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Cantinières, or female canteen keepers, were a unique feature of the French army, and the American historian Thomas Cardoza has described the Second Empire (1852-1870) as their "Golden Age".[1] It was the period in which the cantinière, like the Zouaves, caught the imagination of the French and European public alike – their pretty uniforms coupled with implied good looks as well as an almost saintly disposition led them to appear in numerous contemporary printed material, notably cheap prints and pamphlets.[2] This chapter will study the cantinières thematically, understanding their popular perception through media such as the theatre and commercial images. Comparisons between the treatment and role of women in the British and French armies will be discussed as will the relationship between the cantinières and British soldiers. Finally, the French view of the cantinières, as well as the respect these women engendered on the battlefield will be examined.
Development of the Cantinière system
Women soldiers on the ration-strength of a battalion were a tradition in the French Army that dated back to 1657.[3] There were two classes of women who served the army: blanchisseuses who were the washerwomen, and vivandières who were licensed sutlers.
Women in the Second Empire were organised by regulations of the July Monarchy (1830-1848). From 14th April 1832 each Infantry Battalion was allowed four vivandière-blanchisseuses.[4] The regiments of the Imperial Guard were allowed up to ten cantinières.[5] These 'useful and necessary' women were nominated to serve their battalion by the regimental colonel and were to be of 'good virtue and morals'.[6] In barracks the vivandière-blanchisseuse was to run the canteen and do the laundry of the officers and NCOs, and on campaign to act as a victualler providing extra foodstuffs and necessities (as well as comforts) for her battalion.[7] The Royal Ordnance of 4th May 1832 clarified that of 14th April, and laid out in detail the duties and responsibilities of the vivandière-blanchisseuse.[8] Vivandières were appointed at Regimental level by their Administrative Councils who granted their Patentes and also provided their clothing and rations.[9] Vivandières were to wear an oval plate, stamped in brass which bore their unique registration number, the Division or Regiment to which they were attached and number of their Patente which they were to carry at all times.[10] They were originally forbidden from wearing uniforms because they were civil not military employees of the Ministry of War, but the Royal Ordnance of 4th March 1843 granted vivandière-blanchisseuses a regulation uniform, the same or similar to the regiment to which they were attached.[11] In 1852 the terms vivandière and vivandière-blanchisseuse were officially abolished and replaced by cantinière.[12] This did not stop British observers invariably describing cantinières as vivandières throughout the duration of the Crimean war.
Cantinières and popular culture.
Popular culture demanded, or perhaps required, that cantinières were all young, pretty and buxom. The reality, however, was the opposite: these women were chosen to be cantinières not for their looks but for their hardiness on campaign, and perhaps also to provide a matronly figure to young soldiers and prevent their 'temptation'.[13] Such was the public fascination with these women that they even appeared on the stage.[14] Furthermore, such was the public appeal of these women, embellished by their portrayal in popular culture, and accounts of their acts of bravery and military service, that they were a positive contribution towards women's rights in France.[15]
As a result cantinières became a popular subject for theatricals and entertainment. The most popular depiction of the cantinière was through the opera La Vivandière by Donzietti. The title was a deliberate reference to an earlier title for the cantinière. It was first performed in Paris at the Opéra Comique as La Fille du Régiment in 1840 before going to London in 1844 as 'Josephine or the Daughter of War'.[16] The opera received great public acclaim in France and in Britain.[17] The most famous actress to perform the female lead for a London audience was the Swedish singer, Jenny Lind, one of the prettiest and most celebrated singers of the period.[18] As noted earlier, like most popular media, the opera defined cantinières in the public imagination as young, brave and pretty.[19] A comic opera called La Vivandière by Mademoiselle Cerito was premiered in Paris 1844 and transferred to London in the same year.[20] A ballet La Vivandière was first produced in Paris in 1844 and later performed in London and the provinces.[21] There was also a quadrille dance called the 'Vivandière' that was also extremely popular,[22] and Vivandière was the name of a St Leger winning race-horse. Unsurprisingly the opera La Vivandière received a popular revival in London at the outbreak of war in 1854, because of the interest aroused by Britain's new allies.[23] These stage performances, whilst not an accurate portrayal of the life of a cantinière, helped to cement the romantic beau ideal of the cantinière and no doubt helped in their recruitment.[24]
In Britain before the Crimean war, cantinières were already considered a unique and beneficial feature of the French army.[25] One military commentator thought that the presence of the cantinières was beneficial to the troops on service, but, because soldiers had to rely on the cantinière to supplement their rations, that there must be a fault with the French army commissariat.[26] More conservative (political and religious) observers thought the presence of women on the battlefield immoral,[27] and the cantinières 'flauntingly dressed'.[28] A. W. Kinglake was under the erroneous impression that cantinières were prostitutes or could procure them.[29]
Cantinières were very frequently depicted in colour prints of the French army, especially those of Francois Hippolyte Lalaisse in his famous series The French Army and its Cantinières published in 1859[30] and in The French Army and the Imperial Guard (1853-1860).[31] It was Lalaisse who did the most to popularise the cantinière, showing them always in full dress uniform, the majority being young, shapely, often with their husbands and children, looking lovingly at each other. Lalaisse was often careful to show the cantinières in a very feminine role, as a homemaker, parent, cook or nurse rather than in her more masculine roles of canteen-keeper or fighter. The Parisian print maker Martinet produced a volume of coloured prints depicting cantinières from each regiment of the army,[32] as did de Moraine of Paris.[33] Cantinières also featured prominently in the prints of de Valmont of Paris,[34] and Sinnett.[35] The toy soldier manufacturers Messrs. Pellerin of Paris and Silbermann of Strasbourg produced cardboard cut-out toy soldiers depicting cantinières from every regiment of the French army.[36] The Livret d'or des Cantinières enthused over the cantinières' individual acts of heroism and bravery, often thought the equal of or greater than that of their male colleagues. Their bravery and life stories appeared in historical fiction, such as the writing of Ernest Capendu.[37] Léon Gozlon, Edouard La Barre Duparcq and others extolled their 'French' virtues and fighting spirit immediately after the fall of the Second Empire when France needed inspiring images to unite its people.[38] The fictional heroine cantinière, Victorine Charlemagne fulfilled a similar function during the troubled years 1848-1852.[39] Capitaine Auguste Richard, a French army moralist, reformer and noted critic of the cantinières, wrote their definitive history in 1897,[40] when the existence of cantinières in the French army was being hotly debated.[41] The image of a cantinière took on a political role as well, being linked to the 1st Empire, thus appearing in broadsheets and posters of the Bonapartists during the Revolution of 1848.[42]
Roger Fenton's famous posed photographs of a cantinière of the Zouaves at Sebastopol is part of the idealised image d'epinal; showing a pretty young woman in a smart military uniform performing the role not of a barmaid or fighter (which many cantinières were) but of a nurse, fulfilling the need of a growing middle-class ideal of women's roles in society and the family. Ironically, as a cantinière of the Zouaves, his subject was exactly the type of woman who was more likely to be found running a canteen or fighting in the ranks than tending to the sick.
The Cantinières and British Army wives
In direct contrast to the methode of the French army of employing women, the British army considered women a drain on limited army resources and Major John Patterson believed that married men had no place in the army.[43] In addition, unlike French cantinières, it was considered immoral for women to be employed by the army in any capacity, even that of a washerwoman.[44] Despite the regulations, however, many regiments found that having the wives cook and do the laundry for the men was more necessary on campaign than sticking to the letter of the regulations.[45] These were sentiments that echoed the French regulations for cantinières, which described their duties as both 'useful, and necessary'.[46] Furthermore, unlike cantinières who drew a full ration, British army wives were only entitled to half-rations and did not have separate living quarters away from the men.[47] Marianne Young thought there was an 'astonishingly lack of gallantry' on the part of the British military authorities in sending wives to war, a mistake compounded by the lack of any provision for them.[48] The number of women the British army took on campaign was ultimately higher than the French – four per company during wartime – and represented a considerable tail of non-combatants.[49] French cantinières and their children were also entitled to treatment in military hospitals, unlike the British wives and children who were denied such treatment both during the Crimean War and after.[50] Despite their presence in the war zone, officially children were excluded from the British army, and therefore could not be treated. Meanwhile the French army had its system of Enfants de Troupe, whereby up to twenty-two children (below the age of 14) per regiment could receive rations, education and even pay.[51]
British army wives did not come under any form of military discipline – unlike the cantinières who if found guilty of a crime were punished according to the French Military Code, as were their husbands.[52] French cantinières were also eligible for pensions (based on their husband's service, not their own) and medals as rewards for their service, unlike British wives, despite many British colonels recommending the wives in their regiments for medals, and in some instances considering them more worthy of decorations than any of the men under their command.[53] Considerable debate raged in the domestic and military press over army wives during the early 1850s: The radical Morning Chronicle considered the treatment of army wives as 'brutish' and inhuman, whilst the United Services Gazette in 1854 argued that British army wives, based on comparison with the cantinières, should become more useful to their unit by being able to be employed as a washerwomen and put under some form of military discipline so that she 'may become a blessing' to her regiment and 'learn to respect herself and to become to the utmost of her power a useful member of the military community'.[54] Similarly, the cantinières contrasted strongly with the traditional view of army wives as lazy drunkards; army wives should be subject to a strict process of selection as the cantinières were, thus making them more useful to their unit. [55] The domestic press considered the French armies treatment of women to be a model and that British army wives were a victim of official indifference and neglect.[56] Provision for married quarters in the British army was erratic, as was schooling for any children and medical care; the main excuse for lack of provision being its cost.[57]
During the Crimean War, the French cantinières attracted considerable comment from British soldiers through their wearing of uniforms, and particularly trousers. British soldiers in the Crimea were quite taken by the cantinières; because they were the only women they had seen other than the few bedraggled army wives, and because the cantinières were quite obviously better off than British army wives.[58] Despite most of them being middle aged, experienced campaigners, most if not all cantinières were described as 'perfect' specimens of womanhood, and many British soldiers declared their love for them. Most cantinières 'caused a great sensation' and 'her Bloomer costume got quite a crowd round her.'[59] One soldier writing from Varna described a cantinière thus: '...with her glazed hat, bound with tricoloured ribbon, stuck coquettishly on the side of her head, her tunic showing a very pretty waist, and her pantaloons with a double red stripe, she was the most astonishing sight.'[60] In direct contrast to the cantinières were the British army wives.[61] One British rifleman was astonished to see
A troop of soldiers' wives, certainly in a most indecent plight, so far as dress and appearance went, and who, walking along the streets and darting into shops and rummaging their contents, were the unconscious object of disgust.[62]
British army wives, from their lack of pay, discipline and serviceable attire were becoming 'quite savage-like and unfit for decent society'.[63] Many other soldiers and newspaper editors agreed about the 'plight' of the British army wives, so much so that the 'Central Association for the Aid of the Wives and Families Ordered to the East' was established in London to improve their lot.[64] Religious commentators considered that it was totally immoral for women to go to war, but if a wife had to follow her husband, then she should be looked after to an even higher standard than her husband, reflecting her 'delicate' constitution. Furthermore caring for the wives prevented a collapse in army morals as 'if the wife were degraded, the degradation of the husband would soon follow.'[65]
The cantinières, by contrast to British army wives, always had:
a decent soldier-like dress on, and being compelled to wear it, and keep themselves tidy, and getting…pay and being kept under discipline and in good order. Them's regimental women for you![66]
The 'bloomerised dress' of the cantinières was considered a singular advantage over the civilian dress worn by the British wives who accompanied the army:
Their smart glazed hats and cockade, their blue frock and crimson pants, their boots and spurs, their lace and regimental facings and little swords, in some instances, and their men's seat on horseback shows much campaigning advantage over the once fine bonnets and draggle-tails of our rather uncomfortable female campaigners. The French ladies have decidedly the best of it.[67]
Colonel George Bell (1st Royals) thought that soldiers' wives were 'much in everyone's way' and a useless encumbrance 'straggling along in the mud', compared to the energetic, 'useful and smart' cantinières of the French army.[68]
The editor of the Patriotic Fund Journal thought the cantinières were a refreshing 'gleam of sunshine' amidst all the dirt and chaos of the Siege of Sebastopol. They were believed to set an enviable standard of cheerfulness, good heart, and bravery to male soldiers, caring little for the cold, mud or shells.[69] One commentator believed that 'truly dress is a great improver of persons', and that the uniform of a cantinière transformed a rather uncouth 'lady of the sabots' into the most dashing and military of personages.[70] The cantinières were of a 'coquettish smartness' despite many of them being perhaps middle aged.[71] Dr David Greig thought that the cantinières 'were generally good-looking and their dresses 'set them off to great advantage' in great contrast to British army wives.[72]
Lieutenant-Colonel Alexander (14th Regiment) believed that British army wives should be uniformed and put under military discipline as cantinières were. He felt that the British army wives were badly done by and their civilian dress was useless in the field.[73] The smart uniforms, military discipline and importance given to them by marching in the ceremonial tête de colonne with the Eagle gave the cantinières their own unique esprit de corps. Described as the 'daughters of the regiment' their often-extravagant parade uniforms made them the pride and honour of their regiments.[74] Cantinières who encountered British army wives thought them an 'insult… to her sex'.[75] British wives were thought to be 'astonished' and wonder 'at the manly costume of the useful cantinières, who…are treated with equal courtesy by officers and men.'[76]The dress of the cantinières also presented a complete contrast to the uniforms issued to the British armies' female nurses: whilst the uniform of the cantinière presented her as a soldier and exaggerated her femininity, the British uniforms were designed to de-sexualise.[77] So taken was Colonel Clayton of the 1st Lancashire Militia that he organised cantinières in his regiment in honour of their 'brave' French allies.[78] Their appearance 'neatly attired in the costume of the regiment, marching…at the head of the Grenadier Company' added 'brilliance' to the military spectacle attracting 'no small share of attention'.[79] According to Marianne Young, a Mrs O'Flanaghan of the 88th Regiment adopted a form of dress similar to that of a cantinière to good effect.[80] Other British observers, however, were shocked not only by women in a war zone, but by the immorality of women wearing trousers and riding their horses astride.[81] During the balls held by the French army in spring 1855, the presence of cantinières and their wearing of trousers outraged many British officers' wives, because respectable women did not wear trousers.[82] Cantinières were unique in European society by wearing trousers at a time when such cross-gender dressing was illegal in many countries, including France.[83]
Whilst the beau ideal of the cantinière was a coquettish, very shapely young woman, the actual reality, judging from photographs, was almost the opposite: from contemporary photographs the majority of cantinières appear matronly. Mesdames Jouillousse and Perrin of the 2nd Grenadiers à Pied de la Garde Impériale present a severely corseted and crinolined appearance,[84] whilst Madame Bourselet can only be described as fearsome.[85] Captain Charles Thoumas of the 7th Artillery described his batteries' cantinière as the 'very illegitimate and very ugly wife of the Corporal-Quartermaster' and a cantinière of the Chasseurs à Pied of the Imperial Guard as having the 'voice of a Corporal of Engineers'.[86] One cantinière of the 2nd Zouaves, 'Mother' Marie Monteil was aged at least 60 by the outbreak of the Crimean War, having served in the Chasseurs of the Imperial Guard during the 1812 campaign and been with the Zouaves from the formation of the first battalion in 1830.[87]
Marianne Young asserts that most cantinières had the figure and uniform which showed they were experienced soldiers, neither very young or very pretty but '...of a carriage, figure and constitution suitable both for the due effect of her costume, and the due performance of her required duties.'[88] Punch poked fun at the British soldier's unquestioning belief in the beauty of the cantinières based solely upon popular culture: 'sentimentality receives a frightful smash when the real object makes her appearance, with a face full of wrinkles…and a mouth full of French slang of the least recherché character'.[89] Indeed there was an old-soldiers idiom that the quality of wine was the inverse of the quality of the cantinières' face: pretty cantinières found it easy to run a business whereas more homely ladies had to have higher quality victuals to compete.[90] A similar view was taken by the Hibernian Magazine, that the cantinière was probably not young and graceful but a welcome face, experienced campaigner and shrewd businesswoman who was therefore of more use on campaign than the pretty young things of popular imagination.[91] In the Crimean War many cantinières went out of their way retain their feminine figure and smart uniform, in direct contrast to the bedraggled British army wives. Many civilian merchants made a good living from solely selling corsets and under garments to cantinières during the Siege of Sebastopol.[92]
