text:
Reference: Jerusalem
The chief city of the Holy Land, and to the Christian the most illustrious in the world. It is situated in 31 degrees 46'43" N. lat., and 35 degrees 13' E. long. on elevated ground south of the center of the country, about thirty-seven miles from the Mediterranean, and about twenty-four from the Jordan. Its site was early hallowed by God's trial of Abraham's faith, Ge 22; 2Ch 3:1. It was on the border of the tribes of Benjamin and Judah, mostly within the limits of the former, but reckoned as belonging to the latter, because conquered by it, Jos 15:8; 18:16,28; Jg 1:1-8. The most ancient name of the city was Salem, Ge 14:18; Ps 76:2; and it afterwards was called Jebus, as belonging to the Jebusites, Jg 19:10-11. Being a very strong position, it resisted the attempts of the Israelites to become the sole masters of it, until at length its fortress was stormed by David, 2Sa 5:6,9; after which it received its present name, and was also called "the city of David." It now became the religious and political center of the kingdom, and was greatly enlarged, adorned, and fortified. But its chief glory was, that in its magnificent temple the ONE LIVING AND TRUE GOD dwelt, and revealed himself.
After the division of the tribes, it continued the capital of the kingdom of Judah, was several times taken and plundered, and at length was destroyed at the Babylonian captivity, 2Ki 14:13; 2Ch 12:9; 21:16; 24:23; 25:23; 36:3,10; 17-20. After seventy years, it was rebuilt by the Jews on their return from captivity about 536 B. C., who did much to restore it to its former splendor. About 332 B. C., the city yielded to Alexander of Macedon; and not long after his death, Ptolemy of Egypt took it by an assault on the Sabbath, when it is said the Jews scrupled to fight. In 170 B. C., Jerusalem fell under the tyranny of Antiochus Epiphanes, who razed its walls, set up an image of Jupiter in the temple, and used every means to force the people into idolatry. Under the Maccabees, however, the Jews, in 163 B. C., recovered their independence. Just a century later, it was conquered by the Romans. Herod the Great expended vast sums in its embellishment. To the city and temple thus renovated the ever-blessed Messiah came, in the fullness of time, and made the place of his feet glorious. By his rejection and crucifixion Jerusalem filled up the cup of her guilt; the Jewish nation perished from off the land of their fathers, and the city and temple were taken by Titus and totally destroyed, A. D. 70-71. Of all the structures of Jerusalem, only three towers and a part of the western wall were left standing. Still, as the Jews began to return thither, and manifested a rebellious spirit, the emperor Adrian planted a Roman colony there in A. D. 135, and banished the Jews, prohibiting their return on pain of death. He changed the name of the city to Aelia Capitolina, consecrated it to heathen deities, in order to defile it as much as possible, and did what he could to obliterate all traces both of Judaism and Christianity. From this period the name Aelia became so common, that the name Jerusalem was preserved only among the Jews and better-informed Christians. In the time of Constantine, however, it resumed its ancient name, which it has retained to the present day. Helena, the mother of Constantine, built two churches in Bethlehem and on mount Olivet, about A. D. 326; and Julian, who, after his father, succeeded to the empire of his uncle Constantine, endeavored to rebuild the temple; but his design, and that of the Jews, whom he patronized, was frustrated, as contemporary historians relate, by an earthquake, and by balls of fire bursting forth among the workmen, A. D. 363.
The subsequent history of Jerusalem may be told in a few words. In 613, it was taken by Chosroes king of Persia, who slew, it is said, 90,000 men, and demolished, to the utmost of his power, whatever the Christians had venerated: in 627, Heraclius defeated Chosroes, and Jerusalem was recovered by the Greeks. Soon after command the long and wretched era of Mohammedanism. About 637, the city was taken from the Christians by the caliph Omar, after a siege of four months, and continued under the caliphs of Bagdad till 868, when it was taken by Ahmed, a Turkish sovereign of Egypt. During the space of 220 years, it was subject to several masters, Turkish and Saracenic, and in 1099 it was taken by the crusaders under Godfrey Bouillon, who was elected king. He was succeeded by his brother Baldwin, who died in 1118. In 1187, Saladin, sultan of the East, captured the city, assisted by the treachery of Raymond, count of Tripoli, who was found dead in his bed on the morning of the day in which he was to have delivered up the city. It was restored, in 1242, to the Latin princes, by Saleh Ismael, emir of Damascus; they lost it in 1291 to the sultans of Egypt, who held it till 1382. Selim, the Turkish sultan, reduced Egypt and Syria, including Jerusalem, in 1517, and his son Solyman built or reconstructed the present walls in 1534. Since then it has remained under the dominion of Turkey, except when held for a short time, 1832-4, by Ibrahim Pasha of Egypt. At present, this city is included in the pashalic of Damascus, though it has a resident Turkish governor.
Jerusalem is situated on the central tableland of Judea, about 2,400 feet above the Mediterranean. It lies on ground which slopes gently down towards the east, the slope being terminated by an abrupt declivity, in some parts precipitous, and overhanging the valley of Jehoshaphat or of the Kidron. This sloping ground is also terminated on the south by the deep and narrow valley of Hinnom, which constituted the ancient southern boundary of the city, and which also ascends on its west side, and comes out upon the high ground on the northwest. See GIHON. But in the city itself, there were also two ravines or smaller valleys, dividing the land covered by buildings into three principal parts or hills. ZION, the highest of these, was in the southwest quarter of the city, skirted on the south and west by the deep valley of Hinnom. On its north and east sides lay the smaller valley "of the cheesemongers," or Tyropoeon also united, near the northeast foot of Zion, with a valley coming down from the north. Zion was also called, The city of David; and by Josephus, "the upper city." Surrounded anciently by walls as well as deep valleys, it was the strongest part of the city, and contained the citadel and the king's palace. The Tyropoeon separated it from Acra on the north and Moriah on the northeast. ACRA was less elevated than Zion, or than the ground to the northwest beyond the walls. It is called by Josephus "the lower city." MORIAH, the sacred hill, lay northeast of Zion, with which it was anciently connected at its nearest corner, by a bridge over the Tyropoeon, some remnants of which have been identified by Dr. Robinson. Moriah was at first a small eminence, but its area was greatly enlarged to make room for the temple. It was but a part of the continuous ridge on the east side of the city, overlooking the deep valley of the Kidron; rising on the north, after a slight depression, into the hill Bezetha, the "new city" of Joephus, and sinking away on the south into the hill Ophel. On the east of Jerusalem, and stretching from north to south, lies the Mount of Olives, divided from the city by the valley of the Kidron, and commanding a noble prospect of the city and surrounding county. Over against Moriah, or a little further north, lies the garden of Gethsemane, with its olive trees, at the foot of the Mount of Olives. Just below the city, on the east side of the valley of the Kidron, lies the miserable village of Siloa; farther down, this valley unites with that of Hinnon, at a beautiful spot anciently "the king's gardens;" still below, is the well of Nehemiah, anciently En-rogel; and from this spot the united valley winds among mountains southward and eastward to the Dead sea. In the mouth of the Tyropoeon, between Ophel and Zion, is the pool of Siloam. In the valley west and northwest of Zion are the two pools of Gihon, the lower being now broken and dry. In the rocks around Jerusalem, and chiefl
See Verses Found in Dictionary
called also Salem, Ariel, Jebus, the "city of God," the "holy city;" by the modern Arabs el-Khuds, meaning "the holy;" once "the city of Judah" (2Ch 25:28). This name is in the original in the dual form, and means "possession of peace," or "foundation of peace." The dual form probably refers to the two mountains on which it was built, viz., Zion and Moriah; or, as some suppose, to the two parts of the city, the "upper" and the "lower city." Jerusalem is a "mountain city enthroned on a mountain fastness" (comp. Ps 68:15-16; 87:1; 125:2; 76:1-2; 122:3). It stands on the edge of one of the highest table-lands in Palestine, and is surrounded on the south-eastern, the southern, and the western sides by deep and precipitous ravines.
