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The Ecology of Rhode Island's Islands: Focus on Block Island
October 28, 2000
University of Rhode Island, Kingston, RI
Roger Williams Park Zoo: Research and Conservation Efforts in Rhode Island
Kemba Alexander, Suzanne Azar, Lou Perrotti, Ming Lee Prospero, and ZooPower Teens
Roger Williams Park Zoo, Providence, RI 02907
The Conservation and Research Department (CRD), under the direction of Lisa Dabek, at the Roger Williams Park Zoo (RWPZ) is committed to being a major player in the field of conservation biology. We actively participate in conservation research and education locally and internationally. The CRD assists in several local research projects, including the American Burying Beetle (ABB) Captive Breeding Program and the ZooPower Stewardship Program. Since 1994, RWPZ has collaborated with the United States Fish and Wildlife Service on the recovery effort of the ABB, playing a major role in the captive breeding and reintroduction of this endangered species. The ZooPower Stewardship Program involves teenagers from local schools. In recent years, these students have measured and evaluated the water quality of the Pawtuxet River Watershed with the assistance of the Pawtuxet River Authority. They have also learned Geographic Information Systems (GIS) techniques that were used to map and assess environmentally hazardous vacant lots in Providence, RI.
Eelgrass Monitoring Program
Glenn T. Almquist and Karen M. Hanecak
Environmental Science Services, Inc., 272 W. Exchange Street, Providence, Rhode Island 02903.
Email: firstname.lastname@example.com, email@example.com
Environmental Science Services, Inc. (ESS) was contracted to perform monitoring of eelgrass (Zostera marina) in the vicinity of a residential dock location in the East Passage of Narragansett Bay, Jamestown, Rhode Island. The dock extends seaward over the eelgrass bed for a length of 65 feet. An eelgrass monitoring program was designed by ESS in consultation with the Army Corps Of Engineers and the National Marine Fisheries Service to document potential impacts to the eelgrass bed from the dock structure and associated boating activities. The study examined eelgrass cover, shoot density, canopy height, epiphytes, and wasting disease for pre and post construction dock activities. Three monitoring events will be conducted during the boating season over the next 3 years, these will occur in the months of May, June, and September. Three transects have been established to document conditions near the landward edge of eelgrass, under and adjacent to the lower elevation access dock, the waterward side of the dock, and control areas beyond the area directly impacted by the dock and boating activities. Each of these transects will have nine quadrat stations to examine the eelgrass under the dock and at set distances on either side of the dock.
To date pre-construction monitoring has been completed as well as 2 post-construction monitoring events. Data from the first post-construction monitoring have been tabulated, construction activities appear to have had no significant impact on the health of the eelgrass bed. The second post-construction monitoring even was conducted in September, results from this event will be incorporated into a final assessment report.
Quaternary Geology and Landscape Development of Block Island and Adjacent Regions
Jon C. Boothroyd
Department of Geosciences and State Geologist, University of Rhode Island, Kingston, RI 02881, email@example.com
Les Sirkin
Earth Science, Adelphi University, Garden City, NY 11530
Two known ice advances across Block Island are inferred from glacial stratigraphy. The first, Illinoian in age, probably occurred before 120,000 BP. The maximum advance of the second, Late Wisconsinan age (22,000 BP), ice is marked by low ridges and patches of boulder gravel south of Block Island. Laurentide ice then retreated to Block Island and paused long enough to form two recessional moraines correlative with moraines on Long Island. Ice in Block Island Sound then retreated to the Charlestown end moraine recessional position and a glacial lake formed in Block Island Sound. The Charlestown morainal position is correlative with Long Island moraines to the west and with the Buzzards Bay moraine on the east.
Block Island stratigraphy is comprised of two sediment bodies ("drift sheets"), an upper body overlying a lower. The sediment bodies, also distinguished by color and composition, contain a highly disturbed mix of diamict (till), stratified sand and gravel, and rhythmic silt and clay deposited in a number of environments.
The Odonata (Dragonflies and Damselflies) of Block Island
Virginia A. Carpenter
The Nature Conservancy, 159 Waterman St., Providence, RI 02906
The Odonata fauna of Block Island has been studied recently as part of the Rhode Island Odonata Atlas project, which was initiated in 1998. Thirty-one (31) of the stateês 130 species were documented on the island during the first three years of the project. The Block Island fauna is small but rich in abundance. The majority of species are of southern origin and all are species of ponds and stagnant waters. Because there are no rivers and streams or boreal wetlands on Block Island, 50 odonate species that require these habitats are absent. However, the island contains a high number and concentration of ponds. Thus, the species that occur there tend to occur in large numbers because the habitat is abundant and packed into a small land area. Block Island is witness to regular seasonal migrations of the larger wide-ranging dragonflies such as common green darners (Anax junius) and gliders of the genus Pantala. During a spring 1996 migration of giant swamp darners (Epiaeschna heros) along the northeast coast, the collection (by hand) of a weakened, exhausted individual on Block Island verified that some of these wanderers made an unusual long-distance flight over water to the island.
Freshwater Ecosystems of Block Island
Mark Chandler
New England Aquarium, Central Wharf, Boston, Massachusetts 02110; firstname.lastname@example.com
The freshwater ecosystem of Block Island consists of over 300 ponds, intermittent streams and moderate groundwater flow. Over the past 4 years, a study of 42 ponds has been undertaken to better characterize the fish, macroinvertebrates and aquatic plant communities present on the Island. A principal objective of the study has been to categorize pond types based on the biota, as well as the basic physical and chemical characteristics of their environment. The ponds of Block Island are generally small, shallow and endowed with significant amounts of aquatic plant growth. Based on the subset of ponds studied, Block Island ponds can be diffentiated based on proximity to ocean, presence of fish, macroinvertebrate community, pH, and water conductivity, among other factors. The relationship among these factors will be explored during the presentation.
Ecology of Morainal Grasslands on Block Island, Rhode Island
Jeffrey Collins
Field Naturalist Program, University of Vermont, Burlington, Vermont 05405
Current address: Center for Biological Conservation, Massachusetts Audubon Society, 208 South Great Road, Lincoln, Massachusetts 01773
Morainal grasslands are a globally rare biotic community identified in New England only on Block Island. Although these small communities (<2 acres) are host to the state species of special concern bushy rockrose (Helianthemum dumosum), and Northern blazing star (Liatris scariosa var. novae-angliae), little is known about what controls their distribution and extent on an island dominated by maritime shrubland. Analysis of soil samples collected from within the grasslands and from adjacent communities revealed no significant difference in texture. Investigation of land use and botanical inventory of 16 sites suggest they are primary successional communities recovering from intense grazing by sheep. Encroachment of shrubs and trees may be hindered by xeric conditions in the absence of an organic soil horizon, a condition which the shrubs themselves are altering as they deposit litter in the sites. Management recommendations include removal of woody species pioneering within the grasslands, monitoring populations of listed plants, and maintenance of shrubland/grassland border.
Postglacial Vegetation History of Block Island
Richard W. Enser
Rhode Island Natural Heritage Program, Rhode Island Department of Environmental Management, 235 Promenade Street, Providence, Rhode Island 02908
Assessment of Block Island's vegetational past is problematic. Botanical histories compiled for neighboring mainland and island locales may not be indicative of what transpired on Block Island because it was isolated soon after deglaciation. This early formation of aquatic barriers prevented some species from reaching Block Island. Another complication in determining the composition of natural communities was the complete alteration of habitats initiated by American indians and intensified with European colonization, a conversion so thorough that by 1875 none of the residents could recall when native trees grew on the island. The principal evidence for reconstructing Block Islandês botanical past is pollen analysis of sediment cores. These studies provide a rough approximation, but are complicated by several factors including the difficulty of identifying plants to species. Limited anecdotal evidence may also be gleaned from Livermoreês History of Block Island. An inventory of the Island's flora was not conducted until 1897 when less than 300 species were cataloged. Today, Block Island's uplands are chiefly vegetated in shrublands. Other natural communities include several estuarine and palustrine wetland types, and small patches of morainal grassland. Burgeoning populations of several invasive exotic plants are threatening the integrity of Block Island's natural communities.
Bluff Erosion Rate on Block Island 1982-1999
Janet Freedman
Coastal Geologist, RI Coastal Resources Management Council, Stedman Government Center, Wakefield, RI 02879