Relations with British Soldiers.
The cantinières and their canteens were considered invaluable by British soldiers in supplementing the army rations and also in providing a space for rest and relaxation that they did not have:
[The canteen] was at once a restaurant, a spirit-shop, a café, a brewery and a boarding house. It is here that the soldiers and the officers come at times to drink their morning drop; the volunteer eats there a portion of the money his family send him; the man of good appetite finds a cheap supplement to his rations; idlers go there to play a hand of cards; and lastly, at the canteen, the NCOs have their mess.[93]
The canteen became the family table of a Battalion for the NCOs at least, and for the remainder of the Battalion the cantinières became a symbolic mother, and much needed female contact in an army when few men were allowed to marry. Thus, the cantinière performed numerous female roles of a mother, sister, wife, nurse and confidante; a role which could only ever be partially filled by British army wives.[94] Most cantinières were married to long serving career soldiers. Her presence and the canteen were an important part of the bonding process and forming of a sense of Battalion "Family", which was lacking in the contemporary British army. This was further reinforced as many, if not all, daughters of the union between a cantinière and a career-soldier often became a cantinière themselves, effectively inheriting the family business, whilst sons became enfants de troupe.[95] The British army adopted this notion of the regiment 'as family' after the Crimean War, where the regiment provided all the needs and comforts an officer or private would need during their military career. Institutions such as the canteen and providing for the women and children – children who, like the French enfants de troupe, were 'army born and bred' - were borrowed from the French.[96]
Cantinières were thought to have a 'smile for everyone, and a joke or box on the ear' as well as a flirtatious wink for those she favoured or found attractive.[97] Colonel Richard Farren (47th Regiment) thought that the cantinières 'afforded especially delight' to his men and that they frequently patronised the French canteens.[98] Farren was mistaken, however, in his belief that the cantinières were the servants of an NCO: the NCOs had a mess room in the canteen and the cantinières provided two meals a day for them, for 13 sous per day. Cantinières were officially to be legally married to a private or corporal in her battalion but not to an NCO to avoid the NCOs setting up 'petty tyrannies' forcing new recruits to buy articles from their wives.[99] Farren was also mistaken in his belief that the French government covered the cost of moving the cantinières' stores, when it was to be covered by the cantinières themselves who had to buy their own horses and carts and maintain them at their own cost.[100]
The cantinières and their canteens proved very popular to British soldiers as a place to fraternize and to buy much needed warm food and alcohol, which was not available in the British camp.[101] The canteen of the 2nd Zouaves was a 'depot of luxury' which was frequented by NCOs and men of the Brigade of Guards, but never its officers.[102] In fact the French canteens were so popular that they were believed to cause a high-level of drunkenness and illness amongst British soldiers.[103] French officers similarly disapproved of the intemperance of British troops.[104] To remedy the drunkenness, British soldiers were at first prohibited from visiting French canteens. Later, the pay of British soldiers was stopped for several months so that they could not spend their pay at the canteens.[105] That the canteens, and by extension the cantinières, fuelled drunkenness and alcoholism amongst French soldiers was the main argument to abolish them in the 3rd Republic.[106]
British observers noted how the cantinières were better able to trade with the locals in Turkey and Bulgaria, because they were women and therefore not threatening, unlike male soldiers. Cantinières were also considered to be better at finding edibles than men. To this end several regiments including the 30th Foot tried to emulate the French system: they sent the wives mounted on ponies to forage and to trade with the locals, meeting with more success than when they had sent male soldiers.[107] Sending the women to forage also freed up men for more military duties. Not only were cantinières better able to trade with the locals, but, because their goods were inspected, the goods they had on sale were thought to be infinitely superior to anything available from local merchants or the 'vagabond' sutlers who followed the British army. French colonels were responsible for checking the quality of and setting prices of the goods cantinières sold, ensuring that they were fair and in line with local prices, but the price of tobacco was controlled by the War Ministry.[108] Because they were believed to be part of the army,[109] cantinières were also thought to be honest in all their dealings, unlike civilian merchants or the locals.[110] The best customers the cantinières had were British soldiers because they had no equivalent system[111] and they had money to spend, unlike their poorly paid French allies.[112] Indeed, as the siege of Sebastopol became more drawn-out, however, the view amongst British soldiers changed: cantinières were considered to be making huge profit from the extortionate prices they charged British but not French soldiers, leading to a sense of resentment. French soldiers also noted the high prices charged by the cantinières and thought them immoral, having a monopoly and making money from hard-worked soldiers.[113]
Bravery and Respect.
The cantinières were universally respected by British officers and other ranks alike, not only from their work in the barracks but their role on campaign – that of a nurse in treating the sick and wounded on the battlefield – and their bravery.[114] The cantinière of the 74th Line Infantry, Madame Fayau was even presented to the Empress Eugénie for her bravery and devotion in the field.[115] Cantinières were considered utterly selfless in foraging for her unit and looking after its sick and wounded. No French or British soldier who came to her was thought to go thirsty or hungry, the cantinières often refusing payment.[116] The heroism of the cantinière on the battlefield was exemplified in sacrificing her own safety and life for others: 'Such an act would have been considered worthy of a Hero; how much more praise does a young and generous female deserve who performs such a deed?'[117] To many, 'She indeed appeared to be like an Angel of Mercy, bearing all the perils and dangers that surrounded her.'[118] Indeed, in many cases they were braver and perhaps more stoic than most male soldiers. One British Lieutenant-Colonel thought that they
…seemed to possess great control over her feelings; for, whereas a woman can scarcely be expected to see with indifference even a single lover going to battle, this young lady beheld with equanimity a whole regiment of admirers advancing to deadly conflict.[119]
A. W. Kinglake described the cantinières leading their battalions up to the trenches before storming the 'White Works' as being 'fearless, calm pride…riding serenely', embodying the 'spirit of war' and nobility of France. She was a 'priestess…bringing up human sacrifices …nobly leading her sons into action'. To Kinglake, the cantinières represented something noble and chivalric about the French army, possessing as much bravery and self-control as any male soldier: 'With infinite grace and composure she led her men down to the ravine to meet the fortune of war.'[120]
The image of the cantinière, with her coquettish uniform and small polished barrel of spirits (tonnelet) were well known in popular culture in France and Britain prior to the Crimean War, an image cemented in the public imagination through the performance of Jenny Lind in the opera La Vivandière and cheap commercial prints.
[1] T. Cardoza, Intrepid Women. Cantinières and Vivandières of the French Army (Bloomington: Indiana University Press, 2010), chapter 5.
[2] Ibid.
[3] L. Arnaud & P. Bonnet La Femme sur la Champ de Bataille (Paris: 1912), p. 42
[4] V. L. J. F. Belhomme, Histoire de l'Infanterie en France (Paris: H. Charles-Lavauzellle, 1892) vol. 5, p. 178.
[5] Ibid; L. Delpérier, La Garde Impériale du Napoléon III (Nantes: Editions du Cannonier, 2000), p. 29. The Guard had two cantinières per battalion (of which there were four), one cantinière for the État Major and one for the Section Hors Rang.
[6] Belhomme, Histoire de l'Infanterie, p. 179.
[7] Bordeaux, 'Medailles de Cantinière et de Vivandière', p. 319. See also Cardoza, Intrepid Women, p. 123.
[8] Ibid.
[9] Bordeaux, 'Medailles de Cantinière et de Vivandière', p. 319; P. Charrié, 'Les Insignes des Vivandières', Soldats Napoléoniens, no. 16 (Decembre 2007), pp. 73 – 74.
[10] Ibid.
[11] Hennet, 'Vivandières et Blanchisseuses', p. 48.
[12] Ibid.
[13] Ibid; A. L. Dawson, French Infantry of the Crimean War (Nottingham: Partizan Press, 2011), p. 288.
[14] Ibid.
[15] É. Robbe, 'Les Cantinières, les femmes d'honneur', Napoleon III Magazine, no. 12 (Octobre- Decembre 2010), pp. 78-81.
[16] 'Haymarket Theatre. Donzietti's 'La Fille du Regiment'', The Morning Post (7 March 1844); 'Theatricals', Lloyd's Weekly London Newspaper (10 March 1844); 'Music and Drama', The Era (10 March 1844).
[17] 'Haymarket Theatre. Donzietti's 'La Fille du Regiment'', The Morning Post (7 March 1844).
[18] G. G. Foster, A Memoir of Jenny Lind (New York: Dewitt & Davenport, 1850), p. 41; Anon, Review of the Performances of Mademoiselle Jenny Lind (London: J. & L. Dickinson, 1847), pp. 21-22.
[19] Cardoza, Intrepid Women, pp. 119-120.
[20] 'Her Majesty's Theatre', The Morning Post (23 May 1844).
[21] 'Easter Amusements', The Era (18 April 1852).
[22] 'Her Majesty's Theatre. Great Attractions', The Morning Post (23 May 1844).
[23] 'St James's Theatre', The Morning Post (22 June 1854).
[24] Cardoza, Intrepid Women, p. 120.
[25] 'The Military Force of France', Jackson's Oxford Journal (7 November 1829).
[26] 'Sketch of the campaign in Kostantinah in 1837', The United Service Journal and Naval and Military Magazine for 1839, part 2 (1839), p. 64.
[27] 'Christian Missions to Turkey', Evangelical Christian, vol. IX (1855), p. 343.
[28] Cardoza, Intrepid Women, p. 121.
[29] G. De Gaury, Travelling Gent: the Life of Alexander Kinglake (London: Routledge & Kegan Paul, 1972), p. 175.
[30] H. Lalaisse, L'Armée Francaise et ses Cantinières (Paris: G. Orengo, 1859).
[31] H. Lalaisse, L'Armée et la Garde Impériale (1853-1860) (Paris: Hautecoeur Frères, 1860).
[32] Les Cantinières de l'Armée Française (Paris: Chez Martinet, 1860).
[33] De Moraine, Cantinières et Musiciens de l'Armée Française (Paris: Lemercier, 1859).
[34] De Valmont, Costumes Militaires Français (Paris: ND).
[35] Sinnett, Les Cantinières de France (Paris: Chez Sinnett, ND).
[36] J-M Haussadis, 'La Gloire de la Petit Soldats', Soldats Napoléoniens, no. 16 (Decembre 2007), pp. 59 – 71. For a list of toy soldiers by Messrs Pellerin see http://www.culture.gouv.fr/public/mistral/joconde_fr accessed 31 May 2011@ 20.43. For a complete iconography of the Second Empire Commandant Sauzay, Iconographie du Costume Militaire Tome III, (Paris: R. Chapelot et Co., 1903).
[37] E. Capendu, La Vivandière de la 17eme Légère (Paris: E. Dentu, 1868).
[38] L. Gozlon, La Vivandière (Paris: E. Dentu, 1872); E. De la Barre Duparcq, les Femmes Militaires (Paris: Aux frais de l'autour, 1873); P. & H. de Trailles, Les Femmes de France pendant la Guerre et deux Sièges de Paris (Paris: Hadol, 1872).
[39] Cardoza, Intrepid Women, pp. 155-156.
[40] Capitaine A-J-C Richard, Cantinières et Vivandières francaises (Paris: E. Flammarion, 1897).
[41] Cardoza, Intrepid Women, pp. 185-188.
[42] Bibliotheque Nationale de France, Paris. Poster: 'La Mère Napoléon ou la Vivandière d'Austerlitz' http://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/bpt6k5609329r.r=vivandiere.langEN accessed 3 May 2011 @16.34.
[43] Major J. Patterson, Camp and Quarters: Scenes and Impressions of Military Life (London: Saunders & Otley, 1840), p. 114.
[44] Rappaport, No place for Ladies, p. 20.
[45] Ibid, p. 133.
[46] Cardoza, Intrepid Women, p. 114.
[47] Ibid.
[48] 'Our Camp in Turkey', The New Monthly Magazine, vol. 103 (1854), p. 248.
[49] Ibid, p. 21.
[50] 'Naval and Military Intelligence', The Morning Post (8 September 1856).
[51] Dawson, French Infantry, p. 199.
[52] Ibid, p. 178.
[53] Archives National Française (ANF), Paris, Acc. ANFF70 Fastes de la Legion d'Honneur/Medailles St Hélène, includes requests from cantinières for the Legion d'Honneur. See also, Cardoza, Intrepid Women, p. 1163-164; Marquess of Angelsey, Little Hodge (London: Leo Cooper, 1971), p. 84. Colonel Hodge described Mrs Rogers of the 4th Dragoon Guards as more deserving of a medal than any man in his regiment.
[54] 'Army Wives', The United Services Gazette (21 October 1854); The United Services Gazette (4 November 1854); 'The Church in the Army – No. II', The Morning Chronicle (25 March 1852); 'The Church in the Army – No. IV', The Morning Chronicle (28 April 1852).
[55] 'Army Wives', The United Services Gazette (21 October 1854); The United Services Gazette (4 November 1854).
[56] 'Editorial', The Times (22 February 1854); 'Letters to the Editor: Soldier's Wives and Children', The Times (27 February 1854); 'Letters to the Editor: Soldier's Wives', The Times (7 March 1854); 'Editorial', The Times (2 May 1854); 'The wife I leave behind me'. Lloyd's Weekly Newspaper (26 February 1854).
[57] M. Trustam, Women of the Regiment: Marriage and the Victorian Army (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1984), chapter 5; 'The Church in the Army No. IV', The Morning Chronicle (28 April 1852).
[58] N. Bentley, ed, Russell's Despatches from the Crimea (London: Panther History, 1970), p. 33.
[59] 'Soldiers Letters', Daily News (7 April 1855).
[60] Reynolds's Newspaper (18 June 1854).
[61] Rappaport, No place for ladies, p. 58.
[62] 'Pictures of the War', Lloyd's Weekly Newspaper (25 June 1854).
[63] Ibid.
[64] 'Association in Aid of the Wives and Families of Soldiers Ordered to the East', The Times (8 March 1854); 'Wives and Children of the Soldiers Ordered Abroad', The Times (8 March 1854); Rappaport, No place for Ladies, p. 26.
[65] 'Christian Missions to Turkey', Evangelical Christian, vol. IX (1855), p. 343.
[66]'Pictures of the War', Lloyd's Weekly Newspaper (25 June 1854).
[67]'War Gossip: Bloomerism in the French Camp' Reynold's Newspaper (23 July 1854).
[68] B. Stuart, ed, Soldier's Glory. Being 'Rough notes of an Old Soldier' (Tunbridge Wells: Spellmount, 1991), p. 269.
[69] 'The Vivandières', Patriotic Fund Journal, vol. 1 no. 1 (1854), p. 102.
[70] The Rambler, vol. III (1855), p. 132.
[71] Thomasina Ross, trans, Algeria in 1845: A visit to the French possessions in North Africa (London: Richard Bentley & Co., 1846), pp. 250 to 251.
[72] D. Hill, ed, Letters from the Crimea. Writing home, a Dundee Doctor (Dundee: Dundee University Press, 2010), p. 85.
[73] Lieutenant-Colonel J. A. Alexander, Passages of the Life of a Soldier (London: Hurst & Blackett, 1857), vol. 2, p. 90.
[74] 'The French Expeditionary Force', The Morning Chronicle (17 July 1854).
[75] Ibid; 'Our Camp in Turkey', p. 248.
[76] 'Our Camp in Turkey', p. 248.
[77] Rappaport, No place for Ladies, pp. 104-105.
[78] 'The First Duke's Own', The Lancaster Gazette (14 June 1856); 'The Vivandière', Manchester Times (21 June 1855).
[79] 'The First Duke's Own', The Lancaster Gazette (14 June 1856).
[80] 'Our Camp in Turkey', p. 249.
[81] Rappaport, No place for Ladies, pp. 58 and p. 187; ' Our Army in the Crimea', Daily News (8 October 1855).
[82] J. O. Baylen & A Conway, eds, Soldier-Surgeon: The Crimean War letters of Dr Douglas A. Reid 1855-1856 (Knoxville: University of Tennessee Press, 1968), pp. 128-129.
[83] Cardoza, Intrepid Women, pp. 163-164; Robbe, 'Les Cantinières, les femmes d'honneur' pp. 78-81.
[84] Delpérier, La Garde Impériale, figure 44.
[85] Dawson, French Infantry, plate on p. 179.
[86] General C-A Thoumas, Mes Souvenirs de Crimée 1854-1856 (Paris: La Librairie Illustrée, 1892), p. 25 and pp. 171-172.
[87] Lieutenant J. Spitz, Historique du 2eme Régiment des Zouaves (Oran: Paul Perrier, 1901), pp. 77-78. 'Vieux Mere Marie' died in 1860 and was buried with full military honours.
[88] Rappaport, No place for Ladies, p.58.
[89] 'The Romance of the Vivandière', Punch Magazine vol. 27 (1855), p. 125.
[90] Cardoza, Intrepid Women, p. 140.
[91] 'Aspects of French Military Life', The Hibernian Magazine, no. 1 (July 1864), p. 64.
[92] Rappaport, No place for Ladies, p. 58.
[93] 'The French Soldier', The New Monthly Magazine, vol. 122 (1861), p. 245; 'Contrast between the two Armies', Reynolds's Newspaper (25 December 1854); 'The British Expedition', Freeman's Journal and Daily Commercial Advertiser (24 May 1854).
[94] Rappaport, No place for Ladies, p. 58.
[95] Ibid, p. 134.
[96] Trustam, Women of the Regiment, pp. 21-23 and pp. 68-75.
[97] 'French Infantry Halting on the March', Huddersfield Chronicle (27 May 1854).
[98] QLR, Colonel R. T. Farren, Mss, Farren to wife, 29 June 1854.
[99] 'Vivandières et Blanchisseuses', Journal Militaire Officiel Année 1854 (1854), p. 382.
[100] Ibid; Dawson, French Infantry, pp. 176-178.
[101] NAM, Acc. 2002-05-02, Thomas Bell, Mss, Bell to Father, 18 January 1855; 'Letter from a Golcar Man in the Crimea', Huddersfield Chronicle (20 January 1855), 'French and English Soldiers', Caledonian Mercury (1 March 1855); Hill, A Dundee Doctor, p. 85.
[102] A. Money & G. H. Money, Sebastopol, Our Tent in the Crimea (London: Richard Bentley, 1856), pp. 199-200.
[103] G. C. Taylor, Journal of Adventures with the Britsih Army (London: Hurst & Blackett, 1856), p. 301; C. Fitzherbert, ed, Henry Clifford VC, his letters and sketches from the Crimea (London: Michael Joseph, 1956), pp. 269-270; 'Drunkenness in the Army', Caledonian Mercury (26 November 1855).
[104] E. Joppé, 'La Campagne de Crimée d'après les letters du Commandant Adrien au Capitaine Joppé', Carnet de la Sabretache, vol. 16 (1907), p. 223.
[105] Fitzherbert, Henry Clifford, pp. 269-270 and p. 276; 'French Fraternization', Caledonian Mercury (19 June 1854); ' Letter from a Golcar Man in the Crimea', Huddersfield Chronicle (20 January 1855).
[106] A-J-C Richard, Livret Antialcoolique du soldat (Paris: Chapelot, 1901); A-J-C Richard, L'armée et les forces morales (Paris: Plon, 1902).
[107] QLR, J. B. Patullo, Mss, Patullo to wife, 23 June 1854; 'Our Camp in Turkey', p. 249.
[108] Cardoza, Intrepid Women, p. 130.
[109] Cantinières, despite their own belief in being soldiers (militaries) because of wearing uniforms, were in fact civilians, being civil employees of the ministry of war.
[110] 'The War in the East: From our Own Correspondent', The Morning Post (3 July 1854).
[111] 'Our Army in the Crimea', Daily News (8 October 1855); General J. J. G. Cler, Souvenirs d'un Officier des Zouaves (Paris: Michel Lévy Fères, 1859), pp. 190-191; Joppé, 'La Campagne de Crimée', p. 223.
[112] C. Robins, ed, Murder of a Regiment – A Crimean War officer's journal (Bowdon: Withycut House, 1994), p. 18.
[113] Cardoza, Intrepid Women, pp. 148-149.
[114] Young, Our camp, p. 156; 'Grand Attack on the Russian Works', Lloyd's Weekly Newspaper (24 June 1855); 'The Story of the Campaign', Glasgow Herald (4 July 1855).
[115]Commandant Devanlay, 'Lettres de Crimée du General Breton (2eme Partie)', Carnet de la Sabretache, vol. (1909), pp. 196-197.
[116] Money & Money, Our Tent, pp. 199-201.
[117] 'The Poor Vivandière', Lancaster Gazette (19 May 1855).
[118] 'Soldier's Letter from the Crimea', Bristol Mercury (19 May 1855).
[119] E. B. Hamley, The story of the Campaign of Sebastopol (London: William Blackwood & Sons, 1855), pp. 239 - 240.
[120] A. W. Kinglake, The Invasion of the Crimea: Its origin and an Account of its Progress down to the Death of Lord Raglan (London: Basil Blackwood, 1887), vol. 8, pp. 104-105. This was not just an example of Kinglake's hyperbole as Fanny Duberly recounts watching the same event accompanied by General Bosquet.


