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Work on the 500-bed military hospital facility at Afari in the Atwima Nwabiagya District in the Ashanti Region is ongoing and progressing steadily.
When a team of journalists visited the site last Saturday, work was ongoing, with the administration block almost completed and most of the structures at the roofing level.
The administration block had been roofed and painted, with all the air conditioners fitted.
There had been reports that construction works had halted, but the main contractors of the project, Euroget Group, denied the reports.
According to the Resident Manager, Ing Islam Sharawy, the project suffered some delays which were beyond Euroget's control, but denied halting the project and abandoning the construction site.
Ghana News Headlines
For latest news in Ghana, visit Graphic Online news headlines page Ghana news page
"The physical structures are about 90 per cent complete, while the road network is at the tarring stage," he said.
Reasons for delay
REGISTER: Graphic Business Stanbic Bank Breakfast Meeting
Construction works began in March 2014 and was expected to be completed by September 2017.
One of the reasons for the delay, Mr Sharawy said, was the problems Euroget had with some encroachers who took over the land allocated for the project.
"It took us almost five months to settle the land issue to enable us to start work," he stated.
Apart from the land issue, he said, the company had difficulties clearing goods from the ports due to the long period of waiting for Parliament to approve its tax exemptions.
"Aside from cement and sand, almost all other materials meant for the project have to be imported and any time we encounter problems at the ports, it affects our timeline," he added.
Mr Sharawy said due to the challenges, the completion date for the project had been extended to December 2018, adding that "the rate at which we are progressing, we should be able to meet the new deadline."
He noted that the company was committed to doing top quality work and advised sub-contractors on the project to work to specification or risk losing their contracts.
For his part, the Country Manager of Euroget Group, Mr Prince Armah, told the Daily Graphic that the company was committed to the terms of contract and would ensure that the project was completed for the benefit of Ghanaians.
Euroget, he said, was in the country to serve Ghanaians and not the interest of any political party.
"When completed, the hospital will not only serve members from a particular political party but all Ghanaians irrespective of their political affiliations," he said.
He, therefore, appealed to the workers on the project to be focused and ignore rumours that it was gradually becoming a white elephant.
The hospital
The Afari Military Hospital is a 500-bed facility being constructed at a cost of $180 million and will on completion have a residential facility for the medical staff, kitchen, laundry, mortuary, a primary health care facility and will also serve as a referral centre.
Other projects
Euroget entered into a concessional supplier's credit facility and a Turnkey contract with the Ghana government in 2008 to construct nine fully functional hospitals with a total complement of 1310 beds, including the Afari Military Hospital.
In addition, the company is building eight other hospitals for the Ministry of Health: two regional hospitals in Wa and Kumasi and six district hospitals at Salaga, Twifo Praso, Madina (Now at Atomic/Kwabenya), Konongo, Nsawkaw and Tepa which are at various stages of completion.


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How to Hire a Qualified Roofing Contractor
Roof repair and installation are significant investments, so it's crucial to hire an experienced and qualified contractor who can complete a roofing project efficiently and effectively. When searching for a quality roofing contractor, there are a variety of factors to consider, including the following:
Clifton Lane has been providing quality work for over 25 years. Contact us today for a free estimate (919)359-8319.

subset: commoncrawl


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Getting through college opens up all kinds of opportunities for you in work later on and the choices at our local colleges are amazing. If this is right for you, we help you find out more, talk to teachers and college students, see what it's like, try out taster courses, get any qualifications and experience you might need, and support the whole application and interview process with you. Lots of Helm students are now successfully making this move – let us help you get there!
Animal care, uniformed services, fitness, healthcare, hair and beauty, retail, hospitality, youthwork, legal and professional services, construction, horticulture, landscaping, automotive industry, childcare….? The choice is as diverse as you are –– so if you want a job and what you want is not on the list yet, tell us. Our students are getting into the jobs they want every day – together we can make this happen!
Tell us what you are passionate about, get great work experience with our employers, learn to turn up on time, be prepared to learn new things, and get help with anything that might be holding you back. Dundee employers are looking for you – and lots of Helm students move on to apprenticeships every year – let us help you dare to dream!


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Gameopolis has a great variety of games, boasting over 550 in stock. There's also something for everyone as one table had a young child playing Hungry Hippos and others were trying out "Ticket to Ride" and "Small World". There were the familiar games we all know from our childhood like Monopoly, Clue, Mousetrap, etc. There are also a whole slew of movie and tv themed games such as Star Wars Monopoly, the Price is Right, a Grizzly Adams board game and more than a few that made me feel much older than I think I am. I even saw a Hardy Boys board game. You're also going to see one or two that you've never heard of before that may seem a little intimidating, but give them a chance. There are some wonderful adventures to be had in that wall of cardboard and plastic.
One thing that may surprise you is that instead of the traditional unhealthy diet associated with gamers, Gameopolis has some healthy options. Salads are available as well as nutritious sandwiches and dips. There are still traditional items like mini chocolate bars and desserts, but it's great to be able to make healthier choices. I asked for a glass of water at one point I was offered the option of a refreshing glass of cucumber water and it was these little touches that made this place stand out.
The cover charge is $5 for unlimited play and half price for children under 10 or for anyone on Tuesday evenings. What was great about this experience was that so many people were doing their own thing but they were so clearly having a lot of fun and were happy to recommend their games when asked. The atmosphere was friendly and casual and we'll definitely go back. Check out the website for Gameopolis at http://www.gameopolis.ca for a full list of games waiting to be played or just drop in as they're open Sunday - Tuesday & Thursday: 12pm - 10pm, Friday & Saturday: 12pm - 12am and closed on Wednesdays.


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Do you need help from the experts for JS framework based web app development or for developing business tools? Are you confused in selecting the best suited JS Framework for your project? If so, then we welcome you at Technofection and invite you for a free consultation. We have been exploring and working with all latest JavaScript Frameworks and today we have a solid grip on the major JS Frameworks and providing programming services on frameworks like Angular, Backbone, Ext JS, jQuery and etc. Release of new JS framework on each week and month is flooding the web community with such frameworks. With the advancement in JavaScript Frameworks, the web community has become vibrant and diverse and got many new fronts. At Technofection, we always tried to keep our steps aligned with these new technologies and we built team to serve our clients with programming on these astonishing JS Frameworks.
Till we started development with Angular, we loved this framework more and more. We believe that with Angular JS, we can build highly user interactive front end of any complexity. We create magic with Angular's DOM extension technique. If you are looking for Angular JS developers, then knock us and one of our Angular experts will revert back shortly.Powerful and SmartTalk to Us
Who does not know about the framework? These days jQuery is found in almost each and every web app and website. At Technofection we have started using jQuery long back and now it has become a part of our life! We cannot think of a project without jQuery. We have some highly experienced jQuery developers, who know in and outside of jQuery.Write less Do moreTalk to Us
This is another exceptionally robust framework and is used when the need is to develop web apps with native windows look. We use ExtJS to develop highly complex front end and back end where a system deals with large volume of data and the user requires a super-fast interface to operate the system. Write us, in case you are looking for ExtJS developers for support.Elegancy and RobustnessTalk to Us
If you have a JavaScript enriched project or planning to develop one, where it needs experts hand, then we can definitely help you with our long term expertise with JavaScript development. Drop us an email with the details of your project and our JS experts will give you details feedback after analysing the RFP. You may hire one or more JS developers for your existing project or you can consult with our experts while planning for a new project.
There are some other frameworks that we work with as well. Indeed we have a very strong understanding of JavaScript and other ECMA scripts and thus our JavaScript developers can adopt themselves in developing with any standard JavaScript Library / Framework. If your project needs super qualified JavaScript developers and you understand the benefits of outsourcing, then will never regret hiring JS developer from us and working with us.


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Facebook stuck to its promise to make the social networking website governance more transparent and democratic by allowing users to vote on whether they want to use the existing terms of service or not.
Voting started on the 16th of April and will end on the 23rd; Facebook users will need to log in in order to cast their votes and are strongly encouraged to read the proposed documents and the existing terms of use as well as the comments that it generated during the 30-day comment period.
The new guidelines, called Facebook Principals and Statement of Rights and Responsibilities (SSR), were created using Wikipedia-like crowdsourcing techniques. Facebook's founder, Mark Zuckerberg commented on the voting process saying that "We encourage you to participate and make your voice heard."
Nearly 50,000 people have voted and 73 percent of the Facebook users chose to vote for the proposed documents rather than the existing one, which shows that the fury generated in February due to the change in Facebook's terms of use could have been caused by a minority.
Several millions of Facebook users are expected to vote on the changes, but it is unlikely more than 5 percent of Facebook's estimated 200 million registered active users the social network has worldwide.
The result will only be binding if more than 30 percent of active Facebook users participate in it, but it is highly unlikely that more than 60 million users will take part in it.
You can follow ITProPortal.com on Twitter @ http://www.twitter.com/itproportal
Our Comments
Even if Facebook manages only 10 million votes, it will be a proof that social networking websites can work as democratic platform. Facebook has been wise to call upon its users to vote on this small but significant change. If the current trend is confirmed, it is very likely that Facebook will choose to go for the new terms and conclusions, which they had put forward anyway, only this time, it's the user's choice.
Related Links
Facebook Site Governance Vote
Face-Off: Voting Starts On Facebook's Terms Of Service
Facebook users urged to vote
Voting begins on Facebook Ts & Cs
Facebook puts terms of service up for a vote
Democracy, Facebook-style
Facebook users given choice
Facebook opens up vote on new terms of service
Facebook opens polls for TOS rewrite
Let the Facebook Voting Begin


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I decided that I needed these Out & About Pants after all since trying them on on Monday for the fit review, and my store had a very dwindled inventory for them so I had to go to another store that was fully stocked. I've pretty much sold off all my Studio Pants (except the Dune in case anyone is searching) and I like having a summery style of pant like these that look a bit more put together than sheer pants, or track pants. I initially gravitated to the Dune but decided that since I'm between sizes and the waist in my TTS was pretty loose that I'd size down in them, but the Dune isn't forgiving enough for that so I went with black. These are super comfortable and I really love that the black ones don't have a reflective logo on them but a black embossed incognito logo. They are stretchy and comfy and if someone wasn't scrutinizing my sartorial choices, these could pass for casual non athletic pants. These are the kinds of pants that I think would work well with a CRB and a knit wrap or cardigan and ballet flats. I'm going to keep the tags on them though for the full two weeks since I'd really like them in slate or another mid toned neutral.
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Did you know you can get my outfit details right here? Just click on the image you want the details for and it will show you all the items.