The spectacular bluffs on the northeast and south shores of Block Island have been eroding episodically since their formation in the last ice age. Erosion is the result of a combination of geological processes that are dependent on the severity of coastal storms and wave action at the base of the bluff; composition, slope and degree of saturation of the sediment comprising the bluff; and even freeze/thaw cycles that cause small fissures to expand and eventually lead to slope failure. Because the bluff retreat rate varies from year to year, a long term average erosion rate is essential for determining the impact of erosion on coastal development. This study compares the bluff edge on geo-referenced vertical aerial photographs from 1972 and 1999. The edge of the bluff was interpreted on 1:12000 scale photo series using a four power stereoscope. The bluff edge was then delineated on the scanned, geo-referenced aerial photographs. Bluff edge overlays were used to calculate the bluff erosion rates along segments of the Block Island shoreline over the past 27 years. These rates were projected for the next 30 years to estimate risks to existing property and develop best management practices for future coastal development.
Researching and Restoring Block Island's Pre-Settlement Natural Landscape
Bruce Hammond
The Nature Conservancy, Wakeman Center, RFD 319-XVineyard Haven, Massachusetts 02568;
The pre-settlement vegetation cover of Block Island was researched by reviewing historical records, evaluating pollen coring data, surveying the flora and landscape history of nearby islands and mainland areas, and analyzing wood fragments buried in peat deposits. The evidence strongly suggests that Block Island supported an oak-dominated forest, although this forest appears to have been early-successional by the time of European settlement due to Native American clearing. The settlers used the forests for fuel, timber, and shelter for the first sixty years, but by 1721 the town declared a wood shortage. By 1885, farms occupied over 70% of the island, and centuries of intensive agricultural and peat mining had virtually eliminated trees from the landscape. With the decline of agriculture, abandoned fields were invaded by maritime shrubs, whose seeds were dispersed by the island's dense populations of nesting and migratory birds; the absence of forest refugia and the intensity of agricultural use meant that neither tree seeds nor sprouts were present to recolonize the landscape. Restoring sections of the original forests would add to the island's landscape diversity and demonstrate alternatives to exotic tree species. A forest restoration plan for Clayhead was developed which recommends planting native hardwoods under dying stands of exotic conifers.
Tick Fauna Diveresity on Prudence Island, Rhode Island
Kerwin E. Hyland, Jenifer Bernier, Daniel Markowski, Andrew MacLachlan, Zuhair Amr, Jay Pitochelli, James Myers, and Renjie Hu
Department of Biological Sciences, 100 Flagg Road, University of Rhode Island, Kingston, RI 02881
Early studies of the tick fauna from the islands of Narragansett Bay were very sparse and only a few records existed. In the 1950′s, a concerted effort to evaluate the ectoparasite fauna of Rhode Island mammals was begun and three new tick species were noted on Prudence Island (Dermacentor variabilis, Ixodes muris, and I. scapularis). With the emergence of Lyme disease, tick-related studies became more common and these ticks were collected from a variety of hosts. In addition, D. albopictus was collected on deer. For the next several decades, the tick fauna of Prudence Island was dominated by these tick species. In the early 1980′s, we first recorded what was to become a dramatic surge in the Amblyomma americanum population on the island. Beginning in 1984, birds were reported as hosts for a number of tick species on the island. Of 27 species of birds collected, 21 species were found to harbor preadult ticks. Ixodes scapularis, I. muris, I. dentatus, I. cookei, D. variabilis, and Haemaphysalis leporispalustris were taken in numbers ranging up to 69 larval I. scapularis on a single Carolina wren. Interestingly, no A. americanum have been taken from birds or small mammals. Deer appear to be the principle host for this species. Never-the-less, the lone star tick has assumed a major role on the island becoming, perhaps, the most abundant tick species.
Plant Conservation on Block Island: Status and Causes of Rarity of Liatris Borealis (Asteraceae)
Ailene Kane
Brown University Box 3021, Providence, RI 02912
Johanna Schmitt
Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology and Center for Environmental Studies, Brown University, Providence, RI 02912
About 350 of New England's 2000 indigenous plant species are at risk of extinction (www.newfs.org, 10/3/00), due largely to anthropogenic activities. One of those species is Northern Blazing Star (Liatris scariosa var. novae angliae, or Liatris borealis, Asteraceae), a rare plant, endemic to the northeastern United States and endangered (rank = S1) in Rhode Island. L. borealis is an early successional species that inhabits Block Island's morainal grasslands. To develop a conservation plan for the New England Plant Conservation Program (NEPCoP), the species biology and demography of L. borealis are being studied on Block Island. Baseline demographic data are being collected to determine the most sensitive life history stages of Liatris borealis. The impact of herbivory and the effects of patch size, patch density, and proximity to main population on reproductive success are also being studied. Deer grazing appears to be severely limiting reproduction of L. borealis on Block Island.
Designing a Protocol for Monitoring the Great Salt Pond and its Watershed, Block Island, Rhode Island
Leslie Maxon Katz
254 Hope St. #7, Providence, RI 02906 (Brown University Masterês Thesis, May 2000)
This study develops the foundation for a comprehensive data-gathering programãa monitoring protocolÝÝfor Block Island, Rhode Island's Great Salt Pond and its watershed. Because humans influence all aspects of the Great Salt Pondês natural system, attempting to separate those processes which are "natural" from those which are responses to human influence is nearly impossible. There are four major processes that threaten to alter the present state of the natural system: loss of land and marine habitat; introduction of nonnative species; overfishing; erosion and sedimentation. In addition, I identify twelve variables that have the potential to affect human health and welfare in the Great Salt Pond and its watershed. Human influence is increasing: tourism has grown by 138 percent since 1978; car visitation has increased by 575 percent; 80 percent of all housing units built since 1960 are for seasonal use. Human influences that pose the highest risk to the watershed are household septic effluent, marine overboard sewage discharge, and underground storage tanks. I present twenty-five potential indicators, and rank these as highest priority: monitoring water clarity, tracking island summer populations, inspecting septic tanks, mapping habitat change, and establishing compliance with the Federal No Discharge Area. Implementation tactics are discussed.
Associations between Tick-Borne Infection on Block Island, Rhode Island
Peter J. Krause and Jaber Aslanzadeh
Departments of Pediatrics and Clinical Microbiology, University of Connecticut School of Medicine, Farmington, Connecticut 06030
Richard J. Pollack and Andrew Spielman
Department of Immunology and Infectious Diseases, Harvard School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts 02115
In order to determine whether residents of an enzootic site who are exposed to one tick transmitted pathogen are likely to be exposed to other such pathogens, we surveyed the sera of a cohort of residents of Block Island, RI in 1997 and 1998. The sera of 166 of 756 participants reacted with the agents of human babesiosis, Lyme disease and human granulocytic ehrlichiosis. Of the seroreactive subjects, 29% reacted against the Lyme disease agent, 48% against the babesial agent and 5% against the agent of human granulocytic ehrlichiosis. Multiple infection was frequent. The sera of 13% of the subjects reacted against the agents of Lyme disease and human babesiosis, 2% against the agents of babesiosis and ehrlichiosis, 1% against the agents of Lyme disease and ehrlichiosis, and 1% against all three agents. We conclude that exposure to one tick transmitted pathogen implies exposure to other tick transmitted pathogens.
Protozoa in Block Island's Freshwater Ponds
Gaytha A. Langlois
Science & Technology Department, Bryant College, 1150 Douglas Pike, Smithfield, RI; Telephone: 401-232-6145
This paper will describe the protozoan fauna of ten freshwater ponds on Block Island, reflecting seasonal and locational differences. Emphasis will be placed on microbial food chains, and comparisons will be made with the microfauna found in similar ponds on Penikese Island, Prudence Island, and mainland Rhode Island. The underlying hypothesis, that microbial food chains found in island ponds will be different from those existing in similar mainland habitats, will also be discussed. Samples were collected in shallow sediments, examined by phase contrast microscopy, and photographically recorded. Future research will focus on determining the effects of changing land use patterns on the microfauna of island ponds in Rhode Island.
Community-Based Conservation on Block Island, Current Status and Future Trends
Christoper N. Littlefield and Scott B. Comings
The Nature Conservancy, Block Island Program, Box 1287 Block Island, Rhode Island 02807
email@example.com, email@example.com.
Block Island supports one of the most unique ecosystems in southern New England, as well as a dynamic human community which varies between 800 year-round residents in midwinter to over 15,000 inhabitants during the summer. Escalating land values and increasing popularity of the island as a summer destination have resulted in both intense pressure to develop open land and negative impacts from human disturbance to some of the island's most sensitive ecological communities. With the support of virtually all segments of Block Island's people, The Nature Conservancy works to preserve the islandês natural systems, in partnership with local and off-island NGOês, the USFWS, foundations, and individual supporters. Their science-based effort is focused in two main areas; habitat conservation and education. In spite of considerable challenges, the Conservancy remains optimistic that it can continue to make progress toward the long-term goal of preserving the islandês natural heritage.
Protecting Block Island's Fragile Water Supply Through Cutting Edge Wastewater Management
James Lucht, Lorraine Joubert, George Loomis, David Dow, Dr. Arthur Gold
University of Rhode Island Cooperative Extension Water Quality Program, URI Woodward Hall, Kingston, RI 02881