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Our services include consulting, training, technical set-up, content creation and social profile management.
Why choose us RGB Interactive?
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Facebook is the largest social networking website, and has become a powerful tool for businesses to spread the word about their services and products. Advertising on Facebook is a great way to build loyalty among your customers and get them spreading the word about your services.
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Google+ has taken the social media world by storm. Many businesses, however, have not yet learned the secret of this new social network for Google Online Marketing. Google+ has the potential to skyrocket your company's exposure and grow connections. Most importantly, Google+ will have a huge impact on SEO within Google search. Our Google+ services will help you create an important advantage in reaching target customers and improving SEO for your company website.
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YouTube, the largest video sharing website in the world, is an incredible tool for showcasing your products, sharing powerful testimonials, and growing your business. A YouTube channel can be effective by itself or when integrated with your website. At RGB Interactive, we are eager to help you create a powerful YouTube presence ranging from basic setup of your video channel to full-scale video production including professional hair and makeup services, props, scripts and more. Isn't it time for the world to see you?
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subset: commoncrawl


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Join the movement for a midwifery model of care!
Several important national and local campaigns for midwifery and improved maternity care are building steam. You can learn more and take action in your area.
The M.A.M.A. campaign is working across a broad coalition to gain federal recognition of Certified Professional Midwives so that women and families will have increased access to quality, affordable maternity care in the settings of their choice.
Campaigns in several states, including New Jersey and Connecticut, called Worst to First 2010, are directly challenging hospital cesarean surgery and episiotomy rates through protests and other actions. You can join their efforts to pressure hospitals to re-train staff in evidence-based practices and improve their procedure rates to be in line with World Health Organization recommendations.
The Big Push for Midwives Campaign represents thousands of grassroots advocates in the United States who support expanding access to Certified Professional Midwives and out-of-hospital maternity care. The mission of The Big Push includes educating the public and policymakers about the reduced costs and improved outcomes associated with out-of-hospital maternity care and Certified Professional Midwives, the maternity care providers trained to provide that service.
There are many other organizations doing great work to advocate for midwifery. If you want to get involved there may be groups active in your area as well.