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Trimmed down Fournette, Adams make headlines at LSU Pro Day
Leonard Fournette was determined to show NFL coaches, general managers, and scouts he was "disciplined". So, he weighed in at 228 pounds at LSU Pro Day. That is 12 pounds lighter than he was at the NFL combine.
Fournette took part in individual drills, but did not run the 40 yard dash and did not take part in agility drills Wednesday at the LSU indoor practice facility.
Here's Fournette's take on his weight.
Safety Jamal Adams, already thought to be a top 5 pick, wowed scouts with a 40 time of 4.33.
Adams said his goal is to wear a gold jacket, a reference to the Pro Football Hall of Fame.
Former Tiger wide out Malachi Dupre ran a 4.46 40 time, improving on a time of 4.52 at the combine.
And, Cyril Grayson, who played football at Rummel, but ran track at LSU said he's ready to give football another try.
Grayson ran a 4.33 forty yard dash time.
Several Saints personnel attended including head coach Sean Payton and general manager Mickey Loomis.


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Course Cancellation Policy
We reserve the right to cancel or reschedule classes or substitute instructors/topics; in this event, we will attempt to contact pre-registered students as soon as possible. If you plan on being a walk-in, please call us at 1-800-747-7574 to confirm availability. Thank you for your understanding. We regret any inconvenience this may cause and we will do our best to help arrange other accommodations.


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This forum is (mostly) public and you are welcome to browse around. Participation is limited to members of BCR. If you don't already have an account, please click 'register' below. It shouldn't take long to approve your request.
I'll be leading a not-so-fast group tomorrow night. We'll go up the Walna as far as the gate before heading up White Pike, then, using the force, I will guide us through Pikes to the magical stile and the lights of the Newfield. Hopefully.
Newfield is booked for food for after - please order your meal before the run, otherwise you might go hungry!
I'll lead a group up Walna Scar and across to Dow Crag, and we can decide a descent route from there.


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Hillary Clinton isn't onstage to defend herself, but she still managed to mock many of the candidates appearing in the first Republican presidential debates on Thursday night.
Clinton's campaign set up a press filing room for reporters covering the debates at her headquarters in Brooklyn, New York. The walls of the room were covered with posters showing past statements from several of the Republican candidates praising Clinton.
There were quotes from front-runner Donald Trump, former Gov. Jeb Bush of Florida, businesswoman Carly Fiorina, Sen. Marco Rubio of Florida, and former Gov. Rick Perry of Texas. Check out all five of the posters below.


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Chikmangalure/Shimoga-Jogfalls-Murdeshwar Ex Hassan
Itinerary details
Day 01: Hassan – Chikmagalur
Arrival at Hassan/Mysore/Mysore , Meet n greet at Railway Station or Airport, drive to Chikmagalur, Chikmagalur situated in southwestern part of Karnataka, it is nestled in the Baba Budan hills. Chikmagalur is a calm, serene town full of scenic surprises. Hills, valleys, streams and snow-white coffee blossoms are all here to woo.Evening free for the relaxation. Overnight in the hotel.
Day 02: Chikmagalur – Belur – Halibid sight seeing – Shimoga
After breakfast, proceed to Belur & Halebid Temples. Belur was the early capital of the Hoysala Empire . The main attraction in Belur is the Chennakesava temple complex. With Halebid which is only 16 km away, Here there are two most famous architectural monuments of Hoysala times namely the Kedareshvara temple and the Hoysaleshvara temple.Evening proceed to Shimoga and overnight stay at the Shimoga Hotel.
Day 03: Shimoga-Jog Falls-Murdeshwar
After breakfast you will proceed for the grandest Karnataka waterfalls – Jog falls, created by the Sharavati river tumbling down from a height of 829ft. (253m) in four distinct cascades, known locally as Raja, Rani, Roarer, and Rocket. Regarded the highest waterfall in Asia, Jog falls is one of the major tourist attractions in Karnataka.Later proceed to Murdeshwar, which is considered as Kanya Kumari of Karnataka. After reaching check into the hotel,later visit the temple. Enjoy boat activity and water sports. Evening free time for relaxation.The rest of the Evening is at leisure to explore this beautiful city on your own.Overnight in Murdeshwar
Day 04: Departure
Morning Nearby local sightseeing, later proceeds to Bhatkal/Hassan/Mysore Railway station, to board the Train for onward destination.
Cost Per Person(Group Rate-Minimum 10 Pax)
Cost Per Extra adult/Child(Group Rate-Minimum 10 Pax)
Hotel Offered
|Sk Regency
|Kalgreen Valley Resort
|Samrat Asoka
|stay at muthaga
|RNS Guest house
|Maveli beach heritage
Package cost Includes
- Meals-Breakfast and Dinner only for Dlx
- Transfers and sightseeing by an air-conditioned(except in hills)Indica (2 Pax),innova (4 Pax),Tempo Traveler(10 pax)
- Sightseeing tours as mentioned in the itinerary except charges for monument entries
- All applicable Hotel and transport taxes


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I had the great privilege of being invited to Disney's World of Color premiere at Disney's California Adventure in Anaheim, California on Thursday, June 10. Disney sponsored myself and other family travel and mombloggers to be part of the media contingent who were allowed in for the opening night festivities. Along with viewing the show, we also got to hang out on the red blue carpet with celebrities, meet Disney executives and Imagineers, and hear about what's next for the Disney Parks, Resorts, and Cruises. It was a hectic but fun two day adventure, and I was honored to take part in it.
The show itself is a visual and auditory extravaganza, a stunning display of animation, waterworks, fireworks, and lights. I had seen preview clips of the show, but none of them did justice to what we witnessed. The show was introduced by none other than the Mouse Himself, and a series of spectacular fireworks.
Continue reading "Disney's World of Color Premiere: Lights! Cameras!...Water!" »


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Police investigating the suicide of a bullied gay teenager said Nov. 22 that offensive comments he endured online and at school couldn't be considered criminal and that no charges would be filed.
Amherst, N.Y., investigators last month sent 14-year-old Jamey Rodemeyer's computer and cell phone to a forensics lab to help determine whether anyone should be prosecuted for the bullying he often talked about before taking his life Sept. 18. They also interviewed Jamey's family, friends, and peers, uncovering five bullying episodes at Williamsville North High School, where he'd just begun his freshman year, Chief John Askey said.
"He was exposed to stresses in every facet of his life that were beyond what should be experienced by a 14-year-old boy," Askey told reporters during a news conference at police headquarters.
But neither the in-school bullying episodes, one of which involved pushing and an anti-gay remark, nor "insensitive and inappropriate" online comments were found to be prosecutable, Askey said, in part because the victim is dead and unable to help prove harassment or other charges that might have been filed.
More news about cyber bullying:
Survey reveals teens' experiences on social networking sites
10 ways schools are teaching internet safety
"I'm not satisfied, to be honest," said Askey, adding that officers had devoted hundreds of hours to the investigation. "I would like to have seen something we could have done from a prosecution standpoint."
Jamey's father, Timothy Rodemeyer, had a similar response.
"We're not satisfied, but we somewhat expected this outcome," he told The Associated Press by phone after the press conference. "That's why we've taken on a mission trying to get laws passed that will make people accountable."
The investigation determined that three students had targeted Jamey in high school, one of whom hired a lawyer after Jamey's death. Those students weren't the ones commenting inappropriately in online forums, the investigation determined.


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Norwegian Snowflake Stocking by Denise Balvanz
patterns > Denise Balvanz's Ravelry Store and 1 more...
> Norwegian Snowflake Stocking
© 2016 Denise Balvanz
© 2016 I Like Knitting
by HRHPersephone
© willowzz
by HRHPersephone
© wardletech
Norwegian Snowflake Stocking
This pattern is available for $6.00 USD
buy it now or visit pattern website
buy it now or visit pattern website
Snowflakes are a very popular motif in northern Europe, where the snow falls for much of the winter and there is snow high in the mountains year round. Inspired by the knitting traditions in Norway, this intricate pattern will bring a little Norwegian style into your home. This Christmas stocking features one of the elaborate snowflake patterns.
Knit from the top down, a two-color cast on and bands of Double Purl Stitch accent the top and toe.
Yarn used: Royal blue (MC, 300yds274 meters/5.5 oz156 grams), White, (CC, 130yds 119m/2.5oz 71g)
For a smaller stocking use a finer yarn and needle to match the yarn.
For more information, see: http://www.ilikeknitting.com/christmas/norwegian-sno...
About this pattern
8 projects, in 16 queues
About this yarn
by Hobby Lobby
100% Acrylic
355 yards / 199 grams
74404 projects
stashed 19649 times
rating of 4.4 from 5807 votes
More from Denise Balvanz
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UPDATE on Feb. 22 at 8:08pm: A former Michigan State University gymnastics doctor was charged with roughly two dozen crimes on Wednesday for sexually assaulting nine girls, affiliate WJLA reported.
According to police, Dr. Larry Nassar, 53, fondled the girls during their treatments for various injuries, which occurred at Gedderts' Twistars club in Eaton County, his Michigan State office or his home in Holt.
Parents were asked to leave the room or Nassar would obstruct their view during the girls' treatments, police added.
WATCH | A former patient speaks out against Dr. Nassar.
The charges were filed in Ingham County--home to Michigan State-- and Eaton County. They are the first criminal charges related to his work.
Nassar is currently being held in jail without bond.
Original story
More than a dozen athletes filed a lawsuit against a Michigan doctor, Michigan State University, USA Gymnastics and a gymnastics club, according to CBS News.
Filed in federal court in western Michigan, the lawsuit included claims of civil rights violations, discrimination, and negligence.
Former gymnast Rachael Denhollander of Kentucky spoke publicly of her assault, which she says occurred in 2000 at the hands of Dr. Larry Nassar whom she visited for wrist and back injuries. Denhollander said she remained silent about the assault because she thought her "voice would not be heard" against a well-regarded doctor.
Denhollander isn't the only former athlete to speak of Nassar's abuse. Eighteen women over the course of two decades came forward detailing the assault, which occurred when most of them were minors.
Nassar faces at least five lawsuits, though he has denied the allegations. He's also charged with possessing child pornography and sexually assaulting a girl at his Michigan residence.
He's currently in jail without bond.
Michigan State declined to comment but said campus police are cooperating with state and federal authorities to investigate Nassar.
USA Gymnastics has yet to comment on the matter, but it has cut ties with the doctor.
WATCH | For more news you need, check out our PM 60 Second Circa.