Block Island's fragile groundwater supply received federal designation as a Sole Source Aquifer (SSA) in 1984. Although water quality is good at present, ongoing development and outdated existing septic systems pose a serious threat. No feasible supply alternatives are available. The Town has a sewage treatment facility, but the Comprehensive Plan states that capacity expansions should be used to support a compact town center rather than extending service area. Treated septic effluent from on-site systems is also necessary to recharge the aquifer. In response to this issue, the Town adopted a Wastewater Management Ordinance in 1996. It quickly became apparent that additional detailed performance standards were needed. The URI Cooperative Extension Water Quality Program responded with technical assistance in developing Zoning Section 506: a cutting-edge technology-based treatment level system that proscribes appropriate wastewater technology for different natural conditions such as marginal soils or location in a resource protection area. Alternative wastewater technologies range from simple enhancements for conventional systems to advanced treatment systems for reducing nutrients and pathogens. The Town is currently in the process of adopting Zoning Section 506 with assistance from URI through the EPA National Community Decentralized Wastewater Treatment Demonstration Project. This poster is intended to help citizens understand how the management scheme effects them.
Status of our Knowledge of Macrolepidoptera on Block Island
Mark Mello
Lloyd Center for Environmental Studies, 430 Potomska Road, PO Box 87037, South Darmouth MA 02748
Recent surveys (Enser, Ellis, Comings, Mello) have documented 271 species of macrolepidoptera on Block Island. This is roughly half the number of species that likely inhabit the island, as spring and fall inventory work has been sparse as has been coverage of wetlands, dune and forested habitats. These inventories have documented several uncommon or declining species including Sphinx drupiferarum (Sphingidae); Schizura apicalis (Notodontidae); and Phalanostola hanhami, Catocala meskei, Oncocnemis riparia and Abagrotis nefascia (Noctuidae). These species are all associated with the early successional habitats that form the vegetative cover on much of Block Island.
No Place to Land? Stopover Ecology of Migrant Landbirds
Frank Moore
Department of Biological Sciences, University of Southern Mississippi, Hattiesburg, Mississippi 39406
Migration is an energetically expensive, high-risk adventure. While en route, migrants must forage in unfamiliar habitats to replenish depleted energy stores, resolve conflicting demands of predator avoidance and food acquisition, compete with other migrants and resident birds for limiting resources, respond to unpredictable and sometimes unfavorable weather, and correct for orientation errors. How well these birds meet the energetic demands of migration and respond to the contingencies that arise en route depends on their ability to locate suitable habitat. Yet, favorable habitat, where a migrant can safely and rapidly accumulate energy stores, is probably limited, or effectively so because a migrant may not have the opportunity to select the best stopover habitat. This problem is exaggerated for those migrants that must negotiate large water crossings by the rapid development of the coastal zone. Hence, coastal islands may provide stopover habitat when most needed.
Marine Mammals and Sea Turtles of Block Island, Rhode Island
Robert Nawojchik
Department of Research and Veterinary Services, Mystic Aquarium 55 Coogan Boulevard, Mystic, Connecticut 06355
The presence of marine mammals and sea turtles in southern New England has been well-documented. However, few reports relate specifically to Block Island. Our current knowledge of Block Island species stems primarily from stranding records, anecdotal reports, and occasional sightings from local biologists. Mystic Aquarium has responded to marine mammal and sea turtle strandings in Connecticut and Rhode Island since 1975. Since 1979, 28 pinnipeds, representing four species, have been accessioned into the Aquariumês stranding records from Block Island. Cetacean stranding records on Block Island date from 1983, representing 19 cases and six species. There have been 20 sea turtle strandings on Block Island, dating from 1987, all of which were leatherback turtles. Despite the paucity of systematic survey data, insights into the natural history of marine mammals and sea turtles in the waters around Block Island were still gleaned from the opportunistic data sets presented here.
Monitoring Migration on Prudence Island, Rhode Island, Fall 1999
Jason Osenkowski
University of Rhode Island, Kingston, RI 02881
Baseline information is lacking on avian distribution and use of Prudence Island. We monitored migration, via mist netting, on Prudence Island from 19 August to 28 October 1999. We operated three primary banding stations located at the northern (Coggeshall Cove), central (Nag Pond), and southern (Power Line) ends of the island. The Nag Pond banding station was by far the most productive. Landscape position and the life form of vegetation influenced the capture rates at this location. This station is surrounded by salt marsh habitat to the east and west with only a narrow shrub corridor along the road dividing these salt marshes. Migrating birds were attracted to this corridor for food and cover. This caused a 'funnel effect' and allowed us to capture a high percentage of the birds traveling through this corridor. During this study we determined the spatial distribution and abundance of migrants using Prudence Island as a fall stopover point. We also discovered that capture rates were high in comparison to other banding stations located in North America (314.46 birds per 100 net-hours at Nag Pond). In conclusion, Prudence Island is a valuable stopover point in Rhode Island and an excellent place to monitor fall migration.
Geology of Peat and Peat Resources on Block Island, Rhode Island
Colen R Peters
Duke Engineering & Services, Inc. 500 Washington Avenue, Portland, Maine 04101
Jon C Boothroyd
Department of Geosciences and State Geologist, University of Rhode Island, Kingston, Rhode Island, 02881
In response to OPEC oil embargos of the 1970s, US Department of Energy/RI Energy Office funding for alternative energy sources was obtained to determine fuel-grade peat resources of freshwater wetlands on Block Island. All wetlands on the island were mapped with 14 wetlands, ranging from 0.4 to 7.9 hectares, selected for coring, BTU analyses and computation of peat resources. Variations in successional pathways, including deforestation and historic peat harvesting cause modern wetland types on the island to be unreliable indicators of underlying peat stratigraphy. Peat in the 14 wetlands reaches maximum depths of 12 meters, which in descending typical sequence consisted of wood, moss or reed-sedge peat over basal sedimentary peat that accumulated in post-glacial open-water wetlands. BTU value has a significant inverse relationship to ash content and decreases with depth. Fuel-grade peat (>8,000 BTU/lb, <25% ash) resources range from 680 to 23,320 metric tonnes in the 14 wetlands and total 116,090 metric tonnes. This resource could supply 8 years of fuel to a one-megawatt power plant or 64 years of supplemental heat to 100 homes.
Small Island, Big Birds: Avian Biomass and the Persistence of the American Burying Beetle
Christopher Raithel
Principal Wildlife Biologist
Rhode Island Division of Fish and Wildlife, PO Box 218 West Kingston, RI 02982
Burying beetles, of which there are 15 species in North America, are large orange and black species whose life histories depend on vertebrate carcasses. They bury carrion to feed the developing larvae and are unusual in exhibiting parental care of their young. In 1989, the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service listed the American burying beetle as endangered because it had disappeared from most of its former range and was known to occur only in Oklahoma and on Block Island, R. I. Though it was not well studied prior to its demise, Andrea Kozol subsequently determined carrion preferences and certain demographic parameters of the species on Block Island. Kozol established that the species is not very fecund; broods of young typically range between 10-20 individuals. In addition, brood size was positively related to reproductive carcass weight, with a size range of 100-200 g optimizing reproductive output. It was reasonable to assume that the burying beetle persisted on Block Island because reproductive resources were stable there relative to the rest of its historical range. The peak reproductive season of the American burying beetle is in June and coincides with the peak of the nesting bird season. I therefore examined point count and Breeding Bird Survey data to compare the nesting avifauna of Block Island to that of the mainland. When I quantified nesting birds into "large" and "small" categories according to adult body weight (100 gram cut-off), I found that Block Island supported many more large birds than the adjacent mainland. The Ring-necked Pheasant contributed most of this "large" biomass. Besides its relative abundance, demographic parameters of the pheasant suggest that it is the primary carcass producer for the American burying beetle on Block Island.
Landbird Community Composition During Spring and Fall Migration on Block Island, Rhode Island
Steven E. Reinert
11 Talcott Street, Barrington, Rhode Island 02806
Kim Gaffet and Elise Lapham
Block Island Banding Station, P. O. Box 640, Block Island, Rhode Island 02807
Landbird migrants were trapped in mist nets during spring (15,016 captured) and fall (52,757 captured; >90% hatch-year birds) in shrub/scrub habitats of the north end of Block Island, Rhode Island from 1970 through 1994. During the 25-year study period 109 species were captured during the spring migration period (1 April-31 May) and 113 during fall (15 Aug-15Nov); 103 species were captured at least once in both seasons. Warblers, Mimics, and Emberizids, were the three most abundant taxa, respectively, in both seasons (Warblers 51% spring, 47% fall; Mimics 17% spring, 13% fall; Emberizids 13% spring, 10% fall). Thirty-four percent of spring captures were of species that typically winter in the neotropics, vs. 19% of fall captures. Thirty-eight percent of spring captures and 21% of fall captures were of Block Island breeding species which exceeded an average of 0.3 pairs per station at 104 point-count stations censused in June of 1990. The large between-season difference in the percentage of breeding species captured is due principally to the large number of non-breeding hatch-year migrants, principally the Yellow-rumped Warbler (Dendroica coronata; 11% of spring migrants, 35% of fall migrants) captured each fall.