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May 2014
Credit reporting 'know your rights' series no. 3
This fact sheet is the third in a series that outlines what you need to know about how your personal information can be handled in the Australian consumer credit reporting system. It contains information about the types of personal information that can be included in your consumer credit report. There are lots of technical terms used in the credit reporting system and we refer to some of those terms in this series. You can find more information about these terms in no. 2 (Privacy fact sheet 27) of this series.
Are there rules about what information can be included in your credit report?
Yes. The credit reporting laws set out the types of personal information that credit providers can give to a credit reporting body (CRB) for the purpose of including that information in your consumer credit report.
Most of the personal information that can be included in your consumer credit report is about your consumer credit activities. However, a limited amount of information about any 'commercial credit' that you have applied for may also be included.
What types of information can be included in your credit report?
The following types of personal information can be included in your consumer credit report:
- your full name
- your date of birth
- your sex
- your current (or last known) address and previous 2 addresses
- the name of your current (or last known) employer
- your driver's licence number
- the names of any credit providers that have provided you with consumer credit, and whether they are licenced by ASIC
- the type of consumer credit provided by those credit providers
- the day on which that consumer credit was made available to you and (if relevant) terminated
- the limit on that consumer credit
- certain terms and conditions of that consumer credit, including limited information about your repayment and interest obligations
- repayment history information, which is information about whether you have made a consumer credit payment on time, or whether you have missed a payment (for more information see no.9 in this series (Privacy fact sheet 34)).
- that a credit provider has requested access to information held in your consumer credit report in connection with an application that you have made to that credit provider for consumer or commercial credit
- the type and amount of consumer or commercial credit that you sought in that application
- that you have defaulted on a consumer credit payment of $150 or more (this means that you are at least 60 days overdue in making the payment)
- a statement that you have since paid an amount that was recorded as default in your consumer credit report
- the fact that, as a result of a default, you have agreed to a variation in the terms and conditions of consumer credit, or you are provided with new consumer credit
- any court judgements made against you that relate to credit provided to, or applied for by, you
- certain information about you that is recorded on the National Personal Insolvency Index, including information that relates to bankruptcy and debt agreements.
- certain publicly available information that relates to your activities in Australia and your creditworthiness. A CRB can only collect this information where it is generally available to members of the public and where the CRB collects the information from an agency or a state or territory authority
- the opinion of a credit provider that you have committed a serious credit infringement.
Credit score
Your credit report can also include a credit score that has been created by a CRB using the types of personal information listed above. A credit score indicates the CRB's analysis of your eligibility to be provided with consumer credit.
What about other information about your consumer or commercial credit activities?
Other information about consumer credit
Credit providers
A credit provider is not permitted to give a CRB any other information about your consumer credit activities, than those listed above, for the purpose of including that information in your consumer credit report.
However, a credit provider may still hold these other types of information. For example, a credit provider might ask you for information about your income when you make an application for credit. The credit provider cannot give information about your income to a CRB to be included in your consumer credit report. However, the credit provider may still use that information for the purpose of deciding whether to give you credit.
Importantly, a credit provider that is also an APP entity will still be required to comply with the Australian Privacy Principles (APPs) when handling that information (for more information about when particular APPs apply to a credit provider see no. 15 (Privacy fact sheet 40) in this series).
Credit reporting bodies
A CRB is not permitted to handle any other information about your consumer credit activities, than the information listed above.
Other information about commercial credit
Your consumer credit report may contain specific types of personal information about any commercial credit that you have applied for.
The credit reporting laws do not apply to the handling of any other personal information about your commercial credit activities. However, the credit reporting laws determine when a credit provider can handle your consumer credit report for a purpose connected with an application you have made for commercial credit.
For further information
telephone: 1300 363 992
email: email@example.com
write: GPO Box 5218, Sydney NSW 2001
Or visit our website at www.oaic.gov.au


