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The Communist Party of India(Marxist) on Friday demanded a judicial probe into the Purulia arms-drop case to uncover the network responsible for the incident.
"The Purulia arms-drop in December 1995 was one of the most serious instances of assault on the country's sovereignty. The investigations and the court trial proved that the arms were meant for the Ananda Marg, which was planning to use it to foment violence to destabilise the Left Front government," the CPI(M) Polit Bureau said in a statement in the wake of an interview by Niels Christian Nielsan alias Kim Davy, the absconder in the case.
The party said the judicial inquiry should be held by a sitting judge of the Supreme Court.
Addressing a press conference here, party general secretary Prakash Karat said the revelations by Davy and Peter Bleach, who was sentenced in the case, raised new questions and necessitated a fresh inquiry.
Mr. Karat said both Nielsen and Bleach made some serious charges of connivance by certain authorities in the air-drop plan and the cover up later.
He said the party believed that the then Central government was "grossly negligent" in dealing with British intelligence information about the arms-drop, "but are now revising our view."
"We are not interested in scoring political points but when information was available why was the Centre not able to act and the main conspirator has still not been extradited …the government has been tardy in getting him extradited…" the CPI(M) leader said.
The Centre sent the arms-drop information to the State government by registered post and it arrived one week after the incident, Mr. Karat said, adding that Davy gave specific details of how he had escaped from the Mumbai airport and reached Nepal.
Mr. Karat said Davy named Pappu Yadav, an MP then, as the one who assisted him and that people of Purulia saw Mr. Yadav there soon after the arms-drop.
He said Mr. Yadav, who is in jail serving a life sentence for the murder of CPI(M) MLA Ajit Sarkar, should be interrogated and the trail by which Kim Davy escaped from the country should be uncovered and the persons responsible brought to book.
The existence of the Left Front government in West Bengal has been anathema to many domestic and international forces, he said, adding that even today, the spectre of violence in the form of Maoists is being used to destabilise the Left Front.
'Killing fields'
"Even the Union Home Minister recently talked of the 'killing fields' in West Bengal and blamed the CPI(M) for them. On the other hand, Maoist violence is being aided and supported by the Trinamool Congress, which is part of the Congress-led government at the Centre."


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AHS (AHS) Class of 2014 Alumni List
Help us Update the AHS 2014 Class List by adding any names missing from the list below:
Registered Alumni
2014 Class List
- Sharico Butler
- Jessica McGraw
- Tim Patterson
- Cameron Ross
- Jocelyn Scott
- Aidee Serrano
- Marco Thorpe
- Mikaylah Wilson
Know AHS Class of 2014 graduates that are NOT on this List? Help us Update the 2014 Class List by adding missing names.
Reunions and Annapolis High School News
More 2014 alumni from Annapolis HS Annapolis, MD have posted profiles on Classmates.com®. Click here to register for free at Classmates.com® and view other 2014 alumni.
If you are trying to find people that graduated in '14 at Annapolis High in Annapolis, MD, check the alumni list below that shows the class of 2014.
Don't forget to upload your Annapolis High School pictures and check on the latest info about any Annapolis High School reunion.

subset: commoncrawl


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Visible Bird Migration - Friday September 23rd 2011
Hutton Roof, Cumbria.
0700hrs - 0945hrs.
Wind: W 20mph
Movement: South unless stated.
The Mipits never came on Hutton Roof, The wind instead of being SW as forecasted it turned out to be West and at strength. This seemed again to block any potential push today. Nice to see Geoff E....
Meadow Pipit: 161
Chaffinch: 139 (mainly W)
Goldfinch: 24 (one party 25)
Redpoll: 11
Linnet: 8
Alba Wagtail: 17
Woodpigeon: 1
Mistle Thrush: 3W
Swallow: 2
also: Chiffchaff.
Shore Road, Carnforth, Lancs.
1000hrs - 1130hrs
Wind: SW 15-20mph
Movement: South unless stated.
Meadow Pipit: 134
Chaffinch: 26
Linnet: 30
Swallow: 43
House Martin: 21
Skylark: 27
Goldfinch: 14
Starling: 2E
Alba Wagtail: 7
Pink Footed Goose: 24 (one skein)
Lapwing: 13.
Curlew: 10W (one party 9)
Black Tailed Godwit (1W)
Also: Wheatear (1 grounded), probable - Golden Plover 1W, 1 Kestrel (probably local)
The wrong kind of music - Sometimes playing a tape hoping to ring Tree Pipit and Lesser Redpoll is counterproductive and this was one of those occasions. The lower nets caught no b...
4 hours ago


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Black & White Bash
Black & White Bash 2018 Ticket Sales
Please select the number of reservations you would like to purchase for the 2018 Black & White Bash from the pull down menu.
After you make this selection, please fill out the corresponding fields for each attendee (first and last name, email and meal selection). After all guest information has been filled out, billing information will follow.
If you have any questions, please email Tim Alexander at firstname.lastname@example.com.
Meal Choices are:
- Sliced Pork Loin with Apple Chutney
Seasoned Potatoes and Roasted Corn
- Black Sesame Grilled Salmon with a Lemon Cream Sauce
Orzo with Garlic Sundried Tomato and Broccolini
- Butternut Squash Ravioli with Broccolini
(Includes hazelnuts)


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Quiet Electronics Moderated Newsgroup For The Electronic Professionals and Other Professionals
Stainless steel sheet metal custom kitchen backsplash
Stainless steel sheet metal custom kitchen backsplash
Not the right size? No problem! We offer any size piece of any type of stainless steel cut or bent to your exact specifications! For a complete list of services and products, send us an email
One side of this sheet is covered with a protective coating and has a smooth scratch free finish underneath.
The backside has some minor scratches that could be easily polished out if necessary.
* Item must not exceed given dimensions
Item is guaranteed to arrive in the shape it was described or your money back!
Personal Checks will require seven (7) Business days to clear
For immediate assistance please send us an email We look forward to serving you.


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The Bat is Back...
Just saw The Dark Knight rises trailer again today on a friend's wall on Facebook! Man, i just can't wait to see the final part of the series....added the trailer to the what's new page.
Your comment will be posted after it is approved.
Leave a Reply.


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Amazon Setup
Amazon Setup Section
In the Amazon Setup Section you will be able to setup your affiliate ids & much more! Take a look at the list below.
Multiple Amazon API Keys!
We just finished developing a new feature for WZone, that allows you to add multiple Amazon API Keys!
Why you might ask?
Well, if you're a WZone user, you might have noticed that sometimes the products import freezes or you get an error with 'You are submitting requests too quickly. Please retry your requests at a slower rate' or 'RequestThrottle'. This might happen when you synchronize the products, or auto import them.
To prevent this situation, we've developed a new feature that allows you to add & use multiple Amazon API Keys. Using this feature, you will be able to import, auto import & synchronize more products effortless!


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Pregnancy Myths – some unusual ones
Pregnancy Myths
From the day people come to know about your pregnancy you will be bombarded with well meaning – but confusing and always conflicting advice and pregnancy myths from friends, family, the annoying neighbors and that complete stranger when you are in departmental store.
To add to that here are some other things people have said that just don't make sense, but make me giggle all the same… "Hmmm, your tummy has not gotten that large, so…", "Your face is glowing, you will definitely have a…" — the list of myths is endless.
Put your feet up for 9 months
While pregnancy is definitely time to abandon risky activities, doing light regular exercises caries more benefit than risks. Researchers have found that women who stay active tend to have short labours, regain their pre-pregnancy shape, have less chance of postnatal depression and sleep better than those who don't exercise.
However you should also know that pregnancy is time for maintaining your fitness routine and not taking up a new sport. Specialists believe Aerobic exercise (the kind that leaves you slightly out of breath) will keep your heart and lungs healthy. Brisk walking in the morning can make huge difference too.
According to fitness experts, light swimming is a perfect antenatal exercise. The body joints that usually soften during pregnancy are supported and the water will keep you cool.
Your eating for two
You are eating for two, okay, but do understand the other person you are eating for is too small – so unfortunately being pregnant will not give you the excuse to double your calorie intake. As a guide you are looking at between an extra 200 and 300 calories a day.
Overeating and wrong food can lead to complications such as gestational diabetes and excessive weight gain, both of which can be harmful and make labour more difficult.
Consequently, eating well – rather than calorie counting- is the key during your pregnancy and means ensuring you eat good quality- protein (eggs, meat, fish, beans, and pulses). You should be also eating lots of vegetables and carbohydrates (unrefined) like brown bread, rice etc. Good snacks include fruit, nuts (avoid peanuts), seeds, oatcakes/biscuits etc.
Eat ghee for a safe delivery
Your mother or mother-in-law probably says, " Ghee provides lubrication, therefore you must have lots of ghee to ensure a normal delivery." While the medicinal value of ghee cannot be discounted, it is definitely not the elixir it is touted to be in this case.
No one can predict a normal delivery, not even doctors. Eating lots of ghee (clarified butter) does not ensure normal delivery. A pregnant woman should eat a normal healthy diet and should have a positive mindset while going in for the delivery. Even relatives should boost her confidence, and not pressurize her with regard to a normal delivery.
Carrying high its a boy carrying low its a girl
o aspect of pregnancy is more fraught with old wives' tales than guessing the gender of the baby. The most common myth is that boys make neat little bumps while baby girls cause the weight to spread more evenly around your abdomen – something that could seem plausible. But ideas like predicting baby's sex by dangling a wedding ring over your belly and seeing which way it swings ( Hum Saath Saath Hain remember?) are surely the traditional folklores.
While these urban legends can be a fun way for others to get involved with your pregnancy, there's a danger they can distract from medical problems. And theories like light bleeding during pregnancy would indicate a boy while extreme morning sickness would signify that you are carrying a girl are nowhere proven. While bleeding during pregnancy is common but it's always safe to check out with your doctor. Even scans aren't 100% accurate; the only way to be sure about your baby's sex is only when you meet your baby.
Backache is unavoidable during pregnancy
You can avoid backache with some simple changes. First, pay attention to your posture, don't arch your back by pulling your shoulders back but not your abdomen. Don't wear shoes with any heel height, it will force you to arch your back which puts pressure on the lower back. Try pelvic rocking to give your back a break, and squat throughout the day to stretch the muscles of your back.
Slow heart rate means a boy, fast heart rate means a girl
A normal fetal heart rate is between 110 and 160 beats per minute (bpm), although some people think if it's faster (usually above the 140 bpm range) it's a girl and if it's slower it's a boy. However, there is no evidence or statistical proof to support this theory.
Your baby's heart rate will probably differ from one prenatal visit to the other anyway – depending on the age of the fetus and activity level at the time of the visit. Moreover, stress-related changes in a pregnant woman's heart rate and blood pressure, along with chronic anxiety, can affect the heart rate of her developing fetus.
You can't have hot baths
Again a folklore that you're not to take baths because germs could get into your vagina and be passed to the baby. This is not entirely true. When everything aches, it can be tempting to sit under a steaming hot shower or relax in a tub.
Baths are great source of relaxation and very good for pregnant women. The problem is more if the temperature is higher than the actual bath. Ensure to avoid water that is too hot or temperatures above 100 degrees F. These can cause your body temperature to rise, and this can cause problems for a developing baby, particularly in the first trimester.
Overheating can increase the risk of neural tube defects such as spina bifida, staying too long under hot water may increase the risk of dehydration and dizziness for the pregnant woman. But your baby is definitely not in danger of getting germs from bathing as the baby remains protected by the amniotic sac and the mucous plug.
You cannot get pregnant while breastfeeding
Tell this to thousands of women who are now with their second child, while the older one is hardly a year of age, or less! Hence it is always advisable to use some contraception to avoid an unwanted pregnancy. Breastfeeding is reliable only upto a certain period, about one-and-a-half months after the delivery.
However, a woman can get pregnant even without getting the first menstrual cycle post-delivery, i.e in lactational amenorrhea. There are many simple methods available for contraception. Choose the right one for yourself.
Have you come across any strange myths? Have any of them been true for you?
My Social Links