Ecological Geography of Block Island
Laura Rosenzweig
Le Colombier, 1195 Bursinel, Switzerland
Roland Duhaime , Aimee Mandeville, Pete August
Department of Natural Resources Science, University of Rhode Island, Kingston, Rhode Island 02881
firstname.lastname@example.com; firstname.lastname@example.com, email@example.com
Nine miles south of the Rhode Island mainland lies a 10 square mile piece of land known as Block Island. Considered by The Nature Conservancy to be one of the last great places in the entire US, Block Island contains a surprising variety of ecosystems and several rare and endangered species. Although it appears to be sparsely populated with under 1000 year-round residents, Block Island is an enormously popular summer tourist destination. The pressures brought by tourism and, increasingly, second home development are threatening to undermine the unique ecological qualities and community values which are critical to the protection of endangered species found nowhere else in Rhode Island. This chapter provides a general overview of Block Island. We describe the island's physical and ecological geography, development history and economy, and introduce long-standing efforts being made to conserve the special nature of this place.
Beetles of Rhode Island: Rare Species
Derek Sikes
Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of Connecticut, U-43, Storrs Connecticut 06269
With over 2,000 species of beetles occurring within Rhode Island, comparable to the species richness of Rhode Island's flora, it is not too surprising that exciting discoveries are fairly common. Approximately 40% of the beetle species collected in Rhode Island during the last five years are new state records. Block Island, in particular, appears to harbor a significant number of unique elements of the Rhode Island beetle fauna. In addition to the federally listed American Burying Beetle (Nicrophorus americanus (Olivier)) the island is also home to the only population of the Clay Banks Tiger Beetle (Cicindela limbalis Klug) in southern New England and recently it has been discovered that a large and colorful hister beetle, Spilodiscus arcuatus (Say), which hasn't been collected in over 50 years, occurs on Block Island. This presentation highlights these unique elements and attempts to address hypotheses which may approach an explanation for these observations. Among these hypotheses is the possibility that the beetle fauna of Block Island today shares more similarities with the mainland fauna of a century ago than does the mainland fauna of today.
Restoration of a Tidal Pond and Marsh Complex on Prudence Island
James Turek
NOAA Restoration Center, Narragansett, R
Kenneth Raposa
Narragansett Bay National Estuarine Research Reserve, Prudence Island, RI
Daniel Barnett
NRCS, West Wareham, MA
Joseph Bachand, Betsy Clarke
NRCS, Warwick, RI
Gregory Mannesto
USFWS, Charlestown, RI
A joint federal, state, and municipal agency effort is underway to restore a 3.5-acre tidal pond (Potters Pond) and contiguous salt marsh, located proximate to Potters Cove off Prudence Island, that are severely restricted from Narragansett Bay tidal flushing. Potters Pond is part of the Narragansett Bay National Estuarine Research Reserve (NBNERR), a site protected for ecological research and monitoring. A stone and gravel causeway presently hydrologically isolates Potters Pond from Potters Cove. Two culverts are present within the causeway, only one of which passes minimal flows to and from the pond. Minimal tidal exchange occurs with the normal pond tidal prism limited to less than two inches, as compared to the normal tide range of 3.5 feet for nearby Narragansett Bay. Field investigations revealed significant ecological effects resulting from poor tidal flushing including seasonal anoxia, dense mats of filamentous algae throughout the pond, and altered fish and macro-invertebrate assemblages. The salt marsh community bordering the pond has also been altered (e.g., plant species cover, composition and diversity; plant height; Phragmites invasion) by this severe tidal restriction. Installation of a properly sized and set culvert while still allowing use of the causeway will ensure restoration of the pond and wetland tidal hydrology, as well as allow increased fish access. Potters Cove is an important feeding, spawning and nursery area for various estuarine fish species based on surveys completed by the Rhode Island Department of Environmental Management, and restoration of Potters Pond may provide similar fish habitat functions.
Additionally, a culvert under the main island road at the upper end of Potters Pond is non-functional, thereby preventing any tidal exchange to up-gradient wetlands. This 0.5-acre marsh, previously dominated by Spartina alterniflora as recently as five years ago, is now a monotypic stand of Phragmites australis. Replacement of this culvert is expected to restore tidal flushing to this upper marsh, thereby greatly reducing Phragmites cover and re-establishing conditions favorable to a Spartina-dominated marsh community.
Pre-restoration monitoring has been completed by NBNERR staff, and will be compared with post-restoration monitoring data to document ecological changes within the pond complex. Monitoring parameters include tide range and marsh surface flooding frequency; water temperature, salinity, dissolved oxygen, and pH; sediment grain size and organic content; marsh vegetation cover, dominant plant height, and submerged aquatic vegetation cover; and fish and macro-invertebrate abundance and richness, Fundulus feeding patterns, and avifauna use. A nearby wetland (Coggeshall Marsh) is also being monitored as a reference marsh for this restoration project. Project implementation, with assistance from the Town of Portsmouth, Department of Public Works (DPW), is expected to be completed in Spring 2001. This project, with technical assistance and/or funding provided by the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administrationês (NOAA) Restoration Center, NBNERR, Natural Resources Conservation Service (NRCS), and U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service (USFWS), will result in the restoration of approximately six acres of tidal pond and marsh complex.
Geologic Controls on the Ground-Water Resources of Block Island, Rhode Island
Anne Veeger
Department of Geosciences, University of Rhode Island, Kingston, RI 02881
The complex and often choatic stratigraphy of Block Island, an erosional remnant of the Late Wisconsinan terminal moraine, is exposed in detail along the island sea cliffs. The sediments include stratified meltwater deposits, till, sediment-flow deposits and glacially transported blocks of Cretaceous strata and pre-Late Wisconsinan glacial deposits. The relatively high permeability of the surficial deposits permits infiltration of precipitation with little surface run-off. Layers of low hydraulic-conductivity material, however, impede vertical flow of ground water permitting the formation of a thick lens of fresh water. Two chemically distinct ground-water types are recognized on the island: 1)high silica, high bicarbonate and high dissolved iron, and 2) low silica, low bicarbonate and low dissolved iron. High-silica ground water is found almost exclusively in the eastern portion of the island and is associated with the presence of blocks of Cretaceous coastal plain sediments that were incorporated into the Pleistocene glacial deposits.
Quantifying Body Condition of Songbirds at a Stopover Site During Autumn Migration
Megan L. Whitman, Dr. Scott R. McWilliams
Department of Natural Resources Science, University of Rhode Island, Kingston, R.I. 02881
Birds fuel migration primarily by storing fat before departure, although nonfat body components also may be stored in concert with fat. These fat and nonfat stores are used during flight and then replenished during layovers at stopover sites. We quantified dynamics of fat and nonfat components in songbirds during their stopover on Block Island, Rhode Island, using two nondestructive techniques, dilution of isotope-labeled water and total body electrical conductivity (TOBEC), for simultaneously estimating fat and lean mass in four species of migrant songbirds (Yellow-rumped Warbler, n = 21; Black-throated Blue Warbler, n = 21; Red-eyed Vireo, n = 18; and White-throated Sparrow, n = 19). TOBEC yielded estimates of lean mass within 3-7% of actual lean mass measured by chemical extraction. Estimates of fat mass in migratory songbirds using dilution of hydrogen isotope-labeled water have estimated fat mass with precision of 10-15% (Karasov and Pinshow 1998). We present similar results for the four passerine species in our study. Simultaneous use of these two nondestructive methods for measuring dynamics of body composition in small passerine birds should prove useful in evaluating quality of habitat at stopover sites.
Diet Preferences for Certain Fatty Acids and its Effect on Composition of Fat Reserves in Red-Eyed Vireos Captured on Block Island During their Fall Migration
Barbara J. Wilson, Scott R. McWilliams
Department of Natural Resource Sciences, University of Rhode Island, Kingston, RI 02881
Most birds accumulate large lipid stores as the primary source of energy for fueling their migratory flights. Typically 16-carbon and 18-carbon fatty acids comprise 50-90% of these lipid stores. We studied fatty acid preferences and the influence of diet on the composition of fat reserves in migratory red-eyed vireos using semi-synthetic diets that differed only in fatty acid composition. Using paired food-preference tests, we found that daily food intake of red-eyed vireos was higher on diets containing triolein (18:1) than tristearin (18:0), higher on diets containing tripalmitin (16:0) than tristearin (18:0), and higher on diets containing trimyristin (14:0) than tripalmitin (16:0) and higher on diets containing trilinolein (18:2) than triolein (18:1). These results suggest that red-eyed vireos prefer diets with mostly longer-chain and more unsaturated fatty acids. We also maintained vireos for one month on diets with different dietary fatty acids. The proportion of 16- and 18- carbon fatty acids in the depot fat of vireos was similar to that of their diets. However, the presence of very long-chain unsaturated fatty acids in the depot fat of vireos, despite its absence in the diets, suggests that selective metabolism of fatty acids is also important in determining the fatty acid composition of depot fat in migratory birds.