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A close contest is expected Thursday night in Houston where the Cougars are field goal favorites on the NCAA football odds against the Memphis Tigers in an important AAC game.
NCAAF Season Record: 20-24-1 (-4.45)
A couple of teams from the Sunshine State (UCF & USF) currently have control of the American Athletic Conference, but both the Memphis Tigers and Houston Cougars are lingering in the background as they prepare for a Thursday night ESPN battle (8 PM ET).
SBR's top-rated sportsbooks differ on the spread, some listing Houston -2½ on its home field, others going with -3. The same is true for the total with 61-62 points in the mix. Both teams begin the game with 2-1 conference records and trailing AAC West leader Navy by half a game.
'Under' A Winner In 11 Of Cougs' Last 12
Riley Ferguson has bounced back big from an ugly 3-pick performance in the loss at Central Florida two weeks ago. He followed that up with seven scoring strikes in a rout of UConn, and tossed three more last week in a 30-27 win over Navy to leave him INT-free for both games. The final just missed covering the -3½ on closing NCAA football odds boards, the third time in four weeks that Mike Norvell's squad failed to reward its backers, and the Midshipmen really shot themselves in the foot with five turnovers. Ferguson was briefly on the sidelines in the third with a knee injury, but came back in and is probable for this matchup.
Houston also stands 1-3 against the spread the last four games, but the Cougars have been an ATM machine for 'under' bettors. All six of their contests have come up short, totals which have ranged from as low as 44½ to as high as 68, though that has as much to do with the offense that is 86th in the country averaging 25.5 PPG as it does a defense that ranks 39th (21.0 ppg). First-year head coach Major Applewhite has not been able to find any consistency at quarterback with Kyle Postma taking over for Kyle Allen the last three games and getting picked off five times.
Rivalry Trends, Mother Nature & A Free Pick
With AAC play still in its infancy, these two actually have one of the longer-running rivalries in the league after matching up as Conference USA foes. Houston has the 15-10 advantage, but saw its 6-game win streak end last year in Memphis where the Tigers bolted to an early lead and held on for a 48-44 decision in the final regular-season contest for both schools. The Cougars were 6-point road chalk, the final having more than enough to eclipse a 60½ point total. It was the third consecutive underdog cover in the series, and the last four played in Houston finished 'under.'
The nice weather Southeast Texas is experiencing this week isn't supposed to last for the weekend when rain returns on Friday and Saturday. At the very least, the surface of O'Quinn Field will be damp with muggy temps in the upper 70s for kickoff. I'm taking the 'under' for my free college football pick.Free NCAAF Pick: Under 62Best Line Offered: Heritage
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Preparing this hearty dish with cheddar cheese and garlic is a very popular way to prepare grits in the South. Fresh garlic, a touch of cayenne, and plenty of sharp Cheddar give these grits great flavor.
What You'll Need
- 6 cups water
- 2 teaspoons salt
- 1 1/2 cups grits
- 1/2 cup butter
- 3 eggs, well beaten
- 16 ounces shredded sharp Cheddar cheese
- 2 to 3 cloves garlic, finely minced
- Cayenne pepper to taste
How to Make It
Bring water and salt to a rolling boil; gradually stir in grits with a fork.
Cook, stirring constantly until all water is absorbed. Stir in butter a tablespoon at a time; stir in the beaten eggs, working quickly so eggs will not cook before thoroughly blended into the grits, then stir in the shredded cheese, garlic and a little cayenne pepper.
Put into a greased 2 1/2-quart casserole. Bake at 350° for 1 hour and 15 to 20 minutes.
Serves 8.
More Grits Recipes
|Nutritional Guidelines (per serving)


text: Noir Carved chaise - The French Furniture Company Information | Help & Contact | About Us | Social | Shopping Bag Home Shop By Collection French Mahogany (2014) lumière Signature (Classical) Louis Philipe (Antique white) Louis Philipe (Mahogany) Regence (Antique White) Regence (Muted Silver ) Regence (Light Cream) Venise (Antique White) Venise (Muted Silver) Venise (Light Cream) St Tropez (Antique White) St Tropez (Muted Silver) St Tropez (Light Cream) Louis (Antique Gold) Louis (Antique White) Louis (Muted Silver) Louis (Light Cream) Josephine (Antique White) Josephine (Muted Silver) Josephine (Light Cream) Italian Classical Furniture French Classical Furniture English Classical Furniture Lille (Antique White) Marne Dining Room Collection Baroque (Antique White) Louvre (Antique White) Rhône (Antique White) Parisian (Antique White) Shop By Type French Beds & Headboards **New** Dining Room Mattresses French Bedsides French Armoires French Chest of Drawers Dressing Tables Desks and Office Chairs Consoles And Tables Commodes & Bureaus French style sofas French Style Chairs and Chaise Longue Shop By Room Bedroom Antique White French Bedroom Satin White French Bedroom Light Cream French Bedroom Silver Leaf French Bedroom Gold Leaf French Bedroom Mahogany **New** French Dining Room Hallway Furniture Office / Study Furniture Lounge Furniture Shop By Finish Provençal Antique White Château Royal Antique White Muted Silver French Furniture Light Cream Furniture Gold French Furniture Mahogany Furniture Noir / Black French Furniture Accessories Mirrors Latest Latest Arrivals Search Perfectly Complemented By.... Flower Arm Chair Noir Coffee table elegantly carved. Crowned Mirror in Noir and Gold Noir Carved chaise £725.00 Description Colour & Size Delivery Info Hand Carved from solid mahogany this item is finished in a slightly distressed antique Black finish, using a seven step aging process. Finish:Antique blackDimensons: Height 107cm Width 220cm Depth 70cm 8 - 12 Weeks Tweet 01923 710 612 About Us Our Company Why Us Testimonials In the Press Blog Trade Enquiries Information Taking Care How it works How its Built Press room History of French Furniture New For 2014 Help & Contact Contact us FAQ Terms Privacy policy Delivery & Returns International Deliveries Social Facebook Twitter Pinterest Newsletter Signup © copyright 2006-2019 All Rights Reserved.


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Bend Carpet
Are you ready to get the carpet you've always wanted? Bend Carpet One will help make it happen. Relax with brand new carpeting from Bend Carpet One and restyle your life with comfortable, versatile carpeting. Carpet One features many different brands, including Carpet One exclusive brands, and is connected with all the major brands, mills, and manufacturers. That's how we're able to bring you the right carpet at the right price at your Bend Carpet One. Want to give a room a formal feeling? Try the smooth textures of Plush and Saxony styles. For flexibility in casual rooms, try Textured Saxony, Frieze, or Berber carpeting to satisfy your needs. If you anticipate a lot of activity in the room, consider durable and comfortable Cable carpet. Your Bend Carpet One will work with you to choose the right carpet.
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On Sunday April 26th Green Hill in West Orange held an open house to familiarize families looking for independent, assisted living and nursing care options for their loved ones with the breadth of options provided by Green Hill. The boutique Green Hill facility provides high level nursing care in the Legacy Building or Green House® homes, assisted and independent living options, and rehabilitative care. Beautiful studio and one-bedroom homes with private baths are now available.
Additional Green Hill Open House events are to be scheduled soon.
For more information on senior living at Green Hill call 973-731-2300.