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Progress for Renters Facing Foreclosure
Illinois Governor Pat Quinn signed a law August 21 that protects renters from being evicted from foreclosed property before their leases expire. To be clear, this state law, which goes into effect at the end of the year, mostly restates what was laid out in the Protecting Tenants at Foreclosure Act, signed into federal law in 2009. The federal law, however, is set to expire at the end of 2014, after being extended once already from its original 2012 deadline by the Dodd-Frank Act. The Illinois law has no expiration date, giving renters protection that is immune from potential Washington … Continue reading →


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FITCHBURG -- The thing about denting twine in hockey: you do it once, you want to do it again -- and rather soon, to boot.
Lunenburg/Ayer Shirley's Connor Viviano, as he's done lo these last two seasons, had to do it again, and again.
Viviano scored the opener with 3:15 left in the second, then scored twice more in the third to put the Blue Knights into the Central Mass. Division 3A championship, as No. 2 Lunenburg knocked off No. 3 Worcester, 4-1, in the semifinals at the Wallace Civic Center on Friday night.
The Blue Knights will next play top-seeded Grafton/Blackstone Valley Tech -- as the Indians soundly downed No. 5 Northbridge, 6-1, in the evening's first semifinal.
The Central Mass.
Longtime Lunenburg coach Eric Short was pleased with the performance.
"It was an outstanding game, from the net out," Short said. "My goalie played outstanding, and we needed him to step up. He needed to play big for us to win these types of games. I thought my defensemen had a great game; they were hard-nosed and didn't give up any easy goals.
"And my big guys stepped up at the end and got big goals. It was a timely part of the game, and we bounced back. We've needed to be better in the third period, and tonight was just awesome.
Worcester had pulled level only 1:22 into the final frame, as Ben Bombard rifled the puck over the left shoulder of Lunenburg goalie Nathan Bourdelais (24 saves); it had come seconds after a massive miss by teammate David Brissette, who had skated in and seemingly had the entirety of Bourdelais' left side open and primed for the puck.
The puck somehow skipped away, the threat ended for the time being.
But even after the Wildcats -- whose season came to a close at 14-7-1 -- scored the equalizer, Lunenburg (16-4-1) didn't back down from the challenge.
And when Worcester had its opportunities to score, Bourdelais had ice in his veins as he knocked shot after shot aside.
It wasn't until the 12:31 mark in the third that Viviano put it away, thanks to a hop, skip, and a jump from the dot by Jared Simmons, leading to a scrum in front of Worcester goalie Jared Giampetro (29 saves).
Viviano got his blade on the puck and found a seam in Giampetro's defenses to put the hosts ahead, 2-1.
"That whole line," Short said, "Connor was just a bulldozer to the net. All three of them just kept pushing it forward."
Half a minute later, Lunenburg struck again. This time, it was second-liner Mathew Albert doing the honors, as he intercepted the puck at the red line and scooted between two Wildcat defenders. He then measured his move as he drew closer to Giampetro.
He found space on the left, and the Knights were pretty much in the title game, 3-1, with 1:54 left.
"He's only a sophomore, doesn't panic, slows down, and does what he can do," Short praised. "He put it home. If we went to a shootout, he was one of the guys who would go out there. He was composed, and he finished."
Worcester would then pull Giampetro for an extra attacker, and Viviano shoved in the dagger of an empty-netter with 35 seconds left to go in the game.
Viviano's second-period opener had been coming, as Lunenburg/Ayer Shirley had applied plenty of pressure up until -- and immediately after -- the tally.
Viviano had knocked the puck away from a Worcester player just inside the neutral zone and, after Simmons regained control of it for the Blue Knights, Viviano skated in. He passed to Simmons, who passed it back to him.
Viviano then crossed into the slot from right to left and deked hard onto the long side and beyond Giampetro to put the Knights ahead.
Right out of the second period's opening faceoff, Lunenburg had turned up the offensive intensity.
"We were happy with the first period," Short said of the message during the first intermission, "but we were clearly playing nervous in front of the big crowd. (Bourdelais) kept us in it, the shots were 8-7, but we could have played better. The goal was to get the puck to the net."
And they did that.
Lunenburg had two tries in the first 60 seconds: With a scrum to the right of Giampetro, the puck squirted out to Jacob Mauro, who stared a wide-open net from eight feet away. But as he shot, the gap closed up.
On the next Lunenburg trip, Simmons fired a wrister that Giampetro caught right in the gut.
A minute later, Max Simmons' shot from the point had Giampetro moving to his right, but he re-corrected himself in time to make the stop.
Seconds after that ensuing faceoff, Giampetro made a kick save and a beauty to keep the Knights off the scoreboard.
Lunenburg had recorded eight shots on goal in the first five minutes of the middle period, and each one was a solid chance at breaking the deadlock.
A little over a minute later Lunenburg found itself down a man -- but that didn't stop the Knights from making solid shorthanded attempts, as Jared Simmons had two shorty bids within 20 seconds of each other.
They would have two great shorty bids in the third, too.