subset: commoncrawl


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What Happened When an Anti-Choice Catholic Woman Needed An Abortion
AlterNet has an interview with Gail and Robert Anderson, a devout Catholic couple who had an abortion at Dr. Tiller's clinic when they learned about serious health complications for the child they wanted:
At the home of Gail and Robert Anderson, a large statue of the Virgin Mary sits in the yard, welcoming guests into the home while protecting the family that lives there. Next to the statue of Mary, inside a labyrinth of daisies, daffodils, tulips and roses is a stone engraved with the word grace. For the Andersons' grace is not just a word or a concept taught through their strong Catholic faith, but the name of the daughter their hopes and dreams hung onto. It is the name of the daughter they said goodbye to in the Kansas office of a man named Dr. George Tiller.
They go on to speak candidly and passionately about the incredible care they received from Dr. Tiller, who prayed with them and helped them find a way to memorialize their daughter, Grace. "The staff was respectful and allowed me to have a little bit of dignity where I didn't think I had any left. It made me sad that I didn't get that from my friends or my religious community, but from strangers in a hospital setting."
This story reminds me what a loss Dr. Tiller's life is for the United States, because of the extraordinary service that he provided for women and families in unimaginably difficult situations. It also reminds me why I am pro-choice, even though the idea of abortion admittedly still makes me somewhat uncomfortable: because in all circumstances, especially the most difficult ones, women should have a full range of choices about how to care for their bodies.
Gail Anderson had been an anti-abortion activist before her pregnancy and abortion. She had gathered monthly with other Catholic women outside abortion clinics to pray for the unborn babies and the women having abortions. But she hadn't lived that reality herself, and so she couldn't understand. Many people who I love and deeply respect believe that abortion is morally wrong, that it is the equivalent of taking any human life. I will not try to convince them otherwise, but as Robert Anderson explained, "We are Catholic. We are supposed to be against abortion, but the church teaches mercy as well. The church examines quality of life. It isn't a black and white issue as so many like to make it."


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The two close friends will be joined by Ambivalent in Brooklyn next weekend.
The two Midwesterners met on the opposite coast a couple weeks ago for a back-to-back set at As You Like It in San Francisco. Next up is a gig in Servito's adopted hometown of Brooklyn, where they'll be joined by M-nus label veteran Ambivalent for a Resolute warehouse party. Rounding out the bill is London selector Lamache and Resolute resident Connie.
Here's a recording of Servito and The Black Madonna DJing in San Francisco last month.
Tickets are available on RA.


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A lot of people are now using credit union loans. In reality, it works similar to a bank. However, what makes it a great option other than getting money from banks is the fact that you are going to deal with a lower interest rate. Credit unions have been around for decades now. In fact, a lot of people are using credit unions whether for their business or for personal use. In order to be able to get a loan,
A lot of people find themselves with financial problems mainly due to loans. It is important that you are going to be smart when it comes to your finances. In order for you to avoid problems financially, here are some of the things that you will need to consider first. Know the reason why you are getting a loan The first thing that you should always consider is the reason why you are getting a loan. Whether you are paying things via


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Facts about Clinton:
Clinton, Connecticut, is a town located between Westbrook and Killingworth on the southern coast of Connecticut. It can be said that Clinton was founded in 1663. Life during the early settlement was reliant upon fishing, shipbuilding, and farming. Clinton 's fishing is historic, and known as the bluefish capital of the world. The Bluefish Festival is held annually in Clinton, and attracts thousands of fishermen from around the country. Abraham Pierson, one of the founders of the prestigious Yale University. If you are visiting Clinton, there is lots to do, especially along the beaches.
Clinton has seen a strong uptick in their economy over the past decade. In 2000, the median income for a household was $47,538, and today it's estimated at $66,119. The median house value is above the Connecticut average by $10,000, at $280,000. In 2000, it was only $154,700, so the real estate in Clinton has increased dramatically. The average age is around 47 years old so Clinton has an older population.
We deliver propane and heating oil to the following Connecticut towns: Chester, Clinton, Deep River, East Haddam, East Lyme, Essex, Guilford, Killingworth, Lyme, Madison, Niantic, Old Lyme, Old Saybrook, Westbrook and these zip codes: 06412, 06413, 06417, 06423, 06333, 06426, 06437, 06419, 06371, 06443, 06357, 06371, 06475, 06498