Illustration: Plan of Ancient Jerusalem Illustration: Plan of Modern (1897) Jerusalem Illustration: Section Across Jerusalem Illustration: Jerusalem from Mt Scopus Illustration: David Street
It is first mentioned in Scripture under the name Salem (Ge 14:18; comp. Ps 76:2). When first mentioned under the name Jerusalem, Adonizedek was its king (Jos 10:1). It is afterwards named among the cities of Benjamin (Jg 19:10; 1Ch 11:4); but in the time of David it was divided between Benjamin and Judah. After the death of Joshua the city was taken and set on fire by the men of Judah (Jg 1:1-8); but the Jebusites were not wholly driven out of it. The city is not again mentioned till we are told that David brought the head of Goliath thither (1Sa 17:54). David afterwards led his forces against the Jebusites still residing within its walls, and drove them out, fixing his own dwelling on Zion, which he called "the city of David" (2Sa 5:5-9; 1Ch 11:4-8). Here he built an altar to the Lord on the threshing-floor of Araunah the Jebusite (2Sa 24:15-25), and thither he brought up the ark of the covenant and placed it in the new tabernacle which he had prepared for it. Jerusalem now became the capital of the kingdom.
After the death of David, Solomon built the temple, a house for the name of the Lord, on Mount Moriah (B.C. 1010). He also greatly strengthened and adorned the city, and it became the great centre of all the civil and religious affairs of the nation (De 12:5; comp. De 12:14; 14:23; 16:11-16; Ps 122).
After the disruption of the kingdom on the accession to the throne of Rehoboam, the son of Solomon, Jerusalem became the capital of the kingdom of the two tribes. It was subsequently often taken and retaken by the Egyptians, the Assyrians, and by the kings of Israel (2Ki 14:13-14; 18:15-16; 23:33-35; 24:14; 2Ch 12:9; 26:9; 27:3-4; 29:3; 32:30; 33:11), till finally, for the abounding iniquities of the nation, after a siege of three years, it was taken and utterly destroyed, its walls razed to the ground, and its temple and palaces consumed by fire, by Nebuchadnezzar, the king of Babylon (2Ki 25; 2Ch 36; Jer 39), B.C. 588. The desolation of the city and the land was completed by the retreat of the principal Jews into Egypt (JER 40-44), and by the final carrying captive into Babylon of all that still remained in the land (Jer 52:3), so that it was left without an inhabitant (B.C. 582). Compare the predictions, De 28; Le 26:14-39.
But the streets and walls of Jerusalem were again to be built, in troublous times (Da 9:16,19,25), after a captivity of seventy years. This restoration was begun B.C. 536, "in the first year of Cyrus" (Ezr 1:2-3,5-11). The Books of Ezra and Nehemiah contain the history of the re-building of the city and temple, and the restoration of the kingdom of the Jews, consisting of a portion of all the tribes. The kingdom thus constituted was for two centuries under the dominion of Persia, till B.C. 331; and thereafter, for about a century and a half, under the rulers of the Greek empire in Asia, till B.C. 167. For a century the Jews maintained their independence under native rulers, the Asmonean princes. At the close of this period they fell under the rule of Herod and of members of his family, but practically under Rome, till the time of the destruction of Jerusalem, A.D. 70. The city was then laid in ruins.
The modern Jerusalem by-and-by began to be built over the immense beds of rubbish resulting from the overthrow of the ancient city; and whilst it occupies certainly the same site, there are no evidences that even the lines of its streets are now what they were in the ancient city. Till A.D. 131 the Jews who still lingered about Jerusalem quietly submitted to the Roman sway. But in that year the emperor (Hadrian), in order to hold them in subjection, rebuilt and fortified the city. The Jews, however, took possession of it, having risen under the leadership of one Bar-Chohaba (i.e., "the son of the star") in revolt against the Romans. Some four years afterwards (A.D. 135), however, they were driven out of it with great slaughter, and the city was again destroyed; and over its ruins was built a Roman city called Aelia Capitolina, a name which it retained till it fell under the dominion of the Mohammedans, when it was called el-Khuds, i.e., "the holy."
In A.D. 326 Helena, mother of the emperor Constantine, made a pilgrimage to Jerusalem with the view of discovering the places mentioned in the life of our Lord. She caused a church to be built on what was then supposed to be the place of the nativity at Bethlehem. Constantine, animated by her example, searched for the holy sepulchre, and built over the supposed site a magnificent church, which was completed and dedicated A.D. 335. He relaxed the laws against the Jews till this time in force, and permitted them once a year to visit the city and wail over the desolation of "the holy and beautiful house."
In A.D. 614 the Persians, after defeating the Roman forces of the emperor Heraclius, took Jerusalem by storm, and retained it till A.D. 637, when it was taken by the Arabians under the Khalif Omar. It remained in their possession till it passed, in A.D. 960, under the dominion of the Fatimite khalifs of Egypt, and in A.D. 1073 under the Turcomans. In A.D. 1099 the crusader Godfrey of Bouillon took the city from the Moslems with great slaughter, and was elected king of Jerusalem. He converted the Mosque of Omar into a Christian cathedral. During the eighty-eight years which followed, many churches and convents were erected in the holy city. The Church of the Holy Sepulchre was rebuilt during this period, and it alone remains to this day. In A.D. 1187 the sultan Saladin wrested the city from the Christians. From that time to the present day, with few intervals, Jerusalem has remained in the hands of the Moslems. It has, however, during that period been again and again taken and retaken, demolished in great part and rebuilt, no city in the world having passed through so many vicissitudes.
In the year 1850 the Greek and Latin monks residing in Jerusalem had a fierce dispute about the guardianship of what are called the "holy places." In this dispute the emperor Nicholas of Russia sided with the Greeks, and Louis Napoleon, the emperor of the French, with the Latins. This led the Turkish authorities to settle the question in a way unsatisfactory to Russia. Out of this there sprang the Crimean War, which was protracted and sanguinary, but which had important consequences in the way of breaking down the barriers of Turkish exclusiveness.
Modern Jerusalem "lies near the summit of a broad mountain-ridge, which extends without interruption from the plain of Esdraelon to a line drawn between the southern end of the Dead Sea and the southeastern corner of the Mediterranean." This high, uneven table-land is everywhere from 20 to 25 geographical miles in breadth. It was anciently known as the mountains of Ephraim and Judah.
Jerusalem is a city of contrasts, and differs widely from Damascus, not merely because it is a stone town in mountains, whilst the latter is a mud city in a plain, but because while in Damascus Moslem religion and Oriental custom are unmixed with any foreign element, in Jerusalem every form of religion, every nationality of East and West, is represented at one time.
Jerusalem is first mentioned under that name in the Book of Joshua, and the Tell-el-Amarna collection of table
See Verses Found in Dictionary
Jeru-, "the foundation" (implying its divinely given stability, Ps 87:1; Isa 14:32; so spiritually, Heb 11:10); -shalem, "of peace". The absence of the doubled "sh" forbids Ewald's derivation, jerush- "possession". Salem is the oldest form (Ps 76:2; Heb 7:2; Ge 14:18). Jebusi "the Jebusite" (Jos 15:8; 18:16,28; Jg 19:10-11) and the city itself. Jebus, the next form, Jerusalem the more modern name. Melchi-zedek ("king of righteousness") corresponds to Adoni-zedek," lord of righteousness," king of Jerusalem (Jos 10:1), the name being a hereditary title of the kings of Jerusalem which is "the city of righteousness" (Isa 1:21-26). Psalm 110 connects Melchizedek with Zion, as other passages do with Salem. The king of Salem met Abram after his return from the slaughter of the kings, therefore near home (Hebron, to which Jerusalem was near).
The valley of Shaveh, the king's dale (Ge 14:17; 2Sa 18:18), was the valley of Kedron, and the king of Sodom had no improbable distance to go from Sodom in meeting him here (two furlongs from Jersalem: Josephus, Ant. 7:10, section 3). Ariel, "lion of God," is another designation (Isa 29:1-2,7). (See ARIEL.) Also "the holy city" (Mt 4:5; 27:53; Re 11:3). AElius Hadrianus, the Roman emperor, built it (A.D. 135), whence it was named AElia Capitolina, inscribed still on the well known stone in the S. wall of the Aksa. Jerusalem did not become the nation's capital or even possession until David's time, the seat of government and of the religious worship having been previously in the N. at Shethem and Shiloh, then Gibeah and Nob (whence the tabernacle and altar were moved to Gibeon). (See DAVID.) The boundary between Judah and Benjamin ran S. of the city hill, so that the city was in Benjamin, and Judah enclosed on two sides the tongue or promontory of land on which it stood, the valley of Hinnom bounding it W. and S., the valley of Jehoshaphat on the E.