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Boston Curriculum and Instruction Graduate Programs
Curriculum and instruction graduate programs could prepare you to provide students with a supportive and inclusive classroom experience. Through rigorous study and hands-on practice, you could learn to create and use curriculum to address many students' unique needs. Earning your curriculum and instruction degree may not only be an opportunity to work towards your academic goals. You could also help a new generation of students do the same!
What is a Curriculum and Instruction Graduate Program?
Curriculum and instruction graduate programs aim to develop your educational planning and program creation abilities. The needs of students are always changing. It makes sense that supportive curriculum should follow suit. That's where you could come in! While earning your curriculum and instruction graduate degree, you could learn to adapt or develop lesson plans to create a better student experience. And when you apply these to a school district, you could influence the academic careers of many!
Curriculum and Instruction Graduate Programs: Potential Courses
Curriculum and instrucution graduate programs may prepare students with some of following courses.
- Holistic instructional supervision
- Professional development
- Educational leadership
- Curriculum creation
- Analysis and application of standardized assessment data
These are just a few examples. Schools vary, so check with your preferred schools for details.
Curriculum and Instruction Graduate Degree Choices
It's important to note that while many graduate degrees offer the above courses, the depth of study may vary with your chosen level of education. For example, a graduate certificate and a PhD program may both offer educational leaderships classes. However, the doctoral degree might cover more advanced topics. Keep reading for more information about the different potential programs and as well as their unique academic offerings. Then consider your academic and career goals to find a perfect curriculum and instruction program for you.
Curriculum and Instruction Masters Programs
Earning a masters in curriculum and instruction might be a great first step into the world of graduate education. These masters programs may be offered as many different degrees. Depending on your own personal goals, one may apply to you more than another. Some potential curriculum and instruction masters programs could be the following.
- Master of Science (MS) in Instructional Design educates students on how to use research and analysis techniques to inform their instructional strategy. This might be a great choice for students who wish to create future systems to support students' learning habits.
- Master of Education (MEd) in Curriculum and Instruction aims to improve school systems through well-rounded education plans. Students could have the opportunity to learn about diverse student populations, how to provide training to teachers, and instructional supervision aids.
- A Master of Arts (MA) in Curriculum and Instruction program is similar to an MEd in Curriculum Instruction in terms of coursework. Where it differs, though, is its emphasis on in-classroom training. Students may be able to test their new skills and knowledge (as well as their educational plans!) inside actual learning spaces.
Masters in Curriculum and Instruction Requirements
Unlike undergraduate programs, these masters programs might focus exclusively on curriculum and instruction courses. This means that electives may not be required to graduate. With this concise course load in mind, students could potentially complete a master's degree program in 2 years. Program lengths vary by school.
School's typically require students to submit a 2.7 to 3.0 undergraduate GPA, in addition to GRE scores, for application. Depending on the program, you may also be required to submit materials like personal essays, CV or resume, and letters of recommendation. Check with potential universities for a more complete list of admissions criteria.
Curriculum and Instruction Doctoral Programs
Curriculum and instruction doctoral programs may offer either a doctorate of philosophy (PhD) or education (EdD). While their names might be different, both programs have similar coursework and provide a more intensive course of study. Doctoral programs typically rely on research and data analysis to test new teaching strategies. Plus as part of writing and researching a dissertation, you might be able to test your plans on real students and learn directly from the results.
Doctoral curriculum and instruction program generally run longer than masters programs. This might be due to class and dissertation requirements that are absent at the masters level. Typically, students could earn a doctoral degree in 4 to 7 years, depending on enrollment status. Program lengths vary by schools.
Curriculum and Instruction Doctoral Program Admission Requirements
As you may guess, doctoral programs may present challenging coursework for students. Admissions requirements aim to test students' abilities to not only meet these academic standards, but possibly exceed them. With this in mind, students may be asked to submit a 3.0 undergraduate or a 3.5 or graduate GPA. Additionally, GRE scores are often required. Check with potential schools for a full list of their admissions criteria.
Curriculum and Instruction Graduate Certificate Degree Programs
Curriculum and instruction graduate certificates programs work to elevate current teachers' methods. Typically, certificate coursework focuses solely on one unique teaching aspect. For example, you could engage in topics such as autistic spectrum disorders, literacy development, curriculum evaluation, and comprehensive youth education. These programs focus on implementing changes within your classroom and creating a more inclusive learning environment.
Because graduate certificates generally only address one specific facet of curriculum and instruction, they are often shorter than other graduate programs. Students could earn a curriculum and instruction graduate certificate in 1 year. This shorter timeline might be a great option for teachers who want to immediately apply lessons to their own classroom. Of course, programs vary, so please check with your intended school.
Curriculum and Instruction Graduate Certificate Admission Requirements
Since the programs are designed for current educators, schools attempt to make them as accessible as possible. Besides the above-mentioned timeline, this also transfers to admissions criteria. Prospective students may be required to submit 3.0 undergraduate GPA on average. Note that GRE scores might not be required for this program, which could save you valuable time and money!
Curriculum and Instruction Program Formats
Choosing how you want to attend your curriculum and instruction graduate program is almost as important as selecting your degree! Taking your own weekly routine into consideration, you may find one of the following formats fits seamlessly into your schedule:
- On campus curriculum and instruction graduate programs may be a great choice for students looking for a structured schedule and networking. By stepping into the physical classroom, you could engage with a community of education professionals. This might be a great resource when it comes to looking for a future position. Or if you just have questions about a current academic obstacle. While most classes take place during the day, be sure to also look for "working professionals" programs. These programs are designed for current educators and often include night courses.
- Online curriculum and instruction graduate programs offer convenient and flexible course schedules that may perfectly suit working teachers. With online courses, you could log into classes as your own schedule allows. For example, you could attend class after the school day is over. Or, if you're up late grading papers, you might want to study during the weekend when you have more time available. This way, you don't have to compromise your work for your education and vice versa!
- Hybrid curriculum and instruction graduate programs combine the convenience of online courses with the support system of the on-campus. This is a great program for educators because it takes your schedule into consideration. Teachers could take online courses during the school year and then switch to on-campus during the summer months. This way you might be able to earn your degree while also pursuing your professional goals.
Find a Perfect Curriculum and Instruction Graduate Degree Program Today!
By earning a curriculum and instruction graduate degree program, you could be taking your first steps to create an inclusiveness classroom. Or, even an entire school system! To continue your search, browse the list of program links on this page. To refine your list, select your preferred degree program and format from the designated menus.
Sponsored Listings
- OnlineOnline
Purdue University
Master of Science in Education in Curriculum and Instruction - Intergrated Stem
Learn the nuances of social justice and K-12 STEM education to create, evaluate or teach a curriculum to develop successful students.
- Online
- Paxton, MAPaxton, MA
Anna Maria College
Master of Education
The Master of Education program at Anna Maria College includes an approach that combines cutting-edge educational theory and practice.
- Newton Centre, MANewton Centre, MA
Hebrew College
Graduate program in Jewish Education
At Hebrew College, we believe that Jewish educators need the capacity to integrate the fields of Jewish education, general education, and Jewish studi...
- Nashua, NHNashua, NH
Rivier University
- Bridgewater, MABridgewater, MA
Bridgewater State University
- Chestnut Hill, MAChestnut Hill, MA
Boston College
Curriculum and Instruction (C.A.E.S.)
A Certificate of Advanced Educational Specialization (C.A.E.S.) is available in selected areas of study, providing students...
- Chestnut Hill, MA
- Quincy, MAQuincy, MA
Eastern Nazarene College
Program Development
Eastern Nazarene College provides the opportunity for graduate study to qualified and motivated students who demonstrate the potential to become dedic...
- Wenham, MAWenham, MA
Gordon College
Master of Education - Curriculum and Instruction
The Master of Education in Curriculum and Instruction is offered for individuals with a bachelor's degree seeking Initial Licensure.
- Newton, MANewton, MA
Lasell College
Master of Education: Curriculum, Leadership, and Inclusion
Lasell's M.Ed. in Curriculum, Leadership, and Inclusion (grades pre-K - 8) provides the foundation and professional qualifications needed to lead a dynamic, inclusive, and engaging classroom and to provide coaching and leadership support to teachers in...
- OnlineOnline
Bay Path University
MSEd/EdS in Curriculum & Instruction
The MS in Education degree in Curriculum & Instruction program offers options for initial licensure in elementary education grades 1-6 and a professional licensure option for those who currently hold a Massachusetts initial license in elementary education...
- Concord, MA
- Cambridge, MACambridge, MA
Harvard University
HGSE offers the Master of Education (Ed.M.) degree, a one-year program designed to address the diverse professional interests and academic needs of in...
- Cambridge, MA
- OnlineOnline
Lesley University
Master of Education Individually Designed Program for Educators
Our Individually Designed M.Ed. allows you to create a personalized graduate program that meets your individual needs...
- Online
- Boston, MABoston, MA
Boston University
Curriculum and TeachingUpcoming Start Date: May 14, 2019
The Department of Curriculum and Teaching offers a wide variety of programs that respond to the increasing complexity of contemporary education.
- Boston, MA
- Fitchburg, MAFitchburg, MA
Fitchburg State College
Curriculum and Teaching
The MEd in Curriculum and Teaching is a non-licensure degree program designed for individuals who wish to pursue advanced levels of reflection, knowle...
- Fitchburg, MA
- Cambridge, MACambridge, MA
Cambridge College
Teaching Skills & Methodologies
- Cambridge, MA
- Framingham, MAFramingham, MA
Framingham State University
Curriculum and Instructional Technology
The Master of Education with a concentration in Curriculum and Instructional Technology prepares the candidate to obtain an Initial License as an Intr...
- Providence, RIProvidence, RI
Providence College
The Graduate Education Program prepares school administrators, counselors and teachers.
- OnlineOnline
Master of Education in Instructional Design
The M.Ed. in Instructional Design is an ideal master's degree for career professionals engaged in the education, training and development of adult learners in the workplace. Students experience a dynamic learning process and curriculum that meets...
- Online
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Author Archives: philastokes
reduce unwanted alerts in DetectX Swift
If you're a regular user of DetectX Swift (DTXS), you'll be familiar with the Folder Observer function. Although DetectX has always been and will remain an on-demand search tool in principle (i.e., it doesn't do anything unless you launch it), the Folder Observer adds the capability to alert you and optionally launch DTXS if any items are added or removed from your Launch folders.
This is a useful feature which removes the need, for example, to set Folder Actions or other scripting solutions on the folders which are most likely to be written to in the event of an adware or malware attack. However, as some users (and even myself!) have noticed, the Folder Observer can, at times, be a little irritating.
For example, here at sqwarq I have Little Snitch installed, which puts daemons and agents in both of the local domain Launch folders. The annoyance occurs whenever Little Snitch requires an update. When that happens, the daemon and agents will get written to, and DTXS will dutifully throw me an alert:
Great, except that I don't really want alerts for software I already trust. I only really want to know about stuff that I don't know is already in those folders. Of course, I can uncheck the preference for the Folder Observer entirely to stop all alerts, but that then deprives me of the security of being warned of things that I do want to be informed about.
Fortunately, there's a simple solution that will allow you to tame DTXS and customise the alerts to your personal needs.
1. Go to DetectX Swift > Preferences and click the 'Observer' tab.
2. Click the 'Ignore Keywords' checkbox (you need to be a registered or licensed user).
3. Click the 'Edit' button, and add the launch label of each item you want to ignore in a comma-separated list.
4. Click the 'OK' button to finish.
You can get the launch label either by reading it from each of the property lists that you want to ignore, or directly from DetectX Swift's Profiler. The linked video shows one way you can do that.
Enjoy! 🙂
browsers' anti-phishing protections easily defeated
While troubleshooting a user's mac the other day, I happened to come across a curious line in one of the logs:
After a bit of digging, it occurred to me that this and the other flags being sent in the process command were possibly Preferences or Settings in the Chrome.app. Looking at
chrome://settings/privacy revealed, of course, Google's phishing and malware protection setting, 'Protect you and your device from dangerous sites'.
Here it is set to 'On', which is the default setting:
A quick test proved that setting it to 'Off' produced the `—disable-client-side-phishing-detection' flag in the browser's process output. Setting it back to 'On' and relaunching the browser produced no output, confirming my theory.