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How do I find out more about The Final Letters products and services?
We offer the service to safe keep valued last letter or last message for our clients at low cost. Once your letter arrives at our hands, we provide a place for safe-keeping and tracking system to ensure the letter is properly kept, and with the latest information of the recipient in our data bank. Please go to
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Our business philosophy is to manage the softest and the hardest part of a life time for each of our client. Knowing the last letter is being kept and will be delivered to the right person, our client has the comfort of a clear and meaningful journey of life. To us, the utmost achievement is that our souls are filled with happiness and fulfilment of helping the fellow mankind to take care of messages they want to say to their loved ones.
When do I send my letter to The Final Letters?
When you complete our order form with details of yourself and the recipient, our customer service representative will contact you to verify the information. If you pay by Paypal, you will receive payment acknowledgement and instruction to send us the last letter. If your payment mode is by Cashier's Order or cheque, you will receive payment instruction and the last letter will come to us together with the payment instrument. Please refer to the
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The last letter is sealed with two protection methods. Wax is used to seal the opening of the letter to ensure it has never been opened. Air-tight plastic bag is used to ensure minimum oxidation of the letter so that it can be preserved for a long period.
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The first part of this entry was a post I made two years ago. Not much has changed since that day, except for the growing outrage and blatant division of the American people.
Say to me what you will, Mr. Obama, but I will remember September 11, 2001 how it was truly was, and how it truly has become.
Two Years Ago…
Whether you are a conspiracy theorist or not, if you were old enough to remember back 8 years ago, at this very moment (the time of this post – [September 11, 8:46 am]), then you know that a commercial plane, filled with passengers, dove into Tower 1 of the WTC in New York City. [9:03 am], exactly 17 minutes later, another plane, also filled with passengers, dove into Tower 2 of the WTC. 34 minutes have now passed of people all across the globe watching as the towers burn when a third plane dove into the Pentagon. Even those that had doubts about the first two planes and the destruction of the two tallest towers of the WTC had no doubt at 9:37 am, that this was indeed an intentional terroristic attack on the United States, and on its own soil. But thanks to a few brave Americans on a forth, less known plane, at 10:03 am, more lives were lost, yet more were also spared, for that plane did not reach its intended target of the White House in Washington, D.C. In the end, approximately 3000 lives were lost that day at the hands of the pilots of those planes.
Many people do a memorial posting on this event, and in a way, this is too, with the exception that in truly honoring all the lives lost, it must be pointed out that America did not learn its lesson. No matter who is ultimately to blame for the attacks on innocent civilians on September 11, 2001, Americans have fallen asleep yet again and are in dire need of another wake-up call. If the message sent that day did not teach people a very valuable lesson, then I am afraid nothing short of a tragedy in ones own personal life will. Well, if things continue to go as they have been, particularly since January 20, 2009, then that tragedy very well may occur.
Whether the Bush Administration had forewarning of the events of this day 8 years ago, or even if they helped plan it or not, who can deny that it was Muslim extremists at the helm of what turned into a day of awakening? Take a very close look at the truth that surrounds you. The truth that stares you in the face on a monthly basis on prime time television. Read the news, discern for yourselves what reality is versus the perpetrated lies most tend to fall prey to.
September 11…… the day that is already written in many school history books. A day that should stand out on its own is now being cast aside and shadowed by new events.
* In Hawaii, the alleged home state of America's current President, Barrack Hussein Obama, "[a] resolution to proclaim Sept. 24, 2009, as Islam Day passed the Senate on a 22-3 vote." Less than 2 full weeks after the most memorable day in America's recent history, a proclamation is set down to honor a religion that bred the extremists. (This is not an argument session about religion. All religions have their shortcomings in history as well as their positive fulfillments in an individual believer's life.)
*On September 2, 2009, "President Obama decided to honor the Muslim religion at a reception to mark the end of the religion's holy month of Ramadan.
"The contribution of Muslims to the United States are too long to catalog because Muslims are so interwoven into the fabric of our communities and our country," Obama said at the iftar, the dinner that breaks the holiday's daily fast.The president joined Cabinet secretaries, members of the diplomatic corps and lawmakers to pay tribute to what he called "a great religion and its commitment to justice and progress."
Two nights before this day of memoriam, President Obama gives a speech to the nation regarding the health care plan where he stated, "anyone that can afford health care but does not have it, will be required to obtain this coverage". He spoke of how illegal immigrants, which people need to be reminded does not only include those from Mexico but all countries, would not be covered, to which Rep. Wilson from South Carolina literally spoke out, during this televised speech, something we all feel – "You lie!".
Our country has fallen to its knees yet again, and this time, it was at the hands of the American people, not outsiders, unless you include the death votes, the non-existent voter's votes, and the alleged double-votes. How quickly people tend to forget that it is the world's view of our arrogance, ignorance, and laziness of the American people that causes this country to be disliked by so many others. If we cannot stand united as one, as we did on September 11-14, 2001, then the tragedy of this day, 8 years ago, means all those lives were lost in vain.
Two Years Later – Today, September 2011…
Videos are posted on YouTube, such as "Obama the Muslim – His Own Words", show how our nation's leader has, more than once, shown where his true loyalties lie.
Mr. Obama backed the refurbishment of a building into a Mosque at ground zero; a building that leaves Americans who remember 9/11/01 as a tragic day, gritting their teeth and raising their voices in opposition.
Notwithstanding the news surrounding the pick-and-choose Middle East civil unrests Obama has chosen to involve our American military in, or the rise in military deaths in Afghanistan, especially as of late, or the executive order calling for the assassination of Osama bin Laden, the leader of the "free world" has issued "talking points" guidelines on how federal officials and American diplomats worldwide shall remember the 10th Anniversary of an American nightmare.
To mark the 10th Anniversary, Mayor Bloomberg of NY has forbidden any clergy from attending the anniversary event, as well as refusing to invite the plethora of first responders who saved a great many lives while losing some of their own.
Obama's 'Talking Points'… (see Marking 9/11: Obama Aides Defend 'Talking Points')
"minimize reference to Al-Qaeda" because since the killing of bin Laden it is becoming "increasingly irrelevant"
Overseas officials are instructed to remember America's 9/11 event by stating: "We honor all victims of terrorism, in every nation…whether in New York or Nairobi, Bali or Belfast, Mumbai or Manila, or Lahore or London."
Guideline recipients are reminded: "A chief goal of our communications is to present a positive, forward-looking narrative."
"The White House suggested the guidelines were unworthy of media attention." (Marking 9/11: Obama Aides Defend 'Talking Points')
"…by telling the country to be 'resilient,' it's kind of a code word for saying, 'Hey, I'm as good as you are. We'll all be resilient together.' But that's not what 9/11 really ought to be about. The politics of it are less important than the lives of Americans lost."" (Democratic political consultant Hank Sheinkopf) – I agree!
In Memoriam:
In honoring all those lives lost at the hands of extremists, no matter their nationality, and in honoring all those who deserve to be recognized, in person, for their heroism, I will relive the events of the day, that should be in the forefront of all our minds on the 10th Anniversary of September 11, 2001. I will continue to feel the anger and the pain that brought this country to its knees on one day, while building bridges in what it means to truly be an American, no matter the color of our skin, our gender, or social status, the next. I will turn my back on Barack Obama as he addresses those allowed to be at the 10th Anniversary Memorial Event (by turning off my television since I'm not invited to attend). I will continue to pound the grass to its roots in an effort to elect real leaders in positions of government so the American People can take America back!


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50 By natural reason man can know God with certainty, on the basis of his works. But there is another order of knowledge, which man cannot possibly arrive at by his own powers: the order of divine Revelation.1 Through an utterly free decision, God has revealed himself and given himself to man. This he does by revealing the mystery, his plan of loving goodness, formed from all eternity in Christ, for the benefit of all men. God has fully revealed this plan by sending us his beloved Son, our Lord Jesus Christ, and the Holy Spirit.
I. God Reveals His "Plan of Loving Goodness"
51 "It pleased God, in his goodness and wisdom, to reveal himself and to make known the mystery of his will. His will was that men should have access to the Father, through Christ, the Word made flesh, in the Holy Spirit, and thus become sharers in the divine nature."2
52 God, who "dwells in unapproachable light", wants to communicate his own divine life to the men he freely created, in order to adopt them as his sons in his only-begotten Son.3 By revealing himself God wishes to make them capable of responding to him, and of knowing him and of loving him far beyond their own natural capacity.
53 The divine plan of Revelation is realized simultaneously "by deeds and words which are intrinsically bound up with each other"4 and shed light on each another. It involves a specific divine pedagogy: God communicates himself to man gradually. He prepares him to welcome by stages the supernatural Revelation that is to culminate in the person and mission of the incarnate Word, Jesus Christ.
St. Irenaeus of Lyons repeatedly speaks of this divine pedagogy using the image of God and man becoming accustomed to one another: the Word of God dwelt in man and became the Son of man in order to accustom man to perceive God and to accustom God to dwell in man, according to the Father's pleasure.5
II. The Stages of Revelation
In the beginning God makes himself known
54 "God, who creates and conserves all things by his Word, provides men with constant evidence of himself in created realities. and furthermore, wishing to open up the way to heavenly salvation – he manifested himself to our first parents from the very beginning."6 He invited them to intimate communion with himself and clothed them with resplendent grace and justice.
55 This revelation was not broken off by our first parents' sin. "After the fall, (God) buoyed them up with the hope of salvation, by promising redemption; and he has never ceased to show his solicitude for the human race. For he wishes to give eternal life to all those who seek salvation by patience in well-doing."7
Even when he disobeyed you and lost your friendship you did not abandon him to the power of death. . . Again and again you offered a covenant to man.8
The covenant with Noah
56 After the unity of the human race was shattered by sin God at once sought to save humanity part by part. the covenant with Noah after the flood gives expression to the principle of the divine economy toward the "nations", in other words, towards men grouped "in their lands, each with (its) own language, by their families, in their nations".9
57 This state of division into many nations, each entrusted by divine providence to the guardianship of angels, is at once cosmic, social and religious. It is intended to limit the pride of fallen humanity10 united only in its perverse ambition to forge its own unity as at Babel.11 But, because of sin, both polytheism and the idolatry of the nation and of its rulers constantly threaten this provisional economy with the perversion of paganism.12
58 The covenant with Noah remains in force during the times of the Gentiles, until the universal proclamation of the Gospel.13 The Bible venerates several great figures among the Gentiles: Abel the just, the king-priest Melchisedek – a figure of Christ – and the upright "Noah, Daniel, and Job".14 Scripture thus expresses the heights of sanctity that can be reached by those who live according to the covenant of Noah, waiting for Christ to "gather into one the children of God who are scattered abroad".15
God chooses Abraham
59 In order to gather together scattered humanity God calls Abram from his country, his kindred and his father's house,16 and makes him Abraham, that is, "the father of a multitude of nations". "In you all the nations of the earth shall be blessed."17
60 The people descended from Abraham would be the trustee of the promise made to the patriarchs, the chosen people, called to prepare for that day when God would gather all his children into the unity of the Church.18 They would be the root on to which the Gentiles would be grafted, once they came to believe.19
61 The patriarchs, prophets and certain other Old Testament figures have been and always will be honoured as saints in all the Church's liturgical traditions.
God forms his people Israel
62 After the patriarchs, God formed Israel as his people by freeing them from slavery in Egypt. He established with them the covenant of Mount Sinai and, through Moses, gave them his law so that they would recognize him and serve him as the one living and true God, the provident Father and just judge, and so that they would look for the promised Saviour.20
63 Israel is the priestly people of God, "called by the name of the LORD", and "the first to hear the word of God",21 The people of "elder brethren" in the faith of Abraham.
64 Through the prophets, God forms his people in the hope of salvation, in the expectation of a new and everlasting Covenant intended for all, to be written on their hearts.22 The prophets proclaim a radical redemption of the People of God, purification from all their infidelities, a salvation which will include all the nations.23 Above all, the poor and humble of the Lord will bear this hope. Such holy women as Sarah, Rebecca, Rachel, Miriam, Deborah, Hannah, Judith and Esther kept alive the hope of Israel's salvation. the purest figure among them is Mary.24
III. Christ Jesus — "Mediator and Fullness of All Revelation"25
God has said everything in his Word
65 "In many and various ways God spoke of old to our fathers by the prophets, but in these last days he has spoken to us by a Son."26 Christ, the Son of God made man, is the Father's one, perfect and unsurpassable Word. In him he has said everything; there will be no other word than this one. St. John of the Cross, among others, commented strikingly on Hebrews 1:1-2:
In giving us his Son, his only Word (for he possesses no other), he spoke everything to us at once in this sole Word – and he has no more to say. . . because what he spoke before to the prophets in parts, he has now spoken all at once by giving us the All Who is His Son. Any person questioning God or desiring some vision or revelation would be guilty not only of foolish behaviour but also of offending him, by not fixing his eyes entirely upon Christ and by living with the desire for some other novelty.27
There will be no further Revelation
66 "The Christian economy, therefore, since it is the new and definitive Covenant, will never pass away; and no new public revelation is to be expected before the glorious manifestation of our Lord Jesus Christ."28 Yet even if Revelation is already complete, it has not been made completely explicit; it remains for Christian faith gradually to grasp its full significance over the course of the centuries.
67 Throughout the ages, there have been so-called "private" revelations, some of which have been recognized by the authority of the Church. They do not belong, however, to the deposit of faith. It is not their role to improve or complete Christ's definitive Revelation, but to help live more fully by it in a certain period of history. Guided by the Magisterium of the Church, the sensus fidelium knows how to discern and welcome in these revelations whatever constitutes an authentic call of Christ or his saints to the Church.
Christian faith cannot accept "revelations" that claim to surpass or correct the Revelation of which Christ is the fulfilment, as is the case in certain nonChristian religions and also in certain recent sects which base themselves on such "revelations".
68 By love, God has revealed himself and given himself to man. He has thus provided the definitive, superabundant answer to the questions that man asks himself about the meaning and purpose of his life.
69 God has revealed himself to man by gradually communicating his own mystery in deeds and in words.
70 Beyond the witness to himself that God gives in created things, he manifested himself to our first parents, spoke to them and, after the fall, promised them salvation (cf ⇒ Gen 3:15) and offered them his covenant.
71 God made an everlasting covenant with Noah and with all living beings (cf ⇒ Gen 9:16). It will remain in force as long as the world lasts.
72 God chose Abraham and made a covenant with him and his descendants. By the covenant God formed his people and revealed his law to them through Moses. Through the prophets, he prepared them to accept the salvation destined for all humanity.
73 God has revealed himself fully by sending his own Son, in whom he has established his covenant for ever. the Son is his Father's definitive Word; so there will be no further Revelation after him.