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What You Need to Know About Survival
Today's world is very unpredictable. The truth is that a disaster could strike at any moment. We have a very unstable political system, and it's always possible that a storm, drought, or hurricane could throw things into turbulence. The bottom line is that you need to be prepared for anything. By investing in a good
survival backpack
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When you're preparing your
jungle survival
kit, it's important to think about what you actually need. Keep in mind that efficiency is important here. The truth is that you will not have space for everything that you would like to include. To get started, you should look at food. In a survival situation, you may not have the time that you need to find a reliable source of food. It's also important to think about water.
Generally speaking, you will need to have enough food and water to last three days. When you're packing your survival kit, remember to think about size. In a survival scenario, you will probably be traveling. This means that your survival kit should be light enough to take with you. The bottom line is that if you want to be prepared for anything, you owe it to yourself to invest in a good survival kit.
As you are packing your survival kit, it's important to look at water. The truth is that water is an absolute requirement. If you do not have water, it will be very difficult for you to survive. You need water to drink, but it can also be used for sanitation. Generally speaking, you should plan on drinking about one gallon of water every single day. You should give yourself enough water to last for at least three days.
Once that is out of the way, look at food. Obviously, you will want this food to be nonperishable. If the food goes bad, it will be of no use to you. Granola is a great option, but peanut butter can also be effective. Other popular choices include protein bars, fruit bars, and dried fruit. Never forget that if you want to survive, you owe it to yourself to invest in a reliable survival kit.
Learn more about survival skills at


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We also watched a short video on the intermediate value theorm (IVT). You can view it again at www.calculus-help.com . We also completed our notes on section 1.4.
Homework: complete all of 1.4 and 7 - 9 on WS 1.1 - 1.4. Bring your books tomorrow.
Quiz 1.3 (no calculator) will be this Friday, September 20th.


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Called in the morning about my clothes dryer not drying, Richard called back within the hour, was able to come by within a half hour, diagnosed the problem in about 10 minutes, had to go get a part, came back within about half hour, replaced the part in about 15-20 minutes and was done! He even took the time to patiently answer all my questions and explain how everything works. Very friendly and professional demeanor, pricing was reasonable, (although I think all service providers charge a lot for the infamous "trip charge"). I would highly recommend Fit It Right!
Richard attended to our tenant's refrigirator promptly and efficiently. Fairly priced and excellent customer service. Definitely our "go to" place whenever we need repair on all our appliances. Looking forward to a long term business relationship you!
We had a F10 temperature sensor issue with our Frigidaire stove + oven. Richard setup an appointment the day we called, was on time and delivered a swift repair service.
A few years ago we were referred to Fix It Right via our home warranty when our refrigerator went out. We received a quick response and were very pleased with the professionalism and response of the assigned technician, Richard.
Just recently, we experienced a loss of refrigeration/freezing over a warm holiday weekend. We searched for Richards contact info as we recalled what a positive experience we had the first time. He was available on a holiday Saturday and has since been out to our residence four times to tend to the ongoing problem. Richard has explained all thoroughly, has remained patient and persistent. We are grateful for his attention and dedication to assisting us. He has followed up after each service visit to check on the status of the project. He is truly vested and committed to seeing his work through.
We also have appreciated the electronic notifications, in include a photo of the technician that is being sent to our home. Even though we have become familiar with Richard, we appreciate this safety feature.


text: CloudMatrimony.com is the best matrimonial service portal for Ichalkaranji Matrimonial. We offer a one stop platform for online matchmaking that allows prospective Ichalkaranji brides and Ichalkaranji grooms to meet and communicate regarding matrimony. Our purpose is to provide a better Matrimonial service to Ichalkaranji Singles through our website. It was founded with a simple objective to help people find their life partner. Registration is free for our matrimonial service. Our easy to use interface and features allow good partner search. All profile mannually validated to ensure they meet the norms of our site. Create your profile & start searching for prospective Ichalkaranji brides and Ichalkaranji grooms today.


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The item is in the cart.
Unparalleled UHQ Audio
UHQ Audio (96 kHz / 24 bit) provides you with better sound quality than CD quality audio (44.1 kHz / 16 bit). With UHQ-BT technology, minimise audio loss to enjoy rich sound – it's just like being in the studio with the musicians for the recording!
* Available for Galaxy Note5 and subsequent models.
Clear, Balanced Sound
Equipped with two powerful speakers – 13 mm dynamic and 13 mm piezo units. Enjoy clearer sound across a spectrum of low, mid and high ranges.
Ultimate Wearing Comfort
Designed for comfort. Neck-band type design and urethane material joints mean users can put on or take off their Level U Pro with ease. Hybrid canal type eartips provide exceptional sound insulation as well as a comfortable fit. For a comfortable listening experience that lasts even longer.
Share Your Sounds
Want to enjoy the music you are listening to with a friend? Sound with Me lets you share your favourite tunes in real time through a Bluetooth connection.
* Feature only available with Level U Pro, Level On Wireless Pro and subsequent Sound with Me-enabled devices.
Multiple Mics for Clearer Calls
The Level U Pro supports NR (Noise Reduction) and EC (Echo Cancellation) technology optimised for Samsung mobiles devices. Its two built-in microphones distinguish human voice from external noise. Enjoy crystal-clear call quality for whoever you are on the line with.
Easy Controls
Control your headset with incredible ease. Raised design for improved accessibility. Adjust volume settings, play / pause and skip tracks, all without having to take out your paired device.
Magnetic Eartips
Features magnetic clasps. Detach the clasps to instantly answer voice calls or play audio tracks. Attach the clasps to end your call or pause the audio track you are listening to.
Dual Pairing
Connect your Level U Pro with up to two devices at once. Allows you to answer phone calls even while watching a movie on your tablet paired with your headset.
Authorised Service Centre HHP(Cellular)Authorised Service Centre HHP(Cellular) See The Answer
Vodacare Main Call Center: 082-1944Vodacare Main Call Center: 082-1944 See The Answer
User manual & Downloads
Live Chat
How It Stacks Up
* Key feature may different from Key Spec
Product Images Gallery of PDP: Images are for illustration purposes only and the accessories are sold separately. Features and Specifications are accurate as of commercial launch but may be subject to change without prior notification.


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State of Texas Set On Denying Due Process To Mexican Sentenced To Death: Rubén Ramírez Cárdenas (10/24/2017; 23:00)
La Cartita -- Since 2007, the Inter American Commission on Human Rights has argued in favor of providing both a stay of execution and due process - as entitled to citizens under the American Convention - to Rubén Ramírez Cárdenas. He is currently held in the state of Texas, unjustly since he was denied his right to council and, allegedly, coerced into giving multiple confessions relating to the murder of his cousin. In an act of barbarism, the state of Texas has set his execution date to November 8, 2017. According to the IACHR, Ramírez: "petition alleges, inter alia, violations of the right to due process, that Mr.Ramírez Cárdenas was not informed of the right to consular assistance, and that he was subjected to inhuman conditions of detention."Irregularities In Case: Ramírez Denied Lawyer Early In Case
Ramírez Cárdenas' and one other man is accused of murdering his 15 year old cousin in 1997. At the time, he was a security guard, and he contends that he did not commit the crime.
Prior to the IACHR's review of Ramírez Cárdenas' case, the International Court of Justice (ICJ) issued a ruling in 2004 that permitted Ramírez Cárdenas to more credibly claim that the state of Texas violated Article 36 of the Vienna Convention. Among other faults, the ICJ ruling, known as the Avena convention, stated that proper council was not provided to Ramírez Cárdenas. They noted he was also not informed of his right to council, and, was coerced into issuing multiple confessions. All citizens have a right to council through their home country. The Mexican consulate was never informed of Ramírez Cárdenas' detention. It took months for the Mexican consulate to initiate a legal defense on his behalf.Even Conservative Outlets Noted Irregularities
According to a Houston Chronicle article on Ramírez Cárdenas' case, there were several procedural violations coercing confessions in the initial days of his arrest in 1997: "Repeatedly, Ramírez Cárdenas asked for a lawyer, but authorities ignored his pleas until 11 days after his arrest, instead pushing on in their interrogations without telling him about his consular notification rights, Levin wrote in court filings."Tweet
In response to a US Southern Court of Appeals - where Ramírez Cárdenas submitted an appeal against his execution - on the Texas Southern Criminal Court defended the merits of their case against Ramírez Cárdenas. The court responded forcefully to the international rulings that impacted their ability to carry out any execution with impunity. William Stephens, from the Texas Department of Criminal Justice, simply stated that international law and rulings had no enforcement mechanism in Texas.
The US Department of Justice (DOJ) met with their counterparts in Texas on February 2017. If they ignore the IACHR recommendations, the US is once again engaged in the same behavior that they condemn and intervene for in other countries. This could set off a reaction from the Mexican side where an American is held (on a verifiable charge) of money laundering. There are also frequent arms trafficking arrests where clemency and political agitation spring Americans out of jail.Ramírez Cárdenas Has International Standing
Nevertheless, since 2007, the IACHR "asked the United States to adopt the measures necessary to protect the life and physical integrity of the beneficiary, so as not to impede the processing of his claim before the inter-American system. The Commission continues to monitor the beneficiary's situation". However, in the state of Texas, where cruelty and vigilantism is exploited for political brownie points, Ramirez Cárdenas' rights are as victimised as much as the murder victim who may or may never receive actual justice due to the flaws in this case.