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this is the highly subjective way I read and interpret literature
(the emphasis lies on literature, so you'll only find a couply of trashy readings here and there)
This is another example of me reading a book because I loved the movie. When I was a kid, I could watch this movie over and over again, until I knew all the songs and most of the dialogues by heart. But it was only recently when I learned, that it is actually based on a book by Peter S. Beagle.
To be honest, I just wanted to know, whether it is actually a children's book or not, because in the past I read a couple of books, assuming they were children's books and was quite surprised that they absolutely weren't (let me tell you, Call of the Wild is NOT a book I would recommend for any child).
In my opinion, The Last Unicorn is no children's book. It is quite similar to the movie, but, of course, more detailed and within these additional details a little bit more brutal.
Bottom line: I loved it, it was exciting, funny and lovely and Schmendrick is still my favorite character and he is even more awesome in the book version!


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Harewood Hillclimb
Driving instructions........LS17 9LA
Visitors from the South/Midlands, coming up the M1, should stay on the M1 after the M62 Junction.
(Do not take the road into Leeds). This link road runs straight into the A1,
and about 4 miles after joining the A1, take the A659 westwards towards Otley.
Follow the A659 (signed for Harewood House) through Collingham (bear right at the lights).
In approximately 2 miles, on the left hand side of the road, you will pass the Travellers Rest Pub.
After exactly 1 further mile, Harewood Hillclimb is on your righthand side.
Look out for the wooden rails. Welcome to Harewood Hillclimb!
Visitors from the North, travelling down the A1, should also take the A659 to Otley.
Having joined the A659, follow the instructions above.


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Staff needed for new drive through coffee shop
A WELL-known coffee chain has begun recruiting for its new drive-through coffee shop set to open in Coffs Harbour in less than a month.
Zarraffa's Coffee, which hails from Queensland, will open its new store at the Bray St complex in October.
It will be located at the site of the former Red Rooster store, which closed in October last year.
Zarraffa's Coffee founder and managing director Kenton Campbell said the location was ideal to capitalise on the high traffic in the area.
The Coffs Harbour store is the third of several slated to open in NSW in the next 24 months.
"We are thrilled to be opening our first store in Coffs Harbour in October with new franchisees Paul Amos and Melissa Smith, who are relocating from the Gold Coast to operate the new drive-through store," Mr Campbell said.
"Traditionally most of our drive-through sites employ 25-30 people, with recruitment currently under way.
"The location of the store, to the north of the city, is ideally situated to service the high traffic in the area and the local community."
The store will open from 5am-10pm every day of the week.
If you're looking for a job as a barista or supervisor, apply online at www.seek.com.au.


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Posted on April 22, 2019
VSI Crusher Animation - 's Barmac VSI Orange RotorSep 26, 2013 . Barmac® B Series™ Vertical Shaft Impactor (VSI) is the original rock-on-rock impactor. It has become synonymous with high-quality products in quarrying and m.vsi crushers rotors,VSI Crushing Solutions | VSI Impact Crushers - Pilot CrushtecTwister VSI crushers use two variations of VSI crushing. The first is vertical shaft impact crushing where rock is fed onto a table type rotor which accelerates and then discharges the rock at high speed against steel anvils in the crushing chamber. The impact of the rock against the steel anvils induces fracture and breaks the.
A high-performance crusher with vertical shaft for processing all types of minerals or highly abrasive input materials. Also for production of crushed sand.
REMco Equivalent of Barmac DTR Rotor. REMco manufactures will-fit 33" (840mm) 3-port rotors in both DTR and STANDARD sizes for Barmac crushers. REMco Rotor for 20 - 30 % more feed and up to 3" feed size with 15 - 20 % lower power. REMco also has available various other rotor designs to solve Barmac.
The modelled VSI is based on measurements from a Barmac 5100SE VSI crusher taken from a mobile crushing plant located in a quarry in Gävle at the time. Eight different rotor designs were created in a systematic way using a Design of. Experiments approach. Each individual rotor was then placed inside a VSI and.
Excellent Shaping Technology. KAIZER VSI crushers use a different approach involving a high speed rotor with wear resistant tips and a crushing chamber designed to 'throw' the rock against. VSI crushers generally utilize a high speed spinning rotor at the center of the crushing chamber and an outer impact surface of.
Twister VSI crushers use two variations of VSI crushing. The first is vertical shaft impact crushing where rock is fed onto a table type rotor which accelerates and then discharges the rock at high speed against steel anvils in the crushing chamber. The impact of the rock against the steel anvils induces fracture and breaks the.
When it comes to producing materials such as aggregate for road making, VSI crushers use a high-speed rotor and anvils for impact crushing rather than compression force for the energy needed for size reduction. In a VSI, material is accelerated by centrifugal force by a rotor against the outer anvil ring, it then fractures and.
Vertical Shaft Impactors. The Stedman V-Slam™ is the vertical shaft impactor for all your coarse-to-fine crushing needs. It offers significant savings over higher-priced competitive crushers. The V-Slam, with its low horsepower per ton of throughput, minimizes operating costs. Our vertical shaft impactors feature multiple rotor.
Excellent Shaping Technology. KAIZER VSI crushers use a different approach involving a high speed rotor with wear resistant tips and a crushing chamber designed to 'throw' the rock against. VSI crushers generally utilize a high speed spinning rotor at the center of the crushing chamber and an outer impact surface of.
industrial minerals. Featuring advanced open table designs, multi-port rotors and a larger bearing capacity than many other VSI crushers, our hard-working Trio® VSI crushers are designed to provide high value solutions and deliver high performance. Our heavy-duty Trio® VSI crusher range is designed with exceptional.
has developed the new Orange series rotor for vertical shaft impact (VSI) crushers, saying that with the new rotors productive uptime can be increased substantially through longer parts lifetime and faster service. "The new Orange series rotor components have been reconfigured with a built-in possibility for.
B Series Deep Rotor VSI Crusher is a new generation high effective product which introduces German technology, and owns many independent patents property. It integrates three crushing methods into one. All of these made it the core equipment in sand making industries. It is widely used in a variety of metals and.
Optimal energy control model of a VSI crushing system. 2.1. System description. The operating principle of the VSI crusher is given [1, 2, 6, 7]. The ore/rock material falls vertically into the rotor through the feed hopper and then accelerated to an edge speed of the high-speed rotor of about 50-85m/s, before being projected to.
VSI crushers | Vertical Shaft Impact Crusher namely Impact Crusher is widely used for crushing of hard and brittle material and for sand making for construction and road paving. . Material, which is thrown out by rotor at speed of 60-75m/s, hits material coming down from outside of material-dividing plate. In this way.
CV229 VSI impact crusher is manufactured for tertiary and quaternary applications. . CV229 VSI can be used for a variety of applications, from quality aggregate production for concrete products, road construction and Dam production, to Mining industries where is's . Rotor rpm range 50 Hz, 1,401-1,677.
Barmac VI Series VSI crushers features a unique combination of rotor design, wear material and crushing equipment design. This combination has proved revolutionary in improving capacity, superior product shape quality and in reducing operating and wear costs. VI. Series vertical shaft impact crushers are.
Knotts & Co. supplies all replacement parts for REMco and other VSI crushers. We also offer a total rotor rebuild services which includes all parts installed, labor, balancing and painting.
Deep rotor VSI crusher is the latest launching high efficiency equipment on the basis of fully study by the crusher expert of of production characteristics traditional VSI crusher. It is the core equipment in machine-made sand industry for it c.
Wide Range of Crushers. ® Minerals Processing Systems understand that all rock crushing applications are not created equal. For that reason we offer the widest VSI crusher range on the market today. A properly configured VSI is the key to minimizing wear cost. That is why we offer open shoe table, enclosed rotor.
Consult Sonthofen's entire VSI Rotor Centrifugal Crusher catalogue on DirectIndustry. Page: 1/16.
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text:
Hang Around For Fun! Cookies
Additional Information
Step 1
In advance: Make 1 ornament cap for each cookie. Using pattern, tip 2 and full-strength color flow, outline cap; flow in with thinned color flow. Let dry.
Step 2
For hanging hook, cut a thin layer from spice drop; sprinkle waxed paper with sugar and flatten with finger. Cut out center with small end of tip 12. Attach to back of cap with full-strength color flow. Let dry.
Step 3
Cut out various shaped cookies; bake and cool. Place cookies on cooling grid over waxed paper.
Step 4
On heart and tree cookies, pipe full-strength color flow borders and let dry, then flow in various colored sections with thinned color flow; let dry.
Step 5
Overpipe scroll design on heart with tip 3 and full-strength color flow. On round cookie, flow in background with color flow and immediately add dots of red and yellow.
Step 6
With pin, pull out star points from yellow dots. Let dry. Attach caps to front of cookies with full-strength color flow.
*Note: Combine Violet with a little Rose for violet shown.
Red-Red Icing Color
Violet Icing Color
Rose Icing Color
Kelly Green Icing Color
Lemon Yellow Icing Color
spice drops
granulated sugar
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Cookie Sheet
Waxed paper
Straight pin
Perfect for classic borders or cloudlike decorations, dots are a versatile technique that can be piped in a range of sizes. The dot technique can be used as a simple border for cakes and cookies, as well as for icing cupcakes or piping meringues.
Characters or designs are often outlined first, then piped in with stars or zigzags. Outlines can also be used for facial features.