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Some of the best emcees in Toronto kicking it from the Stylus Awards/CityOnMyBack Cypher.
Mission Statement
"H3 stands for the manifestation of hip hop in all of its various forms. Practically, H3 will throw events, support individual artists, endorse causes, and participate in any medium that propagates hip hop as a culture and art-form. H3 is the physical instantiation of hip hop and lives through the creative efforts of its individual members working together towards common goals. H3 creates hip hop – we live hip hop – we are hip hop."
Wednesday, May 30, 2012
Stylus DJ Awards - Cityonmyback Cypher (Tona, D-Sisive, Adam Bomb, Rich Kidd)
Posted by Hip Hop at 12:56 AM
Labels: 2012 stylus awards cypher, adam bomb, cityonmyback cypher, d-sisive, rich kidd, stylus awards, tona, toronto hip hop
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CSU Northridge
White, utilitarian and modern buildings sprawl across the 350-acres of this public university. Perpetually green lawns dotted here and there with trees give students a place to study, or more often, nap, between their classes. The Student Union includes a cafe, bar, and a games room, while students head to the rec center for its sports and fitness equipment. The dorms here are apartment-style, with four students sharing a two-bedroom flat.


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The Friday Comment is a new section on BGL which gives people the space to talk about their lives in Leeds, occasionally posted at 2pm on Fridays; if you would like to have your say then please get in touch by emailing us on firstname.lastname@example.com.
Living in Leeds
Neil Walker (@EisntCNeil)
I initially came to Leeds to attend University, and during those first few years was excited to be living in a City at the centre of a mini musical revolution, a place that had been somewhat clumsily dubbed 'New Yorkshire' by the NME.
It was all thanks to a seemingly endless stream of new indie bands who were dominating the charts. Bands like the Kaiser Chiefs and The Sunshine Underground were proudly Leeds lads, and for a while it felt like Leeds was the new Manchester, and that the whole of the UK indie music scene was looking to Leeds for inspiration and innovation.
I think in many ways Leeds needed a badge to pin on its lapel. Leeds has always had something of an inferiority complex when compared to the instantly recognisable faces of its dominant bigger brothers, Manchester and Liverpool, and as such it was the music scene which seemed to be driving Leeds' new identity.
In the 8 years I've lived here since then, Leeds has continued to be a centre for new music, and in recent years I've seen this spread to art, food, and even a personal passion of mine, craft beer. There's a really healthy scene for food and drinks bloggers in Leeds which is easy to forget when you're a part of it, but which hasn't gone unnoticed further afield.
It's by no accident that the recent European Beer Bloggers Conference, which was a huge event pulling in attendees and sponsors from all over Europe, was held in its entirety in our little City of Leeds. Maybe it's time that our British modesty needs to slip away when we talk about Leeds.
In many ways the lack of an immediately obvious identity is one of Leeds' most positive attributes, it's that diversity, that patchwork quilt of sub-cultures which makes Leeds so exciting. People sometimes forget that much like London, Leeds has a small nucleus of a City Centre surrounded by a cluster of smaller towns and villages that have, over time, spread and merged to become what we now think of as one large city.
It's one of the reason that different parts of Leeds have such a unique look and feel; whether it's the bohemian hodge podge of Hyde Park,or the yuppy-cool of the city centre riverside, you can walk from one area to another and feel like you've left the City you were in and been transported to a new place altogether.
It's the thing I like most about Leeds though, that feeling of variety and accessibility, of being able to access areas of the City in minutes. Even without venturing further than the City Centre there is so much to see and so many little areas to discover.
Walking from the industrial-chic of Holbeck Urban Village you can skirt the expansive walls of the old Tetley brewery – reminisce of that distinctive Horlicksy malt aroma – then head down the cobbled path of Dock St and into Brewery Wharf – all oversized sunglasses and Prosecco by the river – over the foot bridge and into The Calls – awkward, tight, buzzing with people – past the imposing expanse of the Corn exchange and past the stunning shopping arcades with their marble fountains and designer window – carry on up onto Vicar Lane – Chinese, Thai, Organic and Asian supermarkets, restaurants – before turning left and cutting through to North St for international beer, cocktails, shopping.
I can take in all of this in a few minutes stroll.
And it's exactly that which I like the most about living in Leeds – we might be smaller than some of our neighbours, but we've definitely crammed a lot in.
Neil writes Eating isn't Cheating, a blog about food and beer – especially beer – in Leeds and West Yorkshire. It's brilliant, you should go & read it now.


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Some of my WordPress clients who make extensive use of Social Media are doing something really neat.
These clients are trying to post something timely, interesting or otherwise informational to their Facebook Page every 4 days or so. Their WordPress based site is pulling their Facebook Page posts in via RSS to a 'draft post'.
They wait a few days (depending on urgency and timing) then edit the 'draft' and publish it. On their website they have social sharing turned on so when a article there is 'edited and published' the draft it is shared out to all their social media outlets (including Facebook) which really increases their reach.
And the original Facebook post serves twice. Smart!!!