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My name is Magali. I run primary school French clubs, GCSE and A Level tuition and conversation, both 'one to one' and in small groups (2-8 people), in the South West Wales, UK area.
Tuition can be provided face to face or via video (e.g. Skype or Facetime).
The About Me page gives a summary of my background and qualifications.
The My Services page gives details of the type of services the club offers.
The Contact Me page contains a form by which prospective clients can contact me with any queries etc, to which I will respond.
The Testimonials page contains comments made by participants to the club.
The News From France page contains news, topical items and any other relevant items relating to France. It is intended to provide visitors with a snippet of life in France and is regularly updated.
The Useful Links page gives links to various French websites.
The Download Tasks page enables club participants to download homework tasks related to their tuition.
The Site Map/Search page enables visitors to see all the website page headings and select any one. It also provides the facility to search the site.
The Latest Updates page lists the updates that take place on the website sequenced latest to earliest. Each update notification contains a link to that updated page or information.
Website by Malcolm Lloyd
Plume French Clubs and Conversation


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Cinemavault ReleasingInternational has notched up a string of sales, headed by Pieter Kuijpers' OffScreen.
The Dutch hostagethriller has been picked up for the US by Image Entertainment, with furtherdeals for France (Melimedias), Brazil (California), Greece (Spentzos Film), andthe former Yugoslavia (A.G. Market).
Georgina Riedel's comedy How The Garcia Girls Spent Their Summer has sold to Australia (Metropolis) and the formerUSSR territories (Maywin Media). Elizabeth Pena and America Ferrera star.
Firecracker, Steve Bladerson'strue-life story of betrayal and murder in a small town, has sold to Australia(Shock Records), Germany (Atomik Films), Greece (Art Free) and Thailand (RoseVideo Co).
Meanwhile Brett Wagner's thriller The Hidden went to Germany (Galileo), Brazil (Nordeste), theMiddle East (Cedars Art), Greece (Spentzos Films), Thailand (Rose Video Co),Finland (Finnkino), and Turkey (Spotek).


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Kamis, 02 Agustus 2012
Alun-Alun Kidul Jogjakarta, At Night
Labibah Zain and her kids kindly took us there. The kids were fascinated to see the colorful tandem cycle rickshaws. I don't even know what the proper name for them! Some pedal the rickshaws while others sit, admiring the scenery. I belonged to the latter category, of course.
Labibah, my daughter and yours truly sat on top of the rickshaw. We hired it for one round of the square. It was quite chilly and windy and boy, the square was packed. We were not the only ones who wanted to hire colorful rickshaws! Some even have a stereo system embedded on them. Yes, and yes, it was noisy, but fun!
After the ride, we went to eat. Plenty of food stalls there, selling their wares. Many seem to like Magelangan--some sort of fried rice mixed with fried noodle. A bit spicy for kids, unfortunately, so we had to order another dish for Aza.
- Test your courage by trying to walk between two banyan trees! Bring something to cover your eyes. Alternatively, you can rent or buy eye cover from the peddlers.
- Hire a colorful rickshaw.
- Eat and drink there, lesehan style (sitting on mats).
- Buy some light-copters and shoot it to the sky! Watch it float, the blinking lights will amuse you. In July 2012, one costs about IDR 5,000 - 10,000.
Langganan: Posting Komentar (Atom)


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We have always been amazed by the power of the mind and body. It's true power lies beneath all of us, we just somehow have to dig deep and find it. Today we will be thinking of these two men all day as they go out on their quest in achieving this great goal for such a great cause. We cheer them on from afar and thank them from deep within our hearts for what they are doing for Kassidy. THANK YOU!
At 5 p.m. today they will be saying a few words and dedicating this run. Those who live in Panama City, Panama and would like to run, walk or just cheer on Javier & Ramses please call or email my friend:
Alcibiades Urriola M.B.A.
(507) 6747-3726


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Body Butters
-for vegans: this products contain beeswax-
Our Body Butters are the perfect rich moisturiser for your skin. Created with exotic ingredients, cacao, mango and shea nut butter our Body Butters will leave your skin beautifully smooth and nourished. We combine organic ingredients and uplifting fragrances with our unique SOE Liquid Minerals to ensure that not only is your skin perfectly balanced, so are your emotions. SOE Bioremedies skin care balance your body, mind and soul!
Selection of Key Ingredients:
Mango Butter:
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Apricot Kernel Oil:
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Our Community
Old Pasadena is "home" for many – a dynamic, walkable neighborhood with dining and shopping establishments, special events and activities year 'round, two historic parks, Metro Gold Line stations with direct access to downtown LA, Armory Arts Center's broad roster of classes and art exhibitions, architectural treasures, and central proximity to our city's unique attractions.
What's happening #OnlyinOldPas? Visit here often to learn about upcoming events, merchant promotions, special discounts, and insider neighborhood tips!
|Local Love at La Grande Orange
Monday and Tuesday evenings are Neighborhood Nights at LGO, when diners with local zip codes can purchase one entrée and get the second for $7.
Get Arty at the Armory
Registration is now open for all classes, including Summer Adult Workshops.
Wine Tastings at Everson Royce
Join the sommeliers at Everson Royce on Tuesday & Friday evenings and Saturday afternoons to explore flights, blends, & vintages.
Get Schooled at Lula Mae
Lula School offers hands-on experience with a variety of artistic craft workshops
Celebrate Your Pooch
Old Pasadena is so dog-friendly that you can even custom order your pup's very own birthday cake at The Dog Bakery.
Arm Chair Travels & Beyond
Distant Lands Bookstore offers several travel-related presentations each month - the store also doubles as a travel agency and outfitter.


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Top 10 Unmissable Movies for 2018
What films will be the Hollywood hits of next year? 2017 was a somewhat-unusual year for the film industry; "niche" (AKA not just about white men) movies such as Wonder Woman, Get Out and IT were surprise successes (at least to white men) while big-budget blockbusters like The Mummy, Justice League and Alien: Covenant flopped. 2018 looksRead more


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Download Khwaja ka karam hai mp3
Bitrate: 320 Kbps
Duration: 15:01
Size: 34.34 MBDownload Mp3
Click on play button to listen high quality(320 Kbps) mp3 of "Khwaja ka karam hai". This audio song duration is 15:01 minutes. This song is sing by Khwaja ka karam hai. You can download Khwaja ka karam hai high quality audio by clicking on "Download Mp3" button.


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Some councils, such as the City of Port Phillip, Stonnington, Bayside and Moonee Valley City Council, require most Town Planning Applications to address Stormwater quality, either in support of the planning application, or as a condition of the planning permit.
EcoResults will assess your development in conjuction with your architect, engineer, landscape architect, and other consultants, to advise on what will be required to meet the council's requirements, using a tool such as STORM, MUSIC or similar. We will then issue a report stating how the development complies with the stated planning policy for Stormwater quality improvement. For example, there are WSUD and Stormwater Management requirements in Local Policy Clauses 22.08 (Bayside), Clause 22.18 (Stonnington), Clause 22.12 (Port Phillip) and Clause 22.03 (Moonee Valley).
The options to achieve compliance vary greatly, and need to be considered on a project by project basis, to achieve the best solution for each site. Some of the compliance measures include onsite detention and reuse by means of a rainwater tank connected to toilet flushing, raingardens, infiltration garden beds and other WSUD features and methods. EcoResults will liaise with your council, landscape architect and drainage designer as required to ensure that the WSUD and Stormwater Management criteria is addressed, and write a report to respond to the Planning Scheme requirements. If the Council also requires an ESD report we can either incorporate the WSUD and Stormwater design response into the ESD Report, or issue the WSUD Response as a standalone report.


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Tuesday, January 22, 2008
Android: Pass data to an activityWritten By Shimul at 9:31 PM
Launching an activity is not all. After launching another subactivity/activity you might want to send some data/parameter to that activity. This is done in a new way known as Bundle. To launch an activity we create an intent. Suppose our intent name is "intent". We can put data with the intent like this
intent.putExtra("keyName", "somevalue");
We can add multiple entries here. This is a key,value pair. So to receive this data from the receiving activity we have to write this code
Bundle extras = getIntent().getExtras();
if(extras !=null)
String value = extras.getString("keyName");
This is how we can send data to another activity, here simple string is sent, complex structures like array can be also sent through bundle. Didn't use those as i am a bad bad programmmer and very bad at reading documentations ;).
23 Comments:
- Thomas Hays said...November 8, 2008 at 3:43 AMThanks for that post, it solved a big problem with my program! Do you by any chance know how to do something when a widget is swiped?
- Shimul said...November 8, 2008 at 10:12 AMSorry, i am out of touch with android for a long time. It's good to know that something of me came into your use.
- bw said...February 16, 2009 at 3:40 AMThank you very much for the post - really helped me out :)
- JW said...April 1, 2009 at 9:14 PMthanks it helped me as well.
- satyajeet shaligram said...April 2, 2009 at 3:34 AMGreat stuff man! Well written and concise. Thanks!
- Satyajeet Shaligram.
- GOLDSQUID said...April 8, 2009 at 12:52 PMok i got how to pass the data to another but the question is how to connect the activity to avtivity and then pass the data
please Email me on firstname.lastname@example.com
- GOLDSQUID said...April 8, 2009 at 12:53 PMI have got the passing the data to activity but how to call the another activity from one activity and pass the data
- Abir said...May 3, 2009 at 1:14 AMThanks a lot!
Great tutorial, it really helps. Thanks again...
- Anonymous said...July 7, 2009 at 10:44 AMI link Wow Power Leveling and wow power leveling wow power leveling
- Anonymous said...July 10, 2009 at 9:43 AMThanks!
- Anonymous said...July 14, 2009 at 12:23 PMthanks... helped me a lot
- mattia lipreri said...July 8, 2010 at 3:05 PMThank you, really helpful!
- CardinalFib said...August 7, 2010 at 12:55 AMThis was very helpful. Now how do you pass parameters back from the receiving intent activity to the original activity?
- IMAPP said...August 12, 2010 at 11:23 PMyou should make your data structure parcelable, and pass it through intent
- Jeevan said...September 23, 2010 at 4:59 PMThis comment has been removed by the author.
- Jeevan said...September 23, 2010 at 5:00 PMThanks, got rid of a blocking issue with this piece of code.
- Anu said...September 28, 2010 at 12:25 AMFor more details please see http://bimbim.in/post/2010/09/27/Android-Passing-object-from-one-activity-to-another.aspx
- Keerthy said...April 5, 2011 at 9:41 AMYea that's great, i too saw in a list activity example on this site http://android-codes-examples.blogspot.com/2011/04/listactivity-with-remembering-last.html
- Atheist said...April 19, 2011 at 6:47 PMGreat short example, easy to understand, no unnecessary fluff to confuse. I had a simple question and you provided at simple answer, thanks a lot :)
- Kyle said...October 17, 2011 at 1:04 PMThanks -- just curious about good practices. Where should I grab the data in Activity B? OnCreate, OnStart, does it matter?
Thanks for the help!
- Android app developer said...January 12, 2012 at 4:02 PMNow a days android is one of popular application and most of the peoples are like this android. so your articles good one for lots of android peoples.
Android developer
- Christy Sam said...July 4, 2012 at 12:22 PMThanks for post, nice article. Easy to understand . :)
- Arjuna Subagyo said...April 12, 2016 at 12:53 PMobat kutil kelamin tanpa efek samping
salep dan kapsul untuk kutil kelamin
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tips mengobati kencing nanah atau gonore
obat penyakit kelamin sipilis raja singa
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gejala kutil kelamin pada pria


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Matching, de-duplicating, disparate storage locations… Is this your database? Or your socks?
An important Christmas message from BlueVenn to help maintain a healthy Single 'Sock' View in the holiday season.
Just as the Holiday Season provides retailers with a flood of new customer data, so too does Christmas Day mean a massive influx of new socks for all of us.