text:
|Classification and external resources
Peak flow meters are used to measure the strength of one's lungs
|med/177 emerg/43
Asthma is a predisposition to chronic inflammation of the lungs in which the airways (bronchi) are reversibly narrowed. Asthma affects 7% of the population of the United States,[1][2] 6.5% of British people and a total of 300 million worldwide.[3] During asthma attacks (exacerbations of asthma), the smooth muscle cells in the bronchi constrict, the airways become inflamed and swollen, and breathing becomes difficult. This is often referred to as a tight chest and is a sign to immediately take medication.
Asthma causes 4,000 deaths a year in the United States. Medicines such as inhaled short-acting beta-2 agonists may be used to treat acute attacks. Attacks can also be prevented by avoiding triggering factors such as allergens or rapid temperature changes and through drug treatment such as inhaled corticosteroids and then long-acting beta-2 agonists if necessary.[4][5] Leukotriene antagonists are less effective than corticosteroids[citation needed], but have no side effects.[citation needed] Monoclonal antibodies, such as mepolizumab and omalizumab, are sometimes effective. Prognosis is good with treatment.
Although asthma is a chronic obstructive condition, it is not usually considered as a part of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease as this term refers specifically to combinations of bronchiectasis, chronic bronchitis, and emphysema. Unlike these diseases, the airway obstruction in asthma is usually reversible; however, if left untreated, asthma can result in chronic inflammation of the lungs and irreversible obstruction. In contrast to emphysema and bronchiectasis, asthma affects the bronchi, not the alveoli.[6] The National Heart, Lung and Blood Institute defines asthma as a common chronic disorder of the airways characterized by variable and recurring symptoms, airflow obstruction, bronchial hyperresponsiveness (bronchospasm), and an underlying inflammation.[7]
Public attention in the developed world has recently focused on the predisposition because of its rapidly increasing prevalence, affecting up to one quarter of urban children.[8]
Asthma is clinically classified according to the frequency of symptoms, FEV1 and peak expiratory flow rate.[9]
|Symptom frequency
|Nighttime symptoms
|Peak expiratory flow rate or FEV1 of predicted
|Variability of peak expiratory flow rate or FEV1
|Less than once a week
|Less than twice per month
|More than 80% predicted
|Less than 20%
|Mild persistent
|More than once per week but less than once per day
|More than twice per month
|More than 80% predicted
|Moderate persistent
|More than once per week
|60–80% predicted
|More than 30%
|Severe persistent
|Less than 60% predicted
|More than 30%
Asthma may also be classified as atopic (extrinsic) or non-atopic (intrinsic), based on whether symptoms are precipitated by allergens (atopic) or not (non-atopic).[10]
|Pending arrest
|May show agitation
|On walking
|On talking
|Even at rest
|Talks in
|Accessory muscle
|Usually not used
|Respiratory rate (/min)
|Often >30
|Pulse rate (/min)
|<60 (Bradycardia)
|<60 ,possible cyanosis
Because of the spectrum of severity within the asthma, some people with asthma only rarely experience symptoms, usually in response to triggers, where as other more severe cases may have marked airflow obstruction at all times.
Asthma exists in two states: the steady-state of chronic asthma, and the acute state of an acute asthma exacerbation. The symptoms are different depending on what state the patient is in.
Common symptoms of asthma in a steady-state include: nighttime coughing, shortness of breath with exertion but no dyspnea at rest, a chronic 'throat-clearing' type cough, and complaints of a tight feeling in the chest. Severity often correlates to an increase in symptoms. Symptoms can worsen gradually and rather insidiously, up to the point of an acute exacerbation of asthma. It is a common misconception that all people with asthma wheeze—some never wheeze, and their disease may be confused with another chronic obstructive pulmonary disease such as emphysema or chronic bronchitis.
An acute exacerbation of asthma is commonly referred to as an asthma attack. The cardinal symptoms of an attack are shortness of breath (dyspnea), wheezing, and chest tightness.[12] Although the former is often regarded as the primary symptom of asthma,[13] some patients present primarily with coughing, and in the late stages of an attack, air motion may be so impaired that no wheezing may be heard.[11] When present the cough may sometimes produce clear sputum. The onset may be sudden, with a sense of constriction in the chest, as breathing becomes difficult and wheezing occurs (primarily upon expiration, but sometimes in both respiratory phases). It is important to note inspiratory stridor without expiratory wheeze however, as an upper airway obstruction may manifest with symptoms similar to an acute exacerbation of asthma, with stridor instead of wheezing, and will remain unresponsive to bronchodilators.
Signs of an asthmatic episode include wheezing, prolonged expiration, a rapid heart rate (tachycardia), and rhonchous lung sounds (audible through a stethoscope). During a serious asthma attack, the accessory muscles of respiration (sternocleidomastoid and scalene muscles of the neck) may be used, shown as in-drawing of tissues between the ribs and above the sternum and clavicles, and there may be the presence of a paradoxical pulse (a pulse that is weaker during inhalation and stronger during exhalation), and over-inflation of the chest.
During very severe attacks, an asthma sufferer can turn blue from lack of oxygen and can experience chest pain or even loss of consciousness. Just before loss of consciousness, there is a chance that the patient will feel numbness in the limbs and palms may start to sweat. The person's feet may become cold. Severe asthma attacks which are not responsive to standard treatments, called status asthmaticus, are life-threatening and may lead to respiratory arrest and death.
Though symptoms may be very severe during an acute exacerbation, between attacks a patient may show few or even no signs of the disease.[14]
Asthma is caused by environmental and genetic factors,[15] which can influence how severe asthma is and how well it responds to medication.[16] Some environmental and genetic factors have been confirmed by further research, while others have not been. Underlying both environmental and genetic factors is the role of the upper airway in recognizing the perceived dangers and protecting the more vulnerable lungs by shutting down the airway. Profet has argued[17] that allergens look to our immune systems like significant threats. Asthma, in this view, is seen as an evolutionary defense. This view also suggests that removing or reducing airborne pollutants should be successful at reducing the problem.
Many environmental risk factors have been associated with asthma development and morbidity in children, but a few stand out as well-replicated or that have a meta-analysis of several studies to support their direct association.
Environmental tobacco smoke, especially maternal cigarette smoking, is associated with high risk of asthma prevalence and asthma morbidity, wheeze, and respiratory infections.[18] Low air quality, from traffic pollution or high ozone levels, has been repeatedly associated with increased asthma morbidity and has a suggested association with asthma development that needs further research.[18][19]
Recent studies show a relationship between exposure to air pollutants (e.g. from traffic) and childhood asthma.[20] This research finds that both the occurrence of the disease and exacerbation of childhood asthma are affected by outdoor air pollutants.
Caesarean sections have been associated with asthma when compared with vaginal birth; a meta-analysis found a 20% increase in asthma prevalence in children delivered by Caesarean section compared to those who were not. It was proposed that this is due to modified bacterial exposure during Caesarean section compared with vaginal birth, which modifies the immune system (as described by the hygiene hypothesis).[21]
Psychological stress has long been suspected of being an asthma trigger, but only in recent decades has convincing scientific evidence substantiated this hypothesis. Rather than stress directly causing the asthma symptoms, it is thought that stress modulates the immune system to increase the magnitude of the airway inflammatory response to allergens and irritants.[18][22]
Viral respiratory infections at an early age, along with siblings and day care exposure, may be protective against asthma, although there have been controversial results, and this protection may depend on genetic context.[18][23][24]
Antibiotic use early in life has been linked to development of asthma in several examples; it is thought that antibiotics make one susceptible to development of asthma because they modify gut flora, and thus the immune system (as described by the hygiene hypothesis).[25] The hygiene hypothesis is a hypothesis about the cause of asthma and other allergic disease, and is supported by epidemiologic data for asthma. For example, asthma prevalence has been increasing in developed countries along with increased use of antibiotics, c-sections, and cleaning products.[21][25][26] All of these things may negatively affect exposure to beneficial bacteria and other immune system modulators that are important during development, and thus may cause increased risk for asthma and allergy.
Recently scientists connected the rise in prevalence of asthma, to the rise in use of paracetamol, suggesting the possibility that paracetamol can cause asthma.[27]
It has been suggested that viral infections such as HSV, VSV and CSV are correlated to asthma episodes [18][23][24]
Over 100 genes have been associated with asthma in at least one genetic association study.[28] However, such studies must be repeated to ensure the findings are not due to chance. Through the end of 2005, 25 genes had been associated with asthma in six or more separate populations:[28]
Many of these genes are related to the immune system or to modulating inflammation. However, even among this list of highly replicated genes associated with asthma, the results have not been consistent among all of the populations that have been tested.[28] This indicates that these genes are not associated with asthma under every condition, and that researchers need to do further investigation to figure out the complex interactions that cause asthma. One theory is that asthma is a collection of several diseases, and that genes might have a role in only subsets of asthma. For example, one group of genetic differences (single nucleotide polymorphisms in 17q21) was associated with asthma that develops in childhood.[29]
Research suggests that some genetic variants may only cause asthma when they are combined with specific environmental exposures, and otherwise may not be risk factors for asthma.[15]
The genetic trait, CD14 single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) C-159T and exposure to endotoxin (a bacterial product) are a well-replicated example of a gene-environment interaction that is associated with asthma. Endotoxin exposure varies from person to person and can come from several environmental sources, including environmental tobacco smoke, dogs, and farms. Researchers have found that risk for asthma changes based on a person's genotype at CD14 C-159T and level of endotoxin exposure.[30]
|Endotoxin levels
|CC genotype
|TT genotype
|High exposure
|Low risk
|High risk
|Low exposure
|High risk
|Low risk
low risk bronchitis
Studying the prevalence of asthma and related diseases such as eczema and hay fever have yielded important clues about some key risk factors. The strongest risk factor for developing asthma is a family history of atopic disease;[31] this increases one's risk of hay fever by up to 5x and the risk of asthma by 3-4x.[32] In children between the ages of 3-14, a positive skin test for allergies and an increase in immunoglobulin E increases the chance of having asthma.[33] In adults, the more allergens one reacts positively to in a skin test, the higher the odds of having asthma.[34]
Because much allergic asthma is associated with sensitivity to indoor allergens and because Western styles of housing favor greater exposure to indoor allergens, much attention has focused on increased exposure to these allergens in infancy and early childhood as a primary cause of the rise in asthma.[35][36] Primary prevention studies aimed at the aggressive reduction of airborne allergens in a home with infants have shown mixed findings. Strict reduction of dust mite allergens, for example, reduces the risk of allergic sensitization to dust mites, and modestly reduces the risk of developing asthma up until the age of 8 years old.[37][38][39][40] However, studies also showed that the effects of exposure to cat and dog allergens worked in the converse fashion; exposure during the first year of life was found to reduce the risk of allergic sensitization and of developing asthma later in life.[41][42][43]
The inconsistency of this data has inspired research into other facets of Western society and their impact upon the prevalence of asthma. One subject that appears to show a strong correlation is the development of asthma and obesity. In the United Kingdom and United States, the rise in asthma prevalence has echoed an almost epidemic rise in the prevalence of obesity.[44][45] In Taiwan, symptoms of allergies and airway hyper-reactivity increased in correlation with each 20% increase in body-mass index.[46]
One theory for the cause of the increase in asthma prevalence worldwide is the so-called "hygiene hypothesis"—that the rise in the prevalence of allergies and asthma is a direct and unintended result of the success of modern hygienic practices in preventing childhood infections. Studies have shown repeatedly that children coming from environments one would expect to be less hygienic (East Germany vs. West Germany,[47] families with many children,[48][49][50] day care environments,[51][52]) tended to have lower incidences of asthma and allergic diseases. This seems to run counter to the logic that viruses are often causative agents in exacerbation of asthma.[53][54][55] Additionally, other studies have shown that viral infections of the lower airway may in some cases induce asthma, as a history of bronchiolitis or croup in early childhood is a predictor of asthma risk in later life.[56] Studies which show that upper respiratory tract infections are protective against asthma risk also tend to show that lower respiratory tract infections conversely tend to increase the risk of asthma.[57]
Asthma prevalence in the US is higher than in most other countries in the world, but varies drastically between diverse US populations.[18] In the US, asthma prevalence is highest in Puerto Ricans, African Americans, Filipinos, Irish Americans, and Native Hawaiians, and lowest in Mexicans and Koreans.[58][59][60] Mortality rates follow similar trends, and response to Salbutamol is lower in Puerto Ricans than in African Americans or Mexicans.[61][62] As with worldwide asthma disparities, differences in asthma prevalence, mortality, and drug response in the US may be explained by differences in genetic, social and environmental risk factors.
Asthma prevalence also differs between populations of the same ethnicity who are born and live in different places.[63] US-born Mexican populations, for example, have higher asthma rates than non-US born Mexican populations that are living in the US.[64]
Asthma prevalence and asthma deaths also differ by gender. Males are more likely to be diagnosed with asthma as children, but asthma is more likely to persist into adulthood in females.[65] Women account for nearly 65% of all asthma related deaths.[2] This difference may be attributable to hormonal differences, among other things. In support of this, girls who reach puberty before age 12 were found to have a later diagnosis of asthma more than twice as much as girls who reach puberty after age 12.[citation needed] Asthma is also the number one cause of missed days from school.[citation needed]
The incidence of asthma is highest among low-income populations (asthma deaths are most common in low to middle income countries[66]), which in the western world are disproportionately ethnic minorities[67] and are more likely to live near industrial areas. Additionally, asthma has been strongly associated with the presence of cockroaches in living quarters, which is more likely in such neighborhoods.[68]
Asthma incidence and quality of treatment varies among different racial groups, though this may be due to correlations with income (and thus affordability of health care) and geography. For example, African Americans are less likely to receive outpatient treatment for asthma despite having a higher prevalence of the disease. They are much more likely to have emergency room visits or hospitalization for asthma, and are three times as likely to die from an asthma attack compared to whites. The prevalence of "severe persistent" asthma is also greater in low-income communities compared with communities with better access to treatment.[69][70] It is important that parents, most especially of those families with relatively low socioeconomic status are educated and informed of all necessary information about asthma since their family, particularly their children are vulnerable to persistent asthma. For this reason, more health organizations participate in the move for education and information as fight against asthma.
Asthma appears to be more prevalent in athletes than in the general population. One survey of participants in the 1996 Summer Olympic Games, in Atlanta, Georgia, U.S., showed that 15% had been diagnosed with asthma, and that 10% were on asthma medication.[71]
There appears to be a relatively high incidence of asthma in sports such as cycling, mountain biking, and long-distance running, and a relatively lower incidence in weightlifting and diving. It is unclear how much of these disparities are from the effects of training in the sport.[71][72]
Asthma as a result of (or worsened by) workplace exposures is the world's most commonly reported occupational respiratory disease. Still most cases of occupational asthma are not reported or are not recognized as such. Estimates by the American Thoracic Society (2004) suggest that 15–23% of new-onset asthma cases in adults are work related.[73] In one study monitoring workplace asthma by occupation, the highest percentage of cases occurred among operators, fabricators, and laborers (32.9%), followed by managerial and professional specialists (20.2%), and in technical, sales, and administrative support jobs (19.2%). Most cases were associated with the manufacturing (41.4%) and services (34.2%) industries.[73] Animal proteins, enzymes, flour, natural rubber latex, and certain reactive chemicals are commonly associated with work-related asthma. When recognized, these hazards can be mitigated, dropping the risk of disease.[74]
Asthma is an airway disease that can be classified physiologically as a variable and partially reversible obstruction to air flow, and pathologically with overdeveloped mucus glands, airway thickening due to scarring and inflammation, and bronchoconstriction, the narrowing of the airways in the lungs due to the tightening of surrounding smooth muscle. Bronchial inflammation also causes narrowing due to edema and swelling caused by an immune response to allergens.
During an asthma episode, inflamed airways react to environmental triggers such as smoke, dust, or pollen. The airways narrow and produce excess mucus, making it difficult to breathe. In essence, asthma is the result of an immune response in the bronchial airways.[75]
The airways of asthma patients are "hypersensitive" to certain triggers, also known as stimuli (see below). (It is usually classified as type I hypersensitivity.)[76][77] In response to exposure to these triggers, the bronchi (large airways) contract into spasm (an "asthma attack"). Inflammation soon follows, leading to a further narrowing of the airways and excessive mucus production, which leads to coughing and other breathing difficulties. Bronchospasm may resolve spontaneously in 1–2 hours, or in about 50% of subjects, may become part of a 'late' response, where this initial insult is followed 3–12 hours later with further bronchoconstriction and inflammation.[78]
The normal caliber of the bronchus is maintained by a balanced functioning of these systems, which both operate reflexively. The parasympathetic reflex loop consists of afferent nerve endings which originate under the inner lining of the bronchus. Whenever these afferent nerve endings are stimulated (for example, by dust, cold air or fumes) impulses travel to the brain-stem vagal center, then down the vagal efferent pathway to again reach the bronchial small airways. Acetylcholine is released from the efferent nerve endings. This acetylcholine results in the excessive formation of inositol 1,4,5-trisphosphate (IP3) in bronchial smooth muscle cells which leads to muscle shortening and this initiates bronchoconstriction.
The mechanisms behind allergic asthma—i.e., asthma resulting from an immune response to inhaled allergens—are the best understood of the causal factors. In both people with asthma and people who are free of the disease, inhaled allergens that find their way to the inner airways are ingested by a type of cell known as antigen-presenting cells, or APCs. APCs then "present" pieces of the allergen to other immune system cells. In most people, these other immune cells (TH0 cells) "check" and usually ignore the allergen molecules. In asthma patients, however, these cells transform into a different type of cell (TH2), for reasons that are not well understood.
The resultant TH2 cells activate an important arm of the immune system, known as the humoral immune system. The humoral immune system produces antibodies against the inhaled allergen. Later, when a patient inhales the same allergen, these antibodies "recognize" it and activate a humoral response. Inflammation results: chemicals are produced that cause the wall of the airway to thicken, cells which produce scarring to proliferate and contribute to further 'airway remodeling', causes mucus producing cells to grow larger and produce more and thicker mucus, and the cell-mediated arm of the immune system is activated. Inflamed airways are more hyper-reactive, and will be more prone to bronchospasm.
The "hygiene hypothesis" postulates that an imbalance in the regulation of these TH cell types in early life leads to a long-term domination of the cells involved in allergic responses over those involved in fighting infection. The suggestion is that for a child being exposed to microbes early in life, taking fewer antibiotics, living in a large family, and growing up in the country stimulate the TH1 response and reduce the odds of developing asthma.[79]
The fundamental problem in asthma appears to be immunological: young children in the early stages of asthma show signs of excessive inflammation in their airways. Epidemiological findings give clues as to the pathogenesis: the incidence of asthma seems to be increasing worldwide, and asthma is now very much more common in affluent countries.
In 1968 Andor Szentivanyi first described The Beta Adrenergic Theory of Asthma; in which blockage of the Beta-2 receptors of pulmonary smooth muscle cells causes asthma.[93] Szentivanyi's Beta Adrenergic Theory is a citation classic[94] using the Science Citation Index and has been cited more times than any other article in the history of the Journal of Allergy and Clinical Immunology.
In 1995 Szentivanyi and colleagues demonstrated that IgE blocks beta-2 receptors.[95] Since overproduction of IgE is central to all atopic diseases, this was a watershed moment in the world of allergy.[96]
It is recognized with increasing frequency that patients who have both obstructive sleep apnea and asthma often improve tremendously when the sleep apnea is diagnosed and treated.[97] CPAP is not effective in patients with nocturnal asthma only.[98]
If gastro-esophageal reflux disease (GERD) is present, the patient may have repetitive episodes of acid aspiration. GERD may be common in difficult-to-control asthma, but according to one study, treating it does not seem to affect the asthma.[99] When there is a clinical suspicion for GERD as the cause of the asthma, an Esophageal pH Monitoring is required to confirm the diagnosis and establish the relationship between GERD and asthma.
Asthma is defined simply as reversible airway obstruction. Reversibility occurs either spontaneously or with treatment. The basic measurement is peak flow rates and the following diagnostic criteria are used by the British Thoracic Society:[100]
In many cases, a physician can diagnose asthma on the basis of typical findings in a patient's clinical history and examination. Asthma is strongly suspected if a patient suffers from eczema or other allergic conditions—suggesting a general atopic constitution—or has a family history of asthma. While measurement of airway function is possible for adults, most new cases are diagnosed in children who are unable to perform such tests.