The temple situated at the connecting point of Judah and northern Israel admirably united both in holiest bonds. Jerusalem lies on the ridge of the backbone of hills stretching from the plain of Jezreel to the desert. Jewish tradition placed the altars and sanctuary in Benjamin, the courts of the temple in Judah. The two royal tribes met in Jerusalem David showed his sense of the importance of the alliance with Saul of Benjamin by making Michal's restoration the condition of his league with Abner (2Sa 3:13). Its table land also lies almost central on the middle route from N. to S., and is the watershed of the torrents passing eastward to Jordan and westward to the Mediterranean (Eze 5:5; 38:12; Ps 48:2).
It lay midway between the oldest civilized states; Egypt and Ethiopia on one hand, Babylon, Nineveh, India, Persia, Greece, and Rome on the other; thus holding the best vantage ground whence to act on heathendom. At the same time it lay out of the great highway between Egypt and Syria and Assyria, so often traversed by armies of these mutually hostile world powers, the low sea coast plain from Pelusium to Tyre; hence it generally enjoyed immunity from wars. It is 32 miles from the sea, 18 from Jordan, 20 from Hebron, 36 from Samaria; on the edge of one of the highest table lands, 3700 ft. above the Dead Sea; the N.W. part of the city is 2,581 ft. above the Mediterranean sea level; Mount Olivet is more than 100 ft. higher, namely, 2,700 ft. The descent is extraordinary; Jericho, 13 miles off, is 3,624 ft. lower than Olivet, i.e. 900 ft. below the Mediterranean. Bethel to the N., 11 miles off, is 419 ft. below Jerusalem. Ramleh to the W., 25 miles off, is 2,274 ft. lower. To the S. however the hills at Bethlehem are a little higher, 2,704; Hebron, 3,029. To the S.W. the view is more open, the plain of Rephaim beginning at the S. edge of the valley of Hinnom and stretching towards the western sea. To the N.W. also the view reaches along the upper part of the valley of Jehoshaphat.
The city is called "the valley of vision" (Isa 22:1-5), for the lower parts of the city, the Tyro-peon (the cheesemakers), form a valley between the heights. The hills outside too are "round about" it (Ps 125:2). On the E. Olivet; on the S. the hill of evil counsel, rising from the vale of Hinnom; on the W. the ground rises to the borders of the great wady, an hour and a half from the city; on the N. a prolongation of mount Olivet bounds the prospect a mile from the City. Jer 21:13,"inhabiters of the valley, rock of the plain" (i.e. Zion). "Jerusalem the defensed" (Eze 21:20), yet doomed to be "the city of confusion," a second Babel (confusion), by apostasy losing the order of truth and holiness, so doomed to the disorder of destruction like Babylon, its prototype in evil (Isa 24:10; Jer 4:23). Seventeen times desolated by conquerors, as having become a "Sodom" (Isa 1:10). "The gates of the people," i.e. the central mart for the inland commerce (Eze 26:2; 27:17; 1Ki 5:9). "The perfection of beauty" (La 2:15, the enemy in scorn quoting the Jews' own words), "beautiful for situation" (Ps 48:2; 50:1-2).
The ranges of Lebanon and Antilebanon pass on southwards in two lower parallel ranges separated by the Ghor or Jordan valley, and ending in the gulf of Akabah. The eastern range distributes itself through Gilead, Mesh, and Petra, reaching the Arabian border of the Red Sea. The western range is the backbone of western Palestine, including the hills of Galilee, Samaria, Ephraim, Benjamin, and Judah, and passing on into the Sinaitic range ending at Ras Mohammed in the tongue of land between the two arms of the Red Sea. The Jerusalem range is part of the steep western wall of the valley of the Jordan and the Dead Sea. W. of this wall the hills sink into a lower range between it and the Mediterranean coast plain. The eastern ravine, the valley of Kedron or Jehoshaphat running from N. to S., meets at the S.E. grainer of the city table land promontory the valley of Hinnom, which on the W. of the precipitous promontory first runs S., then bends eastward (S. of the promontory) until it meets the valley of Jehoshaphat at Bir Ayub; thence as one they descend steeply toward the Dead Sea. The promontory itself is divided into two unequal parts by a ravine running from S. to N. The western part or "upper city" is the larger and higher.
The eastern part, mount Moriah and the Acra or "lower city" (Josephus), constitute the lower and smaller; on its southern portion is now the mosque of Omar. The central ravine half way up sends a lateral valley running up to the general level at the Jaffa or Bethlehem gate. The central ravine or depression, running toward the Damascus gate, is the Tyropeon. N. of Moriah the valley of the Asmonaeans running transversely (marked still by the reservoir with two arches, "the pool of Bethesda" so-called, near St. Stephen's gate) separates it from the suburb Bezetha or new town. Thus the city was impregnably entrenched by ravines W., S., and E., while on the N. and N.W. it had ample room for expansion. The western half is: fairly level from N. to S., remembering however the lateral valley spoken of above. The eastern hill is more than 100 ft. lower; the descent thence to the valley, the Bir Ayub, is 450 ft. The N. and S. outlying hills of Olivet, namely, Viri Galilaei, Scopus, and mount of Offence, bend somewhat toward the city, as if "standing round about Jerusalem." The neighbouring hills though not very high are a shelter to the city, and the distant hills of Moab look like a rampart on the E.
The route from the N. and E. was from the Jordan plain by Jericho and mount Olivet (Lu 17:11; 18:35; 19:1-29,45,2 Samuel 15-16; 2Ch 28:15). The route from Philistia and Sharon was by Joppa and Lydda, up the two Bethherons to the high ground at Gibeon, whence it turned S. and by Ramah and Gibeah passed over the N. ridge to Jerusalem. This was the road which armies took in approaching the city, and it is still the one for heavy baggage, though a shorter and steeper road through Amwas and the great wady is generally taken by travelers from Jaffa to Jerusalem. The gates were:
(1) that of Ephraim (2Ch 25:23), the same probably as that
(2) of Benjamin (Jer 20:2), 400 cubits from
(3) "the corner gate" (2Ch 25:23).
See Verses Found in Dictionary
I. Situation.
See Verses Found in Dictionary
Great interest naturally attaches to this city because of its O.T. and N.T. histories, and its future glory. The signification of the name is somewhat uncertain: some give it as 'the foundation of peace;' others 'the possession of peace.' Its history has, alas, been anything but that of peace; but Hag 2:9 remains to be fulfilled: "in this place will I give peace," doubtless referring to the meaning of 'Jerusalem.' The name is first recorded in Jos 10:1 when Adoni-zedec was its king, before Israel had anything to do with it, and four hundred years before David obtained full possession of the city. 2Sa 5:6-9. This name may therefore have been given it by the Canaanites, though it was also called JEBUS. Jg 19:10. It is apparently symbolically called SALEM, 'peace,' in Ps 76:2;* and ARIEL, 'the lion of God,' in Isa 29:1-2,7; in Isa 52:1 'the holy city,' as it is also in Mt 4:5; 27:53. The temple being built there, and Mount Zion forming a part of the city, made Jerusalem typical of the place of blessing on earth, as it certainly will be in a future day, when Israel is restored.
* On the TELL AMARNA TABLETS (see THE TELL AMARNA TABLETS under 'Egypt') Jerusalem occurs several times as u-ru-sa-lim, the probable signification of which is 'city of peace.'
Jerusalem was taken from the Jebusites and the city burnt, Jg 1:8; but the Jebusites were not all driven out, for some were found dwelling in a part of Jerusalem called the fort, when David began to reign over the whole of the tribes. This stronghold was taken, and Jerusalem became the royal city; but the great interest that attaches to it arises from its being the city of Jehovah's election on the one hand, and the place of Jehovah's temple, where mercy rejoiced over judgement. See ZION and MORIAH. In Solomon's reign it was greatly enriched, and the temple built. At the division of the kingdom it was the chief city of Judah. It was plundered several times, and in B.C. 588 the temple and city were destroyed by the king of Babylon. In B.C. 536, after 70 years (from B.C. 606, when the first captivity took place, Jer 25:11-12; 29:10), Cyrus made a declaration that God had charged him to build Him a house at Jerusalem, and the captives were allowed to return for the purpose. In B.C. 455 the commission to build the city was given to Nehemiah. It existed, under many vicissitudes, until the time of the Lord, when it was part of the Roman empire. Owing to the rebellion of the Jews it was destroyed by the Romans, A.D. 70.