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Table of Contents
ISPI Statement
Azam Nizamuddin
On Being an American and a Muslim: Dilemmas of Politics and Culture
Ali A. Mazrui
The Muslim-Jewish Equation
The Crisis of Participation
The Secret Ballot and the Information Revolution
American Islam: Between Identity and Policy
American Islam: Between Morality and Politics
American Islam: Between Ideology and Pragmatism
American Islam: Immigrant and Home- Grown
Muslims, Islamic Law and Public Policy in the United States
Sherman A. Jackson
Muslims in America: Identity and Participation
Dr. Aminah McCloud
ISPI's Accomplishments
Dr.Javeed Akhter
On Being An American and a Muslim: Dilemmas of Politics and Culture
By Ali A. Mazrui
Director, Institute of Global Cultural Studies
Albert Schweitzer Professor in the Humanities
Binghamton University
State University of New York at Binghamton, New York, USA
Albert Luthuli Professor-at-Large
University of Jos, Jos, Nigeria
Ibn Khaldun Professor-at-Large
School of Islamic and Social Sciences, Leesburg, Virginia, USA
Andrew D. White Professor-at-Large Emeritus
and Senior Scholar in Africana Studies
Cornell University, Ithaca, New York, USA
Walter Rodney Professor
University of Guyana, Georgetown, Guyana
This study is indebted to the author's previous work, especially to "Between the Crescent and the Star-Spangled Banner: American Muslims and U.S. Foreign Policy",
International Affairs
(London) Vol. 72, No. 3 July, 1996.
Muslims in the United States face three cultural crises relevant to their roles as citizens - the crisis of identity, the crisis of participation and the crisis of values and code of conduct.
The crisis of identity involves their determining who they are and how to reconcile their multiple allegiances. The crisis of participation involves decisions about how far to be active in community life and public affairs. The third crisis of values concerns a general code of ethical conduct and of policy preferences - ranging from Muslim attitudes to abortion to Muslim concerns about homosexuality. We plan to take each of these three crises in turn, but bearing in mind that in real life they are inter-related and intertwined.
However, let us first begin with cultural symbolism. In origins what does the identity of being an American have in common with the identity of being a Muslim? In genesis, what is the link between Americanity and Islamicity as forms of identity?
In some fundamental sense, Muslims are heirs to the heritage of the Hijrah, while Americans are heirs to the legacy of the Mayflower. Both the Mayflower and the Hijrah were born out of the concept of asylum. We know that the earliest pilgrim fathers to America were engaged in a quest for asylum. So were millions of later migrants to America. So was the Prophet Muhammad of Islam centuries earlier when he was forced to migrate from the city of Mecca (where he was persecuted) to the city of Medina. The migration was indeed the Hijrah. Asylum was the goal.
The Islamic calendar today does not begin from when the Prophet Muhammad was born C.E. 570. It does not begin from when the Prophet Muhammad became a prophet - 610 C.E. It does not begin from when the Prophet Muhammad died - 632 C.E. It begins from when the Prophet Muhammad first migrated from Mecca in search of asylum - 622 C.E. Asylum inaugurated the Islamic calendar. But also significant were some of those early Muslims who crossed the sea in search of asylum among Christians. The sea was not of course the Atlantic Ocean. The sea was the same one which Moses had crossed millennia earlier from west to east in search of asylum - the Red Sea which Moses had commanded to part with God's help.
Centuries later early Muslims crossed the Red Sea from east to west, but without the miracle of parting it. The miracle in the seventh century of the Christian era was the tolerance which early persecuted Muslims found among Christians in Ethiopia. Inter-religious asylum had once again triumphed. This was the first arrival of Islam in Africa - its first extension beyond the Arabian peninsula. Islam at that time was only five years old. The refugees to Ethiopia included the Prophet's first cousin, Ja'far al-Tayyar.
Much later, when the Muslim world was powerful, it received Jews on the run from the Roman Empire and later, from the Holy Roman Empire. The first time Jewish scholars were permitted to rise to the pinnacles of scholarly excellence under Muslim jurisdiction. In Muslim Spain the fate of Jews and Muslims was so intertwined that the two groups were expelled at about the same time on the eve of Columbus' voyages across the Atlantic. On one side of the Atlantic [Spain] Muslims and Jews were being thrown out in 1492 and made to search for asylum elsewhere; on the other side of the Atlantic (the Americas) Christopher Columbus was about to stumble on a new Western hemisphere destined to become one day the ultimate asylum for millions of people. The concept of asylum was on its way towards Americanization. Across the centuries millions migrated to the Americas. To North America it may have begun with the Pilgrim Fathers and the Mayflower. By the twentieth century new immigrants had included Islamic Pilgrim Fathers. Heirs to the heritage of the Hijrah were now also becoming heirs to the meerath of the Mayflower.
Muslims in the United States are now expected to outnumber Jews before the end of the century. The two groups are already numerically neck-and-neck (about 6 million each). However, contemporary Muslim influence on U.S. foreign and domestic programs continues to be only a fraction of the influence exercised by Jewish Americans. This is partly because Jewish identity is consolidated enough to be focussed and probably because Jewish Americans are more strategically placed in the economy, in the media, in institutions of higher learning, and in the political process.
From the point of view of response to public affairs, Muslims in the United States respond to four principal identities in themselves. Muslims respond to the emotional pulls and sentiments of their own national origins (e.g. as Pakistanis, Indonesians, Iranians, Somali, or Egyptians.)
Second, Muslims also act in response to their racial identities, given the race-conscious nature of American society. Among U.S. Muslims the racial factor has historically been particularly immediate among African Americans, who currently constitute about 42% of the Muslim population of the United States.
Third, U.S. Muslims try to influence policy as Muslims per se - such as the activities of the American Muslim Council, which is based in Washington D.C.. The Council has served as a lobby on both the Congress and the Federal Government on issues which have ranged from Bosnia to the Anti-Terrorism Act and its implications for civil liberties.
Fourth, American Muslims may also act, quite simply, as Americans. As concerned or patriotic U.S. citizens, they may take positions on the size of the federal budget, or on how to deal with the trade imbalance with China, or on the future role of the North Atlantic Treaty Organization.
In all these four identities (national origins, race, religion, and U.S. citizenship) American Muslims have become more organized and less inhibited in the last quarter of the twentieth century than they ever were before - with the possible exception of the followers of the Nation of Islam who have never been politically inhibited since they first came into being in the 1930s.
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Pluto square Mars
A little too aggressive
You're likely to work too hard during this two-to-three-year transit in an attempt to get ahead, which won't have a great effect on your love life -- you might end up being too exhausted to go out with someone new, or just too busy to make time for making an intimate connection. The aggressive, ambitious energies of this period could also affect your love life directly. You might come on way too strong with someone new, out of a sense of invincibility.
You could start looking at the dating game as more than a game, and being way too competitive when it comes to winning that special someone's heart. Do you really want to make a connection with them, or do you just want to win? If the answer is that your interest lies mostly in the winning, then you shouldn't do it. It would hurt someone's feelings to find out all you cared about was the conquest. Another thing to watch out for is that you don't pick fights with your dates. You're very much in touch with your own ideas and opinions now, to the point that you'll defend them as if they were your very body or soul. Your potential sweetie might not know what they're getting into when they disagree with you!
Pluto square Mars in the Compatibility Chart


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In part 1 and part 2 of Ooyala's three-part white paper series, Transform Your Content Supply Chain with Metadata, we discussed how metadata and advanced technologies are improving processes (and profits) across content production and distribution.
In part 3, Engage Audiences with Live and VOD Delivery, we explore Digital Video Playout and Live Streaming. It's a closer look at how companies are winning with metadata in areas such as live-to-VOD clipping and multi-platform delivery.
The quality, speed and breadth of content delivery and playout are just as important as content creation now. Fickle audiences around the globe have endless choices and limited time. Poor streaming and viewer playback experiences can make or break even the best content.
Part 3 shows how rich metadata and technology can automate the complex playout processes that companies tell us they struggle with. The result? Faster and more efficient premium content delivery for partners, platforms and audiences.
For more insights, download the white paper.


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Pupils from 1st to 6th enjoyed creating and playing games in sunshine.
Monthly Archives: May 2017
Town's Cup visits our school
GAA blitz in Calrow I.T.
Tullow GFS success
Tullow GFS won lots of prizes at the Diocesan GFS service held on Sunday 14th May in St. Canice's Cathedral. Well done to all of our Bible Study prize winners, who are pictured below. A special congratulations to Abi Codd who was awarded First Prize in the All-Ireland craft section, Síne Myers who came third and our two Highly Commended craft winners – Ella Byrne and Aoibhe Collier. Thank you to the leaders who give generously of their time to help our girls in GFS.
Junk Art fun
Challenge board fun
Fun in the sun
PTA barbecue
A fabulous evening was had by all who attended our PTA barbecue on Saturday 6th May in the rugby club. We were well fed with beautifully barbecued meat, homemade salads and an assortment of handmade desserts. Our raffle, kindly sponsored by businesses in the town, had nearly 20 prizes. Thank you to all who donated items for the event.
Thank you to everyone who came along on the evening and shared in our fun. A special thanks to our wonderful PTA committee who worked long and hard all weekend to organise the barbecue and also to our barbecuers, Dale and Tim.