A quick message to my user also confirmed that he wasn't aware that phishing protection had been disabled, and to the best of his memory, had not been disabled by himself.
A simple preference setting
That got me to wondering whether that setting could be turned off programmatically by another, possibly malicious, process. To my surprise, it turns out that it's trivial to do so.
All Chromium browsers have a Preferences file located in their Application Support folder. Usually this is within another folder called 'Default', but not always. Chrome and Vivaldi, for example, have it there, but Opera (and Opera Developer) store the Preferences file at the root level of their respective support folders.
The file contains the setting for whether the Phishing protection should be enabled or not. To determine how the preference was encoded in the file, I made a copy of the current Preferences file, toggled the setting, then made another copy. BBEdit's 'Find Differences' function quickly told me the name of the key (if you don't have BBEdit, you can also use Xcode's FileMerge to run diffs, though it isn't as pretty or as full-featured):
Again, there are differences among browsers. As shown above, Opera uses the key "fraud_protection_enabled" which takes a boolean. Chrome and Vivaldi, on the other hand, use a "safebrowsing" key which takes an array of key-value pairs, with the first item of the array being the key "enabled:", and taking a bool for its value, like this:
With this information, it's a pretty simple thing for another process running under your username to write to the Preferences file and turn off the built-in protections.
What about Safari?
Safari isn't vulnerable to quite the same tactic as it doesn't store its preferences in the same way. However, it's even easier to defeat Safari's 'Warn when visiting a fraudulent website' setting:
Apple hardened some of Safari's preferences (like setting the Home page) some time ago to stop adware from making unauthorised changes, but this one is still unprotected in the current public release of macOS High Sierra. A one-liner in Terminal removes the preference:
defaults write com.apple.Safari WarnAboutFraudulentWebsites 0
What can you do?
The ease with which these protections can be surreptitiously turned off in all major browsers is a worry. And let's face it, who would notice if this setting was quietly turned off? In both Chrome and Safari, the change takes effect immediately and does not even require a restart of the browser.
Fortunately, my shareware app DetectX Swift will warn you if browsing protection is off when you run a search and prompt you to turn it back on. To ensure that all insecure pages have been removed after turning the setting back on, DetectX Swift will continue to show the warning until you restart the browser and execute another search.
The protection covers all the browsers mentioned above. If you're running some other browser and would like to know if it's similarly vulnerable, drop a line in the Comments or contact Sqwarq Support and request support for your browser to be added.
Stay safe, folks! 😀
Featured pic: Nature by PichieArt
Xcode 10: where did snippets go?
Xcode 10 beta has got some nice new touches (as well as the return of some old favourites, hello again the code folding ribbon!), but one that might disorientate you at first is the absence of the Snippets, Objects and Media libraries that typically live in the bottom right corner of IB in the Utilities sidebar.
I've always found this position and size to be somewhat awkward, so I'm overjoyed to find that Apple have now given the libraries their own floating panel. You can access the libraries either with the keyboard shortcut Command-Shift-L, or by clicking the button that's now in the top-right of the toolbar, just to the left of the editor buttons.
The new button is context-sensitive, so you'll notice you can't access code snippets when in Interface Builder, and you can't access the Objects library when you're in the text editor. Makes sense to me!
Enjoy! 😀
fastest way to reboot your mac
If you need to teardown your current login session and get your mac up and running in a hurry, here's a neat little trick that should take you from login to logout and back again in as little as 10 seconds. And I'm not talking about SSD-only Macbook*'s either. That's the time I achieved on a clunky late-2014 iMac with a sluggish old mechanical 1TB Fusion drive.
Forget the Apple menu and the 'Restart…' menu option and don't worry about how many login items or startup scripts you've got either, this method will slice through them all.
We're going to leverage a little-known command in the
launchctl command line tool that will teardown and rebuild your login sessions in an instant. To see for yourself, execute this in Terminal:
sudo launchctl reboot userspace
I was astonished at just how fast the reboot is. What's even nicer is you don't lose any unsaved data either. This command restores all current window sessions (similar to checking the 'Reopen windows when logging back in…' option in the normal Restart dialog) but without the delay of the standard restart procedure.
See the man launchctl page for more options on using its
reboot command.
Enjoy. 🙂
featured picture: Steampunk boots by Imp0s5ible
how to add a hotkey for the 'About' menu
I often need to check version numbers of apps I'm using from the 'About' menu. However, unlike 'Preferences', 'Hide' and 'Quit', the About menu doesn't have a default hotkey.
Normally, it's no problem to add a menu hotkey through System Preferences > Keyboard > Shortcuts, but you can't do that for the 'About' menu. That's because the Shortcuts requires an exact menu name, and the 'About' menu is actually postfixed with the name of each app, so there's no way to specify the menu universally.
However, we can solve the problem with a little AppleScript, which we can then make into a Service (via Automator) or add to a script runner like FastScripts.
The script is quite simple, but does require System Events, and that means you need to make sure that System Events itself or the app that's going to run the script has Assistive Access allowed in System Preferences' Privacy pane.
The raw text for the script is available from my pastebin here.
Enjoy! 🙂
how Homebrew invites users to get pwned
Popular macOS package manager Homebrew is a great way to easily install and manage 3rd party software. As their own tag line goes, "Homebrew installs the stuff you need that Apple didn't."
However, installing it recently on a new setup brought something odd to my attention. An oddness, it turns out, that is a gaping security flaw.
Homebrew's webpage encouragingly says "you can place a Homebrew installation wherever you like", but almost everywhere 1 else 2, the docs are more insistent:
do yourself a favor and install to /usr/local. Some things may not build when installed elsewhere. One of the reasons Homebrew just works relative to the competition is because we recommend installing to /usr/local. Pick another prefix at your peril!
Peril indeed, for those that follow that advice. Homebrew's installer is kind enough to tell you what is happening, but it seems neither the installer nor the developers have any idea just what this means:
As soon as I saw that, the words 'sudo piggyback!' sprang to mind. But wait, the brew docs say installing into
/usr/local is safe, look at the screenshot at the top of this post from their FAQ, which says
3. It's safe
Apple has left this directory for us. Which means there is no /usr/local directory by default, so there is no need to worry about messing up existing tools.
Ah, wrong kind of safe. Here, we're not concerned with 'messing up' existing tools, but spoofing system tools that live further down the path search hierarchy behind the user's back. Also, what the brew docs fail to mention is that although Apple may have "left this directory for us", they didn't intend for you to change its ownership and make it writable by just anything in userland. Other 3rd party software plays correctly with
usr/local and doesn't change its ownership permissions.
Why does brew do this? According to the docs, they want to avoid using
sudo because of the security flaws it contains (it's true,
sudo does have security issues); unfortunately, the proposed solution is far worse and creates a far bigger security hole.
The brew docs seem to be unaware of the danger, however, only noting that:
If you need to run Homebrew in a multi-user environment, consider creating a separate user account especially for use of Homebrew.
But that just isn't going to cut it. We're not worried about other users, but processes running as our user that can now attempt to elevate their own privileges by stealing the admin user's password.
How's that possible?
To understand the crucial error being foisted upon Homebrew users here you need to understand a little about the program search path on macOS and other unix variant operating systems.
This is basically a list of directories that the shell environment uses to find programs. It's a convenience so that no matter what directory you're in in the shell, you can execute commands without having to specify the full path to them. This is why you can type, say,
uptime in any directory and the program will run instead of having to type
The program search path hierarchy is saved in a variable called
PATH. You can see its value by typing
echo $PATH at the command prompt:
A more reader friendly version is output by doing
cat /etc/paths:
The order is 'first come first served'; in other words, when you type a command on the command line, the shell will look for it first in the first path in the list. If it doesn't find it there, it will move to the next path in the list and so on. However, and here's the crucial bit, it will stop at the first hit, and execute that command.
As you can see from the above,
/usr/local/bin occurs before the other directories, which means it gets searched first. So, if you had an executable in there called
uptime that didn't do what the normal uptime does, but say, advanced your clock by 1hr, then when you (or anyone else on the system) typed
uptime in the command line, instead of getting the output of how long the system has been booted, you'd get your clock going forward an hour. The system doesn't know which
uptime you (or any other user) intended if you don't specify the full path; it just executes the first
uptime it finds in the program search path.
If you're still thinking "so….???", let me add two more little spicy notes into this melting pot:
i. Since Homebrew changes the permissions on
/usr/local/bin to the user (see the preceding screenshot), the user (or any process running as the user) is able to write files to it and give those files executable permissions.
sudo is a program that lives in
/usr/bin, the path that is after (Danger! Danger!)
/usr/local/bin. Now if you (or someone else, or some other program) were to place a program called
sudo in
/usr/local/bin, then every time you typed
sudo it would be that program that would be executed, not the real one.
Hopefully the picture is becoming clearer now, and I apologise if I've laboured the point for those of you that saw it right away, but this is worth being clear about. This hypothetical
sudo program could easily capture your password before passing on your commands to the real
sudo and you'd be none the wiser (until, of course, the malicious actor behind it chose to use your password for their own amusement or benefit!).
Oh, did I say 'hypothetical'? Well, here's a short video of me actually doing it in my VM (yes, folks, I know you don't need
sudo to execute
uptime, it's just an example; the command could be anything, such as
sudo mkdir -p /Library/...):
Sure enough, I was able to use a simple script to steal the user's password. In this case, an admin password, but it could and would have been the password of whoever is set as the owner of
/usr/local/bin as a result of Homebrew's recommended installation. Even for non-admin users this is a worry as the login password of course allows full access to the user's Login Keychain.
Eh, run that by me again / tl;dr.
Installing Homebrew as recommended means that from then on, any process or application you launch can write anything it wants into the first directory that gets searched for command line binaries, change its mode to
execute and give it the same name as a system binary. It will then run instead of the system binary whenever you type the program with the same name in the command line (unless you type the full path to it). The potential for exploitation is vast. Few people if any ever type the full path to workaday binaries like
sudo and many others. And as shown in my example, any of these could be hijacked to perform different operations thanks to the way Homebrew is installed. This can be done and cleaned up in such a way that you'd never know it had happened.
What can you do about it?
My advice is if you're running Homebrew from
/usr/local/bin you should
i. Uninstall Homebrew; follow the instruction here under 'How do I uninstall Homebrew?' This will remove all your installed packages.
ii. Reset the permissions of
/usr/local/binback to 'wheel'.
sudo chown root:wheel /usr/local/bin
iii. Reinstall Homebrew and choose a location within your home folder.
iv. You should probably change your login password just to be on the safe side.
Above all, stay safe folks! 🙂
how to find when the login password was last changed
Sometimes it can be useful to know when the user's password was last changed. For example, you might want to enforce a policy of having users (or yourself!) change login passwords after a given period. Alternatively, if you or one of your users is experiencing login difficulties, you might want to check that the password hasn't been changed unbeknownst to (or unremembered by) the user.
We can accomplish this from the command line (aka by using the Terminal.app) with the following one-liner (a raw text version is also available from my pastebin here):
echo; echo Password Last Changed:; u=$(dscl . list /Users | egrep -v '^_|daemon|nobody'); for i in $u; do printf \\n$i\\t; currentUser=$i;t=$(dscl . read /Users/"$currentUser" | grep -A1 passwordLastSetTime | grep real | awk -F'real>|</real' '{print $2}'); date -j -f %s "$t" 2> /dev/null; done
Note the odd entry belonging to user 'dev' in the screenshot: the 1970 date is the start of unix time, and its appearance here indicates that the password hasn't been changed since time began!…or, more seriously, that this password hasn't been changed since the user account was created.
Enjoy! 😀
defending against EvilOSX, a python RAT with a twist in its tail
EvilOSX is a malware project hosted on GitHub that offers attackers a highly customisable and extensible attack tool that will work on both past and present versions of macOS. The project can be downloaded by anyone and, should that person choose, be used to compromise the Macs of others.
What particularly interested me about this project was how the customisation afforded to the attacker (i.e., anyone who downloads and builds the project, then deploys it against someone else) makes it difficult for security software like my own DetectX Swift to accurately track it down when it's installed on a victim's machine.
In this post we'll explore EvilOSX's capabilities, customisations, and detection signatures. We'll see that our ability to effectively detect EvilOSX will depend very much on the skill of the attacker and the determination of the defender.