Its ruins had a long rest, but in A.D. 136 the city was rebuilt by Hadrian and called ?lia Capitolina. A temple to the Capitoline Jupiter was erected on the site of the temple. Jews were forbidden, on pain of death, to enter the city, but in the fourth century they were admitted once a year. Constantine after his conversion destroyed the heathen temples in the city. In A.D. 614 Jerusalem was taken and pillaged by the Persians. In 628 it was re-taken by Heraclius. Afterwards it fell into the hands of the Turks. In 1099 it was captured by the Crusaders, but was re-taken by Saladin. In 1219 it was ceded to the Christians, but was subsequently captured by Kharezmian hordes. In 1277 it was nominally annexed to the kingdom of Sicily. In 1517 it passed under the sway of the Ottoman Sultan, and became a part of the Turkish empire. It has already sustained about thirty sieges, and although in the hands of the Jews now its desolations are not yet over!
The beautiful situation of Jerusalem is noticed in scripture; it stands about 2593 feet above the sea, and the mountains round about it are spoken of as its security. Ps 125:2; La 2:15. Between the mountains and the city there are valleys on three sides: on the east the valley of the Kidron, or Jehoshaphat; on the west the valley of Gihon; and on the south the valley of Hinnom. The Mount of Olives is on the east, from whence the best view of Jerusalem is to be had. On the S.W. lies the Mount of Offence, so called because it is supposed that Solomon practised idolatry there. On the south is the Hill of Evil Counsel; the origin of which name is said to be that Caiaphas had a villa there, in which a council was held to put the Lord to death. But these and many other names commonly placed on maps, have no other authority than that of tradition. To the north the land is comparatively level, so that the attacks on the city were made on that side.
The city, as it now stands surrounded by walls, contains only about one-third of a square mile. Its north wall running S.W. extends from angle to angle, without noticing irregularities, about 3930 feet; the east 2754 feet; the south 3425 feet; and the west 2086 feet; the circumference being about two and a third English miles. Any one accustomed to the area of modern cities is struck with the small size of Jerusalem. Josephus says that its circumference in his day was 33 stadia, which is more than three and three-quarters English miles. It is clear that on the south a portion was included which is now outside the city. Also on the north an additional wall enclosed a large portion, now called BEZETHA; but this latter enclosure was made by Herod Agrippa some ten or twelve years after the time of the Lord. Traces of these additional walls have been discovered and extensive excavations on the south have determined the true position of the wall.
Several gates are mentioned in the O.T. which cannot be traced; it is indeed most probable they do not now exist. On the north is the Damascus gate, and one called Herod's gate walled up; on the east an open gate called St. Stephen's, and a closed one called the Golden gate; on the south Zion gate, and a small one called Dung gate; on the west Jaffa gate. A street runs nearly north from Zion gate to Damascus gate; and a street from the Jaffa gate runs eastward to the Mosque enclosure These two streets divide the city into four quarters of unequal size. Since the formation of the State of Israel a large modern city has built up to the North West of the Old City.
There is a fifth portion on the extreme S.E. called MORIAH, agreeing, as is supposed, with the Mount Moriah of the O.T., on some portion of which the temple was most probably built. It is now called 'the Mosque enclosure,' because on it are built two mosques. It is a plateau of about 35 acres, all level except where a portion of the rock projects near the centre, over which the Mosque of Omar is built. To obtain this large plain, walls had to be built up at the sides of the sloping rock, forming with arches many chambers, tier above tier. Some chambers are devoted to cisterns, and others are called Solomon's stables. That horses have been kept there at some time appears evident from rings being found attached to the walls, to which the horses were tethered.
Josephus speaks of Jerusalem being built upon two hills with a valley between, called the TYROPOEON VALLEY. This lies on the west of the Mosque enclosure and runs nearly north and south. Over this valley the remains of two bridges have been discovered: the one on the south is called the 'Robinson arch,' because that traveller discovered it. He judged that some stones which jutted out from the west wall of the enclosure must have been part of a large arch. This was proved to have been the case by corresponding parts of the arch being discovered on the opposite side of the valley. Another arch was found complete, farther north, by Captain Wilson, and is called the 'Wilson arch.' Below these arches were others, and aqueducts.
Nearly the whole of this valley is filled with rubbish. There may have been another valley running across the above, as some suppose; but if so, that also is choked with debris, indeed the modern city appears to have been built upon the ruins of former ones, as is implied in the prophecy of Jer 9:11; 30:18. The above-named bridges would unite the Mosque enclosure, or Temple area, with the S.W. portion of the city, which is supposed to have included ZION.
The Jews are not allowed in the Temple area, therefore they assemble on a spot near Robinson's arch, called the JEWS' WAILING PLACE, where they can approach the walls of the area which are built of very
See Verses Found in Dictionary
(the habitation of peace), Jerusalem stands in latitude 31 degrees 46' 35" north and longitude 35 degrees 18' 30" east of Greenwich. It is 32 miles distant from the sea and 18 from the Jordan, 20 from Hebron and 36 from Samaria. "In several respects," says Dean Stanley, "its situation is singular among the cities of Palestine. Its elevation is remarkable; occasioned not from its being on the summit of one of the numerous hills of Judea, like most of the towns and villages, but because it is on the edge of one of the highest table-lands of the country. Hebron indeed is higher still by some hundred feet, and from the south, accordingly (even from Bethlehem), the approach to Jerusalem is by a slight descent. But from any other side the ascent is perpetual; and to the traveller approaching the city from the east or west it must always have presented the appearance beyond any other capital of the then known world --we may say beyond any important city that has ever existed on the earth --of a mountain city; breathing, as compared with the sultry plains of Jordan, a mountain air; enthroned, as compared with jericho or Damascus, Gaza or Tyre, on a mountain fastness." --S. & P. 170,
1. Jerusalem, if not actually in the centre of Palestine, was yet virtually so. "It was on the ridge, the broadest and most strongly-marked ridge of the backbone of the complicated hills which extend through the whole country from the plain of Esdraelon to the desert." Roads. --There appear to have been but two main approaches to the city:--
1. From the Jordan valley by Jericho and the Mount of Olives. This was the route commonly taken from the north and east of the country.
2. From the great maritime plain of Philistia and Sharon. This road led by the two Beth-horons up to the high ground at Gibeon, whence it turned south, and came to Jerusalem by Ramah and Gibeah, and over the ridge north of the city. Topography. --To convey an idea of the position of Jerusalem, we may say, roughly, that the city occupies the southern termination of the table-land which is cut off from the country round it on its west, south and east sides by ravines more than usually deep and precipitous. These ravines leave the level of the table-land, the one on the west and the other on the northeast of the city, and fall rapidly until they form a junction below its southeast corner. The eastern one --the valley of the Kedron, commonly called the valley of Jehoshaphat --runs nearly straight from north by south. But the western one --the valley of Hinnom-- runs south for a time, and then takes a sudden bend to the east until it meets the valley of Jehoshaphat, after which the two rush off as one to the Dead Sea. How sudden is their descent may be gathered from the fact that the level at the point of junction -about a mile and a quarter from the starting-point of each-- is more than 600 feet below that of the upper plateau from which they began their descent. So steep is the fall of the ravines, so trench-like their character, and so close do they keep to the promontory at whose feet they run, as to leave on the beholder almost the impression of the ditch at the foot of a fortress rather than of valleys formed by nature. The promontory thus encircled is itself divided by a longitudinal ravine running up it from south to north, called the valley of the Tyropoeon, rising gradually from the south, like the external ones, till at last it arrives at the level of the upper plateau, dividing the central mass into two unequal portions. Of these two, that on the west is the higher and more massive, on which the city of Jerusalem now stands, and in fact always stood. The hill on the east is considerably lower and smaller, so that to a spectator from the south the city appears to slope sharply toward the east. Here was the temple, and here stands now the great Mohammedan sanctuary with its mosques and domes. The name of MOUNT ZION has been applied to the western hill from the time of Constantine to the present day. The eastern hill, called MOUNT MORIAH in
See Mount
See Mount, Mountain
See Zion
See Moriah
was as already remarked, the site of the temple. It was situated in the southwest angle of the area, now known as the Haram area, and was, as we learn from Josephus, an exact square of a stadium, or 600 Greek feet, on each side. (Conder ("Bible Handbook," 1879) states that by the latest surveys the Haram area is a quadrangle with unequal sides. The west wall measures 1601 feet, the south 922, the east 1530, the north 1042. It is thus nearly a mile in circumference, and contains 35 acres. --ED.) Attached to the northwest angle of the temple was the Antonia, a tower or fortress. North of the side of the temple is the building now known to Christians as the Mosque of Omar, but by Moslems called the Dome of the Rock. The southern continuation of the eastern hill was named OPHEL, which gradually came to a point at the junction of the valleys Tyropoeon and Jehoshaphat; and the norther BEZETHA, "the new city," first noticed by Josephus, which was separated from Moriah by an artificial ditch, and overlooked the valley of Kedron on the east; this hill was enclosed within the walls of Herod Agrippa. Lastly, ACRA lay westward of Moriah and northward of Zion, and formed the "lower city" in the time of Josephus.