In children, the key to asthma diagnosis is the sound of wheezing or a high-pitched sound upon exhalation. Other clues are recurrent wheezing, breathing difficulty, or chest tightness, or a history of coughing that is worse at night. The doctor should also know if the child's symptoms are worse with exercise, colds,or exposure to certain irritants such as smoke, emotional stress, or changes in the weather. [79]
Other information important to diagnosis is the age at which symptoms began and how they progressed, the timing and pattern of wheezing, when and how often a child had to visit a clinic or hospital emergency department because of symptoms, whether the child ever took bronchodilator medication for the symptoms and the nature of the response to medication.[79]
Although pediatricians may tend to ask parents for information about their children's symptoms, studies suggest that children themselves are reliable sources as early as age 7 and perhaps even as early as age 6.[101]
In adults and older children, diagnosis can be made with spirometry or a peak flow meter (which tests airway restriction), looking at both the diurnal variation and any reversibility following inhaled bronchodilator medication. The latest guidelines from the U.S. National Asthma Education and Prevention Program (NAEPP) recommend spirometry at the time of initial diagnosis, after treatment is initiated and symptoms are stabilized, whenever control of symptoms deteriorates, and every 1 or 2 years on a regular basis.[102]
The NAEPP guidelines do not recommend testing peak expiratory flow as a regular screening method, because it is more variable than spirometry. However, testing peak flow at rest (or baseline) and after exercise can be helpful, especially in young patients who may experience only exercise-induced asthma. It may also be useful for daily self-monitoring and for checking the effects of new medications.[102] Peak flow readings can be charted on graph paper charts together with a record of symptoms or use peak flow charting software. This allows patients to track their peak flow readings and pass information back to their doctor or nurse.[103]
In the Emergency Department, doctors may use a capnography which measures the amount of exhaled carbon dioxide,[104] along with pulse oximetry which shows the percentage of hemoglobin that is carrying oxygen, to determine the severity of an asthma attack as well as the response to treatment.
More recently, exhaled nitric oxide has been studied as a breath test indicative of airway inflammation in asthma.
Before diagnosing someone as having asthma, alternative possibilities should be considered. A clinician taking a history should check whether the patient is using any known bronchoconstrictors (substances that cause narrowing of the airways, e.g. certain anti-inflammatory agents or beta-blockers). Among elderly patients, the presenting symptom may be fatigue, cough, or difficulty breathing, all of which may be erroneously attributed to COPD, congestive heart failure, or simple aging.[105]
After a pulmonary function test has been carried out, radiological tests, such as a chest X-ray or CT scan, may be required to exclude the possibility of other lung diseases. Occasionally, a bronchial challenge test may be performed using methacholine or histamine to assess bronchial hyperresponsiveness.
Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, is a syndrome which closely resembles asthma, is correlated with more exposure to cigarette smoke, an older patient, less symptom reversibility after bronchodilator administration (as measured by spirometry), and decreased likelihood of family history of atopy.[106] . Most people found to have the syndrome are subsequently found to have asthma and many diagnosed asthmatics go on to develop the syndrome.
Pulmonary aspiration, whether direct due to dysphagia (swallowing disorder) or indirect (due to acid reflux), can show similar symptoms to asthma. However, with aspiration, fevers might also indicate aspiration pneumonia. Direct aspiration (dysphagia) can be diagnosed by performing a Modified Barium Swallow test and treated with feeding therapy by a qualified speech therapist. If the aspiration is indirect (from acid reflux) then treatment directed at this is indicated.
In some people, asthma-like symptoms may be triggered by gastroesophageal reflux disease, which can be treated with suitable antacids.
A majority of children who are asthma sufferers have an identifiable allergy trigger. Specifically, in a 2004 study, 71% had positive test results for more than 1 allergen, and 42% had positive test results for more than 3 allergens.[107]
The majority of these triggers can often be identified from the history; for instance, patients with hay fever or pollen allergy will have seasonal symptoms, those with allergies to pets may experience an abatement of symptoms when away from home, and those with occupational asthma may improve during leave from work. Allergy tests can help identify some avoidable symptom triggers.
Asthma is categorized by the United States National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute as falling into one of four categories: intermittent, mild persistent, moderate persistent and severe persistent. The diagnosis of "severe persistent asthma" occurs when symptoms are continual with frequent exacerbations and frequent night-time symptoms, result in limited physical activity and when lung function as measured by PEV or FEV1 tests is less than 60% predicted with PEF variability greater than 30%.
Prevention of the development of asthma is different from prevention of asthma episodes. Aggressive treatment of mild allergy with immunotherapy has been shown to reduce the likelihood of asthma development. In controlling symptoms, the crucial first step in treatment is for patient and doctor to collaborate in establishing a specific plan of action to prevent episodes of asthma by avoiding triggers and allergens, regularly testing for lung function, and using preventive medications (see especially "Control of Environmental Factors" @ http://www.nhlbi.nih.gov/guidelines/asthma/asthgdln.htm.)
Current treatment protocols recommend controller medications such as an inhaled corticosteroid, which helps to suppress inflammation and reduces the swelling of the lining of the airways, in anyone who has frequent (greater than twice a week) need of relievers or who has severe symptoms. If symptoms persist, additional controller drugs are added until almost all asthma symptoms are prevented. With the proper use of control drugs, patients with asthma can avoid the complications that result from overuse of rescue medications.
Patients with asthma sometimes stop taking their controller medication when they feel fine and have no problems breathing. This often results in further attacks after a time, and no long-term improvement.
The only preventive agent known is allergen immunotherapy. Controller medications include the following:
As is common with respiratory disease, smoking is believed to adversely affect patients in several ways, including an increased severity of symptoms (likely due to increased inflammation[110]), a more rapid decline of lung function, and decreased response to preventive medications.[111] Automobile emissions are considered an even more significant cause and aggravating factor.[citation needed] Patients with asthma who smoke or who live near traffic[citation needed] typically require additional medications to help control their disease. Furthermore, exposure of both non-smokers and smokers second-hand smoke is detrimental, resulting in more severe asthma, more emergency room visits, and more asthma-related hospital admissions, but the effect of woodstove and gas stove fumes is uncertain.[112] Smoking cessation and avoidance of second-hand smoke is strongly encouraged in people who have asthma.[113] Air filters and room air cleaners may help prevent some asthma symptoms.[114] Ozone is also considered as a major factor in increasing asthma.[115] The report by the National Heart, Lung and Blood Institute[3] supports the idea of an asthma management plan that includes the avoidance of as many allergens as possible to which the individual is sensitive. This report, and others [116][117] also agree that no one single approach is sufficient to reduce allergens; a multifactorial approach is required. The Asthma and Allergy Friendly Certification Program that is operated in the USA by the Asthma and Allergy Foundation of America and in Canada by the Asthma Society of Canada[4] is based on this multifactorial approach to trigger control.
For those in whom exercise can trigger an asthma attack (exercise-induced asthma), higher levels of ventilation and cold, dry air tend to exacerbate attacks. For this reason, activities in which a patient breathes large amounts of cold air, such as skiing and running, tend to be worse for people with asthma, whereas swimming in an indoor, heated pool with warm, humid air is less likely to provoke a response.[13]
Beverages that contain caffeine provide a slight amount of bronchodilation for an hour or two, but taking a rescue inhaler is much more effective for the temporary relief of asthma symptoms.
Low intake of vitamin C has been linked to pulmonary dysfunction and several studies have shown that increasing vitamin C intake may improve lung function in people with asthma and provide a protective effect against exercise-induced asthma. Ascorbic acid supplementation attenuates exercise-induced bronchoconstriction in patients with asthma. Respiratory Medicine 2007 Aug;101(8):1770-8.</ref> While results have been positive, it is unlikely that vitamin C alone will attenuate the effects of asthma. Larger and methodologically stronger studies are necessary before vitamin C can be recommended for people with asthma.[118]
The role of magnesium and selenium supplements in treating asthma is pending further research. Magnesium sulfate intravenous treatment has been shown to provide a bronchodilating effect when used in addition to conventional treatment in severe acute asthma attacks.[119][120]
Perhaps the most important step in controlling asthma is establishing a partnership between doctor and patient (whether child or adult) to create a specific, customized plan for proactively monitoring and managing symptoms. It is essential to be certain that someone who has asthma understands (and takes an active part in deciding) what needs to be accomplished, including reducing exposure to allergens, taking medical tests to assess the severity of symptoms, and possibly using medications. The treatment plan should be written down, consulted at every visit, and adjusted according to changes in symptoms.[121]
The most effective treatment for asthma is identifying triggers, such as pets or aspirin, and limiting or eliminating exposure to them. If trigger avoidance is insufficient, medical treatment is available. Desensitization has been suggested as a possible cure.[122] Additionally, some trial subjects were able to remove their symptoms by retraining their breathing habits with the Buteyko method.[123]
Other forms of treatment include relief medication, prevention medication, long-acting β2-agonists, and emergency treatment.
The specific medical treatment recommended to patients with asthma depends on the severity of their illness and the frequency of their symptoms. Specific treatments for asthma are broadly classified as relievers, preventers and emergency treatment. The Expert Panel Report 2: Guidelines for the Diagnosis and Management of Asthma (EPR-2)[113] of the U.S. National Asthma Education and Prevention Program, and the British Guideline on the Management of Asthma[124] are broadly used and supported by many doctors.
The Expert Panel Report 3: Guidelines for the Diagnosis and Management of Asthma of the U.S. National Asthma Education and Prevention Program, released in 2007, presented a focused 6-step approach to asthma management, based on four principles that act as a blueprint to guide individualized treatment:
The 2007 revised NAEPP guidelines differ from the earlier version in an increased focus on asthma control and individualized treatment, reorganizing the goals of treatment to differentiate risk from impairment. They specify defined measures that should prompt a decision to "step up" or "step down" the intensity of treatment, and they emphasize education and integrated decision-making to encourage patient self-management.[125]
Bronchodilators are recommended for short-term relief in all patients. For those who experience occasional attacks, no other medication is needed. For those with mild persistent disease (more than two attacks a week), low-dose inhaled glucocorticoids or alternatively, an oral leukotriene modifier, a mast-cell stabilizer, or theophylline may be administered. For those who suffer daily attacks, a higher dose of glucocorticoid in conjunction with a long-acting inhaled β-2 agonist may be prescribed; alternatively, a leukotriene modifier or theophylline may substitute for the β-2 agonist. In severe asthma, oral glucocorticoids may be added to these treatments during severe attacks.
Symptomatic control of episodes of wheezing and shortness of breath is generally achieved with fast-acting bronchodilators. These are typically provided in pocket-sized, metered-dose inhalers (MDIs). In young sufferers, who may have difficulty with the coordination necessary to use inhalers, or those with a poor ability to hold their breath for 10 seconds after inhaler use (generally the elderly), an asthma spacer (see top image) is used. The spacer is a plastic cylinder that mixes the medication with air in a simple tube, making it easier for patients to receive a full dose of the drug and allows for the active agent to be dispersed into smaller, more fully inhaled bits.
A nebulizer which provides a larger, continuous dose can also be used. Nebulizers work by vaporizing a dose of medication in a saline solution into a steady stream of foggy vapour, which the patient inhales continuously until the full dosage is administered. There is no clear evidence, however, that they are more effective than inhalers used with a spacer. Nebulizers may be helpful to some patients experiencing a severe attack. Such patients may not be able to inhale deeply, so regular inhalers may not deliver medication deeply into the lungs, even on repeated attempts. Since a nebulizer delivers the medication continuously, it is thought that the first few inhalations may relax the airways enough to allow the following inhalations to draw in more medication.
Relievers include:
Long-acting β2-agonists
Long-acting bronchodilators (LABD) are similar in structure to short-acting selective beta2-adrenoceptor agonists, but have much longer side chains resulting in a 12-hour effect, and are used to give a smoothed symptomatic relief (used morning and night). While patients report improved symptom control, these drugs do not replace the need for routine preventers, and their slow onset means the short-acting dilators may still be required. In November 2005, the American FDA released a health advisory alerting the public to findings that show the use of long-acting β2-agonists could lead to a worsening of symptoms, and in some cases death.[130] In December 2008, members of the FDA's drug-safety office recommended withdrawing approval for these medications in children. Discussion is ongoing about their use in adults.[131]
Currently available long-acting beta2-adrenoceptor agonists include salmeterol, formoterol, bambuterol, and sustained-release oral albuterol. Combinations of inhaled steroids and long-acting bronchodilators are becoming more widespread; the most common combination currently in use is fluticasone/salmeterol (Advair in the United States, and Seretide in the United Kingdom). Another combination is budesonide/formoterol which is commercially known as Symbicort.
A recent meta-analysis of the roles of long-acting beta-agonists may indicate a danger to asthma patients. The study, published in the Annals of Internal Medicine in 2006, found that long-acting beta-agonists increased the risk for asthma hospitalizations and asthma deaths 2- to 4-fold, compared with placebo.[132] "These agents can improve symptoms through bronchodilation at the same time as increasing underlying inflammation and bronchial hyper-responsiveness, thus worsening asthma control without any warning of increased symptoms," said Shelley Salpeter in a press release after the publication of the study. The release goes on to say that "Three common asthma inhalers containing the drugs salmeterol or formoterol may be causing four out of five US asthma-related deaths per year and should be taken off the market".[133] This assertion is viewed by many asthma specialists as being inaccurate. Dr. Hal Nelson, in a recent letter to the Annals of Internal Medicine, points out the following:
Dr. Shelley Salpeter, in a letter to the Annals of Internal Medicine, responds to the comments of Dr. Nelson, as follows:
Acute exacerbation of asthma is generally referred to as an acute asthmatic attack. When an acute asthma attack is present, symptoms are quite dramatic and this is an emergent condition. In an instant, the individual can have breathing difficulties and even lose consciousness. [134]
When an asthma attack is unresponsive to a patient's usual medication, other treatment options available for emergency management include:[135]
Some individuals will have stable asthma for weeks or months and then suddenly develop an episode of acute asthma. Different asthmatic individuals react differently to various factors. However, most individuals can develop severe exacerbation of asthma from several triggering agents. [138]
Home factors that can lead to exacerbation include dust, house mites, animal dander (especially cat and dog hair), cockroach allergens and molds at any given home. Perfumes are a common cause of acute attacks in females and children. Both virus and bacterial infections of the upper respiratory tract infection can worsen asthma.
Many asthma patients, like those who suffer from other chronic disorders, use alternative treatments; surveys show that roughly 50% of asthma patients use some form of unconventional therapy.[139][140] There is little data to support the effectiveness of most of these therapies. However, the Buteyko method of controlling hyperventilation hypocapnia has shown in five randomized controlled trials to result in a significant reduction in need for medications without an effect on bronchial hyperreactivity or lung function.[141][142][143][144][145] In May 2008 the updated British Guidelines for the Management of Asthma endorsed Buteyko Technique.[146] A Cochrane systematic review of acupuncture for asthma found no evidence of efficacy.[147] A similar review of air ionisers found no evidence that they improve asthma symptoms or benefit lung function; this applied equally to positive and negative ion generators.[148] Another systematic study reviewed a range of dust mite control measures, including air filtration, chemicals to kill mites, vacuuming, mattress covers and others. Overall these methods had no effect on asthma symptoms.[149] A study of "manual therapies" for asthma, including osteopathic, chiropractic, physiotherapeutic and respiratory therapeutic manoeuvres, found there is insufficient evidence to support or refute their use in treating asthma;[150] these manoeuvers include various osteopathic and chiropractic techniques to "increase movement in the rib cage and the spine to try and improve the working of the lungs and circulation"; chest tapping, shaking, vibration, and the use of "postures to help shift and cough up phlegm." One meta-analysis finds that homeopathy may have a potentially mild benefit in reducing the intensity of symptoms.[151] However, the number of patients involved in the analysis was small, and subsequent studies have not supported this finding.[152] Several small trials have suggested some benefit from various yoga practices, ranging from integrated yoga programs,[153] yogasanas, Pranayama, meditation, and kriyas, to Sahaja yoga,[154] a form of 'new religious' meditation.[155]
The prognosis for asthma is good, especially for children with mild disease.[79] Of asthma diagnosed during childhood, 54% of cases will no longer carry the diagnosis after a decade. The extent of permanent lung damage in people with asthma is unclear. Airway remodelling is observed, but it is unknown whether these represent harmful or beneficial changes.[75] Although conclusions from studies are mixed, most studies show that early treatment with glucocorticoids prevents or ameliorates decline in lung function as measured by several parameters.[156] For those who continue to suffer from mild symptoms, corticosteroids can help most to live their lives with few disabilities.It is more likely to consider immediate medication of inhaled corticosteroids as soon as asthma attacks occur. According to studies conducted, patients with relatively mild asthma who have received inhaled corticosteroids within 12 months of their first asthma symptoms achieved good functional control of asthma after 10 years of individualized therapy as compared to patients who received this medication after 2 years (or more) from their first attacks. Though they (delayed) also had good functional control of asthma,they were observed to exhibited slightly less optimal disease control and more signs of airway inflammation.
The mortality rate for asthma is low, with around 6,000 deaths per year in a population of some 10 million patients in the United States.[13] Better control of the condition may help prevent some of these deaths.
Tracking the epidemiology of asthma is confounded by changes in how asthma has been described and defined over the decades. Most epidemiological studies use questionnaires, self-reports of asthma symptoms, and reports of physician diagnosis of asthma.[78] This information may or may not be accompanied by objective pulmonary function data.[158] All factors considered, even studies that maintain a constant definition of "asthma" throughout time show worldwide increases in asthma prevalence since the 1960s.[159]
The International Study of Asthma and Allergies in Childhood (ISAAC), a monumental study which involved 155 centers in 56 countries was one of the first to reliably compare the prevalence of asthma worldwide.[160] Surveying nearly half a million children 13–14 years of age, this study found great disparities (as high as a 20 to 60-fold difference) in asthma prevalence across the world, with a trend toward more developed and westernized countries having higher asthma prevalence. Rote westernization however does not explain the entire difference in asthma prevalence between countries, and the disparities may also be affected by differences in genetic, social and environmental risk factors.[18] There are also worldwide disparities in asthma mortality, which is most common in low to middle income countries.[161] Asthma symptoms were most prevalent (as much as 20%) in the United Kingdom, Australia, New Zealand, and Republic of Ireland; they were lowest (as low as 2–3%) in Eastern Europe, Indonesia, Greece, Uzbekistan, India, and Ethiopia.[160]
In England, an estimated 261,400 patients were newly diagnosed with asthma by a doctor in 2005; 5,658,900 people had an asthma diagnosis and were prescribed 32,577,300 asthma-related prescriptions.[162]
Current research therefore suggests that the prevalence of childhood asthma has been increasing, and this increased prevalence is greater than that in adults.[163] According to the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention's National Health Interview Surveys, some 9% of US children below 18 years of age had asthma in 2001, compared with just 3.6% in 1980 (see figure). The World Health Organization (WHO) reports that some 8% of the Swiss population suffers from asthma today, compared with just 2% some 25–30 years ago.[164]
Although asthma is more common in affluent countries, it is by no means a problem restricted to the affluent; the WHO estimate that there are between 15 and 20 million people with asthma in India. In the U.S., urban residents, Hispanics, and African Americans are affected more than the population as a whole. Striking increases in asthma prevalence have been observed in populations migrating from a rural environment to an urban one,[165] or from a third-world country to Westernized one.[166]
Asthma was long considered a psychosomatic disease. Hippocrates, circa 450 BC, was the first to call the disease "asthma" and to recognize it as a medical condition. During the 1930s–50s, asthma was counted as one of the 'holy seven' psychosomatic illnesses; psychoanalytic theories described its aetiology as psychological, with treatment often primarily involving psychoanalysis and other 'talking cures'. As the asthmatic wheeze was interpreted as the child's suppressed cry for its mother, psychoanalysts viewed the treatment of depression as especially important for individuals with asthma.[167]
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Asthma n. (genitive Asthmas, no plural)