For low-skilled attackers, we can predict a reasonably high success rate. However, attacker's with more advanced programming skills that are able to customise EvilOSX's source code to avoid detection are going to present a bigger problem. Specifically, they're going to put defenders in an awkward position where they will have to balance successful detection rates against the risk of increasing false positives.
We'll conclude the discussion by looking at ways that individuals can choose for themselves how to balance that particular scale.
What is it?
EvilOSX is best described as a RAT. The appropriately named acronym stands for remote access trojan, which in human language means a program that can be used to spy on a computer user by accessing things like the computer's webcam, microphone, and screenshot utility, and by downloading personal files without the victim's knowledge. It may or may not have the ability to acquire the user's password, but in general it can be assumed that a RAT will have at least the same access to files on the machine as the login user that has been compromised.
Whether EvilOSX is intentionally malicious or 'an educational tool' is very much a matter of perspective. Genuine malware authors are primarily in the business of making money, and the fact that EvilOSX (the name is a bit of a giveaway) is there for anyone to use (or abuse) without obvious financial benefit to the author is arguably a strong argument for the latter. What isn't in doubt, however, is that the software can be readily used for malicious purposes. Irresponsible to publish such code? Maybe. Malicious? Like all weapons, that depends on who's wielding it. And as I intimated in the opening section, exactly how damaging this software can be will very much depend on the intentions and skills of the person 'behind the wheel'.
How does it work?
When an attacker decides to use EvilOSX, they basically build a new executable on their own system from the downloaded project, and then find a way – through social engineering or exploiting some other vulnerability – to run that executable on the target's system.
There is no 'zero-day' here, and out of the box EvilOSX doesn't provide a dropper to infect a user's machine. That means everybody already has a first line of defence against a malicious attacker with this tool: Prudent browsing and careful analysis of anything you download, especially in terms of investigating what a downloaded item installs when you run it (DetectX's History function is specifically designed to help you with this).
EvilOSX doesn't need to be run with elevated privileges, however, nor does the attacker need to compromise the user's password. As intimated earlier, it'll run with whatever privileges the current user has (but, alas, that is often Admin for many Mac users). All the attacker needs to do is to convince the victim to download something that looks innocuous and run it.
Once run, the malicious file will set up the malware's persistence mechanism (by default, a user Launch Agent) and executable (the default is in the user's ~/Library/Containers folder) and then delete itself, thus making it harder to discover after the fact how the infection occurred.
After successful installation, the attacker can now remotely connect to the infected machine whenever both the client (i.e., victim) and server (i.e., attacker) are online.
Once the attacker has surreptitiously connected to the client, there are a number of options, including webcam, screenshots, and downloading and exfiltrating browser history.
In my tests, some of the modules shown in the above image didn't work, but the webcam, screenshots, browser history and the ability to download files from the victim's machine were all fully functional.
Customisation options
By default, EvilOSX will offer the attacker the option of making a LaunchAgent with a custom name – literally, anything the attacker wants to invent, or to use the default com.apple.EvilOSX.
That in itself isn't a problem for DetectX Swift, which examines all Launch Agents and their program arguments regardless of the actual filename. The malware also offers the option to not install a Launch Agent at all. Again, DetectX Swift will still look for the malware even if there's no Launch Agent, but more on this in the final sections below.
If configured, the malware installs the Launch Agent and, by default, points it to run a binary located at ~/Library/Containers/.EvilOSX. There's no option for changing this in the set up routine itself, but the path to the program argument is easily modified if the attacker is willing to do some basic editing of the source code.
Making matters even more difficult is that with a little know-how, the attacker could easily adapt EvilOSX to not use a Launch Agent at all and to use one of a variety of other persistence methods available on OSX like cron jobs, at jobs and one or two others that are not widely known. I'll forego giving a complete rundown of them all here, but for those interested in learning more about it, try Jason Bradley's OS X Incident Response: Scripting and Analysis for a good intro.
String pattern detection
Faced with unknown file names in unknown locations, how does an on-demand security tool like DetectX Swift go about ensuring this kind of threat doesn't get past its detector search? Let's start to answer that by looking at the attack code that runs on the victim's machine.
We can see what the attack code is going to look like before it's built from examining this part of the source code:
As the image above shows, the structure and contents of the file are determined by the output_file.write commands. Before exploring those, lets just take a look at what the finished file looks like. Here's the start of the file:
and here's the final lines:
Notice how the first four lines of the executable match up with the first four output_file.write commands. There's a little leeway here for an attacker to make some customisations. The first line is required because, as noted by the developer, changing that will effectively nullify the ability of the Launch Agent to run the attack code. Line 4, or some version of it, is also pretty indispensable, as the malware is going to need functions from Python's
os module in order to run a lot of its own commands. Line 3, however, is more easily customised. Note in particular that the output_file.write instruction defines how long the random key shall be: between 10 and 69 (inclusive) characters long. One doesn't have to be much of an expert to see how easy it would be to change those values.
Line 5 in the executable is where things get really interesting, both for attacker and defender. As it is, that line contains the entire attack code, encrypted into gibberish by first encoding the raw python code in base64 and then encrypting it with AES256. That will be random for each build, based on the random key written at Line 3. We can see this in the next image, which shows the encrypted code from three different builds. Everything from the highlighted box onwards to the last 100 or so characters of the script are random.
However, as one of my favourite 80s pop songs goes, some things change, some stay the same. The first thing that we can note, as defenders, is that when this code is running on a victim's machine, we're going to see it in the output of
ps. If you want to try it on your own machine, run this from the command line (aka in the Terminal.app):
ps -axo ppid,pid,command | grep python | grep -v python
That will return anything running on your Mac with
python in the command or command arguments.
Of course, the victim (and yourself!) may well have legitimate Python programs running. To limit our hits, we can run the
file command on each result from
ps and see what it returns. Our attack code, being a single, heavily encrypted and extremely long line in the region of 30,000 characters, will return this indicator:
file: Python script text executable, ASCII text, with very long lines
That still isn't going to be unique, but the test will futher narrow down our list of candidates. We can then use string pattern detection on the remaining suspects to see which contain the following plain text items,
import os
-md sha256 | base64 --decode")
We could arguably even include this:
which occurs immediately after
echo, but for reasons I'm about to explain, that might not be a good idea. Still, from the default source code provided by the developer, if we find all of those indicators in the same file, we can be reasonably certain of a match (in truth, there's a couple of other indicators that I haven't mentioned here in order to keep DetectX Swift one-step ahead of the attackers).
Unfortunately for defenders, the attacker has a few workarounds available to them for defeating string pattern detection. To begin with, the attacker could adapt the code to use something other than
base64, or indeed nothing at all. Similary,
AES256 isn't the only option for encryption. For these reasons,we can't assume that we'll find something like
U2FsdGVkX1 in the malicious file. Then, there's the original source code's use of the long-deprecated os.popen. That is an odd choice to start with, and someone with a bit of experience in Python would be able to rewrite that line to avoid the telling indicators.
Skill level and customisation options
Advanced detection options
At this point you may be feeling that the attacker holds all the cards, and to a certain extent that is true, but there are some positive takeaways. First, we can be fairly sure of catching the neophyte hackers (aka "script kiddies") with little to no programming experience who are trying to hack their friends, school or random strangers on the internet. The motivation to adapt the code is probably not going to be there for a large number of people just doing it 4 the lulz.
Secondly, depending on your tolerance for investigating false positives, and as I'll explain how below, if you needed to be super vigilant, you could simply check on every python executable running on your Mac which
file identifies as having 'very long lines'. For sure, there are legitimate programs doing that, but the number still isn't going to be that high on any given machine, and the paths to those legit programs are going to be readily identifiable. If security is of overriding importance, then it's not much inconvenience, and time well spent.
By default, DetectX Swift will find instances of EvilOSX running on a mac when it's used out of the box, and when its used with a modified launch agent and executable path. It will also still find it when the attacker has made certain alterations to the source code. However, a determined attacker who chooses to rewrite the source code specifically to avoid string pattern detection is always going to be one-step ahead of our heuristics.
We are not out of options though. You can still use DetectX Swift combined with the Terminal.app as a means to making custom detections as mentioned above. Here's how:
- Launch DetectX Swift and allow it to search for the variations of EvilOSX it knows about. If nothing is returned, go into the Profile view.
- Click inside the dynamic profiler view, and press Command-F and type python into the search field.
- If there are no hits in the Running Processes section, you don't have EvilOSX running on your machine.
- If there are any hits within the Running Processes section, make a note of each one's command file path by selecting it in the view and pressing Command-C to copy it.
- Switch to the Terminal app, type
file(with a space) and Command-V to paste. If the path has any spaces in it, surround it in single quotes. Then press return.
- If the path doesn't come back with 'very long lines', the file isn't EvilOSX.
- If it does, hit the up arrow on the keyboard to put the previous command back at the prompt, use Control-A to move the cursor to the beginning of the line, and replace the word
cat(if you're familiar with
Vior similar command line text editors use one of those instead). Hit return.
- Does the file end with
- Use command and the up arrow to go back up to the beginning of the file. How close does the file look to matching what you've seen here? Look for variations like
import * from osand
import subprocess.
- Consider the path that you pasted in. Is it something that looks like it belongs to a genuine program, or is it a completely unfamiliar? Anything that points to ~/Library and isn't contained within a recognized application named folder should warrant further investigation.
Inspect the output from
cat with the following in mind:
You'll need to consider carefully the answers to 8, 9, & 10, with an emphasis on the latter, for each python file you tested to make an assessment. If you're in any doubt, contact us here at Sqwarq and we'll be glad to take a look at it and confirm one way or the other.
EvilOSX is just one of an increasing number of Python RAT projects that are appearing on the internet. It's not particularly sophisticated, and this is both a strength and a weakness. With modest programming skills, an attacker can modify the source code to increase the chances of evading automated detections. However, vigilant users can still identify EvilOSX if they know what to look for, as explained in the preceding sections of this post, or by contacting Sqwarq support for free advice.
Stay safe, folks! 🙂
adware goes old school with cron job
I've been wondering for a while now why we see so much adware persisting with nothing much other than easily detected Launch Agents when there's a variety of other methods available on macOS. Some of those require privileges, like this little known one, but others do not.
Thanks to a DetectX user's quick reporting, I was able to spot a known offender making good use of the venerable old crontab routine. Set to run on the 4th minute, every second hour, the job fires an executable lurking in the user's Application Support folder.
A quick look on Google's VirusTotal confirms what we expected:
Although cron jobs are easy to spot if you go looking for them, this one would probably have stayed hidden away for a while longer if it hadn't been for the speedy reporting of the user.
DetectX will now find this particular miscreant in its normal search routine, but if you want to check for others, run the
Report a Problem to Sqwarq Support function in the Help menu. We're happy to look through the logs that creates on your Desktop for you, or if you like delving into this kind of thing, check out the
DetectX_Swift.Processes.txt file in the logs and search down for where it says 'User Crontab' as indicated in the screenshot at the top of this post. If you find anything there that you didn't put in yourself, it warrants further investigation. Feel free to contact us at Sqwarq support if you need help with that.
Stay safe, folks! 🙂
What's the difference between DetectX and DetectX Swift?
Since releasing DetectX Swift back in January, a lot of people have been asking me how the new 'Swift' version differs from the older one, aside from requiring 10.11 or higher (the original will run on 10.7 or higher).
Well sure, it's written in Swift — and it's much swifter, literally, but of course there's a lot more to it than that.
I've finally had a spare moment to enumerate the feature list and create a comparison chart. Although the image above is essentially the same as the one you'll see at the link address at the moment, there's still a bunch of features to be added as we go through development of version 1. Thus, be sure to check the latest version of the chart to get the most up-to-date info.
Of course, if you have any questions drop me a comment below, or email me either at Sqwarq or here at Applehelpwriter.
Enjoy 🙂