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John Lennon . (2012). The Biography Channel website. Retrieved 09:20, Dec 11, 2012, from .Harvard Style
John Lennon . . 2012. The Biography Channel website. Available from: .MLA Style
" John Lennon ." 2012. The Biography Channel website. Dec 11 2012, 09:20 .MHRA Style
"John Lennon," The Biography Channel website, 2012, .Chicago Style
"John Lennon," The Biography Channel website, (accessed Dec 11, 2012).CBE/CSE Style
John Lennon . The Biography Channel website; 2012 Available from: .Bluebook Style
John Lennon, (last visited Dec 11, 2012).AMA Style
John Lennon. The Biography Channel website. 2012. Available at: . Accessed Dec 11, 2012.
Pop star, composer, and songwriter John Lennon was developed October 9, 1940, throughout Liverpool, England. Lennon realized McCartney inside 1957 in addition to asked Paul to join their song group. They sooner or later produced essentially the most prosperous songwriting venture throughout musical history. Lennon kept throughout 1969 and later released albums together with his her conversation , as well as others. In 1980 this individual appeared to be wiped out with a crazed fan.Contents
Early Life
Forming the Beatles
Solo Career
"The thing the actual sixties did was to help show us the alternatives as well as the accountability that we most had. It wasn t that answer. It only gave all of us a looks on the possibility."
"The more that I see, the actual a smaller amount that I recognize to get sure."
"All you require can be love."
"There is usually nothing conceptually much better than rock."
"We're all to blame for battle most of us must do something, whatever "Early Life
Pop star, composer, songwriter, along with saving artist. John Winston Lennon was developed October 9, 1940, in Liverpool, Merseyside, NW England, UK, after a German air raid in World War II.
When this individual was a number of several years old, Lennon's mom and dad segregated as well as he ended up coping with his / her Aunt Mimi. John's pops was a service provider seaman. He has not been present at his son's birth and did not observe considerably associated with their son when he or she seemed to be small.
Lennon's mother, Julia, remarried, however visited John in addition to Mimi regularly. She taught John how to learn the particular banjo as well as the cello as well as ordered his very first guitar. John has been devastated when Julia was fatally struck with a vehicle driven by way of an off-duty police officer inside July 1958. Her passing away was one of many most disturbing incidents around their life.
As a child, John ended up being some sort of prankster along with he / she loved obtaining it trouble. As a young man as well as fresh adult, John savored pulling grotesque numbers and cripples. John's college get better at considered that will this individual could check out an paintings university to get college, seeing that he could not get beneficial marks with school, nevertheless have artsy talent.Forming the particular Beatles
At sixteen, Elvis Presley 's surge against the are insane music scene prompted John to build your skiffle band named the "Quarry Men," referred to as after his or her school. Lennon met Paul McCartney with a cathedral fete on July 6, 1957. John rapidly invited Paul that will subscribe to that party and so they finally put together one of the most prosperous songwriting collaboration within musical history.
McCartney created George Harrison to Lennon these year or so and he and art work school friend Stuart Sutcliffe likewise joined Lennon's band. Always looking for a drummer, this group eventually complete about Pete Best inside 1960.
The first documenting they created appeared to be 's That'll become the particular Day around mid-1958. In fact, it was before Holly's group, that Crickets, that inspired that piece to be able to modify its name. John would likely after laugh which they had some sort of perspective when he seemed to be 12 ages aged a dude shown up with a flaming pie and explained on to these "from this day done to you are usually Beatles using a good 'A.'"
The Beatles ended up observed simply by in 1961 on the Cavern Club, wherever we were holding executing with a normal basis. As their different manager, Epstein anchored an archive contract by using EMI. With your brand-new drummer, Ringo Starr (Richard Starkey), in addition to George Martin while producer, your class published their particular initial single, Love Me Do throughout October 1962. It peaked to the British charts at variety 17.
Lennon authored the group's follow-up single, Please Please Me, encouraged principally through Bing Crosby 's prominent "Please, provide your little ears to this please." The songs topped the charts with Britain. proceeded that will become the most used group of musicians inside Britain while using release mega-hits including She Loves You plus I Want To Hold Your Hand.
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Last night I woke up in a sweat. I had a dream that I was surrounded by snakes, cobras, in fact. Yikes. I hate snakes…so why was I dreaming of them?
Of course I had to come right in and research the meaning of my dream. I could only think it related to my current struggles. Did you know they have a website for that? Not just for interpreting dreams, but interpreting snake dreams…who knew?
According to snakedreams.org it could mean any of the following: (verbatim, from the website above)
- A snake is a symbol of the unconscious
- Snakes or serpents indicate you're in the process of healing and resolving issues
- The snake is a symbol for an untamed part of yourself or an untapped resource
- Snakes could represent your intuition or spiritual aspects of yourself; your instinctual drive, what moves you from the depths of your soul
- Snakes or serpents tend to show up in dreams in times of transition and transformation
- From the classic Freudian perspective, a snake or serpent is a phallic symbol
Well, I definitely do not think it's the Freudian interpretation. Hmmm…I don't think. I mean, really. It's been over a year since I have been laid. And there is no desire at this time to pursue that type of "snake".
But any of the others could totally be plausible. As the first one states, I am definitely in the process of healing and resolving. That is a good sign. The second one…I could have some untapped resource…not sure about that one though. As my job search continues, it seems my resources are slimming. But who knows, maybe there is an "untapped resource" which will just fall in my lap one of these days. Wouldn't that be nice!
I'm afraid to think about the third one. I think I am running solely on "instinctual drive" right now. My instincts say, "Stay afloat. Keep going. You will find a job and a new place to live soon." My fear is driving me. And that fear stirs my soul oh so much that I must act in order to quell it. I can't sit and wait to see what comes. I must act.
And the fourth one…applies oh so well. I am definitely in a time of transition and transformation. So much so, that it is indeed scary. In my dream, I was surrounded by snakes. Everywhere I went, there was another one and I couldn't ignore my fear of them, as much as I tried.
Dammit, I am scared right now. I am scared to the bone of losing my job and a place to live. Part of me knows that all will be fine and even if I don't get either squared away immediately, peace will come shortly after. But that does not stop me from feeling that cold dread that comes with finding out your sense of security is about to be shattered.
I will keep focusing on the positive change that is coming and keeping the fear to my dreams, just below the surface. I know things will work out fine in the end. I know this. They always do.


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- This event has passed.
Calendar / Weaving Demonstration
Friday March 30, 2018 at 11:00 am - 2:00 pm
Event Navigation
Join Melissa Cody, a fourth-generation weaver, for a demo alongside the art in the galleries. Both Melissa's mother and grandmother are well known weavers. Melissa made her first weaving at the age of 5 under her mother's direction and has been weaving ever since.


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Tips To Find Boulder Colorado Apartments
If you have a few different apartment complexes that sound promising, it's time to call the rental office. The people answering your call should be professional, and be able to answer any questions you have. If they are rude or fail to answer questions, it's best to keep looking for other Boulder Colorado apartments.


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The Company is governed by a Master, Upper and Renter Wardens, and a Court of Assistants. The Master and Wardens are elected at the Election Court in June and installed ceremonially in office on the first Thursday in August. There are two Stewards whose primary duty is to liaise with the Livery and represent them at Court. The Stewards may attend and participate in Court meetings but they do not have a vote. The rest of the membership consists of the Livery, the Freemen and Apprentices. The Company is administered by a Clerk.
The Court act as a Board of Directors and make decisions on behalf of the Company. Our Livery are given the opportunity to comment on issues facing the Company by attending Livery Forums, which are held every six months and organised by the Stewards.
Members join the Company via one of three methods: by servitude (having served the full term as an apprentice); by patrimony (through a parent who is a member) or redemption (by purchase). Those who enter by servitude or patrimony have a right to take the Freedom but in both cases applications have to be made, and approved, to join the Livery. Likewise, members of the Livery must apply to join the Court.
On being elected to a livery company people can enjoy a unique blend of social and professional networking. Like other livery companies, the Wax Chandlers is a fellowship, where all our members meet together on an equal basis to discuss issues of interest, give support to one another and enjoy social events. Membership also offers an effective way of getting involved in wider areas of society through the Company's educational and charitable programmes.
Individuals wishing to apply to join our membership will usually meet the following criteria:
Alphabetical list of Company admissions from 1730 to 1950


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At BAYADA, we love what we do and hire people who share our same passion for making a difference in the lives of those in need. People like Kelly Bivins, RN, who believes working for BAYADA is much more than a career—it's her calling.
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