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Steering Team
Interim Report
The Mayor's Southern Dallas Task Force was commissioned by Mayor Tom Leppert and Councilmember Tennell Atkins in 2008. The goal of the task force is to identify, qualify, prioritize and recommend to the Mayor, City Council and the City Manager a range of implementable deliverables that support the achievement of redeveloping and repositioning Southern Dallas in the near term (2 years), mid term, (2 – 5 years) and long term (> than 5 years). The expected results are:
The first meeting of the Mayor's Southern Dallas Task Force was held on August 21, 2008 in City Council Chambers. Over 275 people attended the meeting.
The task force is lead by a steering team that is comprised of the chairperson of each committee. The task force is divided into ten working teams by unique sub geographies. Sub geographies are determined by natural boundaries like streets and highways, water and historic communities. Additionally, three teams focus on pervasive issues that impact all of Southern Dallas:
Approximately twenty task force members are assigned to each committee based on their interest, skills and experience as determined by an online survey. Task Force volunteers are asked to commit 18 to 24 months to the project.
© 2008-2011 The City of Dallas, Texas
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John Lanchester is the author of: Whoops! Why Everyone Owes Everyone and No One Can Pay. As a journalist and novelist, he was winner of the Whitbread First Novel Award for his debut The Debt to Pleasure. He is a regular contributor to the London Review of Books and The New Yorker, and a restaurant critic for the Guardian. He also writes a monthly column form Esquire. John's article on our love affair with the City "Cityphilia" generated much response on its publication in January 2008, and indeed predicted a worldwide crash based on the misuse of financial derivatives. In October 2008 he charted the financial crisis as it had developed over the year in "Citiphobia".
John Lanchester – Whoops!
Posted in: Little Atoms