text:
Indian polo | Sir Pratap Singh Cup
9 November 2017 | New Delhi
The match for the second day of the 14 goal Sir Pratap Singh Cup was scheduled to take place at the Jaipur Polo Grounds. The match was between Cavalry-Piccadilly and Sona Polo.
The match started out with Cavalry-Picaddilly taking a one goal lead during the first chukker. In the subsequent chukkers however, Sona Polo progressed smoothly through the game. In the second chukker Sona Polo managed to secure a two goal lead and in the following chukkers they not only maintained their lead but also managed to increase the goal difference. After displaying a formidable Sona Polo won the match with a final score of 7-4.


text:
The United Nations (UN) Security Council, with its immense powers under Chapter VII of the UN Charter, has taken centre stage in a recent 'turn to accountability' in international law.1 Calls for greater accountability are increasingly voiced in relation to one particular element of Security Council practice; that is, targeted sanctions under Article 41 of the UN Charter. The quantitative augmentation and qualitative mutation of sanctions has drawn attention to the capacity of the Council to significantly (negatively) impact upon individual's lives, a capacity largely hidden during the long period of dormancy of the Cold War. This has given rise to important questions in relation to the legal regime that governs Security Council decision-making procedures in this 'modern' period of revitalisation. Indicative contributions to the debate include Jeremy Farrell, United Nations Sanctions and the Rule of Law (Cambridge University Press 2007) and Antonios Tzanakopoulos, Disobeying the Security Council: Countermeasures against Wrongful Sanctions (Oxford University Press 2011). Indeed, Tzanakopoulos states explicitly that 'recent interest in the accountability of international organisations is owed primarily to this extensive activity of the Security Council'.2 Particular problems, from a lack of transparency in terms of listing and notification, to the absence of formal delisting procedures, speak to undoubtable 'due process' deficiencies in the implementation of targeted sanctions.3 It is therefore possible to situate Devika's Hovell's excellent monograph, The Power of Process: The Value of Due Process in Security Council Sanctions Decision-Making, within this broader scholarly turn to Security Council accountability. Although the literature is already voluminous, The Power of Process provides an altogether welcome and necessary contribution. Its primary originality can be found by zooming in on the 'value' element of the book's sub-title. In disproportionately concentrating on the what and the how of due process, international legal literature seems to have lost sight of the why. Proposals to reform Security Council decision-making uniformly rest 'on a presumption that due process is essentially "a good thing"' (p 2). To counter this, Hovell sets as her aim: 'to provide strong and enduring theoretical foundation to support institutional practice' (p 4, emphasis in original). In order to achieve this, the book is split into three parts: 'Practice', 'Theory' and 'Application'. Part I traces the historical evolution of targeted sanctions, and surveys the various reform proposals that have accompanied these developments. This section is necessarily quite descriptive, but the level of engagement with, and range of, primary sources is particularly impressive. Hovell's central finding is that all reform proposals to date enjoy something of a familial association, in that they all follow a traditional (formalist) source-based approach to due process. Therefore, the 'book takes the starting point that the problem is predominantly one of methodology' (p 30). Hovell is correct that 'legal positivism remains the lingua franca of international lawyers' (p 35). As applied to the context of the Security Council's 'muscular legislating', an entirely modern phenomenon, the sources of the international legal landscape appear somewhat stale, and outdated, rooted as they remain around Article 38(1) of the Statute of the International Court of Justice. Hovell suggests that 'the focus should be less on formulating and systemizing rules that already effectively exists in practice, and more on creating a new set of rules for an emerging governmental context' (p 163). This resonates with a call to arms recently canvassed by Jean D'Aspremont: 'The international legal scholarship specifically dedicated to the law of international organizations has fallen short of thinking out of the box of the current … paradigms around which most of the thinking on the subject articulates itself'.4 This would seem to be a wholly necessary move for the discourse to take. Part II takes a step back in order to lay out the conceptual foundations of a 'value-based' approach to due process in the Security Council. Three models are identified. The first is the 'instrumentalist model', which considers that the aim of fair procedures is to enhance the accuracy of decision-making outcomes. Hovell states that 'the only but necessary role of procedural law under this model is to make sure that the rules are applied as enacted, thus fulfilling the positivist's aim of achieving the accurate and objective implementation of the substantive law' (p 65). This is, of course, no small task. In reality, it is difficult to identify any substantive law to govern the Security Council's power under Chapter VII. To be sure, to trigger the competence to impose sanctions, the Security Council must first make a determination that a situation constitutes a threat to international peace and security (Article 39, UN Charter), and there is an expectation that this determination should remain within a reasonable 'interpretative radius' of these terms.5 But beyond this procedural obligation, the Security Council's legal competence seemingly remains, in substantive terms, unbounded. The inapplicability of the 'instrumentalist model', and the formalist approach that underpins it, explains the normative force of the second and third models: namely the 'dignitarian model' and the 'public interest model'. Departing from a strict 'rule of law' framework, the former focuses instead on the dignity and autonomy of the individual. It aims to 'open up decision-making to the range of affected interests', in order to provide 'affected parties with an opportunity to assert their interests and preferences' (p 76). The aim of the latter, conversely, is 'to extend participation in decision-making not just to affected interests, but to the broader public' (p 81). Both the 'dignitarian model' and the 'public interest model' offer valuable tools to help us move beyond the current (formalist) state of the debate. Building from this theoretical analysis, Part III compares and contrasts how due process might operate in practice. Three options are identified. The first is labelled the 'internationalized judicial framework': a court-based process or 'adjudicatory framework', under which a judicial organ would be vested with power to measure the legality of sanctions decision-making under international law. The second is labelled the 'pluralist judicial framework', referring to a recent trend in which domestic and regional courts increasingly accept challenges by individuals in order to measure the legality of sanctions decision-making according to the standards of each discrete legal regime. Of course, this was the judicial sleight of hand undertaken by the CJEU in Kadi, where the exercise of 'judicial review' over Council action was undertaken for the first time by a court outside the general structure of the UN.6 These two options are linked by an emphasis on the judiciary. Hovell asks, 'why this fixation on courts? Are courts really necessary to instil fairness into sanctions decision-making about individuals?' (p 3). Finally, the author identifies the 'Ombudsperson framework', which refers to the non-court-based Office of the UN Ombudsperson, and its capacity to protect the rights of individuals and entities listed under the sanctions regime. Although the rationale underpinning this section is analytical rather than normative, in that the aim is to provide 'a more productive terrain for analysis and comparison between procedural frameworks than the formalist underpinnings of the contemporary legal debate' (p 82), Hovell does ultimately take a position. She states that 'the UN Ombudsperson offers the greatest potential for reconciliation of due process and confidentiality concerns' (p 154), and 'it is the UN Ombudsperson that provides the greatest prospect of enhancing the legitimacy of Security Council decision-making' (p 166). The need to disassociate due process claims from an instrumentalist vision of the law (legality), therefore elevating the principle of legitimacy in this context is a key theme throughout the book. The author notes that 'the essential aim of procedural fairness is to enhance the legitimacy of decision-making' (p 61). In concluding Chapter 4, Hovell states that 'there is a sense that due process is regarded by the Council as a "restriction" inflicted upon it, rather than a set of legal principles that have value as a legitimizing mechanism' (p 81). This is an important observation.7 It upsets the status quo assumption that due process relates to constraining the Security Council in the straightjacket of international law. It is, instead, about legitimising the said power. This is seen most clearly in the context of Hovell's 'public interest' model, in which 'respect for decision-making authority is negotiated, not won by subordination to formal rules' (p 79). This chimes with Thomas Franck's classic articulation of legitimacy as exerting 'a pull towards compliance which is powered by the quality of the rule or of the rule making institution not by coercive authority'.8 Taking a similar line, Hovell makes reference to the 'court of public opinion' within which decision-making authority 'may be deemed illegitimate with consequences for its effectiveness if it persists in failing to provide public justifications for its decisions' (p 152). This evaluation may have (non-legal) 'reputational costs' attached to it (ibid). To take this argument further, however, Hovell might have engaged with Scharpf's seminal distinction between 'output' and 'input' legitimacy. Under this framework, output-oriented legitimacy focuses on the quality of the resulting decisions in terms of their substantial rationality. Conversely, input-oriented legitimacy elaborates on how interests, values and ideas of citizens are channelled into the decision-making process.9 Hovell clearly favours the former. She states that procedural safeguards 'provide individuals with a modicum of dignity, autonomy, and self-respect … enabling them to assert their interests and preferences and placing an obligation on decision-makers to take these interests into account in decision-making' (p 74). Engaging with Scharpf's typology may have placed this argument on an even stronger conceptual footing. Where the book is perhaps less convincing is in the stark categories that it seeks to draw between different potential 'value-based' approaches to due process. To be sure, categorisation is a key analytical tool which can contribute towards deeper understanding of complex legal developments. However, seeking to demarcate so stringently between relatively arbitrary categories is an extremely difficult task and at times the book is guilty of some conceptual folding. One could question, for example, whether the 'dignitarian model' and the 'instrumentalist model' are as mutually exclusive as they first appear. Hovell suggests that the aim of the dignitarian model 'is not to work within a legal hierarchy to ensure decision-making accords with a formal set of laws or standards … or the solution that accords best with a set of universally agreed norms or principles' (p 75). Instead, as a result of its pluralist origins, 'the dignitarian model rejects a hierarchical conception of law in favour of a heterarchical order' (ibid). In other words, it conceives a horizontal rather than a vertical structure. On the one hand, legal pluralism may, according to this view, provide a compelling counter-narrative to the fallacy of a universalised (and universally applicable) 'global law'.10 On the other hand, the rejection of universal principles, and hence the verticalisation of international law, actually reflects a quite conventional reading of international law as a decentralised order. As a result, it might actually be most applicable even from a formalist perspective. Additionally, there is something of a contradiction built into the model. Ensuring 'access to a court to provide individuals with the opportunity to make an effective challenge to the reasons for their treatment' is defined as one of the defining features of the dignitarian model (p 75). Judicial remedy would seem to be legal formalism par excellence. Yet, ultimately, Hovell concludes that the model 'does not really cater to a 'rule of law' framework, such as the aim is not to ensure that decision-making accords with a set of legal rules' (p 76). Indeed, this is not the only time that Hovell reverts to turns of phrase which would seem to contradict the (at other times) quite sharp critique of the judicial method. For example, reference to 'the special legal expertise of judges, and their capacity to develop and fill gaps in the law utilizing powers of legal reasoning' (p 123) jars against the ultimate argument in favor of the (non-judicial) Ombudsperson. A final constructive remark relates to the position of normativity in Hovell's argument. Hovell sets her task as being 'to develop procedural principles for the international institutional context using a normatively rich rather than formalistic approach' (p 4). However, this prompts the question: whose normativity? As Franck admitted, 'fairness will often be in the eye – the value system – of the beholder'.11 Would an interlocutor be permitted to subjectively select a contrary set of equally applicable due process values? Throughout, Hovell appears wary of generalised universal values and principles. However, to play the devil's advocate, might we not say that due process itself is such a common value?12 Returning to our meta-theme, we might say that prevailing discourses on Security Council due process speak to only a partial conception of accountability, one based on the notion of 'holding to account'. However, on the contrary, Hovell observes that '[d]ue process works by way of a form of "procedural dialogue" directed at strengthening the connection between decision-makers and the community to whom the decisions apply' (p 163). Like the umbrella concept of accountability, due process is an inherently sociological idea. It involves striving for an equilibrium between the governmental authority and those over whom authority is exercised. This, in turn, invokes additional dimensions of accountability: the processes of 'giving an account', through explaining and justifying decisions, and 'taking an account' of the various interests at stake. To this reviewer, this is an important direction for the discourse to take. To this end, The Power of Process is to be highly commended. Not only are the arguments largely compelling, but they are surely relevant beyond the example of Security Council sanctions, to any element of Council practice, and perhaps beyond the Council altogether, to international institutional law more generally. Any points of departure or minor disagreements should in fact be welcomed, as this work should be seen as the start of a conversation about the value of due process norms, not an end in itself. It is difficult to see how any future study of this important concept—or of Security Council sanctions generally—could proceed without engaging with Hovell's work. Footnotes 1 See, for example, P Webb and C Michaelsen (eds), Special Edition on 'Strengthening the Accountability of the UN Security Council' (2014) 19(3) Journal of Conflict and Security Law 385, and articles therein. 2 A Tzanakopoulos, Disobeying the Security Council: Countermeasures against Wrongful Sanctions (OUP 2011) 2. 3 J Farrell, United Nations Sanctions and the Rule of Law (CUP 2007) 236: 'of all the principles explored in this study, the one with perhaps the greatest resonance as a symbol of the rule of law is due process' (emphasis added). 4 J D'Aspremont, Epistemic Forces in International Law: Foundational Doctrines and Techniques of International Legal Argumentation (Edward Elgar 2015) 160. 5 Tzanakopoulos (n 2) 62. 6 Joined Cases C-402/05 P and C-415/05 P Kadi v Council of the European Union [2008] ECR I-0000. 7 On this point and others, Hovell has clearly been influenced by the scholarship of her LSE colleague Martin Loughlin. See, eg M Loughlin, The Idea of Public Law (OUP 2003). Hovell acknowledges this influence in 'The Idea of Global Public Law' (2016) AJIL Unbound 80. 8 T Franck, The Power of Legitimacy Among Nations (OUP 1990) 26. 9 FW Scharpf, Governing in Europe: Effective and Democratic? (OUP 1999). The distinction is applied to the Security Council in SD Bailey and S Daws, The Procedure of the UN Security Council (3rd edn, OUP 1998) 393. 10 See, recently, N Walker, Intimations of Global Law (CUP 2014). 11 TM Franck, The Power of Legitimacy Among Nations (OUP 1990) 243. 12 See, eg EA Andersen and B Lindsnaes, 'Public Goods: Concept, Definition and Method' in EA Andersen and B Lindsnaes (eds), Towards New Global Strategies: Public Goods and Human Rights (Martinus Nijhoff 2007) 38: 'The protection of human rights and due process ought to be pure public goods'. © Oxford University Press 2018; All rights reserved. For permissions, please e-mail: email@example.com This article is published and distributed under the terms of the Oxford University Press, Standard Journals Publication Model (https://academic.oup.com/journals/pages/about_us/legal/notices)
Journal of Conflict and Security Law – Oxford University Press
Published: Jul 1, 2018
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Following on from 2011's hugely successful Dig On, She Keeps Bees are back with gritty new album Eight Houses.
Produced by Nicolas Vernhes, the album is an extension of a sound already synonymous with the Brooklyn duo as they release the ten track LP which is brimming with their own distinctive brand of blues rock.
The album meanders with a confidence, delivering a classy blend of soulful grit and subtle yet striking strings, illustrated superbly throughout opening track Feather Lighter. And it's here we encounter those bassy, twangy low-pitched strings as they pave the way for Jessica Larrabee's crisp and classy vocal. The track serves as a fitting introduction of what is to follow as the album unfolds. Soulful, easy-listening at its purest.
Second offering Breezy opens with an extension of the sound carried from Feather Lighter. Here the vocal is refreshingly Earthy, richer and peaks at an almost anthemic level, yet remains beautifully harmonic throughout. This can often be dangerous territory for a vocalist to tread as tones become forced – even misdirected. Not here. The vocal remains as pure as it is natural and fits like a glove (as my father would say)!
The standout track for me is Owl. Featuring Sharon van Etten on backing vocals, the song explores those classical lower string tones, soft percussion and subtle yet oh-so-present brass. This, combined with that spellbinding vocal, and it becomes impossible not to conjure black and white Hollywood-esque images of a smokey 1950s New York club performance. Perhaps a nod to the duo's Brooklyn roots?
Is What It Is may well be the track which best sums up what the duo are all about- It is quintessentially She Keeps Bees and precisely what we may have come to expect. The track further emphasises the point that Eight Houses is all about the vocal-It is crystal clear, captivating and dreamlike in its delivery. The perfect way to round off an album which carries a wonderful, almost subtle power throughout.
There's nothing dynamic or explosive about it, and there's no room for such. The tone is consistent and its delivery precise from start to end.
It will not attack your senses. It will appeal to your inner peace. Every bit the blues rock album it set out to be.
Eight Houses is released on September 16th through Future Gods.