See Ophel
Walls. --These are described by Josephus. The first or old wall was built by David and Solomon, and enclosed Zion and part of Mount Moriah. (The second wall enclosed a portion of the city called Acra or Millo, on the north of the city, from the tower of Mariamne to the tower of Antonia. It was built as the city enlarged in size; begun by Uzziah 140 years after the first wall was finished, continued by Jotham 50 years later, and by Manasseh 100 years later still. It was restored by Nehemiah. Even the latest explorations have failed to decide exactly what was its course. (See Conder's Handbook of the Bible, art. Jerusalem.) The third wall was built by King Herod Agrippa, and was intended to enclose the suburbs which had grown out on the northern sides of the city, which before this had been left exposed. After describing these walls, Josephus adds that the whole circumference of the city was 33 stadia, or nearly four English miles, which is as near as may be the extent indicated by the localities. He then adds that the number of towers in the old wall was 60, the middle wall 40, and the new wall 99. Water Supply --(Jerusalem had no natural water supply, unless we so consider the "Fountain of the Virgin," which wells up with an intermittent action from under Ophel. The private citizens had cisterns, which were supplied by the rain from the roofs; and the city had a water supply "perhaps the most complete and extensive ever undertaken by a city," and which would enable it to endure a long siege. There were three aqueducts, a number of pools and fountains, and the temple area was honeycombed with great reservoirs, whose total capacity is estimated at 10,000,000 gallons. Thirty of these reservoirs are described, varying from 25 to 50 feet in depth; and one, call the great Sea, would hold 2,000,000 gallons. These reservoirs and the pools were supplied with water by the rainfall and by the aqueducts. One of these, constructed by Pilate, has been traced for 40 miles, though in a straight line the distance is but 13 miles. It brought water from the spring Elam, on the south, beyond Bethlehem, into the reservoirs under the temple enclosure. --ED.) Pools and fountains. --A part of the system of water supply. Outside the walls on the west side were the Upper and Lower Pools of GIHON, the latter close under Zion, the former more to the northwest on the Jaffa road. At the junction of the valleys of Hinnom and Jehoshaphat was ENROGEL, the "Well of Job," in the midst of the king's gardens. Within the walls, immediately north of Zion, was the "Pool of Hezekiah." A large pool existing beneath the temple (referred to in Ecclus. 1:3) was probably supplied by some subterranean aqueduct. The "King's Pool" was probably identical with the "Fountain of the Virgin," at the southern angle of Moriah. It possesses the peculiar
See Verses Found in Dictionary
JERUSALEM, formerly called Jebus, or Salem, Jos 18:28; Heb 7:2, the capital of Judea, situated partly in the tribe of Benjamin, and partly in that of Judah. It was not completely reduced by the Israelites till the reign of David, 2Sa 5:6-9. As Jerusalem was the centre of the true worship, Ps 122:4, and the place where God did in a peculiar manner dwell, first in the tabernacle, 2Sa 6:7,12; 1Ch 15:1; 16:1; Ps 132:13; 135:2, and afterward in the temple, 1Ki 6:13; so it is used figuratively to denote the church, or the celestial society, to which all that believe, both Jews and Gentiles, are come, and in which they are initiated, Ga 4:26; Heb 12:22; Re 3:12; 21:2,10. Jerusalem was situated in a stony and barren soil, and was about sixty furlongs in length, according to Strabo. The territory and places adjacent were well watered, having the fountains of Gihon and Siloam, and the brook Kidron, at the foot of its walls; and, beside these, there were the waters of Ethan, which Pilate had conveyed through aqueducts into the city. The ancient city of Jerusalem, or Jebus, which David took from the Jebusites, was not very large. It was seated upon a mountain southward of the temple. The opposite mountain, situated to the north, is Sion, where David built a new city, which he called the city of David, whereto was the royal palace, and the temple of the Lord. The temple was built upon Mount Moriah, which was one of the little hills belonging to Mount Sion.
Through the reigns of David and Solomon, Jerusalem was the metropolis of the whole Jewish kingdom, and continued to increase in wealth and splendour. It was resorted to at the festivals by the whole population of the country; and the power and commercial spirit of Solomon, improving the advantages acquired by his father David, centred in it most of the eastern trade, both by sea, through the ports of Elath and Ezion-Geber, and over land, by the way of Tadmor or Palmyra. Or, at least, though Jerusalem might not have been made a depot of merchandise, the quantity of precious metals flowing into it by direct importation, and by duties imposed on goods passing to the ports of the Mediterranean, and in other directions, was unbounded. Some idea of the prodigious wealth of Jerusalem at this time may be formed by stating, that the quantity of gold left by David for the use of the temple amounted to


text: Check Meet Madden appearing on her foundation wearing a revealing little bra having matching briefs. She look sexy as the lady lays while lying there smiling toward the stanza. She is placed up and little by little pulls her briefs down her don teasing think she's around to show us her fotze. She would make her answer to her armoire and pulls aside a shirt in addition to the tight jeans in addition to the proceeds to discover dressed up. Her t shirt reads "I the nightmare I used to be every brunette"! Good, I'd a damp dream and discovered Meet Madden completely nude and doing a myriad of00 mischievous files.

subset: commoncrawl


text:
Mortally weakened by the Spider Queen on Metebelis 3, the Doctor is forced to regenerate. His recuperation is cut short as UNIT investigate a spate of robberies involving components for a top-secret disintegrator gun. The culprit is quickly identified as a highly sophisticated robot built by Professor Kettlewell, which is being ordered to act against its prime directive.
Just how is the robot being used to carry out the sinister agenda of the Scientific Reform Society? And can the Doctor rescue Sarah from the robot's clutches and avert a nuclear war?
-- from the DVD release, 2007
Episode timings on DVD: 24'16", 25'02", 24'33", 24'31"
Episode timings on PasB: 24'11", 25'00", 24'29", 24'29"
VHS releases
06/01/1992: UK - BBC Enterprises Ltd - BBCV4714 [deleted 9/5/1996, not pictured]
03/07/1992: Aus/NZ - PolyGram, BBC47142 [not pictured]
??/??/1994: US - CBS/Fox, 8103 [renumbered to E1260 in 2000 by Warner Home Video]
Cover art by Alistair Pearson.
DVD releases
DVD Bonus features
Easter Egg: Continuities (click left from Special Features on the main menu)
Are Friends Electric? (38'57")
The making of Robot.
Clips are letterboxed to remain in 4:3
The Tunnel Effect (13'47")
An interview with Bernard Lodge, who explains what brought him to his career, how the howlaround effect was created (and the decisions he made when updating it for Troughton and Pertwee), where he found inspiration for the time tunnel titles, his thoughts on the Sid Sutton starfield titles, his thoughts on the 2005 titles and how the time tunnel effect was created.