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Marly's Perfect Crew Neck Poncho
Pattern Number
Designed By
Marly Bird
Marly Bird
Project Type
Skill Level
This is a downloadable pattern only.
pattern details
Have fun learning new pattern stitches and techniques as you crochet the perfect poncho that flatters all body types. This version has a simple finish around the neckline and a shell stitch around the lower edge. If you would like more information on crocheting and assembling this poncho, see the video links at the end of this pattern from Marly's Crochet-Along.
View Marly's other shawl patterns:
Marly's Perfect Dramatic Cowl Poncho
Marly's Perfect Simple Cowl Poncho
Marly's Turtle Neck Perfect Poncho
View Marly's other shawl patterns:
Marly's Perfect Dramatic Cowl Poncho
Marly's Perfect Simple Cowl Poncho
Marly's Turtle Neck Perfect Poncho
- RED HEART® Unforgettable®: 5 (6) balls 9942 Cappuccino
- Susan Bates® Crochet Hook: 5mm [US H-8]
- Susan Bates® split lock stitch markers
- Susan Bates® mini knit clips (optional)
- Yarn needle
|16 sts (2 repeats) = 4.5" (11.5 cm) in Raised Chevron; 12 sts (1 repeat) = 3" (7.5 cm) in Loopy Stitch. CHECK YOUR GAUGE. Use any size needles to obtain the gauge.
NOTE: Downloadable pattern automatically added to Cart when buying pattern materials.
Step 1.
Choose your size
Each rectangle piece measures 21¼ x 36" (54 x 91.4) cm. Finished Poncho measures 40" (101.6) cm) across at widest point and 34¾" (88 cm) in length when laid flat, not including neck or bottom edgings.