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Crafting a Convincing Villain: An Action PlanStandard
20 Ways to Write More Throughout the YearStandard
You can't search for ways to write more as if each day of the year is the same. Some days are longer or shorter than others. Some days are warmer or colder than others. Some days are more eventful than others.
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7 Things to Write When You're StumpedStandard
Is writer's block suffocating your writing process? Just not sure what to write next?
If you could use an idea (or seven) to get your story unstuck, keep reading.
When Should You Share Your Writing? 5 Questions to Ask YourselfStandard
Think of a story that you loved reading. Remember how hard the protagonist worked towards the goal? Remember the hardships the hero had to face and conquer before a resolution was reached?
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Now think of writing your story in the same way as a story. Writing is a journey full of multiple drafts, red pens and pondering where to go next.
And journeys are often an experience that's shared. But when should you share your writing?
How Solo Traveling Impacts My WritingStandard
5 Ways to Write More This SpringStandard
Spring is finally here! After a harsh winter filled with dark days, bitter winds and more snow than I prefer, I welcome chirping birds, blooming flowers and earlier sunrises.
Spring is a time for new beginnings. There's no better time to start developing new writing habits that get you to write more like this spring.


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The Serbian Government has approved the first nonrefundable funds for direct investments from the NIP. Six million euros was given to the British Alena company from the National Investment Plan's funds. Serbian ... More
Turkish "Bosa" has chosen Serbia
The President of the Union of textile, clothing, leather and footware manufacturers and the owner of "Modus" company, Milan Knezevic, said today (October, 13th, 2006) in the interview to "Ekapija" that the biggest investment up ... More
Textile companies to be privatized
Economy Minister Predrag Bubalo said that Serbia's largest textile companies will be privatized soon. Bubalo said that the state-owned capital in all of the textile companies will be sold be the end of the year, adding ... More
Turkish Exporters Head to Japan
Having almost doubled its foreign trade in three years, Turkey continues its economic expansion. Focusing on undeveloped markets such as Africa, the United States and China, with a strategy to search for new markets, ... More
MiroRadici takes over Steilmann
Textile company Steilmann Bukarest has been purchased by the German company Miro Radici following an international transaction. The value of the transaction was not revealed. Steilmann Bukarest had EUR 30 million in turnover in ... More
Bianca and Alena textile house builds factory in Vranje
The Serbian Investment and Export Promotion Agency (SIEPA) stated that the managing board of Jumco holding company from Vranje decided yesterday that English textile house Bianca and Alena can buy and rent this company's ... More
Clothing sector resists in Greece
The Greek clothing manufacturing industry has resisted the combined pressures it suffered in 2005, according to a survey by the Hellenic Fashion Industry Association (SEPEE) based on the financial reports of 200 companies. Last ... More
Sintelon AD" and Swiss company "Enia AG" joined forces
The representatives of company "Sintelon AD" from Bačka Palanka and Swiss company "Enia AG" have signed the contract on founding of joint venture "Enia Eastern Europe", which will deal with the production of wall-to-wall ... More
Italian fashion group Conbipel belonging to Cocconato d'Asti has opened its first store in Istanbul's Kanyon trade centre and has plans to open another 20 in the country. The opening of the shop is a result of Conbipel's close ... More
Italian women's hosiery producer Golden Lady yesterday sealed a 780,000 euro deal to buy the textile factory in the Bosnian town of Derventa. The Italian company will make hosiery for the Bosnian market from the factory. Golden ... More
Mondex Sibiu To Invest EUR 3 Million In Production And Expansion
Textiles producer Mondex Sibiu will invest nearly EUR 3 million this year for expanding their production capacity and their stores network. The amount will be raised from a bank loan and from a share capital increase by some EUR ... More
Street sales of textiles hurting producers and State
The state loses billions of euros by allowing the tax-free sale of clothes on the streets and open-air markets. Domestic textile producers who are paying taxes to legally sell their products are losing greatly because of this. ... More
Italian company "Benetton" to enter in Department store "Beograd"
Company "Benetton" is interested in procurement of Department Store "Beograd". Two months ago, the letter of intent of that multinational was delivered to the Government of Serbia, according to which "Benetton" obliged to buy ... More
Restructuring a condition for survival
The precondition for survival of textile companies in Montenegro is restructuring, new management, production and labour force of better quality, since their return to the EU market can hardly be expected with current ... More
Mabetex of the Pacolli family wants to buy Yumco from Serbia
The "Mabetex" company of the Pacolli family is revealed as the "anonymous" bidder which tried to buy the "Yumco" enterprise through a privatisation scheme in Serbia for €4.1 million, ... More
Company "Golden Lady" from Italy starts construction of socks factory in Loznica
Italian company "Golden Lady", which deals with the production of socks, women's and men's underwear, will have the factory built in Loznica by the end of the year 2006 - the Mayor of Loznica, Vidoje Petrović, ... More
New tailoring factory opens in Pleven
Pleven-based tailoring company Dimitrov OOD has launched a 10 mln lev men's wear factory in the city's industrial zone. The new factory, built to comply with the order requirements of Dimitrov's partners Calvin Klein, Cerutti and ... More
Bulgaria certifies local investment of Italian textile group Miroglio
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Bulgarian silk producers to get $37 mln loan
Bulgaria's Textile Cluster Bulgarian Silk will sign a $37 million loan deal this month probably with a swiss bank, to fund building and restoring silkworm and silk production facilities, as a step towards reviving the industry. ... More