Narrator: George Kelly
With thanks to Bernard Lodge, John Leatherbarrow, Ken Morse, Begonia Tamarit
Music by Jan Cyrka, Toby Brincheno, Christian Henson, Joe Henson & Saba Winter
Lighting Cameraman: David Simmons
Production Runner: Louis Yung-Hoi
On-Line Editor: Leanne Sheppard
Colourist: Jonathan Wood
Executive Producer: Dan Hall
Produced & Directed by Brendan Sheppard
(C) 2007 2entertain
Blue Peter
Photo Gallery (4'12")
60 b/w and colour photos from the production.
Thanks to Derek Handley, BBC Photo Library
(C) 2007 2entertain
Radio Times Listings
PDF feature
By Tom Baker, Elisabeth Sladen and Terrance Dicks.
Info Text
Restoration NotesThe video was transferred from the D3 copies of the original 2" master tapes and with dropouts and regrading provided by Jonathan Wood and Mark Ayres working on audio. Two sped-up videodisk shots were retimed to smooth out the respeeding, although the budget did not stretch to using CG to replace the Robot or the infamous tank.
28/11/1991 - Passed as 'U' by the BBFC for the UK.
28/01/1992 - Passed as 'G' by the OFLC for Aus/NZ.
16/04/2007 - Bonus features passed as 'U' by the BBFC for the UK.
07/05/2007 - Passed as 'PG' (for "Mild themes") by the OFLC for Aus/NZ.


text:
UH wins again in trademark fight with rival law school
The University of Houston Law Center chalked up another victory in its protracted battle against cross-town rival South Texas College of Law Houston.
The Intellectual Property Section of the State Bar of Texas recently awarded UH the trademark prize for defending the school's brand after South Texas College of Law announced plans to change its name to Houston College of Law.
"Unfortunately, trademarks are of an adversarial nature," Craig Stone, chairman of the bar's intellectual property trademark section, said Monday. "You're either fighting with the patent and trademark office to obtain the right to your brand or fighting publicly with a trademark infringement lawyer to retain the right to your brand."
Stone announced the award - the first ever for trademark practice - at the state bar's annual awards last month in Dallas.
"Their representation of the UHLC brand under emotion-filled circumstances is a great example of what trademark lawyers and teams face every day when tasked with protecting their multi-generational assets as brand stewards," he said at the time.
A spokesperson and an attorney for South Texas, which settled the lawsuit over the 93-year-old campus' new name in March, both declined to comment Monday.
Leonard Baynes, dean of the University of Houston Law Center, trumpeted the victory for the Cougars on Twitter last week.
Baynes declined to comment to the Chronicle, but he said in a news release that "the case presented important and novel legal issues" and he credited the lawsuit's success to the "outstanding lawyering and advocacy" of UH graduate Anthony Buzbee and UH General Counsel Dona Cornell and Al Deaver, a trademark whiz who happened to obtain his law degree at South Texas.
Stone emphasized that the point of the award was not about naming winners or losers. The award recognized exceptional work by in-house counsel, brand experts and outside counsel.
The trademark dispute centered on a re-branding campaign at South Texas in the summer of 2016. Lawyers for the public university argued that the private school's new name "Houston College of Law" infringed on UH's well-established academic brand.
South Texas eventually changed its name to South Texas College of Law Houston, which was acceptable to UH.
Buzbee said part of the courtroom victory can be attributed to his team laying out a narrative for U.S. District Judge Keith Ellison to explain why South Texas decided to change its name.
"We argued that when South Texas fell out of the rankings, and at the same time the new Texas A&M Law School became ranked in one year, that officials at South Texas decided to act," Buzbee said. "We argued that they purposely adopted a name to make it appear they were affiliated with the UH System."
UH spent more than $500,000 in legal fees to mount the lawsuit.
Now that the South Texas dispute is settled, UH may be picking up the mantle again to take on Houston Community College and the Houston Astros.
HCC and the Astros have each placed the U.S. Patent and Trademark Office on notice that they are considering opposing UH's attempt to own the rights to "Houston," as it pertains to education services - actions that could set off another round of legal challenges among major Houston institutions.
Both organizations provide educational services in various forms that could run afoul of a UH trademark.
HCC and the Astros have until July 30 to decide if they will formally oppose UH's claim. South Texas, as of May 31, had officially dropped out of any potential opposition, in accordance with its settlement agreement.


text:
Recent Posts
Recent Comments
Tag Archives: joyful
Praise and Warning
Psalms 95: Praise to the LORD, and Warning against Unbelief. 1 O come, let us sing for joy to the LORD, Let us shout joyfully to the rock of our salvation. 2 Let us come before His presence with thanksgiving, … Continue reading
A Psalm of Thanksgiving
Psalm 100 – A Song of Praise for the Faithfulness to His People 1 Make a joyful shout to the Lord, all you lands! 2 Serve the Lord with gladness; Come before His presence with singing. 3 Know that the … Continue reading
Posted in The Lord Tagged court, everlasting, faithfulness, gate, generations, give, joyful, Lord, mercy, noise, people, praise, sheep, shout, singing, thanks, thanksgiving, truth Leave a comment
The Lord of My Life.
"In My Father's house are many mansions; if it were not so, I would have told you. I go to prepare a place for you. And if I go and prepare a place for you, I will come again and … Continue reading
Posted in Christianity, God, Jesus Christ Tagged assurance, comforting, Father, God, good, Jesus, joyful, Life, Master, peace, person, Pilot, realization, Right, Shepherd, trouble, truth, way Leave a comment
In The Shadow of His Wings
Psalms 63:1-8. Joy in the Fellowship of God. A Psalm of David when he was in the wilderness of Judah. O God, You are my God; Early will I seek You; My soul thirsts for You; My flesh longs for … Continue reading
If My People Seek My Face
"If My people who are called by My name will humble themselves, and pray and seek My face, and turn from their wicked ways, then I will hear from heaven, and will forgive their sin and heal their land." – 2 … Continue reading
Knowing and Following
Let us know, Let us pursue the knowledge of the Lord. His going forth is established as the morning; He will come to us like the rain, Like the latter and former rain to the earth. – Hosea 6:3. The … Continue reading
A Joyful Walk with God!
Psalm 100 – A Psalm of Thanksgiving. Make a joyful shout to the Lord, all you lands! Serve the Lord with gladness; Come before His presence with singing. Know that the Lord, He is God; It is He who has … Continue reading


text: Daily Wrap-up: Markets broadly higher ahead of the Fed, commodities slip Markets broadly higher ahead of the Fed, commodities slip Equity markets gained Tuesday ahead of this week's Fed meeting with an interest rate rise almost certain. On the main TSX index only telecoms and materials lagged – and by small margins – while the other 8 sectors gained led by a 1.6 per cent rise for energy firms as oil continued its rise before settling around 15 cents higher. Wall Street and Europe also closed higher while Asian markets were mostly up with China the notable exception despite better economic data. Gold, silver and copper all declined. The S&P/TSX Composite Index closed up 97.57 (0.64 per cent) The Dow Jones closed up 114.8 (0.58 per cent) Oil is trending flat (Brent $55.56, WTI $52.82 at 4.35pm) Gold is trending lower (1160.40 at 4.35pm) The loonie is valued at U$0.7620 Husky announces $100 million investment in Sunrise project Calgary's Husky Energy will be increasing its investment in 2017. It has announced an extra $100 million for its Sunrise oil sands project, taking its overall projected investment for 2017 to between $2.6 and $2.7 billion. That means the firm is investing far more than its 2016 projected total of $2 billion. New CEO Rob Peabody told analysts Tuesday that the firm's "vitals have never been stronger" following a period of transformation for the business amid the decline in oil prices. There was also some hope for the firm's investors; with the higher oil prices, Husky may be able to restore dividends to shareholders which were put on hold last year. Marijuana producer shares higher on recreation sale hopes Share prices for Canada's marijuana firms increased Tuesday following a report recommending that recreational pot should be sold in stores. A task force headed by former Ottawa minister Anne McLellan said that personal possession should be legalized for over 18s, subject to a 30 gram possession limit. The report also said that tax revenues from pot sales should fund education programs on the dangers of the drug. More market talk: Morning Briefing: Fed meeting begins, markets mostly higher Daily Wrap-up: Oil, gold up but Fed in focus SHARE


text:
Tea party power on display at debate
TAMPA, Fla. — This did not feel like your father's presidential debate.
