but all that is included is shown in the pictures. Please email me if you have any questions.