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Doris Abele
Personal details
Summary of CV:Doris Abele, marine animal physiologist, biochemist and marine ecologist with degrees from Düsseldorf University (Diploma in Biology 1984) and Kiel University (Doctoral Degree in Marine Biology and Biochemistry, 1988). Specialized in oxygen radical research since beginning of her postdoctoral studies at the University of Bremen in 1989. Presently employed at Alfred-Wegener Institute for Polar and Marine Research in Bremerhaven, Germany and leading a research group for "Stress Physiology and Aging in Marine Invertebrates" and coordinates the WP Evolutionary Ecology (PACES). Abele led 9 expeditions to the Dallmann laboratory (Carlini station, King George Island, Antarctica) and coordinates the international ESF programme IMCOAST (Impact of Climate Change on Antarctic Coastal Systems: 2010-2016). Has 90 peer reviewed publications and is editor of the textbook "Oxidative Stress in Aquatic Ecosystems" Blackwell-Wiley, 2012.
Experience Higher education:Lectures and seminars in Marine Animal Physiology
Special courses on Oxidative stress marine Animals
Course on Scientific Communication for EMBC and U Bremen Master in Marin BIology and Ecology
Participation in Projects:2011-2013, Impact of climate change on Antarctic Coastal Ecosystems, IMCOAST, Coordinator
2013-2016, Interdisciplinary Modelling of climate change in COastal Western Antarctica –, Network for staff Exchange and Training, IMCONet, Coordinator
2007-2009, Climate Change effects on coastal ecosystems at the Antarctic Peninsula, IPY_ClicOPEN, Coordinator
Publications:Abele, D., Brey, T., Philipp, E. (2009). Bivalve models of aging and the determination of molluscan lifespans. Review - Experimental Gerontology 44: 307-315.
Buttemer, W.A., Abele, D., Costantini, D. (2010). From bivalves to birds: Oxidative stress and longevity, Functional Ecology, 24(5), 971-983.
Strahl, J., Abele, D. (2010). Cell turnover in tissues of the long-lived ocean quahog Arctica islandica and the short-lived scallop Aequipecten opercularis. Marine Biology, 157: 1283-1292.
Abele, D. (2011).Temperature adaptation in changing climate: marine fish and invertebrates, Storey, K.B. and Tannino, K. (eds). 2011. Temperature Adaptation in a Changing Climate. CABI Publishers, Wallingford, UK.
Abele, D., Zenteno-Savin, T, Vasques Medina, J. P. (Eds.) "Oxidative Stress in Marine Systems", Blackwell-Wiley, New York, London, October 2012


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Smith, William, 1728-1793
Manuscripts and Archives Division | MssCol 2796
4.18 linear feet (6 boxes, 10 volumes)
William Smith Jr. (1728-1793), an American Loyalist of New York and Quebec, was a prominent jurist, statesman, journalist and historian. The William Smith Jr. papers comprise the papers of William Smith Jr., 1683-1793; those of his son William... more
Yaddo (Artist's colony).
Manuscripts and Archives Division | MssCol 4795
219.6 linear feet (579 boxes, 50 volumes, 1 oversized folder, 4 tubes, 1 folder); 2 cassettes
Yaddo is an artists' community located in Saratoga Springs, New York. The Yaddo Records date from 1835-1997 and contain the administrative records of The Corporation of Yaddo, as well as the institutional records of Yaddo from 1926, the year Yaddo... more
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digitized and are available online.