A triumph for a movement born just over two years ago, the first-ever tea party presidential debate was a clear departure from the four previous ones this cycle — or before.
Story Continued Below
Inside a dusty warehouse on a fairground, instead of a marbled presidential library, the crowd was rabidly partisan, bursting with boisterous applause that served as a live dial meter for the candidates to measure — and adjust to — in real time.
Afterward, instead of whisking away in their black SUVs, most of the contenders headed across the street for a mix and mingle afterparty with those who served up the questions.
The crowd is, after all, expecting to be in charge from here on out.
"We are going to choose the next Republican nominee for president, not the Republican Party," said Amy Kremer, chair of the Tea Party Express, which partnered with CNN for the two-hour event to the audience just minutes before the eight GOP contenders took the stage.
The substance wasn't all that different as the candidates were pelted with questions from tea party activists around the country and via satellite in addition to CNN moderator Wolf Blitzer: Aside from the Federal Reserve and the Fair Tax, Monday covered typical issues like immigration, health care and job creation.
But unlike in other debate settings where the crowds refrain from jolting reactions, this gathering was humming with emotion, releasing almost instantaneous bursts of audible approval or dissatisfaction.
The real message being delivered was a shot across the bow: Any contender who wants a realistic shot at winning back the White House will need the tea party's fervor to make it happen.
"I definitely think the energy and enthusiasm in this debate from the people in the audience, there was way more of it," said Kremer in an interview after. "They should feel it. What we have is the passion, the fire in the belly. That's organic. It can't be bought and can't be created."
The process wasn't always pretty.
Ron Paul was booed when he tried to explain what he sees as America's role in the root causes of the Sept. 11 attacks. So was Rick Perry — for his defense of a Texas law that gave in-state college tuition to children of illegal immigrants.
Jon Huntsman got perhaps the coldest reception. Several times the former Utah governor attempted to charm over an unnatural constituency with humor. But he barely earned a golf clap, and by the conclusion, the look of bewilderment on his face marked a man who looked like he'd seen a ghost.
The intensity even sparked a darker moment — custom-made for Democrats to use down the road— when audience members shouted "Yeah!" in response to a question from Blitzer about whether a 30-year-old man without health insurance should be left to die.


text:
Why I'm Voting NO on the Minnesota Marriage Amendment
My sexuality? It's none of your business.
I'm not trying to be rude here, just honest. Whether I'm gay or straight or emotionally attached to a fictional character on a TV show I spend too much time watching – it does not matter. I'm writing from the perspective of a human being – it does not matter who I love. At our most basic level, I am a person who lives and breathes and loves and hurts just like you do.
Before you say I'm just biased because this might affect me: everyone is biased —everyone. There is no single unbiased truth, so there's effectively no bias here, because it's cancelled out by the bias that lies in the minds of those who think they are inherently more human because they are heterosexual.
When you read any arguments in favor of the Minnesota marriage amendment, I'm asking you to substitute the imaginary threatening gay person with someone you love most dearly. To further illustrate that point (aforementioned "my sexuality is none of your business" policy still withstanding), I'll be speaking in this essay from a first-person perspective.
"Fact-checking" the commercials and advertisements supporting the Minnesota marriage amendment seems almost pointless, because both sides could argue their "facts" all day long, but I do want to clarify some things.1. The Vote Yes campaign implies that voting no will legalize gay marriage, which it won't.
Voting no keeps the state constitution as-is…it's on a technicality, sure, but the Vote Yes campaign is lying when they say that voting no constitutionally changes the definition of marriage. It does the exact opposite of that.
If you vote no, I'm not even lucky enough to gain basic rights—I'm just lucky enough to keep the hope alive that the conversation can continue and someday, maybe, I might have the right to marry whomever I might love.
2. There are no gay people in the Vote Yes commercials. As a matter of fact, here are hardly any gay people in the Vote No commercials.
Just because you can't see us doesn't mean we're not real. Just because you're scared of what you don't understand doesn't mean it's really something to be feared. I shouldn't have to say these things, I shouldn't have to fight this fight, and I absolutely shouldn't feel alienated because someday I might find a girl and fall in love with her.
3. Voting yes is not a solitary, personal act.
It causes hurt, frustration, distrust, hurt, and more hurt. This is wrong. This is not 1950. This is 2012, and it's no time for bigotry, hate, ignorance, or judgement.
I don't mean to generalize all the people who are planning to vote yes – I know some kind, wonderful people who've talked about voting yes and I know they're still kind, wonderful people. But I want to beg them, please, realize that this part of the wonderful person you are…is actually practicing discrimination.
I'm sure all the other things about you are still as great as they were before I knew this about you, but I need you to realize that if I'm gay and I'm asking you to not deny me of my rights, then I'm still the same person as before you knew that about me, too. I'm asking you to vote no because supporting this amendment is you personally reaching out and hurting me, no matter how you might explain it away as a strictly personal decision.
I've encountered some people over the past few months asking me to stop being so upset about it and to simply respect their right to vote yes. As much as I've tried to see the logic in that, I just can't. I can't find one single reason I should have to respect your "right" to take my rights away from me. You're taking rights away from yourself! Sure, maybe you don't want to marry someone of the same sex, but what if you did? You should be allowed to, it's as simple as that.
4. Gay marriage is no different, less than, or better than heterosexual marriage.
I do understand the confusion, because the very rhetoric used to discuss marriage equality is unequal. The fact that the distinction must be made works actively to destroy the notion that the two types of marriage are the same. The only thing that's different is the gender of the person you're choosing to spend your life with…and they are at their core a person, just like you and me, so it's not really any different after all, is it?
I think comedian Liz Feldman explains it best: "It's very dear to me, the issue of gay marriage, or, as I like to call it, 'marriage.' Because I had lunch this afternoon, not gay lunch. I parked my car, I didn't gay park it."
If personal pleading is not enough – if you're my friend, part of my family, a neighbor, an acquaintance, whatever, and the idea of taking away my right to marry the person I love is not enough to sway you – I need you to recognize that the loss of rights to one person is a blow to human rights for all of us. It's a fundamental right that you should not feel banned from being with the person you love. You should feel able to protect them and be protected with them under the law, whether they're gay or straight, black or white, young or old… you and I deserve that right.
(Please, please, don't let supporters of the Vote Yes campaign make you feel like you don't deserve those things. Those people and ads and signs are wrong, you're a person and you do deserve those things.)
In a less personal sense, it's as simple as "the separation of church and state" — your religion should not influence the laws under which I live. Your religion belongs in your family and your house, and it doesn't have any right to come near mine — just like my sexuality belongs to me and would never affect you.
Re-defining and limiting the constitution's description of marriage (which is what you're voting for if you're voting yes) does not protect the "sanctity" of marriage. It is not a sacred act to ban marriage from people who are in love. It is a sacred institution because it's a choice that you get to make with the person that you love, no matter who they may be.
• • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • •
Ellie Perleberg is in some kind of gender studies student/unemployed young adult/silly TV & music blogger limbo in Up North, Minnesota. She's constantly fighting the good fight for LGBT rights whether anybody wants to hear about it or not. She plans to learn kickboxing in the hopes that she'll also learn to keep calm and yell less about social justice issues at inopportune times. She might just write some more angry folk songs instead.


text:
Fun house
Awesome > Sunday, February-21-2010
Cool > Wednesday, February-03-2010
Funny > Wednesday, February-03-2010
Happy dog smiling
Here's your cute video of the day: the happiest dog ever.
Awesome > Wednesday, February-03-2010
Best window washer EVER
The difference between a window washer and a master it's experience.
Funny > Wednesday, February-03-2010
Water prank done right
Here's one of the best pranks ever .. if it's done right. Just watch and learn, children.
Cool > Wednesday, February-03-2010
First Chocolate Record Factory in the World
It seems that this german dude found a way to make some really sweet music. And if the music is awful at least it tastes good!
Awesome > Thursday, January-21-2010
Awesome > Thursday, December-31-2009
Weird > Thursday, December-31-2009
Crowded Vietnamese Intersection
If you think traffic is heavy in your country take a look at this video from a Vietnamese intersection.