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Once again, the students at Wayne State will be performing 'A Christmas Carol'. 'A Christmas Carol,' adapted from the story by Charles Dickerson is by John Wolf and Tom Aulino. The performances will take place at the Bonstelle theater, now playing from December 1-17.
This year the play is being directed by Katie Campbell.
"When I was approached about directing this year's production at Wayne state, I was delighted," said Campbell. "'It has been an absolute honor to work with the entire creative team, cast, and crew in bringing to life this heartfelt story full of complexity, verve, and magical realism to the stage."
Ebenezer Scrooge, an old moneylender played by student John Bergeron, hates everything that embodies the joy of Christmas, staying to himself, being angry when someone mentions the holiday, and being rude and nasty to others. In the play he struggles to become a better man and find the true meaning of Christmas.
"The cast and crew are amazing I totally love being a part of it" said crew member Laura Rose.
James kern is currently a MFA major who is in his junior year said one of the best things about the play is the cast.
"It was easy to embody my character because it's Christmas and all I had to do was think of all the fun stuff that came with it," said Jasmine walker who played the Ghost of Christmas past.
For more information about this event, please contact Thomas Karr at 313-577-7895.To order tickets visit http://www.tickets.com/venue/bonstelle-theatre-15564/
The Bonstelle theatre is located on 3424 Woodward Detroit, MI 48201.


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