Awesome > Thursday, December-10-2009
Everything you need for a good laugh - your daily dose of funny and cool videos. Contact me
|© Copyright 2006-2017, Funhouse. Contact me


text:
Aktuelle Veranstaltungen
16th International Conference on Plasma Surface Engineering
Fundamentals and applications of plasma and ion beam techniques in surface engineering
The 16th International Conference on Plasma Surface Engineering will be held, as usually, in Garmisch-Partenkirchen, Germany, from Monday, September 17 to Friday, September 21, 2018. The biennial PSE conference series is organized by the European Joint Committee on Plasma and Ion Surface Engineering.
With a continuously growing interest in the preceding PSE events, with more than 700 participants from all over the world in 2016, PSE is a well-established and leading forum in the field of plasma as well as ion- and particle-beam assisted surface modification and thin film technologies.
PSE provides an opportunity to present recent progress in research and development and industrial applications. Its topics span a wide range from fundamentals such as e.g. process modelling and simulation of plasmas or thin film physics, through experimental studies which establish the relationships between process parameters and the structural and functional properties of modified surfaces and/or thin films, towards the application in industrial production.
With numerous industrial exhibitors and a large fraction of participants from industry (36% in 2016), a special feature of PSE is the intimate and vivid interaction between those being involved in basic research and those who have to meet the rapidly increasing demands in industrial production.
PSE 2018 will be dedicated to "MEMS in our everyday life". Microelectromechanical systems (MEMS) have infiltrated our daily lives, having found their way into a broadening variety of applications from smartphones to cars, with millions more uses in between. Applications
are becoming increasingly diverse in nature, and each has its own unique specifications. The role of plasma processes for the elaboration of MEMS will be stressed out to fulfill the "magic" triptych: smaller footprint,
lower cost, and higher performance.
Kongresshaus (Congress Center)
Tel.: +49 8821 180-7812
Fax: +49 8821 180-7850
E-Mail: firstname.lastname@example.com
Richard-Strauss-Platz 1A
82467 Garmisch-Partenkirchen
More information here.


text:
PHOTO: Hank de Vre
We're on a mountain, but at the moment skiing is a distant abstraction. I'm sweating through my shirt and pining for sunscreen, following Jennifer Burt as she leads the way through shoulder-high brush. "In retrospect, maybe I should've brought you up the trail," she says.
We're at Powder Bowl ski area, north of Lake Tahoe, hiking up the middle of a run—if you could even still call it that. One of dozens of abandoned ski areas scattered around the Tahoe Basin, Powder Bowl closed in 1984. If Burt wasn't here to tell me, I'd have been hard-pressed to pick out the run from the surrounding forest. But that's kind of the point. Burt, 40, a restoration ecologist, has been studying how ski slopes regenerate—that is, how they return to their pre-ski-run condition—since 2005, when she was studying for her Ph.D. at the University of California, Davis.
Industry experts estimate that as many as half of the country's ski slopes could close in the coming decades, underscoring the importance—and permanence—of this decision.
Initially, she was broadly interested in the ecology of ski mountains as managed landscapes, but soon she noticed that some ski runs looked markedly different than others. When mountain operators build a new ski run, she discovered, they make a choice that shapes how the mountain will look years, decades, and even centuries later. Industry experts estimate that as many as half of the country's ski slopes could close in the coming decades, underscoring the importance—and permanence—of this decision. This slope, its edges already fading back into the woods, could be a preview of those future abandoned mountains. Luckily, whoever created it made the right choice, Burt says—they went with the chainsaw instead of the bulldozer.
Until the 1960s or so, building a ski run on a wooded slope pretty much always followed the same formula: Fell the trees, drag them out, and clear away brush. "Voilà, you have a ski run," she says. The aftermath of that clearing operation might look a little rough for a few years, but from an ecological point of view, Burt says, it's not that different from a small fire, wind storm, avalanche, or any other natural disturbance. These small wounds are quick to heal, and in the meantime provide animals with a useful patchwork of habitats.
It's been at least three decades since anyone has done maintenance on this slope, but unlike the brushy pitch behind us, there could be no mistaking that this was a ski run.
We continue up the hill. As we walk, Burt names the plants we pass—whitethorn ceanothus, tobacco brush, currant, cinquefoil, bitter cherry, huckleberry oak—and the young trees scattered across the run—Jeffrey pine, white and red fir, incense cedar. She carries a long, thin metal pole, with a T-shaped handle. She pushes this probe into the dirt, and it sinks in half the length of the pole—about two-and-a-half feet, representing perhaps thousands of years of accumulated soil. Like the diversity of plant species, the soil depth on the old run mirrors that of the woods on either side.
We walk through a tunnel of overhanging branches, and then pop out on a bare hillside, lightly stubbled with dry golden grass. It's been at least three decades since anyone has done maintenance on this slope, but unlike the brushy pitch behind us, there could be no mistaking that this was a ski run. It's been 10 years since Burt was here last. "I didn't expect this to look any different, and it doesn't," she says.
This is the result of the second method. After workers cleared the slope of trees and brush, they scraped it smooth with a bulldozer. We start up the hillside, which is mostly thin grass and bare dirt. At the top of the hill she pushes the probe into the soil. It stops just a few inches in. The topsoil is gone, and with it all the nutrients and seeds it held. Burt estimates that about three-quarters of the below-tree-line runs in the Tahoe area are graded, and she says that mountain operators continue to grade most new runs. This is despite greater upfront costs and continual maintenance to prevent erosion. The decision comes down to openings—graded runs open an average one-to-two weeks earlier, she says. Bulldozing is like applying a coat of primer—it means you don't need as much paint. "You need a little less snow coverage," Burt says. "If you have vegetation, snow has to cover the vegetation."
But this cost-benefit analysis undervalues the mountain itself, she says, taking the landscape as just a wire form to hold the papier-mâché layer of snow, rather than as something good and useful for its own sake. This slope, three-decades on, is barely more than a moonscape. Here in the dry Sierra it could be millennia before the soil returns to its pre-graded level and the forest fully recovers. Some mountain operators have begun to recognize this value, but the choice still comes down to the whim of individual mountain owners, says Burt.
We start back down the slope. The irony, she says, is that for skiers, a bulldozed run is no better. "When snow covers the cleared ski run, you can't tell it's different than a graded ski run," she says. There doesn't have to be a choice between an intact mountain environment and a ski slope. "You can have it all," she says. We pass back into the brush, already almost a forest again.
Powder Bowl, which opened in 1961, was a funky little rope-tow operation. But it was in a bad location—just down the road from Alpine Meadows and across from Squaw Valley. After struggling for years under its neighbors' shadows, it closed in 1984. It was a familiar pattern during that decade; stagnating public interest in skiing and a round of consolidation in the industry drove nearly half of the country's thousand-odd ski mountains to close between 1978 and 1988, according to a New York Times article from that year.
Since then, the number of ski slopes in this country has continued to shrink, albeit at a slower rate. But many are worried the pace of mountain closures could soon pick up. Last year, longtime industry executive Bill Jensen told attendees of the annual Snowsports Industries America tradeshow in Denver that he estimates at least 150 of the country's 463 remaining ski areas will soon disappear, and perhaps double that. Some of the attrition will be because of the ski industry's increasing unaffordability and its failure to attract millennials, but much of it will be due to a more fundamental problem: lack of snow. Tahoe's abandoned mountains, many of them still visible scars in satellite images, provide a glimpse of that possible future.


text:
meta name="keywords" content="group work,groupwork, groupworktechnologies, cctv, web hosting, cctv solutions, database monitoring, db monitoring, web services,server monitoring, APC,GWT" >
GroupWork Technologies was founded in the year 2015 as a small development firm dedicated to the promotion and development of Applications. GroupWork Technologies is the first of its kind including network solutions, development, Cloud Techology, CCTV Solutions and many More. At GroupWork Technologies, we impart Development of open source and open source based value added applications. Initially founded with the encouragement of the local open source users and computer enthusiastic. GroupWork Technologies has fill date delivered applications to many Clients.
GroupWork Technologies keeps abreast with the latest innovative developments in the open source community, bringing the latest technology in to the development environment. GroupWork Technologies has Professional programmers on App Development, network, security, internals, programming and Databases on Linux and also on other Platforms. It is one of the the best software companies in Bengaluru.
Our Team has several kind of experienced IT Professionals to achive the client requirements.